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NIST Special Publication 800-88

Guidelines for Media Sanitization

September 2006

December 2014

SP 800-88 is superseded in its entirety by the publication of

SP 800-88 Revision 1 (December 2014).

NIST Special Publication 800-88 Revision 1

Guidelines for Media Sanitization

Richard Kissel, Andrew Regenscheid, Matthew Scholl, Kevin Stine

December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-88r1

Computer Security Division (Information Technology Lab)

SP 800-88 Rev. 1 (as of August 12, 2015)

http://csrc.nist.gov/

N/A
NIST Special Publication 800-88 

C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y

Computer Security Division 

Information Technology Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 

September, 2006

U.S. Department of Commerce

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary 

 National Institute of Standards and Technology 

William Jeffrey, Director 

Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Recommendations of the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology

Richard Kissel 

Matthew Scholl 

Steven Skolochenko 

Xing Li 
Reports on Computer Systems Technology 

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical 

leadership for the Nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, 

test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations and technical analysis to 

advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s 

responsibilities include developing technical, physical, administrative, and management 

standards and guidelines for cost effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified 

information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on 

ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative 

activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. 

Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in 

order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is 

not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or 

equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. 

National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-88 

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-88, 41 pages (May, 2006) 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON: 2004 
Acknowledgements 

The authors, Richard Kissel, Matthew Scholl, Steven Skolochenko and Xing Li wish to express 

their thanks to colleagues who reviewed the drafts of this document and everyone who 

provided comments. In particular, their appreciation goes Rick Ayers, Murugiah Souppaya, 

Mark Wilson, Tanya Brewer and Elizabeth Lennon who assisted with our internal review 

process. Thanks also goes to William Gill, Dr. Chun Tse, and Dr. Simson Garfinkel for their 

research, technical support, and written contributions to this document. Thanks also to Kevin 

Stine of the FDA for his keen insights and assistance with the final review. 

This work was sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), whose support and 

guidance in this effort are greatly appreciated. 
Errata 

The following changes have been incorporated into Special Publication 800-88 

Date Version Change Page Number 

09-11-06 10-06 Deleted “Encryption is not a generally accepted means of 

sanitization. The increasing power of computers 

decreases the time needed to crack cipher text and 

therefore the inability to recover the encrypted data can 

not be assured.” 

7 

9-11-06 10-06 Changed “Surface area of five millimeters” to “Use 

optical disk media shredders or disintegrator devices to 

reduce to particles that have a nominal edge dimensions 

of five millimeters (5 mm) and surface area of twentyfive square millimeters (25 mm2

).” 

21 

9-11-06 10-06 Changed “Surface area of five millimeters” to “Use 

optical disk media shredders or disintegrator devices to 

reduce to particles that have a nominal edge dimensions 

of five millimeters (5 mm) and surface area of twentyfive square millimeters (25 mm2

).” 

22 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Table of Contents 

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... vi

List of Figures......................................................................................................................... viii

List of Tables........................................................................................................................... viii

Executive Summary................................................................................................................. ix

1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 AUTHORITY .........................................................................................................1

1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .........................................................................................1

1.3 AUDIENCE...........................................................................................................2

1.4 ASSUMPTIONS.....................................................................................................2

1.5 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER NIST DOCUMENTS.......................................................3

1.6 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE......................................................................................3

2 Background......................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 NEED FOR PROPER MEDIA SANITIZATION AND INFORMATION DISPOSITION ............5

2.2 TYPES OF MEDIA .................................................................................................5

2.3 TRENDS IN DATA STORAGE MEDIA.......................................................................6

2.4 TYPES OF SANITIZATION ......................................................................................7

2.5 OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING SANITIZATION AND DISPOSAL DECISIONS .............9

3 Roles and Responsibilities:............................................................................................ 10

3.1 PROGRAM MANAGERS/AGENCY HEADS.............................................................10

3.2 CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER (CIO)..................................................................10

3.3 INFORMATION SYSTEM OWNER ..........................................................................10

3.4 INFORMATION OWNER .......................................................................................10

3.5 SENIOR AGENCY INFORMATION SECURITY OFFICER (SAISO).............................11

3.6 SYSTEM SECURITY MANAGER/OFFICER .............................................................11

3.7 PROPERTY MANAGEMENT OFFICER ...................................................................11

3.8 RECORDS MANAGEMENT OFFICER.....................................................................11

3.9 PRIVACY OFFICER .............................................................................................11

3.10 USERS ..............................................................................................................11

4 Information Sanitization and Disposition Decision Making....................................... 12

4.1 INFORMATION DECISIONS IN THE SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE.........................................13

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEED FOR SANITIZATION................................................13

4.3 DETERMINATION OF SECURITY CATEGORIZATION ...............................................13

4.4 REUSE OF MEDIA ..............................................................................................14

4.5 CONTROL OF MEDIA ..........................................................................................14

4.6 SANITIZATION AND DISPOSAL DECISION .............................................................14

4.7 VERIFY METHODS..............................................................................................15

4.8 DOCUMENTATION ..............................................................................................15

5 Summary of Sanitization Techniques ........................................................................... 16

vi
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

vii

Appendix A. Minimum Sanitization Recommendation for Media Containing Data....... 17

Appendix B. Glossary............................................................................................................. 26

Appendix C. Tools and Resources....................................................................................... 29

Appendix D. Considerations for the Home User and Telecommuter.............................. 31

Appendix E: Sources.............................................................................................................. 33

Appendix F: Sample Sanitization Validation Form............................................................. 35
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

List of Figures 

Figure 4-1. Sanitization and Disposition Decision Flow.......................................................... 12 

List of Tables 

Table 2-1. Sanitization Processes............................................................ 7 

Table 5-1. Sanitization Methods............................................................... 16 

Table A-1. Media Sanitization Decision Matrix...................................... 17 

viii
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Executive Summary

Information systems capture, process, and store information using a wide variety of media. 

This information is not only located on the intended storage media but also on devices used to 

create, process, or transmit this information. These media may require special disposition in 

order to mitigate the risk of unauthorized disclosure of information and to ensure its 

confidentiality. Efficient and effective management of information that is created, processed, 

and stored by an information technology (IT) system throughout its life, from inception 

through disposition, is a primary concern of an information system owner and the custodian of 

the data. 

With the use of increasingly sophisticated encryption, an attacker wishing to gain access to an 

organization’s sensitive information is forced to look outside the system itself for that 

information. One avenue of attack is the recovery of supposedly deleted data from media. 

These residual data may allow unauthorized individuals to reconstruct data and thereby gain 

access to sensitive information. Sanitization can be used to thwart this attack by ensuring that 

deleted data cannot be easily recovered. 

When storage media are transferred, become obsolete, or are no longer usable or required by 

an information system, it is important to ensure that residual magnetic, optical, electrical, or 

other representation of data that has been deleted is not easily recoverable. Sanitization refers 

to the general process of removing data from storage media, such that there is reasonable 

assurance that the data may not be easily retrieved and reconstructed. 

This guide will assist organizations and system owners in making practical sanitization 

decisions based on the level of confidentiality of their information. It does not, and cannot, 

specifically address all known types of media; however, the described sanitization decision 

process can be applied universally. It should also be noted that Title 40 USC advises system 

owners and custodians that excess equipment is “Educationally useful” and “Federal 

equipment is a vital national resource.” Wherever possible, excess equipment and media 

should be made available to schools and non-profit organizations to the extent permitted by 

law.

ix
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

1 Introduction 

1.1 Authority 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed this guide in 

furtherance of its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security 

Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, Public Law 107-347. 

NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum 

requirements, for providing adequate information security for all federal agency operations 

and assets, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems. This 

guideline is consistent with the requirements of Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 

Circular A-130, Section 8b (3), (Securing Agency Information Systems) as analyzed in A-130, 

Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in A-130, 

Appendix III. 

Nothing in this guide should be taken to contradict standards and guidelines made mandatory 

and binding on federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority, nor 

should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the 

Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other federal official. 

1.2 Purpose and Scope 

The information security concern regarding information disposal and media sanitization 

resides not in the media but in the recorded information. The issue of media disposal and 

sanitization is driven by the information placed intentionally or unintentionally on the media. 

