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IMBSIR 81-2276

A Compilation of Thermodynamic

and Transport Properties of

Aqueous Sulfuric Acid

Bert R. Staples and Theresa F. Wobbeking

August 1980

Issued June 1981

K)C«

Prepared for: Department of Energy

r'OE Order No. EW 78-X-03-0509-A001

100

. U56

81-2276

1981

c.2

NBSIR 81-2276

A COMPILATION OF THERMODYNAMIC

AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF

AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACID

KATlOIfAL BOmBAO

OF 9TAHDAKD*

LIBRA*"* JUL 2 0 1981

/

8 /-

/A

Bert R. Staples and Theresa F. Wobbeking

August 1980

Issued June 1981

Prepared for: Department of Energy

DOE Order No. EW78-X-03-0509-A001

.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
• „ , : i J ..
A COMPILATION OF THERMODYNAMIC AND

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF

AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACID

Bert R. Staples

and

Theresa F. Wobbeking

Electrolyte Data Center

Chemical Thermodynamics Division

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

ABSTRACT

A detailed compilation of sources of data for the

thermodynamic and transport properties of aqueous sulfuric

acid is presented. All ranges of temperature, concentration,

and pressure are included.

Key Words: Activity coefficients; aqueous; compilation;

conductivity; enthalpy; electrolytes; Gibbs energy; osmotic

coefficients; solutions; sulfuric acid; thermodynamic

properties; transport properties.

Appendix 1. Annotated Portion

Abel, E., J. Phys. Chem., 50, 260 (1946).

Represents vapor pressures of H^SO^ from 2.5 to over 90 mol /kg.

Bass, S. J., Gillespie, R. J., Oubridge, J. V., J. Chem. Soc., 837, (1960).

The authors have measured the osmotic coefficients of aqueous H 9 S0. for compositions

of 0.00 to 0.40m. c 4

Burt, B. C., J. Chem. Soc., 85, 1339 (1904).

Reports the vapor pressure oT'sulfuric acid solutions for temperatures from 55

to 235C and for concentrations ranging from 24.92 to 95.94%

Collins, E. M. , J. Phys. Chem., 37, 1191 (1933).

The vapor pressures for sulfuric acid solutions was obtained for temperatures

from 24.87 to 135. 61C and for concentrations ranging from 29.90 to 65 . 47% f^SO^.

Covington, A. K. , Dobson, J. V., and Wynne-Jones, Trans. Far. Soc., 61_, 2050 (1965).

Report data for the composition range of 0.007 to 0.1 mol /kg and 5 data sets for

the cell Pt; H

?

, H S0,(m), PbSO., Pb0

?

; Pt, 13 data sets for the cell Pt; H

?

, f^SO^m), Hg^SO^, Hg, Pt and 7 points Tor the cell Pt; k^SO^On), Ag2S0^; Ag.

Daudt , W., Z. Physik. Chem., 160, 255 (1923).

Measured vapor pressures at very low temperatures for compositions of 20-60 mol /kg

h

2 so

4

.

Deno, N. C. and Taft, R. W. , Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 244 (1954).

Used the Hammett relation to calculate the activity oT”water in aqueous H2S0

4

at

molalities exceeding 30 mol/kg.

Duisman, J. A. and Giauque, W. F., J. Phys. Chem., 72, 562 (1968).

Used a variety of data sources to derive thermodynamic quantities for the lead

storage cell and a set of emf values from third law considerations.

Edward, J. T. and Wang, I. C., Can. J. Chem. 43, 2867 [1965).

Measured the dissociation of the bisulphate ion over a concentration ranqe of

0.010 to 0.30 0M at an temperature of 27.0+/-1.5C.

Feilchenfeld, H. and Fuchs, J., Israel J. Chem., 1_2, 899 [1974).

Measured the hydration of HgSO^ at 25C.

FI is, I . E . , Mischenko, K. P., Pakhomova, N. Y., Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 3_, 1772 (1958).

The authors have measured the heat of neutralization of H_S0, at 10, 25, 35 and

50C. The dissociation of the bi sulphate ion was calculated at temperatures of

10, 25, 35, and 50C.
M
Page 2.

Gardner, W. L., Jekel , E. C. and Cobble, J. W., J. Phys. Chem. 73 (6), 2017 (1969).

The standard partial molal heat capacities of H^SO. have been obtained by the

integral heat method between 0 and 100C.

Gardner, W. L., Mitchell, R. E., and Cobble, J. W., J. Phys. Chem. 73 (6), 2021

(1969).

