NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH

AlllOb

NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 539

PUBUCATt0Ns I .S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Bureau of Standards

Metrology in

Industry and Government:

How to Find Out

Who Needs What Services
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The

Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and

facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory,

and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational

institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government

Agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Absolute Physical Quantities 2 — Radiation Research — Thermodynamics and

Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science. THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical

services to users in the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems in the public interest; conducts research in engineering and applied science

in support of objectives in these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary

disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops and

proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer

results of its research to the utlimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering2 — Mechanical

Engineering and Process Technology2 — Building Technology — Fire Research —

Consumer Product Technology — Field Methods.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal Agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and

economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal Agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government.

The Institute consists of the following divisions:

Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

2 Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, Colorado, 80303.

The National Bureau of Standards was reorganized, effective April 9, 1978.
Metrology in Industry and Government:

How to Find Out Who Needs What Services

Proceedings of a Regional Seminar

Held September 27-28, 1978 at the

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jeon, Korea

Edited by:

H. Steffen Peiser, Raymond C. Sangster

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

and

Wun Jung

Korea Standards Research Institute Dae Jeon, Korea

Sponsored by: Korea Standards Research Institute U.S. National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Agency for International Development

Supported by: Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Republic of Korea

Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea

Industrial Advancement Administration, MCI

« U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued April 1979
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-600040

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 539

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 539, 165 pages (Apr. 1979) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1979

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.75 (paper cover)

Stock No. 003-003-02040-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PICTURE OF PARTICIPANTS viii

KEY TO PICTURE ix

OPENING REMARKS 1

0.1 Opening Address 3

Dr. Zae-Ouan Kim

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jeon, Korea

0.2 Welcome Address 5

Minister Gak-Kyu Choi

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Seoul, Korea

0.3 Congratulatory Remarks 7

Mr. Robert S. Walleigh

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC

0.4 Opening Remarks 13

Mr. William E. Paupe

USAID Representative

Seoul, Korea

0.5 Opening Remarks 15

Dr. Segundo V. Roxas

National Science Development Board

Manila, Philippines

SESSION I - Quantitative Measurement Is the Basis for All Science

and Technology - But Are We Aware of the Need for

Metrology? 17

1.1 Quantitative Measurement, the Basis for All Science and

Technology 19

Mr. H. Steffen Peiser

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC

iii
1.2 Importance of National Capability in Metrology for Industrial Development—the Indian Experience. . 23

Dr. A. R. Verma

National Physical Laboratory

New Delhi, India

1.3 Quantitative Measurement as a Basic Framework for Science

and Technology . 29

Dr. Seiji Takata

National Research Laboratory of Metrology

Tokyo, Japan

1.4 The Need for Quantitative Measurement in Hong Kong. ... 33

Mr. H. K. Lam

Royal Observatory

Hong Kong

SESSION II - Measurement Is Needed to Select Raw Materials , Control

Production, and Assure Quality of Products - But Is

Industry Aware of Its Dependence on Metrology?. ... 35

11. 1 National Measurement Capabilities for Industrial Development in Korea 37

Dr. Jong Wan Choi

Industrial Advancement Administration

Seoul, Korea

11. 2 Development of Metrology Capabilities in Step with Industry Needs—A New Zealand Experience 43

Dr. M. C. Probine

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

Wellington, New Zealand

11. 3 Implementing Metrology for Developing Industrialization . 67

Mr. Herudi Kartowisastro

Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Bandung , Indonesia

11. 4 Assessment of the Requirement of Industries/Institutions

for Services in the Field of Standards. 79

Dr. A. Ghani

Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Karachi, Pakistan

iv
II. 5 A National Capability in Metrology Is Essential to Industrial Development 91

Mr. Mohd. Zin b. Hashim

Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia

Selangor, Malaysia

SESSION III - A National Capability in Metrology Is Essential to

Industrial Development - But Who Is Aware of Its

Essential Support of Industry and Government?. ... 95

111.1 The National Measurement Laboratory and Australian Manufacturing Industry 97

Dr. W. R. Blevin

National Measurement Laboratory

Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization

Sydney, Australia

111. 2 A Study of the National Measurement System in Korea—An

Interim Report: How We Approached It and What We Found . 101

Dr. Wun Jung

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jean, Korea

111. 3 But Is Industry Aware of Its Dependence on Metrology? . . 113

Mr. H. L. K. Goonetilleke

Weights and Measures Division

Colombo, Sri Lanka

111. 4 The National Metrology and Calibration Service for Industry in Thailand 117

Dr. Charoen Vashrangsi

Department of Science

Ministry of Industry

Bangkok, Thailand

DISCUSSION ON SESSION I 125

DISCUSSION ON SESSION II 127

DISCUSSION ON SESSION III 133

v
CONCLUDING SESSION 145

C.l Closing Remarks 147

Dr. Jong Wan Choi

Industrial Advancement Administration

Seoul, Korea

C.2 Closing Remarks 149

Mr. Robert S. Walleigh

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC

C.3 Closing Remarks 151

Mr. Edwin A. Gales

U.S. Agency for International Development

Seoul, Korea

C.4 Closing Remarks 153

Dr. A. Ghani

Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Karachi, Pakistan

C.5 Closing Remarks 155

Dr. Zae-Quan Kim

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jeon, Korea

APPENDIX I - Seminar Committee 157

APPENDIX II - Seminar Program 159

APPENDIX III - List of Participants 163

vi

Vlll
KEY TO PHOTOGRAPH

1. Dr. Segundo Roxas 15. Dr. C. H. Rhee

2. Mr. Robert S. Walleigh 16. Mr. Herudi Kartowisastro

3. Dr. Jong Wan Choi 17. Mr. Mohd. Zin b. Hashim

4. Dr. Y. Sakurai 18. Dr.--Ing. H. Kunzmann

5. Dr. Zae-Quan Kim 19. Dr. Seiji Takata

6. Mr. Paul M. Kuhns 20. Dr. J < C . Lee

7. Dr. Charoen Vashrangsi 21. Dr. Y. S. Han

8. Dr. A. R. Verma 22. Mr. Leon Wight

9. Dr. A. Ghani 23. Mr. Edwin A. Gales

10. Dr. W. R. Blevin 24. Mr. Hung Kwan Lam

11. Mr. H. Steffen Peiser 25. Mr. H. L. K. Goonetilleke

12. Mr. K. S. Choi 26. Dr. Wun Jung

13. Mr. Antonio L. Ramirez 27. Dr. M. C. Probine

14. Dr. M. H. Chun 28. Dr. -Ing. Reinhard Czetto

ix

OPENING REMARKS

1

0.1. OPENING ADDRESS

Dr. Zae-Quan Kim

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jeon, Korea

It is a great honor to welcome you here to the Korea Standards

Research Institute for the Regional Seininar entitled "Metrology in

Industry and Government. " I would also like to express my sincere

appreciation to all of you who made this event possible and

meaningful. Today's meeting is especially significant since this is

the first of its kind to be held at Daeduk Science Town as well as the

first at our Institute.

This gathering earmarks the beginning of the most ambitious project in

our recent history of science and technology. The creation of the

Daeduk Science Town, with our Institute in its center, is evidence of

our Government's long-standing policy toward the modernization of

science and technology to support the growing industrialization in

heavy and chemical industries. Since metrology standards are the

backbone of all industries, this can be taken as a kickoff ceremony of

a new era in our science and technology. This is a threshold to

achievement of this great economic goal of the country.

We are one of the few institutes which have already moved into this

science town. Many others are following us in the next few years.

This is the first international seminar held at Daeduk, and many

others will be held in the future. The first meeting today is the

first in its importance and necessity for our national target of

modernization of industry. Because of this, we can attach a special

significance to this Regional Seminar.

The geographic location of the Daeduk Science Town is not a simple

coincidence; this location is the result of well-considered study so that every part of the country is within a day's travel from the

Center. Daeduk Science Town, when it is completed, will be truly the

center of Korean science and technology with its numerous research and

educational institutions closely tied. This is particularly important

for us in establishing an effective national standards system.

K-SRI today, after two years of construction, starts its mission with

your blessings and advice. Among all tasks we have, the establishment

of a modernized national standards network needs the wisdom and

experiences you brought here to share with us. It is very urgent in

our country in order to facilitate the ongoing industrialization. Our

function is equally demanded for an improved credibility of Korean

products in foreign trade with accepted international standards.

Having a seminar with experts from neighboring nations gives us an

opportunity to reassert that metrology standards are not limited to

3
one nation but are a part of an international work that requires

continuous cooperation among nations. I hope this seminar will

benefit the international community of standards organizations as well

as each participating national standards organization.

Once again I thank each of you for your cooperation for this seminar

and hope that you will have a worthwhile time in exchange of valuable

ideas and productive discussions on the matters of common interest.

Lastly, I would like to give credit to the U.S. AID and NBS for their

invaluable support that made this Regional Seminar possible.
0.2 WELCOME ADDRESS

Minister Gak-Kyu Choi

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Seoul, Korea

(In his absence due to a rescheduled session of the National Assembly/

Minister Choi's paper was read by: Mr. Kwang Duck Lee, Deputy

Minister of the Industrial Advancement Administration.)

Distinguished guests, Mr. Walleigh of NBS and Mr. Paupe of AID who

sponsored the seminar, and participants from each country represented,

it is my pleasure to congratulate you on the occasion of the

K-SRI/NBS/AID Regional Seminar entitled "Metrology in Industry and

Government" at the Korea Standards Research Institute at Daeduk

Science Town in the central part of the country. I welcome all of

you, especially representatives from abroad, to this international

gathering.

In the last few years, we have achieved great economic growth. Last

year we attained the goal for exports of U.S. $10 billion. This

remarkable economic success was possible through effective execution

of the three five-year economic development plans. Today, Korea as a

rising industrial country works toward prosperity and international

cooperation.

We have come to a stage in development at which our national resources

should be devoted to accelerating development of heavy and chemical

industries as a strategy to cope with the ever-changing international

economic situations and to keep up the pace of our continuous

industrial development.

It is well known that the establishment of a modern national standards

system is the foundation for becoming an industrially advanced

society. This system is also essential for steady growth in overall

economic activities, for upgrading science and technology, for

readiness in national defense, and for credibility of our products in

international trade.

Measurement standards should be maintained in relation to universally

accepted definitions of units and used in daily activities, including

production; they should show constancy with time and compatibility irrespective of barriers due to geography, race, or political systems.

Furthermore, the development in measurement standards based on sound

scientific principles cannot be separated from the cultural and scientific advancement of our time. It is a very important task for every

country to modernize the national standards system which will assume

an essential role in building and maintaining a highly civilized

society.

5
For this task, we urgently have to expand the standards organizations

in number and quality and to supply sufficient technical manpower. It

is equally important that we enlighten the general public as well as those in government and industries to foster a wide-ranging awareness

of the importance of the national measurement capabilities.

I believe that the Regional Metrology Seminar which is opening today

will serve as a turning point in enhancing the national awareness of

the importance of the national standards system.

Since President Park Chung Hee of Korea and the late President Lyndon

B. Johnson of the United States in 1965 came to an agreement on a

mutual cooperation program in science and technology, friendship

between the 2 countries has been demonstrated by active cooperation in

science and technology, including metrology, for the last 12 years.

Today as you see it, the Korea Standards Research Institute comes into

existence as a showcase, the result of joint endeavor. K-SRI will

remain as a symbol of our international cooperation and will function

as our national primary organization for metrology with significant

impact on industrial development and the economy in general.

Our Government will provide the necessary support to make K-SRI a modern standards institute capable of maintaining an international

level of competence with expanded facilities to share in innovative

research to develop metrology for common benefit.

Our Government will put its priorities into the growth of heavy and

chemical industries through emphasis on industries engaged in

precision technology. Effective dissemination of advanced measurement

technologies, establishment of fair commercial measurement practices,

and elevation of productivity of entire industries will also depend

on metrology development. So we call on K-SRI and its staff to help

in strengthening the international credibility of Korean products and

in ensuring the continued growth of the Korean economy.

As some of you may know, the Great King Sejong invented the rain gage

in 1441, the first of its kind in the world, which, I understand, was

200 years earlier than that developed in Europe. He also founded a

system that is known today as a national measurement system in

rainfall. It was intended to scientifically develop agriculture,

which was the foundation of the national economy in those days.

Today, 537 years later, we are here to discuss the modernization of

metrology.

I am convinced that this seminar will become a stepping stone for

continuous cooperative works with a significant contribution toward

the prosperity and human well-being in all nations.

Finally, I wish you all a successful conference and good luck.

6
0.3 CONGRATULATORY REMARKS

Mr. Robert S. Walleigh

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC

I bring you today the greetings and congratulations of the National

Bureau of Standards. As we take part in this Regional Seminar in this

beautiful countryside and in these impressive new facilities, I am

reminded that it was only two years ago that ground breaking took

place. I am sure that there is a feeling of great accomplishment

among those who played a role in visualizing and creating this new

organization, and in bringing it to this point in its development so rapidly

.

The Korea Standards Research Institute is now a reality and can begin

to establish its place among the standards and measurement

laboratories of the world.

It was 77 years ago that the Congress of the United States passed the

act creating the National Bureau of Standards. Such a laboratory had

been under consideration in the United States for more than 20 years.

Much of the demand for such a laboratory came from industry which

recognized the need for better standards and improved measurements as our nation began to industrialize in the 1800 's. Beginning in the

middle of the 19th century, Austria, Russia, Germany, and England had

established new national standardizing laboratories, or had

reorganized existing agencies, all with the avowed purpose of applying

science and scientific methods to their nation's commerce and

industry. Most successful had been Germany, working with industry

through the great Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, organized in

1887. In a single decade Germany had achieved world monopoly in the

manufacture of aniline dyes and dye products, and her porcelain

industry, artificial indigo industry, optical glass, and scientific

and precision instrument industries had no peers.

Although a Federal Standards Laboratory had been under discussion for

over 20 years in the United States, it still required a burst of

nationalism at the end of the 19th century, together with a surging

growth of American industry, to combine to assure its serious consideration. When the bill recommending the establishment of the new

laboratory came before the Congress, support for it was overwhelming.

In personal testimony, letters, resolutions, and editorials, the

leading scientists of the country, virtually every scientific agency

in the Federal Government and in the states, leading manufacturers and

commercial concerns, the railroad and iron and steel industries,

manufacturers of electrical apparatus and appliances, and all

scientific and technical journals and periodicals endorsed the

proposed bill without reservation. Even with all this support,

questions were raised during the hearings in Congress as to why such a

7
new agency was needed. One of the interesting questions had to do

with the salary proposed for the Director of the Bureau. It was

within $2,000 of the salary of the Secretary of the Treasury, the

agency in which the new Bureau was to be located. When questioned

about this, Secretary of the Treasury Lyman Gage replied briskly,

"Almost anybody will do for the Secretary of the Treasury, but it

takes a very high-grade man to be chief of a Bureau like this; this

man must have and hold the esteem and confidence of all the scientific

men everywhere." Congress approved the bill, although they reduced

the number of employees requested from 21 down to a total of 15.

That was the very modest beginning of the National Bureau of Standards

77 years ago. Dr. Samuel Stratton was quickly named to be the

Director of the new laboratory, and with the vigor which was

characteristic of all that he did, he plunged into his new duties at

once. Within a short period of time, he selected a suitable site

which, at that time, was considered quite remote from the city. The

remote location was chosen to provide freedom from sources of interference, such as noise and vibrations, which might have affected

adversely the very precise measurements which would be made in those

laboratories

.

The site was on a hill six kilometers north of the White House in

Washington. Those of you who know Washington today would realize that

six kilometers from the White House is practically in downtown

Washington, but in 1901, the city of Washington was very small so that

the site at that time was quite remote. The site selected was only

30,000 square meters in area.

Dr. Stratton, the new Director, began hiring scientific staff, started

a program for the purchase of new laboratory equipment, and began the

planning and construction of the new laboratory. It is interesting to

read in a history of the National Bureau of Standards that getting the

materials to the top of the hill, where the new laboratory was being

built, was a very difficult task, and the history speaks of 10- and

even 12-horse teams being required to pull seme of the materials to

the top.

While much of the emphasis in the early days of the Bureau was in the

field of electricity, there were many other new and growing areas of

work which demanded attention. The pressures for growth were so great

that the Director had to be extremely selective in those areas of work

which the Bureau undertook so that the effort of the Bureau would be

expended in obtaining information which would be most helpful to the

nation. Dr. Stratton chose his fields of work well. He had been

particularly fortunate in his selection of scientists to work at the

Bureau, and as a result, the Bureau's reputation for usefulness and

for excellent scientific work grew rapidly. The Bureau also grew

steadily in size.

8
I find sane similarities and seme contrasts between the creation of

the National Bureau of Standards and the creation of the Korea

Standards Research Institute. Industrialization came later in Korea

than in the United States, but it developed more rapidly in Korea. In

fact, the term "industrial revolution" is truly applicable in Korea.

With increased industrialization, there was a recognition in Korea,

just as there had been earlier in the United States, of the need for

more and better standards and for a better measurement basis. In

addition, President Park and the Government of Korea established a policy several years ago to support the development of science and

technology in Korea. These actions led to a realization of the need

for an institute which would be responsible for these standards.

In 1975, the Government of Korea took action to modify its Weights and

Measures Law to create a centralized authority with responsibility for

the national measurement standards, and it also modified the Special

Research Institute Development Law to permit the creation of the Korea

Standards Research Institute. K-SRI was officially established in

December of that year. Very shortly thereafter, Dr. Kim, Zae-Quan was

made president. As in the case of Dr. Stratton at the National Bureau

of Standards 77 years earlier, Dr. Kim began hiring his principal

assistants and establishing programs for the hiring and training of

the scientists and the engineers for the new organization. In

contrast with Dr. Stratton, who was limited to only 15 employees at

the outset, Dr. Kim expects to have by the end of this year about 200

employees; and he will need all of them and more to meet the needs of

the burgeoning science and industry of Korea. As in the case of the

National Bureau of Standards, a site was selected for K-SRI which will

provide for adequate isolation from sources of interference which

might prove deleterious to seme of the precise measurements. But

whereas the National Bureau of Standards site selected was only 6

kilometers from the White House, the site for K-SRI is 168 kilometers

from your Blue House. Whereas NBS started with a mere 30,000 square

meters, the K-SRI site is more than 620,000 square meters.

Your foresight in obtaining this larger tract of land will make it

much easier for you to expand in the years ahead. Dr. Kim proceeded

rapidly with the planning and construction of the new laboratory using

the most modern equipment in contrast to the teams of horses used in

the early construction of NBS. Dr. Kim also established a program for

the acquisition of scientific equipment.

The fact that we are standing in these laboratories today, less than

three years after K-SRI was officially established and just two years

after ground breaking, is a tribute to President Kim and to his staff,

to the people of Korea, and to all of those who have had a part in the

programs which have led to this new institution. In extending this

tribute, it is well to remember that many influential people in Korea

felt strongly the need for such an institution. Their support

resulted in an underlying spirit of cooperation from science,

industry, and government in Korea, and this spirit greatly assisted in

9
helping this institution become established rapidly and smoothly. I

most certainly include among those deserving thanks at this time your

outstanding Board of Trustees under the chairmanship of Park, Sung

Chan. I am pleased that the Agency for International Development is a

sponsor of this first Regional Seminar. Their very substantial

assistance and support for K-SRI has been a major contribution in its

creation. Finally, I wish to recognize that the National Bureau of

Standards also played a part in helping to establish K-SRI. As seme

of you may know, NBS has helped several other nations to establish or

strengthen their measurement laboratories. This assistance has been a

matter of NBS policy. We would urge K-SRI to develop a similar policy

in assisting other nations of the region in the improvement of their

measurement laboratory services as the need arises.

I say to President Kim and to the staff of K-SRI: You have an

excellent foundation. The future is ahead. An institution such as this must establish its own reputation for scientific excellence.

That reputation will be established by the quality of the work

performed by your scientists. As you know, we at the National Bureau

of Standards have had the good fortune of having had a number of your

scientists and even seme of your administrators working with us in our

laboratories in Washington. I am pleased to be able to say that all

the reports which have reached me indicated that the quality of those

we have worked with is quite high. With such a staff, this new

institution should gain a reputation for integrity in science and

measurement which will enable it to take its place among the leading

measurement laboratories of the world and to grow to be among the

great science institutes of the Republic of Korea.

Congratulations and best wishes for the future from the National

Bureau of Standards.

And now I would like to present to President Kim, Zae-Quan this plaque

from the Director of the National Bureau of Standards congratulating

Dr. Kim and his staff on this occasion and looking forward to

continued cooperation between our institutions. The text of the

plaque follows:

10
"Regional Seminar

Korea Standards Research Institute

National Bureau of Standards

Agency for International Development

DaeDuk, Korea

September 25-30, 1978

The Director and staff

of the National Bureau of Standards,

Department of Commerce

of the United States of America,

congratulate President Kim, Zae-Quan

and the staff of the Korea Standards Research Institute

on the occasion of this Regional Seminar.

This event represents another milestone

in the history of cooperation between these institutions.

We look forward to a continuing relationship of

friendship, cooperation, and mutual respect."

The plaque is signed "Ernest Ambler, Director, National Bureau of

Standards."

11

0.4. OPENING REMARKS

Mr. William E. Paupe

USAID Representative

Seoul, Korea

It is an honor and a privilege to be present at this first regional

conference to be hosted by the Korea Standards Research Institute. We

believe today's meeting will be the first of many international

conferences to be held here in the future. Therefore, this is a very

special day for K-SRI.

This site, where we are now meeting, was only a barren field two years

ago when the ground breaking ceremonies took place. Today,

sophisticated calibration equipment is being installed in K-SRI

laboratories. Institute administrators and scientists are already

applying themselves to the challenge of establishing a national

capability for measurements to provide accuracy in laboratories and

industries throughout this country. AID is proud to play a part in

assisting this outstanding institute, which will provide the special

kind of high-quality technology needed to support the continuation of

Korea's dynamic economic growth.

As you all know, international industrial standards are an essential

prerequisite to favorable international trade. The enrichment of any

nation's technological base also requires in large part the successful

adoption and adaption of technological advances developed in other

countries. We live in a shrinking world where all progressive nations

must have the ability to manufacture quality products according to

international standards and to accurately measure the conformance of

such products with these standards.

At the international level, all national standards systems have a need

to communicate with each other and to maintain liaison with

international standardization bodies and overseas laboratories.

Dialogues, such as the one that will take place at this Regional

Seminar between representatives of specialized research institutes

from different nations, will be of mutual benefit to all.

We have much to learn from one another. And, I know of no more

attractive or appropriate setting to bring about this learning

process. The Republic of Korea blends wonderful ancient traditions

with a tremendous zeal for modernization, in pursuing its drive to

become one of the leading industrial nations of the world.

Korea is an exciting place to be today. On behalf of the U.S. Agency

for International Development, I extend to the organizers and to the

participants our warmest and most sincere wishes for an equally

exciting and productive seminar.

13

s

0.5. OPENING REMARKS

Dr. Segundo V. Roxas

National Science Development Board

Manila, Philippines

On behalf of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and our

own Ministry of Science, I wish to extend my greetings to the

organizers and participants of this Regional Seminar on Metrology. To

the staff of K-SRI and, in particular, to its President, Dr. Kim,

Zae-Quan, we extend our congratulations for their pioneering and

significant role of establishing an institute that is worthy of

emulation by many developing countries such as ours. This institute,

as well as the presence of other scientific centers in Korea, speaks

eloquently of the recognition, commitment, and the support of the

Government of the Republic of Korea to scientific activities in order

that science and technology can respond to the needs of its people.

I also wish to express here my personal gratitude for having been

invited as an observer to this seminar. For although the thrust of

the scientific community in the Philippines is towards the more

immediate needs, such as food, housing, medicine, and energy, we are

aware and are desirous of achieving a certain degree of sophistication

in the field of metrology. For indeed, industrial development and

progress is, by any measuring device, a product of improvement in the

system and methods of measurement.

This seminar, I am sure, will result in a fruitful exchange of insight

and wealth of experience among experts in metrology. The results of

this dialogue will be useful to all of us in establishing a certain

desirable capability for metrology in our respective countries.

Needless to say, a country's capability should be able to supply, at

the very least, the present requirements of its industry, the

scientific community, and other sectors of its society. It is equally

important that those entrusted with the task of establishing the

capability of the measuring system be sufficiently gifted and

supported to anticipate the immediate and future needs of the country.

Depending on the lateral and vertical plans for scientific and

industrial growth, the metrology capability should be related and

defined in terms of the actual and projected needs.

All nations, including the so-called developed countries, are in a continuous process of development. Interaction between countries,

both developed and developing, is now imperative in this modern world.

Trading between different countries necessitates the establishment of

international measurement standards. It is in this respect that a continuous dialogue, such as we are having now, needs to be

undertaken.

15
The problem of standardization , up to the present point, is far from

being completely resolved. This is a long and slow process. It is a

tedious and painstaking one, but I am consoled by the thought that

scientists, sooner or later, find a commonality and universality in

their work to come to an agreement.

I came here to learn by listening from the experts in metrology. What

we may learn could be an input to our plans for metrology as it

relates to our national goals. In our own quite limited way, we

desire to be within the sphere of metrology cooperation, if not at an

international level, then perhaps in a regional community. It is for

this reason that I value my personal association with the staff of KSRI, the personnel of NBS , the representatives of U.S. AID and UNDP,

and the experts and participants of the various countries present

here.

To our Korean host, I wish to make manifest here my sincerest

gratitude for the wonderful hospitality accorded me in this lovely

country. I wish you a fruitful and most successful deliberation for

this seminar.

16
SESSION I

QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT IS THE

BASIS FOR ALL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -

BUT ARE WE AWARE OF THE NEED FOR METROLOGY?

17

1.1. QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT, THE BASIS

FOR ALL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Mr. H. Steffen Peiser

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC

Scientific investigation is the exact observation and ordering of

phenomena isolated from interfering complexities. The objective of

scientific investigation is the comprehension of these phenomena in

terms of characteristic principles of universal nature. The

philosophy of science holds that these principles cannot be known

other than through well-measured observations.

The metrologist—the specialist skilled in making exact observations

by quantitative comparisons—has a key role, but measurement alone

cannot succeed in the objectives of science. It is by the descriptive

interpretation and the consequent ability to predict previously

unobserved or inexplicable natural phenomena that science progresses.

Success in these insights, therefore, receives the highest level of

recognition in the scientific world today.

With ever-increasing accuracy, the metrologist could measure and

assemble an infinity of values. The theorist is needed to guide him

to critical experiments. Take the example of the parity experiment

performed by a team including E. Ambler, the present director of the

National Bureau of Standards. That team demonstrated that the quantum

mechanical law of conservation of parity does not hold in the beta

decay of cobalt-60 nuclei. This result, together with experiments on

parity conservation in u-meson decay at Columbia University, shattered

a fundamental concept of nuclear physics, a concept that had been

universally accepted for the previous 30 years. The way was cleared

for now current physical theories and new, far-reaching discoveries

regarding the nature of matter and the universe.

This experiment required measurement of the direction of emission of

gamma ray quanta from a radiocobalt source at a temperature within a few thousandths of one degree of absolute zero on the Kelvin scale.

It was a triumph for sure, but we must not forget that the crucial

suggestion that parity might not be conserved was made by

theoreticians T. D. Lee of Columbia University and C. N. Yang of the

Institute for Advanced Study, who had previously made a survey of

experimental information on the question of parity. They concluded

that the evidence then existing neither supported nor refuted parity

conservation in the so-called "weak interactions," such as emission of

a beta particle or K-meson decay. They also proposed a number of

experiments that would provide the necessary evidence for or against

parity conservation in weak interactions. They threw out a challenge

to metrology, and they received well-deserved credit in the form of a Nobel award.

19
The sequence of events in the interplay between metrologist and

theorist may be reversed.

A metrologist may make a highly accurate measurement and find it does

not conform with accepted principles of nature. Such, I think, was

the case when T. W. Richards of Harvard, around 1913, stood up and

said, "I, with my graduate students, have measured the atomic weights

of several leads; I have established their chemical identity; they

differ in atomic weight by more than my uncertainty due to possible

impurities and other sources of error." However, although Richards

was completely convinced of the significance of his results, no theory

at that time could account for this metrological observation by one of

the finest chemical metrologists of all time. Unfortunately, he did

not have the intuition nor did he have the cooperation with a theorist

to enable him to propose a theory of isotopes, which was advanced on

later independent evidence. Thus, Richards' fine measurement remains

almost without impact in the history of science.

My conclusion is that, in science, the metrologist occupies the

function which the supercraftsman performed in the trades of former

years. He is a key man; without him you cannot succeed in science,

but he should not expect to be seen in the limelight of greatest fame,

but he can take great satisfaction from the knowledge that his

contribution is absolutely essential.

It is no different in technology. I have observed in industry the use

of the most exact phase-rule measurements as the basis of the ammonia

soda process—certainly one of the technologically most significant

developments. I have also observed, in materials research, the fine

control of trace phases to develop the high-temperature metals on

which jet engines depend. In both these very different fields, you

will never hear of the background metrology work, not even if you buy

license rights for the Solvay ammonia-soda process or "G18b," the

trade name of a high temperature alloy, one of the first to be used by

Rolls Royce. However, if anyone thinks one could invent and develop

any appreciable new technology without the contributions of a

metrologist, he would be mistaken.