With the advanced features of today’s operating systems, electronic media used on a system 

should be assumed to contain information commensurate with the security categorization of 

the system’s confidentiality. If not handled properly, release of these media could lead to an 

occurrence of unauthorized disclosure of information. Categorization of an information 

technology (IT) system in accordance with Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 

199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems, 

is the critical first step in understanding and managing system information and media.

Based on the results of categorization, the system owner should refer to NIST Special 

Publication (SP) 800-53, Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems, 

which specifies that, “the organization sanitizes information system digital media using 

approved equipment, techniques, and procedures. The organization tracks, documents, and 

verifies media sanitization and destruction actions and periodically tests sanitization 

equipment/procedures to ensure correct performance. The organization sanitizes or destroys 

information system digital media before its disposal or release for reuse outside the 

organization, to prevent unauthorized individuals from gaining access to and using the 

information contained on the media.” 

1
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

This document will assist organizations in implementing a media sanitization program with 

proper and applicable techniques and controls for sanitization and disposal decisions, 

considering the security categorization of the associated system’s confidentiality. 

The objective of this special publication is to assist with decision making when media require 

disposal, reuse, or will be leaving the effective control of an organization. Organizations 

should develop and use local policies and procedures in conjunction with this guide to make 

effective, risk-based decisions on the ultimate sanitization and/or disposition of media and 

information. 

The information in this guide is best applied in the context of current technology and 

applications. It also provides guidance for information disposition sanitization and control 

decisions to be made throughout the system life cycle. Forms of media exist that are not 

addressed by this guide, and media are yet to be developed and deployed that are not covered 

by this guide. In those cases, the intent of this guide outlined in the procedures section applies 

to all forms of media based on the evaluated security categorization of the system’s 

confidentiality according to FIPS 199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal 

Information and Information Systems. 

Before any media are sanitized, system owners are strongly advised to consult with designated 

officials with privacy responsibilities (e.g., Privacy Officers), Freedom of Information Act 

(FOIA) officers, and the local records retention office. This consultation is to ensure 

compliance with record retention regulations and requirements in the Federal Records Act. In 

addition, organizational management should also be consulted to ensure that historical 

information is captured and maintained where required by business needs. This should be 

ongoing, as controls may have to be adjusted as the system and its environment changes. 

1.3 Audience 

Protecting the confidentiality of information should be a concern for everyone, from federal 

agencies and businesses to home users. Recognizing that interconnections and information 

exchange are critical in the delivery of government services, this guide can be used to assist in 

deciding what processes to use for sanitization or disposal. 

1.4 Assumptions 

The premise of this guide is that organizations are able to correctly identify the appropriate 

information categories, confidentiality impact levels, and location of the information. Ideally, 

this activity is accomplished in the earliest phase of the system life cycle. This critical initial 

step is outside the scope of this document, but without this identification, the organization will, 

in all likelihood, lose control of some media containing sensitive information. 

This guide does not claim to cover all possible media that an organization could use to store 

information, nor does it attempt to forecast the future media that may be developed during the 

effective life of this guide. Users are expected to make sanitization and disposal decisions 

based on the security categorization of the information contained on the media. 

2
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

1.5 Relationship to Other NIST Documents 

FIPS 199, (Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information 

Systems); NIST SP 800-60, (Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information 

Systems to Security Categories) provides guidance for establishing the security categorization 

for a system’s confidentiality. This categorization will impact the level of assurance an 

organization should require in making sanitization decisions. 

FIPS 200, (Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information 

Systems) sets a base of security requirements that requires organizations to have a media 

sanitization program. 

NIST SP 800-53, (Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems) 

provides minimum recommended security controls, including sanitization, for Federal systems 

based on their overall system security categorization. 

NIST SP 800-53A, (Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Information 

Systems) provides guidance for assessing security controls, including sanitization, for federal 

systems based on their overall system security categorization. 

1.6 Document Structure 

The guide is divided into the following five sections and six appendices: 

 Section 1 (this section) explains the authority, purpose and scope, audience, 

and assumptions of the document, and outlines its structure. 

 Section 2 presents an overview of the need for sanitization and the basic 

types of information, sanitization, and media. 

 Section 3 provides general information on procedures and principles that 

influence sanitization decisions. 

 Section 4 provides the user with a process flow to assist with sanitization 

decision making. 

 Section 5 provides a summary of several general sanitization techniques. 

 Appendix A contains a matrix of media with minimum recommended 

sanitization techniques for clearing, purging, or destroying various media. 

This appendix is to be used with the decision flow chart provided in Section 

5. 

 Appendix B contains a glossary defining terms used in this guide.

 Appendix C contains a listing of tools and external resources that can be 

referenced for assistance with media sanitization.

 Appendix D contains information sanitization considerations for a home user 

or telecommuter who may not have access to organizational resources.

3
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

 Appendix E contains a listing of sources and correspondence that was 

essential in developing this guide.

 Appendix F contains a sample sanitization form for documenting 

sanitization activities in an organization.

4
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

2 Background 

Information disposition and sanitization decisions occur throughout the system life cycle. 

Critical factors affecting information disposition and media sanitization are decided at the start 

of a system’s development. The initial system requirements should include hardware and 

software specifications as well as interconnections and data flow documents that will assist the 

system owner in identifying the types of media used in the system. A determination should be 

made during the requirements phase about what other types of media will be used to create, 

capture, or transfer information used by the system. This analysis, balancing business needs 

and risk to confidentiality, will formalize the media that will be considered for the system to 

conform to FIPS 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and 

Information Systems.

Media sanitization and information disposition activity is usually most intense during the 

disposal phase of the system life cycle. However, throughout the life of an information system, 

many types of media, containing data, will be transferred outside the positive control of the 

organization. This activity may be for maintenance reasons, system upgrades, or during a 

configuration update. 

2.1 Need for Proper Media Sanitization and Information Disposition 

Media sanitization is one key element in assuring confidentiality. Confidentiality is 

“Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for 

protecting personal privacy and proprietary information...” [44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542] 

“A loss of confidentiality is the unauthorized disclosure of information.” [FIPS-199, Standards 

for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems] 

In order for organizations to have appropriate controls on the information they are responsible 

for safeguarding, they must properly safeguard used media. An often rich source of illicit 

information collection is either through dumpster diving for improperly disposed hard copy 

media, acquisition of improperly sanitized electronic media, or through keyboard and 

laboratory reconstruction of media sanitized in a manner not commensurate with the 

confidentiality of its information. Media flows in and out of organizational control through 

recycle bins in paper form, out to vendors for equipment repairs, and hot swapped into other 

systems in response to emergencies. This potential vulnerability can be mitigated through 

proper understanding of where information is location, what that information is and how to 

protect it. 

2.2 Types of Media 

There are two primary types of media in common use: 

 Hard Copy. Hard copy media is physical representations of information. 

Paper printouts, printer, and facsimile ribbons, drums, and platens are all 

examples of hard copy media. These types of media are often the most 

5
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

uncontrolled. Information tossed into the recycle bins and trash containers 

exposes a significant vulnerability to “dumpster divers”, and overcurious 

employees, risking accidental disclosures. 

 Electronic (or soft copy). Electronic media are the bits and bytes contained in 

hard drives, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), 

disks, memory devices, phones, mobile computing devices, networking 

equipment, and many other types listed in Appendix A. 

In the future, organizations will be using media types not specifically addressed by this guide. 

The processes described in this document should guide media sanitization decision making 

regardless of the type of media in use. To effectively use this guide for all media types, 

organizations and individuals should focus on the information recorded on the media. 

2.3 Trends in Data Storage Media 

Computing technologies change rapidly. Users want more powerful but compact devices. 

New technologies constantly increase processing speed and storage capacity, while decreasing 

the device size in order to satisfy this demand. These technologies may require new clearing 

and purging techniques. 

Advancing technology has created a situation that has altered previously held best practices 

regarding magnetic disk type storage media. Basically the change in track density and the 

related changes in the storage medium have created a situation where the acts of clearing and 

purging the media have converged. That is, for ATA disk drives manufactured after 2001 

(over 15 GB) clearing by overwriting the media once is adequate to protect the media from 

both keyboard and laboratory attack. 