The authors used the third law method to calculate a set of activity coefficients

as a function of temperature (0 to 55C) and concentration (0.1 to 4.0 mol /kg).

Glueckauf, E., and Kitt, G. P., Trans. Far. Soc. 52^ , 1074 (1956).

Used a bi thermal isopiestic method to determine osmotic coefficients between 20 and

65 mol/kg. These authors added a constant correction of 0.08 in the values of

(m2-ml ) to bring their results in agreement with others. The Clausius-Clapeyron

relationship was used to construct a curve of osmotic coefficients at 25C.

Groenier, W. L., Partial dissertation, The University of Chicago (1933).

The heats of dilution of HpSO* solutions at approximately 25C have been measured

over a concentration range of about 0.003 to almost 4.0m.

Grollman, A. and Frazer, J. C. W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 47, 712 (1925).

Determined the vapor pressures of aqueous sulfuric acidsolutions at 25C. Thirteen

values of the osmotic coefficient have been calculated from these data. The

molalities range from 0.1 to 3 mol /kg.

Hamer, W. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57, 9 (1935).

Determined the emf of the cell Pt; H«, H SO (m), PbSO^; Pt for compositions of

0.005 to 7 mol /kg over a temperature^range of 0-60C.

Hamer, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 5^7, 662 (1935).

Made measurements of the cell Hg; Hg

? S04

, H

? S0. (m), Hg2 S0*, Hg over an concentration

range of 0.05 to 17.0 molal and at the temperatures of n, TO, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60C.

The transference numbers of the hydogen ion of sulfuric acid were calculated over

an concentration range of 0.05 to 17 molal and at temperatures of 0, 10, 15, 25,

35, 45, and 60C.

Harned, H. S. and Hamer, W. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57, (1935).

Reported the emfs of the cell Pt; H

2

, HnSO* (m), Hg

? Sb., Hg; Pt over a concentration

range of 0.05 to 17.5 mol /kg at temperatures from 0^to460C.

Hausrath, H., Ann. Phys. (Leiozig) 9, 522 (1902).

The freezing point method was used Tor 8 molalities in the dilute range from 0.0001

to 0.02 mol /kg.

Hepburn, J. R. I., Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 40, 249 (1928).

Determined the vapor pressures of H

? S0 solutions using a dew point method for 9

solutions from 7 to 12.5 mol /kg.

L 4

Hornung, E. W. , and Giauque, W. F. , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 2744 (1955).

Performed a direct set of vapor pressure measurements on 3 solutions 04-28 mol/kg)

as a function of temperature.
'
Page 3.

Jones, F. R. , J. Appl . Chem. 1_, S144 (1951 ).

An absorption method was employed by Jones to calculate the vapor pressure of

H^SO^ at rounded molalities from 0.5 to 55 mol /kg.

Jones, H. C. and Getman, F. H., Am. Chem. J., Z7, 433 (1902).

Have reported freezing point measurements for 9 concentrations (0.1 to 2.8 mol/kg).

Jones, H. C., Getman, F. H., Bassett, H. P. McMaster, L. and Uhler, H. S., Carnegie

Institution of Washington, Publication No. 60, Washington, D.C. 1907.

Have reported freezing point measurements for 16 molalities between 0.1 and 6.4

mol/kg.

Jones, H. C., Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 12., 623 (1893).

Has reported freezing point measurements for 11 dilution solutions between 0.001 to

0.1 mol/kg.

Kerker, M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79^, 3664 (1957).

Measured the quotient of activity coefficients of H SO for compositions ranging

from 0 to 1.80m at temperatures of 18, 25, and 50C. The dissociation of H^SO^

was measured at 18, 25, and 50C for concentrations of 0.0005 to 1.80m. The equivalent

conductance of HS04" was measured from 0.0 to 0.5m at temperatures of 18, 25, and

50C.

Kunzler, J. E. and Giauque, W. F., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74_, 5271 (1952).

Freezing point depressions were measured but all molalities were above 30 mol/kg.

Lange, E., Monheim, J. and Robinson, A. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55^, 4733 (1933).

Measured the heat of dilution of aqueous H

2 SO

4 for concentrations of 0.00005 to

0.5m at an temperature of 25C.

Lilley, T. H. and Briggs, C. C., Electrochim Acta, 20_, 257 (1975).

Empolyed earlier emf data (Shrawder and Cowperthwaithe, 1934) to calculate activity

coefficients in the dilute region of 0.001 to 0.02 mol/kg.

