Ostracoda From the 

Upper Tertiary 

Waccamaw Formation 

Of North Carolina 

And South Carolina 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D 

Ostracoda From the 

Upper Tertiary 

Waccamaw Formation 

Of North Carolina 

And South Carolina 

By FREDERICK M. SWAIN 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D 

Descriptions, illustrations, geographic distribution, 

stratigraphic ranges, and environmental aspects of 

microfossils 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1968 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402- Price 55 cents (paper cover) · 
CONTENTS 

Abstract __________________________________________ _ 

Introduction ______________________________________ _ 

Type locality of the Waccamaw Formation ___________ _ 

Ostracode species of the Waccamaw Formation ________ _ 

Environmental aspects of Waccamaw ostracode fauna __ _ 

Page 

D1 Acknowledgments __________________________________ _ 

1 Systematic descriptions _____________________________ _ 

2 References ________________________________________ _ 

2 Index ____________________________________________ _ 

4 

Page 

D5 

5 

32 

35 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATES 1-7. Ostracoda from the Waccamaw Formation. 

FIGURE 1. Index map showing localities from which 

collections were obtained ______________ _ 

2. Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards ________ _ 

3. Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards ________ _ 

4. Bairdia cf. B. tuberculata Brady __________ _ 

5. Bairdia laevicula Edwards _______________ _ 

6. Pontocythere cf. P. wilberti (Puri) _________ _ 

7. Pontocyth:ere rugipustulosa (Edwards) ______ _ 

8. Pontocythere ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler)_ 

9. Hemicytherura howei (Puri) ______________ _ 

10. Cytherura forulata Edwards ______________ _ 

11. Cytheropteron yorktownensis (Malkin) ______ _ 

12. Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) _________________________________ _ 

13. Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt)_ 

14. N eocaudites triplistriata (Edwards) ________ _ 

15. Muellerina lienenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler) __ 

TABLE 1. Ostracode species of the type Waccamaw, 

Horry County, S.C ___________________ _ 

[Plat{'3 follow index] 

Page 

FIGURE 

D1 

6 

6 

7 

7 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

TABLES 

Page I TABLE 

D3 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

Page 

Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler)__ D18 

Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler)__ 19 

Pterygocythereis sp. aff. P. americana (Ulrich 

and Bassler) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 

Orion ina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler)_____ 21 

Aurila conradi (Howe and McGuirt)_______ 23 

Loxoconcha wilberti Puri and Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards_________________ 24 

Loxoconcha reticularis Edwards____________ 25 

Basslerites giganticus Edwards____________ _ 27 

Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards)_______ 27 

Campylocythere laevissima punctata (Edwards)_______________________________ 28 

Campylocythere multipunctata (Edwards)____ 28 

Campylocythere laeva Edwards_____________ 29 

Bensonocythere whitei (Swain)_____________ 30 

M unseyella subminuta (Puri) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

X estoleberis howei PurL___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 

Page. 

2. Correlation chart of Waccamaw and related 

formations in southeastern United States_ D4 

III 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

OSTRACODA FROM THE UPPER TERTIARY WACCAMAW FORMATION OF 

NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 

By FREDERICK M. SwAIN 

ABSTRACT 

The Ostracoda from 10 localities in the Waccamaw Formation 

are represented by 51 species. Eight species in the present collection are restricted to the 'Vaccamaw deposits. Most of the 

rest of the species also occur in the closely associated upper 

Miocene Duplin Marl and upper part of the Yorktown Formation. An ostracode zone, typified by Aurila conradi (Howe and 

McGuirt) and JJiutilus conjmgosa (Edwards) includes these 

three stratigraphic units and extends to the Recent. 

On the basis of its ostracode and associated molluscan and 

foraminiferal faunas the 'Vaccamaw Formation of North and 

South Carolina appears to be of transitional late Miocene to 

early Pliocene age. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Waccamaw Formation was named by Dall 

( 1892) for exposures along W accan1a w River, Horry 

County, northern South Carolina. It is as much as 

about 20 feet thick and consists (Miller, 1912) of unconsolidated gray and buff fine quartz sand that in 

places is conglomeratic and phosphatic. Shell marls are 

abundant at certain levels. In North Carolina the Waccama w beds may extend as far north as Hyde County, 

just south of Albemarle Sound. A molluscan fauna is 

represented in the Wacca1naw. Gardner (1943, 1948) 

identified 21 species of Waccamaw pelecypods and 5 of 

gastropods confined to this formation and indicative, 

to her, of Pliocene age. Clark and others ( 1912) listed 

several restricted Waccamaw mollusk species that they 

believed represented a Pliocene age. A study by DuBar 

and Howard (1963) also suggests a Pliocene age for the 

Waccamaw. 

As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's project, Atlantic Coast Permeability Distribution Analysis of 

Sediments, being conducted by the Water Resources 

Division, outcrop samples from the Waccamaw Formation were collected from five localities in northeastern South Carolina and from five localities in 

eastern North Carolina (fig. 1) by Philip M. Brown 

and Thomas G. Gibson. These samples were sent to the 

I 

0 Lumberto1 ~ 

"'Q,_ 

ROBESON I BLADEN 

), __ ....- \r-.. J ''---, 

) ---NC 2. 3X 

COLUMBUS 

Acme 0 

Lake NC 1~ 

Waccamaw_/ 

._---

) 

,_/ 

PENDER 

BRUNSWICK 

N 

Cape Fear 

0 25 MILES 

FIGURE 1.-Index map showing localities from which collections 

were obtained. 

writer for stratigraphic and environmental analysis of 

their contained Ostracoda. The list of localities is as 

follows: 

NC-1. A marl pit 0.25 mile south of Acme E'ertilizer plant at 

Acme, Columbus County, N.C. 

NC-2. A bluff at Neils Eddy Landing on southern bank of Cape 

Fear River 1 mile north of Acme. Columbus County, N.C. The 

fossiliferous bed is 2 feet thick and is 20 feet above the base 

of the bluff. The bluish-gray sand of the exposure contains 

mainly Anomia. 

K0---3. A small roadcut on the road across Second Branch 1 mile 

north of Acme, Columbus County, N.C. The exposure is 2 feet 

thick and is composed of yellow sand containing a great deal 

of comminuted shell fragments. 

Dl 
D2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

NC-4. A marl pit 0.5 mile north o.f Old Dock, Columbus County, 

N.C. The exposure consists of very coarse quartz sand in which 

macrofossils are common. 

NC-5. Pierce Brothers quarry 8 miles southwest of Wilmington, 

Brunswick County, N.C. The material is coarse sand and contains numerous macrofossil:-;, including A.nadara, Fen us, and 

Bu8ycon. 

SC-1. Parkers Landing, north bank of Waccamaw River, on 

Nixonville. S.C .. 15-minute quadrangle ; outcrop is due south 

of bench mark 38 on South Carolina Highway 905, 33°53' 

55" N., 78°52'00" ,V.; SC-1 is from a brown shelly sand 4 feet 

above river len"l; SC-1B is from a slightly indurated layer 

exposed at river level. 

SC-2. Near Mount Calvary Church, S. 100 E. of benc·h mark 48 

on South Carolina Highway 905, north bank of Waccamaw 

River, Nixonville, S.C .. 15~minute quadrangle, 33°53'53·" N., 

78°52'47" W.; samples are from units 4 and 5 of DuBar's 

(1963) measured section, which is incorrectly located at 

Parkers Landing. 

SC-3. About 3.1 miles south of city limi<ts of Windy Hill Beach, 

Xixonville, S.C., 15-minute quadrangle, N. 45° ID. of bench 

mark 48 on U.S. Highway 17, on south bank of Intracoastal 

'Vaterway. 33°46'52" N., 78°47'27" ·w.; about 3 feet of Waccamaw exposed above water level; Cretaceous material occurs 

here as spoil from dredging of waterway. 

SC-4. Approximately 0.2 mile downstream from Tilly Lake, 

Waccamaw River on Nixonville, S.C., 1~minute quadrangle, 

south bank of river, 33°49'34" N .. 78°54'52" W .. Waccamaw 

Formation. light-gray shelly sand overlies dark-blue Cretaceous clay; represents DuBar's unit 1 at his locality WA-18 

(1963). 

SC-5. Approximately 0.1 mile downstream from Tilly Lake, 

near preceding locality. 

Several specimens for the Duplin Marl, upper 

Miocene, at Walkers Bluff, 9 miles below El,izabethtown, 

N.C., on Cape Fear River, and from the Pleistocene at 

Longs, S.C.~ collected by T. G. Gibson, are also illustrated herein £or comparative purposes. 

TYPE LOCALITY OF THE WACCAMAW FORMATION 

Locality SC-4 is here taken to be the type locality o£ 

theW accama.w Formation. This locality was considered 

by DuBar and Howard (1963) to be representative o£ 

the Waccamaw and to occur in the type area o£ the 

£ormation. The section at this locality, modified after 

DuBar, is as follows: 

Pleistocene : 

Sand, brown, gray and orange, silty, micaceous, and 

Feet 

clay; unfossiliferous____________________________ 13.4 

Unconfor:mity 

Waccamaw Formation (lower Pliocene to upper Miocene) : 

2. Sand, calcareous, quartz, medium, subrounded, 

fairly well consolidated, fairly well sorted, lightgray (N7) ; fossils ablmdant, well-preserved, 

size-sorted ( ? ) , no apparent preferred orientation ---------------------------------------- 7.0 

1. Sand, calcareous, quartz, fine to medium, silty, 

unconsolidated, fairly well sorted, medium-bluegray (5B, 5/Y) ; contains lumps of Peedee (Cretaceous) argillaceous sand reworked from below 

and small caliche nodules. Fossils abundant, 

well-preserved, size-sorted(?) ; most are small 

but not worn ; some specimens of reworked 

Exogyra sp__________________________________ 2.0 

DuBar and Howard noted ( 1963, p. 34) that at least 

19 feet o£ sediments resmnbling the Waccamaw was 

penetrated in an auger hole near the above section before 

the Cretaceous Peedee Formation was reached. 

OSTRACODE SPECIES OF THE WACCAMAW FORMATION 

The species o£ Ostracoda identified in the present 

collections £rom the Waccamaw Formation and their 

geologic ranges are listed in table 1. Eight o£ the 51 

Waccamaw species occur only in that £ormation or in 

Quaternary faunas o£ the area, but do not oceur in the 

geographically associated upper Miocene Duplin Marl 

and Yorktown Formation. Twenty-three o£ the species 

occur only in the Waceamaw and in ~the Duplin and 

Yorktown Formations or older deposits but not in the 

Quaternary faunas o£ the area. The close similarity o£ 

the Waccamaw ostracode assemblages to those o£ the 

upper Miocene Yorktown (upper part) and Duplin 

Formations o£ the Middle Atlantic region and the 

Choctawhatchee Formation ( o£ former usage) o£ 

Florida (Puri, 1954) suggests that the Waccamaw is 

nearly the same age as those formations. 

The evidence o£ the age o£ the Waccamaw beds, based 

on the ostracodes and associated mollusks studied by 

others, is not conclusive but points toward a transitional 

late Miocene to early Pliocene age £or the £ormation 

(table 2). 

Unpublished studies by the writer on other Miocene 

ostracode faunas o£ the Middle Atlantic States show 

that the pre-upper Yorktown Miocene o£ the region is 

characterized by j]f1J/rrayina ho1Dei Puri and j]f. gunteri 

(Howe and Chambers). 

Cushman ( 1918) studied the Foraminifera £rom the 

Waccamaw Formation on Wacca1naw River, S.C., and 

from two localities in North Carolina. Considering only 

the species he recorded £rom the South Carolina locality, 

which presumably are definitely from the vV accama "\V 

Formation, Cushman identified 15 species. 0£ these he. 

also recorded seven in the Miocene o£ the Atlantic 

Coastal Plain. Most o£ the other Waccamaw species 

were, at the time Cushman wrote, also recorded £rom the 

later Tertiary and Recent. Only one new species and a 

possibly distinct subspecies were restricted by Cushman 

to the Waecamaw o£ the Waccamaw River locality. The 

Foraminifera, like the Ostracoda, show a dose relationship to the late Miocene o£ the region and suggest 

that the Waccamaw Formation is only slightly, i£ at 

all, younger than the upper Miocene Duplin Marl and 

Yorktown Formation o£ North Carolina and Virginia. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION 

TABLE I.-Ostracode species of the type Waccamaw, Horry County, S.C. 

