CRUISE REPORT FOR O1-99-SC

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS PROJECT

By William R. Normark, Jane A. Reid, Ray W. Sliter, David Holton,

Christina E. Gutmacher, Michael A. Fisher, and Jonathan R. Childs

Open-File Report # OF 99-560

1999

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological

Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade,

product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by

the U.S. Government

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Menlo Park, California
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INTRODUCTION

Project objectives

The focus of the Southern California Earthquake Hazards project is to identify the

landslide and earthquake hazards and related ground-deformation processes

occurring in the offshore areas that have significant potential to impact the inhabitants

of the Southern California coastal region. The project activity is supported through the

Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the Geologic Division of the U. S. Geological

Survey (USGS) and is a component of the Geologic Division’s Science Strategy

under Goal 1 --- Conduct Geologic Hazard Assessments for Mitigation Planning

(Bohlen et al., 1998). The project research is specifically stated under Activity 1.1.2 of

the Science Strategy: Earthquake Hazard Assessments and Loss Reduction Products

in Urban Regions. This activity involves “......research, seismic and geodetic

monitoring, field studies, geologic mapping, and analyses needed to provide seismic

hazard assessments of major urban centers in earthquake-prone regions including

adjoining coastal and offshore areas.” The southern California urban areas, which

form the most populated urban corridor along the U.S. Pacific margin, are among a

few specifically designated for special emphasis under the Division’s science strategy

(Bohlen et al., 1998).

The primary objective of the project is to help mitigate the earthquake hazards for

the Southern California region by improving our understanding of how deformation is

distributed (spatially and temporally) in the offshore with respect to the onshore region.

To meet this objective, we are conducting field investigations to observe the

distribution, character, and relative intensity of active (i.e., primarily Holocene)

deformation within the basins and along the shelf adjacent to the most highly

populated areas (Fig. 1). In addition, acoustic imaging should help determine the

subsurface dimensions of the faults and identify the size and frequency of submarine

landslides, both of which are necessary for evaluating the potential for generating
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destructive tsunamis in the southern California offshore. In order to evaluate the strain

associated with the offshore structures, the initial results from the field mapping under

this project will be used to identify possible sites for deployment of acoustic geodetic

instruments to monitor strain in the offshore region. A major goal of mapping under this

project is to provide detailed geologic and geophysical information in GIS data bases

that build on the earlier studies and use the new data to precisely locate active faults

and to map recent submarine landslide deposits.

Study area

The priorities for the field-mapping program under this hazards project are keyed to

those areas with the greatest potential for impact on the Southern California populace:

1) the coastal strip (coastal zone and continental shelf) between Los Angeles and San

Diego, where much of the hazard appears to be associated with strike-slip or obliqueslip faults; 2) active faults within the Santa Monica, San Pedro, and San Diego Trough

basins, where more extensive sedimentation has left a greater stratigraphic record; 3)

the offshore extension into the Santa Barbara Basin of the fold and thrust belt of the

adjacent Western Transverse Range; 4) the boundary (Channel Islands region)

between the inner California Borderland (strike-slip dominated deformation) and the

Santa Barbara Channel (thrust and fold deformation). Figure 2 shows a generalized

depiction of faults in the southern California region (adapted from Vedder et al., 1986

and Clarke et al., 1987). Further interpretation of the key structures of the inner

California borderland are available from site-specific studies and regional tectonic

syntheses (e.g., see Clarke et al., 1985; Ziony and Yerkes; 1985; Vedder et al., 1986;

Vedder, 1987; Wallace, 1990; Legg, 1991; Crouch and Suppe; 1993, Klitgord and

Brocher; 1996, Clarke and Kennedy, 1997; Dolan et al., 1997; Pinter et al., 1998;

Bohannon and Geist, 1998; and Normark and Piper, 1998).
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Cruise O1-99-SC, the subject of this report, focused on the central and

southeastern part of priority areas 1 and 2 noted above (Figs. 1, 3 and 4). The planned

tracklines for the O1-99-SC survey were intended to both fill in gaps resulting from

equipment problems during cruise A1-98-SC (Normark et al., 1999) and to extend the

scope of the field work to the San Diego area (Fig. 3B). Tracklines were plotted at a 2-

km spacing aligned perpendicular to the shelf break and basin slope and on an

conjugate set aligned to intercept major structural features that are oblique to the trend

of the basin slope and shelf edge. The total trackline distance shown in the

southeastern half of Figure 3B greatly exceeded the allowable survey time during O1-

99-SC. The distribution of survey time within areas 1 and 2 as noted above was

intended to complete at least one of the conjugate set of the trackline grid at twokilometer spacings for areas that have multibeam bathymetric data. This was

accomplished for the southeastern part of Santa Monica Bay and for the area

southeast of Palos Verdes Peninsula (Fig. 4). A smaller area of the shelf and upper

slope west of San Diego, where a high-resolution multibeam image is available, was

also mapped in parts at a two-kilometer spacing. Between the San Pedro shelf and the

San Diego area, the survey was conducted on a reconnaissance basis with fourkilometer spacing between planned survey lines using one grid orientation only (Fig.

4).

OPERATIONS

This section gives an overview of the vessel, equipment, personnel, and key

operational events during the cruise. Many of the operational details of this cruise, as

well as digital navigation and bathymetry files, are publically available with

accompanying metadata through the USGS Western Region Coastal and Marine

Geology (WRCMG) web site at:

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov
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Research platform

The FY 1999 field program was conducted using a leased vessel, the 160-ft-long

M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC, owned and operated by F/V North Wind, Inc. The M/V OCEAN

OLYMPIC, which was initially designed as an offshore oilfield supply vessel, is

currently outfitted as an Alaskan crab-fishing boat; prior to the cruise described herein,

the vessel had not been used for geophysical surveying. There are no laboratory

compartments on the M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC, but the large open fantail area is

amenable to installation of standard container vans, each of which was outfitted for

specific scientific function (Fig. 5). The M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC was staffed with a

ship's crew of six, who provided diligent support to the project activity throughout the

field operation.

For the cruise O1-99-SC, three of the four scientific vans installed on the M/V

OCEAN OLYMPIC were the mainstay of the project survey activities: (1) an electronics

lab/underway-watch van for operating the navigation system and primary geophysical

instruments, (2) a mechanical shop used for maintaining the air compressor for the

seismic-reflection sound source and the winches and davits used for launch and

recovery of both the Huntec deep-towed boomer as well as the streamer and sound

source for the high-resolution reflection profiling system; and (3) an office van that was

also outfitted to provide a laboratory for sampling interstitial fluids from sediment cores.

Figure 5C shows the layout of equipment on the vessel. The science vans and all

associated deck equipment, including winches, davits, high-pressure air compressors,

etc., were loaded during a three-day mobilization period at Redwood City, CA.

Scientific Party

The scientific party for O1-99-SC included four personnel from the southern

California earthquake hazards project of WRCMG and four technical-support

personnel from the WRCMG Marine Facilities staff (Table 1). In addition, there were
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four contract personnel, one to oversee operation of the deep-tow boomer and three to

provide two-person daylight watch for marine mammals.

General Operations

The geophysical survey took place 6 to 17 June, 1999, with the ship departing from the

port of Redwood City on 4 June 1999 (Table 2). During the 36-hour transit to the work area,

final installation and testing of geophysical systems allowed the survey to begin on schedule.

The general plan for survey lines during the cruise(Fig. 3B) and the final survey tracklines

(Fig. 4) differ considerably. There was little loss of survey time as a result of equipment

failure. Instead, the major impact on field operations was that the gas-injector (GI)-gun sound

source for the multichannel seismic (MCS)-reflection system could only be used during

daylight periods, when the contract marine-mammal observers were confidently able to

determine whether whales came within 250 m of the vessel. Table 2 shows the milestones for

the main operational activities and primarily shows those events that affected the collection of

data; the table includes annotations for equipment failures and maintenance periods,

changes between day and night operations, and interruptions in the collection of MCSreflection data as a result of encounters with marine mammals.

Restrictions on use of the airgun sound source

During the previous year’s survey, which used the same seismic-reflection systems

offshore of Los Angeles, the project contracted with Cascadia Research Collective to provide

two personnel for continuous (24 hr/day) observation and recording of marine mammal

sightings (Normark et al., 1999). In addition, the USGS voluntarily adhered to operational

restrictions required by provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act. This meant that the

multichannel sound sources (40 in3 air gun or 35 in3 GI gun at different times during the

cruise) would be shut down whenever marine mammals were observed within specified

distances. The protocols for shut down of the sound sources were established prior to sailing,
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and the decision to shut down was vested solely with the marine-mammal observers and was

not subject to veto by the chief scientist. Shutdown was required when baleen whales

approached within 250 m of the sound source and when odontocetes (e.g., dolphins) or

pinnipeds (e.g., seals) came within 100 m. The protocol area was not a simple radius from

the sound sources but an egg-shaped area that extended forward of and along the sides of

the vessel by the stated protocol range. Sea lions, dolphins, and whales were observed

numerous times during the survey, requiring shutdowns as frequently as several times a day.

