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i LY

SMEP computers. These minicomputers and microcomputers will be introduced into
the material production area in automated systems for control of manufacturing
processes, especially processes in the metallurgical, machine building, power
production and chemical industries. The development of ASRTP [automated systems
for control of manufacturing processes] requires that high-quality, reliable
automation components (regulators, sensors and the like) be produced.

In the Seventh Five-Year Plan it will be necessary to devote more concentrated
attention to the utilization of computers and to the introduction of other
efficiency-improvement measures which will substantially increase the overall
capacity of data-processing equipment installed in the national economy. This
will entail:

~-improving preparations for introduction of computers so as to decrease
substantially the time required to put a computer into operation, and during
the second year after it is put into operation, to use it in two shifts, each
of which includes 75 percent productive work;

--taking a more consistent approach to the creation of cooperative computer
centers so as to develop a larger number of multiuser AMS with a smaller number
of computers;

--creating ministerial networks of computer centers, whose computer capacities are
currently more fully utilized than those in individual computer centers;

~-progress in developing a territorial network of computer centers;

--use of the technical capabilities of the latest-generation computers,
particularly time sharing, so as to achieve a time-sharing coefficient greater
than 2 during the Seventh Five-Year Plan.

Another decisive factor in developing AMS during the Seventh Five-Year Plan is
provision of effective basic software, standard programs for data manipulation
and applications programs. The trend away from individual solutions in favor of
standardized multiple-use solutions will come increasingly to the fore in the
development of applications programs. This tendency will lead to more effective,
higher-quality, faster creation and utilization of applications programs. The
Set of Measures for Implementation of Standard Automated Management System
Software, developed on the basis of CSSR Government Presidium Decree No 61/77,
will be gradually put into operation. The development of joint applications
programs will be developed by a sectorial-leading AMS organization and a selected
design organization. This approach will improve relations between the developers
and users of standard applications programs and will create the conditions for
speeding up the research-development-production-use cycle in the AMS field.

In the future, AMS development will require that attention also be devoted to
personnel training both in AMS development and in the user organizations.

In both areas attention will be devoted to training management personnel in
accordance with the effects of automation on management methods and style. In

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

- 1. “Atlas teplovogo balansa okeanov" [Atlas of the Thermal Balance of the Oceans]
Sevastopol’, Izd, MGI AN SSSR, 1972.

2. Geyts, V. L., Batten, Ye. S., Keyl, A. B., Nel'son, A. B. "Dvukhurovennaya
modei' obshchey tsirkulyatsii atmosfery Mintsa-Arakavy." [Two-Level Model of
the Total Atmospheric Circulation of Mints-Arakava] Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat.,
1978.

3. Kalatskiy, V. I. "Modelirovaniye vertikal'noy termicheskoy struktury deyatel'
- nogo sloya okeana." [Modeling the Vertical Thermal Structure of the Ocean's
Active Layer] Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat., 1978.

- 4, Kil'matov, T. R., Protasov, S. N. “Calculation of the Seasonal Course of
Temperature on the Ocean Surface and of the Thickness of the Quasihomogeneous
- Layer," METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA, No 8, 1978.

5, Kitaygorodskiy, S. A. "Fizika vzaimodeystviya atmosfery i okeana." [Physics
of the Interaction of the Atmosphere and the Ocean] Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat.,
1970.

6. "Modelirovaniye i prognoz verkhnikh sloyev okeana." (Modeling and Predic~
tion of the Ocean's Upper Layers] edited by E. B. Kraus, Leningrad,
Gidrometeoizdat., 1979.

7, “Fizika okeana, tom I." [Physics of the Ocean, Vol I] edited by V. M.
Kamenkovich and A. S. Monin, Moscow, Iz. Nauka, 1978.

- 8. Shvets, M. Ye., Dmitriyeva-Arrago, L. R., Magazenkov, L. N., Shneyerov, B. N.
"Numerical Model of the Total Circulation of the Atmosphere on the Hemisphere,"
- TR. GGO, issue 256, 1970.