Species 

Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler)________________________ ~< 

Aurna conradi conradi (Howe and McGuirt) ___________________________ X 

Aurila laevicula (Edwardf') _________________________________________ _ 

Bairdia laevicula Edwards___________________________________________ X 

Bairdia cf. B. tuberculata Brady _____________________________________ _ 

Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards____________________________________ X 

Basslerites gigantic us Edwards ______________________________________ - X 

Bythocypris wicomicoensis Swain_____________________________________ X 

Campylocythere laeva Edwards_______________________________________ X 

Campylocythere laevissirna (Edwards)_________________________________ X 

Caudites sellardsi (Howe and Neill) ___________________________________ X 

PreDuplin 

Cauddes? sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ X? 

Clttocytheret·s? rnundorffi (Swain) _____________________________________ X 

Cytheretta cf. C. calhounenst·s Smith ___________________________________ X 

Cytheromorpha curta (Edwards)______________________________________ X 

Cytheropteron choctawhatcheensis PurL___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Cytheropteron yorktoumensis Malkin __________________________________ _ 

Cytherura cf. C. costata Muller ______________________________________ _ 

Cythenaa elongata Edwards_________________________________________ X 

Cytherura forulata Edwards__________________________________________ X 

Eucyther ura sp ____________________________________________________ _ 

Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt)__________________________ X 

Haplocytheridea aff. H. blanpiedi (Stephenson) ________________________ _ 

H aplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson)__________________________________ X? 

H a plocytheridea seti p unctata (Brady) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

He rnicytherura howei (Puri) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

J onesia howei (Puri) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Bensonocythere whitei (Swain)________________________________________ X 

Loxoconcha purisubrhornbo1:dea Edwards_______________________________ X 

Loxoconcha reticularis Edwards_______________________________________ X 

Loxoconcha wilberti PurL _________________________________________ --- X 

Loxocornic ul u m sp _________________________________________________ _ 

JYI unseyella subminuta (Puri) ______________________________________ --- X? 

Afuellerina lienenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler)___________________________ X 

Afurrayina? sp ____________________________________________________ _ 

JMutilus confragosa (Edwards) ____________________________________ --- X? 

Neocaudites triplistriata (Edwards) ________________________________ --- X 

Occultoc ythereis sp _________________________________________________ _ 

Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler)_______________________________ X 

Paracytheridea cf. P. vandenboldi PurL ________________________________ X 

Pontocythere ashennani (Ulrich and Bassler)___________________________ X 

Pontocythere cf. P. rugipustulosa (Edwards)____________________________ X 

Pontocythere cf. P. wilberti (Puri) _____________________________________ X 

Pteroloxa? sp _______________________ -------------------------------

Pterygocythereis sp. aff. P. americana (Ulrich and Bassler)_______________ X 

Puriana mesicostalis (Edwards) ____________________________________ --

Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) ________________________ ----- X 

X enocythere? sp ___________________________________________ - ___ -----

X estoleberis choctawhatcheensis PurL _____________________ -_-_--------- X 

X estoleberis howei PurL ____________________________________ - ___ ----- X 

X iphichilus sp __________________________________________ --- __ ------

Duplin 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

D3 

vV accamaw PostX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Waccamaw 

X 

X 

>< 

X 

X 

X 

X 

>< 

X 

X? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X? 

X 

X? 

>~ 

X 

X? 

X 

v 
D4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

TABLE 2.-Correlation chart of Waccamaw and related formations in southeastern United States 

[Slightly modified after Cooke and others (1943).] 

Series Subdivision North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida -- Upper Caloosahatchee Formation (southern 

Pliocene Croatan Waccamaw Charlton Florida) 

Lower sand Formation Formation Buckingham Marl (southern Florida) 

(of former usage) ----

l\iiocene Upper 

Duplin Marl Duplin Marl Choctawhatchee Formation 

Yorktown Raysor Marl Duplin Marl (western Florida) 

Formation (of former usage) I I (of former usage) 

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF WACCAMAW 

OSTRACODE FAUNA 

The following species that occur in the Waccamaw 

Formation in the present collection were identified by 

Puri ( 1960) from Recent localities off the Florida coast ' but were not recorded from nearshore localities ar from 

bays: 

B airdia cf. B. tuberculata Brady 

M utilus confragosa (Edwards) 

The following species of the Waccamaw Formation 

were cited by Benson and Coleman ( 1963) as characteristic of waters deeper than 50 feet off southeastern 

Florida: 

B airdoppilata triangulata Edwards 

Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt) 

Pontocythere asherrnani (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Pterygocythereis sp. aff. P. americana (Ulrich and 

Bassler) 

All the Waccamaw localities studied herein yielded 

one or more of these species. In terms of numbers of 

specimens, however, the Acme and Neils Eddy Bluff 

localities, which were relatively farther downbasin than 

the South Carolina localities, yielded more abundant 

Mtttilus confragosa. There is also a slight tendency for 

PontJocythere asherm,ani to be more abundant at the 

downbasin localities. 

Among the species that Benson and Coleman cited as 

typically living in water less than 50 feet deep, H aplocytheridea brady l (Stephenson) , Puriana rugipunctata 

(Ulrich and Bassler), and Oampylocythere laevissima 

(Ed wards) occur in the Waccamaw. 

A study by Hulings and Puri ( 1965) of ostracode assemblages from the west coast of Florida provides a 

comparison with some of the Waccamaw material. 

T~1e following species were found by Hulings and 

Purl to prefer sand-mud substrate: H aplocytheridea 

bradyi (Stephenson) and Pu,riana J•ugipunctata (lTlrich 

and Bassler) . 

A preference for clean sand substrate was shown by 

Oampylocythere laevissima (Edwards). That species, 

together with Aurila conradi (Howe and McGuirt) and 

Pontocythere ashermani, were found by Hulings and 

Puri to be typical of water less than 65 feet deep and of 

more than 30%0 (parts per thousand) salinity. 

The following species of the Waccamaw were observed 

by Hulings and Puri to represent salinities slightly 

lower than the preceding assemblage and to prefer 

sand-mud substrate: Actinocythereis exanthe1nata (Ul~ 

rich and Bassler), H aplocytheridea setipunctata 

(Brady), and Oytherura elongata Edwards. Many of 

the other Recent species of marginal salinity do not 

occur in the Waccamaw, and a Recent assemblage of 

still lower salinity does not contain any Waccamaw 

species. 

Comparison of the Waccamaw specieB with those 

from a modern Texas bay (Swain, 1955) shows the 

following relationships: 

H aplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson) occurs principally in the lower lagoonal part of San Antonio Bay, 

Tex., behind a barrier beach, in water about 5 feet deep; 

chlorinity range is 6.5 to 21%0 , pH 7.35, Eh +202 mv 

(millivolts). 

Pontocythere sp. aff. P. Tnayeri (Howe and Garrett) 

of San Antonio Bay is close to P. rugipttstulosa (Edwards) of the present collection and occurs in the lower 

estuarine part of the Texas bay. 

Paracytheridea vandenboldi Puri is represented in 

San Antonio Bay in the lower part of the lagoon in the 

same area with H aplocytheridea b1·adyi; it occurs in 

the intermediate localities in the Waccamaw. 

Actinocythereis exanthemata Ulrich and Bassler has 

a close relative in San Antonio Bay which is concentrated in the lower part of the bay. 

Loxoconcha cf. L. australis Brady, rare in the middle 

part of San Antonio Bay, closely resembles L. wilberti 

Puri of the Waccamaw at Acme, N.C. Loxoconcha matagorden.<sis Swain of lower San Antonio Bay closely 

resembles L. purisubrhonuboidea Edwards of some of 

the Waccamaw loealities. 

A'ltrila conradi (Howe and McGuirt) is abundant in 

lower San Antonio Bay and is present at nearly all the 

Waccamaw localities studied. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D5 

Oytherom.orpha curta of the present collection is 

closely si1nilar to 0. pascagoulensis Mincher, a typical 

bay species. Furthermore, 0. mtrta is living in Pamlico 

Sotmd. 

Oytherura elongata Edwards of general distribution 

in San Antonio Bay also has general distribution in the 

Waccamaw. 

The data suggest that the Waccamaw Ostracoda include species characteristic of an open shelf, as well as 

those of an indented coastline. The shallow-water biofacies is represented by most of the Waccamaw species, 

but in particular by Oytheromorpha cnrta, H aplocytheridea bradyi, Oampylocythere laevissima, and Prttriana 

Tugipunctata. Other species which generally indicate a 

baylike environment that are common in the Waccamaw are Oytlwrura elongata Edwards, 0. forulata Edwards and Lomoconcha JYU.ris1.tbrlwmboidea Edwards. 

The deeper water, probably inner neritic biofacies, is 

represented by greater frequency of lJ[u,tilu.s confragosa, 

Pontocythere ashermani, Ba/rdoppilata triangttlata, 

Echinocythe~·eis garre#i, and perhaps Pterygocythereis 

sp. aff. P. ameriaar1a. 

There is little evidence for a low-salinity brackish 

water or estuarine facies of the Waccamaw. The merging-assemblage character of the Waccamaw ostracodes 

suggests that insufficient time was available or that offshore slopes were too steep for barrier beaches to become 

well formed in theW accama w area. 

With regard to the environn1ental aspects of theW accamaw Foraminifera from the locality on Waccan1aw 

River, compared to those from the Caloosahatchee Formation of Florida, of similar age, Cushman (1918, p. 

5) states: 

A comparison of the faunas shows marked differences in the 

conditions under which the two formations were deposited. Although the lots of material from the ·waccamaw formation are 

not so rich as those from the Caloosahatchee marl, they nevertheless contain enough species clearly to show that the Waccamaw was laid down under conditions very dissimilar to those 

of the Caloosahatchee at its type locality. Nearly all the species 

in all the material are identical with those found at the present 

time along our Atlantic coast, but those from the Waccamaw 

formation of North and South Carolina and also some of those 

from Shell Creek, Fla., are much more similar to the material 

now found north of Cape Hatteras, while the Caloosahatchee 

River material represents a typically tropical shoal-water fauna 

such as may be found about southern Flord.da and in shallow 

water about the ·west Indies. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Thomas G. Gibson collected the North Carolina samples and separated ostracode specimens from matrix. 

Philip M. Brmvn collected the South Carolina samples 

and provided advice as to the stratigraphic relationships of the Waccamaw Formation. Frederick J. Gun266-183 0-67--:.? 

ther and June M. Gilby assisted in preparing the illustrations. Appreciation is expressed to these individuals. 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

The illustrated specimens will be deposited in the U.S. 

National !1usemn. Some of the photographs of specimens were slightly retouched. In this paper the following abundance designations are used : very abundant, 

50 or more specimens; abundant, 25-49 specimens; conlmon, 10-24 specimens; frequent, 5-9 specimens; rare, 

1-4 specimens. 

Family BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1888 

Genus BYTHOCYPRIS Brady, 1880 

Distinguished by its elongate-reniform shape, low 

convexity, rounded extremities, smooth surface, ridgeand-groove hinge, larger LV (le.ft valve) than RV 

(right valve), broad inner lamellae, narrow zone of concreseence, short radial canals, and compact group of 

1nusele-scar spots. 

Lower Ordovician to Recent. 

Type spedes.-B. renifortnis Brady, Recent. 

Bythocypris wicomicoensis Swain 

Plate 1, figures 1a, b 

Bythoaypris? wicomicoensis Swain, 1948, Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines, and 'Vater Resources Bull. 2, p. 191, pl. 12, 

fig. 1. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 23-±A, 

p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5. 

Dia.gnosis.-Elongate, subtriangular-subreniform in 

outline, highest medially; anterior rounded, posterior 

narrowly curved; venter slightly concave; LV slightly 

larger; surface s1nooth. 

Hinge, as viewed by transmitted light in one specimen, consists of a groove on LV, lying on both flanks of 

apex of valve, into which fits edge of RV; 1nuscle scar 

lies slightly posterior to midlength and consists of a 

group of three or four spots ventral to 'vhich lie one or 

1nore additional spots; zone of concrescence narrow; 

radial e.anals numerous, short, and closely spaced terminally; inner lame1lae not clearly seen but apparently are 

broad both terminally and ventrally. 

Length of figured specimen 0.70 mm, height 0.35 mm, 

eonvexity 0.20 mm. 