Most shutdowns were on the order of 2 to 8 minutes in length and tended to occur in the

same general areas on each transit, e.g., dolphins feeding in waters above the upper slope,

so it was not practical to retrace any trackline to acquire missing data. The report of the

marine mammal observers for the 1998 operation is included as an appendix in Normark et

al. (1999).

For the 1999 field operation, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which is the

agency empowered to enforce the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), required that the

U.S. Geological Survey apply for an Incidental Harassment Authorization (IHA). The IHA

request process takes nominally takes 120 days and the request was submitted to NMFS in

mid-January 1999. One part of the IHA process requires NMFS to make the application

available for public comment, which is done through notification in the Federal Register.

Following the publishing of the IHA request in the Federal Register, the California Coastal

Commission (CCC) used authorization granted by provisions of the Coastal Zone

Management Act to require the USGS to submit a Consistency Determination, which

documents that a federal activity (in this case the geophysical survey) will be conducted in a

manner consistent with the state’s coastal-zone management program. The process of

application to the CCC included discussion and review at a monthly meeting of the CCC, and

for this cruise activity, the hearing was in May. The original request for a ‘consistency
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determination’ was denied as a result of action at the hearing, and the CCC requested that

the USGS resubmit its request but with additional conditions, this time requesting a ‘negative

determination’ (i.e. a finding that the proposed activity would have no effect on coastal-zone

resources). The USGS complied and received verbal approval prior to the cruise. The most

significant condition required by the CCC was that air-gun operations not be conducted

during darkness.

After responding to questions from other parties (in addition to the CCC) raised as a result

of the public comment period, there were followup discussions between the USGS and

NMFS, and the USGS received the IHA on 3 June 1999. The IHA incorporated the conditions

from the CCC and specified, among other restrictions, that:

(1) the USGS would have a minimum of three properly trained mammal observers

approved in advance by NMFS to allow two observers on duty during daylight hours;

(2) the observers would record the effects of “seismic surveys and the resulting noise on

marine mammals” and that monitoring would occur at all times the system was operating;

(3) the protocol for shut down of the sound source would be 100 m for dolphins, seals,

and sea lions and 250 m for whales;

(4) the USGS would “not conduct seismic surveys with the GI-gun sound source at night

when visibility limits marine mammal detection within the designated safety zone”; and

(5) the results of the monitoring will be reported to NMFS within 120 days from the end of

the geophysical survey (a draft report is required within 90 days). The daily operational

scheme throughout the survey, therefore, was to conduct multichannel seismic work between

about 0530 (just before sunrise) and 2015 (just after sunset) each day. The MCS gear was

recovered while the vessel departed the survey line to conduct Huntec surveys in deep water

where the tow vehicle would remain at a depth that exceeded the protocol range at the sea
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surface for dolphins and seals. Every morning, the vessel would have to rejoin the

multichannel transects to pick up where MCS operation had left off the previous evening.

At the beginning of the field program, the marine-mammal observers provided a written

protocol for the geophysical watchstanders with respect to meeting the conditions of the IHA.

This marine-mammal protocol stated that: (1) the watchstander in the electronics lab will

“contact .... mammal team to check if [the] area is clear of animals before ” commencing use

with the GI gun (both in the morning during system startup and after any shutdown caused by

mammal sightings or equipment problems; (2) the “mammal team” will contact the

watchstanders in the electronic van “when light conditions are too poor to detect animals

within the shutdown zone.” All communication between the mammal team and the

geophysical watchstanders was by radio using the same channel that was used for

communication with the ship’s bridge watch. Thus, all personnel on watch were aware of any

communications affecting either the vessel or scientific operations regardless of which work

area was initiating the transmission.

The written protocol also requested that the watchstanders were to shut down the GI gun

and immediately contact the mammal team “if animals are seen off the stern, clearly within

[the] shut down area and haven’t been detected by [the] mammal team.”

All conditions stated in the protocol were followed throughout the cruise.

The program cost for meeting the requirements of the IHA are two fold. First, the number of

pay periods of CMG personnel involved in the permitting process, which lasted from midDecember to early June, is equal to the number of pay periods for the 8-member CMG

scientific staff during the transit and 12 days of survey. The salary cost for the staff involved in

the permitting process is estimated at $32,000. Second, loss of multichannel seismicreflection data collection during the night amounts to 38% of the total ship days contracted;
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for this year’s 12-day survey, this amounts to more than $30,000 of ship rental costs in lost

survey time.

Another restriction on the survey resulted from the authority of the California State Lands

Commission (SLC). The SLC has regulatory authority over waters within three miles of the

coast. At the present time, the SLC bans all air-gun seismic sound sources regardless of size

and regardless of the intended use, e.g., scientific research to define earthquake hazards

cannot obtain an exemption to the ban. As a result, the survey with the GI gun could not

extend within three miles of the coast. The SLC does not have restrictions on non-airgun

sources such as the Huntec boomer system, but the geophysical survey lines were

terminated at the 3-mile limit because Huntec boomer data by itself is not sufficient for

mapping the fault systems in this area.

Information on equipment shutdowns for both the Huntec and MCS equipment, caused

either by mammal sightings, change of equipment, travel inside the 3 mile limit for the MCS,

or port visits is given in Table 2. Except for the timing of the shutdowns, Table 2 does not log

the activities of the marine-mammal observers from Cascadia Research Collective. Appendix

1 is the report provided by the Cascadia Research Collective detailing the recordings of the

marine-mammal observers as required by the IHA.

Equipment Review

A brief description of and operational parameters for the primary survey equipment

used during the cruise are given below. See also the web site referred to above.

Shipboard positioning system

Position data was collected with the USGS-designed YoNav Navigation system,

which can accept a wide range of input data including Global Positioning System

(GPS), LORAN C (either hyperbolic or rho-rho), transit satellites, and microwave
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frequency, shore-based, transponder systems. The YoNav system is a PC-based

data-acquisition and display program written in Microsoft C/C++ designed to provide

navigation services on almost any DOS platform (Gann, 1992). The YoNav system

incorporates line-generating tools, layers of geographical information (including

trackline template and nautical chart data, e.g., major shipping lanes), and streaming

GPS navigation data in order to display in real time the ship’s position relative to the

selected survey line. A YoNav dedicated PC was installed on the bridge for use by the

captain and mates of the OCEAN OLYMPIC, who quickly adapted to the position

display and were able to keep the ship within the defined line parameters for most of

the survey. On this cruise, the YoNav system was configured to show one or more of

several reference-data layers including bathymetric contours, shaded-relief images

from multibeam-sounding data, tracklines of previous surveys, and compilations of

seafloor structural features.

The YoNav system worked well, using GPS input to provide position data every six

seconds for 24 hrs/day. The preferred mode of operation was differential GPS, and

there were minimal problems with the shore-based reference stations during the

survey. Most of the periods without differential GPS were limited to a few minutes or

tens of minutes. The logged intervals of degraded positional control generally indicate

periods when there were sporadic position determinations that could be in error by as

much as 10,000 km, suggesting both bad data input and failure of YoNav to filter out

bad data. Other positioning problems appeared to be internal to YoNav and are

observable only at display scales around 10 m/cm.

The navigation file can be obtained at the web site noted earlier.
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Huntec

A high-resolution Huntec Deep Tow System (DTS) boomer platform towed

between 6 m and 160 m below the sea surface (depending upon the water depth) was

used to image the upper few tens of milliseconds of strata with a resolution of better

than 0.5 ms (< 0.4 m at water velocity). Power output was 350 Joules, with a firing rate

that was also dependent on water depth, ranging from 0.5 sec over the shelf and

upper basin slopes to 1.25 sec over the deeper parts of the basins. The acoustic

source spectra is from 0.5 to 8 kHz, peaking between 1.5 and 5 kHz. Returning signals

were received primarily with a 7.6 m (25 ft) long Geoforce GF25/25P streamer, which is

a 25-element hydrophone array that can be configured as a single channel, 25

element array or as a two-channel 15/10 element array. A backup 5-m-long Benthos

10-element array, which was the only receiver used in 1998, was also towed

throughout the entire survey. Signals were filtered at 700-8000 Hz and recorded at a

0.25 sec sweep. The data from the Geoforce array was recorded on paper using an

EPC recorder; data from both hydrophone arrays were recorded on magneto-optical

discs. The average survey speed of about 4 kt (7.4 km/hr) resulted in a shot spacing

between 1.5 and 2.5 m for the deep-tow boomer profiles.

The Huntec DTS operated throughout the cruise with the exception of three

shutdowns: two for inspection of the towed hydrophone arrays and an unintended

shutdown of the trigger pulse (Table 2). The Huntec was also off briefly during the

sound-source-measurement experiment during the 17th of June (JD 168; Table 2).

