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MRSIR 82-2529 NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH

AlllDb 2bl337 onic Research

Summary Report and Literature

Guide to the National Bureau of

Standards/Office of Naval

Research Program

U.S. DEPAF.TivlENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Nationa! Engineering Laboratory

Center for Manufacturing Engineering

Washington, DC 20234

June 1 332

Government Order NOOOl 4- 32-F-OOO'^

NBS Principal Investigator. F.R. Sreckenridye

ONR Scientific Officer; L.E. Hargrove

Report to Office of Naval Research

Physics Division Code 412

“QC ' '“1 North Quincy Street

100 ngton, VA 22217

• U56

82-2529 , 1982

NBSIR 82-2529

ULTRASONIC RESEARCH

SUMMARY REPORT AND LITERATURE

GUIDE TO THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS/OFFICE OF NAVAL

RESEARCH PROGRAM

MATtUNAL BURSAU

or BTAKDAEUa

UBRAST

JUL 7 1982

. ('. A

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I V - -

M. Greenspan and D.G. Eitzen

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Manufacturing Engineering

Washington, DC 20234

June 1 982

Government Order N0001 4-82-F-0004

NBS Principal Investigator: F.R. Breckenridge

ONR Scientific Officer: L.E. Hargrove

Report to Office of Naval Research

Physics Division Code 412

800 North Quincy Street

Arlington, VA 2221 7

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

ABSTRACT

This brief report summarizes research efforts in physical acoustics at

the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) which were partially supported by the

Office of Naval Research (ONR). It summarizes what we think are many of the

major accomplishments at NBS in the area of physical acoustics from 1948 to

1981. The published literature documenting these successes is listed.
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Introduction

The physical acoustic work referred to here was performed at the National

Bureau of Standards and was partially supported by the Office of Naval

Research (ONR). The work was begun in 1948 under contract NA-ONR-70-48 when

the ONR (b. 1946) was in its swaddling clothes and continues today with

support that we gratefully acknowledge. The relationship has been not only a productive one but also an amiable one. Perturbations in the te9 hnical

direction of the work were not paralleled by perturbations in the

relationship, except for such occasions as the first time we started including

an overhead charge (then a whopping 15%) on top of direct costs.
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Accomplishments

The major accomplishments of the ONR supported physical acoustics project

and its extensions are listed below. Of course, many other avenues were

explored, but since our hope is that this listing will guide the reader to the

published outputs of this project, we have refrained from listing the several

interesting but unproductive deadends. The superscripts refer to the

bibliography and the initials denote the people involved as follows: GET,

Carl E. Tschiegg; FRB, Franklin R. Breckenridge; JHW, John H. Wasilik; MCT,

Moody C. Thompson, Jr.; MG, Martin Greenspan; NNH, Nelson N. Hsu^ RK.C, Richard

K. Cook; TMP, Thomas M. Proctor, Jr.

(1) Performed first measurements of translational dispersion in monatomic

gases. Still serves as the standard against which new methods in theory

of non-uniform gases are tested. (MG, MCT) ^ > 2 » 3 ,4 , 15, 23 , 25

(2) Made accurate measurements of rotational collision numbers in nitrogen,

oxygen, and air. (MG)30

(3) Developed an algorithm for combining the effects of translational and

thermal-relaxational dispersion of sound. (MG)^»^

(4) Developed the first theory for and later made the first measurements of

f ree-molecule propagation of sound. (RKC, MG, MCT)^

(5) Developed first practical underwater velocimeter, which is now

in wide use not only in sonar and oceanography but also in

industrial process control. ^ ^ Also developed associated

calibration methods. This work resulted in a Department of

Commerce Meritorious Award (Silver Medal) as well as an IR-100

Award (for the manufacturer). (MG, CET)

(6) Made high-precision determination of the effect of dissolved air on the

speed of sound in water. (MG, CET) ^3

(7) Performed pioneer studies of anelasticity in a-quartz at elevated

temperatures. (RKC, JHW).1^>1^^

(8; Determined elastic constants of ice-I at temperatures from room down to

pumped N 2

. (TMP) 3

8

(9) Showed that if properly designed and carefully executed techniques for

measuring compliance are employed, the so-called "audio-frequency

resonances" of Fitzgerald do not appear. (MG, CET)32,24

(10) Developed simple methods of making reproducible cavitation measurements

in suitably prepared liquids, so that the effects of the nuclei can

be separated from those owing to the intrinsic properties of the

liquid. (MG, CET)33,29,33
(11) Developed a method for the calibration of miniature hydrophones

(probes), using independently measured radiation-induced cavitation

thresholds as standards. (MG, CET)27

(12) Showed that there are certain inherent limitations on the realizable

acoustical properties of fluids and viscoelastic materials. In

particular, no "ideal absorber," a desideratum in underwater sound

applications, can be constructed from a homogeneous, single-component

material. (MG)^^ <

(13) Elucidated the theory of the resonator-decay method of measuring

sound absorption in liquids, and showed that the principal excess

loss at the lower frequencies is dissipation in the envelope. (MG)^^

(14) Verified experimentally, with unprecedented accuracy, the transient

solution of Pekeris to Lamb’s problem (seismic surface pulse) and

adapted the results to the calibration of acoustic-emission transducers. (FRB, GET, MG, IMP) 3^

(15) Designed, built and put into service an absolute capacitive displacement meter for work on surface waves up to 1 MHz. Used in (14) above.