Retn.arks.-Bythocypris hmoei Puri from the Choctawhatehee Formation (of former usage) of Florida is a 

closely similar if not identical species, but is apparently 

not quite as elongate as B. 1.oicmnicoensiB. 

Oacurrenae.-ln the Waccamaw Formation the species is rare at locality NC-1, Acme, N.C. (upper zone), 

and frmn loealities SC-3 and SC-4, Horry County, 

S.C.; previously described from the subsurface Miocene (Calvert Formation) of Maryland (Swain, 1948) 
D6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

and questionably from the subsurface middle Eocene of 

Maryland (Swain, 1952). 

Specimens studied.-Three. 

Fig·nred speci:nwn.-lTSNM 649865. 

Genus BAIRDOPPILATA Coryell, Sample, and Jennings, 1935 

Resembles B airdia but on anterior and posterior dorsal slopes in selvage area of each valve are small transverse ridges and grooves. 

Lower Cretaceous to Tertiary 

Type species.-B. 1nartyni Coryell, Sample, and Jennings, Upper Cretaceous. 

Although it is considered to be a synonym of B airdia 

by van Morkoven ( 1963), it forn1s a useful stratigraphic 

taxon and the present writer favors retaining it. 

Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards 

Plate 1, figures 2a, b ; text figures 2, 3 

Bairdoppilata triangttlata Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

18, p. 507, pl. 85, figs. 5, 6. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey 

Bull. 36, p. 223, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4 ; text figs. 1a, b. 

Diagnosis.-Subtriangular, highest medially, ante1~ior 

extended medially, rounded below; posterior bluntly angulated, extended below; venter straightened medially; 

greatest convexity median; LV with strong middorsal 

and mid ventral overlap; surface sparsely and faintly 

pitted. Internal structures are as shown in text figures 

2 and 3 ; radial canals not observed; tenninodorsal marginal denticulations seen on LV but not on RV. 

FIGURE 2.-Bairdoppilata triangttlata Edwards. Interior of right 

valve; locality NC-1. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 1, fig. 2a) 0.78 mm, 

height 0.45 mm, convexity 0.33 1nm. 

Re1narlt~s.-N o separated valves were found in the 

Wacca1na w collections, but the external form of the 

specimens is typical for the species. 

Occurrence.-In the Waeeamaw Formation at locality NC-1, Columbus County, N.C. (upper zone), 

and at localities SC-2 and SC-3, Horry County, S.C.; 

also fron1 the Duplin Marl and the upper and middle 

parts of the Yorktown Formation, upper Miocene of 

FIGURE 3.-Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards. Interior of left 

valve; locality NC-1 

North Carolina (Edwards, 1944). 

Specimens st1.tdied.-Seven. 

F·ig1.tred spechnens.-USNM 649866, 650006, 650007. 

Genus BAIRDIA McCoy, 1844 

Nesidea Costa, 1849, Accademia pontaniana, Naples, Atti, Y. 5, 

p. 183. 

JJiorrisitina Gibson, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, p. 1069, 

[(pro JJiorri.sites, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 35, p. 21 not 

Buckman, 1921) ] . 

Acratinella, Schneider, 1956, in Mandelstam and others, Material of Paleont., new ser., v. 12, VSEGEI, Geol. lust .. 

Min. Geol. Moscow, p. 92. 

Characterized by elongate fusifonn shape, arched 

dorsum, rounded anterior, pointed posterior, smooth to 

pitted or tuberculate surface, larger LV with short 

hinge groove, muscle scars a eompact 1nedian group, 

zone of conerescence wide, numerous close-set radial 

canals. Ordovician to Recent. 

Type species.-B. C'lN'fu.s McCoy, Carboniferous. 

Bairdia cf. B. tuberculata Brady 

Plate 1, figures 3a, b; text figure 4 

Bairdia rhomboidea Br·ady, 1870, Les Fonds de la Mer, v. 1, p. 

162, pl. 19, figs. 14, 15, [not B. t·hmnboidea Kirkby, 1858]. 

Bairdia tuberculata. Brady, 1880, Challenger reports, Zoology, 

v. 1, pt. 3, p. 60, pl. 10, fig. 3 Puri, 1960, Gulf Coast Geol. 

Soc. Trans .. v. 10, p. 131, pl. 6, figs. 9, 10. 

Nesidea tuber·culata (Brady) l\Hiller, 1912, Das Tierreich, p. 

243. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-subtriangular, highest 

medially, dorsmn moderately arched, venter straightened, anterior sharply curved 1nedially; posterior 

bluntly pointed, extended below; dorsal slopes strongly 

truncated~ posteroventral margin spinose~ fmv spines 

on anterior~ LV overlaps strongly, terminally and ventl·ally; valve convexity greatest 1nedian to posteromedian; surface densely punctate. Internal structures 

as observed in present specim~ms are shown in text figure4. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D7 

FIGURE 4.-Bairdia ct. B. tuberculata Brady. Interior 

of left valve; locality SC-2. 

Length of figured specimen 0. 70 mm, height 0.66 mm, 

convexity 0.32 mm. 

Remarks.-The form, internal structures, and external ornamentation of the shell are like those prescribed 

for B. t~tberc~tlata. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, localities NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C., and SC-2, 

Horry County, S.C.; also living in Gulf of Mexico and 

elsewhere (Brady, 1868-86, 1880; Miiller, 1912). 

Specimens studied.-Two. 

Figured speci1nen.-USNM 649867. 

Bairdia laevicula Edwards 

Plate 1, figures 4a, b; plate 7, figure 2; text figure 5 

Bairdia laevicula Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 

506, pl. 85, figs. 3, 4. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 234-A, p. 17. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 

36, p. 223, pl. 1, fig. 1, text fig. 1d. 

Diagnosis.-Elongate-ovate, highest anterior to middle, dorsmn moderately concave, venter straightened; 

anterior rounded below, truncate above; posterior 

pointed, extended submedially, slightly concave above; 

valves moderately convex; LV overlaps strongly midventrally, less strongly dorsally; surface weakly and 

densely punctate ; inner lamellae of moderate width; 

muscle scar median, composed of 8-10 spots in a dorsoventrally oval group; hinge and other 1narginal features of a LV are as shown in text figure 5. 

FIGURE 5.-Bairdia laevicula Edwards. Interior of left valve; 

locality NC-5. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 1, fig. 4a) 0.78 min, 

height 0.45 mm, convexity 0.33 mm. 

Remarks.-The surface pitting, outline, and other 

shell characteristics of the present specimens are like 

those of B. laevicula. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, locality NC-1, Columbus County, N.C.; locality NC-5, 

Brunswick, County, N.C.; localities SC-2 and SC-4, 

Horry County, S.C.; previously described from the 1 Duplin Marl and the upper and middle parts of the 

Yorktown Formation, upper Miocene of North Carolina. 

Specimens studied.-Four. 

Fig~tred spechnen.-USNM 649868. 

Family CYTHERIDEIDAE Sars, 1925 

Subfamily CYTHERIDEINAE Sars, 1925 

Genus HAPLOCYTHERIDEA Stephenson, 1936 

Leptorytheridea Stephenson, 1937, Jour. Paleontology, v. 11, p. 

157. 

Phractocytlleridea Sutton and Williams, 1939, Jour. Paleoutology,v.13,p.571. 

Elongate-subovate, moderate convexity, ends blunt to 

tapering in dorsal view, anterior rounded, posterior 

rounded to pointed, larger LV with merodont hinge; 

surface smooth, pitted, or with vertical and concentric 

furrows; zone of concrescence broad, vestibules narrow, 

radial canals numerous, muscle scars a vertical undivided row of spots with anterior spots. Upper 

Cretaceous to Recent. 

Type species.-0. 17wntgonte'i'yensis Howe and Chambers, upper Eocene. 

Although some authors (van Morkoven, 1963, p. 279) 

restrict the genus to the pre-Miocene on basis of minor 

details of hinge and other features, the present writer 

concurs with Sandberg (1964) in extending the range 

of the genus into the Neogene. 

Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady) 

Plate 1, figures 5a-c; plate 7, figures 1a, b 

Oytheridea setipmwtata Brady, 1869, Les Fonds de la Mer, v. 

1,p. 124,pl.14,figs.15,16. 

Oytheddea (H azJlocytheridea) ponderosa Stephenson, 1938, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 12, p. 133, pl. 23, fig. 10; pl. 24, figs. 

1, 2. 

Haplocythcridea, pondero8a (Stephenson). Puri, 1960, Gulf Coast 

Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 10, p. 110. Curtis, 1960, Am. 

Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 44, pl. 2'3, fig. 2. 

Oyprirleis floridana Puri, 1960, Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. 

Trans .. v. 10, p. 100, pl. 2, fig. 5; text fig. 1-3 [notOythericlea 

florid ana. Howe and Hough, 1935]. 

Haplocytll('.ridea bassleri Stephenson, Swain, 1955 [part]. Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 29, v. 617, pl. 59, fig. 9a [not fig. 9b= 

Oypridci8 ovata (l\Iincher), fide Sandberg, 19'6-!]. See 

Sandberg, 196-!. Micropaleontology, v. 10, p. 361, for otlwr 

questionable references to this species. 
D8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

H aplocytheridea gigantea. Benson and Coleman, 1963, Kansas 

Univ. Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 2, pl. 27, pl. 3, figs. 

10--14; text fig. 14. 

?Oythcridea puncticillafa. Brady, Tressler and Smith, 1948 

[part]. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. pub., v. 71, pl. 1, fig. 2 [fide 

Sandberg 1964]. 

Haplocytheidea setipunctata (Brady). Sandberg, 1964, Micropaleontology, v. 10, p. 361. Sandberg, 1965, Pub. Staz. Zool., 

Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 508, pl. 3, fig. 12. Hulings and Puri, 

19t15, Pub. Staz. Zool., Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 329, fig. 14. 

Diagnosis.-Shell subovate, dorsum moderately 

arched, venter eon vex, sinuous anteriorly; anterior 

rounded, extended below ; posterior broadly rounded, 

extended medially; moderately convex, blunt-ended in 

edge view. LV overlaps RV around entire margin. Surface sparsely punctate. Internal structures are as 

described by Sandberg (1964). 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 1, fig. 5a) 0.81 miT!, 

height 0.53 mm, convexity 0.43 mm. 

Remarks.-The present writer has followed the recent study by Sandberg ( 1964) in the assignment of 

the Waccamaw specimens to this species and genus. 

0 cc urrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, locality 

NC-3, Cohunbus County, N.C.; locality NC-5, Bruns-

'viek County, N.C.; localities SC-1, SC-1b, and SC--4, 

Horry County, S.C.; also throughout the Miocene and 

in the Recent of Gulf of Mexico region and Chesapeake 

Bay. 

Spechnens strztdied-nine. 

Fig1tred specin~,ens.-USNM 649869, 649870. 

Haplocytheridea sp. aff. H. blanpiedi (Stephenson) 

Plate 1, figures 6a, b 

Shell subovate to subtriangular in side view, highest 

anteromedially; dorsal margin moderately convex, with 

steeper anterodorsal than posterodorsal slope; ventral 

Inargin nearly straight; anterior margin broadly 

curved; posterior Inargin narrowly curved, strongly extended below. LV larger than RV, extending most 

strongly beyond right along venter; valves moderately 

eon vex, sloping steeply toward margins; blunt-ended in 

edge view. Surface coarsely pitted; in marginal areas 

pits are arranged in shallow grooves. Internal shell 

characters are as described by Sandberg ( 1964) . 

Length of figured shell 0.81 mm, height 0.47 mm, convexity 0.40 mm. 

Relationships.-This species is similar to H. blanpiedi (Stephenson) , but that form is spinose terminally 

and less eoarsely pitted. 

Ooc'Ztrrence.-Rare in Waeeamaw Formation, locality 

NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C. 

Spechnerus studied.-One. 

Figrztred speci1nen.-lTSNM 649871. 

Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson) 

Plate 1, figures 7a, b, 8a, b; plate 2, figure 8 

Oythet"idea (Haplocytheridea) bradyi Stephenson, 1938, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 12, p. 129, pl. 23, fig. 22; pl. 24, figs. 5. t1; 

text fig. 10. 

Haplocytheridea bradyi ( StephenrSIOn). Swain, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, p. 618, pl. 59, figs. 12a, b. Puri, 1960, Gulf 

Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans. v. 10, p. 110, pl, 2, figs. 3, 4 ; 

pl. 6, fig. 19 ; text figs. 4, 5. Sandberg, 1964, Micropaleontology, v. 10, p. 362, pl. 2, figs. 7-16. Hulings and Puri, 1965, 

Pub. Staz. Zool., Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 321. fig. 12. 