Received at the editors office
13 September 1980

COPYRIGHT: Glavno upravlenie "Khidrologiya i meteorologiya" 1981
c/o Jusautor, Sofia

9194
cso: 8144/1048

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Mathematical Model of a Quasihomogeneous Ocean Layer

The task is examined in a rectangular left-hand coordinate system with zero at
the ocean surface. The x-axis extends to the east, the y-axis to the north and
- the ¢-axis the depth of the ocean.

- A nonlinear univariate nonstationary model of a quasihomogeneous ocean layer
is constructed.

The following hydrothermodynamic equations for a turbulent fluid are taken as
the initial data:

motion

(He ape,

(3)

@ oe

: turbulence energy balance
~ f/az\?. (av?
6) & (3) +(2) |- g

state of the sea water

(6) ° o=a(7, S, p),

where t - time; &, 7 - current velocity components along the x- and y-axes;

T,S and € are, respectively, temperature, salinity and density of the sea water;
k, k , kt, kg - coefficients of turbulent viscosity, diffusion, temperature
conductivity and salt diffusion; f = 2ugsin®- the Coriolis parameter; wo~
angular velocity of the earth's rotation; %- geographic latitutde; g - gravi-
tational acceleration; g/@) - bouyancy parameter; @- average value of density
in the ocean; Diff and Diss are, respectively, diffusion and dissipation of
turbulent energy.

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training user organization staff it will be necessary to stress the effectiveness
of preplanning preparation for AMS, particularly in formulating the organization's
requirements for the designer.

The main task of those engaged in research is to solve sufficiently in advance
the problems which are critical for effective development of automated management.
These are primarily questions in the development of AMS theory, questions of the
creation and development of the AMS as a whole, and questions regarding its scope
and its economic, social, organizational-legal, software-hardware and personnel
aspects. Also involved is a search for progressive ways of constructing and
developing AMS efficiently.

A considerable part of this problem is of an interdisciplinary nature and
necessitates cooperation between experts in a number of scientific fields and
specialties. Problems must be solved in basic, economic and applications
research, bearing on development and planning. Even if some of the research
results affect AMS development in this five-year plan, the decisive effect will
occur in the subsequent five-year plan.

Research problems during the Seventh Five-Year Plan are concentrated on the
following basic areas:

~-theoretical questions of management in an automated environment;
conceptual and system-level problems of AMS;

procedural problems of AMS development;

--AMS hardware and software;

--AMS data support;

organizational-legal support of AMS;

--the creation of whole complexes for multiple usey

Satisfaction of these basic prerequisites in the areas critical to AMS development
can create the basic conditions for fulfillment during the Seventh Five-Year Plan
of the basic aims of AMS development in the national economy as a whole and in the
individual sectors, and can thus lead to implementation of the Set of Measures for
Improving the System of Planned Management of the National Economy.

COPYRIGHT: NTL, Nakladatelstvi Technicke Literatury, Prague, 1981

8480
csO: 2402/46 END

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have a decisive role in achieving the necessary savings of energy, raw materials,
other materials and labor, will substantially increase the utility value of

- automatic control systems and will also have a positive effect in improving the
quality of the working and living environment,

Automation will also be used in conventional processes in metallurgy, machine
building, the chemical industry and building materials production, where its
effectiveness has already been demonstrated in a number of cases, For example,
; automatic control of blast furnace operation is yielding a considerable saving
of coke and improving blast furnace productivity and uniformity of operation.

Data-processing equipment will also be used to control manufacturing processes in
other sectors such as agriculture, the food industry, commerce and the services.
It will also establish itself solidly in health services. As an important example
from this area, we may mention the use of computers to manage a large-scale food
warehouse in Ruzyne which supplies the commercial network for almost half of
Prague. If this computer had not been installed, it would not be possible to
utilize fully the capacities of this warehouse, which represents a large
investment.