 Some emerging data storage technologies are: 

 Holographic Storage. Stores data on a holographic (3-dimensional) image by 

passing light through light-sensitive crystals that retain the light patterns. It 

will have multiple thousands of times more memory capacity and no 

mechanical movements. Large blocks of data can be written or read with a 

single read or write command as opposed to today’s 2-dimensional storages 

devices that read and write data one bit at a time. Researchers believe that a 

holographic data storage system in which thousands of pages (blocks of data), 

each containing a million bits, can be stored within the volume of a sugar 

cube. Ten Gigabytes (GB) of data will fit in one cubic centimeter. Because 

holographic system can have no moving parts and its pages are accessed in 

parallel, it is estimated that data throughput on a holographic system can 

reach one gigabit per second. 

 Molecular Memory. Stores data using a protein called bacteriorhodopsin. A 

laser can change the protein for bR (0 state) to Q (1 state), which makes it an 

ideal AND data storage gate, or flip-flop. Molecular memory is inexpensive 

6
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

to produce and can operate over a wider range of temperatures than 

semiconductor memory. A molecule changes states within microseconds; the 

combined steps to read or write operation take about 10 milliseconds. That 

might seem slow. However, like the holographic storage, this device obtains 

data pages in parallel, so a 10 Mbps throughput speed is possible. 

2.4 Types of Sanitization 

The key in deciding how to manage media in an organization is to first consider the 

information, then the media type. The security categorization of the information, along with 

internal environmental factors, should drive the decisions on how to deal with the media. 

Again, the key is to first think in terms of information confidentiality, then by media type. 

In organizations, information exists that is not associated with any categorized system. This 

information is often hard copy internal communications such as memoranda, white papers, 

and presentations. Sometimes this information may be considered sensitive. Examples may 

include internal disciplinary letters, financial or salary negotiations, or strategy meeting 

minutes. Organizations should label these media with their internal operating classifications 

and associate a type of sanitization described in this publication. 

There are different types of sanitization for each type of media. We have divided media 

sanitization into four categories: disposal, clearing, purging and destroying. Disposal exists 

where media are just tossed out with no special disposition given to them. Some media can be 

simply disposed if information disclosure would have no impact on organizational mission, 

would not result in damage to organizational assets, would not result in financial loss or would 

not result in harm to any individuals. Disposal is mentioned to assure organizations that all 

media does not require sanitization and that disposal is still a valid method for handling media 

containing non-confidential information. Since disposal is not technically a type of 

sanitization, it will not be mentioned or addressed outside of this section. 

It is suggested that the user of this guide categorize the information, assess the nature of the 

medium on which it is recorded, assess the risk to confidentiality, and determine the future 

plans for the media. Then decide on the appropriate type of sanitization. The selected type 

should be assessed as to cost, environmental impact, etc., and a decision made that best 

mitigates the risk to confidentiality and best satisfies other constraints imposed on the process. 

Table 2-1. Sanitization Types 

Type Description 

Disposal Disposal is the act of discarding media with no other sanitization considerations. This is 

most often done by paper recycling containing non-confidential information but may also 

include other media. 

Clearing Clearing information is a level of media sanitization that would protect the confidentiality of 

information against a robust keyboard attack. Simple deletion of items would not suffice for 

clearing. Clearing must not allow information to be retrieved by data, disk, or file recovery 

utilities. It must be resistant to keystroke recovery attempts executed from standard input 

7
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Type Description 

devices and from data scavenging tools. For example, overwriting is an acceptable method 

for clearing media. 

There are overwriting software or hardware products to overwrite storage space on the 

media with non-sensitive data. This process may include overwriting not only the logical 

storage location of a file(s) (e.g., file allocation table) but also may include all addressable 

locations. The security goal of the overwriting process is to replace written data with 

random data. Overwriting cannot be used for media that are damaged or not writeable. 

The media type and size may also influence whether overwriting is a suitable sanitization 

method. [SP 800-36]. 

Studies have shown that most of today’s media can be effectively cleared by one overwrite. 

Specific recommendations for clearing different media types are included in Appendix A. 

Purging Purging information is a media sanitization process that protects the confidentiality of 

information against a laboratory attack. For some media, clearing media would not suffice 

for purging. However, for ATA disk drives manufactured after 2001 (over 15 GB) the 

terms clearing and purging have converged. 

A laboratory attack would involve a threat with the resources and knowledge to use 

nonstandard systems to conduct data recovery attempts on media outside their normal 

operating environment. This type of attack involves using signal processing equipment and 

specially trained personnel. 

Executing the firmware Secure Erase command (for ATA drives only) and degaussing are 

examples of acceptable methods for purging. Degaussing of any hard drive assembly 

usually destroys the drive as the firmware that manages the device is also destroyed. 

Degaussing is exposing the magnetic media to a strong magnetic field in order to disrupt 

the recorded magnetic domains. A degausser is a device that generates a magnetic field 

used to sanitize magnetic media. Degaussers are rated based on the type (i.e., low energy 

or high energy) of magnetic media they can purge. Degaussers operate using either a 

strong permanent magnet or an electromagnetic coil. Degaussing can be an effective 

method for purging damaged media, for purging media with exceptionally large storage 

capacities, or for quickly purging diskettes. Degaussing is not effective for purging 

nonmagnetic media, such as optical media [compact discs (CD), digital versatile discs 

(DVD), etc.). [SP 800-36, Guide to Selecting Information Security Products] 

Specific recommendations for purging different media types are included in Appendix A. If 

purging media is not a reasonable sanitization method for organizations, this guide 

recommends that the media be destroyed. 

Destroying Destruction of media is the ultimate form of sanitization. After media are destroyed, they 

cannot be reused as originally intended. Physical destruction can be accomplished using a 

variety of methods, including disintegration, incineration, pulverizing, shredding, and 

melting. 

If destruction is decided upon due to the high security categorization of the information or 

due to environmental factors, any residual medium should be able to withstand a laboratory 

attack. 

 Disintegration, Incineration, Pulverization, and Melting. These sanitization methods 

are designed to completely destroy the media. They are typically carried out at an 

outsourced metal destruction or incineration facility with the specific capabilities to 

perform these activities effectively, securely, and safely. 

 Shredding. Paper shredders can be used to destroy flexible media such as 

diskettes once the media are physically removed from their outer containers. The 

shred size of the refuse should be small enough that there is reasonable assurance 

in proportion to the data confidentiality level that the information cannot be 

reconstructed. 

Optical mass storage media, including compact disks (CD, CD-RW, CD-R, CD-ROM), 

optical disks (DVD), and magneto-optic (MO) disks must be destroyed by pulverizing, 

8
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Type Description 

crosscut shredding or burning. 

Destruction of media should be conducted only by trained and authorized personnel. 

Safety, hazmat, and special disposition needs should be identified and addressed prior to 

conducting any media destruction. 

2.5 Other Factors Influencing Sanitization and Disposal Decisions 

Several factors should be considered along with the security categorization of the system 

confidentiality when making sanitization decisions. The cost versus benefit of a media 

sanitization process should be understood prior to a final decision. For instance, it may not be 

cost-effective to degauss inexpensive media such as diskettes. Even though clear or purge 

may be the recommended solution, it may be more cost-effective (considering training, 

tracking, and validation, etc) to destroy media rather than use one of the other options. 

Organizations can always increase the level of sanitization applied if that is reasonable, and 

indicated by an assessment of the existing risk. 

Organizations should consider the following environmental factors. Note that the list is not 

all-inclusive: 

 What types (e.g., optical non-rewritable, magnetic) and size (e.g., megabyte, gigabyte, 

and terabyte) of media storage does the organization require to be sanitized? 

 What is the confidentiality of the data stored on the media? 

 Will the media be processed in a controlled area? 

 Should the sanitization process be conducted within the organization or outsourced? 

 What is the anticipated volume of media to be sanitized by type of media? 1

 What is the availability of sanitization equipment and tools? 

 What is the level of training of personnel with sanitization equipment/tools? 

 How long will sanitization take? 

 What type of sanitization will cost more considering tools, training, validation, and 

reentering media into the supply stream? 

 

1

 SP 800-36 Guide to Selecting Information Technology Security Products

9
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

3 Roles and Responsibilities: 

3.1 Program Managers/Agency Heads 

“Ultimately, responsibility for the success of an organization lies with its senior managers.”2 

By establishing an effective information security governance structure, they establish the 

organization’s computer security program and its overall program goals, objectives, and 

priorities in order to support the mission of the organization. Ultimately, the head of the 

organization is responsible for ensuring that adequate resources are applied to the program and 

for ensuring program success. Senior management is responsible for ensuring that the 

resources are allocated to correctly identify types and locations of information and to ensure 

that resources are allocated to properly sanitize the information. 