Now you may often hear that production can be controlled simply by

visual observation instead of quantitative measurements. In any plant

in which visual observation actually is the method of control, the

efficiency can almost certainly be improved through the use of

appropriate measurement techniques. Even in science, there are

instances in which the recorded scientific observations were said to

differ from theoretic prediction so greatly that a qualitative experiment was adequate to show the discrepancy with theory. For

example, Professor Sir Charles Frank, when he made his acceptance

speech this year for the first medal of the American Association for

Crystal Growth, claimed that the rate of growth of certain crystals

from solution differed by a factor of 105 " from established theory

that in the 1930 's described growth on an atomically smooth surface.

20
I did not see the dilemma in this way when I myself became involved in

this crystal growth problem in the early 1940 's. I was working with

Charles Bunn at the ICI Laboratories in Winnington, England. We

observed that there was something wrong with the assumptions of the

then current theory. The crystal faces were not atomically smooth, so

the theory did not apply. Bunn, in search for the really significant

variables, showed how to measure the concentration gradient by

interferometry right up to a growth face. Only then did we know that

it could not be degree of supersaturation or crystallcgraphic

orientation that alone determined growth rates. I myself saw a crystal under the interference microscope clumsily broken and two

apparently identical fragments grow very unequally under identical

conditions. I also saw the growth steps hundreds of times, but to my

present embarrassment, the all-important concept of what we now call

screw dislocations did not occur to me or to Bunn. It was left to

Burton, Cabrera, and Frank to develop their brilliant elaboration of

this idea. This became an essential step to modern solidification

theories, semiconductor manufacture, and many other developments.

Thus, believe me, in science and technology, inexact observation and

qualitative assessments fail to illuminate what is actually happening.

They may appear attractive but over and over again they prove to be

deceptive. Rigorous control and quantitative measurements near the

highest attainable accuracy alone lead to confidence in results and to

progress.

Unfortunately, a metrologist has to make another equally important

judgment. Often he will find that he cannot be most accurate when he

is most precise; nor most precise when he is most accurate. In many

real-world problems, precision is frequently more rewarding than

accuracy. This situation is most painful to a metrologist because

typically his philosophy is to make no compromises in his search for

the best attainable accuracy.

I must illustrate my meaning by another example. I choose mass

measurements, though I could use almost any other basic unit of

measurement. The unit of mass is defined by a platinum-iridium

cylinder. Most of what we weigh differs markedly in density from this

alloy. Accuracy of mass measurements of objects of normal density

demands mass comparisons of standards with different densities.

However, comparisons of such objects of the same density can be

carried out at much less expense and greater precision. So, suppose

you want to weigh at the density of brass or steel, you will obtain

more compatible results in less time and at far less cost if you

obtain a reference weight at the lower density from the "club" of

highly developed standards laboratories rather than to go through a comparison with your national kilogram. Let us even assume that you

do that comparison of platinum-iridium to brass perfectly at an

accuracy level of 1 in 10 9

, you would deserve to be congratulated for

success at a major metrological achievement. Alas, your weighings at

the brass density might now be slightly discrepant with those

21
elsewhere, because it could turn out, as was seriously believed for

several very recent years, that all the "club" members might have made

a significant error in the mass comparison at different densities.

What I am saying may be shocking to some of my teachers and sound

strange to many of my Korean friends. However, my most earnest advice

to K-SRI is don't put all your effort in mass measurement into the

relationship to your national standard kilogram; don't necessarily

develop your own tliermodynamic temperature scale; don't do all

chemical analyses by absolute measurements of major or trace

constituents. In general, do not do too much metrology in terms of

the definitions directly but focus on comparisons at or near the

highest precision between similar samples, one of which has the

desired attribute at a certified value closely comparable with the

second sample. If less than the highest precision is needed, do not

insist on it but pass the measurement responsibility to others outside

K-SRI for the skills of K-SRI are not appropriate. In short, what all

our countries need from their national measurement standards bodies is

good metrology, compatible internationally, preferably, but not

necessarily, highly accurate in terms of the basic definitions. In

some cases, the Treaty of the Meter countries may well make changes in

the definitions so that they are operationally more conveniently and

more accurately realizable.

To Koreans who first visit K-SRI with its impressive facilities and

metrological resources, I say make use of this new national treasure.

It is a unique facility in Korea; it is an asset rarely found in an

industrially young country. When you go home to your own

organizations, don't expect your staff to be eager to consult K-SRI

staff and to use K-SRI facilities. The tendency may be the opposite.

Metrology, as we now know, is at the root of science and technology;

so all scientists, engineers, and technologists are by definition

amateur metrologists. They may not readily turn to the professionals,

although with a little bit of persuasion they will enjoy the

interaction and their projects will often benefit greatly. In the

past three years, in which I have had the opportunity to work closely

with the people of K-SRI, I have become convinced that K-SRI deserves

your confidence and trust to be the professional metrological center

for Korea, with a self-reliant capability.

22
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL CAPABILITY IN METROLOGY FOR

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT—THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE

Dr. A. R. Verma

National Physical Laboratory

New Delhi, India

In everyday life, man finds it necessary to evaluate quantitatively

surrounding objects, phenomena, and processes. The only method of

obtaining objective knowledge and information of the material world we

live in is measurement. "When you can measure what you are speaking

about and express it in numbers," said an outstanding English

physicist, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, "you know something about it;

but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge,

but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of

science, whatever the matter may be." Indeed, our knowledge of the

physical world we live in depends upon measurement. Equally true, our

ability to change the world and through it the living conditions of

the people depends largely on measurement. Measurement is thus the

nervous system of all our activities in scientific research, in trade

and commerce, in defense, in exports, in imports, etc. The concept of

measurement more than anything else has been responsible for the

tremendous advance man has made from the early hunting civilization to

the present-day highly sophisticated industrial civilization. In a

sense, the state of measurement science and technology in a country is

a true indicator of its technological efficiency and material advancement.

Human life began on this planet a million or more years ago. For most

of that time, man lived as a part of nature, finding his food on

plains and shelter in hollow trees and caves. His existence was

precarious; his numbers small and sparsely disseminated. His mere

existence depended upon the availability of plants and animals within

a workable distance and his ability to collect and catch them. In

these primitive societies, there was hardly any need for measurement.

With the invention of agriculture some 8,000 years ago, settled

existence became possible. Trade between small groups was marginal

and was carried out through the barter system. However, even then man

felt the need to measure—measure the area of his farm, measure

agricultural output, etc. Indeed the origin of the science of

measurement can be traced to these agricultural societies. Systems of

measurement evolved in various countries—India, China, Egypt,

Babylonia, etc. —independently of each other.

Until the industrial revolution, the science of measurement was not

recognized as an important activity. This was primarily due to the

fact that all the products that were available to man prior to the

industrial revolution were handmade. It is only in industrial

23
production, unlike in handicrafts, that each product flowing out of

the production line is identical. In handicraft, in contrast, each

product is a piece of art and is unique. It is through industrial

production that there came into existence the concepts of qualitycontrol, quality assurance, etc.

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were the most formative centuries for the modern industrial world. It is essentially in this

period that the world became one, with the trade between nations

increasing several fold. These developments had an impact on

measurement science and technology. For the first time, man felt the

need to have an international system of units which is followed in all

countries, and indeed, such a system of units, now called Le Systems

International, emerged during this period.

This period also represents the time when the world began to be

divided into developed, rich, industrial countries and poor,

underdeveloped or developing countries. This brought in its wake

differential developments in metrology in these two types of

countries. In rich, advanced, industrial countries, the science of

metrology developed very rapidly both in scope and in accuracy. The

concepts of quality control in industrial production, quality

assurance, consumer protection, pre-shipment inspection and testing,

environmental testing, tropicalization, etc., were developed.

In contrast, in the underdeveloped countries, the science of measurement did not grow as fast, and what is more unfortunate is that the

people in these countries did not adequately realize the part played

by measurement in industrial production and material advancement.

These countries exported their raw materials and imported finished

products. The people in these countries hardly realized that by

introducing sophisticated testing they could grade their raw materials

and thereby earn more. At the same time, they did not realize the

need to test imported products, and indeed, there have been instances

where lack of testing facilities in underdeveloped countries have been

taken advantage of by industrialized countries to dump substandard

products. The story of internal trade was not much different.

Consumers were cheated by faulty weighing and measurement.

Developments of the twentieth century merely accentuated these trends

and disparities. Measurement science became more sophisticated in

advanced countries by including in its scope traceability, reliability

factors, failure analysis, and characterization of materials for

purity and perfection. In terms of accuracy there has been a phenomenal change, and with respect to primary standards, the concept

of standards shifted from Newtonian Physics to Quantum Physics. In

contrast, the developing countries have not changed much, and even now

concepts such as quality control , quality assurance , consumer protection , pre-shipment inspection , etc . , play a very marginal role in

these countries.

24
Historically there has been a symbiotic relationship between measurement science, industrial growth, and economic development. Each

country has to identify the areas in which it should establish

measurement facilities. In other words, the measurement

infrastructure must be relevant to the needs of industry, government,

and scientific research in that country. By and large in highly

developed countries, the needs of industry for measurement are far

greater in scope and extension than those of government. In contrast,

in underdeveloped and developing countries, the needs of government

for metrology are greater than those of industry. This has its

parallel in the investment in research and development. In highly

industrialized countries, the investment in R&D by industry is much

greater than by the government. In contrast, in developing and

underdeveloped countries, most of the investment in research and

development is by the government.

In India, the measurement system has had its various phases of

development, and even today the needs of the government for

measurement are far greater than those of industry. India had a

highly developed civilization, flourishing trade, and equally

developed metrology as early as in the Harappan period, 2300 to 1750

B.C. At that time India had developed standards of length, mass, and

time. These developments in measurement techniques were determined by

the social and cultural requirements of those days. In addition to

the requirements of trade and commerce, Indians in ancient India were

interested in designing and building sacrificial altars and in the

understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies to predict lunar and

solar eclipses, lunar periods, etc. Because of the former, the

measurement of length, angle, and area developed. The latter led to

the development of measurement of time.

India in the pre-Aryan days was perhaps the first country in the world

to enforce officially a system of weights and measures. This

civilization has left an extraordinary testimony to the heights to

which standardization had been carried out in the fields of town

planning, water supply, drainage systems, weights and measures, etc.

The principles of legal metrology enshrined in tests such as Arthashastra were very sound and were enforced vigorously and

uniformly over a vast region for a long stretch of time. These

concepts were further developed during the Maurya period. However,

with the decline of the Mauryan empire, the uniformity in weights and

measures , the practice of legal metrology , etc . , declined and along

with them trade and material development. Historically, one is struck

by the correlation between trade and material prosperity on the one

hand and advancement in measurement science and technology on the

other, and both these suffered vicissitudes until the British period.

The growth of the science of metrology in India during the British

period was constrained by the needs of the rulers rather than by the

demands of economic development. The British rulers were interested

in Indian raw materials and in keeping the agricultural economy

25
fragmented and yet stable. These requirements found expression in the

establishment of the Survey of India—both geographical and

geophysical—Botanical and Zoological Surveys of India, etc.

During the first world war, when the allied forces in India were cut

off from their home countries, they had to make their purchases in

India. This led to the establishment of the Indian Stores Department

which later evolved into what is now called the National Test House.

It is in this period that we find that 150 different types of mass

standards and 300 different types of area measures were prevalent.

This kept the Indian economy fragmented, and it served the then

rulers. Indeed, no concerted effort was made to evolve a unified

system of weights and measures.

On attainment of freedom, the Government of India made a very

systematic effort to promote the measurement system in the country.

The establishment of the National Physical Laboratory in 1947 as the

custodian of national standards for physical measurement was an

important landmark. Since industry was only slightly developed, the

Government decided to establish the metric system of weights and

measures. In the introduction of the metric system, the National

Physical Laboratory played a major role. In the early phases of

development during 1950-1960, the Indian economy was largely based on

agriculture, and the Government enacted the Weights and Measures Act

and introduced legal metrology. The main emphasis was on measurement

of length, mass, and volume.

Since 1960, India has made rapid strides in industrial production. As

industrial production picked up, a system of standardization and

certification was introduced with the establishment by the Government

of the Indian Standards Institute. With economic growth, the

Government and the people became conscious of hazards to health posed

by fraudulent drugs, environmental pollution, and the indiscriminate

use of insecticides and pesticides. This led the Government to

establish a chain of laboratories under the Drugs Controller, Plant

Protection Adviser, and Environmental Pollution Board. In all these

cases, it is again the Government which took the initiative, and most

of the testing is done by the Government agencies.

Planners in India are not so much concerned about growth in per capita

income as about creating greater employment opportunities for the

teeming millions. It is essentially because of this, that the

Government gave conscious support and encouragement to small-scale

industries, which are more labor intensive, decentralized, and less

energy consuming than large-scale industry. These small-scale

industries could not afford testing facilities, and again the

Government took the initiative of establishing a number of testing

laboratories under the Small Scale Industries Commissioners.

With limited resources and an increasing demand for their use for

rapid industrialization, the country had to embark on a program more

26
or less on war footing for export promotion and import substitution.

In order to establish credibility of Indian goods in foreign markets,

the Government more than the exporter himself was keen to see that

only quality products were exported. In order to achieve this, the

Government took the initiative of establishing pre-shipment inspection

laboratories under the Export Inspection Council. Today we have under

this Council a chain of test houses.

During the last decade, the electronics industry has recorded a phenomenal growth. The country started in the early sixties

manufacturing same electronic components and assembling some

instruments. From this meager beginning, India has reached a stage

where it makes sophisticated electronic equipment and systems. Here

again, to achieve quality production, a test laboratory has been

established in each of the states in the country. These test

laboratories are linked with four regional test and evaluation centers

which in turn are linked to the National Physical Laboratory. With

export of electronic goods picking up, the Government is laying stress

on environmental testing, reliability measurement, and failure

analysis.

As industrial growth, and with it the economy, picked up, the standard

of living of the people and also their expectations have increased.

Consumer protection has now become a watchword of the Government in

the regulation of trade and commerce. Here again the Government,

through a hierarchy of testing laboratories attached to the

Directorate of Weights and Measures, is continuously increasing the

measurement system infrastructure and activities.

In order to accelerate economic development, the Government made a conscious decision to promote science and technology in the country.

Today the country can boast of having a very fine scientific infrastructure covering a wide spectrum. The various agencies, such as the

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council of

Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhabha

Atomic Research Center, and the Vikram Sarabhai Space Research Center,

are all funded by the Government. With the growth of scientific

infrastructure, the needs for measurement have expanded both in scope

and in accuracy.

We thus see that, in a typical developing country like India, the

Government has to make a conscious and elaborate effort to establish

test facilities, enforce measurement standards, and evolve a unified

measurement system in which the accuracy of any measurement made can

be traced to the accuracy with which national standards are

maintained. In India, through Government help and initiative, the

test facilities have grown in the various areas as needs arose without

any coordination. The Government has been aware of this, and it is

now felt that a stage has come when effective coordination should be

established for the entire measurement system in the country. This is

expected to be done by introducing a system of accreditation of test

27
laboratories, by categorization of test laboratories as Grade I, Grade

II, or Grade III laboratories depending upon their accuracies of

measurement , and by calibrating the calibrators. We are now in the

process of evolving our National Test and Calibration Service.

In a developing country like India, the Government has necessarily to

take the initiative and lend support to the establishment of test

laboratories. This is not so in advanced market economy countries

where market forces play a major role in economic development, and

consequently, the industry has greater needs for measurement. In turn,

the needs of the Government in advanced countries for measurement are

marginal. The responsibilities of the Governments in developing

countries in establishing sound national measurement systems are

indeed very great.

28
1.3 QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AS A BASIC FRAMEWORK

FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Seiji Takata

National Research Laboratory of Metrology

Tokyo, Japan

A. Introductory Review

If we glance over the history of science and technology, it is

apparent that a number of substantial stepping stones necessary for

the progress of science and technology have been laid down by the successes of quantitative measurements of various kinds.

Precise observations of heavenly bodies, which Tycho Brahe and Kepler

conducted by means of quadrants and other instruments, contributed to

the rise of the Copernican view of the universe and of Newtonian

mechanics. Without their contributions, we could have neither

rational cosmology nor modern space technology.

Galileo's experiments on falling bodies, carried out by the aid of

scales, balances, and sandglasses (or blood pulse counting) , proved

the invalidity of the Aristotelian, metaphysical understanding of the

motion of bodies. Without his experimental proof, we could have

neither reasonable dynamics nor practicable mechanical engineering.

Faraday's experimental researches on electricity and magnetism, though

not aided by mathematical tools, were so quantitative that the results

were capable of bringing forth Maxwell's formulation of

electromagnetic theory. Without these experimental and mathematical

researches, we could have neither the physical theory of electricity

and magnetism for the electrical and electronic industry nor modern

telecommunication technology.

The law of conservation of energy, conceived by R. Mayer in a rather

contemplative way, was consolidated by Joule's patient experiments of

high precision and wide variety, which clarified the quantitative

interrelations of the mutual conversions among mechanical, thermal,

electrical, and chemical energies. Without his quantitative

clarification, we could have neither theoretical guideposts nor

practical indicators for overcoming the predicted energy crisis on the

globe where we live.

B. The Cradle of Quantum Physics

The most fascinating story of the contribution of precision measurements to the rise of a new scientific idea and subsequent

technological developments may be found in the early stage of the

history of quantum physics.

29
At the turn of the centuries, from the nineteenth to the twentieth,

precise and systematic measurements of the spectral distribution of

the radiant power of blackbody radiators were performed, the results

of which drove Planck to create the quantum hypothesis. The three

decades after that were crowned with the success of quantum mechanics.

Precise measurement of the radiant power of thermal radiators and the

exact realization of blackbody radiators, still difficult in modern

laboratories, were achieved at that time by the physicists and

technicians at the National Physico-Technical Institute (PhysikalischTechnische Reichsanstalt, founded in 1887 and now called PhysikalischTechnische Bundesanstalt) of Germany.

Now it might be noteworthy that the Institute attacked this difficult

problem not only from the academic point of view via the spectroscopic

study by Kirchhoff but also from the viewpoint of national needs for

the enhancement of high temperature technology, including the

efficient production of iron and steel, as well as for improving the

economies of illumination by gaslights.

In essence, quantum theory came to the world out of the seeds of

spectro-physical interest and out of the needs of industrial utility;

it was devised through the intermediary of precise measurement of

thermal radiation power and has resulted in the revolutionary

evolvement of quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry, quantum optics,

quantum electronics, and the widespread quantum device technology.

C. Methods or Frameworks of Modern Science and Technology

Modern science and technology possess a strong power to influence

human society and a remarkable transferability to the various

cominunities of mankind. The power and transferability have been

brought about by virtue of the rational way, or the rational "method"

of thinking, and experimentation proper to science and technology.

The word "method," which is semetimes dealt with in a much too

sophisticated manner in books on the philosophy of science and

technology, may be replaced by a less abstract word "framework," and

among the various frameworks of scientific research and technological

development, I would like to place emphasis on the role of

quantitative measurements. This preference of mine can be adequately

supported by the above-cited historical facts.

If we look back to the historical examples again, we notice

additionally that the framework itself has evolved from a simple and

rough one to a complex and precise one. The framework of astronomical

observation in the age of Tycho Brahe was constituted only by the

measures of angle and time; his instruments were really more than

enough for an explorer like Magellan, but most modern navigators have

to make use of such a complex and precise tool as Loran C

transmissions. The framework of ideas and experiments of Galileo and

30
Newton expanded to include the kinematic quantities (displacement,

velocity, acceleration) and the dynamic quantities (mass, force); the

growth of mechanical engineering required the addition of a new

framework supporting mechanical work and power. The invention and

improvement of steam engines, followed by the rise of thermodynamics,

made it necessary to devise further frameworks covering thermal work

(heat energy) and power, temperature, entropy, and others. At earlier

or later dates, the science and technology related to electrical,

optical, and chemical phenomena also required much more complex

frameworks for themselves.

D. Role of the National Institutions in Quantitative Measurement

All of the experiments I have mentioned in the introductory paragraph

were carried out either in the academic institutions of royal or local

authorities (Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Faraday) or in the private

workroom (Joule) , and their results were expressed in terms of

liistorical / local systems of units of their own era and place. In

Galileo's case, the laboratory belonged to the University of Padua of

the Venetian Republic; the units of length and mass (weight) were the

braceio and the libra. In Joule's papers, we find such units as the

calorie, the pound, and the degree Fahrenheit. In the famous book

titled "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, " Maxwell derived the

so-called esu and emu systems of units. (Note: The units cited here

are, without exception, not part of the International System of Units

(SI) and, therefore, are by no means recommendable for scientific and

technological descriptions at the present time!)

On the contrary, the experiment on thermal radiation that I have

mentioned in the second paragraph was conducted in a governmental

institution founded on the basis of national policy and finance, and

the results were expressed in terms of the metric system of units.

These facts are highly relevant to the debate about the role of

national institutions for research and development of the present day,

particularly for those of a quantitative character.

Experiments needed for modern research and development have to be

performed on a larger scale than before, with less uncertainty than

before, from a more general point of view than before, and in

accordance with a more consistent, precise, and solid framework. They

are sometimes too difficult to be dealt with solely in private

enterprises or by local authorities. Participation of national

institutions is very nearly inevitable in most cases.

In fact, quantitative measurements of the highest attainable accuracy

(for example, ± 4 x 10" 9 in length measuremnt, 1 x 10-12 in time

measurement) may be possible only in the national institutions. Even

measurements of lower accuracy, which are considered to be performable

in other institutions than the national ones, should be controlled to

be "traceable" to the national standards.

31
The age in which we live and work is characterized in many ways:

electronics age, computer age, information age, systems engineering

age, and so on. Any of these characterizations may be accepted as evidence for the importance of quantitative measurements, which

constitute a basic framework for modern scientific research and

technological development. In the same context, it may be appropriate

to emphasize the role of the national institutions.

32
1.4. THE NEED FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT IN HONG KONG

Mr. H. K. Lam

Royal Observatory

Hong Kong

The successful application of science and technology in any country

requires not only the provision of an infrastructure of education,

Gaining, survey of industrial needs, and research and development

institutions together with the associated services, but also the

development of a series of activities broadly termed standards. In a technological context, the word "standards" is used in two quite

separate but related meanings: first in the sense of measurement

standards , i.e., measures of physical quantities such as length, mass,

time, etc., and secondly in the sense of specification standards,

i.e., published criteria by which a product or a service or a test may

be assessed as to quality or performance. Such an assessment usually

involves measurement; hence the second category relies on the

existence of the first. The orderly development of coirmerce requires

first the establishment of units of measurement and the provision of

measures by which working units can be verified. This involves the

provision of acceptable standards of mass, length, etc., the necessary

laboratory provision for their maintenance, and an organization for

their periodic checking and certification. Secondly, the growth of

engineering and industrial activities within a country requires the

provision of agreed specification standards for quality control and

for consumer protection.

In Hong Kong, the requirement to lay down its own specification

standards is not urgent, the reason being that local industries are generally manufacturing products to be exported, and hence, they need

to follow specification standards of the importing country. In order

that these stringent specification standards can be closely adhered

to, quantitative measurements of suitable degree of precision are

essential. Because of their individual needs and the tendency to move

towards a more independent position, manufacturers have been acquiring

precision measuring instruments in their private laboratories

throughout the years with varying degrees of maintenance and sources

of traceability . Some foreign companies and subsidiaries are

fortunate to have their instruments traced through their parent

companies overseas. This method is undoubtedly costly in many ways,

including length of down-time and high risk of damage during transit.

More frequently, items used may even have to be duplicated at extra

cost. Local companies were less fortunate; with insufficient budget

available for maintenance, they cannot afford the high costs involved

in transporting their equipment to standardizing laboratories

overseas. Thus, all their equipment remained uncalibrated since the

times of purchase.

33
In a similar respect, there are government departments which have

definite scientific services to provide to the public and, hence,

require precision measurement of input data. For instance, the Royal

Observatory, which is in charge of geophysical investigations in Hong

Kong, makes precise meteorological measurements of the surface and

upper air. When using the information together with similar

measurements from other countries, numerical weather prediction models

can be advanced and an objective forecast of the weather be made for

the public. The Post Office, which has responsibilities under the

Telecommunication Ordinance, requires precision electrical

measurements to calibrate telecommunication and other electronic

equipment. The Education Department requires precision measures in

the laboratories of its technical institutes for teaching purposes.

Universities and the polytechnics, needless to say, require quantitative measurements for scientific research and development. These

requirements, just like those in the private sectors, lead to the

acquisition of precision measuring instruments in government departments, laboratories, universities, and the polytechnics.

A survey of the distribution of these instruments has been made

recently by the Committee for Scientific Coordination, Hong Kong.

This Committee is comprised of leaders of the scientific community in

Hong Kong and has the responsibility, among others, to advise the

Government on all matters on science and technology. This survey has

been published in the Scientific Directory of 1978. From this survey,

it is evident that a wide cross section of the Hong Kong industrial

organizations, trading companies, scientific institutions, government

departments, and utility companies need quantitative measurement as a

basis of their activities. The Government has taken note of this

survey and, as a first step, has yielded under the pressure of the

electronics industry to set up shortly an electronic calibration

laboratory covering the range from D.C. to the microwave region.

As a cosmopolitan city, Hong Kong has metric, British Imperial,

Chinese, and U.S. customary units all in use. Metrication is

proceeding in some sectors where the benefits are clear, and a

Metrication Ordinance provides for the replacement of non-metric by

metric units. Like many other countries, metrication for the entire

community is necessarily a slow and tedious process. The use of

Chinese units, in particular, has been so deep-rooted, especially in

the foodstuff market, gold market, and sale of Chinese medicine, that

Hong Kong, where voluntary changes are preferred, is probably the only

place in the world in which Chinese units are still extensively used.

A lot of conversion is being done. The need for quantitative

measurement is evident to the general consumers for their protection,

and this feeling is not confined to industrialists and scientists.

34
SESSION II

MEASUREMENT IS NEEDED TO SELECT RAW MATERIALS,

CONTROL PRODUCTION, AND ASSURE QUALITY OF PRODUCTS

BUT IS INDUSTRY AWARE OF ITS

DEPENDENCE ON METROLOGY?

35

II.l NATIONAL MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES FOR

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN KOREA

Dr. Jong-Wan Choi

Industrial Advancement A<±mnistration

Seoul, Korea

Presented by: Kwang Duck Lee, Deputy Administrator, Industrial

Advancement Administration, Seoul, Korea

A. Korean Industry in the Past and at Present

During the past 15 years, the Korean economy has grown very rapidly as

a result of our Government's strong emphasis on industrial

development. Through three five-year economic development plans, the

industrial structure has evolved from labor-intensive light industry

of the 1960 's to technology-oriented heavy and chemical industries.

During this period, per capita GNP has increased to U.S. $870 from $83

in 1961 and a total export to $10 billion in 1977 from $40 million in

1961. It shows astonishing progress for Korea to have attained $10

billion of exports a year, which is similar to that of Japan 10 years

ago.

This remarkable economic growth is mainly due to the Government's

industrialization policy. The Government proclaimed that the

development of export industries is the only way for self-sustenance

with our limited available territory and natural resources to support

the large population.

The main goal of the first five-year plan (1962-1966) was to

strengthen the basic industries. The sectors included in this plan

were electric power, textile, cement, and fertilizer. During the

second five-year plan period (1967-1971) , emphasis was given to

increase the export of consumer products. The leading sectors at this

time included synthetic fibers, petrochemical products, and electric

equipments. The third five-year plan (1972-1976) aimed at an

expansion of exports in intermediate and construction materials.

Emphasis was placed on the development of heavy and chemical

industries. Iron and steel works, machineries, consumer electronic

products, and shipbuilding were the main industrial sectors which were

strengthened

During this period, exports have been expanded from the primary

products of agriculture, fishery, and mining, through the products of

light industries like textile, to the heavy and chemical industries

such as iron and steel, machineries, electronic equipments,

automobiles, and shipbuilding. There has also been a change in the

composition of export goods; in the early 1960 's, agriculture,

fishery, and mining sectors constituted 60 percent of the total

37
export, but now the manufacturing sector provides 90 percent of the

entire export products.

By the end of the fourth five-year plan (1977-1981) , Korea is to

export a total of $20 billion a year and to realize per capita GNP of

$1/500. The Korean industry in its structure, however, shows weakness

in various areas to carry out such a great task. Labor-intensive

light industry has its own limitation in growth. It is difficult to

expect the light industries to function as a leading force for the

economic growth. Hence, it becomes necessary to reorganize the

structure of the nation's industry to establish a sound basis for the

continuing growth in the economy. The composition ratio of the light

industry to the heavy and chemical in 1975 was 55 to 45. As you may

remember, Japan had the ratio of 43 to 57 in 1955 when she had a

similar size of GNP as that of Korea in 1975.

Among the products of heavy and chemical industries, the following

items have been selected as strategic export goods. They are

automobiles, electrical equipments, precision machinery, industrial

plants and ships from the machinery industry, as well as communication

equipments, semiconductor products, and household appliances from the

electronics industry.

It is required to meet the goal of this long-term plan. This means

that during the period of 1976-1991 the machinery industries must grow

rapidly at an average annual rate of 18.7 percent and the electronics

industries at an average annual rate of 21.4 percent. Both these

industries are expected to be the leading sectors of the Korean

industry in the 1980' s. It is expected that technology-intensive

industries, including airplane, computer, and specialized chemical

products, will be possible in the 1980 's. Accordingly, in the 1980 's

we should build an industrial structure capable of supporting

precision technology industries and realize a highly industrialized

modern society. Science and technology should play an important role

in leading the overall economic growth during this period.

B. National Measurement Capabilities for Industrial Development

1. Needs for Modern Measurement Standards

National measurement capabilities ought to form a basis of industrial

development in a nation, and precise and accurate measurements serve

as a yardstick for the industrialization of the country. Since

precision in production technology and accuracy in measurement

technology are prerequisite in the heavy and chemical industries,

which will occupy a great portion of Korean economy in the 1980's, we

must strive for a higher level in precision and accuracy. The current

problems we are facing are to establish and maintain the measurement

standards system needed in the production of machineries, automobiles,

and airplanes and to improve precision and accuracy of measurements.