Haplooytheridea bradyi Swain, Byrne, LeRoy, and Riley, 1959, 

Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans. v. 9, p. 240, pl. 4, fig. 

10; pl. 5, fig. 11. 

Oytheridea, (Haplocytheridea) wadei Stephenson, 1941, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 15, p. 428, text figs. 3, 4, 14-18. 

H aplocytheridea 'Wadei (Stephenson). Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 36, p. 231, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6; text fig. 3g. 

H aplocytheri dea p1·o boscidiala (Edwards). Benson and Coleman, 

1963, Kansas Univ. Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 2, p. 

28, pl. 3, figs. 4-9; text fig. 15. 

[Not] Haplocytherz:dea cf. H. proboscidiala (Edwards). Puri, 

1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 234, pl. 2, figs. 17, 18 ; 

text figs. 3e f [ = ?H aplocytheridea sub011ata Ulrich and 

Bassler, fide Sandberg, 1964]. 

D·iagnos·is.-Shell elongate, subtriangular to subova.te, dorsum strongly arehed, venter slightly convex 

and sinuous; anterior moderately to narrowly eurved, 

strongly extended below. Immature shells more unequally than adults. Either RV or LV the larger, overreaching the other dorsally more than elsewhere; valves 

moderately eonvex, tapering from midlength toward 

ends in dorsal view. Surface coarsely and deeply pitted 

except for smooth marginal zone; narrow shallow dorsomedian furrow extends obliquely toward anteroventral region in dorsal one-third of valves. Reversal of 

hingement as well as of valve size ooours in species. 

Hinge of LV, terminal, finely transversely notched 

elongate sockets and interterminal crenulate furrow; 

inner lamellae narrow, s1nall vestibule present, radial 

canals few and widely spaced along free margin; adductor scars a median group of four spots in a vertical 

row and two more anterior spots, the dorsal one Vshaped. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 1, fig. 7a) 0.73 mm, 

height 0.41 mm, convexity 0.36 min. 

Ocourrence.-The species is rare in the Waccamaw 

Formation, locality SC-5, Horry County, S.C.; locality 

NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C. Elsewhere it has been 

recorded from the Miocene Choctawhatchee Formation 

(of former usage) of Florida and Duplin Marl of North 

Carolina; the Pliocene Caloosahatchee Formation of 

Florida; the Pleistoeene of Louisiana; the Recent of 

the Gulf Coast area, of the lT nited States and Mexjco, 

and from Puerto Rico. 

Specimens st~td-ied.-Four. 

F-igured speci1nen-~.-lTSNM 649872, 649873. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D9 

Subfamily NEOCYTHERIDEINAE Puri, 1957 

Genus PONTOCYTHERE Dubowsky, 1939 

Hcmicl!thet·ideis Ruggieri 1952, Bologna Univ., Inst. Zool., Note 

del. Lab. Biol. Marina di Fano, v. 1, p. 62. 

Httling8ina Purl, 1958, Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans, v. 

8, p. 173. 

Much elongated, venter straight to concave, dorsum 

weakly convex, ends rounded, anterior broader, posterior with flangelike extension below, surface smooth to 

pitted or ventrally striate, may have median subvertical 

sulcus, larger LV with anterior long hinge furrow and 

subjacent "antislip bar;" intermediate long ridge and 

posterior short crenulate furrow, muscle scars a median 

undivided subvertical row and more anterior and 1nore 

ventral spots. Conspicuous vestibules terminally, other-

\Vise zone of conerescence broad; numerous, in part 

cmnplex, radial canals. Eocene to Recent. 

Type species.-P. tchernja.wskii Dubowsky, Recent. 

Soft parts of Hulsingsina asherrnan,i (Ulrich and 

Bassler) were found by Hulings ( 1966) to be like 

P ontocythere. 

Pontocythere cf. P. wilberti (Puri) 

Plate 1, figures 9a-f; plate 2, figures 2a--c ; text figures 6A, B 

Oytherideis wilberti Puri, 1952, Jour. Paleontology, v. 26, p. 

908, pl. 130, figs. 9, 10; text figs. 7, 8. Puri, 1954, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 288, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10. 

Hulingsina wilberti (Puri). Puri, 1958, Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. 

Soc. Trans. v. 8, p.175. 

Diagnosis.-Elongate-subelli ptical, dorsum gently 

convex, venter slightly concave; anterior rounded, extended below; posterior 1nore narrow, extended below, 

truncate above; valves moderately convex; dimorphic, 

males more elongate and less convex than females. LV 

larger than and extending beyond RV, especially along 

dorsal slopes. Surface bears concentric grooves anteriorly, ventrally, and to a less extent posteriorly; remainder of surface s1nooth or with obscure markings. 

Hinge of LV with anterior long furrow; interterminal 

bar and posterior shorter furrow. 

Inner lamellae broadest and with vestibule anteriorly, 

radial canals distributed as shown in text figure 6B j 

observable adductor 1nuscle scars are as s11own in text 

figure 6A. 

Length of figured mature ma1e shell (pl. 1, fig. 9d) 

0.91 mm, height 0.38 mm, convexity 0.35 m1n. 

Re1narks.-The sha,pe and general surface ornamentation are like P. wUbe1·ti, but the present specimens 

are less nodose over general surface of shell than is 

typical in that species. The assignment of the. species to 

Pontocythere Dubowsky ( 1939) is based on Hulings' 

( 1966) discovery that the shell and soft pa,rts of Hulingsina Puri ( 1958) and PoTdocythere are basically the 

same. 

A 

B 

FIGURE 6.-Pontocythere cf. P. wi,lberti ('Puri). A, Interior of 

left valves of female?, locality N'C-5. B, Anterior part of 

male?, locality NC-2. 

Occun·ence.-Frequent in Wacca1naw Formation at 

loca,lity NC-2, Columbus County, N.C.; frequent at 

locality NC-1, Cohunbus County, N.C.; rare at localities NC-3, Colmnbus County and NC-5, Brunswick 

County, N.C. The species is present in the Choctawhatchee Formation (of former usa.ge) and the Alum Bluff 

Group of Florida (lower and middle Mioeene). 

S pecimen.'J studied.-Six. 

Fig~u'ed specimens.-USNM 649874, 649879, 649884, 

649885. 

Pontocythere rugipustulosa (Edwards) 

Plate 1, figure 10; text figure 7 

Oytherideis rug'ipustulosa Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontolog~, Y. 

18, p. 514, pl. 86, figs. 5-7. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 20. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey 

Bull. 36, p. 287 (table 9). Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

27, p. 780, pl. 78, figs. 20, 22, 23. Puri, 1958, Gulf Coast Assoc. 

Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 8, p. 175. 

Diag,nosis.-Elonga,te, subelliptical to subreniform, 

highest anteromedially, dorsum moderately arched, 

venter slightly concave; anterior rounded, slightly 

extended above. Surface. ornamented by rows of tiny 

nodes arranged concentrically in anterior, ventral, and 

posterior parts of shell, in longitudinal rows in posterodorsal part; oblique shallow sulcus. 
DIO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

Hinge of LV anterior elongate groove socket; interterminal, slightly recessed ba,r formed of valve edge and 

posterior short groove; inner lmnellae broad anteriorly, 

vestibule narrow, radial canals relatively few and 

widely spaced. 

Length of figured specimen 0.71 mm, height 0.35 mm, 

convexity of left valve 0.18 mn1. 

Ocourrence.-Ra.re in Waccamaw Formation at locality SC-5, Horry County, S.C. The species occurs also in 

the Chocta wha,tchee Formation (of former usage) of 

Florida and the Duplin Marl of North Carolina. The 

illustrated specimen (pl. 1, fig. 10) is from the Duplin. 

S pecirnens stud-ied.-Three. 

Figured specinwn.-USNM 649880. 

FIGURE 7.-Pontocythere rugipustulosa (Edwards). Interior of 

left valve; Duplin Formation, Walkers Bluff, N.C. 

Pontocythere ashermani (Ulrich and Basslt:r) 

Plate 2, figu·res la-d; plate 6, figure 4; text figure 8 

Oytherideis ashermani Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene volume, p. 126, pl. 37, figs. 10-l6. Howe and 

others, 1935, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 14, pl. 3, 

figs. 8-10. Swain, 1948, Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines, and 

Water Resources Bull. 2, p. 195, pl. 14, fig. 1. Swain, 1952, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 19. Puri, 1952, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 26, p. 910, pl. 13, figs. 4-8; text figs. 1, 2. 

Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 286, pl. 9, figs .. 

4-8. Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 778, pl. 78, 

figs.l-3. 

Oytherideis longula Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene volume, p. 128, pl. 37, figs. 21-27. 

Oytherideis semicircularis Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland 

Geol. Survey, Miocene volume, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 18-20. 

Hulingsina ashermani (Ulrich and Ba~sler). Puri, 1958, Gulf 

Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 8, p. 173. Benson and 

Coleman, 1963, Kans1as Univ. Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda, 

Art. 2, p. 30, pl. 4, figs. 1-3 ; text fig. 17. Pooser, 1965, Kansas 

Univ. Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 8, p. 45, pl. 6, fig. 

5; pl. 8, figs. 1-3. Hulings and Puri, 1965, Pub. Staz. Zool., 

Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 323, fig. 12A. 

Pontocythere ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler). Hulings, 1966, 

Chesapeake Sci., v. 7, p. 51, figs. 2a-g, 6n. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate, subtrapezoidal to sublanceolate; dorsum straightened medially, forming 

broadly obtuse angles with dorsal slopes; venter slightly 

concave; anterior rounded, extended below; posterior 

bluntly subacuminate, strongly extended below; flange 

on LV. LV overreaches RV along dorsal slopes. Valves 

more strongly convex in shorter and higher female 

dimorphs. Surface in adult shells bears numerous large 

pits in which interspaces vary from the same to twice the 

diameter of pits. 

Hinge of LV consists of anterior smooth short groove 

supported by a bar below, interter1ninal bar formed of 

valve edge and posterior furrow, shorter than anterior; 

inner lamellae broad anteriorly, narrow elsewhere; 

vestibule fairly wide, anteriorly; about 15 radial canals 

anteriorly ; adductor scar not seen in present specimens; 

specimens from the Duplin Marl at Lumberton, N.C., 

have anteromedian vertical row of three or four spots 

and one or two more anterior spots, dorsal of which is 

larger. 

Length of figured female specimen (pl. 2, fig. 1a) 

0.85 mm, height 0.45 mm, convexity 0.40 mm. 

Remarks.-Hulings (1966) assigned the species to 

Pontocythere on the basis of its appendages and shell 

features. 

Occurrence.-Rare to common in Waccamaw Formation at localities SC-1, SC-1b, SC-3, and SC--4, Horry 

County, S.C.; rare at locality NG--2, Columbus County, 

N.C.; frequent at locality NC-3; rare at locality NC--4, 

Columbus County, N.C.; common at locality NC-5, 

Brunswick County, N.C. Common throughout Miocene 

of Atlantic Coastal Plain; has been reported living off 

west coast of Florida (Hulings and Puri, 1965, p. 320), 

but the present writer feels those specimens are too 

strongly sulcate for the species; is living in Atlantic 

Ocean off Virginia according to Hulings (1966). 

Specimens studied.-Forty-eight. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 649881-649883, 650009. 

FIGURE 8.-Pontooythere ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler). Interior of left valve; locality NC-1. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION Dll 

Family CYTHERURIDAE Miiller, 1894 

Genus PARACYTHERIDEA Miiller, 1894 

'? Vicinia I\:uznetsova, 1957, in Mandelstam and others, 

AlllTnion Paleont. Soc., Annual, Moscow, v. 16, p. 

183. 

? 111 ooreina Harlton, 1933, Jour. Paleontology, v. 7, p. 

21. 

Subquadrate, pointed posteriorly, straight-hinged, 

strongly alate ventrally, surface generally rugose, posterior cmnpressed, hinge weak, LV with terminal crenulate sockets and intervening crenulate bar~ radial canals 

few, zone of concrescence broad, muscle scars an anteromedian vertical row of three or four spots and more 

anterior spot ( s) . Upper Cretaceous to Recent. 

Type species.-P. depressa Muller, Recent. 

Paracytheridea cf. P. vandenboldi Puri 

Plate 2, figures 4a, b 

Oythe1·opteron nodosa Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene volume, p. 129, pl. 38, figs. 37-40 [not 0. 

nodosa Brady, 1868]. 