The result of this basic orientation of AMS during the Seventh Five-Year Plan will
be in particular that the use of automation in the management activities of all
offices with a regional planning function will impose more stringent demands
regarding their form and their procedural influence on other management offices
and their AMS. The necessity of assigning high priority to creating AMS in

these organizations stems from their importance for all management of the
national economy. Concentration of effort on the creation of AMS for the regional
planning organs will make it possible to create the preconditions for their
exertion of a procedural influence in an extensively automated environment, and
thus for an interconnection of decisionmaking processes within the regional
planning organizations with management processes along the vertical axis of
sectorial management. This will mean further improvement of efficiency,
particularly through simplification and stabilization of directions and
instructions.

Achievement of the goals of the AMS development may be effectively furthered by
strengthening and improving the existing method of managing their development
and by the introduction of data-processing equipment. Improvement is needed at
all management levels, focused on their areas of responsibility and in keeping
with the principles of improving the system of planned management of the national
economy.

Procedural and standards support for development of AMS will continue during the
Seventh Five-Year Plan to be a tool for rationalizing, simplifying and improving
the effectiveness of AMS development.

The provision of methodology for the specific content of AMS comes under the
purview of the relevant regional development and sectorial offices and requires
that these offices decign the methodological instructions, directives and
regulations by which they manage their activity in the assigned area so that they
are in keeping with possibilities for automation, This particularly involves

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The turbulent heat flow ®f and salt flow id at the lower boundary of the quasi-
homogeneous layer are usually taken to be as follows: equal to O (there are
no currents); they make up a certain portion of the corresponding currents on
the upper boundary proportional to oh and Oh

: aT v 4Sy

Certain Physically Grounded Simplifications
1. The equations of motion are examined in quasistationary approximation.

During parametric calculation, the ocean's effect in models of large-scale
atmospheric circulation, it is possible to examine the dynamics of the lower
layer in quasistationary approximation.

2. The effect of salinity on stratification of density is not taken into
consideration.

7 In the open ocean, vertical distribution of water density (the chief character-
istic influencing the turbulent conditions) is primarily determined by its

. temperature, It is just in individual regions where intensive evaporation or
abundant rainfall occur that the salinity of the sea water may significantly
effect the vertical distribution of density.

The system of equations (17-21) for calculation of the temporal variability

of the characteristics of a quasihomogeneous layer may be greatly simplified,
taking on the following form:

(35) tym Goo beh

(36) = — = (Fro Fah
: @7)
oh _A
(38) aA,
Wt TB) gto a om
(9) where Ay = 2-2... (Br By — eft

(40, ee AT.

The system of equations (35-38) was solved numerically. At first the thickness
h and temperature To of the quasihomogeneous layer is calculated using the
(Renge-Kutt) method of fourth order accuracy. At each step values of h are
introduced into equations (35, 36) to determine the components of the velocity
of the drift current on the ocean's surface, A calculation was made with a
constant 1l-hour increment in time which was experimentally selected.

7

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The equation for the state (6) is used in Lineykin's form
(1) G=a(I-a* +85),

where u* = 2.1074°c7! - coefficient of thermal expansion;
8

)

8.107*ppm-! - an analogeous coefficient for salinity.

Integrating the equations for motion (1, 2), heat influx (3), salt diffusion
(4) and turbulence euergy balance (5) throughout the entire quasihomogeneous

= layer from 0 to h + 0 using the parametric profiles (7-9) and the equation for
state (11) we obtain

(iz) to - +i a tha,

u Feo ~ Tyo) |s

Oy 1[> oA a 4c |
(3) La apni, £ Ho +50) |

(4) P= ——[arGe- Ps ~ FD |,

Lf cd 1,
(is) ba — 4 asS— Bp |,

l~~ 6 h |~ diy, ~ 0% Lo > Oh
(16) eo txt U so) 3 (to ae tM ae) qa Bt tha

le dS

sate Fe abl) — ae (> GP kPs)—cU*=0.

Here Bf, Bt, Ps, Pj - turbulent flows of heat and salt onthe upper an’ lower, boun-
daries of the quasihomogeneous layer which have been normed for fpand @
respectively; Teor Bo ~ tangential stresses on the ocean's surface.