38
It is generally true today that most people, from technicians in

factories to the top managers in industrial firms, lack understanding

of the importance of precision and standards. The National Industrial

Research Institute and the Fine Instruments Center are currently

providing calibration and inspection services. But calibration

facilities are limited in quantity, and trained personnel to handle

calibration services are not sufficient to meet the demand.

2. Expansion of Quality Control Campaign

Most small and medium industries had insufficient understanding in

quality control practice to improve the quality and to utilize

metrology standards for precision measurement. In 1975, IAA started a campaign to introduce a quality control system. Under this program,

160 firms were designated QC leaders in 1975, which increased in

number to 2,500 as of August 1978. The number of QC circles in 1975

was 1,300, whereas now we have 31,000. By 1981, the designated QC

firms will reach 8,000 in number and 70,000 QC circles. This campaign

will be deeply rooted in our industry as a continuous movement of QC.

C. Establishment of National Standards Body: K-SRI

In 1975, the Korean Government established the Korean Standards

Research Institute (K-SRI) as a central body of national standards.

K-SRI was established 70 to 80 years behind in its foundation to many

national standards institutes in the advanced countries, such as the

United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, and Japan.

From its inception, K-SRI has received support in advanced measurement

technology by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, a sister

institute of K-SRI. Using $5 million of an AID Loan, 500 some items,

including the prototypes of primary standards, were obtained in the

first phase. Installation of 200 items is currently in progress with

a schedule of normal operation by April 1979. Future investments of

$8 million from a proposed Asian Development Bank loan and a grant of

technical support from West Germany will supplement standards

equipments and facilities. With all these, K-SRI will be ready to

support the industry in various technical aspects.

The role of K-SRI can be summarized in three major activities as

follows

:

1. Maintenance and Dissemination of National Standards

The national standards are maintained for the seven base units in the

length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminosity and

mole, and others, including force, pressure, fluid flow,

electromagnetics, frequency, acoustics, and radioactivity. The

national standards are disseminated through secondary inspection and

calibration organizations and the standards reference materials (SRM)

for testing, calibration, and analysis will also be provided.

39
K-SRI, to develop its standards to the international level, maintains

ties with international organizations such as the International Bureau

of Vfeights and Measures (BIPM) and many national standards

laboratories of the advanced countries. It is also to publish

technical reports on measurement and calibration and provide the

latest information on measurement technologies.

Also, K-SRI conducts research and development programs to maintain and

improve the standards of the seven base units and other derived units

to the international level of accuracy.

2. Education of Advanced Measurement Manpower

If we examine the manpower situation of measurements in the sectors of

heavy and chemical industries, we find that those who have a college

education of any sort are only 7 percent. This educational level of

the manpower is quite low compared to that of Japan 11 years ago when

she earned $10 billion in exports. At that time in Japan, 35.5

percent of the total population active in measurements received

college or higher education. To increase the number in the manpower

supply in advanced measurement technologies and to enhance their

quality, K-SRI will conduct educational programs. To achieve these

objectives, senior members in technical and managerial functions as

well as metrology specialists in calibration and inspection

organizations and industrial firms are to receive educational training

at K-SRI. The short- and long-term training courses in the next 5

years will cover 6,600 persons.

3. Technical Support for Industrial Firms

K-SRI will provide technical support and consultation to industrial

firms to solve the problems related to precision measurement. K-SRI

will keep a step ahead of the rest of the industries to lead the

technical evolution toward an industrialized society in Korea.

D. Establishment of National Calibration System

The aim is to improve the national measurement capabilities, but a national standards institute alone cannot achieve this goal. A

nationwide dissemination system of standards through secondary

calibration and inspection organizations is needed. In Korea, there

has been no systematic and nationwide calibration and inspection

network available. Accordingly, a systematic calibration network with

K-SRI on the top in precision and accuracy is being planned, and the

precision level of entire industrial firms will be gradually elevated

to the level of advanced countries. As a preparatory step, 19

candidates for the secondary inspection and calibration organizations

were selected. This was done through an analysis of the data obtained

by the nationwide industrial measurement survey conducted in 1977.

40
Traceability of standards will be established by representing K-SRI

at the top of a conventional national calibration pyramid (see Figure

II. 1.1) . We do so with full realization that, in modern metrological

practice, measurement assurance is greatly improved by linking

laboratories, including those at different levels, through comparisons

of results obtained on the same measurand (sample to be measured)

.

Moreover, for the most critical industrial measurements, K-SRI must

reach down directly to the working level. Calibration and inspection

services will be given periodically to industrial firms. The

geographic consideration of location will be given to provide the

optimum services to all industrial complexes, including Seoul, Gumi,

Changwon, Woolsan, and the Yeosoo Petroleum Chemistry Compound.

E. Conclusions

Improvement of national measurement capabilities depends on the ability

of a national standards organization, coordination between calibration

and inspection agencies and industrial firms, and furthermore, overall

awareness of the importance of a national measurement system.

Therefore, we should advance an innovative movement for nationwide

understanding of the importance of precision and standards.

In conclusion, I emphasize again that industrial development in Korea

has played the most important role in leading the fast economic

growth. The role of a national standards system is very important for

the construction of highly industrialized society with strategic

advancement in heavy and chemical industries. It is very meaningful

that we discuss the national measurement capabilities in Korea and, in

this seminar, find shortcuts for its early realization.

41
Primary Standards

(National Standard)

International 4 BIPM

K-SRI \ Cooperation

& Credibility 1 Institutes

Secondary Standards

(Calibration/

Inspection Agency)

National Standards

Tertiary Standards &

First Class Standards,

(Calibration/Inspec- /Local

tion Agency) /Inspection

& Testing

Agency

FIC Military \ Authorized

j

\ Agency

Army,

Navy,

Air Force

Authorized

\ Agency

National

j Testing

1 & Research

Agency *

Second Class

(Factory

Inspection)

Transpor- Mli tatron/s

^ *

Service/ Industry

Research

Inst. &

College oi

^Engineering

Workbench

Level

Commerce Workbench Laboratory

NATIONWIDE CALIBRATION/INSPECTION SYSTEM

Figure II. 1.1

42
II. 2 DEVELOPMENT OF METROLOGY CAPABILITIES IN STEP

WITH INDUSTRY NEEDS—A NEW ZEALAND EXPERIENCE

Dr. M. C. Probine

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

Wellington, New Zealand

A. Introduction

The history of measurement goes back at least 4,000 years in human

history. Indeed, it is difficult to see how the ordinary transactions

of commerce—the exchange of goods and services—could ever have been

carried on if there were not some common agreement to regulate the

human tendency for the seller to get less and the buyer to obtain

more. The Old Testament of the Bible, which has its origins between

the 12th and 2nd centuries B.C., contains at least six texts which

relate to the importance of accurate measurements in trade and

commerce. For example, in Deuteronomy 25: 13-16, "You shall not have

unequal weights in your bag, one heavy, the other light. You shall

not have unequal measures in your house, one large, the other small.

You shall have true and correct weights, true and correct

measures . . .

.

If the need for standards was merely to ensure fair trade practices,

however, it would not be necessary to strive for very great accuracy

in realizing standards of physical quantities, because the accuracy

needed by ordinary trade in the marketplace is such that the accuracy

of the primary standard need not be very great—even when one allows

for the many stages in descending through the hierarchy of standards

from the primary standard to, say, ordinary weighing equipment used in

commerce, and for the permissible tolerances at each stage.

It is the requirements of technology, of mass production, and of

science, rather than the requirements of ordinary trade, which place

great demands on the measurement facilities of a national standards

organization. In other words, it is the requirements of advanced

industrial societies and of scientific investigation which place the

main demands on our measurement capability.

Interchangeable parts used in mass production must be gaged accurately

in order to fit together and function as a whole; in designing complex

technological systems, the properties of a wide range of physical and

chemical quantities must be accurately known, and materials must be

selected to meet a wide range of operating conditions, and to make

such selections, the engineer depends on accurate data with the

characteristic properties of materials.

To ensure that adequate measurement facilities exist to meet the needs

of a country, some organizations must have the responsibility for the

custody, maintenance, and development of precision measurement

43
facilities. In various countries of the world, such organizations

have been set up, and some of the earliest and best known include the

National Bureau of Standards in the United States, the National

Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom, and the PhysikalischTechnische Bundesanstalt in Germany.

Although these national laboratories differ in the detail of their

terms of reference, they probably all include among their major

responsibilities the following:

1. Development of standards and techniques for consistent

measurements.

2. Determination of what measurements are meaningful.

3. Evaluation of measurements and measurement techniques.

4. Determination of major physical constants.

The cost of setting up a laboratory to undertake every kind of

measurement to the highest level of attainable accuracy would be

prohibitive; and indeed, it is such an expensive exercise that even

such a technologically advanced and wealthy country as the United

States is having a searching look at just how far it should go in this

area of technology. Since limitation of resources—to say nothing of

common sense—dictates that we must be selective in determining just

how far we should go and in what fields of measurements, we must have

a clear policy to guide our developments in this field—and this is

particularly true in the less developed countries and in small

countries (such as my own) .

I believe, therefore, that the general theme of this Seminar is timely

in that we are addressing ourselves to a very important problem which

I shall paraphrase this way: "What is the 'market' for the measurement

services we provide, and how do we match our services to the needs of

this 'market' and, therefore, make the best use of valuable scientific

resources?"

In this paper I would like to outline our experience in attempting to

match the development of our facilities to the needs of industry.

B. Historical Background

The New Zealand economy has depended, from the days of first colonization by Europeans in 1825 to the present time, on the strength of its

agricultural industries. The function of the early manufacturing

industries in New Zealand was to supply locally the immediate needs of

the small scattered communities for food, clothing, building

materials, and home furnishings, and to provide shipping with ropes,

spars, and repairs. These handicraft activities grew into factories

as the settlements expanded, but it was not until World War II that

44
manufacturing activity began to develop on any significant scale. It

was World War II, and the shortages of imported manufactured goods

which changed the manufacturing pattern and gave great encouragement

to industrial development. The engineering industries, which

contributed so much to War needs, made the greatest progress.

During the 1950' s and early 1960's, New Zealand manufacturing industry

grew up under various forms of protection designed to shelter

fledgling industries until they could become firmly established. From

the mid-1960' s onward, however, the emphasis has tended to shift away

from protection of industry towards the development of internationally

competitive export industries, and there has been a very significant

rise in the contribution of manufactured industries toward export

earnings.

This rise in the importance of manufacturing in the New Zealand scene

is really relevant to the need for developing facilities for precision

measurement; and it is interesting to note that in our experience the

need for precision measurement facilities did not parallel the

development of manufacturing industry as such, but paralleled the

development of export-oriented manufacturing industries . This thought

will be developed further as we go on.

C. The Development of the Need for Precision Measurement in New

Zealand

It is obvious that the precision measurement requirements of a country

whose economy is based primarily on agriculture and whose exports are

mainly dairy products and wool has a less sophisticated precision

measurement requirement than does an industrial country manufacturing

such items as jet aircraft, sophisticated electronic equipment, motor

cars, and defense equipment. It is not surprising, therefore, that

when New Zealand was firmly in the former category prior to World War

II, there was little need for precision measurement, and such

facilities as we had were relatively unsophisticated. We can, I believe, recognize three phases of the development of New Zealand

economy which have had a bearing on the development of our needs in

the precision measurement field.

Phase I: Until World War II, New Zealand exported agricultural

products and in return purchased consumer goods and such industrial

products as it required. As I have indicated in the Historical

Introduction, manufacturing industry was, at that time, in its

infancy. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, however, New

Zealand was cut off from its traditional supplier—Britain—and there

was a need to manufacture in this country goods which had previously

been imported and which were now unavailable, and there was also a need to produce munitions to supply military forces. The laboratory

of which I was formerly Director—the Physics and Engineering

Laboratory—was set up within a few months of the outbreak of War and

one of its major tasks was to produce the gages and tooling for

45
ammunition production and to measure and certify these gages. Another

laboratory group (later incorporated into the Physics and Engineering

Laboratory) was heavily engaged in the development of radar sets for

the armed services, and this development also served to stimulate

manufacturing capability in the electronics and telecommunications

industry.

Here was a clear case where national need forced the rapid development

of precision measurement facilities, and it is remarkable, looking

back on those six war years, how much was accomplished in a very short

time under the conditions of national emergency.

Phase II ; After the War, and because the value of precision

measurement facilities had been so clearly demonstrated, it was

decided, as a matter of policy, that the precision measurement

facilities should be further developed and that the facilities should

provide for a much wider range of physical measurements. At the same

time, the stimulus which the War had given to manufacturing industries

had persuaded the Government that New Zealand needed a much stronger

industrial base, and during the 1950 's and early 1960 's there was a very great development in New Zealand's manufacturing capability. As

I said earlier, our manufacturing industries during this post-war era

grew up under various protective devices designed to protect fledgling

industries until they were capable of withstanding external

competition.

It is interesting to note, however, that the development of

manufacturing industries did not immediately stimulate the need for

precision measurement and testing. Although, by 1956, the percentage

of the New Zealand population engaged in manufacturing industry was 24

percent, as compared with 29 percent today (see Figure II. 2.1), the

demand which early manufacturing industries made on the precision

measurement facilities of the Physics and Engineering Laboratory were

rather modest compared with the demands they are making today. I believe the reason is that, because these early industries were

protected and because they were not subjected to external competition

to any great degree, they saw little need to strive for excellence in

design, for increasing productivity, for optimum selection of

materials, and they did not strive to become internationally

competitive while they had a protected and comfortable market at

home. During these years, therefore, industry in general made very

few demands, relatively speaking, on the precision measurement and

testing facilities that were provided by the Physics and Engineering

Laboratory. The main demand at that time came not from industry but

from such government agencies as:

1. Ministry of Works and Development (for the development

of major electric power schemes, geothermal power develment, etc.).

46
2. Transport (the development of civil aviation, precision

measurement for the New Zealand airlines, calibrations

for the meteorological service , etc . )

.

3. Defense (precision measurement for the Air Force, Army,

and Navy)

.

4. Science (precision measurements to support the nation's

scientific program including research programs in New

Zealand's universities).

During this phase the Physics and Engineering Laboratory depended for

its reference standards on purchasing precision equipment from

overseas and having it calibrated by the great national laboratories

in other countries (the National Physical Laboratory in the U.K. and

the National Bureau of Standards in the United States) , and on using

these reference standards to calibrate equipment of lower accuracy.

It was only in temperature, where over a limited range of the scale we

had the capability of realizing the International Temperature Scale,

that national standards were derived from first principles within the

country. During the whole of this period, we kept in close touch with

the needs of industry and of government departments, and attempted to

be just a little in advance of their requirements so that we could

meet their needs as they arose.

Phase III : From the mid-1960 's on, as was indicated in the Historical

Background note, New Zealand, as a matter of policy, has tended to

move away from the concept of a protected manufacturing industry to

the development of an export-oriented manufacturing industry . This

change towards export of manufactured goods is clearly revealed in

Figure II. 2. 2 which shows that, although the percentage of the work

force engaged in manufacturing has changed very little, the percentage

of manufacturing exports to total exports has increased dramatically.

As our industries have had to become internationally competitive on

the world export market, there has been a revolutionary change in

their attitude towards the need for testing and precision measurement

facilities. The need to compete in export markets in regard to

quality, price, and design has meant that they have had to pay great

attention to increasing productivity, to the proper use of materials,

to the use of more sophisticated production methods, and to the

production of more sophisticated products. They have also had to meet

the quality and safety assurance requirements of importing countries,

and this, too, has made them more test and measurement conscious.

We are still in the third phase of the development of our precision

measurement facilities at the present time, and the demands now being

made by industry have caused us to change the infrastructure for

precision measurement and testing in the following ways:

47
1. To introduce a testing laboratory accreditation (or registration) scheme which came into formal existence on

January 1, 1973.

2. To increase significantly the staffing and sophistication

of our national measurement laboratory (the Physics and

Engineering Laboratory)

3. To increase the accuracy of our basic measurement standards and to develop the capability of deriving standards

of some physical quantities from first principles within

New Zealand, instead of relying on high quality reference

instruments

I would like to describe, in general terms, the infrastructure we have

now developed and the reasons for it in greater detail.

D. Present Infrastructure of Measurement and Testing in New Zealand

In our national measurement scheme today there are three main

elements—the statutory laboratory (Physics and Engineering Laboratory

of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) , the

laboratory accreditation body (the Testing Laboratory Registration

Council—TELARC) , and the TELARC registered laboratories. This

infrastructure not only provides the country with the precision

measurement facilities that it requires, but it also, incidentally,

provides us with the ability to assess accurately the "market" for our

precision measurement services.

Before I develop this theme further, I would like to describe two ways

in which precision measurement can be disseminated to industry.

Standards of measurement of physical quantities are important because

it is on these standards that our national measurement system "SITS";

but if the matter ended with the maintenance of standards of measurements and little else was done about it, it would be a sterile

exercise.

One of the most important management responsibilities of a statutory

laboratory, in my view, is to see that the facilities and measurement

skills, that we develop in maintaining standards, are used for the

maximum benefit of science and technology in the country. In

fulfilling this responsibility, therefore, a statutory laboratory

should provide a calibration service based on the standards it holds.

The general form of organization by which this calibration service is

provided in a number of developed countries is illustrated in Figure

II. 2. 2 by means of a block diagram.

In this diagram there is one national body which has the

responsibility for the custody, maintenance, and development of

national standards of measurements, and for the provision of means and

48
methods of making measurements consistent with those standards. In

this diagram we have called the body the "national standards

laboratory.

In the field of international standards, the International Bureau of

Weights and Measures (BIPM) was created with the principal task of

providing uniformity of measurement in science, trade, and industry

for the whole world. Thus, through this international organization

and with the help of international collaboration, uniformity and

improvement of measurement is made possible. In the "international"

part of the diagram, international standards are shown by a single

block indicating that the standards of measurement in the "national

standards laboratory" can be referred to international standards

either directly to the BIPM or by comparison between the standards

held by various national standards laboratories.

It is customary in many countries for the body which is responsible

for "weights and measures" used in common trade to be a separate

organization from the "national standards laboratory." The weights

and measures organization has the responsibility of administering an

Act of Parliament, which provides for the regulation, administration,

and control of weights and measures used in commerce and trade. Such

an organization employs inspectors to ensure that the provisions of

the Act are adequately policed. In the diagram, the weights and

measures organization is, therefore, shown as relying on the standards

facilities provided by the "national standards laboratory" for the

calibration of its highest quality measures.

The "national standards laboratory" can have responsibility for a very

wide field of measurement. Local companies, research institutes,

universities, and government laboratories can refer to the "national

standards laboratory" for the calibration of their highest quality

measurement standards. This reliance on the "national standards

laboratory" for the calibration of the highest quality instruments is

illustrated in the diagram by arrows leading from each type of

institution to the "national standards laboratory."

The form of organization illustrated in Figure I I. 2. 2 has the advantage that there is a formal organization which ensures that the

national standards are traceable to international standards, and that

there is a central body responsible and accountable for the establishment and maintenance of measurement standards and for the provision

of a national calibration service. Its disadvantage is that it does

not "reach down" to the grass roots of measurement at the industrial

level to the extent that is desirable.

As will be known to this audience, the method of linking precision

measurement in the "national standards laboratory" to the needs of

industry has been tackled very successfully in Australia through the

establishment of the National Association of Testing Laboratories

(NATA) . In New Zealand we have set up a similar organization called

49
the Testing Laboratory Registration Council (TELARC) , and this is the

New Zealand equivalent to NATA in Australia. The organizational

arrangement in New Zealand is shown in Figure II. 2. 3. It will be

clear from the diagram that, while local companies, research

institutes, universities, and government laboratories can go directly

to the "national standards laboratory" for calibration of the highest

level instrument, they can also, themselves, become approved laboratories for making measurements for other groups providing they meet

the registration requirements laid down by TELARC.

E. Laboratory Registration

The purpose of the system is to provide a network of testing

laboratories to meet the nation's industrial, commercial, and

regulatory needs in respect to:

1. Calibration of equipment and instruments.

2. Evaluation of products.

3. Control of quality and production and certification

for compliance with specification.

4. Testing in connection with certification and marking.

Criteria for registration of a laboratory include the following:

1. The person in direct charge of the laboratory and members of the laboratory staff engaged in measurement

and testing are suitably qualified for the work in

which they are engaged.

2. Laboratory practice, including the supervision of staff,

the checking of calculations and results, and the keeping of records, is satisfactory.

3. Laboratory equipment and facilities are adequate for

the performance of the testing work concerned and are

appropriately housed and maintained.

4. The measuring and testing equipment maintained by the

accredited laboratory, together with any auxiliary

equipment, has, at a sufficiently recent date, been calibrated

in terms of the relevant national standards and found

satisfactory (i.e., calibration of all equipment is

"traceable" to the national standards)

.

Registration of a laboratory is given if it meets the above criteria

and following a formal assessment. The assessment takes the form of a detailed discussion between the laboratory staff and the assessors,

together with an inspection of the premises and laboratory equipment

50
(including the examination of all calibration information) . The

assessors normally witness the laboratory staff perform routine

testing tasks.

After registration, laboratories are assessed at intervals not exceeding two years, and in addition to formal assessments, the TEIARC

staff maintain close personal contact between the laboratories' staffs

and authorized representatives. Assessors are selected on the basis

of recognized knowledge and reputation in a particular area of testing

or technology. They must be people of standing within the New Zealand

scientific technological coirrnunities

.

TEIARC has defined its broad areas of testing which are intended to

encompass all tests undertaken, or likely to be undertaken, in New

Zealand. The six areas are:

1. Biological testing.

2. Chemical testing,

3. Electrical testing.

4. Technical testing.

5. Metrology.

6. Physical testing.

For each field of testing, as these broad categories are called, there

is a Registration Advisory Committee. The purpose of the committees

is to develop technical criteria for each broad field of testing and

also to exercise a technical supervisory function over laboratories

that seek registration in that field.

At the present time there are 103 registered laboratories under the

Laboratory Accreditation Scheme operated by TEIARC. Some extracts

from the TEIARC register of registered laboratories are included in

ANNEXES II. 2.1 and II. 2. 2.

F. Advantages of the Laboratory Registration Scheme

I have spent some time describing the laboratory registration scheme

for several reasons:

1. The laboratory registration scheme has a beneficial effect

on measurement practice ( every laboratory was required

to improve sane facet of its operation before being approved

for registration).

2. The laboratory registration scheme ensures that good

measurements are carried out in all regions of the country and not just at the national center.

3. One of the primary conditions for registration of a laboratory is that its standards must ultimately be traceable

to the national standard, and the feedback of information

51
between the national laboratory and the registered laboratories in industry throughout the country on measurement needs ensures that the national laboratory is fully

aware at all times of those areas of measurement which

are of most relevance to the country's needs and of the

measurement "growth points" in industry (a laboratory

accreditation scheme provides good "market" intelligence

as to the needs of industry at any given time).

4. It ensures that New Zealand manufactured goods are thoroughly tested during development, and manufacture and

measurement become an integral part of good quality

control in industry.

5. TELARC in New Zealand and NATA in Australia have a reciprocal recognition agreement whereby tests carried out

by a TELARC registered laboratory in New Zealand are

recognized in Australia, and tests by a NATA registered

laboratory in Australia are recognized in New Zealand.

G. Assessing Industry Needs in the Absence of a Laboratory

Accreditation Scheme

I have already indicated in the previous section that the laboratory

accreditation scheme, because of the feedback between the registered

laboratory and the national laboratory on measurement needs in

industry, provides very good "market" intelligence to the national

laboratory on the type of measurement services it ought to be

providing

.

This is by no means, however, the only means which we use in order to

improve the linkage between industry needs and the national

measurement capability. It would be possible (and it is done in some

countries) to set up a national measurement laboratory whose only task

is to maintain the national standards of physical quantities and to

provide a high level calibration service. This arrangement has

certain advantages; but one of its principal disadvantages is that the

national laboratory can easily find itself divorced from the kind of

"market intelligence" it needs to assess industry's measurement needs.

It is for this reason that, in New Zealand, we have never contemplated

having a separate laboratory for national standards of measurement

only, but instead, we have arranged to have the maintenance and

custody of national standards as only one of many functions carried

out by the Physics and Engineering Laboratory (our national standards

laboratory)

.

The primary standards of physical quantities held by the Physics and

Engineering Laboratory are given their legal status through the

Scientific and Industrial Research Act 1974, and the primary standards

are outside of the TELARC registration scheme (although an integral

part of it) . Vie have, however, placed those measurements,

52
calibrations, and tests which are outside of the primary standards

area , within the TEIARC laboratory registration scheme.

In effect, therefore, we have within the Physics and Engineering

laboratory a two-tier system:

1. The primary standards which take their authority from

the Scientific and Industrial Research Act 1974 and

are outside of the laboratory registration scheme.

2. The remaining measurements calibration and tests which

come within the laboratory registration scheme.

The advantage of this arrangement is that the industrial calibration

and testing program of the Physics and Engineering Laboratory can be

an integral part of the TELARC network of registered laboratories; but

at the same time the national standards, maintained by the same

laboratory, are outside of the TEIARC registration scheme and are not

subject to assessment and reassessment by TEIARC assessors (this must

be so since the standards derive their legal authority from Parliament

and not from TEIARC) . The Physics and Engineering Laboratory is,

therefore, both the national standards laboratory and a registered

laboratory in the laboratory accreditation scheme.

I have described this relationship between the TEIARC registration

scheme and the national standards held by the Physics and Engineering

Laboratory because it emphasizes how much a part of the industrial

scene the Physics and Engineering Laboratory is, even though it is the

custodian of our national standards . This laboratory works closely

with industry in the following areas:

1. It provides a measurement, calibration, and testing service for industry.

2. It supports industrial development in New Zealand through

the development and introduction of new technologies

suited to New Zealand's requirements and promotion of

its effective use in industry.

3. It pursues an advanced program of research in both

physics and engineering, in fields chosen for their relevance to New Zealand now or in the future.

4. It maintains specialized advisory services for manufacturing industry.

Because this laboratory is so closely involved with industrial development, it is more able to assess the measurement, calibration, and

testing needs of New Zealand industry than it would be if it were not

directly involved in industrial development. I believe that this is

one of the reasons why New Zealand's standards of measurement have

53
stayed so closely in tune with the needs of industry and science, and

why we have been able to respond so quickly to the increasing demands

of industry for increased accuracy by industry as our industries have

become more export oriented.

The introduction of the laboratory registration scheme strengthened

our links with industry, but the links were already strong before the

scheme was introduced.

H. Conclusion

I have tried, in this paper, to show that, in the New Zealand

experience, the need to develop a precision measurement capability has

depended not so much on the growth of manufacturing industry as such,

but on the growth of export-oriented manufacturing industry. It is

the challenge presented to manufacturing industry by the need to

compete in overseas markets in quality, price, and design which has

stimulated industry to realize the importance of good measurement,

adequate testing, and good quality control.

In New Zealand we have always had our national standards facilities

maintained by a laboratory which has also had strong connections with

industrial research and development, and for this reason, our "market

intelligence" on industry's measurement needs has always been reasonably good.

In recent years, to meet the needs of industry throughout the country

for good measurement and testing practice, we have established a

national laboratory accreditation scheme (TELARC) ; and this too has

greatly assisted us to stay abreast of industry's measurement needs.

In my view national measurement standards should, at least in the

smaller and less developed countries, be designed to meet the present

needs of industry and industry's needs in the medium-term future. As

the need for precision measurement by science and industry increases,

so too should the capability of the national measurement facilities be

increased to meet these needs. In other words, facilities of this

kind should be developed on the basis of "need-pull" rather than on

the basis of "technology-push."

I hope that our experience in New Zealand has proved to be of some

interest to you; but I must stress that each country must develop the

system that best meets its special needs. The solutions that suit us may not suit you; but, if there is something in our experience that

you find valuable in your situation, we will be pleased to discuss it

further with you. A recent paper by J. A. Gilmour, the Director of

TELARC, on "Laboratory Accreditation in Australia and New Zealand" may

be of special interest, and I would certainly be glad to send you a copy on request.