(FRB, MG)^0

(16) Established a calibration service, for the government and the public,

for acoustic-emission transducers based on (14) and (15) above.

(17) Developed a device, based on modulated radiation pressure, for

measurement of total radiated ultrasonic power from a transducer. It

is the most accurate, sensitive, and precise method now available and is

the basis for a calibration service. The method is most directly

applicable to medical and nondestructive evaluation transducers, but it

is also useful for monitoring the stability of any transducer (subject

to some constraints on size and shape) over the range 1 to 15 MHz, and

with some reduction in sensitivity, to 50 MHz or more. (MG, FRB,

GET) 35, 37

(18) Generalized the theory of the piston radiator to several new cases. (MG)36

(19) Devised a piezoelectric displacement meter of very high output for use

as a transfer device and for field applications. Has nearly as high

fidelity as the standard capacitive detector [(15) above]. Basis

for IR-100 Award (TMP)^2

(20) Produced an analysis of the transducer of item (19) which may be

useful for optimization of design. (NBS report being written.)

(MG)

(21) Verified experimentally, for the first time, the transient solution to

an infinite plate subject to a step-function force input as calculated

by Pao of Gornell U. (Manuscript complete), (TMP, FRB)^3
Bibliography

^Martin Greenspan. Attenuation of Sound in Ratified Helium, Phys. Rev. 1^

197 (1949).

^Martin Greenspan. Propagation of Sound in Ratified Helium, J. Acoust. Soc.

Am. 568 (1950) (Also p. 684).

^Martin Greenspan and Moody C. Thompson, Jr. A Logarithmic Slidewire for a Self-Balancing Potentiometer, Rev. Sci. Inst. 799 (1951).

^Martin Greenspan and Moody C. Thompson, Jr. An Eleven Megacycle

Interferometer for Low Pressure Gases, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. <92 (1953)

(Also 627 (1951)).

^Carroll Tschiegg and Martin Greenspan. An Accurate Time-Modulated Pulse

Circuit, Rev. Sci. Inst. _2^, 183 (1953).

^Martin Greenspan. Combined Translational and Thermal-Relaxational

Dispersion of Sound, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2^, 191 (1953).

^Richard K. Cook, Martin Greenspan and Moody C. Thompson, Jr. Free-Molecule

Propagation of Sound Through Gases, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2^y 192 (1953).

^Moody C. Thompson, Jr. , Carl E. Tschiegg and Martin Greenspan. Subharmonic

Crystal Oscillators, Rev. Sci. Inst. 8 (1954).

^Martin Greenspan. Combined Translational and Relaxational Dispersion of

Sound in Gases, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2^, 70 (1954).

^ Martin Greenspan. Simple Derivation of the Boltzmann-Ehrenf est Adiabatic

Principle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2J_, 34 (1955).

^ ^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Measuring Velocity of Underwater

Sound, Signal X, 40 (Jan-Feb 1956).

^^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Effect of Dissolved Air on the Speed

of Sound in Water, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2^, 501 (1956).

^%artin Greenspan, Carl E. Tschiegg and Franklin R. Breckenridge.

Temperature Coefficient of the Speed of Sound in Water, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.

28, 500 (1956).

^“^Richard K. Cook and John H. Wasilik. Anelasticity and Dielectric Loss of

Quartz, J. App. Phys. 2J_, 836-837 (1956).

^^^John H. Wasilik. Anlcctropic Relaxation Peak in the Internal Friction of

Crystalline Quartz, Phys. Rev. 105 , 1174-1180 (1957).

^ ^Martin Greenspan. Propagation of Sound in Five Monatomic Gases, J. Acoust.

Soc. Am. 2^, 644 (1956).

^ ^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Speed of Sound in Water by a Direct

Method, J. Research NBS 59, 249 (1957) RP 2795.
^ ^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. A Sing-Around Ultrasonic

Velocimeter for Liquids, Rev. Sci. Inst. 2^y 897 (1957).

^^Carl E. Tschiegg and E. E. Hays. Transistorized Velocimeter for Measuring

Speed of Sound in the Sea, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1038 (1959).

^ ^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Tables of the Speed of Sound in

Water, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75 (1959).

^^Martin Greenspan. Rotational Relaxation in Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Air, J.