3.2 Chief Information Officer (CIO) 

The CIO3 is charged with promulgating information security policy. A component of this 

policy is information disposition and media sanitization. The CIO, as the information 

custodian, is responsible for ensuring that organizational or local sanitization requirements 

follow the guidelines of this document. 

3.3 Information System Owner 

The information system owner4 should ensure that maintenance or contractual agreements are 

in place and are sufficient in protecting the confidentiality of the system media and 

information commensurate with the impact of disclosure of such information on the 

organization. 

3.4 Information Owner 

The information owner should ensure that appropriate supervision of onsite media 

maintenance by service providers occurs, when necessary. The information owner is also 

responsible for ensuring that users of the information are aware of its sensitivity and the basic 

requirements for media sanitization. 

 

2

NIST SP 800-18 Guide for Developing Security Plans for Information Technology Systems, pg 16.

3

Information Technology Management Reform Act (Clinger/Cohen) When an agency has not designated a formal 

CIO position, FISMA requires the associated responsibilities to be handled by a comparable agency official. 

4

The role of the information system owner can be interpreted in a variety of ways depending on the particular agency 

and the system development life-cycle phase of the information system. Some agencies may refer to the information 

system owners as program managers or business/asset/mission owners. 

10
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

3.5 Senior Agency Information Security Officer (SAISO) 

The SAISO is responsible for ensuring that the requirements of the information security policy 

with regard to information disposition and media sanitization are implemented and exercised 

in a timely and appropriate manner throughout the organization. 

3.6 System Security Manager/Officer 

Often assisting system management officials in this effort is a system security manager/officer 

responsible for day-today security implementation/administration duties. Although not 

normally part of the computer security program management office, this person is responsible 

for coordinating the security efforts of a particular system(s). This role is sometimes referred 

to as the Computer System Security Officer or the Information System Security Officer. 

3.7 Property Management Officer 

The property management officer is responsible for ensuring that sanitized media and devices 

that are redistributed within the organization, donated to external entities or destroyed are 

properly accounted for. 

3.8 Records Management Officer 

The records management officer is responsible for advising the system and/or data owner or 

custodian of retention requirements that must be met so the sanitization of media will not 

destroy records that should be preserved. 

3.9 Privacy Officer 

The privacy officer is responsible for providing advice regarding the privacy issues 

surrounding the disposition of privacy information and the media upon which it is recorded. 

3.10 Users 

Users have the responsibility for knowing and understanding the confidentiality of the 

information they are using to accomplish their assigned work and ensure proper handling of 

information. 

11
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

4 Information Sanitization and Disposition Decision Making 

Organizations can use Figure 4-1 with the descriptions in this section to assist them in making 

sanitization decisions that are commensurate with the security categorization of the 

confidentiality of information contained on their media. The decision process is based on the 

confidentiality of the information, not the type of media. Once organizations decide what type 

of sanitization is best for their individual case, then the media type will influence the technique 

used to achieve this sanitization goal. 

Figure 4-1. Sanitization and Disposition Decision Flow 

* For some media, clearing media would not suffice for purging. However, for ATA disk drives manufactured after 

2001 (over 15 GB) the terms clearing and purging have converged. Studies have shown that most of today’s 

media can be effectively cleared and purged by one overwrite using current available sanitization technologies. 

12
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

4.1 Information Decisions In the System Life cycle 

The need for, and methods to conduct, media sanitization should be identified and developed 

before arriving at the system disposal phase in the system life cycle. At the start of system 

development, when the initial system security plan is developed (see NIST SP 800-18, 

Revision 1, Guide for Developing Security Plans for Information Technology Systems), media 

sanitization controls are developed, documented, and deployed. One of the key decisions that 

will affect the ability to conduct sanitization is choosing what media are going to be used with 

the system. Although this is mostly a business decision, system owners must understand early 

on that this decision affects the types of resources needed for sanitization throughout the rest 

of the system life cycle. 

Organizations should take care in identifying media for sanitization. Many items used will 

contain multiple forms of media that may require different methods of sanitization. For 

example, a PC may contain a hard drive, RAM, and ROM, and mobile devices contain onboard volatile memory as well as nonvolatile removable memory in the form of a Subscriber 

Identity Module (SIM). 

4.2 Identification of the Need for Sanitization 

One of the first steps in making a sanitization decision is deciding if and when a need exists to 

sanitize media. 

At all points in the system life cycle, media are generated that contain representations of the 

information held in the system. These media can take different forms, such as simple 

printouts of data, screenshot captures, or cached memory of user’s activities. Organizations 

must know which media are capturing data and when in order to maintain proper control of 

the information. This understanding will allow organizations to identify when there is a need 

to conduct proper sanitization for media disposal. These decisions on proper disposal can be 

as simple as ensuring placement of paper shredders in work areas during system steady-state 

activities or address destroying electronic equipment at the end of its life cycle.

4.3 Determination of Security Categorization 

Early in the system life cycle, a system is categorized using the guidance found in FIPS 199 

and NIST SP 800-60, including the security categorization for the system’s confidentiality. 

This security categorization is often revisited and revalidated throughout the system’s life, and 

any necessary changes to the confidentiality category can be made. Once the security 

categorization is completed, the system owner can then design a sanitization process that will 

ensure adequate protection of the system’s information. 

Much information is not associated with a specific system but is associated with internal 

business communications, usually on paper. Organizations should label these media with their 

internal operating classifications and associate a type of sanitization described in this 

publication. 

13
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

4.4 Reuse of Media 

A key decision on sanitization is whether the media are planned for reuse or recycle. Often, 

some forms of media are reused to conserve an organization’s resources. 

If media are not intended for reuse either within or outside an organization due to damage or 

other reason, the simplest and most cost-effective method of control may be destruction. 

4.5 Control of Media 

A factor influencing an organizational sanitization decision is who has control and access to 

the media. This aspect must be considered when media leaves organizational control. Media 

control may be transferred when media are returned from a leasing agreement or are being 

donated or resold to be reused outside the organization. The following are examples of media 

control: 

Under Organization Control: 

 Media being turned over for maintenance are still considered under 

organization control if contractual agreements are in place with the 

organization and the maintenance provider specifically provides for the 

confidentiality of the information. 

 Maintenance being performed on an organization’s site, under the 

organization’s supervision, by a maintenance provider is also considered 

under the control of the organization. 

Not Under Organization Control: 

 Media that are being exchanged for warranty, cost rebate, or other 

purposes and where the specific media will not be returned to the 

organization are considered to be out of organizational control. 

4.6 Sanitization and Disposal Decision 

Once an organization completes an assessment of its system confidentiality, has determined 

the need for information sanitization, and has determined the types of media used and the 

media disposition, an effective, risk-based decision can be made on the appropriate and 

needed level of sanitization. Again, environmental factors and media type might cause the 

level of sanitization to change. For example, purging paper copies generally does not make 

sense, so destroying them would be an acceptable alternative. 

Upon completion of sanitization decision making, the organization should document the 

decision and ensure that a process and proper resources are in place to support these decisions. 

This process is often the most difficult piece of the media sanitization process because it 

includes not only the act of sanitization but also the validation: documenting decisions and 

actions, identifying resources, and having critical interfaces with key officials. 

14
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

4.7 Verify Methods 

Verifying the selected information sanitization and disposal process is an essential step in 

maintaining confidentiality. A representative sampling of media should be tested for proper 

sanitization to assure the organization that proper protection is maintained. Verification of the 

process should be conducted by personnel without a stake in any part of the process. 

4.7.1 Verification of Equipment 

Verification of the sanitization process is not the only assurance required by the 

organization. If the organization is using sanitization tools (e.g., a degausser), then 

equipment calibration, as well as equipment testing, and scheduled maintenance, is also 

required. 

4.7.2 Verification of Personnel Competencies 

Another key element is the potential training needs and current expertise of 

personnel conducting the sanitization. Organizations should ensure that equipment 

operators are competent to perform sanitization functions.

4.8 Documentation 

It is critical that an organization maintain a record of its sanitization to document what media 

were sanitized, when, how they were sanitized, and the final disposition of the media. Often 

when an organization is suspected of losing control of its information, it is because of 

inadequate record keeping of media sanitization. 

Organizations should ensure that property management officials are included in documenting 

the media sanitization process in order to establish proper accountability of equipment and 

inventory control. 