Loomis, E. H., Ber Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 2£, 797 0893).

Five freezing points were reported. The molalities for these points range between

0.01 to 0.2 mol/kg.

MacDougall , F. H. and Blumer, D. R., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55, 2236 (1933).

The emf of the cell Pt; H

2

, H^SO^ (m), HgSO*, Hg; Pt was measured with varying

additions of acetic acid/ The authors alsoVeport measurements for 7 solutions

where no acetic acid was added. These molalities varied from 0.05 to 2.2 mol/kg.

McHaffie, I. R. , J. Chem. Soc., 112 (1927).

Determined vapor pressures for high molalities (above 20 mol/kg) using a vapor

condensation method.

Morgan, J. J., Bender, D. A. and Capell, R. G. , Chem. Met. Eng., 50_, 122 (1943).

The authors measured the specific heats of H

2 S0

4

at 80C.
'
Page 4.

Pickering, S. U. , Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 25^ 1099 (1892).

About 40 measurements of freezing points of H

? S0 solutions ranging from 0.001

to 0.4 mol /kg were made. ^ 4

Pitzer, K. S., J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2863 (1976).

Has taken into account the dissociation of the HSO*

- ion to describe some of the

thermodynamic properties of sulfuric acid solutions.

Pitzer, K. S. , Roy, R. N., and Silvester, L. F., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99^, 4930 0977).

Calculated the cell potentials for H

2

S0. at approximately 25C for compositions

of 0.005 to 1.0 m. The activity and^osmotic coefficients were determined for

compositions of 0.1 to 6.0 m at approximately 25C.

Quist, A. S., Marshall, W. L., Jolley, H. R. , J. Phys. Chem., 69^, 2726 (1965).

The electrical conductances of dilute sulfuric acid solutions were measured at

temperatures from 0 to 800 C and at pressures from 1 to 4000 bars. The first

ionization constant of H SO was calculated at densities below 0.8g/cm3 and at

temperatures between 400^ana 800 C. The second ionization constant of H^SO- was calculated at temperatures from 100 to 300 C and at densities up to 1.0g/crrr3.

Randall, M. and Cushman, 0. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 40, 393 0918).

Utilizing the cell Pt; H

2

, H 2 S0^ (m), Hg^O^, Hg; Pt, Randall and Cushman measured

the free energy of dilution for 7 mole fractions corresponding to 0.005 to 8.2

mol /kg. The results were given only to the nearest O.lmV.

Randall, M. and Scott, G. N., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 49, 647 0927).

Have determine freezing points of 33 solutions from 0.001 to 0.1 mol/kg.

Randall, M. and Taylor, M. D., J. Phys. Chem., 45, 959 0941).

Measured the heat capacity of aqueous H^SO^ for compositions of 0.05 to 2.4 m.

Rard, J. A. and Miller, D. G., Unpublished Data, 0977).

Have made available unpublished isopiestic data using KC1 as a reference. The

molalities range from 0.1 to 3 mol /kg. for 17 points.

Rard, J. A. and Spedding, F. H. , J. Chem. Eng. Data, 22, 56 0977).

Have carefully determined the isopiestic molalities of 60 solutions of H SO using

CaCU is a reference. Their equilibration times of 4 days or more were generally

double those by previous investigators. The molalities range from 3.8 to 13.3

mol /kg. and the measurements were taken at 25C.

Robinson, R. A., Trans. Faraday Soc., 3!5, 1229 0939).

The activity coefficient of sulfuric acid has been determined by the isopiestic

method at 25 C between 0.2 and 3 mol /kg. Robinson has used KCL as a reference

to determine the isopiestic ratios of 53 solutions from 0.2 to 3 mol/kg.

Robinson, R. A., Trans R. Soc. N. Z., 75, 203 (1945).

Determined the isopiestic ratios of H^O^/NaCl at 25C.

Roth, W. A., and Knothe, W. , Unpublished data given in Landol t-Bornstein PhysikalischChemische Tabellen, Auflage 6, Band II Teil 2, p. 862, A. Eucken, Editor,

Springer-Verlag, Berlin (I960). Have determined freezing point depressions at 3

molalities below 0.1 mol /kg.

Page 5.

Scatchard, G., Hamer, W. J., and Wood, S. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 3061 (1938).

Determined the isopiestic ratios of H

2 S0, and both NaCl (32 pointsT and KC1 (23

points), from 0.1 to 4.5 mol /kg.