Acoust. Soc. Am. 155 (1959).

‘^‘Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. A Sing-Around Velocimeter for

Measuring the Speed of Sound in the Sea, Underwater Acoustics , Lecture

5, Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1962, pp. 87-101.

^^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Audio-Frequency Compliances of

Prestrassed Quartz, Fused Silica, and Aluminum, Proceedings of Fourth

International Congress on Acoustics , Copenhagen, Denmark, August 21-28,

1962, paper P12.

^^Martin Greenspan. Translational Dispersion in Gases, Dispersion and

Absorption of Sound by Molecular Processes , Academic Press, New York, 1963.

^'^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Audiofrequency Compliances of

Prestressed Quartz, Fused Silica, and Aluminum, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 450

(1964).

^^Martin Greenspan. Transmission of Sound Waves in Gases at Very Low

Pressures, Physical Acoustics , Vol. 2A, Academic Press, New York, 1965,

Chap. 1.

^^Martin Greenspan. Baffled Piston Radiator: Expansion of Potential in Far,

Paraxial Field, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 251 (1966).

^^Martln Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Radiation-Induced Acoustic

Cavitation; Apparatus and Some Results, J. Research NBS 71C, No. 4, 299

(1967).

^^Thomas M. Proctor. Low-Temperature Speed of Sound in Single-Crystal Ice,

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 39 , 972-977 (1966).

^%artin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Cavitation Nucleated by

^^B(n,a)^Li, Nuclear Instr. and Meth. 310 (1970).

^^Martin Greenspan. Acoustic Transmission Line: Some Impedance Properties,

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. _5^, 455 (1972).

^^Martin Greenspan. Absorption of Sound in Liquids by the Resonator-Decay

Technique: A Critique, J. Research NBS 7 6C , 25 (1972).

^^Martin Greenspan. Transducer Measurements: Use of the Current Probe, J.

Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 1186 (1973).
^^Carl E. Tschiegg and Martin Greenspan. Helmholtz Resonators as Sonic

Bubble Chambers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1112-1113 (1973).

^^Franklin R. Breckenridge , Carl E. Tschiegg and Martin Greenspan. Acoustic

Emission; Some Applications of Lamb's Problem, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57 , 626-631 (1975).

^^Martin Greenspan, Franklin R. Breckenridge and Carl E. Tschiegg. Ultrasonic

Power Output by Modulated Radiation Pressure, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63 , 1031-1038 (1978).

^%artin Greenspan. Piston Radiator: Some Extensions of the Theory, J.

Acoust. Soc. Am. 65^y 608-621 (1979). '

^^Martin Greenspan, Franklin R. Breckenridge and Carl E. Tschiegg. Same as 35

with details of construction. NBSIR 78-1520 (1978).

^^Martin Greenspan and Carl E. Tschiegg. Radiation- Induced Acoustic

Cavitation; Threshold vs Temperature for Some Liquids, NBSIR 79-1753 to ONR

(1979). Summary being prepared for archival literature.

^^Nelson N. Hsu and Franklin R. Breckenridge. Characterization and

Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors, Materials Evaluation 39^, 60-68

(1981).

^*^Franklin R. Breckenridge and Martin Greenspan. Surface-Wave Displacement.

Absolute Measurements Using a Capacitive Transducer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.

1177-1185 (1981).

^ ^Franklin R. Breckenridge. Transducer Calibration by Means of the Seismic

Surface Pulse, J. Acoustic Emission, _1 (2) (to be published).

^^Thomas M. Proctor. Improved Piezoelectric Transducers for Acoustic Emission

Signal Reception, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl 1, 568 (1980) Abs KK4.

(Also 21, 1163-1168 (1982)).

^^Thomas M. Proctor and Franklin R. Breckenridge. Transient Waves in an Elastic Plate: Experimental Results. (Manuscript complete, submitted to

J. Acoust. Soc. Am.).
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NBS»114A (REV. 2-ac) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 82-2529 June 1982

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

ULTRASONIC RESEARCH

Summary Report and Literature Guide to the National Bureau of Standards/

Office of Naval Research Program

5. AUTHOR(S)

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions^ 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS N00014-82-0004

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

< 9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State, ZIP) n Office of Naval Research

Physics Division Code 412

800 North Quincy Street

Arlington, VA 21211

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

r 1 Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document Includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This brief report summarizes research efforts in physical acoustics at the

National Bureau of Standards (NBS) which were partially supported by the

Office of Naval Research (ONR) . It summarizes what we think are many of the

major accomplishments at NBS in the area of physical acoustics from 1948 to

1981. The published literature documenting these successes is listed.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

bibliography; physical acoustics; summary; ultrasonics

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

y 1 Unlimited

1 1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS 11

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i Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 15. Price

[XU Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $6 . 00

USCOMM-DC 6043-PS0