Organizations should conduct sensible documentation activities for media containing low 

security category information. These are generally considered a consumable or perishable 

item by property management. 

A sample form for organizations to use in documenting sanitization activities is provided in 

Appendix F. 

15
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

16

5 Summary of Sanitization Techniques 

Several different methods can be used to sanitize media. Three of the most common are 

presented in this section. Users of this guide should categorize the information to be disposed 

of, assess the nature of the medium on which it is recorded, assess the risk to confidentiality, 

and determine the future plans for the media. Then, using information in Table 5-1, decide on 

the appropriate method for sanitization. The selected method should be assessed as to cost, 

environmental impact, etc., and a decision should be made that best mitigates the risks to an 

unauthorized disclosure of information. 

Table 5-1. Sanitization Methods 

Method Description 

Clear One method to sanitize media is to use software or hardware products to overwrite storage space on the 

media with non-sensitive data. This process may include overwriting not only the logical storage location of a 

file(s) (e.g., file allocation table) but also may include all addressable locations. The security goal of the 

overwriting process is to replace written data with random data. Overwriting cannot be used for media that are 

damaged or not rewriteable. The media type and size may also influence whether overwriting is a suitable 

sanitization method [SP 800-36]. 

Purge Degaussing and executing the firmware Secure Erase command (for ATA drives only) are acceptable 

methods for purging. 

Degaussing is exposing the magnetic media to a strong magnetic field in order to disrupt the recorded 

magnetic domains. A degausser is a device that generates a magnetic field used to sanitize magnetic media. 

Degaussers are rated based on the type (i.e., low energy or high energy) of magnetic media they can purge. 

Degaussers operate using either a strong permanent magnet or an electromagnetic coil. Degaussing can be 

an effective method for purging damaged or inoperative media, for purging media with exceptionally large 

storage capacities, or for quickly purging diskettes. [SP 800-36] 

Destroy There are many different types, techniques, and procedures for media destruction. If destruction is decided on 

because of the high security categorization of the information, then after the destruction, the media should be 

able to withstand a laboratory attack. 

 Disintegration, Pulverization, Melting, and Incineration. These sanitization methods are designed to 

completely destroy the media. They are typically carried out at an outsourced metal destruction or 

licensed incineration facility with the specific capabilities to perform these activities effectively, 

securely, and safely. 

 Shredding. Paper shredders can be used to destroy flexible media such as diskettes once the media 

are physically removed from their outer containers. The shred size of the refuse should be small 

enough that there is reasonable assurance in proportion to the data confidentiality that the data 

cannot be reconstructed. 

Optical mass storage media, including compact disks (CD, CD-RW, CD-R, CD-ROM), optical disks (DVD), 

and MO disks, must be destroyed by pulverizing, crosscut shredding or burning. When material is 

disintegrated or shredded all residues must be reduced to nominal edge dimensions of five millimeters (5 mm) 

and surface area of twenty-five square millimeters (25 mm2

). 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

17

Appendix A. Minimum Sanitization Recommendation for Media 

Containing Data 

Once a decision is made (see section 4) and after applying relevant organizational 

environmental factors, then Table A-1 can be used to determine recommended sanitization of 

specific media. This recommendation should reflect the Federal Information Processing 

Standard (FIPS) 199 security categorization of the system confidentiality to reduce the impact 

of harm of unauthorized disclosure of information from the media. 

Although use of Table A-1 is recommended here, other methods exist to satisfy the intent of 

clear, purge (still relevant in some cases), and destroy, and methods not specified in this table 

may be suitable as long as they are vetted and found satisfactory by the organization. Not all 

types of available media are specified in this table. If your media are not included in this 

guide, organizations are urged to identify and use processes that will fulfill the intent to clear, 

purge, or destroy their media. 

When an organization or agency has a sanitization technology, method and/or tool that they 

trust and have validated, they are strongly encouraged to share this information through public 

forums, such as the Federal Agency Security Practices (FASP) website. The FASP effort was 

initiated as a result of the success of the Federal Chief Information Officer (CIO) Council’s 

Federal Best Security Practices (BSP) pilot effort to identify, evaluate, and disseminate best 

practices for critical infrastructure protection (CIP) and security. FASP can be found at 

http://csrc.nist.gov/fasp/. 

Table A-1. Media Sanitization Decision Matrix 

Media Type Clear Purge Physical Destruction 

Hard Copy Storages 

Paper and 

microforms 

See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction.  Destroy paper using cross cut shredders which 

produce particles that are 1 x 5 millimeters in 

size (reference devices on the NSA paper 

Shredder EPL), or to pulverize/disintegrate paper 

materials using disintegrator devices equipped 

with 3/32 inch security screen (reference NSA 

Disintegrator EPL.). 

 Destroy microforms (microfilm, microfiche, or 

other reduced image photo negatives) by 

burning. When material is burned, residue must 

be reduced to white ash. 

Hand-Held Devices 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

18

Media Type Clear Purge Physical Destruction 

Cell Phones Manually delete all 

information, such as calls 

made, phone numbers, then 

perform a full manufacturer’s 

reset to reset the cell phone 

back to its factory default 

settings. 

** Please contact the 

manufacturer for proper 

sanitization procedure. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate by burning cell phones in a licensed 

incinerator. 

Personal Digital 

Assistant (PDA) 

(Palm, PocketPC, 

other) 

Manually delete all 

information, then perform a 

manufacturer’s hard reset to 

reset the PDA to factory 

state. 

** Please contact the 

manufacturer for proper 

sanitization procedure. 

Same as Clear.  Incinerate PDAs by burning the PDAs in a 

licensed incinerator. 

 Shred. 

 Pulverize. 

Networking Devices

Routers (home, 

home office, 

enterprise) 

Perform a full manufacturer’s 

reset to reset the router back 

to its factory default settings. 

** Please contact the 

manufacturer for proper 

sanitization procedure. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate. Incinerate routers by burning the 

routers in a licensed incinerator. 

Equipment 

Copy Machines Perform a full manufacturer’s 

reset to reset the copy 

machine to its factory default 

settings. 

** Please contact the 

manufacturer for proper 

sanitization procedure. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate. Incinerate copy machines by burning 

the copy machines in a licensed incinerator. 

Fax Machines Perform a full manufacturer’s 

reset to reset the fax 

machine to its factory default 

settings. 

** Please contact the 

manufacturer for proper 

sanitization procedures. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate. Incinerate fax machines by burning 

the fax machines in a licensed incinerator. 

Magnetic Disks 

Floppies Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved software 

and validate the overwritten 

data. 

Degauss in a NSA/CSSapproved degausser.  Incinerate floppy disks and diskettes by burning 

the floppy disks and diskettes in a licensed 

incinerator. 

 Shred. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

19

Media Type Clear Purge Physical Destruction 

ATA Hard Drives Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

1. Purge using Secure 

Erase. The Secure 

Erase software can be 

download from the 

University of California, 

San Diego (UCSD) 

CMRR site.

2. Purge hard disk drives 

by either purging the 

hard disk drive in an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

automatic degausser or 

by disassembling the 

hard disk drive and 

purging the enclosed 

platters with an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

degaussing wand.** 

3. Purge media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated purge 

technologies/tools. 

**Degaussing any current 

generation hard disk will 

render the drive 

permanently unusable. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Shred. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate. Incinerate hard disk drives by burning 

the hard disk drives in a licensed incinerator. 

USB Removable 

Media (Pen Drives, 

Thumb Drives, 

Flash Drives, 

Memory Sticks) 

with Hard Drives 

Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

1. Purge using Secure 

Erase The Secure 

Erase software can be 

download from the 

University of California, 

San Diego (UCSD) 

CMRR site.

2. Purge hard disk drives by 

either purging the hard 

disk drive in an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

automatic degausser or 

by disassembling the 

hard disk drive and 

purging the enclosed 

platters with an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

degaussing wand.** 

3. Purge media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated purge 

technologies/tools. 

**Degaussing any current 

generation hard disk will 

render the drive permanently 

unusable. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Shred. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate. Incinerate hard disk drives by burning 

the hard disk drives in a licensed incinerator. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

20

Media Type Clear Purge Physical Destruction 

Zip Disks Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Degauss using a NSA/CSSapproved degausser. 

 **Degaussing any current 

generation zip disks will 

render the disk permanently 

unusable. 