54
55
56
57
ANNEX II. 2.1

Metrology

Laboratory AIR NEW ZEALAND ENGINEERING

CHRIST.CHURCH BASE

Christchurch International Airport

Chri stchurch Phone 588-039

Authorised Representative L W HOWLAND

Registration Number 33

Availability 1

Classes of Test

5.01 EXAMINATION OF ENGINEERS' LIMIT GAUGES:

(i) Plug, ring and gap gauges —Type of Least uncertainty Size range —r

-—— — - gauge ot measurement mm ym

(in) (in)

P 1 a i n pi ug up to 50 1.5

(up to 2) (0.000 06)

50 to 150 3

( 2 to 6) (0.000 12)

Plain ring 9 to 50 10 (0.353 to 2) (0.000 h)

50 to 200 15

( 2 to 8) (0.000 6)

Gap gauges 2.5 to 50 2.5

(0. 1 to 2) (0.000 1) 50 to 100 5

( 2 to h) (0.000 2)

100 to 200 10

( k to 8) (0.000 k)

Taper plug Taper only 100pm/m

(tapers (0.000 1 in/in)

\ 1 in 10)

58
ANNEX II. 2.1 cont.

Laboratory AIR NEW ZEALAND ENGINEERING

CHRISTCHURCH BASE

5-03 EXAMINATION

I NSTRUMENTS

Type__qf_

i ns t rumen t

Dial gauges

to BS 907

External

mi crome te rs

I nterna

1

mi crome te rs

Vern i e r ca 1 i pe rs

Vernier

he i ght

gauges

Stra i ght

edges

Fee ler

gauges

Depth

mi crome ters

OF ENGINEERS' MEASURING TOOLS AND

Size range mm

(in)

Least uncertainty

of measurement

pm

(in)

up to 50 travel

(up to 2)

(

up to 600

up to 2k)

up to 900

(up to 36)

up to 1000

(up to k8)

up to 1000

(up to 48)

up to 900

(up to 36)

up to 50

(up to 2)

50 to 100

( 2 to k)

100 to 300

( h to 12)

(0.000 08)

to BS 870

to BS 959

to BS 887

to BS 1643

to BS 5204:grade

to BS 8l8:grade i

to BS 957

5 (0.000 2)

(0.000 3) 10 (0.000 k)

5.07 HARDNESS TESTS ON METAL PRODUCTS:

Vickers tests to BS 427:part 1

59
ANNEX II. 2.1 oont.

Electrical Testing

DEPARTMENT Or SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL

RESEARCH

AUCKLAND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

9-11 Albert .Street Auckland Phone 3^-116

nu U IUI lOCU tlCLHCOwlllCIllVC W D PC A CI CV

Registration Number

Availability 1

Classes of Test

3.00 CONDUCTING MATERIALS:

Ranges and uncertainties of electrical measurements

as for 3-01.

3-01 RESISTORS, RESISTANCE BOXES AND POTENTIAL DIVIDERS:

(a) Resistors and resistance boxes

Resi stance Least uncertainty

Up to lOfl 5 in 10

1* or 5 x 10" 8

fi Whichever is the greater

lOfi to 10 6

f2 1 in \0 h 106

f2 to 10 7fi 5 in 10 4 107

fi to 10 8

fi 5 in 10 3

(b) and

(c) Volt ratio boxes and potential dividers

Up to lkV least uncertainty 1 in 10 3

3-02 INSULATING MATERIALS, INSULATORS AND CABLES:

(a) Insulating materials and insulators

Applied voltages up to lkV Res i stance Least uncertainty

Up to 10 12 fl 5 in 102 10 12 fl to 10 ll4

fl 1 in 10

60
ANNEX II. 2.1 cont.

Laboratory DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL

RESEARCH

AUCKLAND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

3.03 CAPACITORS:

(a) At frequency of 1.592 kHz

From lpF to lOOuF - least uncertainty 1 in 10 3

3.05 INDUCTORS AND TRANSFORMERS:

(a) Inductors

i) Self inductors

At frequency of 1.592 kHz

from lmH to 10H - least uncertainty

1 in 10 3

3.10 INDICATING AND RECORDING INSTRUMENTS:

(a) Electrical indicating instruments

i) DC Ammeters

Current Least uncertainty

up to 2A 5 in lO*4 or 10" 8 A whichever is the greater

2A to 150A 7 in 10 4

i i) DC Vol tmeters

Vol tage Least uncertainty

Up to 16V 1 in lO 4 or 10" 5 V whichever is the greater

16V to lkV 2 in JO 14 lkV to lOkV 1 in 10 3

i i I) DC Wattmeters

Ranges and uncertainties as a combination of 3-10 (a) i) and ii)

Iv) Ohmeters

Limits as in 3-01 (a)

v) AC Ammeters (at 50Hz)

Current Least uncertainty

Up to 10

_i*A 1 in 10 2 or 10" 6 A whichever is the greater

lO-^A to 120A 5 in 10 3

61
ANNEX II. 2.1 cont.

Laboratory DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL

y RESEARCH

AUCKLAND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

vi) AC Voltmeters

Freq UenCy VSdl*3JL Uncertainty

50Hz to ^OOHz Up to lKv 1.5 x 10" 3 or

1 .5 x 10" 5 V whichever is the greater

kOOHz to 100kHz lOOmV to IV I in 10 2 IV to 10V 1 in 10 3 100kHz to 1MHz IV to 10V 1 in 10 2

vii) AC Wattmeters (at 50Hz)

Ranges and uncertainties as in 3.10 (a) v) and vi) at unity power

factor only.

(b) Galvanometers

Ranges and uncertainties as in 3-10 (a)

(d) Recording instruments

Ranges and uncertainties as in 3 • 1 0 (a)

(e) In-situ measurements

Under appropriate circumstances in-situ

measurements can be made with the same ranges

and uncertainties as for 3-10 (a)

3.11 BRIDGES, POTENTIOMETERS AND TEST SETS:

(a) DC Bridges

By measurement of component parts, ranges and

uncertainties as for 3-10 (a)

(b) DC Potentiometers

Ranges and uncertainties as for 3-10 (a) ii)

(g) Attenuators

By DC voltage measurement - Ranges as for

3.10 (a) ii) Least uncertainty 2 in ]Q k x Ratio

62
ANNEX II. 2.1 cont.

Laboratorv DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL

y RESEARCH

AUCKLAND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

3.12 FREQUENCY AND TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:

(a) Frequency meters

Up to 500MHz Least uncertainty 1 in 10 8 or 0.2Hz whichever is the

greater

3.20 CELLS AND BATTERIES:

(a) Standard eel 1

s

Least uncertainty of measurement 10" 5 V

63
ANNEX II. 2.1 cont.

Eficctdccl Tecting

Laboratory WAKEFIELD LABORATORIES LIMITED

** Wakefield Street

Auckland Phone 379"587

Authorised Representative L 0 HUNTER

Registration Number 69

Availability 1

Classes of Test

3.80 ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AND ACCESSORIES:

Testing of electrical appliances and

accessories for compliance with the following

standard specifications:

New Zealand Standards (NZS)

198, 35*, 733, 73*, 9 18, 952, 1055, 1300, 1302,

1303, 1379, 152*, 1525, 1 7 1 A , 1801 , 1825, 18*3,

1880, 1910, 1999, 2065, 21*7, 21*9, 2163, 216*.

2167, 2183, 2207, 2210, 2212, 2221, 22*7, 22*8,

6301, 6331, MP10.

Australian Standards (AS ) C100, C109, C110, C112, C115, C126, C129, C 1 33,

C150, C152, C161, C163, C167, C168, C17*, C312,

C322, C327, C35*, 1660, 3101, 3118, 3125, 3128,

3137, 31*9, 3153, 3160, 3162, 3172, 3180, 3181,

3191.

British Standards (BS ) 3*56

64
ANNEX II. 2.1 cant.

Mechanical Testing

Laboratory AVERY NEW ZEALAND LIMITED

212/214 Willis St

Well ington Phone 557 794

•

Authorised Representative F R FIELD

Registration Number 14

Availability 1

Classes of Test

4.91 and h Qii CALIBRATION OF FORCE DYNAMOMETERS AND TESTING

MACHINES:

Tension and universal machines in tension - grades A & B up to 50 tonf (500 kN)

Compression and universal machines in compression.- grades A £ B up to 300 tonf

(3MN)

4.99 CALIBRATION OF OTHER SPECIFIED TESTING

EQUIPMENT:

Vickers hardness machines (direct and

indirect calibrations)

Rockwell hardness machines (direct and

indirect calibrations)

Brinell hardness machines (direct and

indirect calibrations)

65
ANNEX II. 2.

2

SAMPLE PAGE OF TERLAC INDEX

BY TEST SUBJECT

TELARC INDEX NUMBER 1 MAY 1978

LEATHER

Waitaki Mew Zealand Refrigerating Ltd

LENGTH AND ANGLE STANDARDS

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Auckland Industrial Development Division

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Physics and Engineering Laboratory

LUBRICANTS

BP New Zealand Ltd

Ministry of Defence, Defence Scientific Establishment

MACHINE TOOLS

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Auckland Industrial Development Division

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Physics and Engineering Laboratory

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTS

See Nondestructive tests

Chemical

Metrology

Metrology

Chemi ca

1

Chem i ca

1

Metrology

Metrology

MEASURING TOOLS, ENGINEERS '

Air New Zealand Chr i s tchurch

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Auckland Industrial Development Division

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Physics and Engineering Laboratory

MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC

Nelsons (NZ) Ltd

Waikato Hospital Pathology Department

METALLIC COATINGS, CHEMICAL TESTS

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Auckland Industrial Development Division

METALLOGRAPHIC TESTS

Ajax GKN Ltd

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

Auckland Industrial Development Division

Materials and Testing Laboratories Ltd

Ministry of Transport, Defence Scientific Establishment

New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Ltd

Metrology

Metro logy

Metrology

Biologi cal Biolog i ca

1

Chemi ca

1

Mechan i ca

1

Mechan i ca

1

Mechan i ca

1

Mechan i ca Mechani ca

1

66
II. 3 B1PLEMENTING METROLOGY FOR DEVELOPING INDUSTRIALIZATION

Mr. Herudi Kartowisastro

Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Bandung, Indonesia

A. Applied Metrology

This presentation will emphasize not only the role of metrology but

also the actions to be taken by metrologists in the future. I am

taking this attitude, because it is evident that we, who come from

developing countries, cannot simply copy the system existing in most

developed countries, which have already a long history of industrialization. On the contrary, in most developing countries, the

industrialization process is just starting, and it must be backed up

by an infrastructure of science and technology which is generally

lacking, including that related to the field of metrology. With this

in mind, then, our job is to study in particular the implementation

and improvement of the application of metrology in industry.

I have no doubt that most of us, as metrologists, are aware of the

essential role of metrology in industrialization, but knowing or

waiting passively for a demand to come is not enough. In my opinion,

such a passive attitude will have little impact on the industrial

development of a country.

In a developing economy, particular efforts in applied metrology are

required for any increase in industrialization to ensure all possible

improvements in quantity, quality, and variety of the items

manufactured. Nowhere can measuring instruments be absent, otherwise

the country would remain bound to its existing industrial limitations.

Metrology, however, should fit the existing stage of advancement of

the country. Neither too much nor too little metrology should be

used, thus keeping measurements consistent with the quality and price

of the products concerned.

Where industry is still young and occurs in the shape of artisanship

rather than a structure for mass production, measuring instruments are

mostly intended for commerce. To back up this kind of activity,

periodic inspection and calibration are needed. At this initial stage,

only secondary standards for basic units are necessary; they can be

traceable internationally to standards in other more developed

countries or through the instrument manufacturers. This also applies

for standard reference materials.

At the second stage, with the growth of industry, instruments will be

used extensively, and some will begin to be produced in the country to serve not only commerce but also the growing industry itself. Some of

these instruments will soon call for control by public authorities

involving the concepts of approved prototypes, interccmparisons

,

67
periodic inspections, and more precise measurements in the production

process. National industry will tend to replace foreign industry and

gradually to produce its own series of design systems, measuring

instruments, and standards.

Taking all this into consideration, I can see clearly why the Republic

of Korea has taken serious measures in metrology. We have seen the

fast growing industrialization in Korea, and no doubt K-SRI will take

part in its further development. Here the relationship between

industrial development and metrological activity has a significant

impact. The interesting aspects are not from the point of view of the

metrologist only, but also include the "political will" provided by

the Government of Korea and also the awareness of Korean industry.

Looking at this situation, we Indonesian metrologists have tried to

study the matter rationally, making comparative studies with developed

and other developing countries. For one thing, we know that we as metrologists should take an active part in raising industrial

productivity directly. We should join in the production cycle in

such ways as, for example, "in-plant measurements" in the production

process. Activities such as these are rarely undertaken by

metrologists. However, with this approach, they will be able to see the direct impact of metrology on productivity.

The objective is to stress the fundamental need to control the entire

process of production and product testing by monitoring if

economically sound products are to be delivered at competitive prices

to satisfied customers. It should also become clear that the careful,

rational, and controlled application of metrology to all technical

efforts is essential, and because metrology is an integral part of

research and development, design evaluation, quality control, product

certification, product testing, and data feedback for product

improvements, this cannot be overemphasized. It is for this reason

that government and industrial leaders must recognize the role that

measurement plays in the financial health of industry and the economic

strength of nations.

The need for controlled measurements* in applied metrology is the

thread which ties together product development, product manufacture,

process control, and product testing to insure that the item actually

delivered is reasonably similar to the prototype that was developed

and the item that was promised. "Product development" refers to

research, development, testing, and evaluation leading up to the

construction or improvement of an item, based on laboratory tests,

measurements, breadboard layouts, etc. "Product manufacture" means

production design, engineering proof testing, and factory equipment

set up to build more than one of an item. "Process control" means the

*J. L. Hayes, Needs for measurement controls in developing industrialization, pp. 79-84, National Bureau of Standards (U.S. Special

Publication 359 (December 1971)

.

68
checking of quantity and quality during production processes as they

occur, so that proper constituents are being mixed and proper control

is maintained on such parameters as temperature, humidity, and feed

rate. "Testing" refers to the evaluation of the finished product

through inspection and physical measurements to confirm that they

conform to desired specifications and satisfy the original design and

development objectives.

In such situations, it is essential that a proper relationship exists

among research and development measurements, design specifications,

production control, and product specifications and tests. This

requires proper control of measurement errors during research, the

careful writing of testing specifications, the proper selection of

measuring equipment and measuring methods, and the assurance that the

tolerances set are compatible throughout all the stages of manufacture

and use.

We can see here the wide spectrum of activities in which metrology

could play a significant part in the field of industrial development,

even though in most developing countries this is not yet generally

recognized by government and industrial leaders. This situation

cannot be allowed to remain, and it is up to the metrologist to secure

changes himself.

This situation is also felt in Indonesia, even though the second fiveyear plan already includes a national program for calibration,

instrumentation, and metrology. But work still has to be done to

convince government and industrial leaders of the need for metrology

within industrial development.

B. Study of Problems

To know the essentials of the use of metrology in industrial

development, we have to consider a selection of the problems likely to

be encountered in the implementation of applied metrology. To answer

this question, first we have to study the role of metrology in

industry and discover why metrologists in most developing countries

are facing difficulties in penetrating industry and in convincing

industrial and government leaders.

I would like to put some suggestions forward on the basis of our

experience in Indonesia over the last five years. My observations

show that there are only limited relations or areas of cooperation

between metrologists and the industries which actually need

metrological backing. I have seldom seen action taken by metrologists

which had a direct relation to raising productivity. This is one of

the reasons that a gap exists between metrologists and industry. I am

not saying that the metrological capability is not there; on the

contrary, sometimes the capability is quite adequate. Another reason

is that most metrologists do not want to think in terms of cost, but

69
mostly in technical terms only. Once again a common base with

industry is lacking.

To mention two countries as examples in which there are already close

relations and cooperation between metrologists and industrial leaders,

Australia has the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA)

and Russia has 129 Calibration Centers throughout the country.

NATA has shown successfully the way in which measurements can be

transmitted from the national standardizing laboratory to industry.

This organization runs a voluntary registration scheme for testing

laboratories. Briefly, the idea behind the services which NATA

provides is that a firm or institution which is capable and willing to

undertake calibration work is first examined by assessors chosen for

their knowledge of the field to see whether the organization has

appropriate equipment, whether it is installed in suitable premises,

and whether the operators are experienced in measurement and in

reporting the results of measurement. If these and other conditions

are fulfilled, then the laboratory will be registered as a NATA

approved laboratory in the measurement field in which it has the

necessary skills. It has the right to use a standard mark on its test

reports, which guarantees to the industrial user of the service that

calibrations have been carried out by a laboratory which has been

judged to be competent in this particular field.

The system has a number of very significant advantages. First of all,

the standards on which the firm or institution relies for its

calibrations are checked regularly in such a way that the calibrations

can be traced back to the national standards. Australian industry

benefits from the improvement which has taken place in laboratory

practice and from the better testing which has led to better quality

control and higher quality products. NATA-endorsed documents have

become a reliable basis for purchasers' acceptance of suppliers' test

results. This avoids unnecessary duplication of test work and speeds

up acceptance of goods supplied under contract. It also conserves

scientific and technical manpower. NATA assessment and reassessment

provides management with an independent measure of laboratory

performance.

NATA provides a necessary and important link between those who have

the responsibility for the custody, maintenance, and development of

national standards and those who need to make accurate and

reproducible measurements in industry. There are about 750 registered

laboratories in Australia, 550 of which are industrial laboratories.

In a country the size of Australia, the existence of 550 industrial

laboratories of known competence is a tremendous resource of

measurement skill.

In Russia we find 5 standards laboratories and 129 Calibration

Centers, one of the prime essentials to industrial development.

Strong centralized coordination and guidelines complete with

70
intelligent application of measurement control have shown results in

its industrial power.

In these two countries, there are nationally organized efforts in

which the national system matches the conditions of the country. I like to use the word "optimizing," which means that we cannot just

neglect the historical part of metrology in the country concerned, but

must utilize all existing establishments which have certain

metrological activities. Thus, the funds and forces of the national

metrological capability are mobilized. Another essential part of this

approach is that the link to the industry is easier and is geographically more feasible.

In most developing countries, the industrial infrastructure is lacking

or weak, including the field of metrology. For this reason,

government support is essential, in part because in most cases capital

investment in metrology may not itself return a profit in a short

term. Convincing government leaders of this situation is not always

successful , because in most developing countries , investments are

concentrated on quick-yielding projects or programs. Once again,

metrologists have another task besides technical matters , i.e.,

convincing the Government. This has often been neglected and

forgotten by metrologists

.

We are all aware that as accuracy of measurement is pushed higher, so too are the difficulties and costs of making the measurements. For

industrialized countries such as the U.S.A., the function and

responsibility of an institution like the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) is to achieve the most reliable standards, measurements, and

test procedures possible at a given time, limited only by the state of

the art at that time. I am sure that while we all agree that this

would be a worthy goal, we must also recognize that in developing

countries there is a limit to the resources which can be allocated to

this field. No matter how laudable it might be to strive for

perfection, it may be necessary in the interest of common sense and

optimal utilization of resources to stop short of what can conceivably

be achieved. This certainly occurs for a developing country like

Indonesia; therefore, we attempt to ensure that our standards are

adequate to meet the needs of industry in the country at a given time,

but we do not attempt to stretch our measurement capability to the

highest limit. But I am not suggesting that there should not be a national standards laboratory; on the contrary, the country should

have one, but the level should match the country's needs.

An interesting report was produced by NBS studies, which states that 6

percent of the GNP (1963) is involved in metrological activity

directly or indirectly. This is another example of the importance of

metrology.

In order to convince the other side, i.e., industry, another approach

has to be made. The essence of this is that metrology should show

71
economic meaning, be a part of the production process, and have a significant role in raising productivity. From this point of view

metrologists should go down to the lowest level of metrology, i.e.,

reaching the "users." The national measurement system concept,

introduced by NBS, involves five structural levels: (1) the

conceptual system of measurement, (2) the basic technical

infrastructure, (3) the realized measurement capabilities, (4) the

dissemination and enforcement network, and (5) the end users of

measurements. We can see that the last three levels form an important

part directly involved in the process of production in industry. A

direct approach of rendering metrology services to industry to solve

measurement problems it is facing is a practical one which will change

the attitude of industry toward the metrologist. Another approach

which is convincing is to show the meaning of metrology in terms of

cost by improving the process of production. For example, with close

cooperation with production engineering experts, it would be quite

possible to attain this.

In the last part of this section, I wish to stress the development

problem of metrology in Indonesia, which I think has a particular

situation that requires also careful attention in the application of

metrology. As in other developing countries, the metrological

infrastructure is far from adequate, and this has been felt more and

more during the last ten years, during which time industrial and

agricultural development has shown significant progress.

The primary goal of Indonesian national development is to further

promote the well-being of the people as stated in the 1978 Guidelines

of the State formulated by the Congress (GBHN) . Development should be

based on the three principles: equity, economic development, and

socio-political stability.

In order to achieve this goal, during the Second Five Year Development

Plan (PELITA II) , priority was given to the development of the

economic sector, utilizing the available natural resources, and an

attempt was made to increase human resources participation to the

fullest extent to achieve maximum benefits for the people. It was not

expected that a balance between agriculture and industry would be

achieved before the end of the Second Five Year Development Plan.

This is one reason why Indonesia focused its economic and social

development programs on agriculture, with support from the industrial

sector, and on the industries responsible for the processing of the

various raw materials and products to meet consumption needs and earn

foreign currency through export.

Four basic problems are pertinent to the development of Indonesia,

namely:

1. Population in all its aspects, such as the total number,

population growth, human settlement, fulfillment of basic

human needs.

72
2. Utilization of natural resources, whether biological, mineral,

or energy resources, and facilities for development.

3. The application of science and technology as a means of

achieving national goals, especially for the realization

of our economic goals.

4. Socio-cultural aspects which can support or hamper development, such as value systems and trade.

C. Policy for Industrial Development

The target for industrial development during PELITA III will be the

conversion of raw materials to semifinished or finished products. The

problem of creating more job opportunities for less skilled labor is

also taken into account. Around 80 percent of the Indonesian

population lives in rural areas; therefore, most of the labor force

(75 percent) and also the problem of high unemployment are located in

the rural areas.

In this context, the potential of science and technology should be

developed, for example, in research and survey capabilities,

consultation, etc. In order to select the proper technology for the

small- and medium-scale home industries, science and technology should

be able to develop technologies which also take into consideration the

ecology of the industrial environment. Science and technology

services in the field of standardization, instrumentation,

calibration, quality control, and information should be further

developed. The educational system is equally important and must

support such development.

Derived from the 1978 Guidelines of the State formulated by the

Congress and the development problems mentioned above, Indonesian

policy on industrialization will be focussed on the sectors shown in

Figure II. 3.1.

If we study these sectors, we can see that the Indonesian metrologist

is facing quite a broad spectrum of problems. Advanced technology is

applied in the first two sectors from which the product is mainly for

export. Here metrology is unavoidable and quality must meet export

requirements. For example, liquified natural gas which Indonesia is

exporting should be backed by an adequate metrology capability, and

also their export minerals need such support. For the third sector,

the level of measurement capability will depend on the level of

product requirements, but again metrology should be there. For the

last three sectors, still another level of metrology is needed.

Indonesian policy on industrialization will be based on a balance of

agriculture and industry; thus, metrology will have to take a part in

agricultural activity. For example, in determining the quality of

fertilizer distributed to the rural areas, metrology will have a role.

73
Other examples include the moisture content of rice, the effectiveness

of storage systems, and testing of other agricultural products which

have to meet certain requirements or standards.

A practical example by which LIN-LIPI has shown the importance of

metrology is in answering a request of the Department of Logistics by

producing a simple measuring instrument to measure the grade of

"unshelled" rice. Based on an aerodynamic effect, we could separate

the unshelled rice into three fractions; full, half-full, and empty

shells. With this equipment, the Department will decide the price and

will also provide efficient storage. Thus we see that each country

faces a different systems approach and level of metrology, but

metrology itself is essential.

D. The Implementation of Metrology

After looking at the problems, we have to discover the way in which to

implement metrology properly. If we want to have an assured impact on

industrial development, we must become a part of the industrial cycle.

I mentioned earlier that we need to render services directly to

industry and help raise its productivity. One feasible approach is to

optimize or mobilize all available metrology means. This does not

necessarily mean only government institutions but private companies

might also join. With a wider front, the impact on industry will be

felt more. This kind of network will help build up a strong

metrological infrastructure.

The second important effort has to come from the Government to support

these activities as public overhead efforts. They cannot be left to

private companies alone because of the long-term nature of the profit

returned.

The third effort of these activities should be stress on metrology

work which has a direct relationship to productivity.

The fourth action, which will be very essential to the success of this

effort, is coordination. Here a National Center is needed to be

responsible for planning, organizing, stimulating, and controlling,

without neglecting the primary goal of the netowrk, that is, to render

services directly to industry. Of course, as metrologists we should

not only be looking from the point of view of services alone, but also

in the broader sense that we will encounter at a later stage of

national development because metrology is an integral part of research

and development, design evaluation, quality control, and product

improvement.

Economists use the term infrastructure to mean services such as transport, power, education, etc., in which a society makes a longterm capital investment and for which the investment itself may not

return a profit in the short term. They are based on social or public

74
overhead capital and are usually partly publicly funded for that

reason. Thus is metrology a part of the infrastructure.

Another important point to be mentioned is that these activities

should partly be paid for by industry. This is important to raise the

sense of belonging and maintaining the growth of these activities and

also to gain higher respect from industry. On the other hand, the

metrologist will have a more responsible feeling toward industry. In

short, we should reach the condition that metrology can be run as a non-profitmaking businesslike organization.

Such approaches as these will stimulate industry to a closer

relationship with metrology. I would call this kind of action a "push

effort," and hopefully, the "pull effort" by the users will come

afterwards

.

The Government of Indonesia has taken measures in this direction; the

National Program for Calibration, Instrumentation, and Metrology has

the objectives mentioned above. The National Institute for

Instrumentation—Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIN-LIPI) —has been

directed to be the center to manage the national system. This center

should not only be active on the management side, but also should have

the necessary metrological capabilities to render services to other

centers

.

The first step taken has been to establish a National Network for

Calibration with membership by all institutions, including industrial

organizations who have a certain level of calibration capability. For

this a National Committee for Calibration was inaugurated in January

1978 to manage and develop the network. In this way, a direct link to

industry can be easier without losing the sense of belonging of each

center. I think we are all aware that this kind of approach has

already been established for some time in other countries , such as in

England with the British Calibration Services (BCS) , and in November

1977, in the Federal Republic of Germany. If I am not mistaken, India

is also making some efforts in this direction. For clarity, reference

can be made to Figures II. 2. 2 and II. 2. 3 in the preceding paper in

this volume by Dr. Probine.

In the calibration, instrumentation, and metrology program, other

activities are also included, such as the establishment of a National

Center for Calibration, Instrumentation, and Metrology, precision

measurement training programs, the dissemination of instrumentation

technology know-how, and the setting up of professional

instrumentation associations and international relations.

In the two earlier parts, the study of the problems and its

implementation, I came to the conclusion that metrology could play a significant role in developing industrialization. But we still have

to emphasize a popular expression used by metrologists , that precision

measurement is a means to an end, and not an end in itself. With this

75
expression, we know where we are; in a developing country/ initiative

mast be taken by the metrology community to take part actively in

developing industrialization. This approach would mean that

metrologists could join the development process and prove that

metrology can be meaningful for the nation's development.

E. Suggested Improvements

Finally, I would suggest some improvements which I think could help us

attain a suitable metrology structure; at least the following

improvements can be undertaken.

1. A national program should be established through operations

analysis and systems engineering studies; in particular, stress should

be laid on applied metrology. This program should be an integrated

one, covering at least the four fields—commerce, industry,

technology, and science.

2. Most developing countries should stress their work on applied

metrology, which will give direct support to industry and also support

R&D activities.

3. A national metrology network should be established with adequate

government support. For this the following steps are needed:

(a) First, select a minimum number of layers in the structure,

consistent with logistics, with prime attention focused on

the basic layer where research/development and production

measurements take place. Be sure these measurements are

correct; they are most important in the structure.

(b) Second, establish a periodic calibration program for all

test and measuring equipment to insure that its precision

remains within prescribed error limits. Establish how

often to test, specify what standards to use, and arrange

to test the standards themselves periodically. Ensure that

a centralized point of reference is available to support

the accuracy of the entire measurement system.

(c) Third, insure that trained measurement specialists are

available to develop and maintain guidelines for the

test methods to be used by others. The same specialists

should be used to develop new test and measuring equipment necessary to meet demonstrated accuracy requirements.

Training should include not only one of the usual engineering or physics curricula, but should extend to a working knowledge of statistics and its application to

measurement. Systems analysis, especially as it applies

to the economic and financial aspects of manufacturing

and testing, would be useful. Design engineers also

should receive formal training in measurement techniques

76
and practices so that they will appreciate the effect

of their tolerance selections on overall quality and

cost.

4. A National Center for Metrology is essential as a technological

center and for system management. The Center should have

responsibility for developing a national metrological capability, for

its dissemination, and for mainlining the national physical

standards. This institute should have close cooperative relations

internationally and regionally.

5. . Metrology is part of an infrastructure, and for this reason,

government support is essential, without neglecting private

organizations which should also be stimulated to assume their

responsibilities. For the initial activity, government support is

unavoidable.

6. There should be a nationwide network of instrumentation centers;

at least one well-equipped center of instrumentation for each

geographical area of operation would help to attain the following

goals

:

(a) To train operators and maintenance personnel.

(b) To give advice regarding acquisition of instruments.

(c) To supply secondary standards (each center would have

primary calibrated standards)

.

(d) To carry on measurements involving great responsibility.

(e) To operate a pilot laboratory to find solutions for

special problems in applied metrology.

(f ) To provide an emergency maintenance service in the area.

7. Regional cooperation among developing countries should be

established and should stress the exchange of experience and

information, the holding of technical seminars, interlaboratory

checks, and regular institutional and personal contacts.

8. International cooperation with advanced metrological institutions

should place more stress on rendering assistance to developing

countries by providing up-to-date information, critiques of programs,

assistance in selection of new instrumentation, advice on management

problems, standards (including reference materials), local consulting

expertise, fellowship exchange programs, and other means.

77
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78
II. 4 ASSESSMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF INDUSTRIES/INSTITUTIONS

FOR SERVICES IN THE FIELD OF STANDARDS

Dr. A. Ghani

Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Karachi, Pakistan

A. Introduction

A major objective of standardization is to establish and improve the

quality of products, services, and procedures by virtue of the

establishment of high quality basic standards.

For this objective, the standards laboratory of any country acts as a national focal point for the science of measurement for maintaining

and developing methodology for the realization of internationally

agreed-upon standards in mass, length, time, temperature, luminosity,

electrical, and radiation measurement quantities. In view of this, it

has been decided to develop the National Physical and Standards

Laboratory (NPSL) into a prime in-house physical and chemical science

laboratory.