During the early part of the cruise, when the survey was conducted in the area of

the 1998 operation (Fig. 1 and Normark et al., 1999), the data quality provided by the

Huntec system appeared comparable to the previous year’s results. During the latter

part of the 1999 cruise, however, the Huntec system was not providing similar quality

data in deeper water areas (generally in water deeper than about 400 m). In particular,

the signal-to-noise ratio periodically made it difficult to track the sea floor in the deeper
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water areas (600 to 1100 m). During partial disassembly of the tow vehicle during

preparations to ship the system from San Diego, water was observed in a protective

bladder on the back side of the boomer plates that might account for the degradation

in record quality.

About 2300 km of Huntec survey data were obtained during the cruise.

Multichannel seismic-reflection system

The primary sound source for the multi-channel seismic-reflection profiling activity

during the cruise was a 35/35 in3 double-chamber GI gun firing every 12 seconds at a

pressure of about 3000 psi. A Sureshot system was used to fire the gun in "harmonic

mode" wherein the second chamber is delayed relative to the initial trigger pulse in

order to achieve the cleanest signal by minimizing the bubble pulse. The most

efficient settings for the Sureshot control are given in Normark et al. (1999). The GI

gun was towed 12 meters behind the vessel and suspended from a float to maintain a

depth of about 1 meter. There was only one failure of the GI gun during the cruise

resulting in a loss of about 2.5 hours of MCS data (Table 2). The failure appeared to

result from wear on one or more of the O-ring seals in the gun.

The primary streamer for the MCS operation was a 24-channel ITI streamer with

10-m-long groups and 3 phones per group. Table 2 reviews the operational periods

for the equipment.

Data were collected using a STRATAVIEW digital recording system and a

Geometrics marine controller. Shots were triggered by the YoNav system. Data were

recorded in SEGD format on 2-GB DAT tapes using a 1 msec sample rate and a three

second record length. A 60-Hz notch filter was used; otherwise all frequency bands

were passed. A total of approximately 1250 km 250 hour of data were collected with

the MCS system. Table 3 gives the start and end times for all multichannel survey

lines.
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Bathymetric profiling system

A towed 12-kHz echo-sounding system was installed on the M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC

to provide a continuous water-depth profile. The same davit and winch used for the 12-

kHz towfish could be used to tow a 3.5 kHz chirp-source system as a backup highresolution seismic-reflection system should the Huntec system fail. During transects

across the basin slopes, when the water depth would change rapidly, the Huntec

recording system requires frequent manual time-delay (scale) changes by the

watchstander. An independent measure of the water depth is desirable to avoid using

the Huntec to test seafloor physical properties. The ODEC (Ocean Data Equipment

Corporation) recording system using the 12-kHz transducer performed with no

interruptions in data collection except a routine inspection of the tow vehicle (Table 2).

An additional advantage in obtaining the 12-kHz data was that the ODEC operating

system utilizes a tracking gate to provide continuous depth information. The depth data

were recorded in YoNav. Regular monitoring of the 12-kHz display monitor suggests

that there were few problems with the digital depth data.

A summary of the locations of cruise information is given in Table 4.

OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC-REFLECTION DATA

This section briefly reviews the quality of the Huntec data and provides examples of

how the data can be used to develop relative ages of stratigraphic sequences in the

upper 50 m of slope/basin sediment. The selected examples illustrate (1) Huntec data

on survey lines adjacent to profiles obtained in 1998 and 1999 (this cruise) and (2) the

benefit of utilizing both Huntec and multichannel seismic-reflection profiles to interpret

structural features. Figure 6 shows location of the profile segments selected for Figures

7, 8, 9, and 10.
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Both Huntec streamers (10 element and 25 element) were deployed continuously

during the surveying this year, and the system operated with only two breaks to bring

the tow vehicle to the sea surface to see whether the streamers were towing properly

or were tangled. The data obtained will be used to evaluate the new Geoforce

streamer with respect to the potential for improved data quality, e.g., signal to noise

ratio. Figure 7A and B compares data obtained this year from both streamers along a

transect in relatively deep water that crosses the sloping toe of La Jolla fan where it

merges with the nearly flat-lying sediment fill of San Diego Trough. In this case, the

Geoforce streamer (Fig. 7A) clearly provides a better record of subbottom reflectors

than the streamer used last year (Fig. 7B). Acoustic penetration is quite limited (<20

m), however, even with the new streamer.

During the last few days of surveying, which included the interval when the profiles of

La Jolla fan (Fig. 7A and B) were obtained, the Huntec data quality was generally poor

in mid- to deep-water areas (500 m to 1100 m depth). The problem of degraded record

quality with increasing water depth had not been observed during the cruise in 1998.

Qualitative comparison of data between different cruises is subjective at best, especially

when the data are not obtained over the same section of sea floor. Figure 7C shows a

Huntec profile across the lower Dume fan in Santa Monica Basin that was obtained in

1998 using the same Benthos 10-element streamer that was used as a backup for this

year. This example is selected because the water depth and sea floor morphology are

very close to that of the La Jolla fan examples, and the profiles from both fans show a

transition from a relatively steep, sandy submarine lower fan onto a basin floor underlain

by essentially ponded turbidites (Piper, 1970; Piper et al., 1999). This comparison

suggests that the Huntec system this year was not operating as effectively as it had in

1998 even with the newer streamer.

Figures 8A and 8B compare Huntec profiles obtained in 1998 and 1999 from the mid

slope south of the Long Beach shelf (Fig. 6). The profile examples are parallel and
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separated by 2 km in Figure 8A; there is a course change at the east end of the segment

of line 99L202 in Figure 8A such that the profiles almost converge near the eastern end

of the line segments in Figure 8B. In these examples, the 1999 data appear to be quite

comparable in quality and depth of acoustic penetration. Because the environmental

conditions (e.g., sea state, wind, towing speeds, depth of tow) were the same both years,

the favorable comparison of Figure 8 suggests that the record degradation observed

later in the cruise (Fig. 7) might have resulted from a progressive decay in power output

from the Huntec DTS boomer sound source during this year's survey.

Figure 8 also shows the effectiveness of the Huntec boomer data for evaluating late

Quaternary sedimentation processes on the upper and mid slope. The numerous slope

valleys show differing character of their most recent sediment fill. Only the western valley

shown in line 99L202 and the eastern valley in line 66 (Fig. 8A) do not have a fill of

transparent sediment; where it is observed, this fill varies in thickness among the

valleys, e.g., the fill is thickest in the eastern valley on line 99L202 (Fig. 8A). Channel

thalweg features are observed only in the valleys without acoustically transparent fill. If

the thickness of acoustically transparent facies is a function of the length of time since

active turbidity current deposition, then the relative ages of channel activity is

determined. The shaded relief image of Figure 6B (Gardner and Mayer, 1998) is

consistent with the Huntec interpretation in that the valley without acoustically

transparent sediment fill has the most sharply defined morphology, which suggests

youthfulness.

The western levee of the easternmost slope valley (Fig. 8B) shows a downslope

transition in the acoustic facies of the levee sequences from more parallel bedded

deposits upslope (line 99L202DL) compared to the short, discontinuous reflectors seen

in line 66 (A1-98-SC). This difference in acoustic facies reflects the higher western levee

on the upslope line; the higher levee receives more muddy sediment from the upper

parts of the turbidity currents whereas farther downslope, the lower levee relief permits
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sandier accumulation. The east end of line 66 shows the muddier sediment of the

continental slope dipping under the sandier turbidite channel deposits.

Fault disruption of the sediment fill in northern part of San Diego Trough was

observed on many of the MCS lines. Locally, the MCS data record disruption deeper in

the section but without clear effect on the uppermost part of the fill, e.g. Figure 9A. The

accompanying Huntec record, however, shows that the disruption extends to the sea

floor as well (Fig. 9B). There are several horizons of strong but discontinuous reflectors

in the MCS data at about 1000 m depth that are suggestive of gas or hydrate

accumulations (Fig. 9A).

In line 99L221 (Fig. 10), which is four kilometers south of the profile segment in Figure 9,

there is evidence of a gas, or possibly gas hydrate, accumulation. About 45 m below the flat

sea floor, an anomalous column of concave-upward reflections, which extend to about 200 m

subbottom, is capped by a convex-upward reflection. The anomalous column of reflectors in

San Diego Trough (Fig. 10) are within a zone about 800 m in width. Superficially, this column

of reflectors gives the appearance of a VAMP (Velocity and AMPlitude) structure. VAMPs are

“compound-velocity pseudostructures” with a velocity pullup over a pushdown that records “a

localized body of massive gas hydrate of high acoustic velocity overlying a column of lowvelocity sediment containing free interstitial gas” (Scholl and Cooper, 1978; Scholl and Hart,

1993). Although common in the deep Bering Sea area (Scholl and Hart, 1993), VAMPs have

not been widely observed elsewhere (D. W. Scholl, oral communication, 1999).