The following simplifications and assumptions were made in deriving equations

(12-16): generation of turbulent energy coming from the breaking of wind-

driven waves is not taken into consideration; integral dissipation = cUd (from

an analysis of dimensionalities), where c - an empirical constant subject to

determination and Ux = [(e (yoy > velocity of friction in the ocean;
\e ) (2)

erred (ta + yg) eet) |.

The system of integral relationships (12-16) which is obtained is a closed
system of nonlinear ordinary first degree differential equations and it permits
all sought values of “u,(t), Uo (t), Tol) So(f) and h(t) to be determined at the
given initial and limiting conditions, which are evaluated in detail below.

Ty
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Let us note that in the initial equation system, advection, horizontal diffu-

sion and large-scale vertical movement within the ocean are not taken into

consideration, The currents are assumed to be purely of wind origin, i.e.

drift currents. Absorption of short wave radiation occurs at the ocean sur-
-” face.

As applicable to the task under examination (prediction for the atmosphere),

it is adequately correct to express the integral influence of the ocean on the
atmosphere. Therefore a means for schematicizing its vertical structure is
fully justified. However, the integral effects should not be distorted in doing
so. Profiles of currents, temperature and salinity are approximated by the
following formulae:

: ute

Q) atW=(HHriBe a

@—T()= TAT Tet Prem e (1),

(9) S(Q)= So — [So— Sa + Ps (GAN

Here the following designations are adopted: Tg, So -temperature and salinity
of the quasihomogeneous layer; Th, Sh - temperature and salinity at ¢ = h;

i? = -1; h - thickness of the quasihomogeneous layer; Tq,I'g - gradients of
temperature and salinity in the seasonal thermocline below the layer of discon-

tinuity.
7 (10) a _ =const <0;
are
or) .
ey Heaviside function
ane O at <A,
. fi Lat ¢hh

As may be seen “rom (7), the profile of the currents is assumed to be similar

= to the "(Eckman)." The dimensionless parameter a is found from empirical data
so that formula (7) describes the integral influence of the layer under
examination on the atmosphere in the best way possible.

Formulae (8) and (9) reflect the specific nature of the active layer of the
ocean: the constancy of T and S within the quasihomogeneous layer (0, h), the
jump in temperature AT = To - T, and in salinity AS = So - S, on ¢ = h and
the corresponding monotone movement with depth of the values of the very same
elements within a seasonal thermocline,

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adapting documents, forms, directions and procedural instructions to the
principles of automation, At the same time, procedural work must be stepped up,
particularly as regards numeration, listings and classifiers.

The provision of procedures and standards for the design of AMS will be based on
publications of the Federal Ministry of Technical and Investment Development
concerning the development and documentation of AMS.

One of the critical factors in AMS development is data-processing equipment,
including systems for preparation, collection, preprocessing of data, and
communications channels. The provision and utilization of this equipment must be
based on:

--consistent utilization of JSEP and SMEP (System of Small Electronic Computers)
machines, which are the basic hardware for AMS and whose advanced capabilities will
make it possible to increase existing data-processing equipment capacities in the
national economy;

~-more intensive utilization of compute~3 (by operating more shifts, decreasing
installation and running-in time, and more demanding utilization of computers)
which is the basic precondition for fulfillment of the guidelines which have been
laid out for development of AMS within the existing capabilities of the national
economy;

~-stressing the contributions of minicomputers and microcomputers in AMS construc~
tion;

Third-generation JSEP computers will become available during the first years of
the Seventh Five-Year Plan, and 3.5th-generation computers later. These computers
will constitute a decisive majority in the organizations’ AMS base, Computersof the
the 3.5th generation will have greater speed, larger memory capacity, better
reliability, easier maintainability, plus data bank, virtual memory and remote
processing capabilities.