A nucleus of the NPSL was started at Islamabad in January 1974 in

collaboration with the Ministry of Industries, Government of Pakistan.

This unit has been instrumental in providing an institutional

framework and laboratory facilities for the introduction of the

International System of weights and measures in the country.

The NPSL scheme was approved by the Government of Pakistan in May

1977. The laboratory at present is equipped for the calibration of

mass and length only to the level of working standards. The present

nucleus of the NPSL is housed in the University of Quaid e Azam. It

is being planned to equip it at the reference level.

The construction of the building for NPSL, the procurement of

essential equipment, and the growth of relevant scientific manpower

for the development of essential standards and techniques of

calibration will take at least three years. To comprehend the

immediate needs of industry in physical and materials standards, it

was decided to undertake a comprehensive survey of selected industries

and organizations in the country.

B. Objective of the Survey

The aims of the survey were:

1. To find out the present position of the precision in measurements

being exercised in the country leading to the determination of

immediate calibration requirements and fixing of their priorities.

79
2. To provide an opportunity to the NPSL scientists to have firsthand

knowledge of the quality control being maintained in industry and to

hold discussions with the experts at various organizations in order to

have their opinion/advice on the functional setup of the NPSL.

C. Data Collection

With the above aims, a survey of various industries and organizations

was undertaken. A questionnaire (ANNEX II. 4.1) was also dispatched

to various industries and organizations. A list of the organizations

visited by the team is attached as ANNEX II. 4. 2.

It may be mentioned that, for the survey under reference, data

collected through visits has been more fruitful than the replies

received through the mail. A mutual exchange of views and explanation

of the purpose of the visit and the questionnaire prompted the experts

to give detailed information.

D. Findings and Observations

The status of the standards and the measurements of the fundamental

units being maintained/undertaken in the country and other relevant

information about materials, etc., are listed below:

1. Basic Units

a. Mass : Mass measurements at 0.1 mg precisions are being carried

out at almost all the organizations visited. The measurement at

0.01 mg is being maintained at places like the Pakistan Mint,

textile mills (e.g., Kohinoor and Abbasi Textile Mills), the

Cotton Research Institute, Lever Brothers, and pharmaceutical

firms (Marker Alkaloid and Pfizer) . All these organizations

(except Pakistan Mint) utilize imported single pan balances to

perform the measurements.

No facilities exist anywhere in Pakistan to calibrate these

balances except at the Azam Instruments, Karachi, which in fact

makes a check only of the vernier scale without using any

reference weights.

Reference standard weights and balances (two pan) are available

only at the Pakistan Mint, which possesses a set of certified

weights for calibrating the weights (up to the secondary level)

manufactured there.

b. Length : Measurements at a micron precision are being undertaken

at quite a few organizations/industries, viz., the Pakistan

Ordinance Factory, Heavy Mechanical Complex, Pakistan Machine Tool

Factory, Pakistan Industrial and Technical Assistance Center,

Pakistan Swiss Training Center, and Pakistan Engineering

Corporation. The equipment used for these measurements is

80
calibrated against standard slip gages. The slip gages in turn

are not at all being calibrated or standardized by any

organization in Pakistan.

c. Temperature : Accuracy to better than 1° C was not encountered in

any of the industrial processes. However, measurements to within

0.05°C or better are made at the Meteorological and Research

Laboratories. In industry, temperatures as low as -180°C

(industrial gases) and as high as 1000°C to 1800°C (refractories,

glass, and steel industries) are being used.

The devices being generally used for temperature measurements are

mercury thermometers, thermocouples, and pyrometers. There are no

facilities to calibrate these instruments except for thermocouples

at Pakistan Air Force, Heavy Mechanical Complex, and Honeywell,

Karachi.

It may be mentioned that the Meteorological Department has

indicated its requirement of calibrating mercury thermometers to

0.1°C. Similarly, the glass industry at Hasanabdal and Karachi

was looking for advice/help in improving its temperature

measurements from the presently maintained accuracy of 5°C to 1°C.

d. Ampere : This is the basic unit to which all other electrical

parameters are linked, e.g., the volt and coulomb and the units of

resistance, capacitance, and inductance. Measurements of these

parameters are being made at various concerns, e.g., Pakistan

Cables, Siemens, Pakistan Air Force, Philips.

There are no facilities to standardize the relevant measuring

equipment except at Pakistan Air Force, Karachi. The Pakistan Air

Force is in a position to calibrate these parameters to a high

accuracy but has to periodically send its own standard equipment

abroad for calibration and authentication.

e. Time ; The team did not come across any place where accuracy of

better than one second in time measurement was needed.

Some work on time standards is being performed at the Space and

Upper Atmosphere Research Council Organization (SUPARCO) , which is

using standard frequency vibrators for this purpose. Also,

frequency measurements which are inversely related to time are

being made to an accuracy of 1 part in 10" at the Pakistan Air

Force and SUPARCO.

f . Luminosity and Amount of Substance : There is no mentionable work

being carried out on luminosity measurement except at the Central

Testing Laboratories, Karachi, where the luminosity of electric

bulbs and tubes is measured against imported standards on a commercial level.

81
As to the amount of substance which involves mass measurements of

atoms and other fundamental particles, no work is being done in

Pakistan.

Materials

As to the standard reference materials , the Pakistan Mint possesses about 40 samples of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and

alloys (e.g., Al, Bi, Mn, Ni, Zn, brass, steel) certified by the

British Royal Mint for chemical composition. Similar standard

ferrous and non-ferrous materials are also used at the Pakistan

Machine Tool Factory, Pakistan Ordinance Factory, and Railway

Steel Shop. Some imported standard materials (e.g., Al, Cu,

steel, brass, insulating papers, PVC cables, enameled wires, and

enamel paints) are used as references by Siemens, Karachi. These

materials are certified for composition/electrical properties by

the parent office of Siemens in Germany.

Apart from the above, there is no other place where standard

reference materials are being maintained/utilized.

At almost all the quality control laboratories, imported

chemicals/materials or "Analar" or British Drugs House grade are

being used for analytical purposes. It would be pertinent to

emphasize at this juncture that there is no laboratory in the

country equipped to perform material/analytical testing at the

reference level.

For material testing, machines for testing tensile, compression,

impact, and hardness are being used extensively—notably at the

Pakistan Ordinance Factory, Heavy Mechanical Complex, Pakistan

Machine Tool Factory, textile units, Siemens, Central Testing

Laboratories, Railway Workshops, Pakistan Engineering Corporation,

Karachi Shipyard, and other engineering works. There is no proper

arrangement for calibrating these machines, except that seme firms

have an arrangement with the suppliers for a periodical checkup.

M/s. Avery Scales was found to be the only supplier capable of

routine servicing of weighing and testing machines at the

commercial level.

Discussions at Various Organizations

Discussions with the quality control managers and other experts at

various organizations revealed that quite a few people in our

country are appreciative of the functions of and the need for a standards laboratory.

Nevertheless, the experts at places like the Pakistan Engineering

Corporation, Central Testing Laboratories, Pakistan Air Force,

Heavy Mechanical Complex, Pakistan Machine Tool Factory, Karachi

Shipyard and Engineering Works, and Pakistan Meteorological

82
Department emphasized an immediate need for the NPSL to provide

calibration facilities and serve as a reference laboratory in

cases of dispute. The survey team came to know about the

differences which sometimes arise between two parties on the

specifications of a given material.

The quality control managers of certain firms indicated that for

keeping instruments in proper functioning order, not only are

experts required to repair the equipment, but also a more serious

problem is that of the non-availability of spare parts.

The need for having a strong instrumentation section at the NPSL

for calibration and advice on repairs was emphasized by some

industrial concerns.

b. Apart from the need of having a reference laboratory in the country, the experts from certain quarters (e.g., Pakistan Engineering

Corporation at Lahore and Pakistan Machine Tool Factory at

Karachi) suggested that standards for the products being

manufactured in the country should be fixed so that competition

within the country could boost the quality of our products and

exports.

At the moment, there is a variety of standards for products manufactured in the country, and consequently, it is difficult to

compare quality and prices. Organizations like Railway Steel Shop

and Workshops follow their own specifications. Similarly,

Pakistan Machine Tool Factory and Pakistan Engineering Corporation

have their own standards.

Organizations like Philips, Pfizer, and Glaxo follow the specifications set by their parent companies. Then there are companies

which comply with the standards set forth by the Pakistan

Standards Institution (PS I) , e.g., for refractories, cement, food

items, carbon paper and ribbons, etc. There are still others like

Sind Alkalies, who follow British Drugs House standards, e.g., for

the production of sodium bicarbonate. On the other hand,

manufacturers of nuts and bolts, cane crushers, chaff cutters,

etc., do not follow any standards at all, either in connection

with the materials used or with the product. This appears to be a complex problem, and a suitable solution shall have to be found.

The PSI, which is responsible for formulating such standards, is

not able to cope with the insurmountable volume of work in this

field. So far, the Pakistan Standards Institution has set forth

1,400 standards out of which only 600 have been published.

c. Finally, it may be mentioned that the industry, apart from the

calibration of equipment, would also need advice on improved

analytical techniques and methodology for maintaining required

standards

.

83
4. Quality Control in Industry

a. With respect to the position of quality control in industry in our

country, the overall position is summarized below.

A number of small concerns engaged in engineering work (viz.,

making of cane crushers, chaff cutters, nuts and bolts, etc.) and

textiles (weaving and sizing units) visited at Faisalabad and

Multan do not exercise any quality control as far as objective

measurements and materials are concerned.

As to the chemical industry, it was observed that quality control

was only nominal. Similarly, there was no quality control at the

dairy product plants at Faisalabad. However, there were good

quality control facilities at Pak Arab Fertilizer Factory, Multan,

and Sind Alkalies, Karachi. Pak Arab Fertilizer had the problem

of non-availability of standard gas mixtures for chromatographic

analysis of natural gas.

Good quality control facilities are being maintained and exercised

at all the big engineering, electrical, textile, pharmaceutical,

and vegetable ghee and beverage manufacturing concerns. The

quality control at these companies involves measurements of mass,

length, angles, volume, temperature, time, electrical parameters,

luminosity and pressure, and techniques like microscopy, chemical

and biochemical analyses, chromotography, spectrophometry and

spectrography , etc.

It may be mentioned here that the functioning of the various

quality control and other laboratories was in general not very

satisfactory. A very prominent reason, among others, for this was

found to be the fact that the trained technicians and scientists

leave their jobs in pursuit of better remuneration in the country

or abroad. This applies particularly to the government

organizations and was pointed out to the survey team at the

Pakistan Industrial and Technical Assistance Center, Central

Testing Laboratories, Karachi Municipal Corporation, Karachi, etc.

E. Suggestions/Recommendations

In view of the findings of this survey, it is being considered to

develop NPSL along the following lines:

1. NPSL would have to be first equipped for realization and

calibration of the units of mass, length, temperature , current,

luminosity, and time.

This suggestion is obviously made on the grounds that the measurements

on these and the derived units are being made to high accuracy and are

expected to improve further in due course.

84
Among the derived units, immediate attention will have to be paid to

the calibration and standardization of volume and pressure measuring

devices, in particular, in view of their extensive use in industry.

2. Standard reference materials for material testing and analyses

will have to be organized. It will also be necessary to arrange for

equipment of the highest possible accuracy for material testing and

physico-chemical and chemical analyses.

3. A strong Instrumentation Section will also have to be created at

NPSL. To start with, this section could be comprised of electrical/

electronics, mechanical, and chemical engineers. This section should

not only have the capability to calibrate equipment but should also be

well versed in the technology to repair/install and operate sophisticated instruments, e.g., weighing balances (of accuracy of 1 mg or

less) , tensile testing machines , length measuring devices (of accuracy

to less than 1 mm) , spectrophotometers (visible, IR, UV) , polarimeters , refractometers , pH meters, flame photometers,

potentiometers

.

The Instrumentation Section will have the following functions:

a. To provide calibration services in addition to advisory

services for the maintenance and repair of equipment.

b. To provide information on the comparative accuracy of

instruments for some measurements.

c. To improve accuracy in measurement.

d. To design and develop equipment for which we have appropriate

sources

.

The importance of a strong Instrumentation Section in the NPSL cannot

be overemphasized, as the NPSL would be the custodian of the prototype

and reference standards of measurement to which the accuracy of all

the equipment is eventually to be traced.

4. In order to develop the NPSL on proper and useful lines, it will

be essential to assign some senior scientists in all the relevant

fields to chalk out a feasible program of work in accordance with the

functions of the NPSL.

5. It is also desirable that some scientists be developed and trained

for maintenance of reference standards and calibration techniques for

the basic units of measurements, viz.: mass, length, temperature,

current, luminosity, and time. Although a continuous program of manpower development shall have to be followed, the training on the basic

units of measurements needs top priority.

85
Quality control of various industrial products will require proper and

strict enforcement and the regulation of standards for which an

organization other than NPSL will be needed. Offhand one could,

however, foresee a number of problems which would arise as a result of

the prevailing social environment. For example, adhering to strict

control measures would require extra expenditures and efforts to

maintain the desired level of measurement and accuracy on the part of

industry. This may, however, be difficult to achieve under the

prevailing socio-economic conditions and cultural traditions which

perhaps are common to most of the developing countries. The

indigenous industry is fairly free to utilize substandard materials

with lower precision and quality in the end product. It is well to

realize that securing compliance and organizing facilities for the

satisfactory examination and testing of materials, processes,

practices, and products according to the standards prescribed needs

fundamentally, as a prerequisite, a standard performance and execution

of the basic functions and a reasonable stability of the national

government in a developing country. This, however, should not prove

to be a stumbling block in the way of establishing a standards

laboratory

As a starting measure, the NPSL would consist of two divisions, namely

(a) a Physical Standards and Measurements Division and (b) a Materials

Division. The first will consist of (a) primary physical standards,

(b) development and production of secondary standards, and (c) electrical standards. The second will consist of (a) reference standards

and (b) an advisory services and testing section, including physicoeconomic techniques and instrumental analysis.

86
ANNEX II. 4.1

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

NATIONAL PHYSICAL AND STANDARDS LABORATORY

ISLAMABAD

Part A

1. Name of the organization.

2. Do you have a Quality Control Laboratory?

3. Could you name the parameters- (mass, length, volume, temperature,

time) for which your requirements of measurement are strict?

4. If the answer to question 3 is yes, please state the range and

accuracy of each parameter.

5. Name the standard equipments, with their measuring accuracies,

that you have for measuring the above-mentioned parameters.

6. Do you have some regular arrangements (local or foreign) for

checking/calibrating the reliability of your standards/standard

measuring equipment? Please also indicate the relevant financial

involvements

7. Are you obliged by any national or international law to maintain

certified standards or measuring instruments?

8. Does the metrication program affect your industry in any way?

If so, please indicate in what way.

9. Are you looking for any guidance and help in remodeling your equipment according to metric units of measurement? Please list your

requirements

Part B

1. Are you using or manufacturing any standard reference material?

If yes, please give specifications.

2. What arrangement do you have for checking/calibrating your standards/standard equipment?

If you have any comments or suggestions to make, please feel free to

do so. 87
ANNEX II. 4.

2

LIST OF INDUSTRIES/ORGANIZATIONS VISITED

Lahore

1. Pakistan Mint

2. Lahore Engineering and Foundry Works (LEFO)

3. RECO (Kotlakhpat and Badami Bagh)

4. Pakistan Railway Steel Shop and Workshop

5. Pakistan Oxygen Ltd.

6. Industrial Gases

7. Punjab University

8. Training School for Weights and Measures

9. Department of Weights and Measures

10. PITAC

11. Central Testing Laboratories (CTL)

12. Packages Limited

Faisalabad

1. Lyallpur Chemical and Fertilizer Co.

2. Kohinoor Textile Mills

3. Chand Engineering Co.

4. Punjab Engineering Co.

5. Itifaq Industries

6. Taj Mohammad and Co.

7. Aizad Beverages Limited

8. Seven Up Factory

9. Agricultural University

10. Rafhan Maize Products

11. Lyallpur Dairies

12. Popular Dairies

13. Nalibar Dairies

14. Crescent Sugar Mills

15. Champion Wall Clock Co.

16. Mumtaz Foundry

17. Pakistan Land Chemicals

18. Lyallpur Motor Co.

19. Pervez Industry

20. NIAB

21. Seith Mohammad Tufall & Brothers

22. Unis Brothers Scales Industries

23. Lyallpur Engineering Co.

24. A-One Nuts and Bolts

25. Shahid Sizing Co.

26. Rahira Industries

27. Batala Crown Engineering Works

28. Salim Brothers

88
29. Iqbal Nasir Weavers

30. Salim Wearing Factory

31. Asiatic Chemicals

Multan

1. Pak Arab Fertilizer Factory

2. Pakistan Juice Co.

3. A. N. H. Laboratories

4. Omega Laboratories

5. Virgo Chemicals

6. Sarwar Scale Works

7. Chaudri Engineering Works

8. Qazi Engineering Works

9. Directorate, Labor Welfare Department

10. Pakistan Engineering Co.

11. Cotton Research Institute

12. Coca Cola Factory

13. Pakistan Oil Mills

14. Sarwar Foundry Works

15. Multan Engineering Works

16. Golden Kanda Factory

17. Pakistan Engineering and Foundry Works

18. Gul Mohammad and Sons or Universal Mechanical Works

19. Fahim Engineering Co.

Rahim Yar Khan

1. Lever Brothers

2. Abbasi Textile Mills

3. Technical Trading Center

Karachi

1. Pakistan Machine Tool Factory

2. Pakistan Swedish Training Institute

3. General Refractories

4. Prince Glass Works

5. Sind Alkalies

6. Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works

7. Glaxo Laboratory

8. Weight and Measures Department

9. KMC Food Laboratories

10. Azam Instruments

11. C. T. L.

12. P. S. I.

13. Burmah Oils

14. Pfizer Limited

15. Honeywell Zelin Ltd.

16. Philips Electrical Co.

17. National Fiber Industry

18. Kohinoor Razor Blade

89
19. Avery Scales

20. AB Beverages

21. Atlas Rubber and Plastic

22. Karachi Carbon and Ribbon Factory

23. EMI (Pakistan)

24. Exide Battery

25. I. C. I.

26. Metal Industries

27. Pakistan Paper Products Ltd.

28. Asbestos Cement

29 . Seimens

30. Ahmed Food Industries

31. Pakistan Cotton Research Institute

32. Wool Test House

33. Chemical Coating Industries

34 . Metlex

35. Aluminum and Plastic Industry

36. Pakistan Meteorological Department

37. P. S. T. C.

38. SUPARCO

39. PAF Maintenance Unit Drigh Road

40. Pakistan Cables

Quetta

1. Marker Alkaloid

2. G. S. P.

3. Department of Weights & Measures

4. Sorrange Mines

5. Weights and Measures Laboratory (Labor Department)

6. University of Baluchistan

Acknowledgment

Thanks are due to Dr. S. M. A. Hai, Mr. M. Aslam Chaudri, and

Mr. Z. A. Khan for assisting in the preparation of this manuscript

90
II. 5. A NATIONAL CAPABILITY IN METROLOGY IS ESSENTIAL

TO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Mr. Mohd. Zin b. Hashim

Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia

Selangor, Malaysia

Preamble

First of all, I would like to congratulate NBS and K-SRI on the plan

for conducting this Regional Seminar on Metrology. I also wish to

take this opportunity to express my profound thanks to Dr. Zae-Quan

Kim for his kindness in inviting me to this special occasion.

Introduction

The concept of magnitudes of quantities and comparative measurements

enters into every branch of industry and technology, no matter how

primitive, and into every orderly exchange of goods. We find more or

less clear ideas about magnitude and measurement even among the

earliest organized conmunities . They had the notions of magnitude,

including those of length, area, volume, weight, and time. The

diversity and uncertainties of units of quantity, which were the bases

of exchange of commodities and primitive technology, had forced even

the ancient communities to try to improve their systems of measurement

and to make their units more rigorously defined.

Thus, we find that an improved system of units and measurement was in

use in ancient Babylon. The old civilizations in India, China,

Persia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome bear witness to more elaborate and

perfected systems of weights and measures. Standard units had been

created and were preserved under the authority of the country.

However, there were peculiarities in the different solutions adopted

at different times and places. These individualities were often

patterned after the environment in which each civilization had

flourished. The lack of rapid means of communication of the system,

up to relatively recent times, prevented a significant crossfertilization of ideas. With the advent of the industrial revolution

and the growth of science and technology, the requirements for exact

definitions and reliable methods of precise measurement became more

stringent. Simultaneously with these increasing demands, the progress

of science and technology also provided the means by which these

demands could be met.

As we are aware, weights and measures have now become much more

elaborate and precisely based, conforming to much greater exigencies

of accuracy, reliability, and producibility which are essential for

modern technology and to the growth and many ramifications of trade

and commerce.

91
Thus metrology is of fundamental importance in the economy of every

country. Without it, no science, technology, trade, or commerce could

be possible.

The Development and Realization of Concept of Metrology in Industry

Most of the developing countries are striving for a rapid iiiprovement

in human welfare, education and material wealth, etc. Fulfillment of

their hopes rests largely on rapid economic growth, which in turn is

rarely attainable by the marketing of raw materials alone.

Governments and leaders guiding the destinies of most of the

developing countries have thus reached one common conclusion: a

prerequisite for achieving the hoped for progress is rapid

industrialization, leading to the manufacture of goods both for

domestic consumption and, wherever possible, for export.

However, to sell successfully the goods resulting from industrial production, especially in the fiercely competitive world markets, it is

essential that they conform to defined standards of quality and uniformity. Quality control is thus very much an urgent concern, and

quality control implies good measurement. But concern for quality of

the end product is not the sole reason for regarding metrology and

measurement as a vital step in the industrialization of any nation.

Control by accurate reference to a well-defined measurement system is

usually essential for the very success of the production process

itself. Metrology and measurement play an essential part in

successful progress toward industrialization. As the methods of

measurements have improved, so has the progress of industrialization

in the world. Metrology is said to be the only thread which ties

together product development, which includes research, development,

testing, evaluation, construction, and finally improvement of product

based on prototype performance. Product manufacture, process

monitoring, and product testing can, by appropriate metrological

applications, ensure that the product actually delivered is reasonably

similar to the prototype that was developed and the product that was

promised. Without these, the cost will also increase, and the final

product will have a different quality or performance from that

anticipated and promised. It is for this reason that government and

industry leaders should recognize the role that metrology plays in the

financial health of every company and the economic development of the

industry.

In some instances, some manufacturers do not subject their product to

testing and quality control. This is because they feel that they can

and are willing to take the risk of customers' complaints by providing

free replacement services. Products such as even those of high cost,

like watches, cameras, and radios, have been treated in this manner.

In the long run, manufacturers realize that the cost will be higher

and the names of their companies tarnished. Sales would begin to drop,

and the prospect of exporting the products would weaken. The need for

testing is even more critical or even mandatory where the products

92
affect safety, life support systems, intensive care equipment for

hospital wards, and national security systems. In such systems,

metrology comes into play to provide the basis for testing and to

ensure that the industry turns out products which pass the required

specifications

.

Probably the biggest problem faced by most of the developing countries

at present is the lack of a uniform system of basic units. Instead

there exists a diversity of types of weights and measures. The units

and their denaninations may differ for different products and in

different parts of the country. Often the units vary from locality to

locality. Thus there exists a variety of units with different values,

causing difficulties and confusion in trade, technology, and

education. The only means to overcome this problem and to prevent

misunderstanding and conflicts, which otherwise may cause mutual

distrust, is by establishing a uniformity of national units of

measure. This can only be achieved by mastering the fundamental

principles of metrology.

Metrology provides the foundation on which the following services can

be made available:

1. To maintain an accurate physical standards system as

a reference for all measurements which are traceable

internationally so that confidence can be established.

2. To establish a periodic calibration program for all

test and measuring equipment to ensure that its precision remains within the prescribed error limits.

3. To provide trained measurement specialists.

4. To recommend proper process monitoring tolerances.

Conclusion

Metrology, the science and technique of measurement, is of fundamental

importance in the economy of every country. The experience of many

countries has shown that the problems of economic development can be

successfully solved only in a country that has an effective

metrological service. It is as a result of this enlightenment that my

country, Malaysia, among many other developing countries, has embarked

on a program of developing a national standards laboratory as a technical guide agency in the national industrial development program.

93

r

SESSION III

A NATIONAL CAPABILITY IN METROLOGY

IS ESSENTIAL TO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT -

BUT WHO IS AWARE OF ITS ESSENTIAL

SUPPORT OF INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT?

95

III.l THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY

AND AUSTRALIAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Dr. W. R. Blevin

National Measurement Laboratory

Coramonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization

Sydney, Australia

Summary

A short description is given of the National Measurement Laboratory's

established methods for transferring measurement technology to

Australian industry and of some changes of emphasis that are taking

place to meet the requirements of the future.

Australian Manufacturing Industry

In Australia, manufacturing industry accounts for about 20 percent of

the gross domestic product, of total exports, and of total employment.

For a nation of only 14 million people, the range of the industry is

surprisingly broad and is comparable to the manufacturing base of

developed overseas countries. The industry is geared more for

domestic needs than for export and, consequently, is often unable to

benefit from the economies arising from a large volume of production.

A considerable body of opinion favors restructuring Australia's

industry to make it more specialized, but there are conflicting views

on how this might best be achieved.

There are about 37,000 manufacturing establishments in Australia, 70

percent of which are located in the south-eastern states of New South

Wales and Victoria, with a great concentration in Sydney and

Melbourne. The largest 200 firms account for about 50 percent of the

output and dominate the capital-intensive industries such as steel,

non-ferrous metals, chemicals, petroleum refining, and automobile

manufacture. The great majority of manufacturing firms are small.

Foreign interests wholly or partly own many of the firms, particularly

the larger ones, and account for about 25 percent of the turnover.

Many of the larger Australian-owned firms have sizeable research

centers. Foreign-owned ones, such as those in the oil refining and

vehicle building industries, tend to rely heavily on imported technology, although seme do have significant research activity in

Australia. Most small firms confine their research to the solution of

immediate problems.

The National Measurement Laboratory (NML)

Australia is a federation of six states which for a long period were

individually responsible for their weights and measures arrangements.

NML was established by the national government in 1938 to provide

readily accessible physical standards of measurement in Australia, but

97
wartime activities took precedence until 1945. NML was situated on

the campus of the University of Sydney until late in 1977 when it

moved to a new laboratory complex in the Sydney suburb of Lindfield.

It is a constituent Division of the Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) , and its functions are those

defined for CSIRO in the Science and Industry Research Act (1949) and

in the Vfeights and Measures (National Standards) Act (1960) . Standards of measurement are maintained by NML for all physical

quantities for which there are Australian legal units of measurement,

except for ionizing radiations which are the responsibility of the

Australian Atomic Energy Commission and the Australian Radiation

Laboratory in the Department of Health.

In 1945 NML depended largely on imported standards, but subsequently

it has developed almost all its basic standards ab initio . During

this development it has profited a great deal from membership in many

of the international committees formed under the Metric Treaty and

from a close association with other national laboratories. In return,

it has contributed a good deal to the international pool of knowledge

on precise measurement, e.g., in the use of a calculable capacitor as

a standard of impedance, in the periodic revisions of the

International Practical Temperature Scale, and in the radiometric approach to photometry. It has always been NML policy that its

standards work be undertaken in a research environment. The research

undertaken is wider than the development of improved standards and

includes, for example, physical research on materials and the

measurement of important physical constants.

NML's Established Relationship with Industry

NML's foremost responsibility to industry is to ensure that

appropriate calibration arrangements exist so that industrial

measurements can be readily based on the national standards. Even in

a nation with such a small population as Australia's, it is not

practical for one laboratory to calibrate more than a small fraction

of the total number of standards and reference instruments required by

the community. NML has found it increasingly necessary to confine its

service to first-level standards and to rely on the multiplying effect

of a hierarchy of other laboratories in government and industry.

Fortunately, this situation was foreseen while NML was first being

established, and in 1947 an organization known as the National

Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) was set up to encourage and

coordinate the growth of measurement and testing facilities throughout

Australia. Over one thousand laboratories currently hold registration

by NATA, and about 25 percent of these can be regarded as ir.ultipliers

of calibrations initiated at NML. The remainder undertake tests, such as chemical analyses and biological tests, that usually do not extend

the traceability of the basic physical standards. NML cooperates

closely with NATA in the calibration of standards, the inspection of

laboratories, and where appropriate, the training of laboratory

98
staff. This gives NML experience in metrology in a wide range of

industries and an excellent opportunity to learn of the changing needs

of industry.

A second organization closely associated with NML in the dissemination

of standards of measurement is the National Standards Commission

(NSC) . The responsibilities of this Commission include the legal

aspects of measurement, the pattern approval of measuring instruments

used in commerce, and the approval of verifying authorities, including

the weights and measures authorities in each state. NML provides a scientific backup to NSC, and this provides another avenue for

learning of industry's evolving needs for measurement.

A third method that NML finds valuable for communicating with industry

is through participation in the work of the technical committees of

the Standards Association of Australia. This Association publishes

and promotes the adoption of standards in the form of specifications

for materials and products, codes of sound or safe practice, methods

of testing, nomenclature, etc.

NML also uses many less formal techniques for communicating with

industry—through scientific and trade journals and appropriate CSIRO

publications, through scientific and industrial conferences, through

open days, patents, and the provision of training schools, and so on. The Laboratory also provides a consultancy service in measurement

technology and in other areas of science and engineering where it has

special competence. This leads to many laboratory tests and

investigations which, though usually short-term in nature, are often

of great significance to the client.