The reflection geometry of the acoustic anomaly in Figure 10 is probably not a VAMP

because: (1) the relief (in two-way travel time) of the concave-upward reflections is too

great to result from a low-velocity free-gas zone; and (2) the base of the methane gashydrate stability zone is at least 700 mbsf (Normark et al., in press). A alternate

explanation for this acoustic anomaly is a buried mound of sediment containing gas

hydrate and, possibly, authigenic carbonate. The convex-upward reflection is the upper

surface of this buried mound, which formed by gas/fluid migration above the diapiric
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

18

structure underlying the acoustic anomaly (Figure 10). Possible bottom-simulating

reflectors (BSRs) and bright spots have been observed elsewhere in the MCS surveys

for this study, but the acoustic anomaly recorded in line 99L221 is the clearest evidence

for a gas or gas hydrate accumulation in the basins offshore southern California.

DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY

As shown in the examples discussed above, the MCS and Huntec seismic-reflection

systems deployed for the 1999 earthquake-hazard survey generally provided

satisfactory information for defining structures in the upper kilometer of the inner-basin

areas. Recognition of active faults is enhanced where high-resolution multibeam

bathymetric data are also available (Bohannon et al., 1998; Marlow et al., 1999). For this

reason, as well as recognizing the greater potential for earthquake-related societal

disruption in these more heavily populated segments of coastal California, the survey

priorities were adjusted to obtain more closely spaced survey lines from the areas off

Santa Monica, San Pedro, and San Diego. During the survey time available with the

M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC, 1250 km of MCS and concurrent Huntec profiles were obtained.

An additional 1050 km of Huntec high-resolution profiles will help map a few faults in

those areas where sufficient MCS and single-channel seismic-reflection data already

exist to permit interpretation of the earthquake hazards. The inability to collect MCS

data during the night hours, however, results in a paucity of data for some apparently

active structural features, which thus reduces the confidence of our interpretation for

these structures on the inner basin margins and continental shelf. Additional survey time

will be required (especially within the 3-mile limit) to complete mapping the offshore

earthquake hazards in the coastal zone.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

19

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the captain and crew of the M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC for their enthusiasm

and support of the field program. Kevin O'Toole, Larry Kooker, Hal Williams, and Fred

Payne from the WRCMG Marine Facilities support group led the conversion efforts to

refit the fishing vessel M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC as a geophysical survey vessel; they were

ably assisted by Graham Standon of Geoforce, who was responsible for operation of the

Huntec DTS. We also thank Jen Quan and John Calambokidis for timely report on

marine mammal observations during the cruise. Michael Marlow provided a critical

review of the report.

REFERENCES CITED

Bohannon, R. G. and Geist, E., 1998, Upper crustal structure and Neogene tectonic

development of the California continental borderland: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.

110, p. 779-800.

Bohannon, R. G., Gardner, J. V., Sliter, R., and Normark, W. R., 1998, Seismic hazard

potential of offshore Los Angeles Basin based on high-resolution, multibeam

bathymetry and close-spaced, seismic-reflection profiles: EOS, Transactions

Amer. Geophys. Union, v. 79, p. F818.

Bohlen, S. R., Halley, R. B., Hickman, S. H., Johnson, S. Y., Lowenstern, J. B., Muhs, D.

R., Plumlee, G. S., Thompson, G. A., Trauger, D. L., and Zoback, M. L., 1998,

Geology for a changing world: A science strategy for the Geologic Division of the

U.S. Geological Survey, 2000-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1172, 59p.

Clarke, S. H., and Kennedy, M. P., 1997, Analysis of late Quaternary faulting in the Los

Angeles Harbor area and hazard to the Vincent Thomas Bridge: California

Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 97-10,

50p, 10 figures, 5 plates.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

20

Clarke, S. H., Greene, H. G., and Kennedy, M. P., 1985, Identifying potentially active

faults and unstable slopes offshore: In Ziony, J. I. (Ed), Evaluating earthquake

hazards in the Los Angeles region: an earth-science perspective: U.S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 1360, p. 347-496.

Clarke, S. H., Greene, H. G., Kennedy, M. P. and Vedder, J. G., 1987, Geologic map of

the inner--southern California continental margin --- Map 1A (Geology), Area 1 of

7, In Greene, H. G. and Kennedy, M. P., eds, 1987, California continental margin

geologic map series: Sacramento, CA (California Division of Mines and

Geology), scale 1:250,000.

Crouch, J. K. and Suppe, J., 1993, Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Los

Angeles Basin and inner California Borderland: a model for core complex-like

crustal extension: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 105, 1415-1434.

Dartnell, P. and Gardner, J. V., 1999, Sea-floor images and data from multibeam

surveys in San Francisco Bay, southern California, Hawaii, the Gulf of Mexico,

and Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada: U. S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series

DDS-55, version 1.0.

Dolan, J. F., Sieh, K., Rockwell, T. K., Guptill, P., and Miller, G., 1997, Active tectonics,

paleoseismology, and seismic hazards of the Hollywood fault, northern Los

Angeles basin, California: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 109, p. 1595-1616.

Gann, J. T., 1992, YoNav: Your own integrated navigation system for DOS platforms,

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-565, 62p.

Gardner, J. V., and Mayer, L. A., 1998, Cruise Report RV Ocean Alert Cruise A2-98-

SC, Mapping the southern California continental margin. US Geological Survey

Open-File Report. 98-475, 26p.

Klitgord, K.D., and Brocher, T., 1996, Oblique-slip deformation in the San Pedro Basin

offshore Southern California: EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, v. 77, p. F737.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

21

Legg, M. R., 1991, Developments in understanding the tectonic evolution of the

California Continental Borderland: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology

Special Publication 46, p. 291-312.

Marlow, M. S., Bohannon, R. G., Gardner, J. V., Normark, W. R. and Simpson, R. W. Jr.,

1999, Palos Verdes Fault Complex: An Example of Fault Segmentation in

Offshore Southern California: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with

Programs, v. 31, p. A-128.

Normark, W. R., and Piper, D. J. W., 1998, Preliminary evaluation of recent movement

on structures within the Santa Monica Basin, offshore southern California: U. S.

Geological Survey Open File Report 98-518, 60 p.

Normark, W. R., Bohannon, R. G., Sliter, R., Dunhill, G., Scholl, D. W., Laursen, J., Reid,

J. A., and Holton, D., 1999, Cruise report for A1-98-SC Southern California

earthquake hazards project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report No. 99-

152, 60 p.

Normark, W.R., Sliter, R., Hart, P.E., and Holton, D.J., (in press), Evidence for a Buried

Gas-Hydrate Mound in Turbidite Fill of the Gulf of Santa Catalina, Offshore

Southern California: EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union.

Pinter, N., Lueddecke, S. B., Keller, E. A., and Simmons, K. R., 1998, Late Quaternary

slip on the Santa Cruz Island fault, California: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 110, p.

711-722.

Piper, D.J.W., 1970, Transport and deposition of Holocene sediment on La Jolla deepsea fan, California: Marine Geology, v. 8, p. 211-227.

Piper, D.J.W., R.N. Hiscott, and W.R. Normark, 1999, Outcrop-scale acoustic facies

analysis and latest Quaternary development of Hueneme and Dume submarine

fans, offshore California: Sedimentology, v. 46, p. 47-78.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

22

Scholl, D. W., and Cooper, A. K., 1978, VAMPs --- possible hydrocarbon-bearing

structures in Bering Sea Basin: Amer. Assoc. of Petroleum Geologists Bull., v.

62, p. 2481-2488.

Scholl, D. W., and Hart, P. E., 1993, Velocity and amplitude structures on seismicreflection profiles --- possible massive gas-hydrate deposits and underlying gas

accumulations in the Bering Sea Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional

Paper 1570, p. 331-351.

Vedder, J. G., 1987, Regional geology and petroleum potential of the Southern

California Borderland, In Scholl, D. W., Grantz, A., and Vedder, J. G., eds.,

Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North

America and Adjacent Ocean Basins --- Beaufort Sea to Baja California, CircumPacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, v. 6

(Houston, TX), p. 403-447.

Vedder, J.G., Greene, H.G., Clarke, S.H., and Kennedy, M.P., 1986, Geologic map of

the mid-southern California continental margin --- Map 2A (Geology), Area 2 of 7,

In Greene, H. G. and Kennedy, M. P., eds, 1986, California continental margin

geologic map series: Sacramento, CA (California Division of Mines and

Geology), scale 1:250,000.

Wallace, R. E., ed., 1990, The San Andreas Fault System, California: U.S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 1515, 283 pp.

Ziony, J. I., and Yerkes, R. F., 1985, Evaluating earthquake and surface-faulting

potential: In Ziony, J. I. (Ed), Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles

region: an earth-science perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Professional

Paper 1360, p. 43-91.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

23

FIGURE CAPTIONS

FIGURE 1: Physiography of the southern California borderland showing the major

basins and islands. The study area for the offshore earthquake hazards

project includes the innermost basins and islands and extends from the

western margin of Santa Barbara Basin to the Mexican-U.S. EEZ

boundary southwest of San Diego. The areas of the 1998 and 1999

survey are shown. Dashed green line shows area in which gaps in

surveying during 1998 were filled during 1999.