Paracytheridea nodosa (Ulrich and Bassler). Howe and others, 

1935, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 37, pl. 3, fig. 7. van 

den Bold, Contr. Study Ostracoda, 1946, p. 86, pl. 16, fig. 7. 

Swain, 1952 U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 51, 

pl. 3, figs. 19---22. 

Paracytheridea vandenboldi Puri, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

27, p. 751. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 238, 

pl. 3, fig. 7; text figs. 5a, b. Swain, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.29,p.625,pl.62,figs.2a, b. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate to subtrapezoidal, dorsum 

nearly straight, venter sinuous; anterior broadly 

rounded, posterior with dorsomedian caudate extension, 

concave above. Valve with prominent ventral ridge, expanded as an ala posteriorly; median longitudinal 

ridge, anterodorsal cardinal eye node and subjacent 

oblique furrow; scattered ridges anteromedially; general surface coarsely pitted; strongly convex ventromedially. LV hinge with terminal crenulate sockets and 

interterminal crenulate bar. Inner lamellae of moderate 

width, no vestibule; radial canals few and widely 

spaced; adductor scar a median row of four spots; 1nore 

anterior antennal? spots also occur. 

Length of LV figured (pl. 2, fig. 4a) 0.67 mm, height 

0.33 mm, convexity of LV 0.21 mm. 

Occurrance.-Rare in Waccamaw Fonnation at locality NC-2, Columbus County, N.C. Also occurs in 

middle and upper Miocene of Atlantic Coastal Plain, 

Choctawhatchee Formation (of former usage) of 

Florida, 1\!Iiocene of Cuba and Guatemala, and Recent 

of Texas bays. 

Specimens st~udied.-One. 

Figured spechnen.-USNM 649887. 

Genus HEMICYTHERURA Elofson, 1941 

Outherurina Mandelstam, 1958, in Abushik and others, Microfauna USSR, v. 9, VNIGRI, Trans., no. 115, p. 285 [proposed without description or type species but with apparent 

intent to include Hemicythe1·ura cellulosa (Norman) 

Hornibrook, 1952]. 

Subtriangular, almond-shaped, LV larger, but RV 

overlaps dorsally, reticulate or pitted, valves compressed, posteriorly caudate, hinge merodont, zone of 

concresence broad, radial canals irregularly spaced, vestibule small or absent, muscle scars questionably a 

median vertical undivided row of several spots and a 

more anterior spot. Upper Cretaceous to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere cellulosa Norman, Recent. 

Hemicytherura howei (Puri) 

Plate 4, figures 5a, b; text figure 9 

Kangarina howei Puri, 1954 Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 

246, pl. 4, fig. 7; text figs. 6i, j. 

Hemicytherura howei (Puri). Pooser, 1965, Kansas Univ. 

Paleontology Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 8, p. 49, pl. 9, figs. 

1-3. 

Diagnosis.-Small, subtriangular to subtrapezoidal, 

highest medially; dorsum strongly convex, venter 

nearly straight; anterior narrowly rounded, extended 

below; posterior acuminate, strongly extended above, 

LV slightly larger than RV, overreaching it dorsally; 

valves only moderately convex, posterior end compressed; surface weakly ornamented by narrow reticulating ridges. Internal features of a RV are shown in 

text figure 9. 

FIGURE 9.-Herr,icytherura howei (Puri). Interior of right 

valve; locality SC-4. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 4, fig. 5a) 0.40 mm, 

height 0.21 mm, convexity 0.161nm. 

Rmna1'ks.-The present writer agrees with Pooser 

( 1965, p. 49) that the shape and surface ornamentation 

of this species are more typical of H endcytherura than 

of [{ angarina. 

Occu-rrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at locality NC-4, Columbus County, N.C.; localities SC-1b, 

SC-3, and SC-4, Horry County, S.C. The species was 

described frmn the Choctawhatchee Formation (of for-
Dl2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

mer usage) of Florida, and occurs also in the Duplin 

Marl and in the Yorktown Formation of the Atlantic 

Coastal Plain. 

Specimens studied.-Four. 

Figured specinwn.S'.-USNM 649937, 649938, 650010. 

Genus CYTHERURA Sars, 1868 

Small subquadrate, moderately convex, LV larger, 

but RV overreaches LV dorsally, posterior caudal process, ventral low alae in some forms, flattened venter, 

ribbed, reticulate, or punctate surface, hinge modified 

merodont, zone of concrescense of moderate width, 

radial canals few, may be paired, vestibule -absent or 

narrow, muscle scars an anterior median vertical undivided row of four spots and additional anterior and 

ventral spot ( s) . Cretaceous ( ? ) , Eocene to Recent. 

Type species.-0. gibba 0. F. Muller. 

Cytherura elonga ta Edwards 

Plate 6, figures lla-c 

Oytherura elongata Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, 

p. 526, pl. 88, figs. 21-25. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. 'Survey Prof. 

Paper 234--A, p. 50, pl. 7, figs. 24, 25. Hulings and Puri, 1965, 

Pub. Staz. Zool., Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 331, fig. 15. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate-sublanceolate in side view, 

highest posteromedially, dorsmn slightly sinuous, 

nearly straight, venter slightly concave medially, subparallel to dorsum; anterior rounded, somewhat 

extended below, posterior bluntly caudate, strongly extended medially. LV slightly larger than RV, overlapping most in cardinal areas; valves moderately convex; 

posterior end compressed. Surface with narrow longitudinal ridges between which lie transverse reticulating 

ridges; longitudinal ridges converge toward ends. Male 

dimorphs more elongate than female; latter have posterior part of shell swollen. 

Length of figured female shell (pl. 6, fig. 11b) 0.43 

mm, height 0.20 mm, convexity 0.181nm. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation -at locality NC-2, Columbus County, N.C.; frequent at locality 

NC-1, Columbus County, N.C.; frequent at locality 

SC-2, Horry County, S.C. The species also occurs in the 

Duplin Marl and throughout the Yorktown Formation 

of North Carolina and Virginia; it has been recorded 

living off the west coast of Florida. 

Specimens studied.-Twelve. 

Fig,ured specimen,s.-USNM 649998-650000. 

Cytherura forulata Edwards 

Plate 5, figure 10; text figure 10 

Oytherura forulata Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 

526, pl. 88, figs. 17-20. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 234-A, p. 50. Hulings and Puri, 1965, Pub. Staz. Zool., 

Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 329, fig.14. 

Diagnosis.-Shell subquadrate, dorsum and venter 

nearly straight to slightly convex, anterior margin 

broadly curved, posterior bluntly caudate; valves moderately convex; greatest convexity ventromedian. LV 

slightly larger than RV. Surface ornamented by 8-10 

longitudinal ridges curved subparallel to margins dorsally and ventrally; numerous crossbars connect ridges; 

anterodorsally is an oblique eye tubercle. Internal shell 

features of a Waccamaw specimen are shown in text 

figure 10. 

FIGURE 10.-0ythe1·ura forulata Edwards. Interior of left valve; 

locality SC-3. 

Length of figured specimen 0.45 1nm, height 0.25 mm, 

convexity 0.20 mm. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at localities SC-2, SC-3, SC-4, and SC-5, Horry County, S.C. 

Elsewhere the species occurs in the Duplin and throughout the Yorktown Formation, upper Miocene of the 

Middle Atlantic region; reported living off west coast 

of Florida. 

Specimens st'udied.-Six. 

F-igured speci1nens.-USNM 649978, 650011. 

Cytherura cf. C. costata MUller 

Plate 4, figure 10 

Oytherura oostata G. W. MUller, 1894, Fauna und Flora des 

Golfes von Neapel, v. 21, p. 295, pl. 8, figs. 11, 15; pl. 32, fig. 

33, Swain, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, p. 629, pl. 64, figs. 

lla, b. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-lanceolate, dorsum slightly 

convex, venter sinuous, concave medially; anterior 

rounded, extended below; posterior margin caudate, 

strongly extended ventromedially. Valves not strongly 

convex, posterior caudate extension compressed. Valve 

surface with about six narrow longitudinal ridges, upper 

three curved subparallel to dorsal margin; median ridge 

bifurcate posteriorly. Internal features not clearly seen 

in present specimens; they were partially illustrated 

by Miiller. 

Length of figured specimen 0.42 mm., height 0.20 mm, 

convexity 0.17 mm. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D13 

Remarks.-The shape, surface ribbing, and strong 

posteroventral caudation suggest to the writer a similarity toM tiller's ( 1894) Recent species. 

Ocourrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation locality 

SC-3, Horry County, S.C.; the species is living in the 

Mediterranean and Atlantic regions, in shallow water. 

In the Bay of Naples the species is associated with calcareous algae (Puri and others, 1964). 

Specimens studied.-One. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 649949. 

Genus CYTHEROPTERON Sars, 1866 

Ovate-subrhomboidallateral outline, arched dorsum, 

sinuous venter, weak to strong ventral alae; surface 

smooth, pitted, reticulate, or ribbed; RV slightly larger, 

overlapping along hinge margin; hinge merodont, with 

well-developed crenulate interterminal bar in LV and 

groove in RV; zone of concrescence moderately broad, 

vestibules small or absent; radial canals few, in part 

paired or irregular; adductor muscle scars an anterornedian vertical row of four undivided spots and more 

anterior V-shaped' spot in which is a small subsidiary 

spot. Lower Jurassic to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere latissirna Norman, Recent. 

Cytheropteron yorktownensis (Malkin) 

Plate 4, figures 7a-c; text figure 11 

Eocytheropteron yorktownensis Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 780, pl. 79, figs. 1-4. 

Diagnosis.-Small, subovate; dorsum nearly straight 

to slightly convex; venter sinuous, anterior rounded, extended below; posterior narrowly rounded, extended 

above; LV larger than RV; valves strongly convex; 

inflated ventrally in low alaform expansion; ala 

abruptly terminated posteroventrally; median surface 

with .low, longitudinal, narrow, somewhat sinuous 

ridges, and with a weakly reticulate ridgepattern. Internal features of shell are shown in text figure 11. 

~ength of figured specimen (pl. 4, fig. 7a) 0.40 mm, 

height 0.28 mm, convexity 0.23 mm. 

FIGURE 11.-0ytheropteron yorktownensis (Malkin). Interior 

of left valve ; Pleistocene, Longs, S.C. 

266-183 0-67--3 

Remarks.-Although the weak alation of this species 

is more like E ocytheropteron, the hingement and other 

internal features as outlined by Malkin are believed by 

the present writer to be closer to Oytheropteron. 

OccuJ'J'ence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at locality NC-2, Colombus County, N.C.; and in the 

Pleistocene at Longs, S.C. The species was described 

frmn the Yorktown Formation of Virginia. It occurs 

throughout the Yorktown Formation and in the Duplin 

Marl, upper Miocene of the Middle Atlantic region. 

Specimens stu.died.-Four. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 649940-649942. 

Cytheropteron choctawhatcheensis Puri 

Plate 3, figure 9 

Oytheropteron choct.awhatcheensis Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 36, p. 242, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-subtrapezoidal in outline, 

dorsum nearly straight and about three-fifths shell 

length, venter slightly sinuous and subparallel to dorsum; anterior margin broadly rounded, slightly extended below, posterior 1nargin narrowly rounded, 

strongly extended below. Valves strongly convex, greatest convexity ventroposterior; LV larger than RV, 

overreaching along dorsal slopes. Ventral surface flattened owing to alaform expansion of valves. General 

surface smooth. Internal shell features not seen, and 

were not described by Puri. 

Length of figured specimen 0.57 mm, height 0.28 mm, 

convexity 0.28 mm. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at locality SC-1b, Horry County, S.C. The species was described from the Choctawhatchee Formation (of 

former usage), upper Miocene of Florida. 

Specimens studied.-One. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 649923. 

Genus EUCYTHERURA Miiller, 1894 

Small subquadrate, broader anteriorly than posteriorly where margin is extended above, low alae ventrally, surface pitted or rugose, anteromedian swelling 

or node, LV slightly larger than RV; hinge merodont 

but terminal teeth and sockets may or may not be crenulate; inner lamellae broad, no vestibules, radial canals 

few, adductor 1nuscle scars a median vertical undivided 

row of about four spots and more anterior spot ( s) , 

Lower Cretaceous to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere complexa Brady, Recent. 

Eucytherura sp. 