The corresponding 3.5th-generation peripherals will become available at the same
time. In this area, there will be a gradual movement away from classical
methods of data acquisition and output (punched cards, punched tape and printers)
to more modern methods (direct recording on magnetic disk and tape, optical
character reading). In addition, it is expected that the comprehensive data
preparation, collection and preprocessing systems which are essential for
utilization of the great power of 3.5th-generation computers will be introduced.

In the Seventh Five-Year Plan, data-processing equipment will undergo a fundamental
expansion to include minicomputers and microcomputers, represented by the ‘SMEP
series. Because of their low cost and adaptability, these computers will be

used in a range of applications from the handling of office paperwork and
preprocessing of data for larger computers, through control of manufacturing
processes, to use in the AMS of small organizations. The past shortage of control
computers will be resolved in the Seventh Five-Year Plan by the introduction of

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(28)
(29)

(30)
(3!)

Here the following are used: u, v - wind velocity components; @ - air density;
Io - Elow of short wave solar radiation; Eg, - effective irradiation of the sea
surface; P§ - vertical turbulent heat flow in the atmosphere; LEQ - heat losses
to evaporation; B - evaporation; R - rainfail.

For the tangental stress %=(to ty) in the layer of the atmosphere near the
water, the following relationship gives good results in practice

(32) (%=06» (col
*
where Cy - coefficient of resistance and Co = (uo, vo) -wind velocity vector.

For the temperate and, middle latitudes, the seasonal course of the total heat
influx into the ocean Pg is well approximated by the equation

(33) By= Pr maxcos (2

Here Bmax - half range of the annual fluctuations of $5 (taken from experimen-
tal data), tye = 365 days.

For determination of the turbulent flow of salt 8, the annual course of the
difference (B - R) is satisfactoriiy described by the formula

\.

If n =m for the winter months, B - R> 0, i.e. evaporation is the dominant
process as compared with precipitation; for the summer B - R = 0, or evaporation
compensates for precipitation.

- (34) B-R=

tyr

If n » m during the course of the entire year, B - R > 0.

If n <m, in the wintertime, B - R > 0; for the summer B-R< 0, i.e.
precipitation dominates.

* tm both media, the tangental stresses are taken to be positive if they are
directed downward.

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JPRS L/9793
16 June 1981

East Europe Report

SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

(FOUO 7/81)

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

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Figure 3. Seasonal Course of Temper- Figure 4. Seasonal Course of Temper-
ature and Quasihomogeneous ature A and Quasihomogene-
Layer Thickness Given Vari- ous Layer Thickness B
ous Values of Coefficient a 1-calculated based on the
model;

2-according to data from
weather station "Papa"

- The results of the numerical experiments showed the following:

1, The best agreement with full-scale data [3], [5] is obtained when calculat-
ing the turbulent heat flow from the lower boundary of the quasihomogeneous layer
according to the formula

\ 7 —2 GAT H where <0,
(1) P=

oh
0 where g-=0.

2. The thickness of the quasihomogeneous layer diminishes and its temperature
increases with an increase in the dissipation coefficient C (Figure 1).

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Bewide the values of the sought functions iy % Ty and h, at each step the

components of the turbulent energy balance equation, the

temperature jump and

the average velocity of the drift current in the quasihomogeneous layer were

calculated,

Numerical Experiments for Calculation of Seasonal Course

of Characteristics of

Quasihomogeneous Layer and Testing the Model According to Materials from

Weather Station "Papa"

A series of special numerical experiments were performed based on model (35, 38)

with the aim of studying the nature of the influence of
on the evolution of soughtafter characteristics in time.