FIGURE 2: Generalized fault and fold map for the inner southern California borderland

compiled from Vedder et al. (1986) and Clarke et al. (1987).

FIGURE 3: (A) Trackline map showing multichannel seismic-reflection (MCS) data

obtained during previous field data acquisition under this project. (B) Precruise plan of survey tracklines for this year’s cruise (O1-99-SC). The

survey priorities included filling parts of the 1998 survey grid in areas

where the multichannel system was unavailable during the 1998 survey

(Fig. 1; Normark et al, 1999). Optimal grid spacing is two kilometers on

both sets of tracklines.

FIGURE 4: Trackline plot for O1-99-SC survey showing only the MCS survey lines. MCS

data obtained during previous field-data acquisition (1997 and 1998) is shown

with dashed gray lines (see Fig. 3A).

FIGURE 5: Photos of the M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC showing placement of the laboratory

vans and other deck equipment. (A) M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC; (B)

deploying GI gun in predawn twilight to be ready to commence MCS data

collection when visibility is sufficient for the marine mammal observers;

(C) deck vans (view aft) with office van in foreground, mechanical shop
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

24

behind to left, electronics van behind to right, and the core van (farthest

aft).

FIGURE 6: (A) Location of profiles shown in Figures 7 to 10; box encompassing the

profiles of Figure 8 shows the area depicted in the inset (B) with shadedrelief image (adapted from Dartnell and Gardner, 1999) showing the

complexity in the submarine channel pattern where lines 99202 and

(98)66 cross on the basin slope. Long dashes and short dashes for

tracklines in B depict profile segments in Figures 8A and 8B respectively;

line 99L202-99L202DL is the uppermost trackline with the course change

required to remain outside the three-mile limit.

FIGURE 7: Huntec deep-tow boomer profiles from the lower reaches of two sandy

fans, La Jolla fan in San Diego Trough and Dume fan in Santa Monica

Basin, that lie in similar water depths to show the difference between data

obtained in 1998 and 1999. (A and B) Line 99N940 from cruise O1-99-SC.

Profile A was recorded using the Geoforce 25-channel array and profile B

with the Benthos 10-element array that was also used for the 1998 survey.

(C) Line 28 from cruise A1-98-SC using the Benthos array. Profile

locations in Figure 6.

FIGURE 8: Huntec deep-tow boomer profiles from adjacent survey lines across the

upper basin slope south of Long Beach showing the relative quality of data

obtained in 1998 and 1999. (A) lines 99L202 (1999) and 66 (1998); (B)

Lines 99L202DL (1999) and 66 (1998) that are the eastward continuation

of the profile segments in 8A. The profiles have been approximately

aligned by longitude. Profile locations in Figure 6. Bold L denotes channel

levee.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

25

FIGURE 9: (A) Multi-channel seismic-reflection data from lines 99L219 south of Dana

Point, California. (B) Huntec profile along the same interval shown in the

MCS data. This MCS segment of line 219 shows a major discontinuity in

the sediment fill of the basin deeper than about 200 ms sub-seafloor.

Bright reflectors suggest that gas might be accumulating locally. The

Huntec data across this area shows about 3 to 4 m of offset of the sea

floor and reflectors in the upper 15 m of sediment. The Huntec record is

of poor quality below 20 m subbottom but does suggest there has been

gentle folding of the strata as seen in the MCS profile. Profile locations in

Figure 6.

FIGURE 10: Segment of MCS data from line 99L221 that shows an anomalous acoustic

pattern with a column of concave-upward reflections capped by a convex-upward reflection in

the basin sediment fill, in which the reflectors are otherwise flat-lying or with gentle dips. The

top of this column occurs at a horizon ~45 m below the sea floor and probably results from a

gas hydrate mound. Profile location in Figure 6.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

26

Table 1. Scientific Personnel

Crew Person

(First Last)

Crew Organization

(i.e., USGS)

Crew Responsibilities

Bill Normark USGS Chief Scientist

Jane Reid USGS Watchstanding: YoNav and Huntec

Ray Sliter USGS Watchstanding: multichannel seismic

Dave Holton Environmental Careers Org. Watchstanding: YoNav and Huntec

Larry Kooker USGS Electronics Technician

Fred Payne USGS Electronics Technician

Kevin O’Toole USGS Mechanical Technician

Hal Williams USGS Mechanical Technician

Graham Standen Geoforce Consultants Huntec specialist

Jen Quan Cascadia Research Collective Marine mammal observer

Annie Douglas Cascadia Research Collective Marine mammal observer

Tamara Guenther Cascadia Research Collective Marine mammal observer

Russ Brisendine F/V North Wind, Inc. Ship Captain

Jeff Stringer F/V North Wind, Inc. 1

st Mate

Dave Malsch F/V North Wind, Inc. Engineer

Michael Hill F/V North Wind, Inc. Cook

Paul Giron F/V North Wind, Inc. 2nd Mate

Joe Kelly F/V North Wind, Inc. A/B
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

27

Table 2. Operational Log

Local time is 7 hours behind Julian Day (JD) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

DATE/TIME

JD/GMT

ACTIVITY

155/1520 Departed USGS Marine Facilities, Port of Redwood City

156/1705 Slow to test new 12-kHz transducer (in towed housing) compatibility

with old model deck unit; also test 3.5-kHz system with same deck

unit and test/tune deep-tow Huntec vehicle using both old and new

streamers

156/2210 Resume full speed to operations area

157/0326 Arrive in operations area and slow to deploy gear

157/0402 Begin operations in night time configuration, i.e., 12-kHz echo

sounding and Huntec boomer systems only

157/0820 Brief Huntec power interruption; little data lost

157/1310-1327 Slow to deploy multichannel streamer and GI gun for ‘daylight’

operations

157/1327 Begin daylight operations with multichannel seismic-reflection

system (MCS); 12-kHz echo sounder and Huntec boomer systems

remain operational during launch and recovery of MCS components

157/2017-2020 Shutdown called by “mammal team” –i.e., GI gun trigger off

157/2353-2355 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

158/0332 End daylight operation with MCS; vessel is slowed to retrieve both

the GI gun and streamer before starting night time operations

158/1148-1207 Slow to deploy MCS gear

158/1226 Start daylight operation with MCS

158/1334-1339 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

158/1541-1542 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

158/1649-1655 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

158/2032-2035 Reconfigure tow depth for 12-kHz tow fish; system off

159/0043-0045 Huntec system off; fish raised to inspect (reason not recorded)

159/0338 End daylight operation with MCS

159/0420-0426 12-kHz system off (reason not recorded)

159/1152 Slow to begin daylight operations with MCS

159/1230 Begin daylight operations with MCS

159/1752-1758 MCS off; ‘blue screen death’ by recording system

159/2315-2319 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

160/0335 End daylight operation with MCS; slow to retrieve gear

160/1144-1209 Slow to deploy gear for daylight operations with MCS

160/1233 Begin daylight operations with MCS

160/1537-1557 12-kHz system off; changing paper roll

160/2118-2120 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

161/0317 End daylight operation with MCS

161/1146 Slow to begin daylight operations with MCS

161/1232 Begin daylight operations with MCS
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

28

Table 2, continued

161/1544 USN vessel McCloskey establishes radio contact re: their generation

of ‘acoustic noise’; USN agrees to hold off their activity until we are

10 n. miles away (moving on our current survey line).

162/0022-0024 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

162/0051 End daylight operation with MCS because of GI gun failure. The

shutdown is approximately 2.5 hours before end of typical daylight

window. GI gun was repaired in about 3 hours, but mammal team did

not approve triggering a few test shots to see if repair measures were

adequate.