Changes for the Future

NML's new laboratory complex provides further opportunities for close

collaboration with industry. There is now ample space for many more

measuring equipments to be set up permanently and available for use at

short notice. Some of the more labor intensive systems are being

automated to provide clients with a better service and to free staff

for other activities. It is now more practical to accommodate guest

workers from industry who might find it beneficial to research their

own problems in the environment of a standards laboratory.

Careful consideration is currently being given as to whether NML

should significantly reduce its basic standards research for a period

and put more effort into applied research and industrial

collaboration. For many physical quantities NML's standards now seem

adequate to meet Australia's requirements within the foreseeable

future, but it is recognized that there are risks in trying to stand

still in any area of technology.

Industry's measurement requirements are also changing quite markedly,

particularly because of the trend towards automated manufacture.

99
There is now less interest in manual measurements, whether these be on

the factory floor or in the quality control laboratory after

completion of the product. Instead, there is a growing demand for

automated measurements on the production line itself, with the results

feeding directly to an automatic control system. Such measurements

often involve partly made products moving at high speeds, at nonambient temperatures or in hostile environments, and are likely to

call for fast non-contact methods. But like high accuracy

measurements in the laboratory, they require a great deal of

scientific ingenuity, and traditional metrologists can almost

certainly make substantial contributions in this area.

Good communications are a vital factor for an efficient two-way flow

of technology between government laboratories and industry, and it is

widely accepted that face-to-face discussions represent the best form

of cemmunication. However, there are particular difficulties in the

case of Australian industry because of the large geographical

distances, the diversity of manufacturing firms, and their inadequate

grouping. The problem is less severe with the larger firms, and 50 of

these have continuing discussions with CSIRO through a body known as

the Australian Industrial Research Group. A recent Independent

Inquiry into CSIRO has suggested that, in order to facilitate

cemmunication with the smaller fragmented industries, the Government

might assist them to form research associations. Largely in

recognition of the cemmunication problem, NML has recently established

a small branch laboratory in Adelaide and is currently setting up

another branch in Melbourne. It has established an Industry Committee

from among its senior research staff and appointed a full-time officer

to provide a closer technical liaison with manufacturers.

Conclusion

The NML experience is that there is no easy single path by which to

establish satisfactory interaction with manufacturers, and that many

paths need to be attempted in parallel. It is comparatively straightforward to cooperate with firms on immediate problems, but it is more

difficult to identify the broader industrial issues where scientific

and technical collaboration is likely to yield the greater benefits in

the long term.

100
III. 2 A STUDY OF THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IN KOREA

—AN INTERIM REPORT: HOW WE APPROACHED IT AND WHAT WE FOUND

Dr. Wun Jung

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jeon, Korea

With the establishment of a new institute exclusively responsible for

the enhancement of physical standards for metrological applications in

Korea, a new survey of the National Measurement system (NMS) was

carried out in 1977-78. The study coincides with the main theme of

this Regional Seminar. We have tried to reconfirm where we stand,

where to go, and how to get there. A partial analysis of the latest

data is presented here in this talk, in the hope that this report

would serve as an example of how to cope with similar situations in

other countries, and that your advice to us will be elicited by this

presentation.

A. Background

The progress of the establishment of the Korea Standards Research

Institute (K-SRI) , from its conception, planning, actual execution,

and various problems encountered in the process, was reported in a series of the previous NBS/AID Workshops: in the 1975 Regional

Seminar in Singapore by Dr. Zae-Quan Kim, President (NBS SP 438) , in

the 1976 Workshop in Gaithersburg , U.S.A., by myself (NBSIR 77-1385),

and in the 1977 Workshop by Dr. Choonghi Rhee, now in the process of

publication. The rapidly changing needs of Korean industry in its

development were presented by Dr. Jong Wan Choi, Administrator of the

Industrial Advancement Administration, in the 1975 Workshop (NBSIR 76-

1152) .

In recent years, the heavy and chemical industries were expanded and

the export volume of industrial products grew much more rapidly than

anticipated in 1975, and the need for the strengthening of the NMS for

the international traceability and nationwide dissemination of

metrology standards was accordingly widely recognized.

B. Groundwork of the Study

The National Industrial Standards and Testing Research Institute

(NISRI, presently National Industrial Research Institute, NIRI)

conducted an industrial measurement standards survey in 1973. The

report provided a basis for planning and comparison. From 1976, the

reports of the NBS study of the NMS in the United States became

available, volume by volume. These reports, and the executive summary

volume in particular, provided excellent guidance on what essential

data should be collected in this kind of study. While the statistical

data analyzed in the NBS study were supplied mostly by the U.S.

Department of Labor, similar data were not readily available in Korea.

101
We had to work out a survey plan on how to collect data. Mr. H. S.

Peiser and Dr. R. C. Sangster of NBS directly participated and helped

us greatly in the formulation of detailed plans and procedures to fit

the Korean situation.

With the finalized survey form (a schematic reproduction in

translation is given in Annexes III. 2.1 and III. 2. 2), we had to

apply for the authorization of the Statistics Bureau of the Economic

Planning Board as a designated agency for this survey, and it was

approved as proposed.

C. Survey Procedure

The questionnaires on measurement instruments and calibration status

were mailed out to 9,000 carefully selected industrial firms and

public or governmental organizations and institutes. An official

letter soliciting full cooperation and a booklet explaining the

purpose of the survey and the mission of K-SRI accompanied each survey

form. In order to double-check the responses and to get direct

personal access to the practical problems at the workbench level, 800

major organizations and firms were selected for the field interviews

by our research personnel.

Concurrent with the mailing of survey forms, teams of research and

technical staffs visited 12 industrial complexes all over the country

and held introductory seminars to promote a full participation in the

survey. These seminar sessions stimulated the audience and resulted

in many spirited discussions on metrology related problems in the

laboratory and at workbench levels.

D. Data Collection

A total of 3,567 firms and 219 other organizations returned the

questionnaires with information relevant to them. Most of the

remaining recipients returned the blank forms stating that these

questions did not seem to apply to them. Some were returned unopened

due to changes in address. The firms responding to the survey

represent 15.8 percent of 24,000, the number of manufacturing

industrial firms of the country. In terms of product value, the firms

represent 30.5 percent ($3.4 billion) of $11 billion of the total

volume of the entire industrial products (as of December 31, 1976).

Accordingly, the collected data have to be properly weighted to draw

overall inferences for the entire system. This is the task we are

pursuing at the moment, and the complexity involved in that task is

the reason for the delay in the final analysis of the data. In the

following discussions, we will be leaving out the weighting factors.

The field interviews covered 610 firms and 172 organizations in many

areas of the country by 30 teams of ours and other temporary helpers

from outside.

102
E. Analysis of Data

The information in the returned questionnaires, as confirmed and

supplemented in part by field interviews, was fed into a computer and

analyzed in various categories of instruments:

1. Measurement areas.

2. Precision and accuracy grades.

3. Countries of original manufacture.

4. Calibration status, calibrating organizations, and

periods.

5. Utilization of those instruments and equipment and the

number of years in use.

Overall pictures of the distribution of technical manpower and

capabilities in the measurement areas were investigated, also.

1. The sorted data of measurement areas were correlated to the

classification of firms and organizations according to their products

and functions in order to draw a Korean version of the correlation

matrix patterned after that of NBS studies.

The breakdown of 126,228 instruments in 782 field-interviewed firms

and organizations was: 57,615 in the length area, 19,082 in the

electrical and electronics field, 13,281 in the radio frequency area,

and the rest in other fields. They were distributed among the firms

as follows: 35,986 in electrical and electronics industries, 28,820

in mechanical industries, 15,849 in academic institutes, and the rest

in others.

Compared to the 1973 survey data of 24,045 instruments in 839 firms

and institutes, the number of instruments per unit (126,228 in 782

units) shows an increase of more than 5 times in the last four-year

period. Together with the heavier distribution in the workbench

levels, this reflects the wider utilization of the measurement

instruments and keener awareness of the importance of the precise

measurements in a certain portion of the industries.

2. On the other hand, the classification of the instruments by

precision and accuracy indicates a rather slow increase in the highgrade instruments. The percentage of the precision unknown group

remained high at 47 percent, compared to 34 percent (819) in 1973.

3. The change in the distribution of instruments in terms of the

countries of manufacture between 1973 and 1977 shows a gradual but

distinctive growth of the instrument industry in Korea in this period.

The portion of Korean instruments increased from 8.6 percent to 21.7

103
percent. The close relationship between growth of the instrument

industry and industrial development has already been amply

demonstrated in advanced countries. An active assistance and

effective support of the continued development of the instrument

industries, which are mostly small and medium in size, are subjects we

are looking into very carefully.

4. The calibration status data showed only a slight improvement (from

14 percent in 1973 to 19.6 percent in 1977) , while the volume of the

instruments rose sharply. A careful reexamination of 13,948 selected

instruments of higher precision indicated up to 84.9 percent of them

not being calibrated or unknown. This is the area a great deal of

attention is focused on.

5. The responses to the question, "How many instruments are in active

use and in what function (calibration, test/inspection, production)?"

revealed that most of the instruments were in active use and only a small fraction (less than 9 percent) remained unused or out of order.

The majority was used in production (38.4 percent) and calibration

(35.4 percent). Testing and inspection used 5.7 percent and others

20.5 percent.

The data on the number of years in use showed that a large fraction

(82.7 percent) of the instruments were acquired recently (less than

five years) , and hence, they were mostly recent models. Obsolete

models of 6 to 10 years amounted to 12 percent and 11 years or more,

3.4 percent of the total employed. The rest (1.9 percent) were of

unknown vintages.

F. Concluding Remarks

In this talk, I have attempted to present a glimpse of an actual,

down-to-earth effort to grasp "where we stand, where to go, and how to

get there" in the area of metrology in Korea.

In order to strengthen the NMS of the country for enhancement of

international traceability and nationwide dissemination of uniform

measurement standards, a number of actions have already been

initiated. In July 1978, a series of industrial measurement seminars

was held in 11 industrial complexes to report the partial results of

the present study. Based on this study, a team of 15 members from 9

standards and calibration organizations, including officials of IAA

and the Joint U.S. Military Assistance Group-Korea, got together at

K-SRI in August to hold a discussion meeting and conducted a week-long

guided tour of each participating laboratory. This was intended to be

the first step toward a closer interaction and cooperation among the

laboratories and the groundwork for the formation of the Korean

Association of Standards Authorities (tentative name) . The

association, it is hoped, will eventually become equivalent to the

National Conference of Standards Laboratories (NCSL) in the U.S.A. and

104
similar to the National Association of Testing Authority (NATA) in

Australia. It should strengthen the framework of the NMS in Korea by

proper utilization of a laboratory accreditation system.

In order to cope with the rapid change in trend of world trade, the

industrial structure in Korea is going through a period of transition

and modification. Enhanced international traceability and

dissemination of uniform measurement standards are the single most

important area to remove the obstacle of the precision barrier. The

growth of the instrument industry is nearly equally important. I have

completely left out of the talk, the problems of the capability of the

technical manpower in the measurement area, another area we are

looking into very seriously.

We would greatly appreciate your advice and comments on our study

report

.

105
ANNEX III. 2.1

1977 INDUSTRIAL PRECISION MEASUREMENT STANDARDS SURVEY (I)

International Compatibility Study of

Highly Technologically-Oriented Industry

Section: Telephone:

Title:

Name: (seal)

Date of Record:

Korea Standards Research Institute

All inquiries connected with this questionnaire should be addressed to

K-SRI (57-5106)

Note: The data recorded in this questionnaire will be kept confidential and will be used solely for statistical purposes in

accordance with 8 and 9 of Korea Statistics Law.

106
107
ANNEX III. 2.

1977 INDUSTRIAL PRECISION MEASUREMENT STANDARD SURVEY (II)

International Compatibility Study of

Highly Technologically-Oriented Industry

Korea Standards

Supporting Organizations:

Research Institute

MCI, MOST, IAA, KCCI, FKI,

KTA, KFSB, KGMA, KGMIC

Note: The data recorded in this questionnaire will be kept confidential and will be used solely for statistical purposes in

accordance with 8 and 9 of Korea Statistics Law.

108
I, ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEW

1. Name of Organization: Name of Representative:

2. Address:

3. Type of Industry: 4. Existence of KS Mark: (yes) (no)

5. Capital Stocks or Investment:

6. Commodity of Revenue:

7. Output:

8. Annual Sales:

9. Annual Exports:

10. Number of Employees:

11. Manpower and Technology in Precision Measurement:

12. Education and Job Classification of Metrology Related Manpower:

Education

_ . Received Job

Classification

M.S. and

Ph.D.

B.S. Vocational

School

Graduate

High

School

Graduate

Middle

School

Graduate

Primary

School

Others Total

1. Scientist

2 . Engineer

3. Technician

4. Craftsman

5. Semi-skilled

6. Apprentice

7. Metrologist

8. Total

13. Status of Metrology Training:

1. Number of People

2. Training Place

(or country)

3. Name of Organization

1. Training Completed

2. Training Planned

109
14. Total No. of Items

Others

Production

Testing

Calibration

a) n

V u

Minor

Moderate

Important

a iJ o co

To Be Repaired

Not Operating

In Operation

Over 10 Years

5 Years to 10 Years

1 Year to

5 Years

Less Than

1 Year

9. Calibration Organization

8. Last Date of Calibration

Calibration and

Certification Internal

Calibration

and Certification

No

Yes Highest Accuracy (Ex. 0.01%)

Measurement Range (Ex. 0~100mm)

Manufacturer (Country, Company), Model

Nomenclature

Item No.

110
ill. "\r.i :» '-:i:i.»-;:s o. Claaaif ieatloa S-i-Ilass if icetioa: Mark. "0" tc :xss that !:: being anal/red or measured at yocr organizacloa

~ : v li 1 -r Icc;err.ec

High Parity Xera'.s (far Microanalysis) 1. Gold ( ) 2. Zinc ( ) 3. Copper ( ) 4. Lead ( ) 5. Mmtna.ii ( ) 7. Tin ( ) 3. Criers ( )

2502 :-;-3:riil rrcd-c: o-alit; I. Staadard Sabber ( ) 2. icbber dimfral C ) 3. Plastic ( ) *. T.r;iiin-:sr ' 3. ;«;?:::-.e fox High Temperature Mpssarenent ( ) 6. Sca-riard Color for Paint ( ) 7. Specimen for Dye ( ) 8. Specimen for Garrostea Test ( ) 9. Others ( )

2503 Standard Gases : = r Air Pollotins. 1. CO Std. Gas ( ) 2. S02 Std. Gas () 3. SO

Std. Gas [ ) 4. ; ::::i:::i 5::. ::s ;. I = r: Gas ( ) 6. Permeation Tobe < ) 7. «ra'jzed Licsid Sample ( ) 9. Others ( )

2504 Optical and Colsr Sreadarda

ibratioc ( ) 3. •efract-vity ; ; -. reflectivity () 5. Whiteness ( ) 6. Standard Color

Tliter ( ) 7. Others C )

2505 Gases in hata' i 1. Sirrogen in lev Alloy Steel ( ) 2 - Sicxoees

in Sij" Seeel 1. lilrrogea En Cast Iron ( ) 4. CTyrar ir Metal C ) 5. Hydrogen ir. Metal ( ) 6. Gas is Soo-ietal ( ) 7. Others ( ) .in Sc~ : e r r : . £ y.e:sl i" - ill:;! 1 1£ : act S'-es: 7:r= 1. Altui—n . 1. Icoo — :

' 1. I'-r lie :is>

lag C ) *. Bickel C ) 5. Lead [ ] i. tin ( ) 7. Others ( )

2507 Scnferrc-s Hetal and All: 5 lilt 7:rr 1, Ainmimai ( ) 2 . Copper ( } 3. Zinc ( ) 4. Sickal ( J 5. lead ( ) 6. Tin ( ) 7. Sele- aiss C } 8. Others

2503 Priaary r-p-' % 'J:z S candardiratirr) 1. Prixa— r-enl.-sls . :4::--=-t "-^r.- -

Zt' 1 ' ;. -'=-l = -- = -v i- = "-s-s -. 11 iniral Analysis ( ) 5. 0rganc--nprsT*'J cs ( ) S. ?h

Buffer ( ) 7. Gas Circ'natcjrs;- ." ) 8. Others < )

250? Eea : arid Temperature 1- freezing Point ( ) 2. Melting point ( ) 3. Colorimetry ( ) 4. Thermal Coadcccivity ( )

5. Serial Ir-is::- i. 1- e -mo Is . 7, DZA Calibration ( ) S. Others C )

2510 •j-.:: 15 : ::;es sr.; ?.sdiit-.:ns 1. ?-j Assay ( ) 2. Isrtrre Assay ( ) 3. X-ray ( ) 4. 5.D.E Test ( ) 7. Others C )

2511 Ran Materials 1. Ores ( ) 2. Cements ( ) 3. Glass { ) 4. Mineral ( ) 5. refractory ( ) =. Fertiliser ( ) 7. Steel Kaii-j AUsy '- 2t=ers '. '

2512 Irons - j:tCs ir list ;;m ;7:r Zaission Speccoi-i r

- I... CJ

1. Low Alloy Steel ( ) 2. Stainless ( ) 3. Tool Steel ( ) 4. High Teaperature Steel ( ) 5. Maraging Steel ( ) 5. Cast Iron ( ) 7. rix Iroa ( ) 8. Others ( )

2513 Irons and Steels in Coda 7 = rm ::r Cbestlcatl Analysis) 1. Carbon Steel ( ) 2. Low Alloy Steel ( ) 3. High Alloy Steel ( ) 4. Stainless Steel ( ) 5. Tool Steel ( ) 6. Cast Iroa ( ) 7. Pig

Iron ( ) 5. Others ( )

251* Taiciaeaa 5tandardfl ; Cos t lag Triciness; 1. Copper ( ) 2. Chronics ( ) 3. Sickel ( ) 4. Zinc ( ) 5. Tin C J 5. Gold ( ) 7. Silver < ) i. Paint, Lacccer, Tarnish ( ) 9. Others ( >

2515 0 tiara 1. Tlscoaity (Lubricating 011, etc.) ( ) 2. Ocnaity ( ) 3. Specific Gravity ( ) 4. Vapor

?raaav:re QteCal, ate.) ( ) 5. Others ( )

111
.C -H

+J 4J o <g

a. oj ^ Q.

0 to 4J *J

h CO 3 u a

UJ o o coo t) N N

-» *J C 3 X <U N

112
II I. 3 BUT IS INDUSTRY AWARE OF ITS DEPENDENCE ON METROLOGY?

Mr. H. L. K. Goonetilleke

Weights and Measures Division

Colombo, Sri Lanka

The word "industry" covers a wide spectrum of manufacturing

activities, from those producing space satellites to the products of a cottage industry.

Awareness of industry's dependence on metrology varies probably in the same order of magnitude as the difference in the sophistication of the

technologies at the two ends of the scale. I propose, therefore, to

limit the scope of this paper to the experience of a small country

whose industry is not particularly sophisticated and is, for the

greater part, of recent vintage.

In Sri Lanka, industry can be divided into three categories, according

to a broad time scale, the last war being the watershed.

(a) Prewar : During this period, manufacturing industry was limited to

fabricating and assembling special machinery needed for the tea and

rubber industries. Otherwise, industry was solely service oriented.

(b) War: A number of special industrial projects were started to produce materials needed for the rubber industry, e.g., acetic acid, or

for the manufacture of consumer goods. A few of these continued to

exist for a short period after the war, and still fewer now survive

with new plants and equipment.

(c) Postwar : With the escalation of prices of industrial goods, which

were not matched by corresponding increases in the prices of primary

raw materials, industries for the manufacture of glass, cement, mild

steel wire, tires, etc., have been established. Their products are

mainly for the local market.

It must be said quite frankly that no thought seems to have been given

to metrology at any one of these stages. At the most, if any product

had to be weighed, a token nod may have been given to the requirements

for periodical servicing of the weighing machine, but even that only

perfunctorily. Even in the last phase, where most of the investment

has been by the State, there have been no demands from industry for

facilities to check or improve its measurement capabilities, although

there were consultants in the form of internationally known firms

involved in both design and execution.

The failure on the Sri Lanka side could be to seme extent attributed

to the fact that no metrology service existed until the Weights and

Measures Division started operating in a small way in 1955, and

metrology really began to be considered as a necessary tool in the

113
technological growth of the country only after 1969. Its practical

implementation took a few more years. It was the onset of the

metrication program and the consequent expansion of the Weights and

Measures Division which enabled the setting up of seme of these needed

facilities.

The failure on the other hand of the foreign consultants to provide

seme basic calibration system within a particular project is less

understandable. Unless, of course , industry whether big or small has

the same blind spot. It might well be that for both groups awareness

of the need for metrology is confined only to providing some gages and

measuring instruments with the belief that gages remain accurate for

all time, and that the indications of a self-reading measuring

instrument cannot be questioned.

To the question "Who needs metrology in industry?" the answer is

everyone at seme point or other whether big or small. The question

that follows is not so easy to answer, i.e., "How much metrology?" (in

the sense of how fine is the measurement accuracy desired) . Then we

face another question "What is the cost and what kind of measurement

does the product actually need?" The next question is "Who is to

provide it?" The answer is, logically, the Government. But how much

investment is needed to provide this facility? Hence, a considerable

amount of balancing on a seesaw has to be done. Lastly, there is the

question "How does one get these ideas across to industry?"—particularly the small and medium units who probably need it most.

Unlike in the field of commercial metrology, the service is purely

voluntary, and it is very difficult to get the horse to water, let

alone coax it to drink.

I propose in this short paper to put down a few ideas. They are at

this stage purely germinal, and although based on conditions in Sri

Lanka, are at the moment of writing a purely personal viewpoint.

How to Provide a Metrology Service for Small and Medium Industry

There are a few assumptions made. These are:

1. That the Government currently provides a service of

some kind, to test ccnmercial weights and measures,

and that there are reasonably equipped weights and

measures offices spread throughout the country,

2. That there are government or semi-^governmental institutes which have seme metrological equipment in use.

3. That most of the industrial units do not have their

own tool rooms because of the lack of capital and ex- pertise .

114
This scheme depends upon the setting up of a network of adequately

equipped metrology centers in places which require them. These

centers could be extensions of the weights and measures offices , or of

a governmental or a quasi-governmental institute, or even of a separate entity especially set up for any new industrial complex. The

equipment in a metrology center should be oriented to the needs of

industry in that particular area. It should be able to calibrate

simple gages like micrometer screw gages, to measure go and no-go

gages, to test for hardness, and to test thermometers and

thermocouples in the range up to 1000°C, etc.

The metrology center should primarily be a service center for industry

in the region in very much the same way that a weights and measures

office is a "service center" for trade, or more appropriately, the

relationship between a metrology center and industry should be the same as the relationship between an agricultural extension center and

the farmer.

This, one might say, is merely providing the water trough, but to

bring the horse to it and to make it drink is an entirely different

matter. To achieve this, one has to have recourse to one of two

methods, namely, the use of incentives or the use of statutes, as in

the case of weights and measures laws.

I have referred to the agricultural extension services as models that

have to be looked into. Extension services provide incentives and are

intended to be involved in farming practices with the aim of

encouraging and improving agricultural practices so as to improve

productivity. The ultimate aim of the proposed industrial metrology

centers is better and more products. Hence, similar techniques could

be used.

The principle of an agricultural extension center is that it does not

wait for the farmer to call, but goes out to the farmer. The shop

floor of an industrial metrology center should include all the shop

floors of the industries that it serves. Moreover, it should not be

uni-directional , information flowing in one direction only. It is

important that there be a feedback from industry so that assessments

can be made of the measurement capabilities of the metrology center.

Simple calibration audit shemes, such as the circulation of test

pieces for measurement of dimensions to all the industries serviced by

the metrology center, would help to evaluate the skill and the

accuracies of the methods of measurement, as well as that of the gages

used. In additon to these techniques, seminars on quality assurance

methods and control chart systems could be introduced to industry

through these centers. If further incentives are given in the form of

tax rebates , etc . , they should be made conditional on the use of the

facilities of the metrology centers and on participation in the audit

schemes.

115
The second method, the use of statutory powers, as in the case of

commercial metrology, is one which has built into itself considerable

obstacles. A very obvious one is that to fail to comply with

directives is to call for legal action. In the case of trade

metrology, there is the other party to the transaction that has to be

protected. Here there is no such person because the aim is to prevent

waste and loss, and though there is an ultimate purchaser of the

product who will benefit if there is little waste, it is the country

at large that derives the benefit. It is in the writer's view,

therefore, that this is a path which is tortuous and winding.

This article is rather sketchy, and that is primarily because the ex- perience in Sri Lanka of providing metrology services to industry is

very limited. The exercise is just beginning, and the questions

raised in the first part of the paper are ones that are being mulled

over. The second part of the paper contains a somewhat rudimentary

scheme which is offered for discussion in the hope that it will

generate better and more coherent answers to the question "How to make

them drink?"

116
III. 4 THE NATIONAL METROLOGY AND CALIBRATION

SERVICE FOR INDUSTRY IN THAILAND

Dr. Charoen Vashrangsi

Department of Science

Ministry of Industry

Bangkok, Thailand

A. INTRODUCTION

The economic development of Thailand has mainly been dependent on

agriculture and industry. During the Third Economic and Social

Development Plan period from 1972 to 1976, the Gross Domestic Product

grew at an annual rate of 612 percent, the manufacturing production at

816 percent, and the exports at 14.6 percent. The population growth

rate declined from 3.1 to 2.6 percent during that period. However,

the country has encountered a number of serious deficiencies in the

pattern of its development. A dual economy has emerged. The modern

sector has accounted for much of the growth achieved, but it has also

led to seme unhealthy and disruptive problems, such as a wide

disparity in income and standard of living among the rural as compared

with the urban populations, the unemployment and migration of rural

population into the cities, the perpetuation of the gap between the

rich and poor which tends to lead to social disturbance and political

instability, and finally, the depletion of natural resources and

deterioration of the environment.

In the Fourth Economic and Social Development Plan ranging from 1977

to 1981, the Government has stressed the utilization of Science and

Technology (S & T) in various economic sectors, especially

agriculture, industrialization, mineral resources, and energy development.

The S & T work plan for the industry sector was outlined as follows:

1. To transfer technology for the best benefit of industrialization .

2. To improve the quality of personnel and workers by training

and education and to promote quality control in industry.

3. To accelerate the process of issuance of patents and thereby

to welcome innovations in technology.

4. To improve the policy for investment promotion.

5. To promote the Thai standardization system involving product

. standards, standard reference materials and methods,

calibration and maintenance of scientific equipment, and the

service for quality certification.

117
In order to accomplish the target for standardization, the following

projects are emphasized:

1. A center for standardization and calibration of scientific

equipment must be initiated using reference standards and

standard reference materials.

2. The standardization program for industrial and agricultural

products must be accelerated.

3. The central laboratory in a government organization for

analysis and testing of industrial and agricultural products

must be improved for effectiveness of service to the country.

4. Education and training of personnel for repair and

maintenance service of scientific and technical equipment

should be expanded to be able to produce enough personnel for

this purpose.

B. Science and Technology Service at the Department of Science

The Department of Science is one of the six departments in the

Ministry of Industry. It was first set up in 1891 as a small unit in

the Royal Department of Mines and Geology and in 1902 was transferred

to the Royal Mint as an assay office. In 1918, existing units dealing

with science and technology were combined into one organization called

the Government Laboratory which belonged to the Ministry of Finance.

This organization became the Department of Science in 1933, and in

1945 it was transferred to the Ministry of Industry. Through the long

history till the present, the Department of Science has served

Government and private organizations, industry, and the public,

providing scientific and technical services. At the present time, as

shown in the organization chart, there are six divisions together with

six other offices operated under the Department of Science. The

operational work and staff of the Department as a whole are supported

by the Government of Thailand.

As the National Laboratory, the Department of Science has been

providing the following services:

1. Chemical, physical, and biological analyses.

2. Metrology and calibration of scientific instruments and

testing machines.

3. Testing of raw materials and finished products.

4. Service for quality certification and quality control.

5. Industrial standardization.

118
6. Research and study on industrial techniques, equipment, and

process development.

7. Study on quality control for quality certification.

8. Training in applied science and specific topics.

9. Consulting and trouble-shooting services for industry.

10. Research and development works on the utilization of the

nation's natural resources and the treatment process of

industrial and agricultural wastes.

The Department of Science is a neutral body acting as a central

laboratory and acts as a reference laboratory with respect to

reliability and terms of reference in Science and Technology.

The staff and personnel involved in the service at the present include

273 scientists and engineers, 40 technicians, and 333 office

personnel. Among the scientists and engineers, there are 55 Ph.D. 's and 39 M.S.'s; the rest hold B.S. degrees.

The analytical services performed during January to June 1978 are

shown in the following table. The number of samples and number of

items tested are listed.

Type of Analysis

January

No. of /Item

Sample/ Test

February

No. of /Item

Sample/ Test

March

No. of /Item

Sample/ Test

April

No. of /Item

Sample/ Test

May

No . of / I tera Sample/ Test

June

No. of / 1

Sample/ I.-sl

Biological 226/1278 291/2151 245/1839 219/1888 223/3381 240/2012

Chemical 273/1800 369/3531 281/1831 266/1533 448/2193 492/3604

Research 22/110 48/191 43/184 24/113 69/188 23/126

Physics and Engineering 109/2944 156/1721 216/1562 225/2004 249/2140 226/2293

Ceramics 71/146 16/70 46/96 26/97 42/231 42/208

There are many research projects being carried out at present; they

include 17 in food and food preservation, 8 in material and industrial

processes, one in solar energy application, and 3 in environmental

problems. Examples of specific tasks are quality improvement of

plastic and rubber products, a dry process for cassava flour

production, ceramic processing, pulp and paper technology, and solar

energy for distilled water production.