Plate 5, figures 1a, b 

Shell small, subquadrate in side view, highest medially; dorsal margin nearly straight except for posterior 
D14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

step; ventral margin gently convex; anterior 1nargin 

broadly curved, slightly extended'below; posterior margin more narrowly curved, slightly extended medially; 

LV larger than RV; valves moderately convex; posterior fifth of valves compressed. A ridgelike expansion 

of shell along dorsum and an opposing ventral subalate 

expansion terminate abruptly at posterior depressed 

part of shell. Irregular depressions and short ridges 

ornament surface of valve. Internal shell features not 

seen. 

Length of shell 0.41 mm, height 0.27 mn1, convexits 

0.21 mm. 

Relatior1/ships.-This fonn is less quadrangular and 

has different surface ornamentation than E. complexa 

(Brady) of the upper Miocene of Trinidad (van den 

Bold, 1963b) or E. 'Loeingeist£ Puri from the Choctawhatchee Formation (of former usage) (Area. facies) 

of Flm,ida (Puri, 1954). Insufficient specimens are 

available for establishment of a new speeies. 

Occtwrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Fonnation at locality NC-4, Columbus County, N.C. 

Sped-mens strttdied-One. 

Figu/red specimen.-USNM 649954. 

Family TRACHYLEBERIDIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 

Genus ACTINOCYTHEREIS Puri, 19·53 

Subquadrate, medium size, compressed valves; dorsal, 

oblique, 1nedian-longituclinal, and ventral submarginal 

rows of short thick spines; terminal marginal spinose 

rims, postdorsal short vertical row of spines, hinge amphidont, inner lamellae broad, vestibule narrow to absent, radial canals numerous terminally; adductor 

muscle scar an anteromedian vertical row of four spots 

and more anterior spot(s). Oligocene to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere exanthemata Ulrich and Bassler, Miocene. 

Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Plate 2, figures 5a-f; text figure 12 

Oythere exanthemata Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene volume, p.117, pl. 36, figs. 1-5. 

Oythereis e:»anthemata (Ulrich and Bassler). Van den Boldr. 

1946, Contr. Study Ostracoda, Amsterdam, p. 88, fig. 2. 

Tmchyleberi8 exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler). Swain, 1948, 

Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines, and Water Resources Bull. 

2, pl. 12, figs. 14, 15. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 234-A, p. 37, pl. 6, fig. 5. 

Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler). Puri, 1953, 

Am. Midland Naturalist, v. 49, p. 179, pl. 2, figs. 4-8; text 

figs. e, f. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36. p. 252, pl. 

13, figs. 6-13. Hulings and Puri, 1965, Pub. Staz. Zool., 

Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 329, fig. 14. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate, straight dorsum modified 

by five to six projecting nodes and high anterior cardinal projection; venter slightly concave medially; anterior broadly curved, somewhat extended below, 

truncate above, spinose; posterior narro,ver, but also 

broadly curved to subtruncate, spinose. Rim extends 

around free margins; rim spinose ventrally and in some 

specimens terminally; dorsum with row of spines converging posteriorly to,vard dorsum; ventro-posterior 

border of valves compressed; vertical short cleatlike 

row of spines posterodorsally. Internal features not 

seen in present speeimens but a specimen from the Yorktown Formation near Tar Ferry Landing, Hertford 

County, N.C., had the following: hinge of LV consists 

of an anterior rounded deep socket, posteroj acent small 

tooth, interterminal bar formed of valve edge, slightly 

serrate, and a posterior rounded socket; inner lamellae 

fairly broad, vestibule narrow to absent; radial canals 

numerous and closely spaced terminally; adductor scar 

an anteromedian vertical row of four elongate spots and 

one or two more anterior spots. 

Length of figured male LV (pl. 2, fig. 5f) 0.90 mm, 

height 0.45Inm, convexity 0.41 mm. 

Rernarks.-The range of features that characterize 

this species are in need of detailed study. The writer 

belifwes that the subspecies gornillionensis Howe and 

Ellis (Howe and others, 1935) and marylandica Howe 

and Hough (Howe and others, 1935) may be immature 

molts and (or) ecologic variants of exanthernata. Until 

these uncertainties are resolved it is believed preferable 

to assign the Waccamaw specimens to exanthemata. 

Occurrence.-Common in the W acca1naw Formation 

at loc.ality NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C.; at localities 

NC-1, and NC-3, Columbus County, N.C.; localities 

SC-1, SC-3, and SC-5, Horry County, S.C. Malkin 

( 1953) recorded it from the Cal vert and Choptank 

Formations, middle Miocene, and stated that A. exanthernata gomillionensis is characteristic of the Yorktown Formation, upper Miocene. Edwards (1944) 

found that subspecies in the Duplin Marl, upper Miocene. The present writer (Swain, 1952) recorded A. 

exanthemata from the subsurface upper Miocene. The 

species apparently ranges throughout the Miocene and 

FIGURE 12.-AcUnocythc:rcis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler). 

Interior of right valve; locality SC-3. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D15 

into the Pliocene of the Middle Atlantic region. Puri 

( 1954) recorded it throughout the Miocene of the 

Florida panhandle. 

~._~ pecirrwns studied.-Fourteen. 

Figured speci1nens.-USNM 649889-649894, 650012. 

Genus ECHINOCYTHEREIS Puri, 1954 

Subovate, medium to large, LV larger than RV; shell 

inflated, spinose or tuberculate and pitted, has eye 

tubercle, ends compressed, hinge amphidont, inner 

lamellae of moderate width, radial canals numerous, 

vestibule narrow or absent, adductor muscle scar a 

median vertical row of four spots and additional more 

anterior spots. Paleocene ( ? ) , Eocene to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythereis garretti IIowe and McGuirt, Miocene. 

Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt) 

Plate 4, figure 12 ; text figure 13 

Oythere-is garretti Howe and McGuirt, 1935, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 20, pl. 3, figs. 17-19 ; pl. 4, figs. 5, 15. 

Buntonia? cf. B.? garretU (Howe and McGuirt). Swain, 1952, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 

4, figs. 4-6. 

Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt). Puri, 1954, 

Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 260, pl. 12, figs. 2-5; text 

figs. 9a, b. 

Diagnosis.-Shell subquadrate in side view, dorsum 

nearly straight to sinuous, about two-thirds of shell 

length; venter nearly straight, slightly convex; terminal 

margins broadly rounded, the posterior narrower than 

anterior and coarsely spinose. LV larger than RV; 

moderately convex, most convex posterior in position. 

Anterior marginal zone with three subparallel concentric rows of pustules; general surface densely pustulose; anterodorsal eye tubercle projects slightly beyond 

dorsal margin. Internal features are as shown in text 

figure 13. 

Length of figured specimen 0.83 m1n, height 0.55 mm, 

convexity 0.50 mm. 

FIGURE 13.-Echinocythm·eis ga1-retti (Howe and McGuirt). 

Interior of right valve; locality SC-2. 

Occurrence.-Waccamaw Formation, locality SC-2; 

elsewhere the species occurs in the upper Miocene Chocta watchee Formation (of former usage) of Florida 

and from the middle and upper Miocene, subsurface of 

Florida. 

S pecinwns studied.-Two. 

Figu.red speci1nens.-USNM 649951, 650013. 

Genus CLETOCYTHEREIS Swain, 1963 

Subquadrate, medimn size, din1orphic; 1nales 1nore 

elongate than females and with posteroventral flangelike extension ; surface reticulate, anteron1edian swelling, posterodorsal subvertical cleatlike row of spines; 

longitudinal ro,vs of spines dorsally and ventrally and 

perhaps mediaHy, terminal spinose rims, hinge modified 

amphidont, inner lamellae of moderate width, line of 

concrescence irregular owing to funnel-shaped internal 

openings of canals, adductor muscle scar a n1eclian vertical row of three or four undivided spots and more 

anterior spots, diductor scar present. l\1iocene ( ? ) , Pleistocene to Recent. 

Type 8pecies.-Oythere rastromarginata Brady, 

Recent. 

Cletocythereis ~ mundorffi. (Swain) 

Plate 2, figure 6 

Trachylebcris rnundorffi Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 234-A, p. 36, pl. 5, fig. 19; pl. 6, fig. 4. 

Diagnosis.-Shell subquadrate, highest near anterior 

end, dorsum and venter nearly straight, converging posteriorly; anterior broadly curved, extended below, 

spinose; posterior narrower, but with broad curvature, 

coarsely spinose; anterior with sub1narginal narrow 

ridge that passes below into a series of spines; dorsal 

margin with spinose ridge that projects beyond valve 

margin; anterior end of which is an enlarged node; 

posterior end of dorsal ridge with ventrally extending 

short ridge; medially is an oblique peculiarly "pulledlooking" longitudi~al ridge from which extend short 

spines; median low nodelike swelling; ventrally is an 

oblique row of spines or spinose ridge; ventroposterior 

marginal area of valves compressed. Internal structures 

described by Swain (1952). 

Length of figured specimen 0.70 mm, height 0.40 mm, 

convexity 0.31 mm. 

Remarks.-The posterodorsal subvertical short ridge, 

median nodelike swelling, longitudinal ridges, and 

flangelike posteroventral spinose marginal extension 

ally this species with Oletocythereis rather than with 

Trachyleberis Brady, which is more generally spinose, 

or with Actinocythereis Puri which has similar rows of 

spines but lacks the median swelling of Oletocythgreis. 

0 ccurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at locality NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C.; previously re-
Dl6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

corded from the 1niddle and upper Miocene from wells 

in North Carolina. According to Malkin, 0. mundorffi 

(1953, p. 792) is equivalent to Aetinocythereis ewanthemata gornillionensis (Howe and Ellis), but that 

form is smaller and has longitudinal rows of spines 

rather than nodose ridges as in1nundorjfi. The specimen 

illustrated as gomillionensis by Malkin (1953, pl. 81, 

figs. 15, 17, 18) may represent rnundorffi. 

S peci1nens studied.-One. 

Figured specimen.-lTSNM 649895. 

Genus NE,O'CAUDITES Puri, 1960 

Subquadrate-subelliptical, compressed and thinshelled, free margins with rim, terminal spines, dorsal 

and ventral submarginal ridges, median oblique ridge, 

eye tubercle, surface smooth or pitted, hinge holamphidont, inner lamellae broad, radial canals numerous, adduetor muscle scars a median vertieal row of three spots 

and two more anterior antenna! spots. Miocene to 

Reeent. 

Type spec-ies.-N. nevianii Puri, Recent. 

Neocaudites triplistriata (Edwards) 

Plate 3, figures la-d, text figure 14 

Oythereis triplistriata Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, 

p. 522, pl. 87, figs. 24-26. 

Trachyleberis? cj. T?' triplistriata Edwards. Swain, 1952, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 37, pl. 6, figs. 2, 3. 

Rectotrachyleberis cf. R. tripUstriata (Edwards). Puri, 1954, 

Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 264, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. 

Neocaudites triplistriata (Edwards). Van den Bold, 1963b, 

Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 389, pl. 8, fig. 4. 

Diagnos,is.-Subquadrate, highest anteriorly, dorsum slightly sinuous, venter nearly straight, slightly 

eoncave medially; anterior broadly eurved, fringed 

with thiek spines, slightly truncate above; posterior 

narrower, truneate above, spinose below; terminal submarginal elevated smooth rims; dorsal and ventral submarginal na,rrow rims; anterodorsal eye tubercle; 

oblique median longitudinal broad ridge extends from 

posterodorsal to anteroventral marginal areas; general 

surfaee smooth or pitted. LV slightly larger than RV; 

valves strongly compressed. Internal features of a RV 

are as shown in text figure 14. 

Length of figured shell (pl. 3, fig. 1a) 0.68 mm, height 

0.35 mm, convexity 0.21 mm. 

Rernarks.-Rectotrachyleberis was placed in synonymy with 0 osta N eviani by Howe (in Moore and 

others, 1961), but that genus is chara-Cterized by a 

1nedian ridge that bends ventrally at the posterior end. 

Bold (1963b, p. 389) placed the speeies in Neocaudites. 

The present writer believes his specimens from the 

North Carolina subsurface (1952, p. 37) are this species, 

but Van den Bold disagrees ( 1963b, p. 389) . The status 

of triplistriata remains somewhat in doubt. 