162/1155-1219 Slow to deploy and test GI gun for air leaks; deploy streamer for

daylight operation with MCS

162/1246 Begin daylight operations with MCS

162/1304-1315 Huntec system trigger off --- cockpit error

162/1805-1847 GI gun shutdown at 3-mile limit

163/0336 End daylight operation with MCS

163/1147-1207 Slow to deploy streamer and GI gun

163/1257 Begin daylight operations with MCS

163/1845-1907 12 kHz system off; tow fish hauled out for inspection (routine; no

problem being sought)

164/0322 End daylight operation with MCS

164/0330-0339 Slow to retrieve streamer and GI gun

164/1144-1203 Slow to deploy streamer and GI gun

164/1225 Begin daylight operations with MCS

164/1523-1525 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

164/1533-1626 GI gun shutdown at 3-mile limit

164/1623-1626 Shutdown called by “mammal team” (coincident with 3-mile

limit shutdown)

165/0322 End daylight operation with MCS

165/1205-1225 Slow to deploy streamer and GI gun

165/1227 Begin daylight operations with MCS

165/1735-1739 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

165/1914-1916 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

165/0017-0022 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

165/0314-0315 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

166/0329 End daylight operation with MCS

166/1200 Slow to deploy streamer and GI gun

166/1233 Begin daylight operations with MCS

166/1323-1324 Shutdown called by “mammal team” –(at 1324, system off

inside 3-mile limit)

166/1622-1630 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

166/1930-2013 GI gun shutdown at 3-mile limit (end of L245)

166/2047-2050 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

166/2054-2100 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

166/2150-2153 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

167/0135-0140 Shutdown called by “mammal team”
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

29

Table 2, continued

167/0323 End daylight operation with MCS

167/1210-1225 Slow to deploy streamer and GI gun

167/1232 Begin daylight operations with MCS

167/1458-1500 Huntec pulled out for inspect condition of streamers

167/1458-1520 GI gun off to inspect for a slow leak in compressor

167/1758-1801 Shutdown called by “mammal team”

167/2053-2106 MCS off; ‘blue screen death’ by recording system

168/0323 End daylight operation with MCS

168/1218-1231 Slow to deploy streamer and GI gun

168/1305 Begin daylight operations with MCS

168/1628 End daylight operation with MCS

168/1617-1643 All gear recovered. End hazard survey activity. Change course and

come to full speed to head for site selected by Jon Childs for soundsource measurements with calibrated hydrophone

168/1700-1720 Gear transfer to J. Childs on board the M/V LISA ANN (time approx.)

168/1740-1826 Series of passes by M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC towing acoustic-source

on transect past Jon’s calibration phone on the M/V LISA ANN using

the boomer sound source in Huntec.

168/1836-2000 Series of passes as above using the GI gun on 10-sec. triggering

168/2001-2025 Series of passes as above using the Huntec sparker source

168/2028 All gear on deck; both vessels change course and come to full speed

for Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Marine Facilities, San

Diego

168/2140 Dock at Scripps (SIO) Marine Facilities; end of cruise O1-99-SC
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

30

Table 3. Start and end times for O1-99-SC survey tracklines with multichannel

seismic-reflection data (refer to web sites given in Table 4 for more

details). Lines in italics are the doglegs between primary survey grid

lines.

Line number Start of line

(DDD/HHMM)

End of line

(DDD/HHMM)

L101 157/1504 157/1733

L102 157/1754 157/2035

L103 157/2122 157/2328

L104 157/2343 158/0221

L105 158/0245 158/0333

L114 159/1417 159/1625

 L114DL 159/1626 159/1706

L115 159/0039 159/0134

L116A 158/2204 158/2252

L116B 158/2309 159/0010

 L116DL 159/0015 159/0038

L118 158/1820 158/2129

L128 161/0044 161/0317

L161 167/0110 167/0319

L165 165/0214 165/0323

L170 167/1521 167/1728

L200 158/1226 158/1707

 L200DL 158/1716 158/1815

L202 159/1706 159/1755

L202B 159/1800 159/2203

 L202DL 159/2213 159/2300

L203 159/2318 160/0335

L204 160/1320 160/1745

 L204DL 160/1747 160/1837

 L204DM 160/1847 160/1927

L205 160/1929 160/2353

 L205DL 160/2353 161/0040

L213 161/1335 161/2048

L215 161/2134 162/0051

L217 162/1420 162/1806

L219 162/1847 162/2315

 L219DL 162/2317 162/2359

L221 163/0010 163/0326

L221B 163/1257 163/1447

L223 163/1540 163/1926

 L223DL 163/1933 163/2012

L225 163/2012 163/2318

L225B 163/2324 164/0016

L227 164/0101 164/0322
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

31

L229 164/1225 164/1533

Table 3, continued

L231 164/1626 164/2036

 L231DL 164/2044 164/2117

L233 164/2118 165/0140

L237 165/1227 165/1605

L239 165/1645 165/2220

L239DL 165/2231 165/2259

L241 165/2259 166/0322

L241B 166/1239 166/1323

L242 167/1233 167/1457

L243 166/1405 166/1630

 L243DL 166/1635 166/1708

L245 166/1708 166/1930

L247 166/2013 167/0035

 L247DL 167/0044 167/0108

L248 168/1510 168/1617

L249 167/1744 167/1914

L250 168/1305 168/1427

 L250DL 168/1432 168/1503

L251 167/2000 167/2053

L251B 167/2106 167/2128

L253 167/2213 168/0019

L255 168/0101 168/0224

N905 157/1354 157/1450

 N905DL 157/1450 157/1504

N913 159/1230 159/1232

N913B 159/1239 159/1340

N916 160/1233 160/1249

 N916DL 160/1249 160/1254

N920 161/1232 161/1312

N925 162/1246 162/1326

N943 168/0229 168/0319
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

32

Table 4. Locations of cruise data

Operational details of this cruise, including digital navigation and bathymetry files,

are available with accompanying metadata through the USGS Western Region

Coastal and Marine Geology (WRCMG) web site given below. After accessing the site,

Click on Table of Contents;

Click on Infobank;

Click on ship (O for M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC),

or year (99 for 1999),

or region (SC for Southern California);

Navigate to the O-1-99-SC metadata site;

Click on underlined words to find cruise information and data.

Web site:

General cruise

operational information:

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov

Within this report:

Table 1 O1-99-SC scientific party and ships crew

Table 2 Operational log

Table 3 Trackline start/end times for multichannel seismic-reflection data

Table 4 Locations of cruise data

Appendix 1 Cascadia Research Collective report on marine mammals

(See also Appendix 1 for report of mammal observers.)
200

200200

200

200

200

00

119° 118° 117°

34°33°

.

TA MONICA BASIN

SAN PEDRO 

 

 BASIN Santa

Barbara I.

 SantaCatalina I.

San Diego

CATALINA BASIN

750

750

750

750

SAN NICOLAS BASIN San Clemente I.

 SAN 

CLEMENTE

 BASIN

FIGURE 1

GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THECALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND

CONTOURS IN METERS

0 100 KILOMETERS

Los Angeles

SAN DIEGO TROUGH

PROPOSED LIMIT OF FY98

WORK AREA 

ACTUAL LIMIT OF FY98

WORK AREA 

LIMIT OF FY99

WORK AREA 
33°N

32°N

34°N

120°W 119°W 118°W 117°W

25 km

Transverse Mercator @ -117°

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

Long Beach

San

 Diego

faults

folds

coastline

LEGEND

34

FIGURE 2
-118û 30' -118û 00' -117û 30'

32û 30'

33û 00'

Santa

Catalina

Island

Palos Verdes

Peninsula

Dana

Point

La Jolla

N

0

FIGURE 3A
-118û 30' -118û 00' -117û 30'

32û 30'

33û 00'

Santa

Catalina

Island

Palos Verdes

Peninsula

Dana

Point

La Jolla

ON

000

S:

FIGURE 3B
-118û 30' -118û 00' -117û 30'

32û 30'

33û 00'

Santa

Catalina

Island

Palos Verdes

Peninsula

Dana

Point

La Jolla

FIGURE 4

99L255 99L251 99L253 99L250 99L249 99L247 99L245 99L243 99L242

99L241 99L239

99L237 99L233 99L231

99L229 99L227 99L225 99L223 99L221 99L219 99L217 99L215 99L213

99L161

99L165

99L170

99L114

99L128 99N913

99L101 99L102 99L103

99L104 99L105

99L115 99L116 99L118

99L205 99L204 99L203 99L202 99L200
FIGURE 5 A

B

C

38
-118û 30' -118û 00' -117û 30'

32û 30'

33û 00'

Santa

Catalina

Island

Palos Verdes

Peninsula

Dana

Point

La Jolla

FIGURE 6

LA JOLLA

FAN

B

LONG 

 BEACH

 SHELF

Figure 9 Figure 10

Figures 7A&B

Figure 8

8B

8A

8A
940 Channel 1

940 Channel 2

28 Channel 0

40

0 2

KM

0 2

KM

0 2

KM

A

B

C

FIGURE 7

900 

940 

980 

Water depth (m) 

900 

940 

960 

Water depth (m) 

860 

940 

900 

Water depth (m) 

W

W E

E

N S

La Jolla fan

La Jolla fan

Dume fan
0 1

KM

0 1

KM

FIGURE 8A

W E

W

E

400380440420

360

Water depth (m)

400380440420

Water depth (m)

A1-98-SCLine 66

O1-99-SCLine 99L202

460480
FIGURE 8B

0 1

KM

440

420

400

460

380

Water depth (m)

440

420

400

460

Water depth (m)

480

500

0 1

KM

W E

NW SE

O1-99-SC

Line 99L202DL

A1-98-SC

Line 66

L L

L

L

42
E

750

1000

1250

WATER DEPTH (M)

1.0

Gas?

FIGURE 9A

C

219

ce offset (see Fig. 9B)

E

0 1

KM
FIGURE 9B

0 1

KM

W E

O1-99-SC

Line 99L219

?