Heat flow toward the ocean was given according te (33).
taken as constant during the entire year.

various physical factors

The wind velocity was

——egesmss

Lam wns Elal0mh
. alas
Figure 1. Seasonal Course of Char- Figure 2. Results of Calculating
acteristics of a Quasi- the Seasonal Course of
Homogeneous Layer Given Temperature and Quasi-
Various Values of the homogeneous Layer Thick~
Dissipation Coefficient C ness h Given Diverse Wind

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Velocity Values in the
Layer Near the Water


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A simple conversion of system (12-16) results in a form which is more convenient
for numerical realization:

buy 1 A - ~ ~ _—
- (17) Py | 5 SRR =-(7 4 ~ Tyo) |
18) a= pF Mflly Cot be) J,

(is) Peat [ar ge - PrP],

; Am &
: (20 = —Z[4s-5— Bs — Bp},
dh _A
Qe

(22)where A==l.[ Molten + to) 9 Got) | [aX(PT+ Bry

—B(PR+Pa|- el,

(23) B= fh (ets T~i.18)— 6 @

The temperature T, and salinity S, at the lower boundary of the quasihomogeneous
layer are easily found using the following relationships:

(24) Ty=Tt—Dph, Sy=S* Pelt,

(25) where Tt=Ty+lrH, St=SytIH, H  ~ depth of the active ocean layer.
Ty and Sy - temperature and salinity, respectively at ¢ = H.

Thus the system of equations (17-21) permits us to determine the temporal evolu-
tion of the characteristics of a quasihomogeneous ocean layer given assigned
external parameters:

(26) Ty Ho PL BL PS PE Up Pn TH S*

o

Initial and Boundary Conditions of the Problem

Initial conditions. Values for the function being sought are

assigned at a certain instant t = tg, from which numerical integration of the
equations begins.

(27) f= boy Wo (to) “Hh, “Wo (bo)= 0%, To (te) = Te, So (te)= Str lle) =A".

Boundary conditions. The quantities of movement at the boun—

- dary of the water-air interface are reduced to the continuity of the currents
and to determination of turbulent flows Pf and P§ from the equation for the
balance of heat and salt of the sea surface:

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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

PARAMETRIZATION OF THE OCEAN ACTIVE LAYER STRUCTURE IN THE MODELS OF LARGE-
SCALE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES

Sofia KHIDROLOGIYA I METEOROLOGIYA in Bulgarian No 1, Jan 81 pp 3-12
[Article in Russian by D. L. Laykhtman and G. I. Korchev]
[Text] Introduction

The creation of numerical models of large-scale atmospheric circulation is one
of the most important achievements of dynamic meteorology in the past 30 years.
From an applications point of view, they may be divided into two basic groups:

1. models for detailed calculation of the temporal evolution of large-scale
circulation according to an observable initial state. Standard operative
weather forecasts performed by weather services in many countries are now
based on just such models;

2. models for climate description and prediction. The accuracy of the repre-
sentation of the initial state, being of primary significance in weather pre-
diction, is not so significant here.

Representation of the boundary conditions and parametrization of the inter-
action of the atmosphere with the spreading surface is of decisive significance
- when constructing models of both groups.

Numerical experiments [6] show that the accuracy of weather prediction over a
protracted period and the adequacy of climatic calculations increases noticeably
if the variability in the temperature of the ocean's surface is taken into con-
sideration, and it is inconceivable to do this without drawing upon a model of
the upper layer of the ocean which makes prediction of the water temperature
possible,

The development of a model for a quasihomogeneous layer of the ocean describing
the structure and the temporal variability of its thermal and dynamic character-
istics and their connection with meteorological parameters is the primary goal
of this work. This type of solution to the problem being examined provides a
concrete physical basis for taking the ocean's role in the evolution of large-
scale atmospheric processes into consideration.

1

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CZECHCST.OVAKIA

TRENDS IN CSSR COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS 1981-1985
Prague AUTOMATIZACE in Czech No 1, Jan 81 pp 1-3

{Article by Eng Karel Robokta, director of Department of Electrical Engineering
and Health Service, Federal Ministry of Technical and Investment Development,
Prague]

[Text] Data-processing equipment and automated management systems [AMS] achieved
further progress and expansion in Czechoslovakia during the Sixth Five-Year Plan.
By the end of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, a total of about 1,400 digital computers
had been installed in our country for use in AMS and for performance of calcula~
tions and routine work. By 1980, about 280 control computers will be operating
in manufacturing processes in this country, in addition to which about 600
minicomputers will be available for various purposes such as data collection and

’ transmission and scientific and technical calculations. This equipment represents
a total value of about Kcs 17 billion of long-term assets. Obviously questions
of efficient utilization of this equipment, its further expansion and
modernization and its configuration for AMS at various levels are gaining
extremely high priority.