FIGURE 14.-Neocaudites triplistriata (Edwards). Interior of 

right Yalve; locality NC-1. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at 

localities SC-2 and SC--4, Horry County, S.C.; locality 

NC--4, Columbus County, N.C.; frequent at loealities 

NC-1 and NC-3, Columbus County, N.C.; rare at locality NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C. The species was 

previously reeorded from the Duplin Marl of North 

Carolina, the middle part of the Yorktown Formation 

of Virginia, and from the Choctawatchee Formation (of 

former usage) of Florida, upper Miocene. 

Spec,imens studied.-Fourteen. 

Figured specirnens.-USNM 649898, 649899. 

Genus MUELLERINA Bassiouni, 1965 

Subquadrate, small to medium size, marginal rims, 

ocular and anteromedian tubereles, retieulate surface 

pattern of ridges, hinge amphidont, inner la1nellae 

rather broad, vestibule narrow or absent, radial canals 

few to numerous anteriorly, adductor muscle scars an 

anteromedian divided row of 4 spots and 1-3 anteroadj acent spots together with a more anterior spot ( s) . 

Mioeene to Pliocene. 

Type s p e c i e s . - Oythere lalimAI,rginata, Speyer, 

Oligocene. 

:Muellerina lienenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Plate 3, figures 2a-h, 3a-b, 4a-b ; text figure 15 

Oythere lienenklausi Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland Geol. 

'Survey, Miocene volume, p. 112, pl. 3'6, figs. 11-15. 

Oythere micula Ulrich and Bassler, 1904, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene volume, p. 116, pl. 36, figs. 18-20. 

Trachyleberis? martini (Urich and Bassler). Swain, 1952, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234--A, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 8, 15. 

Trachyleberis martini (Ulrich and Bassler). Malkin, 1953, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 27, p. 793, pl. 82, figs. 6--13. 

Trachyleberis? cf. T.? micula (Ulrich and Bassler). Swain, 

1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234--A, p. 29, text fig. 31. 

M 1trrayina martini (Ulrich and Bassler). Puri, 1954, Florida 

Geol. Survey, Bull. 36,' p. 256, pl. 12, figs. 11-13; text figs. 

8e, f. McLean, 1957, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 38, no. 167, 

pl. 11, figs. la-c, 2a, b, 3a-d. Pooser, 1965, Kansas Univ. 

Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 8, p. 60, pl. 21, figs. 3, 5, 8. 

Muellerina Uenenklausi (Ulrich and Hassler). Hazel, 196,7, 

D.'S. 'Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 564, p. 21, rpl. 3, figs. 3-6, 11; 

pl. 7, figs. 1, 4, 5, 7. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D17 

Diagnos-is.-Subquadrate, highest one-fourth from 

anterior end; dorsum sinuous, high anterocardinal 

projection, venter nearly straight to slightly concave 

n1edially, converging posteriorly with dorsum; anterior 

broadly curved, spinose below; posterior narrower, 

rounded, and finely spinose below, truncate or concave 

above. LV the larger, overreaching at cardinal angles. 

Free margins with_ narrow elevated ri1n and adjacent 

furrow or inner rib; surface coarsely reticulate, pits 

elongated longitudinally; low anteromedian swelling 

and faint posterojacent furrow; slightly elevated ridge 

extends sinuously from posterocardinal angle, obliquely 

forward and venterad; a second shorter ridge subjacent 

to first in posterior half; small anterocardinal eye tubercles. RV hinge with anterior ovate, coarsely crenulate 

tooth, postj acent small socket, narrow, finely crenulate 

interterminal groove, anteromedian "anti-slip" projection, posterior elongate tooth. Line of concrescence and 

inner margin nearly coincide, inner lamellae rather 

broad; about 30 radial canals anteriorly, less numerous 

elsewhere. Muscle scar consists of a median crescentic 

row of four spots, a slightly more anterior set of one to 

three spots, varying with the specimen, and a more anterior set of two spots opposite dorsal end of other 

groups and additional more ventral spot or spots. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 3, fig. 3b) 0.68 mm, 

height 0.36 1nm, convexity 0.35 mm. 

Remarks.-The species is variable in the strength of 

surface ornamental features, ranging from nearly 

smooth t;o deeply reticulate. The details of internal 

structure, especiaUy the width of the zone of concrescence and the muscle scar pattern are also variable. 

Occurrence.-Rare to common in all samples of Waccamaw Formation studied. The species has been recorded previously throughout the Miocene of the Middle 

Atlantic region from the upper Miocene Choct.awhatFIGURE 15.-Muellerina Uenenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler). Interior of left valve; locality NC-5. 

chee Formation (of fonner usage) of Florida, and from 

the Recent. 

Spechnens stu_.died.-Sixty-nine. 

F-igured specimens.-USNM 649900-649913. 

Genus M:URRAYINA :Puri, 1953 

Type species.-lJf. howei Puri, Miocene. 

M:urrayina 1 sp. 

Plate 3, figures 5a, b 

Shell elongate-subelliptical in side view, highest near 

anterior end; dorsal margin slightly convex, straightened posteromeclially; ventral margin concave medially; anterior margin broadly curved, extended 

medially. LV slightly larger than RV, overreaching 

RV ventrally and anterodorsally, valves moderately 

convex, greatest convexity posteromedian; posterior 

1narginal zone compressed. 

General surface of valves with elongate pits and intervening discontinuous ridges; these features are more 

or less concentrically arranged in marginal zone of shell 

and longitudinally arranged in mid part; a smoothed 

rounded patch slightly anteromedian in position. 

Hinge not clearly seen but apparently cm1;.;ists in RV 

of anterior tooth and posterojacent socket, interterminal 

groove and posterior tooth; inner la1nellae of moderate 

width, radial canals nmnerous and closely spaced; adductor scar a median vertical row of three or four 

spots and one or two more anterior spots. 

Length of shell 0.80 mm, height 0.36 mm, convexity 

0.37mm. 

Rmnarks.-This fonn is similar to B en8onocythere 

1ohitei (Swain) frmn the subsurface Miocene of N orlh 

Carolina, but the surface pits in tha:t species are not 

elongated, there are more distinct m-arginal ridges than 

in the present forms, and the muscle scar pattern is not 

typical of that genus in that the main adductor scars appear to be undivided. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw formation -at locality NC-1, Columbus County, N.C. 

Specimens studied.-One. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 49914. 

Genus OCCULTOCYTHEREIS Howe, 19·51 

Elongate-subquadrate, small, compressed, eye tubercle, anteromedian node, anterior spinose rim, pointed 

posterior end; surface smooth or with rugose ridges, 

amphidont hinge, broad inner limellae, no vestibule, 

branching radial canals, adductor 1nuscle scar an undivided anteron1edian row of four spots and a more anterior V -sha peel spot. Upper Cretaceous ( ~) , Paleocene 

to Recent. 

Type speaies.-0. deb.unbata Howe, Eocene. 
D18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

Occultocythereis sp. 

Plate 5, figure 2 

Shell small, elongate-subquadrate in lateral view, 

highest one-fourth from anterior end; dorsal margin 

nearly straight, cardinal angles broadly obtuse; ventral 

margin nearly straight, converging slightly toward dorsum posteriorly; anterior margin broadly curved, somewhat extended below; posterior margin narrowly 

curved, strongly extended above. Valves subequal, compressed; LV slightly larger than an overreaching RV. 

Surface with a median longitudinal narrow groove, 

dorsal to which are three or four short subvertical 

ridges extending toward dorsal Inargin, and a dorsoadjacent irregular longitudinal ridge; variously sized 

pits ornament general surface. Internal shell structure 

not seen. 

Length of figured specimen 0.35 mm, height 0.29 mm, 

convexity 0.13 mm. 

Rentarks.-This species is similar to Leptocythere 

cranekeyensis Puri (1954) in size, general form, and 

surface ornamentation but is less concave ventrally and 

has a different pattern of surfaee ridges from that 

species. 

Ocaurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, localit:Y 

NC-1, Columbus County, N.C. 

8 peclmen8 8ttttdied.-One. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 649955. 

Genus PURIANA Coryell and Fields, 19,53 

Favella Ooryell and Fields, 1937, Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 956, 

p. 8 (not Jorgensen, 1925). 

Subquadrate, 1nedium size, spinose anterior marginal 

rim, eye tubercle; posterior end compressed, coarsely 

spinose, anteromedian tubercle, rugose ridges on surface, 

amphidont hinge, crenulate median element, inner lamellae fairly broad, vestibule well developed or nearly 

absent, radial canals moderate in number, line of concrescence smooth or scalloped owing to funnel-shaped 

inner terminations of pore canals; adductor muscle scar 

a median row of spots and n1ore anterior spot ( s), one of 

which typically V-shaped. Oligocene to Recent. 

Type species.-Favella puella Coryell and Fields, 

Miocene. 

Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Plate 5, figures 8a-c; plate 7, figure 4; text figures 16, 17 

Oythere rugipunctata Ulrich and Bassler, 1004, Maryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene volume, p. 118, pl. 38, figs. 16, 17. 

Oythereis rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler). Howe and others, 

1935, Florida Dept. Conserv. Geol. Bull. 13, rp. 23, pl. 1, figs. 

18, 20-22; pl. 4, figs. 22, 23. 

Favella rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler). Edwards, 1944, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 18, p. 524, pl. 88, figs. 5, 6. van den Bold, 

1946, Oontr. Study Ostracoda, Amsterdam, p. 100, pl. 10, 

fig. 3. van den Bold 1950, Jour. Paleontology, v. 24, p. 86. 

Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 797, pl. 83, fig. 24. 

Trachyleberis? rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler). Swain, 19,52, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 38, pl. 6, fig. 8. 

Puriana rttgipmwtata (Ulrich and Bassler). Puri, 1953, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 27, p. 751. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey 

Bull. 36, p. 2,57, pl. 12, figs. 16, 19, text fig. 8h. McLean, 1957, 

Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 38, no. 167, p. 89, pl. 11, figs. 

5a-d. Brown, 1958, North Carolina Dept. Conserv. and 

Devel. Bull. 72, p. 63, pl. 4, fig. 10. Pooser, 1965, Kansas Univ. 

Paleont. Contr., Arthropods, Art. 8, p. 61, pl. 17, figs. 4-7, 

9. Hulings and Puri, 1965, Pub. Staz. Zool., v. 33, supp., p. 

321, fig. 12. 

Diagnosi8.-Subquadrate, Inedium-sized, highest onefourth from anterior end; dorsum sinuous, anterior 

cardinal angle more obtuse than posterior; venter 

s]ightly concave; anterior broadly curved, extended and 

sparsely spinose below; posterior extended and coarsely 

spinose below, notched above and with triangular ridgelike extension near posterior cardinal angle. Moderately 

convex, LV slightly larger. Surface with broad anterior 

submarginal rim, narrow marginal rim along free 

border; large anteromedian node; anterodorsal eye 

tubercle, slightly oblique dorsoventrally elongate nodes 

or short ridges, closely spaced, posterior to median node; 

posterior end compressed, submarginal ventral longitudinal ridge. 

RV hinge an anterior high-pointed tooth, posterojacent deep oval socket, interterminal narrow groove and 

posterior large rounded, slightly crenulate tooth; other 

internal features are as shown in text figure 16. 

FIGURE 16.-Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler). Interior of left valve; locality NC-1. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 5, fig. Sa) 0.60 mm, 

height 0.35 mm, convexity 0.33 Inm. 

Ocmtrrence.-The species is rare to emnmon at nearly 

all localities of Wacca1naw Fonnation studied. It also 

occurs in the Yorktown Formation of the Middle Atlantic region, more commonly in the upper than in the 

lower part; in the Duplin Marl of North Carolina; in 

the Alum Bluff Group and the Choctawhatchee Formation (of former usage) of Florida; in the Miocene of 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D19 

Cuba, Guatemala, and British Honduras; and lives off 

the west coast of Florida. 

S pee irnwns 8 trudied.-Fifty -eight. 

Figu~red specitnens.-USNM 649973-649975, 650014. 

FIGURE 17.-Puriana rugipu,nctata (Ulrich and Bassler). Interior of immature left valve; locality SC-3. 

Puriana mesicostalis (Edwards) 

Plate 4, figure 13 ; plate 5, figure 13 

Fa't'ella, rnesicostalis Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, 

no. 6, p. 524, pl. 88, figs. 1-4. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-subquadrate; dorsal and 

ventral margins subparallel, venter slightly concave 

medially; anterior margin broadly rounded, slightly 

extended below; posterior margin truncate, bearing 

three to four short spines below; concave above; valves 

subequal, 1noderately convex, greatest convexity in 

posterior third. 