800

820

840

860

780

760

Water depth (m)

44
750

1000

1250

WATER DEPTH (M)

1.0

Hydrate mound

FIGURE 10 

E

0 1

KM
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

46

Appendix 1

USGS OFR 99-560

Report prepared by Cascadia Research Collective

under contract to the USGS in support of Cruise O1-99-SC

(as required by National Marine Fisheries Service for the

Incidental Harassment Authorization issued to the USGS)
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

47

FINAL REPORT

MARINE MAMMAL OBSERVATIONS AND MITIGATION ASSOCIATED WITH

USGS SEISMIC SURVEYS IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT IN 1999

Prepared for

U.S. Geological Survey

345 Middlefield Rd.

Menlo Park CA 94025

Prepared by

Jennifer Quan

John Calambokidis

Cascadia Research

218_ W Fourth Ave.

Olympia, WA 98501

September 1999
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

48

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A number of people and organizations assisted in this project. Tamara Gunther

and Annie Douglas conducted marine mammal observations from the Ocean Olympic.

The captain and crew of the Ocean Olympic were very helpful, providing technical

assistance, comfort, and company throughout the survey. The U.S. Geological Survey

provided funding for this project.

INTRODUCTION

From 6 to 17 June 1999 (4 to 5 June were transit days), the U.S. Geological

Survey conducted seismic-reflection surveys in the coastal waters of the Pacific

Ocean, between Los Angeles and San Diego, to investigate earthquake hazards. As a

part of this project, Cascadia Research was contracted by the USGS to monitor marine

mammals from the survey platform and provide mitigation on impacts on marine

mammals by requesting shutdown of the sound sources when marine mammals were

close to the operations.

This report summarizes the results of a marine mammal mitigation and

monitoring program conducted in conjunction with these USGS surveys and adds

information to similar work conducted by Cascadia Research in 1998 (Calambokidis et

al 1998b). There were several modifications to observations and mitigation operations

made for the 1999 survey from that in 1998: 1) Three observers were on board with

two on duty during daylight observations, 2) the mitigation safety zone was extended

from 200 meters to 250 meters for baleen and sperm whales, and 3) airgun operations

during the night time hours were suspended.

BACKGROUND ON OVERALL PROJECT AND SOUND SOURCE DESCRIPTION

The following background on the overall project and sound source description

was provided by USSGS:

The focus of this project is to identify the landslide and earthquake hazards, as well as

related deformation processes, that have great potential to impact the social and economic

well being of the inhabitants of the Southern California coastal region--the most heavily

populated urban corridor along the U.S. Pacific margin. We are studying Pleistocene-Holocene

sedimentation and deformation patterns and related seismicity and strain within the coastal

zone and adjacent continental borderland basins. Our findings will help us evaluate the

hazard potential for large, destructive earthquakes and identify how deformation is distributed

in space and time between onshore and offshore regions. The results of this project will

contribute to decisions involving land use, hazard zonation, and building codes in the area.

The active field program for the project focuses on those areas with the greatest

impact potential on the Southern California populace:
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

49

1) The coastal strip (coastal zone and continental shelf) between Los Angeles and

San Diego, where much of the hazard appears to be associated with strike-slip or

oblique-slip faults;

2) Active faults within the Santa Monica, San Pedro, and San Diego Trough basins,

where more extensive sedimentation has left a greater stratigraphic record;

3) The offshore extension into the Santa Barbara Channel of the fold and thrust belt;

4) The boundary (Channel Islands region) between the inner California Borderland

(strike-slip dominated deformation) and the Santa Barbara Channel (thrust and fold

deformation).

Tracklines were planned at a 2 km spacing aligned perpendicular to the shelf

break and basin slope and on an "orthogonal" set aligned to intercept major structural

features that are oblique to the trend of the basin slope and shelf edge. For the FY

1999, only one set of tracklines was attempted because of time limitation on hours of

operation. As a result, generally only every other line was run, i.e., the grid was 4 km

spacing with only one set of the planned grid over most of the area.

The FY 1999 field program was conducted using a leased vessel, the 156-ftlong M/V OCEAN OLYMPIC, owned and operated by F/V NORTH WIND INC.

Two sound transmissions were used:

Huntec: A high-resolution Huntec DTS boomer system, towed between 6 m and

160 m below the sea surface (depending upon the water depth), was used to image

the upper few tens of milliseconds of strata with a resolution of better than 0.5 ms (0.4

m). Power output was 350 Joules (540) with a firing rate that was also dependent on

water depth, ranging from 0.4 sec over the shelf and upper basin slopes to 1.3 sec

over the shelf and upper basin slopes to 1.25 sec over the deeper parts of the basins.

Returning signals were received with a 7.6 m long 25-element hydrophone array.

Signals were filtered at 700-8000 Hz and recorded at a 0.25 sec sweep. The data

were recorded both on paper using an EPC recorder and on magneto-optical disc.

Multichannel seismic-reflection system ( MCS) : The sound source used during

this years survey was a 35/35 in3 double-chamber GI gun firing every 12 seconds at a

pressure of about 3000 psi. A Sureshot system was used to fire the gun in "harmonic

mode" wherein the second chamber is delayed relative to the initial trigger pulse in

order to achieve the cleanest signal by minimizing the bubble pulse. The GI gun was

towed 12 meters behind the vessel and suspended from a float to maintain a depth of

about 1 meter.

The streamer used for the MCS operation was a 24-channel ITI streamer with

10-m-long groups and 3 phones per group.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the marine mammal study were as follows:
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

50

1. Mitigate impacts on marine mammals by monitoring the presence of these species

from the survey ship and requesting shut-down of the airgun array when marine

mammals were seen within specified safety zones representing distances close

enough to potentially cause physical injury.

2. Document the number of animals of each species present in the vicinity of sound

transmissions.

3. Evaluate the reactions of marine mammals to the sound transmissions at different

distances from the airgun array.

4. Conduct limited tests of night vision equipment.

METHODS

General Approach

The research effort consisted of observations made directly from the survey

vessel (Ocean Olympic) to provide mitigation, document marine mammals exposed to

the airgun during daylight hours, and monitor reactions of marine mammals close to

the seismic-reflection survey vessel. Three observers were placed on board the vessel

and observations were conducted from the bridge deck that put the observers eye

level at 7.8 m above the water. This external platform provided good mobility and a

clear view from the front, sides and rear of the vessel. The observation platform was

near the front of the vessel 7.2 m behind the bow and 47 m from the stern of the vessel.

Observations were conducted from the fishing vessel (Ocean Olympic), during a

short transit period (between June 4 and 5) and in the daylight when seismic-reflection

operations were underway. While the seismic-reflection operations were underway

observations began within a half hour of sunrise, when lighting conditions allowed for

the sightings to be made within the mitigation zones and ended within an half an hour

after sundown, when lighting conditions became too dark for sightings to made within

the mitigation zone. During the daylight observation periods, two observers stood

watch, one on the port and the other the starboard. The third observer would rotate in

every two hours. Generally, each observer worked shifts of four hours on and two

hours off (averaging about 11 hour per day). Observers used Tasco 7x50 binoculars

with internal compasses and reticles to record the horizontal and vertical angle to

sightings.

Data on survey effort and sightings were recorded on a datasheet recording

information to track survey effort which includes observers on duty and weather

conditions (Beaufort sea state, wind speed, cloud cover, swell height, precipitation,

visibility, etc.). For each sighting, the time, bearing and reticle reading to sighting,

species, group size, surface behavior, and orientation were recorded.

Distances to sightings were calculated using the vertical angle to the animal

(based on either the reticle reading through the binoculars or a hand help clinometer
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

51

for close sightings) and the known elevation above the water. This was then used to

evaluate whether a sighting was within the mitigation safety zones.

Mitigation safety zones

Two safety zones were used for this project. These were:

1. For pinnipeds and odontocetes (all toothed cetaceans except sperm whales)

seismic operations would be shut down when an animal was seen close to a

distance of 100 m or less.

2. For mysticetes (baleen whales) and sperm whales, the safety zone was 250 m.

To allow a quick determination of status, safety zones were calculated in three

arcs around the ship and the safety distance was applied using the closest part of the

ship or array. Three different cut-off distances (based on distance and angle from the

observers) were calculated for off the bow (60 degrees to either side of the bow), to

either side of the vessel (from 60 to 120 degrees off the bow and off the stern (120 to

180 degrees off the bow).

Observers were instructed to call for a shut-down when a marine mammal was

seen inside the safety zone or close enough to the safety zone that given

measurement-error, it could be within the safety zone. Shut-down was also

considered when animals were ahead of the vessel path outside the safety zone, but it

appeared likely that the direction of travel of the vessel would result in the marine

mammal being within the safety zone shortly. Marine mammals were tracked until they

were outside the safety zone at which time seismic-reflection operations resumed.

For effective mitigation, the observers needed to know very quickly whether a

sighting was within the safety zone. We used a polaris (angle board) for the observers

to estimate the angle to the sighting. The cut-off vertical angle, which represented each

of the safety zones, was also written on the polaris, allowing quick determination of the

proximity of a sighting to the safety zone.