We have made further progress in AMS development at the enterprise level both
- quantitatively--in the number of systems constructed--and in design. At the
intermediate management level, where organizational changes in the management
system are taking place, the construction of AMS got under way during the Sixth
Five-Year Plan. In the central organizations, primarily AMS with sectorial
applications have been developed. The AMS of the central regional planning
organizations have hitherto been designed primarily to provide automation for
these organizations’ own activities. Thus far there has been minimal success
in introducing automation as a part of procedural management in regional planning
activities, which affect practically all offices and organizations and are a
precondition for integration of information and management systems.

Some ministries have proceeded to link together automated systems along the
management chain from the central office through the VHJ's to the enterprises.
Horizontal integration has thus far been undertaken only in isolated cases. A
beginning is gradually being made in introducing such integration tools as a
system of uniform classifiers and numerations.

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--comprehensive introduction of automated management of supplier-purchaser
relationships so as to increase the effectiveness of accounting and to make
possible monitoring of commercial contracts and of supply;

--the use of automated information systems for gradual evaluation and monitoring
of the effectiveness of the reproduction process as a whole,

In other areas, when developing AMS it is necessary to focus on:

--consistent monitoring of the connection between enterprise AMS and automated
systems for control of manufacturing processes;

~-the development of uniform organization data bases and the creation and use of
standardized regional planning activities which will make it possible to integrate
the various AMS levels.

To achieve these ends, it will also be necessary to strengthen the procedural and
coordination functions of AMS in bodies with a regional planning function and to
see that they are interconnected with the AMS of other bodies. This will be the
basis for gradual vertical and horizontal interconnection of AMS.

At the VHJ level, it will be necessary to organize AMS for the management of
technical and economic planning, plan monitoring and implementation, the management
of capital construction and sales, the management of distribution and cooperative
relationships, and management of the development of subdivisions and products.

At the production enterprise level, during the Seventh Five-Year Plan it will be
necessary to give priority to arranging automation of manufacturing processes,
technical preparation for production and running management of production, material
and technical supply and sales, labor and wages.

In other enterprises and organizations, the development of AMS will be oriented
toward the critical areas of activity in accordance with the purposes of the
ministries.

Data-processing equipment is also being used in the entire scientific and
technical development system and in associated investment activities. It will
be used both in the management of these activities and directly in the performance
of research tasks and design work and in the creation of data banks on the
territory of the CSSR, among other things. The use of computers for scientific
and technical computation is of great help in making the intellectual work of
scientific workers mre efficient. The automation of design and planning work
makes it possible to work out alternative designs and select the optimal
alternatives, while requiring a smaller number of workers to do routine work, We
must not omit the fact that these types of optimization will lead to investment
savings. Automated planning using data banks on the various territories and the
creation of an automated construction project register will give effective help
in decreasing investment costs in the national economy,

A critical area of the use of data-processing equipment will be automated systems
to control production and manufacturing processes, Automated process control will

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JPRS L/9793

16 June 1981

EAST EUROPE REPORT
SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

(FOUO 7/81)

ConTENTS

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Parametrization of the Ocean Active Layer Structure in the
Models of Large-Scale Atmospheric Processes
(D, L. Laykhtman, G. I, Korchev; KHIDROLOGIYA I

METEOROLOGIYA, Jan 81) ..

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Trends in CSSR Computer Developments 1981-1985

(Karel Robokta; AUTOMATIZACE, Jan 81) ..sseeeeeserreeees 12

-a- [III - EE - 65 FOUO]

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NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

- Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-

- mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

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- 3. When c increases, the characteristics of the quasihomogeneous layer emerge
. into a periodic regimen more quickly.

4. The thickness of the quasihomogeneous layer increases with an increase in
wind velocity and, naturally, the temperature of the ocean surface decreases
(Figure 2).