C. Reference Materials and Calibration

In 1973 the National Bureau of Standards with the cooperation of the

AID office at Bangkok carried out a Standardization and Metrology

Survey in Thailand. The survey team reccmmended the establishment of

a Metrology and Calibration Center. The Department of Science has

119
established such a Metrology and Calibration Service Project in the

Division of Physics and Engineering. The objectives of this project

are as follows:

1. To provide calibration services to Government, industry, and

the public.

2. To seek for and to prepare reference materials for intercalibrations of scientific instruments among various scientific laboratories.

At present, the Department of Science has available a number of

primary standard weights and measures and calibration instruments.

These primary standards are used for calibration of secondary working

tools. The primary standards available are:

Length and mechanical property measurement, set 36

Standard weight and balance, set 2

Electricity standard meters, set 23

Light measuring meters, set 6

Sound measuring meter, set 1

Volume, heat, and temperature meters, set 10

Equipment calibrations performed during the past two years are:

January - December 1977 65 items

January - July 1978 80 items

D. Intercalibration of Mercury Analyzer and Method for Mercury Analysis

It has been known throughout the world that mercury contamination in

the environment has created a big problem for the public health and

welfare. In Thailand there has been research and study on mercury

pollution in several laboratories. One problem encountered by the

research is the lack of agreement between laboratories concerned in

the mercury analyses. The Department of Science has proposed a

program for intercalibration for the analysis of mercury in marine

pollution by using synthetic sea water as reference sample.

The synthetic sea water was prepared according to the formulae of

Lyman and Fleming* and a known amount of mercury was introduced and

estimated to be 1.5 + 0.3yg/&. Two sets of such reference samples

prepared under the same conditions but on different dates were sent to

various laboratories for mercury analysis. The samples were analyzed

during the specified period of time by different instruments, such as

atomic absorption using a mercury analyzer kit, a mercury analyzer by

flameless atomic absorption, and using dithizone with a

*Harold Ulrik Sverdrup, Martin Wiggo Johnson, and Howell Fleming,

The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology , PrenticeHall, Inc., 1942, 1087 pages.

120
spectrophotometer. The analysis results for mercury content of the

reference sample as plotted on the graph paper (Figure III. 4. 2) showed

the differences ranging from 0.1yg/£ to 2.2yg/£ with an average of

0.85ygA in the first set and from 0.105ygA to 3.5ygA with an

average of 1.95yg/£ in the second set. The standard deviations in the

2 sets of results are 0.77yg/£ and 1.2%q/i respectively.

When the known amount of mercury in the synthetic sea water is

compared with the results of analyses, it appeared that the grand

average from both sets, 1.40, closely approximates the known value.

The results showed that every method used was as sensitive as the

other within the range of mercury content analyzed. However, the

scattering of mercury concentration obtained by each laboratory seemed

to be very large even though each laboratory had calibrated its own

instrument with a reliable standard. Further investigation found that

the discrepancy in results was due largely to the difference in

concentration of mercury content in the standard sample used for

calibration. Some laboratories used a high concentration and seme used a lower concentration of the standard solution for the

calibration of their instruments. It was therefore suggested that the

standard solution used for calibration should be of a similar nature

and concentration as the sample to be analyzed.

E. Future Work Plan

Metrology and calibration needs, especially by industry in Thailand,

have been increasing in number and variety. The indication can be

seen from the number of requests for calibration services this year

which accounts for more than a 20 percent increase within 7 months

compared to the number of requests last year. This increase may be

attributed to several factors, such as:

1. There has been an increase in the number of industrial

factories in recent years. Factories usually require

analysis and testing of their own raw material and products.

The equipments used in the factories once in a while need

good maintenance and calibration.

With respect to promotion of local industry, the Government

has a stated policy that the Government organizations which

want to buy any product in the market are allowed to buy a local product with a 15 percent higher price than the

corresponding imported product if the local one is approved

by the Government agency. Such approval is either by a standards mark or by a quality certificate.

2. Both the standard mark and the quality certificate programs

being carried out at the Department of Science have

indirectly influenced industries to perform their own tests

of materials and products as much as possible. The standard

121
or TISI mark is issued after the Thai Industrial Standards

Institute requirements are met, such as for a regular check

of the finished products being in conformity with the

specifications. It is, therefore, necessary for the factory

to have i zs own testing equipment, and such equipment needs

regular calibration.

The quality certificate is issued for a product which meets

international standards or any foreign standard. This

program requires a sampling test and reliable quality control

system in the producing industry. Only well-calibrated

equipment can be accepted for satisfactory quality control.

3. The vendor-purchaser agreement in today's business usually

uses test certificates as a reference for ordering goods.

The testing facilities are becoming more and more necessary,

and such facilities would not be competent without good

maintenance and calibration.

4. As the Government emphasizes the application of Science and

Technology in the forthcoming National Development Plan,

there will be an increasing amount of research both in the

Government and the private sector. More funds will be spent

on equipment and tools for which calibration service will be

most needed.

As far as metrology and calibration are concerned, it is felt

to be in the best interest of the country for the primary

standard and calibration service to be centralized rather

than scattered in various laboratories. However, the

secondary and working standards and reference materials

should be distributed throughout for routine check in every

laboratory concerned.

For the above reasons, the Department of Science which acts as a

center for scientific and technical reference has extended its present

capacity to be able to serve industry and other laboratories in

instrument calibration. In doing so, more standard reference

materials and standard equipment are necessary. More government

funding will be applied, and foreign assistance and collaboration will

be sought. It is hoped that some assistance and cooperation can be

received from highly developed nations, such as the United States and

Japan, as well as the most rapidly developing countries, such as Korea, India, Singapore, etc.

It is suggested in this seminar that all countries of this region

should initiate a collaboration network for exchanging of experts,

standard reference materials, and calibration technology. This

network can be established by the assistance of advanced countries,

especially the United States, Japan, and Australia.

122
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124
DISCUSSION ON SESSION I

Rapporteurs: Dr. Nak Sam Chung, Dr. Chul Koo Kim, Dr. Jae Chang Lee,

Dr. Jong Chul Park, and Dr. Choonghi Rhee

In the Concluding Session, the participants debated further the three

questions that were introduced successively during the earlier

sessions

.

I. Are we (the metrologists) aware of the need for (usefulness of)

metrology?

Dr. Vashrangsi (Discussion Leader)

I think that debate on this topic need not be long because yesterday

every speaker has shown clearly that he is convinced that metrology is

highly important in science and technology. If we look at the history

of development of science and technology, we will find that every new

discovery comes from good and precise measurement. Science is more or

less basic knowledge, and technology is an applied science. Thus,

they have the same basic foundation. So, most of our speakers have

come to an agreement that we all need metrology. This is my

viewpoint. Other members may want to add to it.

Mr. Larkin:

I wish to reemphasize the importance of metrology and regional

cooperation in metrology.

Mr. Peiser:

Let me go back to the question that I was asked yesterday. In what

way do metrologists differ from ordinary scientists? Metrology in

science and technology is so very basic, so as I have pointed out, it

is necessary for scientists and engineers to be metrologists to some

extent. I call them at least amateur metrologists. However, there

are big differences between amateurs and professionals. The

professional metrologist looks at the experimental design and its

statistics, he searches for errors and eliminates all he can within

reasonable effort, and he estimates his uncertainty with care and

caution. I do not find the question we are debating trivial. In fact

I know many metrologists who would question whether their measurement

skills are applicable to much of science or any technology. I believe

they are wrong.

125
Dr. Lim:

I think we agree that big industries need calibration and a standards

laboratory and so on. I wonder myself whether this is true for smalland medium-sized industries.

Dr. Blevin:

I can respond affirmatively by an example. Australia is exporting

semi-processed cheese to Japan, for which that country enforces a very

tight tolerance. Many of the dairy processing factories had not been

able to meet that tolerance. The Australian Dairy Corporation, which

is government supported, by very constant efforts, helped them to set

up proper testing laboratories in the factories where precise,

compatible measurements can now be made. With these, Australian

small-scale industries were able to attain the quality to meet

Japanese specifications.

Dr. Probine:

Metrology has made certain technical advances possible. Let me give

you an example. In the PAL system of television, the color burst

frequency from the T.V. station locks the oscillator in the set in

your home to a frequency that is accurate to at least 1 part in 10 8

. If the frequency departs from this, the color does not remain "true."

In actual practice, the color burst frequency is controlled to about 1

part in 10 11 for most of the time, using a rubidium vapor oscillator.

It is not so very long ago that this level of accuracy could not have

been obtained in even the great national standards laboratories.

Today it is commonplace—the result of developments in the field of

precision measurement.

Mr. Goonetilleke

:

In developing countries, awareness of metrology in industry is not

adequate. We should find out what kind of technology is needed in

each country and develop metrology suitable for the situation. Only

then will we as metrologists have an awareness of the needs, and that

will make our advocacy convincing.

Dr. Verma:

Metrology is needed to manufacture export products which are under

quality control.

126
DISCUSSION ON SESSION II

II. Is industry aware of its dependence on metrology?

Dr. Probine (Discussion Leader)

According to the presentation of Dr. W. Jung, a recent industrial

survey conducted in Korea showed that, among the instruments covered,

the precision of 47 percent of the instruments was unknown, and 84

percent were uncalibrated. Our colleagues in Pakistan have had a somewhat similar experience.

Does this kind of situation not suggest that industry is not aware of

its need for precision measurement (metrology)?

It would be helpful, before we open this topic for general discussion,

to hear from Mr. Kuhns, who is the only representative from industry

here today. Mr. Kuhns is with Hughes Aircraft Company and is well

qualified to comment. He had agreed to have his prepared paper

postponed from the main Session II to this Discussion.

Mr. Kuhns:

It is my very great pleasure to address this gathering today on the

question of whether or not industry is aware of its dependence upon

metrology. I am very fortunate to be associated with a company whose

products span a wide range of complex technologies and whose research

keeps it constantly at the frontiers of the most advanced

technologies. We, therefore, maintain not only a high level of

awareness of our dependence upon metrology and standardization but

must continually improve our measurement systems and develop new

standards where none exist.

I believe that the awareness of industry of its dependece on metrology

is in direct correlation to the level of the technology involved.

That is, the more complicated and sophisticated technologies tend to

create a greater need for control of processes and materials. This in

turn requires more stringent measurements providing inherently a better understanding and awareness of the need for metrology.

The development of an awareness of metrology and the need for it

begins as a society or country starts to grow away from an agrarian or

artisan-type economy toward an economy which generates products, not

only for internal use but for export. Export markets are highly

competitive and require established levels of quality. Entry into

such markets establishes the criteria for a measurement system which

will not only demonstrate the quality of the product but which will

ensure confidence in the product within the marketplace.

127
Once the acceptance of the products in the export market is firm and

industry begins to expand in the scientific and technological sense,

the side benefits of a well-founded metrology program become selfevident. Such benefits include constantly improving products, a reduction in material waste, and more efficient production methods.

As the market grows, the continuing development of products leads to

more complex and difficult requirements in order to assure the quality

of the end item. This, then, requires a wider and more complete

measurement program. With the growth of products both in scope and

complexity comes a greater awareness of industry of its dependence

upon metrology.

Perhaps one of the most outstanding examples of industrial faith in

metrology and standardization is the United States Space Program. We

assemble large and tremendously complicated vehicles to propel either

man or a satellite into space. The number of components needed runs

into the millions, and almost all are bought from the lowest bidder.

Thus the total mission may be as equally dependent upon an inexpensive

fastener as a complex gyroscope. Yet such is our faith and awareness

of the excellence of our system of standardization and measurement

that components are accepted from a multitude of manufacturers and

assembled into a launchable vehicle.

I do not mean to imply from the foregoing that industrial awareness of

its dependence upon metrology and standardization is an automatic or

even smooth process. In fact, it is quite the opposite, a drawn out

erratic growth which only develops through a continuing process of

education and matures as the benefits become self-evident.

One could, in fact, equate the industry/metrology relationship to that

of a patient/doctor relationship. In the normal day-to-day

activities, the patient may be aware of his dependency upon the doctor

but not on a conscious level. It is only during times of great stress

or when the doctor has restored his well-being that the patient

recognizes his dependency and becomes truly appreciative of the

benefits which may result from the relationship. Similarly, an

industrial awareness of its dependency upon metrology is probably

prevalent in most industries but is rarely given attention during

routine operations. It is essential, therefore, that a program of

stimulation of interest and education in metrology be maintained to

insure continued awareness of the needs of metrology throughout a national industrialization process.

Dr. Probine:

I visited the Coventry Tool & Gage Company in England some years ago,

and I was told that, at that time, the person responsible for quality

control reported directly to the Managing Director. For this company,

quality control was so important to its reputation that the chief

128
executive took a personal interest in this kind of decision. There

are, therefore, firms that do understand the importance of metrology.

I would now like to ask Dr. Takata to comment on industrial attitudes

in Japan.

Dr. Takata:

In Japan many industries are aware of the need for metrology.

However, in many industries there is still a lack of an adequate

understanding of metrology. The Government is now trying to establish

a national metrology system.

Dr. Probine:

Dr. Kunzmann will present views from West Germany.

Dr. Kunzmann:

In West Germany, small and medium industries are well aware of the

need for metrology because the export market is expanding. However,

there is another more important reason for this acceptance. The cost

of industrial production in our Federal Republic of Germany has become

very high in comparison with that in other industrialized countries.

Therefore, in international markets, our most important arguments in

support of products "made in W-Germany" are high quality and long life

time. Consequently, our industry has become aware of the need for

metrology, because it is the basis of all well organized quality

assurance systems.

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, the national standards

laboratory, provides primary standards, and firms like Siemens, for

example, have their own standard laboratories to maintain good quality

control in production. We all believe "made in W-Germany" should mean

that something is well made and is likely to have a long life.

Dr. Chun:

In the management of quality control systems, we can recognize three

different stages, the initial developing stage wherein the need for

metrology is demonstrated, the design stage in which the detailed

technical needs and economics are elaborated, and the operational

stage for quality control in the production line and for inspection of

the final products. Each stage has to be adapted appropriately to the

level of development and the industrial activity to which it is

applied. A suitable attribute must be selected for the measurement

process

129
Dr. Kunzmann:

Metrology, whether in developed or underdeveloped countries, is

equally important, and it needs to be applied in agriculture and

science, as in high technology. In science, metrology is important

because one's experimental results become credible only when the

measurement is correctly taken. Metrology, in every phase of

production, has an important role, which has a direct relationship to

the quality control system.

Mr. Goonetilleke

:

Quality control in industries often does not involve the assignment of

numerical values. Measurement technology, therefore, is only a part

of quality control. Quality control, regardless of the process used,

is always concerned with the final products.

Mr. Kuhns:

The quality control function in my company involves the highest level of

management. Relevant reports go to the chief executive officer and

members of the board of directors who have some direct input on how

the control operates.

Dr. Choi:

The Government itself is responsible for instilling an awareness in

Korean industry of the importance of metrology. The nationwide

quality control campaign emphasizes the need for metrology as I have

described in my paper yesterday. Our Government is now concentrating

on education and training of the people engaged in quality control,

from the top management to the workers in the assembly line. ' This

year our goal is to conduct training programs for 13,000 people.

Dr. Probine:

This kind of campaign is important, and many groups can contribute

directly or indirectly. Managers educated to appreciate the

importance of good quality control have a role to play. Customers can

also insist on good quality control in the terms of a contract. For

example, military specifications are typically very tight, and firms

that engage in this field must meet high quality standards.

Manufacturing for aircraft companies requires the same high standards.

In New Zealand, we find that the operations of the Testing Laboratory

Registration Council, and its laboratory accreditation scheme, are

having a beneficial effect in increasing industries' appreciation of

good measurement practice.

I cannot emphasize too strongly that, in my view, top management has

the primary responsibility for ensuring that appropriate quality

130
assurance procedures are used, and that such programs are backed by

sound measurement practice.

131

DISCUSSION ON SESSION III

III. Who is aware that a national capability in metrology is essential to industrial development?

Dr. Blevin (Discussion Leader)

Is it important to have national capability in metrology? We are

going to consider this question from two viewpoints; firstly from that

of the need preferences for the internal application of metrology

within an individual country, and secondly from that of external

collaboration with other countries. I propose that, for the first 15

minutes or so, we restrict our remarks to the importance of a national

center for internal reasons in a particular country. Several

participants, I know, wonder if Dr. Verma will agree to comment on

this important question.

Dr. Verma:

The awareness of metrology in industry is gradually picking up in

India. Now we have sophisticated industry such as the electronics

industry. Equipment must be calibrated. During the last few years,

electronic and electrical industries have felt the need for accurate

measurement in ampere, volt frequency, etc. Now we really understand

the usefulness of metrology, and in consequence we enjoy wide-ranging

benefits. For instance, the value of mica exported from India was

greatly increased by reliable measurements by which the high-quality

material could be identified and reliably offered to world trade. The

more a country progresses in industry, the more it realizes the importance of measurement technology. There is a direct correlation

between technology and awareness of the need for metrology.

Dr. Blevin:

I wonder if I may ask one more question of you, taking the electronics

industry as an example. Is it necessary to have a metrology facility

in advance of the demand by industry?

Dr. Verma:

Yes. For all countries, metrology should be one step ahead of the

need in industry. This is true not only in time, but also for the

accuracy achieved. We have to have a capability one order of

magnitude better than industry.

Dr. Blevin:

I think we can choose a national capability in metrology with one

centralized standardization authority, or we can think in terms of

having a scattered network of calibration and technology facilities

133
operating in widely different fields, but with a monitored

compatibility. I think all industrialized countries have a similar

type of central laboratory to realize high accuracies. But there are

different solutions at lower levels of the metrology organization. I

would like to ask the U.S. representative to comment in this respect;

how is it done below the NBS level?

Mr. Peiser:

In some particular fields of metrology, you will have to have just one

central capability. Let me take an unusual example: determination of

atomic weight is important in world trade. The current accuracy level

for the germanium atomic weight is only about 3 or 4 parts in lO4

. When we talk about a consignment of a million dollars, this kind of

error can amount to several hundred dollars. Therefore, a national

arbitrator has to be recognized. I do not know whether this answers

your question.

Mr. Walleigh:

I thought Dr. Blevin asked about the secondary laboratory system in

the U.S.A.

Dr. Blevin:

Mr. Peiser, you certainly answered some of my question, but I would

still like to hear about the secondary organization in the U.S.A.

Mr. Walleigh:

We do not have what one may call one secondary system. However, every

major company, such as Leeds and Northrup, DuPont, Ford, and Hughes

Aircraft, aims to have a capability in metrology appropriate to its

own needs. In addition, we at NBS perform about $5 million worth in

calibration services each year, although this is less than 5 percent

of our total workload. In the past 25 to 30 years, NBS has sought

ways to reduce its routine calibration workload. To this end, we have

developed a great many Standard Reference Materials .(SRM's) which are

highly characterized materials which can be used to calibrate

equipment or control production. The SRM method has been very

effective. Vfe also give and participate in seminars and symposia on

subjects related to calibration. For example, during the past six or

seven years, we have become aware of the need for improving the

calibration of clinical laboratory equipment, and we have emphasized

this in some of our recent seminars.

Control of weights and measures is a function of State Governments,

not NBS. We do advise the states technically through the National

Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM) . We also have other

organizations which stress metrological accuracy, such as the National

Conference of Standards Laboratories. On the matter of accreditation

134
of laboratories , we in the United States are trying to study and to

learn from the experiences of other countries, such as New Zealand and

Australia.

Dr. Chun:

I would like to point out two instances for which a single national

capability is needed in metrology. They have a direct relationship to

the very existence of K-SRI. For evaluating solar collector

equipment, each company uses a different method, so that customers are

confused. One central body should lay down one method to be used by

all. Similarly, when I worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory, I faced many difficult problems with fluid flow measurement. In short,

when one has a measurement problem, such as in temperature, pressure,

etc. , one goes to a central authority such as NBS and obtains a solution accepted by all and thus saves a lot of time and money.

Through measurement, K-SRI has the opportunity to fill that function

in Korea, and at the same time, reach down to industry and lead the

way, and in a great technological advance, to give rational answers

why technical selections were made, hew to obtain zero defects and

quality assurance, how to estimate probability of breakdown, and how

to characterize materials. Certainly NBS is in all these fields as a national leadership organization.

Dr. Blevin:

A national laboratory need not necessarily realize all high precision

standards. Has anyone present an opinion against the concept of one

National Center for Metrology?

Dr. Jung:

I am really speaking in favor of a metrology center. A National

Center for Metrology should look to the future, and promote certainly:

(a) quality control and (b) advancement of technology.

The opportunity is even more wide-ranging. Industrial advancement

needs technology transfer from advanced countries. Some national

organization should promote that. The Metrology Center has the

necessary capability and know-how. Dr. Verma mentioned his experience

in India in the production of mica—a fine achievement for metrology.

For a National Center it is relatively easy to copy technology

exactly. But we should know why seme specifications are made. In

this way the National Metrology Center will work for technological

advancement through a real understanding. We need a National Center

to push industries. Mr. Larkin will agree on this point. What we

want is zero defect production. We like to specify how equipment will

perform. We like to estimate when it will break down. Not only the

performance of the machines is important, but also the

135
characterization measurements on material are important. As Dr. Kuhns

mentioned in his case of Hughes Aircraft, we need also new types of

metrology; NBS is already shifting effort from mass, length, etc., the

so-called traditional metrology, to new applications where the basic

philosophy of good measurement is equally relevant.

Dr. Blevin:

Dr. Jung, you really underscored the case for a National Center of

Metrology. Let us thus conclude discussion of the internal reasons

and turn to the external reasons for a National Center. For example,

we at the National Measurement Laboratory of Australia feel that we

have an important responsibility to adhere to the fully international

focus in metrology, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.

We are also aware that highly industrialized countries, such as Japan,

meet quite regularly with their trading partners. A different forum

might be needed for regional collaboration. Let us discuss such a possibility. First, K-SRI would like to make some suggestions. Then,

let us hear Dr. Kunzmann's experience with a European Organization.

We will then continue with a proposal by Dr. Probine, and finally turn

to a general discussion.

Now Dr. J. C. Lee will introduce the K-SRI suggestion.

Dr. Lee:

Regional metrology seminars held in the Pacific and Asian regions have

brought together many institutions and have proved to be very useful

not only in fostering friendship among metrologists but also in

sharing national experiences in standards and metrology. It is

significant that we here consider the value and advantages of

metrology gatherings.

Firstly, each country, whether already developed or still in the

process of development, has different needs, resources, and attitudes

toward standards and metrology. It would be a very expensive

proposition for just a single country to provide and develop a total

system of standards and metrology. Because metrology is universal

rather than national in nature , the sharing of experiences , of

technical know-how, and of information developed and achieved by a

neighboring country could mean a very significant saving in time and

resources

.

Secondly, although we want to know what needs and capabilities of

human and hardware resources are available in a neighboring country,

that information is difficult to obtain without an organized system of

conference contacts. We need to comprehend the methods by which

standards and metrological activities are handled in each country.

Lastly, the friendship to be established during regional metrology

conferences could be a means of making first contacts on an informal

136
basis whenever one needs to know special matters in standards and

metrology. Temporary assignments of specialists to neighboring

countries for teaching, learning, or comparison between certain

national physical standards would inevitably be discussed at such

conferences and perhaps be implemented at a later time when found to

be of mutual benefit.

Aside from these merits to be derived from gathering at a Regional

Conference for discussing topics of common interest, meetings like the one hereby proposed would certainly give all of us a feeling of continuity. It definitely will be worthwhile to convene conferences on a regular basis. The gatherings could be informal and personal, rather

than institutional. They must be non-political. They should

encourage everyone interested in standards and metrology in the

Pacific and Asian region.

Therefore, we suggest that exploratory discussions be held at this

time. Alternatively, we could form a provisional committee to study

the creation of a regional metrology conference in the Pacific and

Asian countries. We also submit that this conference could be named

"Pacific and Asian Conference on Metrology" or PACMET.

The proposed objectives of PACMET should be to:

1. Organize general meetings rotated among member countries at

least once every two years.

2. Promote consultation and advisory services.

3. Arrange exchange programs.

4. Organize study tours.

5. Promote continuing education programs.

6. Organize seminars and other special topic meetings.

7. Sponsor joint projects for research and development in

fields where a common interest and a need is known to exist.

Dr. Blevin:

K-SRI, through Dr. Lee, has made an interesting proposal. I believe

that the mode of cooperation between national metrology centers should

be part of our discussion, and I would like to invite Dr. Kunzmann to

speak about the "Western European Metrology Club."

Dr. Kunzmann:

On behalf of PTB, I bring greetings to Dr. Kim and to all

participants

.

137
It is very useful to exchange experiences among different countries.

For this purpose, in Europe the Western European Metrology Club (WEMC)

has been formed. It is concerned not only with general problems in

metrology but also with the exchange of metrological procedures.

Audit programs between laboratories in industry as well as between

national laboratories are stimulated and organized.

I think it was a really good idea for K-SRI to begin not only internal

work in the Korean community but also at the same time to start

communication with other countries.

I wish you a very successful future.

Dr. Blevin:

Thank you very much, Dr. Kunzmann. Are there any questions for

Dr. Kunzmann specific to the European experiences? I have one

question. Could you please clarify what is the membership of the

Western European Metrology Club? Does it correspond exactly to the

Economic Community of Europe?

Dr. Kunzmann:

No, not quite. Austria and Norway, for instance, do not belong to the

ECE. These nations are members of the Club with ECE member countries.

Dr. Ghani:

Do the member countries contribute financially to the activities?

Dr. Kunzmann:

No, they do not. The Club does not require any sizable fund.

Dr . Blevin

:

Let us ask Dr. Probine to tell us his thoughts.

Dr. Probine:

There has already been some progress in arranging for a greater

measure of cooperation in the Asian/Pacific area. A program has been

initiated by the Commonwealth Science Council which is aimed at

surveying facilities held by Commonwealth countries in the area as a prelude to arranging a greater degree of mutual cooperation in calibration and training. A regional directory of calibration facilities

is being prepared. It has been suggested that this program be

extended to include non-Commonwealth countries. I personally support

this view.

138
I, therefore, welcome the view put forward by Korea for a greater

measure of regional cooperation in metrology. I think we all have

much to gain by this kind of cooperation.

Dr. Takata:

A seminar on international cooperation in metrology was conducted

in Japan by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

.

Many Asian countries, like Thailand, India, Malaysia, Indonesia,

and so on, participated. The seminar, I think, was very effective

in furthering cooperation among Asian countries. In reference to

Dr. Lee's proposal, I hope, from now, the Japanese experience will

be taken into consideration. Dr. Verraa, Dr. C. K. Kim,

Mr. Goonetilleke, and I participated in an International Symposium

on Metrology and Measurement Standards in Developing Countries,

ISMET 78, held in Tokyo from the 13th to the 18th of March, 1978,

under the auspices of the Government of Japan. The Symposium

participants discussed the present status of development, maintenance

and dissemination of measurement standards in each country, and

future schemes for systems and equipment as well as desirable ways

of international cooperation in that field. At the closing session, a summary of the consensus developed during the Symposium was

adopted, of which the following is an extract:

"...Delegates from 15 different developing countries

participated in the Symposium. They reported the present state of measurement standards and metrological

services in their countries and highlighted the problems

being encountered in their respective countries.

"The importance of measurement standards and metrological services for the development of industry and the

economy of the countries was emphasized. Several delegates brought out the urgent need for the establishment

and improvement of their facilities and systems for

metrological standards and services.

"At the same time, the delegates recognized their

problems of finance, education and training of technical staff in this field and agreed to promote the

exchange of information in metrology, mutual comparison

of measurement standards, and exchange of technical staff —

.

"In addition to the country reports, some special lectures by Japanese specialists were given. These included

lectures on the training and personality of metrological

engineers, length standards, mass and force standards,

temperature standards, electric and electronic standards,

and photometric and radiometric standards...."

139
Members of the program committee of this Regional Seminar have

expressed the opinion that it had been their aim to recognize the

regional significance of ISMET 78, to expand the dialogue so started,

and to coirmend the study of the full Proceedings of ISMET 78.

Dr. Blevin:

Thank you, Dr. Takata. Now, Dr. Roxas.

Dr. Roxas:

There seem to be too many groups. I think this cooperation should be

carried out under a recognized international body. That is, we should

be attached to one central international organization because

metrology is international in both its technical and legal aspects.

Dr. Blevin:

I certainly agree with full worldwide international cooperation.

However, I think belonging to a regional group is still desirable.

The General Conference on Weights and Measures under the Treaty of the

Meter is too large for regional cooperation on working-level problems.

Dr. Ghani:

I think it is a very useful idea to have regional cooperation. The U.N.

should contribute some funds for this.

Mr. Goonetilleke:

In Sri Lanka the metrology organizations do need financial support

from outside, such as from UN agencies.

Dr. Probine:

I would like to make some comments about the regional grouping and the

point made by Dr. Roxas. I think the regional groupings will merely

stimulate understanding by occasional meetings. They will help us to

get to know each other and exchange ideas. Metrology will remain

fully international.

Dr. Vashrangsi:

Since metrology is one of the sciences, I think UNESCO is interested

in this subject, too. Perhaps we can obtain some contributions from

UNESCO.

140
Dr. Verma:

UNESCO may find it difficult to support regional groupings, but might

fund a program for fully international cooperation in metrological

activities

.

Mr. Goonetilleke:

I agree that there would be some administrative problems in UNESCO's

contributing specifically to the Pacific area.