Night Observations

A total of 6 hours and 36 minutes, over the span of seven nights, was devoted to

night observations. Two different sets of night vision viewers supplied by USGS were

tested (ITT night vision binoculars model 200/210 and model 250/260). Night

observations were conducted by one observer and took place from the bridge, bridge

wings and bridge deck. Observations were limited toward the front of ship to 95

degrees either side of the bow, as deck lights on the stern of the vessel created light

conditions (too bright) that were not conducive for viewing with the night vision

viewers. Observations were conducted in weather conditions that ranged from 0%

cloud cover to 100%, and in Beaufort sea states ranging from 1-5. Two sightings of

common dolphin were recorded during night observations, both occurring on the

evening of 6 June 1999. The first sighting was a “re-sight” of animals originally

observed during daylight observation operations. Both observations were made by

“naked-eye”, and as the dolphins approached the ship to ride the bow waves and
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

52

wake waves made by the vessel. No sighting of marine mammals were made with the

aid of either night scope.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Marine mammal mitigation – Shut-downs

Shut-down of the airgun was called for in 21 instances during the daylight

observations (Table 1). In all shut-down cases both the airgun and the Huntec were in

firing operation. Seventeen of the shut-downs were for common dolphin (in seven of

these shut-downs the dolphins approached the ship to bow ride) and in one of the

shut-downs the dolphins where associated with a California sea lion. The other shutdowns requested were: one for a California sea lion, one for an unidentified pinniped,

one for a large baleen whale (sei whale or fin whale), and one for a group of Pacific

white-sided dolphin (which approached the ship to bow ride). Shut-downs lasted

anywhere from less than one minute to 13 minutes. Twelve of the shutdowns were

called when the animal was just outside the safety zones but appeared likely to be

within the safety zone shortly, and nine shut-downs were called when the animals

were seen already within the safety zones.

Marine mammal sightings

 There were a total of 181 sightings (not including re-sightings), comprised of

13,486 marine mammals encountered during observation operations (Table 2) and

more than half (60%) of the sightings were made while the airgun and Huntec were in

operation (Table 3). Some of these groups were seen more than one time, and

account for 156 re-sightings. Nine species of marine mammals made up these

sightings. Humpback whales and Dall’s porpoise were seen only in the transit area

(from roughly San Francisco to just north of Los Angeles – during which time no

seismic-reflection equipment was deployed). Within the survey area, common dolphin,

blue whales, and California sea lions were the most frequently observed. Other large

whale species included a number of unidentified whales, one of, which was likely to

be either a sei or fin whale. Other small cetaceans included Risso’s dolphin, Pacific

white-sided dolphin, and one sighting of bottlenose dolphin. Sightings of unidentified

dolphin were likely to be either common dolphin or Pacific white-sided dolphin.

Beside California sea lions, no other pinnipeds were positively identified.

Orientation and behavior of marine mammals in relation to firing status of seismic

equipment

Marine mammals were observed moving in all directions in relation to the

heading of the vessel (Table 4). Sightings of animals seen while both the airgun and

Huntec were firing tended to be slightly more towards (22%) than away (11%) and the

re-sightings slightly more away (23%) than towards (15%). A large portion of the

animals observed moving towards the ship, during these times, were common dolphin

which are well known for approaching ships to ride the bow wake, and which may
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

53

account for the higher number of animals seen moving toward the ship when initially

sighted. Some of these groups did approach the ship to bow ride and when ceased

bow riding were re-sighted moving away from the ship which may account for the

higher number of animals observed moving away when re-sighted. Overall there were

no major differences in the movements observed in relation to firing status of the

airgun and Huntec or when the equipment was not firing at all. Further, it is not

possible to determine if any of the observed movements could be attributed to marine

mammals reacting to the seismic equipment.

Marine mammals were observed exhibiting a variety of behaviors (Table 5).

The most common behaviors that were observed were classified as slow or fast travel.

Other common behaviors were milling, which can indicate feeding activity, porposing

(California sea lions), and bow riding (common dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphin,

and Dall’s porpoise). Less common behaviors included slow rolling, breaching, fluke

diving, medium travel, and hauled, splashing and vertical sinks (the last three

behaviors describe those associated only with pinnipeds). It is not possible to

determine if any of these activities could have been related to the seismic-reflection

operations.

Night Observations

The objective of the night observations was to test the utility of night vision

viewers as a tool for observing for and detecting marine mammals at night. Of the two

sets of viewers used, the Viewer 200/210 was favored for its consistent clarity and

focus, while the Viewer 250/260 was highly variable in its over all performance, was

too grainy, and did not hold it’s focus. While the Viewer 200/210 provided some

assistance in night observations it was limited by the following factors:

• Distance Detection – There are no methods for determining distance (as with

reticule binoculars) while observing through the scope, and observers felt that

confidence in estimating distance in the dark and while observing through the

viewers did not extend beyond 100 meters.

• Field of View - The field of view is limiting, allowing roughly, only a span of 40

degrees to be observed at a time.

• Ambient light conditions - Ambient light conditions may have an affect on sighting

ability. Conditions seem to improve when some ambient light is present, as with

water lit by a cityscape or moon light. In conditions of complete darkness/ cloud

cover, the possibility of detection seems lower, as not even the horizon is visible.

• Lights from the Observation Vessel - Deck lights on the stern of the ship were too

bright, and made observation around the sound source itself impossible.

• Sea State - Observation of the dolphins made with the viewers, on 6 June 1999,

were in Beaufort 3 conditions. The animals were only distinguishable from white

caps when within roughly 6 meters of the bow.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

54

• Physical Constraints - The viewers where physically constraining, allowing the

observer to safely move around at a slow speeds, and use of the goggle for an

hour produced eye strain for some of the observers.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Shut-downs were more common in 1999 compared to 1998. Most of the shutdowns were related to common dolphins. This species was sighted more times in

1999 than during the 1998 surveys. Surveys were conducted slightly earlier in the

year in 1999 and also covered a slightly different area. Either of these or the annual

differences in oceanographic conditions could have been responsible for the higher

number of sightings of this species and resultant higher shut-downs. This species

often approaches the boat to bow ride thus causing the high number of shut-downs

when this species was encountered.

There were also larger numbers of baleen whales encountered in 1999

compared to 1998. Some of these sightings, including those of humpback whales

were primarily made while the vessel was in transit to the study area prior to airgun

operations. Sightings of blue whales were still far more common within the study area

during airgun operations in 1999 compared to 1998; 15 sightings were made in 1999

during operations compared to only 3 in 1999 (includes possible fin whales). Again

the timing of the surveys or inter-annual oceanographic changes could have been

responsible for the differences.

Marine mammal movements and behaviors observed during the seismicreflection operations, revealed no apparent patterns of avoidance and none could be

interpreted as harassment.

No sightings were made with the aid of the night vision viewers, and therefore

the utility of the night vision viewers as a tool for detecting marine mammals at night is

difficult to determine. This assessment of night observations operations has revealed

that for night observations to be marginally effective while using the night vision

viewers requires:

• Methods for detection of distance would need to be established

• Viewing conditions would have to have some level of ambient light

• Deck lights on the stern of the ship would have to be dimmed or extinguished

• Sea State conditions would have to be at a Beaufort three or lower

• To compensate for the 40 degree field of view, at least three observers per shift

would be needed.

• Observation shifts no longer than two hours to allow for relief of eye strain, or until

the observers eyes adjust to such sighting conditions.
OPEN-FILE REPORT 560: cruise O1-99-SC (June 4 to 17, 1999)

55

REFERENCES

Calambokidis, J. and G.H. Steiger. 1995. Population estimates of humpback and blue

whales made through photo-identification from 1993 surveys off California.

Report to Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries

Service, La Jolla, California. 36pp.

Calambokidis, J. and G.H. Steiger. 1997. Blue Whales. Worldlife Series Library.

Voyager Press, MN. 72 pp.

Calambokidis, J., G.H. Steiger, J.R. Evenson, K.R. Flynn, K.C. Balcomb, D.E. Claridge,

P. Bloedel, J.M. Straley, C.S. Baker, O. von Ziegesar, M.E. Dahlheim, J.M.

Waite, J.D. Darling, G. Ellis, and G.A. Green. 1996. Interchange and isolation of

humpback whales off California and other North Pacific feeding grounds.

Marine Mammal Science 12:215-226.

Calambokidis, J., T. Chandler, K. Rasmussen, G.H. Steiger, and L. Schlender. 1998a.

Humpback and blue whale photographic identification: Report of research in

1997. Final report to Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Olympic Coast

National Marine Sanctuaries, University of California at Santa Cruz, and

Cornell University. Cascadia Research, 218_ W Fourth Ave., Olympia, WA

98501. 41pp.

Calambokidis, J. L. Schlender, and J. Quan. 1998b. Marine mammal observations

and mitigation associated with USGS surveys in the southern California Bight in

1998. Final Report to U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California.

Cascadia Research, 218_ W Fourth Ave., Olympia, WA 98501. 14pp.