: 5. Analogous wind changes are observed upon variation of parameter (Figure 3).

- 6. Increasing the amplitude of the total heat flow toward the ocean results in
aa increase in the amplitude of seasonal changes of the quasihomogeneous layer's
characteristics.

Results of a test of the model based on materials from weather station "Papa"
located in the northeast part of the Pacific Ocean (55°N, 145°W) are given in
Pigure 4.

The dependence (33), in which the value 350 cal cm-2 day~! was selected for
Phmax on, the basis of experimental data [1], was used to calculate the seasonal
course Pj. According to Kil'matov and Protasov [4], the seasonal course of wind
velocity in the region of station "P" is well approximated by equation

(42) |e

a 6 G
11-5 sin (+ =}.
77 typ
‘the values for the remaining input parameters are as follows:

023; Pr = 003 °C m7; ¢=3,6.

Basic Conclusions

1. ‘The integral relationships obtained from equations for the hydrotherodynamics
of turbulent fluid are suitable for parametrization of the integral effect of the
- ocean on the atmosphere.

2. Calculation of the annual variability of temperature and thickness of the
quasihomogeneous layer on the basis of the integral relationships obtained based
- on given atmospheric parameters agree well with experimental data.

3. Parametrization of the vertical profile of the drift current velocity pro-
duces reduced values on the ocean surface, however, it correctly reflects the
magnitude of the average vertical shift in the upper layer of the ocean. This
is not a significant shortcoming, and it does not effect the total circulation
of the atmosphere inasmuch as the drift current velocity is negligibly small in
comparison with atmospheric currents.

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The pace of development of automated systems for control of manufacturing
processes has thus far not fully met the needs of the national economy's
development, in spite of the fact that the use of automation in such activities
affords great savings of raw materials, energy and manpower, This state of
affairs is influenced primarily by the shortage of design capacities and of
suitable control computers and reliable automation components such as sensors,
regulators and the like.

More than 40 percent of the 1,400 digital computers mentioned above belong to the
JSEP series [Unified Series of Electronic Computers}, while almost 23 percent of
the others are Czechoslovak-produced and more than 17 percent are imported from
socialist countries. The computers' capabilities will be used not only in AMS
but also for the performance of individual calculations and for routine work.

About 50,000 persons work in the AMS field in computer centers, including about
15,000 in programming and planning and about 45,000 in computer center operations;
about 20 percent of the latter group are operators of data acquisition and
collection equipment, 16 percent are operators of computers and other data-
processing machinery, and 11 percent are input-output control personnel. In
addition to these workers, about 20,000 workers in offices and organizations
outside computer centers and about 5,000 workers in the scientific research base
will participate directly in the preparation of AMS.

During the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the development of the Czechoslovak economy
will proceed under conditions in which important increases in manpower cannot

be expected, the fuel and energy balance will continue to be tight, most of the
increase in material resources will be provided by increasingly difficult and

demanding imports, and meeting the requirements of the economy and the populace
and the process of socialist economic integration will increase tie demand for
rapid development of basic sectors and a change in the structure of production.

Accordingly, the basic aim of our economy during the Seventh Five-Year Plan will
be to increase national economic efficiency by intensification. The means of
achieving this goal in a developed socialist society is development and improvement
of the system of management of the national economy.

The use of data-processing equipment and its advanced form, AMS, is an important
rationalization and innovation tool for development of the system of planned
management of the national economy. A condition for the effectiveness of this
tool is that automation penetrate into all areas of management and that the
creation of AMS be consistently interconnected with all aspects and all measures
in the development of the planned management system. Accordingly AMS development
must be oriented toward areas in which a direct effect can be achieved and

which play an essential role in the system of planned management of the national
economy. In keeping with CSSR Government Decree No 42/1980, the following
should be considered the decisive directions in the introduction of data-processing
equipment during the Seventh Five-Year Plan:

--the construction of an automated system for planning calculations in conjunction
with measures to improve the effectiveness of national economic planning;

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