Shankman, S. and Gordon, A. R., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61_, 2370 (1939).

The vapor pressure of sulfuric acid solutions at 25C has been measured by the

static method for concentrations ranging from 2 to 23 molal.

Shrawder, J. Jr., and Cowperthwaite, I. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56^, 2340 (1934).

Have determine the activity coefficients of H

2

S0. as a function of temperature for

5 dilute solutions (0.001 to 0.02 mol/kg). They^employed the following cell Pb-Hg

(2 phase), PbSO^, H^SO^ (m), H

2

, with an lead amalgam electrode.

Stokes, R. H. , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 67, 1686 (1945).

The activities and partial molal heat contents of water in sulfuric acid solutions

at 25C were computed over a concentration range of 0.01 to 17m directly from the

electromotive forces of cells without transference.

Stokes, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., &7, 1689 (1945).

Sodium hydroxide was used as a reference in the isopiestic determinations for 33

data sets of H

2

S0^ from 1.6 to 21.6 mol/kg at 25C.

Stokes, R. H. , Trans. Far. Soc., £1_, 637 (1945).

Measured the isopiestic molalities of FLS0* and CaCl

?

at 25C. The 32 molalities

of H^SO^ ranged from 4.3 to 15.4 mol /kg.

Stokes, R. H., Trans. Far. Soc., 44, 295 (1948).

The osmotic and activity coefficients of H SO. were measured at a temperature

of 25C over a concentration range of 0.1 to 570m.

Trimble, H. M. and Ebert, P. F., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55, 958 (19331.

Report emf measurements of the cell Pt; H

2

, H

?

S0. (mT7 Hg

? S0^, Hq; Pt with ethylene

glycol additions. The authors also reported measurements^fo? 6 compositions from

0.005 to 1 mol /kg, for which there was no ethylene glycol added.

Turner, David J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I, 70_, 1346 (1974).

The dissociation of the bisulphate ion was measured~at 25C for a concentration

range of 0.020 to 4.00m.

Vdovenko, V. M. Lazarev., L. N. and Khvorostin, Ya. S., Russian J. Inorganic Chem.,

12., 610 (1967).

Dissociation constants of HS0.“ at ionic strengkts of 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 have

been determined at temperatures of 20.0, 25.0 and 35C.

Vosburgh, W. C. and Craig, N., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 51, 2009 (1929).

Calculated and measured the potentials of the cell Pt; PbSO , Pb0„, H

? S0. (m)/

H^SO^ (m), Hg SO4; Hg. The emfs of solutions from 0.05 to 3.5 moi/kg^were measured
:: -

' ;) ';a •

:

'
Page 6.

Wilson, R. E., Ind. Eng. Chem., 1_3, 326, (1921).

Measured the vapor pressure of sulfuric acid solutions for temperatures from

0 to 75C and for concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 8Q% H

2

S0 . Wilson also

reports the heats of dilution of H^SO^ for temperatures frorrrl2.5 to 62.5% H^SO^.

Wirth, H. E. , Electrochim. Acta, 1£, 1345 (1971 ).

Presents a summary of emf measurements of H SO solutions and uses the dissociation

of the bi sulfate ion to calculate activity coefficients.

Wu, Y. C. and Young, T. F., Enthalpies of Dilution of Agueous Electrolytes:

Sulfuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, and Lithium Chloride (Paper is in press). Wu

and Young conducted measurements of the enthalpies of dilution of agueous H SO. at 25C

for compositions of 0.00090 to 6.4 mol/kg. L 4
.
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.

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2

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3
a i " . - '
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,

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16

NBS-114A (rev. 2-eo

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 81-2276 August 1981

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACID.

5. AUTHOR(S)

Bert R. Staples, and Theresa F. Wobbeking

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

national bureau of standards

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS ( Street. City. State, ZIP)

Department of Energy

Energy Storage Division

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Berkely, CA

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

A detailed compilation of sources of data for the thermodynamic

and transport properties of aqueous sulfuric acid is presented. All

ranges of temperature, concentration, and pressure are included.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries ; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) Activity coefficients; aqueous; compilation, conductivity; entahlpy; electrolytes;

Gibbs energy; osmotic coefficients; solutions; sulfuric acid; thermodynamic properties

transport properties.

13. AVAILABILITY

[~%n Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

r | Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

QX] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

26

15. Price

$6.50

7. Contract/Grant No.

’ DOE ) EW-78-X-03-0509-A001

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Interim,

Jan. -Sept., 1979

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80