 Incinerate disks and diskettes by burning the zip 

disks in a licensed incinerator. 

 Shred. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

21

Media Type Clear Purge Physical Destruction 

SCSI Drives Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Purge hard disk drives by 

either purging the hard 

disk drive in an NSA/CSSapproved automatic 

degausser or by 

disassembling the hard 

disk drive and purging the 

enclosed platters with an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

degaussing wand. 

***Degaussing any current 

generation hard disk will 

render the drive 

permanently unusable. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Shred. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate. Incinerate hard disk drives by burning 

the hard disk drives in a licensed incinerator. 

Magnetic Tapes 

Reel and Cassette 

Format Magnetic 

Tapes 

Clear magnetic tapes by 

either re-recording 

(overwriting) or degaussing. 

Clearing a magnetic tape by 

re-recording (overwriting) 

may be impractical for most 

applications since the 

process occupies the tape 

transport for excessive time 

periods. 

Clearing by Overwriting: 

Overwriting should be 

performed on a system 

similar to the one that 

originally recorded the 

data. For example, 

overwrite previously 

recorded classified or 

sensitive VHS format video 

signals on a comparable 

VHS format recorder. All 

portions of the magnetic 

tape should be overwritten 

one time with known nonsensitive signals. 

Degauss using an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

degausser. 

Purging by Degaussing: 

Purge the magnetic tape in 

any degausser that can 

purge the signal enough to 

prohibit playback of the 

previous known signal. 

Purging by degaussing can 

be accomplished easier by 

using an NSA/CSSapproved degausser for the 

magnetic tape. 

 Incinerate by burning the tapes in a licensed 

incinerator. 

 Shred. 

Preparatory steps, such as removing the tape from the 

reel or cassette prior to destruction, are unnecessary. 

However, segregation of components (tape and reels 

or cassettes) may be necessary to comply with the 

requirements of a destruction facility or for recycling 

measures. 

Optical Disks 

CDs See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction. Destroy in order of recommendations: 

 Removing the Information bearing layers of CD 

media using a commercial optical disk grinding 

device. 

 Incinerate optical disk media (reduce to ash) 

using a licensed facility. 

 Use optical disk media shredders or disintegrator 

devices to reduce to particles that have a 

nominal edge dimensions of five millimeters (5 

mm) and surface area of twenty-five square 

millimeters (25 mm2

). ** 

 ** This is a current acceptable particle size. Any 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

22

Media Type Clear Purge Physical Destruction 

future disk media shredders obtained should reduce 

CD to surface area of .25mm2. 

DVDs See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction. Destroy in order of recommendations: 

 Removing the Information bearing layers of DVD 

media using a commercial optical disk grinding 

device. 

 Incinerate optical disk media (reduce to ash) 

using a licensed facility. 

 Use optical disk media shredders or disintegrator 

devices to reduce to particles that have a 

nominal edge dimensions of five millimeters (5 

mm) and surface area of twenty-five square 

millimeters (25 mm2

). ** 

** This is a current acceptable particle size. Any future 

disk media shredders obtained should reduce DVD to 

surface area of .25mm. 

Memory 

Compact Flash 

Drives, SD 

Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

See Physical Destruction. Destroy media in order of recommendations. 

 Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate by burning in a licensed incinerator. 

Dynamic Random 

Access Memory 

(DRAM) 

Purge DRAM by powering off 

and removing the battery (if 

battery backed). 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

Electronically 

Alterable PROM 

(EAPROM) 

Perform a full chip purge as 

per manufacturer’s data 

sheets. 

Same as Clear.  Shred 

 Disintegrate 

 Pulverize 

Electronically 

Erasable PROM 

(EEPROM) 

Overwrite media by using 

agency approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Remove all labels or 

markings that indicate 

previous use or 

confidentiality. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate by burning in a licensed incinerator. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

23

Media Type Clear Purge Destroy 

Erasable 

Programmable 

ROM (EPROM) 

Clear media in order of 

recommendations. 

1. Clear functioning 

EPROM by performing an 

ultraviolet purge according 

to the manufacturer's 

recommendations, but 

increase the time 

requirement by a factor of 

3. 

2. Overwrite media by 

using agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate by burning in a licensed incinerator. 

Field 

Programmable 

Gate Array 

(FPGA) Devices 

(Non-Volatile) 

Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

Field 

Programmable 

Gate Array 

(FPGA) Devices 

(Volatile) 

Clear functioning FPGA by 

powering off and removing 

the battery (if battery backed). 

 Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

Flash Cards Overwrite media by using 

agency approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

Flash EPROM 

(FEPROM) 

Perform a full chip purge as 

per manufacturer’s data 

sheets. 

Purge media in order of 

recommendations. 

1. Overwrite media by 

using agency approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

2. Perform a full chip purge 

as per manufacturer’s data 

sheets. 

 Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

 Incinerate by burning in a licensed incinerator. 

Magnetic Bubble 

Memory 

Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Purge by Collapsing the 

Magnetic Bubbles: 

1. Degaussing: Degauss in 

an NSA/CSS-approved 

degausser. However, care 

must be taken to insure 

that the full field (at least 

1500 gauss) of the 

degausser is applied to the 

actual bubble array. All 

shielding materials must be 

removed from the circuit 

card and/or bubble memory 

 Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

When practical, the outer chassis and electronic circuit 

boards should be removed from the core memory unit 

to optimize the performance of the destruction device. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

2

Media Type Clear Purge Destroy 

device before degaussing. 

2. Raising the Magnetic 

Bias Field: Magnetic bubble 

memory with built-in 

magnetic bias field controls 

may be purged by raising 

the bias voltage to levels 

sufficient to collapse the 

magnetic bubbles. 

Recommend that specific 

technical guidance be 

obtained from the bubble 

memory manufacturer 

before attempting this 

procedure. 

Magnetic Core 

Memory 

Clear media in order of 

recommendations. 

1. Overwrite media by 

using agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

2. Degauss in an 

NSA/CSS-approved 

degausser. 

Purge core memory devices 

either by overwriting or 

degaussing. 

 Overwrite media by using 

agency approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/ 

tools 

 Degauss in an NSA/CSSapproved degausser. 

Remove all labels or 

markings that indicate 

previous use or 

confidentiality. NOTE - 

Attenuation of the 

magnetic field due to 

chassis shielding and 

separation distance are 

factors that affect erasure 

performance and should 

be considered. All steel 

shielding materials (e.g., 

chassis, case, or 

mounting brackets) 

should be removed 

before degaussing. 

 Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

When practical, the outer chassis and electronic circuit 

boards should be removed from the core memory unit 

to optimize the performance. 

Non Volatile RAM 

(NOVRAM) 

1. Overwrite media by using 

agency approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

2. Each overwrite must 

reside in memory for a 

period longer than the data 

resided. 

3. Remove all power to 

include battery power. 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

4
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

25

Media Type Clear Purge Destroy 

PC Cards or 

Personal 

Computer 

Memory Card 

International 

Association 

(PCMCIA) Cards 

See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction. Destroy by incinerating in a licensed incinerator or use 

(an NSA evaluated) a disintegrator to reduce the 

card's internal circuit board and components to 

particles that are nominally two (2) millimeters in size. 

Programmable 

ROM (PROM) 

See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction. Destroy by incinerating in a licensed incinerator. 

RAM Purge functioning DRAM by 

powering off and removing 

the battery (if battery backed). 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize.

ROM See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

USB Removable 

Media (Pen 

Drives, Thumb 

Drives, Flash 

Drives, Memory 

Sticks) without 

Hard Drives 

Overwrite media by using 

agency approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools 

Same as Clear.  Shred. 

 Disintegrate. 

 Pulverize. 

Smart Cards See Physical Destruction. See Physical Destruction.  For smart card devices& data storage tokens that 

are in credit card form, cut or crush the smart 

card's internal memory chip using metals snips, a 

pair of scissors, or a strip cut shredder (nominal 2 

mm wide cuts). Smart cards packaged into 

tokens (i.e. SIM chips, thumb drives and other 

physically robust plastic packages) that are not 

capable of being shredded should instead be 

destroyed via incineration licensed incinerator or 

disintegration to 2 mm size particles. 

Magnetic Cards 

Magnetic Cards Overwrite media by using 

agency-approved and 

validated overwriting 

technologies/methods/tools. 