Dr. Lee:

Since we have had enough outside help in metrology in our region, it

is about time for us to start our work more actively on our own

initiatives. The regional conference we propose would first organize

committees for special purposes, and then it will be quite natural to

seek the necessary funding from appropriate sources, whether it be

from the members or outside agencies.

We should also consider the alternative of designating the proposed

organization as a "network" which indicates traceability , too.

Nevertheless, the word "conference" may be preferable for our case. At any rate, I do not envision any conflict between this conference

and other more fully international organizations. We could utilize

their experience and cooperate in many ways.

Dr. Kim:

I strongly support the proposals for regional cooperation and would

like to enter into the record information on the 1979 ASCA meeting.

The Association for Science Cooperation in Asia (ASCA) was established

in 1970. Its first meeting was held in Manila in 1972. Member

countries of ASCA are: Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea,

Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. ASCA was

established because:

1. Of the urgent need for regional cooperation in applications

of science and technology to common problems in Asia.

2 . Of the need for a close and integrated liaison among the

countries in Asia on their individual research and

development policies and programs.

3 . Within the region, there are skills and resources in science

and technology which could be applied to common problems by

mutual consent as to priorities and which thus could

accelerate the development and economic growth of the region.

141
At the 6 th ASCA meeting which convened in New Zealand from February 23

through March 1, 1978, a resolution was passed that Korea will host

the 7th ASCA meeting which is scheduled for May 1979. The Ministry of

Science and Technology (MOST) will be the hosting organization.

The first technical session will be at the Korea Institute for Science

and Technology, Seoul, May 14-16, 1979, on the topic of

commercialization of industrial technology.

The second technical session will be at K-SRI, Daeduk, May 14-16,

1979, on industrial standardization. Topics will include:

1. Precision measurement.

2. National measurement systems.

3. Industrial standardization.

4. Quality control.

We at K-SRI will be grateful to have your advice as to prospective

candidates and topics for our session.

Dr. Jung:

Let me try to summarize our discussion session:

1. In advanced and advancing industrial societies, high precision and

accuracy of the measurement standards system amount to indispensable

necessity.

Some typical examples of benefits are:

a. In the dairy industry in Australia, the measurement standards

system contributed to the expansion of the export of cheese

and butter.

b. Color television in New Zealand would have failed without the

high level of the measurement standards system.

c. Mica production in India is estimated to have benefited by

value added to the mica products by a factor of 100 through

precision of the measurement technology.

2. The production of satellites and propulsion rockets by Hughes

Aircraft Company demonstrated that the depth of understanding by the

industry of the importance of the national measurement system, that is

traceable to the international standards, is a direct measure of the

level of the technological sophistication and export capability of the

firms and the country as a whole.

3. The responsibility of a national central research organization

like K-SRI is not only to support the immediate needs for the improvement cf the technical quality of the existing industries, but also to

142
do research to prepare for future needs and to provide leadership to

the progressive development of industrial technology.

The emphasis is shifting from quality control (zero defect) in the

production process toward the quality and performance assurance (zero

failure) of the end products. To assure the adoption, modification,

and continuous improvement of transferred (or transplanted)

technology, we must learn the "know-why" in addition to the "know-how"

to apply that technology. In addition to measurement research on

dimensional and physical metrology, there are the other new tasks,

investigations on the reliability and material characteristics, and

the measurements of useable life span. The recent reorganization of

NBS to create the National Engineering Laboratory seems to reflect

this trend.

4. TO approach the iinmediate problems of enhancing the level of the

industrial technology, a country needs:

a. A vigorous government policy support for the establishment

and development of the National Central Laboratory for the

national measurement standards.

b. The establishment and strengthening of the National Standards

Network System for the effective uniform dissemination of the

measurement standards and measurement technology. Examples

of such action are:

(1) In the U.S.A., National Conference of Standards

Laboratories (NCSL)

.

(2) In Australia, the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) .

(3) In New Zealand, the Testing Laboratory Registration Council (TELARC)

.

c. Vigorous financial and technical support for the growth of

the instrument industries, all of which will be in the small

and medium industry categories.

d. Organized systematic education and training systems for

measurement manpower.

Prior to this Regional Seminar, there have been at least four similar

international meetings.

a. ISMET in Tokyo, Japan,

b. BIPM Meetings in Paris, France.

c. Annual NBS/AID Workshops in Washington, DC, U.S.A.

d. IMEKO Conference in the USSR.

143
Each meeting had specific themes of its own. Nevertheless, the trend

clearly indicates the increasing importance of international

cooperation and collaboration in the metrology area.

It is hoped that future technical seminars in the Southeast Asian and

Pacific countries will tackle specific problems for metrology in each

country and that the linkages for mutual cooperation will be tightened

by regular periodic contacts.

Let me close by thanking sincerely the discussion leaders and

rapporteurs.

144
CONCLUDING SESSION

145

C.l CLOSING REMARKS

Dr. Jong-Wan Choi

Industrial Advancement Administration

Seoul , Korea

I am sorry that I could not be with you at yesterday's session because

the National Assembly is in session to discuss next year's budget.

However, I heard that the sessions were most successfully carried out.

I congratulate all of you for your excellent work and the achievements

in the seminar. The discussion session today showed effective

international cooperation in metrology by exchange of ideas and

sharing valuable experiences.

I am confident that, with this spirit and continued cooperation

between all of us in the region, we will enjoy a brighter future in

metrology and standards.

As I have mentioned earlier, our Government will do its best in

promoting sound metrology standards. There will be a campaign for

metrology, parallel and in harmony with our quality control movement

which has already been started. These programs are needed in

modernizing our industries and for improving the quality of our

industrial products. K-SRI will be in the front line in giving the

technical guidance to these efforts, which our Government is directing

and supporting.

You have come from all parts of the Asian and Pacific Region to learn

from each other by introducing your own national experiences and

comparing yours with others. As in my own country, each of you in

your country has a tremendously important task in educating technical

manpower and the general public. I wish each of you good luck in

doing this. I have met many of you on various other occasions. I hope to see you again soon at a similar seminar. I believe somehow we

should meet more often.

I would like to congratulate K-SRI for the excellent preparation and

arrangements and to thank the U.S. NBS and AID for their support for

this seminar. I wish you a pleasant tour and safe return home.

147

C.2 CLOSING REMARKS

Mr. Robert S. Walleigh

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC

I am pleased to add my congratulations to Dr. Kim, Zae-Quan and to his

staff for this Regional Seminar which must be considered a great

success when measured by any standard. I also extend my thanks for

the hospitality and many other expressions of interest and concern,

which you have shown to your guests from abroad.

I congratulate the distinguished participants for their thoughtful and

forthright papers which have shown similarity in, differences between,

and problems of the measurement standards programs of the several

nations here represented.

I wish to thank the rapporteurs who have been faithfully taking notes

to summarize and paraphrase the discussions. On behalf of all of us,

I extend thanks to Dr. C. Rhee and his organizing committee, and I wish to take special note of the efforts of Mr. K. S. Choi for all

that he has done to make us comfortable in lodgings, food,

transportation, sightseeing, etc., at all times.

I have noted that the questions from the audience on one or two

occasions indicated a concern over the need and lack of understanding

for a metrology standards program. I know that we have been

discussing such subjects as, "Who is aware of the national capability

for standards?" or "Does anybody out there need us?" I know that you

have heard it said that Government sometimes has to be a leader in

pointing out the needs for and benefits from standards. But you have

also heard the benefits which can be derived once the programs begin

to move forward in industry.

So I say to those of you who are on the staff of K-SRI, do not dwell

on what may have sounded to you like negative prospects pertaining to

metrology standards programs . From my own personal observations , I can say that I have been at NBS for 35 years and for 25 years in one

of the top management positions. Seldom a year has gone by within my

memory that there have not been discussions in the Director's office

in which we have asked ourselves why we are not better recognized, or why we don't get money for all our programs. Such self-inspection is

necessary, but it must be placed in proper perspective. Thus,

although conditions are never ideal in any program when we look at

ourselves as organizations, things look pretty good in general. We

all come from organizations which enjoy a large measure of respect.

In summary, therefore, I can say with assurance that K-SRI has a bright future in their great and rapidly industrializing nation. Look

149
forward with confidence. You have an excellent facility and a very

able staff. The future is yours.

150
C.3 CLOSING REMARKS

Mr. Edwin A. Gales

U.S. Agency for International Development

Seoul, Korea

There are advantages and disadvantages of being one of the last

speakers on the agenda. The advantage of the position of the last

speakers is that no one can follow you to contradict or challenge your

statements. The disadvantage is that everyone is a bit tired now, a bit hungry for lunch, and they want the speaker to get on with his

talk. Therefore, I want briefly to add my congratulations to the

Korea Standards Research Institute and its staff for the very obvious

and apparent excellent planning that went into this conference; the

National Bureau of Standards for their strong support; to the IAA and

the Korean Government; and especially to the participants from the

other countries who have shared their experiences, successes, and

problems with us. We have a lot to learn from each other, and I look

upon this conference as not the end of a dialogue, but the beginning

of a dialogue that will lead to future contacts, correspondence, and

mutual support among you, sharpening the tools of metrology and

inproving the products produced by your nations. AID is proud to take

part in this project. Thank you.

151

C.4 CLOSING REMARKS

Dr. A. Ghani

Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Karachi, Pakistan

On behalf of the seminar participants, I have been given the unique

honor and privilege to place on record my sincerest thanks for the

unprecedented hospitality that we are enjoying in this country. I also extend my warm congratulations for the success of this Regional

Seminar to Dr. Zae-Ouan Kim, as Chairman of the Seminar, to the

members of the program committee, to the chairman and the members of

the organizing committee, to the interpreter/rapporteurs of the

various seminar sessions, and all the members of K-SRI who have

contributed directly or indirectly to the success of this seminar.

As a friend, however, I will be failing in my obligations if I hesitate to bring to your notice my suggestions for attaining better

accuracies in the absolute perfection of arrangements for the next

regional seminar toward which you have already started to think. In

this seminar program it was recorded that I would be making one of the

closing statements on behalf of the visitors , whereas you have in

practice given us the status of VIP guests. The program thus conveyed

wrong information, but I believe that sometimes wrong information has

helped in history to achieve great results. The other day Dr. Verma

was asking an American friend why the Russians did not plan to send a man to the moon. He did not know that it was the Russians who leaked

wrong information to the Americans that there were women on the moon.

The people of the Republic of Korea, I believe, must realize that it

is the first developing country in Asia, a genuine LDC by any

standard, that has successfully reached the take-off stage for

industrialization through the system of free enterprise. It is,

therefore, most essential for Korean leaders to show their industrial

and cultural achievements to foreign friends and VIP guests for their

information and education.

In the end, I would specifically like to convey my sincerest thanks,

on behalf of all of us, to Steffen Peiser who has been officially

declared as 50 percent Korean. I am, however, happy that if this

drift in him continues, he may also lose the remaining 50 percent to

Indonesia, India, or Pakistan in the very near future.

Thank you.

153

C.5 CLOSING REMARKS

Dr. Zae-Quan Kim

Korea Standards Research Institute

Dae Jeon, Korea

First of all, I would like to thank you all for having helped us successfully to complete this seminar. Since this is the first

international meeting held at Daeduk Science Town, it means a great

deal to K-SRI and its future. I mentioned this also in my opening

address

.

As you have noticed, the construction is still underway. So it will

be a while before we can function normally with our laboratories fully

established. Under the circumstances, I am afraid that you may have

suffered inconvenience. In spite of any hardship you might have had

on this trip, nothing could have prevented us from having stimulating

discussions since you have brought us your extensive experiences and

stimulating ideas.

I hope that each of you in turn gained, through our presentations and

discussions, many valuable ideas and knowledge from other

participants' experiences and insights. This is a great learning

process for all of us with many practical benefits to take home. I

have already mentioned to most of you informally the possibility of

forming a regional body of metrology, and we have had a brief

discussion on this issue in the final session this morning. I

gathered generally favorable responses. Let us continue the

discussion on this during the remaining time on the industrial tour.

Now, with the momentum we have jointly gathered at this time, our

efforts toward a working national measurement system can really be

facilitated. I can proudly say that the awareness of the importance

of metrology standards you have helped us to promote yesterday will

make our work a lot easier. You have witnessed our Government's

increased support of our efforts, illustrated by our Minister's

remarks.

In any case, whether it be another metrology conference or similar

seminars that we plan to organize at K-SRI in the future, please come

back and join us in continuing the discussions we have started today.

I wish to express a very sincere gratitude to all of you, and

especially to those who sponsored this event with us. Hoping that

this seminar was an equally memorable and worthwhile trip to you, I say thank you and a formal goodbye at this time, although in fact I am

happy to remain with you on your industrial tour starting after an

inspection of our laboratories this afternoon.

155

APPENDIX I

SEMINAR COMMITTEE

Seminar Chairman:

Program Coirmittee:

Organizing Committee:

Chairman:

Members:

Dr. Zae-Quan Kim, President,

Korea Standards Research Institute

(K-SRI)

Dr. Wun Jung, Vice President for

Metrology, K-SRI

Dr. Choonghi Rhee, Head, Temperature

Standards Division, K-SRI

Dr. Nak Sam Chung, Head, Electromagnetic Standards Laboratory, K-SRI

Dr. Chul Koo Kim, Head, Force

Standards Laboratory, K-SRI

Dr. Jae Chang Lee, Head, Office

of Industrial Standards Dissemination, K-SRI

Dr. Jong Chul Park, Head, Thermoelectricity Standards Laboratory,

K-SRI

Mr. Ki Sang Choi, Chief, Office of

International Cooperation, K-SRI

157

APPENDIX II

SEMINAR PROGRAM

Wednesday , September 27

SESSION I

1030 - 1200

Topic: Quantitative Measurement Is the Basis for All Science

and Technology

Chairmen: Dr. N. S. Chung (Korea)

Mr. M. C. Probine (New Zealand)

Rapporteur: Dr. J. C. Lee (Korea)

Quantitative Measurement, the Basis for All Science

and Technology - Mr. H. Steffen Peiser (U.S.A.)

Importance of National Capability in Metrology for

Industrial Development—the Indian Experience - Dr. A. R. Verma (India)

Quantitative Measurement as a Basic Framework of

Science and Technology - Dr. Seiji Takata (Japan)

The Need for Quantitative Measurement in Hong Kong - Mr. Hung-kwan Lam (Hong Kong)

1200 - 1300 Luncheon

SESSION II

1330 - 1510

Topic: A National Capability in Metrology Is Essential to

Industrial Development

Chairmen: Dr. C. Rhee (Korea)

Dr. A. R. Verma (India)

Rapporteur: Dr. C. K. Kim (Korea)

National Measurement Capabilities for Industrial

Development in Korea - Dr. J. W. Choi (Korea)

159
Development of Metrology Capability in Step with

Industry Needs—A New Zealand Experience - Dr. M. C. Probine (New Zealand)

Implementing Metrology for Developing Industrialization - Mr. Herudi Kartowisastro (Indonesia)

Assessment of the Requirements of Industries/

Institutions for Services in the Field of Standards -

Dr. A. Ghani (Pakistan)

The Importance of Metrology to Industrial Development

Mr. Mohd. Zin b. Hashim (Malaysia)

1510 - 1520 Coffee Break

SESSION III

1520 - 1700

Topic: Measurement Is Needed to Select Raw Materials, Control

Production and Assure Quality of Products

Chairmen: Dr. J. C. Park (Korea)

Dr. S. Takata (Japan)

Rapporteur: Dr. J. C. Lee (Korea)

NML and the Australian Manufacturing Industry - Dr. W. R. Blevin (Australia)

Status of Measurement Standards in Korea - Dr. Wun Jung (Korea)

But Is Industry Aware of Its Dependence on Metrology? - Mr. H. L. K. Goonetilleke (Sri Lanka)

The National Metrology and Calibration Service for

Industry - Dr. Charoen Vashrangsi (Thailand)

1700 - 1800 Reception

(Hosted by Dr. J. W. Choi/ IAA Administrator, Ministry

of Commerce and Industry)

160
Thursday, September 28

CONCLUDING SESSION

Chairmen; Dr. Wun Jung (Korea)

Mr. H. Steffen Peiser (U.S.A.)

0900 - 1000 Discussion of Session I Are We Aware of the Need for Metrology?

Leader: Dr. Charoen Vashrangsi (Thailand)

Rapporteurs: Dr. N. S. Chung (Korea)

Mr. H. Steffen Peiser (U.S.A.)

1000 - 1100 Discussion of Session II

But Is Industry Aware of Its Dependence on Metrology?

Leader: Dr. M. C. Probine (New Zealand)

Rapporteurs: Dr. C. Rhee (Korea)

Dr. C. K. Kim (Korea)

1100 - 1200 Discussion of Session III

Who Is Aware That a National Capability in Metrology

Is Essential to Industrial Development?

Leader: Dr. W. R. Blevin (Australia)

Rapporteurs: Dr. J. C. Park (Korea)

Mr. R. S. Walleigh (U.S.A.)

1200 - 1230 Brief Closing Statements

Dr. Jong Wan Choi (Industrial Advancement Administration)

Mr. R. S. Walleigh (National Bureau of Standards)

Mr. E. Gales (Agency for International Development)

Dr. A. Ghani (Visitors)

Dr. Z. Q. Kim (Korea Standards Research Institute)

Rapporteur: Dr. J. C. Lee (Korea)

INDUSTRIAL TOUR

Thursday, September 28

Night Kyungju City

161
Friday/ September 29

Visit Hyundai Shipbuilding and Motor Companies

Night Pusan

Saturday f September 30

Visit . Pusan Machinery Technical Institute

Visit Changwon Industrial Complex

Night Seoul

Sunday/ October 1

Departure from Seoul

162
APPENDIX III

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

A. Participants from Abroad

W. R. Blevin (Dr.)

Reinhart Czetto ( Dr . -Ing .

Edwin A. Gales

A. Ghani (Dr.)

H. L. K. Goonetilleke

Mohd. Zin b. Hashim

Herudi Kartowisastro

Paul M. Kuhns

H. Kunzmann (Dr. -Ing.)

Hung-kwan Lam

Joseph Larkins

H. L. Maggs

Hyrossi Okuno

William E. Paupe

Chief Research Scientist, National

Measurement Laboratory, Australia

Institut fur Poduktionstechnik und

Automatisierung (Institute for Production Technology and Automation) , West

Germany

Chief, Office of Development Loans,

USAID/Korea

Chairman, Pakistan Council of

Scientific and Industrial Research,

Pakistan

Deputy Warden of Standards, Price

Control Department, Weights and

Measures Division, Sri Lanka

Standards and Industrial Research

Institute, Malaysia

Director, National Institute for

Instrumentation, Indonesian Institute

of Sciences, Indonesia

Program Development Manager, Hughes

Aircraft Company, U.S.A.

Director and Professor, PhysikalischTechnische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , West

Germany

Scientific Officer, Royal Observatory,

Hong Kong

H.Q. Joint U.S. Military Assistance

Group-Korea, Gary Hodge, 8th Army

Resident Representative UNDP/Korea

Asia Parliamentary Council

Representative USAID/Korea

163
H. Steffen Peiser

M. C. Probine (Dr.)

Antonio L. Ramirez

Segundo V. Roxas

Y. Sakurai (Dr.)

Seiji Takata (Dr.)

Charoen Vashrangsi (Dr.)

A. R. Verma

Robert S. Walleigh

Erlinda Wight

Leon Wight

Chief, Office of International

Relations, National Bureau of

Standards, U.S.A.

Assistant Director-General, Department of Scientific and Industrial

Research, Physics and Engineering

Laboratory, New Zealand

Consul General, Republic of the

Philippines, Seoul, Korea

Deputy Minister, National Science

Development Board, Philippines

Director, National Research Laboratory

of Metrology, Japan

Chief, 2nd Division of National Research

Laboratory of Metrology, Japan

Director, Physics and Engineering

Division, Department of Science,

Ministry of Industry, Thailand

Director, National Physical Laboratory,

India

Senior Adviser for Office of International Affairs, National Bureau of

Standards, U.S.A.

K-SRI

Controller, USAID/Korea

B. Participants from Other Korean Organizations

Jong-Wan Choi (Dr.)

Kwang-Duk Lee

Hong-Ki Bai

Soon-Woo Hong

Sang-Ho Doh (Lt. Col.)

Administrator, Industrial Advancement

Administration (IAA)

Deputy Administrator, IAA

Chief of Weights and Measures Division,

IAA

Information and Cultural Agency,

American Embassy in Korea

Ministry of National Defense

164
Jong-Moo Byeon (Lt. Col.)

Eui-Suh Lee (Lt. Col.)

Soo-Yong Lee (Lt. Col.)

Duk-Kyu Yun

Byung-Chil Lee

Yu-Suk Jun

Wun-Tai Kim (Lt. Col.)

Chang-Won Lee (Capt.

)

Jung-Seok Won

Jae-Yeon Kim

Bo-Hyun Park

Baik-Soo Kim

Young-Yeon Choi

Young-Woong Kang

Sang-Koo Chang

Young-Zae Park

Chul Lee (Dr.)

Won-Koo Park (Dr.)

In-Seol Suh

Sun-Hui Cho (Dr.)

Jong-Chul Cho

Ministry of National Defense

Headquarters, Republic of Korea (ROK)

Navy

Bureau of Logistics, Ministry of

National Defense

Director, National Industrial Research

Institute

Vice President, Industrial Site

Development Corporation (ICDC)

Director for Development, ICDC

ROK Navy Calibration Center

ROK Navy Calibration Center

Jeon-Nam Provincial Industrial Products

Testing Center

Vice Governor of Choong Chung Nam Do

Head, Chung-Nam Provincial Industrial

Products Testing Center

Head, Jeon-Buk Provincial Industrial

Products Testing Center

Head, Chung-Buk Provincial Industrial

Products Testing Center

Fine Instrument Center

Bureau of Atomic Energy, Ministry of

Science and Technology

Korea Institute of Energy Conservation

Korea Nuclear Fuel Development Institute

Korea Nuclear Fuel Development Institute

Korea Nuclear Fuel Development Institute

Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals

Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals

165
Dai-Kyu Choi

Keuk-Chun Kim (Dr.)

Tai-Sub Kim

Chi-Rang Choi

Young-Sub Yun

Chwa-Kyung Sung (Dr.)

Jong-Ok Lee

Sik-Moon Bahn

Jong-Hwan Kim

Jong-Ho Kim

Do-Soon Park

Haeng-Nam Baik

Su-Bong Lee

Roh-Hak Park

Jung-Dai Kim

Ryong Choi

Sung-Soo Choi

Gap-Soo Noh

Tai-Chun Kim

Bae-Duk Yang

Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals

President, Korea Research Institute of

Shipbuilding

Vice President, Korea Research Institute

of Shipbuilding

Korea Research Institute of Shipbuilding

Korea Research Institute of Shipbuilding

President, Korea Research Institute of

Chemical Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Korea Research Institute of Chemical

Technology

Ssang-Yong Central Research Institute

Ssang-Yong Central Research Institute

Ssang-Yong Central Research Institute

Ssang-Yong Central Research Institute

Ssang-Yong Central Research Institute

Agency for Defense Development

166
Yang-Bok Chai (Dr.) Korea Institute of Science and

Technology

Woong-Ki Kang (Dr.) President, Korea Research Institute of

Energy Conservation

Hyun-Duk Lee (Dr.) Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute

Sung-Jae You (Dr.) Korean Scientific and Technical

Information Center

Soon-Dai Choi (Dr.) President

,

Institute

Gold Star Central Research

Soo—Young Kim (Dr .

)

President

,

Korean Institute of Metals

Dong-Hoon Kim (Dr.

)

Korean Institute of Metals

Myong—Won Suhr (Dr .

)

President, Chung-Nam University

Ki-Suk Maeng Professor, Chung-Nam University

Hee-Pill Oh (Dr.) Professor

,

Chung-Nam University

Kwang-Hyun Chun Professor, Chung-Nam University

O-Yong Kvron Professor, Chung-Nam University

Hwa-Joong Yun Professor, Chung-Nam University

Shin-Suk Choi Professor

,

Chung-Nam University

Suk Namgung Professor

,

Chung-Nam University

Bong-Sik Hong Professor

,

Chung-Nam University

Joo-Ho Song Professor

,

Chung-Nam University

Dong-Chul Choi Professor

,

Inha University

Dai-Sik Kim Professor

,

Chung-Buk University

Dae-Hee Lee President, Committee of Atomic Industry

Ik-Soo Park Vice President, Committee of Atomic

Industry

Baik-Reung Sung Professor, Seoul National University

Sung-Ho Cho Professor, Korea University

167
Byung-Ha Cho

Do-Sun Bae

Hak-Jae Jun

Joo-Chun Lee

Duk-Yong Yun

Nak-Yong Chang

Kyu-Sung Yeon

Jung-Sung Kim

Joon-Mo Yun

Young-Jeen Lee

Yong-Jeen Park

Yong-Chul Park

Yong-Pyo Hong

Jong-Jin Shim

Ki-Young Lee

Hwan Huhr

Jong-Soo Kim

Dong-Chul Park

Professor, Korean Advanced Institute

of Science

Professor, Korean Advanced Institute

of Science

Professor, Korean Advanced Institute

of Science

Professor, Korean Advanced Institute

of Science

Professor, Korean Advanced Institute

of Science

Hyun Dai Motor Co., Ltd.

Hyun Dai Shipbuilding & Heavy Industries

Co. , Ltd.

President, Bank of Cung-Cheong

Korea Motor Industry Cooperative

Association

KIA Industrial Co., Ltd.

Kuk Je Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd.

Kori Atomic Power Station

Kori Atomic Power Station

Kori Atomic Power Station

Kori Atomic Power Station

Sae Han Motor Co., Ltd., Q. C.

Division

Gold Star Fine Industrial Co., Ltd.

Gold Star Fine Industrial Co. , Ltd.

C. Participants from the Korea Standards Research Institute

Zae-Quan Kim (Dr.) President

Yong-Suk Han (Dr.) Standing Auditor

168
Wun Jung (Dr.)

Jung-Sub Toh

Choonghi Rhee (Dr.)

Nak-Sam Chung (Dr .

)

Jae-Chang Lee (Dr.)

Chul-Koo Kim (Dr.)

Jong-Chul Park (Dr.)

Ki-Sang Choi

Tong-Kun Lim (Dr.)

Kwang-Wbo Lee (Dr.)

Ki-Choong Kim

Kyun Nahm (Dr.)

Jae-Hong Doh

Han-Il Yoo

Yong-Myung Cho

Hyun-Kyoo Shin

Hyun-Joong Kim

Dae-Won Moon

Sung-Chul Shin

Vice President for Metrology

Vice President for Administration

Head, Temperature Standards Laboratory

Head, Electromagnetics Standards

Laboratory

Head, Office of Industrial Standards

Dissemination

Head, Force Standards LaboratoryHead, Thermoelectricity Standards

Laboratory

Chief, Office of International

Cooperation

Head, Optical Standards Laboratory

Head, Chemical Analysis Laboratory

Head, Pressure Standards Laboratory

Head, Direct Current Standards

Laboratory

Head, Alternating Current Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Pyrometry Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Direct Current

Standards Laboratory

Research Scientist, Force Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Temperature Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Chemical Analysis

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Direct Current

Standards Laboratory

169
Sang-Joon Suh

Seung-Han Lee

Ho-Keun Lee

Hae-Yang Chung

Kwan-Yong Choi

Jin-Yeol Do

Jae-Gui Koh

Jin-Ok Kim

Soo-Wan Lee

Research Scientist, Acoustics Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Chemical Analysis

Standards Laboratory

Research Scientist, Thermoelectricity

Standards Laboratory

Research Scientist, Optical Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Chemical Analysis

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Mass Standards

Laboratory

Research Scientist, Electromagnetics

Standards Laboratory

Research Scientist, Time and Frequency

Standards Laboratory

Research Scientist, Length Standards

Laboratory

170
NBS-114A (REv. s-78)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP 539

2. Gov't Accession No. 3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Metrology in Industry and Government:

How to Find Out Who Needs What Services

Proceedings of a Regional Seminar held at the Korea

Standards Research Institute, Dae Jeon, Korea

5. Publication Date April 1979

ft. v. P*>rfnrmino r flroani ? at i An Cr\r\a BIlvllllHIg \Jl gain Ca \

\

UOUc

. AUTHOR(S) ^ Steffen Peiser, Raymond C. Sangster, and

Wun Jung

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

10, Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, state, ZIP) Korea Standards Research U.S„ Agency for International

Institute Development

Dae Jeon, Korea Washington, DC 20523

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-600040

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200~word or lesa factual summary of most si ghi ficant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.) A regional seminar sponsored by the Korea Standards Research Institute, the

National Bureau of Standards, and the U.S. Agency for International Development

was held at the new K-SRI Laboratories at Daeduk near Dae Jeon in the Republic

of Korea on September 27-28, 1978. The participants representing most of the

countries in the South Asian and Western Pacific Region discussed the importance

of providing services in measurement science and technology (metrology) to governmental and industrial organizations in the region. The consensus was that a need

for a central national capability in metrology existed in countries at all levels

of development, and that that central organization could be a focal point for

intra- and international cooperation, which alone could lead to compatibility of

measurements, a prerequisite for quality control for all kinds of products in

domestic and international markets. Australia and New Zealand had established

a group of accredited test laboratories to disseminate the accuracies inherent

in the national measurement system. Industry was increasingly aware that metrology

was essential to development, but the specific needs at appropriate accuracies

needed to be established by surveys. The Korean Government strongly supported

the establishment of metrological services as is well illustrated by the new

K-SRI laboratories.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter ot the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons) Developing countries; industrializing countries; Korea; measurements; metrology;

physical standards; seminar; Soutn Asia.

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