Degauss in an NSA/CSSapproved degausser. 

 Shred. 

 Incinerate. Incineration of magnetic cards shall 

be accomplished by burning the magnetic cards 

in a licensed incinerator. 

 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

26

Appendix B. Glossary 

Glossary Term Definition 

Clear To use software or hardware products to overwrite storage space on the media with nonsensitive data. This process may include overwriting not only the logical storage location of 

a file(s) (e.g., file allocation table) but also may include all addressable locations. See 

comments on clear/purge convergence. 

CD Compact Disc: a class of media on which data are recorded by optical means. 

CD-RW Compact Disc Read/Write: A CD that can be purged and rewritten multiple times. 

CD-R Compact Disc Recordable: A CD that can be written on only once but read many times. 

Also known as WORM. 

CMRR The Center for Magnetic Recording Research (CMRR) advances the state-of-the-art in 

magnetic storage, and trains graduate students and postdoctoral professionals. The Center 

is located at the University of California, San Diego. 

Data Pieces of information from which “understandable information” is derived. 

Degauss To reduce the magnetic flux to virtual zero by applying a reverse magnetizing field. Also 

called demagnetizing. Degaussing any current generation hard disk (including but not 

limited to IDE, EIDE, ATA, SCSI and Jaz) will render the drive permanently unusable 

since these drives store track location information on the hard drive in dedicated regions of 

the drive in between the data sectors. 

Destruction The result of actions taken to ensure that media cannot be reused as originally intended and 

that information is virtually impossible to recover or prohibitively expensive. 

Digital The binary coding scheme generally used in computer technology to represent data as 

binary bits (1s and 0s). 

Disintegration A physically destructive method of sanitizing media; the act of separating into component 

parts. 

Disposal Disposal is the act of discarding media with no other sanitization considerations. This is 

most often done by paper recycling containing non-confidential information but may also 

include other media. 

DVD Digital Video Disc – a disc the same shape and size as a CD; but the DVD has a higher 

density and gives the option for data to be double-sided or double-layered. 

DVD-RW A rewritable (re-recordable) DVD disk for both movies and data from the DVD Forum. 

DVD+RW A rewritable (re-recordable) DVD disk for both movies and data from the DVD+RW 

Alliance. 

DVD+R A write-once (read only) version of the DVD+RW optical disk from the DVD+RW 

Alliance. 

DVD-R A write-once (read only) DVD disk for both movies and data endorsed by the DVD Forum. 

Electronic Media General term that refers to media on which data are recorded via an electrically based 

process. 

Erasure Process intended to render magnetically stored information irretrievable by normal means. 

FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard. 

Format Pre-established layout for data. 

Hard Disk A rigid magnetic disk fixed permanently within a drive unit and used for storing data. 

Incineration A physically destructive method of sanitizing media; the act of burning completely to 

ashes. 

Information Meaningful interpretation or expression of data. 

Media Plural of medium. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

27

Glossary Term Definition 

Media Sanitization A general term referring to the actions taken to render data written on media unrecoverable 

by both ordinary and extraordinary means. 

Medium Material on which data are or may be recorded, such as paper, punched cards, magnetic 

tape, magnetic disks, solid state devices, or optical discs. 

Melting A physically destructive method of sanitizing media; to be changed from a solid to a liquid 

state generally by the application of heat. 

Optical Disks A plastic disk that is “written” (encoded) and “read” using an optical laser device. The disc 

contains a highly reflective metal and uses bits to represent data by containing areas that 

reduce the effect of reflection when illuminated with a narrow-beam source, such as a laser 

diode. 

Overwrite Writing patterns of data on top of the data stored on a magnetic medium. NSA has 

researched that one overwrite is good enough to sanitize most drives. See comments on 

clear/purge convergence. 

Physical 

Destruction 

A sanitization method for optical media, such as CDs. 

Pulverization A physically destructive method of sanitizing media; the act of grinding to a powder or 

dust. 

Purge Rendering sanitized data unrecoverable by laboratory attack methods. See comments on 

clear/purge convergence. 

Read Fundamental process in an information system that results only in the flow of information 

from an object to a subject. 

Record To write data on a medium, such as a magnetic tape, magnetic disk, or optical disc. 

Recovery 

Procedures 

(recoverable) 

Action necessary to store data files of an information system and computational capability 

after a system failure. 

Remanence Residual information remaining on storage media after clearing. 

Residue Data left in storage after information processing operations are complete, but before 

degaussing or overwriting has taken place. 

ROM Read Only Memory. Generally a commercially available disc or solid state device on 

which the content was recorded during the manufacturing process. 

Sanitize Process to remove information from media such that data recovery is not possible. It 

includes removing all classified labels, markings, and activity logs. 

Secure Erase An overwrite technology using firmware based process to overwrite a hard drive. Is a drive 

command defined in the ANSI ATA and SCSI disk drive interface specifications, which 

runs inside drive hardware. It completes in about 1/8 the time of 5220 block erasure. It 

Was added to the ATA specification in part at CMRR request. For ATA drives 

manufactured after 2001 (Over 15 GB) have the Secure Erase command and successfully 

pass secure erase validation testing at CMRR. A standardized internal secure erase 

command also exists for SCSI drives, but it is optional and not currently implemented in 

SCSI drives tested by CMRR. SCSI drives are a small percentage of the world’s hard disk 

drives, and the command will be implemented when users demand it. 

Shred A method of sanitizing media; the act of cutting or tearing into small particles. 

Storage Retrievable retention of data. Electronic, electrostatic, or electrical hardware or other 

elements (media) into which data may be entered, and from which data may be retrieved. 

WORM Write-Once Read Many. 

Write Fundamental operations of an information system that results only in the flow of 

information from a subject to an object. 
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

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Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Appendix C. Tools and Resources 

Many different government, U.S. military, and academic institutions have 

conducted extensive research in sanitization tools, techniques, and procedures in 

order to validate them to a certain level of assurance. The National Institute of 

Standards and Technology (NIST) does not conduct an evaluation of any tool set to 

validate its ability to clear, purge, or destroy information contained on any specific 

medium. 

Organizations are encouraged to seek products that they can evaluate on their own. 

They can use a trusted service or other federal organizations’ evaluation of tools 

and products and they are expected to continually monitor and validate the 

effectiveness of their selected sanitization tools as they are used. 

If an organization has a product that they trust and have validated, then they are 

strongly encouraged to share this information through public forums, such as the 

Federal Agency Security Practices (FASP) website. The FASP effort was initiated 

as a result of the success of the Federal Chief Information Officer (CIO) Council’s 

Federal Best Security Practices (BSP) pilot effort to identify, evaluate, and 

disseminate best practices for critical infrastructure protection (CIP) and security. 

FASP can be found at http://csrc.nist.gov/fasp/. 

This guide also recommends that the user consider the NSA devices posted on the 

public NSA website. NSA states “The products on these lists have met NSA 

specific performance requirements; however, inclusion on the list does not 

constitute an endorsement by NSA or the U.S. government. 

NSA/CSS-EPL-02-01-M - NSA/CSS Evaluated Products List (EPL) for High 

Security Crosscut Paper Shredders, Annex A to NSA/CSS 02-01, version M, dated: 

April 2005 

NSA/CSS-EPL-02-02-F - NSA Evaluated High-Security Disintegrators, Annex A 

to NSA/CSS 02-02, version F, dated: April 2005 

NSA/CSS EPL 04-02-B - Optical Media Destruction Devices, Annex A to 

NSA/CSS 04-02, version B, Date: 30 September 2005

NSA/CSS-EPL-9-12A-B - Degausser Approved Products List - Annex A to 

NSA/CSS Manual 130-2, version B, dated: May 2005” 

In addition to the NSA device listing, the Defense Security Service (DSS) publishes 

an Assessed Product List (APL), which is a listing of products assessed against the 

vendors claims of sanitation. The DSS APL states, “The APL does not endorse 

any company’s product, nor does it constitute certification or accreditation for the 

product’s use in a classified environment. The intent is to give security personnel 

29
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

information on the capability of the product, whereby, they can determine the 

possible application of the product to meet their security requirement.”5

This listing can be found at http://www.dss.mil/infoas/assessed_products_list.doc. 

For hard drive devices or devices where firmware purge commands can be 

accessed and utilized, this may be the best option for an organization. Firmware 

purge commands can provide strong assurance of data protection while allowing 

the device to be reused. More information on firmware secure erasure for ATA 

hard drives can be found at http://cmrr.ucsd.edu/hughes/subpgset.htm. 

Organizations and individuals wishing to donate used electronic equipment or 

seeking guidance on disposal of residual materials after sanitization should consult 

the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) electronic recycling and electronic 

waste information website at http://www.epa.gov/e-Cycling/. This site offers 

advice, regulations, and standard publications related to sanitization, disposal, and 

donations. It also provides external links to other sanitization tool resources. 

Organizations can outsource media sanitization and destruction if business and 

security management decide that this would be the most reasonable option for them 

to maintain confidentiality while optimizing available resources. When exercising 

this option, this guide recommends that organizations exercise “due diligence” 

when entering into a contract with another party engaged in media sanitization. 

Due diligence for this case is accepted as outlined in 16 CFR 682 which states “due 

diligence could include reviewing an independent audit of the disposal company’s 

operations and/or its compliance with this rule [guide], obtaining information about 

the disposal company from several references or other reliable sources, requiring 

that the disposal company be certified by a recognized trade association or similar 

third party, reviewing and evaluating the disposal company’s information security 

policies or procedures, or taking other appropriate measures to determine the 

competency and integrity of the potential disposal company.’6

 

 

5

 http://www.dss.mil/infoas/assessed_products_list.doc. 

6

 Federal Trade Commission 16 CFR Part 682, Disposal of Consumer Report Information and 

Records Section 682.3 (b) (3). 

30
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Appendix D. Considerations for the Home User and 

Telecommuter 

For home users and telecommuters needing to sanitize media, media sanitization 

methods developed for organizations might be impractical or unsafe. 

Telecommuters should check their organizational policies before attempting any 

type of sanitization. Here are a few guidelines that home users and telecommuters 

could follow: 

 If you are a telecommuter, ensure that you follow your organizations 

sanitization policies and instructions first. Organization policies and 

procedures take precedent over these instructions. 

 Check your provided instruction manual. If guidance for information 

sanitization for the system is provided, follow those instructions. 

Instruction manual sanitization guidance takes precedent over these 

instructions. 

 If you are unsure, unclear or cannot conduct sanitization in a safe manner 

with suitable assurance that your information has been sanitized, take the 

system to a professional either through your organization or with an outside 

vendor. 

 Be sure you are ready to dispose of your media. Have backup copies made 

of all your information to keep in a secure place in case you ever need to 

refer to your data. 

 When you are ready to dispose of the system, ensure you follow all disposal 

instructions. Many media contain hazardous material. 

Decide: If you require sanitization for the media under consideration. Is this just a 

cell phone with public numbers stored in the phone book or is it your home PC 

with tax preparations, bank account information, and investment records? 

First: Ensure that all power sources are disconnected, unplugged, or removed. 

If: You have a cell phone, PDA, or other form of mobile computing device, 

Then: Manually delete all information. Then see your instruction manual for how 

to conduct a factory hard reset. Ensure that any removable storage media are 

removed from the device. 

If: You have removable mass storage media, including (but not limited to) 

compact disks (CD, CD-RW, CD-R, CD-ROM), optical disks (DVD), 

Compact Flash, Memory Sticks, Secure Digital, Jump Drives and 

magneto-optic disks (MO), 

31
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Then: These media should be destroyed by shredding, physically breaking, or 

rendering the media physically unable to be reinserted into the device to read the 

media. 

IF: You have a PC, 

Then: You can conduct sanitization through the following two methods. 

1. Use software to conduct sanitization. Check with your PC maker for a recommended 

tool and check testimonies of sanitization tools in industry and computing magazines. 

These resources can be found in hard copy in your local library and online. Conducting 

online searches for ‘Sanitization Tools’ and ‘Disk Drive Sanitization’ will yield multiple 

sources for research into tools for sanitization. Users can also check the NIST Federal 

Agency Security Practices (FASP) website at http://csrc.nist.gov/fasp/ to see what tools 

and procedures some federal agencies are using for sanitization. Some 

schematics 

located on 

inside of 

chassis. 

2. Physically impair your disk drive to prevent information recovery from a 

keyboard attack. In order to conduct this, ensure all power sources are 

disconnected. Locate computer hard drive. Use your provided instruction 

manual and/or provided schematic to locate. Remove hard drive from 

PC. 

Remove any steel shielding materials, mounting brackets, and cut any 

electrical connection to the hard drive unit. 

The hard drive should then be subjected, in a suitable facility with 

individuals wearing appropriate safety equipment, to physical force... (e.g., 

pounding with a hammer...) that will disfigure, bend, mangle, or otherwise 

mutilate the hard drive so that it cannot be reinserted into a functioning 

computer. Sufficient force should be used directly on top of the hard drive 

unit to cause shock/damage to the disk surfaces. In addition, any connectors 

that interface into the computer must be mangled, bent, or otherwise damaged to 

the point that the hard drive could not be reconnected without significant rework. 

[

7

] 

 

7

 DOD Memorandum, 8 July, 2001. Subject: Destruction of DoD Computer Hard Drives Prior to 

Disposal. 

32
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Appendix E: Sources 

 All About Degausser and Erasure of Magnetic Media. Athana 

International. 20 June 2005 

 Anastasi, Joe. The New Forensics: Investigating Corporate Fraud and

the Theft of Intellectual Property . N.p.: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. 1-288. 

 Army Regulation 25–2. U.S Army. ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING 

SYSTEM, 17 Nov 2003. 

 D.Millar, “Clean Out Old Computers Before Selling/Donating,” June 1997; 

 Davis, Harvey A. National Security Agency. NSA/CSS POLICY 

MANUAL 9-12. N.p.: n.p., 2000. 

 "Degaussing Described." Weircliffe International Ltd in the

interests of magnetic media users and others who are affected by the

phenomena of Ferro-magnetism (2005). 

 Dictionary definition of EPROM

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth 

Edition Copyright © 2004, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published 

by Houghton Mifflin Company. 

 "Future of Computing (Optical & Biological Possibilities)." Future of 

Computing. 04 June 1997. Dept. of Engineering, Imperial College London. 

10 Nov. 2005 

 Garfinkel, Simson L., and Abhi Shelat. "Remembrance of Data Passed: A 

Study of Disk Sanitization Practices." IEEE Security & Privacy

1st ser. 1 (2003). 09 June 2005 

 Gutmann, Peter, ed. Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and

Solid-State Memory. San Jose: Sixth USENIX Security Symposium 

Proceedings, 1996. 

 Gutmann, Peter, ed. Data Remanence in Semiconductor Devices. 

Washington, D.C: 10th USENIX SECURITY SYMPOSIUM, 2001. 

 J.Hasson, “V.A. Toughens Security after PC Disposal Blunders,” Federal 

Computer Week, 26 Aug. 2002; 

 LeaseForum. "Understanding Data Storage, Data Liability and Current 

Data Removal Methodologies." Addressing Data at Asset Retirement. 

N.p.: n.p. 2002. 1-8. 

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Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

 Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM). Comp. James 

Daughton. 4 Feb. 2000. NVE. 17 June 2005 

 Microsoft, “Microsoft Extensible Firmware Initiative FAT32 File System 

Specification,” 6 Dec. 2000; 

 National Computer Security Center, “A Guide to Understanding Data 

Remanence in Automated Information Systems,” 

 Understand Degaussing. Peripheral Manufacturing Inc. 18 June 

2005. 

 US Department of Defense, “Cleaning and Sanitization Matrix,” DOS 

5220.22-M, Washington, D.C., 1995.

34
Guidelines for Media Sanitization 

Appendix F: Sample Sanitization Validation Form 

Organization: _______________________________________________________ 

 

Item Description: ____________________________________________________

Make/Model: ______________________________________________________ 

Serial Number(s)/Property Number(s):_______________________________________ 

_______________________________________________________________________ 

_______________________________________________________________________ 

Backup Made of Information: Yes 

 No 

If Yes, Backup Location: _________________________________________________ 

Item Disposition: Clear Date Conducted: _______________ 

 Purge Conducted By: ________________ 

 Destroy Phone #: ________________ 

Validated By: _________________ 

Phone #: ________________ 

Sanitization Method Used: ______________________________________________ 

Final Disposition of Media: Disposed 

 Reused Internally 

 Reused Externally 

 Returned to Manufacturer 

 Other: _________________________________ 

35