Anterior marginal zone with narrow submarginal 

ridge, anterior two-thirds of venter with similar but 

disconnected submarginal ridge, a narrow vertica] 

ridge extending downward from posterocardinal margin; anteromedian node consists of a cluster of small 

curved ridges; a short ridge extends anteriorly from 

node and a long median ridge extends posteriorly from 

it; several short sub vertical ridges extend from dorsal 

margin, and a series of small griooves and short ridges 

lie ventral of median longitudinal ridge. Internal features not seen in specimens at hand. 

Length of figured specimen 0.71 mm, height 0.35 

mm, convexity 0.33 mm. 

Remarks.-P. rnwsicostalis differs from P. rugipttnctata in having much weaker posteromedian transverse 

ridges than typical rugipunctata and in having a median 

longitudinal ridge that is absent in that species. 

Occurrence.-The species was originally described 

frmn the Duplin Marl, upper Miocene, at Lumberton, 

N.C.; in the present Waccamaw collection it occurs at 

locality SC-1, Horry County, S.C. 

Speci1nens stttdied.-Three. 

Figwred speci1n-en.-USNM 649981. 

Family BRACHYCYTHERIDAE Puri, 1954 

Genus PTERYGOCYTHEREIS Blake, 1933 

Fimbria. Neviani, 1928, Pontificia Acad. delle Sci., Rome Mem. 

Sec. 2, v. 11, p. 72 [not Bohadsch, 1761, nor Megerle, 1811, 

nor Risso, 1826, nor Cobb, 1894, nor Belon, 1896]. 

Pterrfgocytherels Bold, 1946, Contr. to study of Ostracoda, Amsterdam, J. H. DeBussy, p. 29 (error). 

Subquadrate, sn1ooth to strongly spinose marginally, 

venter with pronounced alar expansion, posterior cmnpressed, spinose, and extended below, truncate or concave above, surface smooth, reticulate tuberculate or 

spinose; hinge amphidont, in some species with crenulate 

median element; inner lamellae of narrow to medium 

width, radial canals moderate in number, vestibule narrow to absent; adductor 1nuscle scars a 1nedian vertical 

row of four spots the 1niddle two larger and an anterior 

V-shaped spot plus other spot(s). lTpper Cretaceous(?) 

to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythereis jonesii Baird, Recent. 

Digmo pte ron Hill and Alatacythere J\iurray and Hussey are also placed in synony1ny with Pterygocythereis 

by van Morkhoven ( 1963, p. 215), but Howe (in Moore 

and others, 1961, p. 260-263) considers them to be distinct genera on basis of hinge structure. 

Pterygocythereis sp. aft'. P. americana (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Plate 2, figures 7a-d; text figure 18 

?Pterygocythereis sp. aff. P. americana (Ulrich and Bassler). 

Benson and Coleman, 1963, Kansas Univ. Paleont. Contr., 

Arthropoda, Art. 2, p. 22, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3. 

Dlagnosis.-Shell subquadrate to subtrapezoidal, dorsum nearly straight, venter sinuous, converging posteriorly with dorsum, obtuse cardinal angles, anterior 

broadly curved, extended and coarsely spinose below ; 

posterior narrow, extended 1nedially, coarsely spinose 

below, truncate to slightly concave above, dorsum with 

narrow rim and expanded anterior eye tubercle. Venter 

strongly convex, flattened, with sub1narginal alaform 

ridge, highest posteriorly; posterior fifth of shell comJfmuRE 18.-Pterygocythcrcis sp, aff. P. americana (Ulrich and 

Bassler). Interior of imperfect ,left valve; locality NC-2. 
D20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

pressed; venter with marginal ridge. Internal shell 

structures not seen in present specimens. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 2, fig. 7a) 0.86 mm, 

height 0.46 mm, convexity 0.48 mm. 

Rentarks.-This form is similar to the uncrested specimens described bY Benson and Coleman (1963, p. 22) 

now living off the Florida coast, except that the Recent 

specimens have longer alar spines. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, locality 

NC-2, Columbus County, N.C. A similar species has 

been recorded living in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. 

S peeirnens studied.-Three. 

F·igrured specinwn.-USNM 649806. 

Family BYTHOCYTHERIDAE Sars, 1926 

Genus IONESIA Brady, 1866 

JJiacrocytlwre Sars, 1926, An account of the Crustacea df Norway, Bergen Mus., pts 18 and 19, p. 240 (obj. syn. of Jonesia 

as they both have the same type species). 

Luvula Coryell and Fields, 1937, Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 956, 

p. 13. 

Macrocytherina Coryell and Fields, 1937, Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 956, p. 16. 

Elongate-lanceolate, anterior rounded, posterior 

acuminate, compressed; valves in general compressed, 

smooth; hinge lophodont to nearly adont; inner lamellae 

broad anteriorly, zone of concrescence narrow; adductor 

muscle scar an anteromedian obliquely subvertical row 

of several spots. Miocene to Recent. 

Type speoies.-Oythere S'implew Norman, Recent. 

Ionesia howei (Puri) 

Plate 4, figure 11 

Luvula howei Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 239, 

pl. 15, fig. 11; text fig. 13b. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-sublanceolate; dorsal and 

ventral 1nargins gently convex; anterior 1nargin 

rounded, posterior margin acuminate, extended n1edially. LV slightly larger than RV; valves rather compressed; most eon vex posteromedially; posterior caudake area com pressed ; anterior narrow marginal area 

compressed; median small node with postjacent pit. 

General surface smooth. Internal features of shell not 

seen. 

Length of figured specimen 0.42 mm, height 0.18 mm, 

convexity 0.15 mm. 

Renwrks.-Because of the similarity in external and 

in known internal shell features of J onosia and Luvula 

Puri, the present writer follows Moore and others (1961, 

p. 268) in placing the latter genus in synonymy. 

Occ,urrence.-Rare in Wacca1naw Formation, locality 

. SC-lb, Horry County, S.C.; elsewhere the species 

occurs in the Chocta watche.e Formation (of former 

usage) of Florida and the middle part of the Yorktown 

Formation of Virginia. 

Specinwns studied.-One. 

Figured spechnen.-USNM 649950. 

Family CYTHERETTIDAE Triebel, 1952 

Genus CYTHERETTA Muller, 1894 

Pseudocytheretta Cushman, 1906, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., v. 32, p. 382. 

Cylindrus Neviani, 1928, Pontificia Acad. delle Sci., Rome 

Mem., Sec. 2, v. 11, p. 72, 106 [not Deshayes, 1824, nor 

Fitinger, 1833, nor Herrmannsenn 1852]. 

Prionocytheretta. Mehes, 1941, Geol. Hungarica, Ser. Paleont., 

pt. 16, p. 60. 

Subquadrate, ends rounded, valves strongly convex, 

LV larger and higher than RV, surface pitted, ridged, 

reticulate or nearly smooth, hinge holamphidont with 

large teeth and sockets; im1er la1nellae broad, especially 

ventrally, no vestibule; radial canals nmnerous, long 

and sinuous, irregularly spaced, in part branching and 

with bulbous expansions; adductor muscle scars an 

anteromedian vertical row of four spots and a more 

anterior crescentic or V -sha peel spot. Eocene to Recent. 

Type species.-0. r1..tbra Muller, Recent. 

Cytheretta cf. C. calhounensis Smith 

Plate 6, figure 14 

Oytheretta calhounensis Smith, 1941, Am. Assoc. Petroleum 

Geologists Bull., v. 25, p. 283, pl. 1, figs. 12, 13; pl. 3, figs. 2, 

15. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 283, pl. 7, 

figs. 8, 9. 

Diagnosi.s.-Elongate-subquadrate; dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight and about three-fourths of 

shell length; terminal1nargins broadly curved, anterior 

slightly extended below, posterior slightly extended 

above. LV larger than RV, extending beyond it ventrally and in cardinal areas. Valves mocle.rately convex; 

greatest convexity posteromedian. J\IIedian t"\vo-thirds 

of valve surfaces bear rwther broad low longitudinal 

ridges, in part bifurcate; closely spaced. Internal shell 

features not observed. 

Length of figured specimen 1.'20 mm, height 0.58 mm, 

convexity 0.55 mm. 

Ocmtrrence.-Locality SC-5, Horry County, S.C.; 

previously described only from the Miocene Chipola 

Formation of Florida. The specimen illustrated is 

weathered in appearance and may have been reworked. 

Specirnens studied.-One. 

Figured 8pecimen.-USNM 649503. 

Family HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953 

Genus ORIONINA Puri, 1953 

Subquadrate, anterior rounded, posterior extended 

below, truncate or concave above, surface more or less 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D21 

strongly reticulate, typically with one or more oblique 

longitudinal ridges, eye tubercle, spinose anterior marginal rim, hinge holamphidont, inner lamellae moderately broad, vestibule may or may not occur, line of 

concrescence straight to highly sinuous, radial canals 

numerous; on interior surface rounded pillarlike shell 

growths may occur anteriorly both in zone of concrescence and beyond edge of ini1er margin; adductor 

1nuscle scar a vertical row of four spots anteriorly from 

middle two of which two more spots are split off and 

additional more anterior spots. Miocene to Recent. 

TyzJe species.-Oythere vaughani Ulrich and Bassler, 

Miocene. 

J ugosocytherei.s Puri has been placed in synonymy 

with Orionina by Sylvester-Bradley (in Moore and 

others, 1961, p. 339) but the type of Jugosocythereis, 

Oythereis bicarinata Swain has entirely different shell 

features in the present writer's opinion. 

Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Plate 4, figures 4a-e; text figure 19 

Oythe1·e vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler), 1004, Maryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene volume, p.109, pl. 38, figs. 25-27. 

Oythereis vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) Howe and others, 

1935, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 24, 25 ; 

pl. 4, fig. 13. Coryell and Fields, 1937, Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 956, p. 9, fig. lOa. Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

18, p. 522, pl. 87, figs. 27, 28. van den Bold, 1946, Contr. 

Study Ostracoda, p. 88, pl. 10, fig. 1. van den Bold, 1950, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, p. 83. 

Traohyleberis vaughan,i (Ulrich and Bassler). Swain, 1952, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pape,r 234---A, p. 37, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7. 

Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 794, pl. 82, fig. 14. 

Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler). Puri, 19'54, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 254, pl. 12, figs. 15, 16; text figs. 

8a-c. McLean, 1957, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 38, no. 167, 

p. 88, pl. 11, figs. 6a, b. van den Bold, 1963a, Jour. Paleontology, v. 37, p. 44, pl. 4, figs. 1-6; text fig. 5, 6-8. vun den 

Bold, 1963b, Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 386, pl. 6, fig. 7. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate, highest anteriorly, dorsum nearly straight, venter slightly concave medially, 

anterior broadly curved, extended below; posterior 

narrower, strongly extended, rounded and eoarsely 

spinose below, concave above; LV slightly larger than 

RV, valves compressed; free margins with narrmv rim; 

three principal longitudinal ridges, the ventral bifurcate and double anteriorly; anterodorsal short subvertical ridge containing eye tuberele; two posterior short 

subvertical ridges at ends of longitudinal ridges; general surface with deep pits and intervening short 

ridges; anterior valve margins finely spinose; venter 

flattened by expansion of ventral ridge and ·with narrmv submarginal ridges. 

Hinge of RV ·with anterior rounded tooth, posterojacent socket, interterminal crenulate groove and posterior notched tooth; inner lame1lae of moderate width, 

266-183 0-67---4 

anteriorly, with three to four rounded pillars near inner 

margin; radial canals numerous and closely spaced; 

muscle scar with vertical row of four spots; two more 

spots split off frmn middle two, and additional two or 

three more anterior antenna! spots. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 4, fig. 4a) 0.70 mm, 

height 0.39mm, convexity 0.33 mm. 

OcC'ltrrence.-Frequent to common in Waccamaw 

Formation at }ocalities SC-2, SC-3, and SC-4, Jiorry 

County, S.C.; rare at locality NC-1, Columbus County, 

N.C.; frequent at locality NC-3, Columbus County, 

N.C. The species occurs widely in theY orktown Formation of the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Duplin 

Marl of North Carolina, and the Choctawhatchee Formation (of former usage) of Florida, upper Miocene. 

Specirn1ens studied.-Thirty-five. 

F igu1'ed speci'lrwn.._r;; .-lTSNM 649932-649936. 

FIGURE 19.-0rionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler). Interior 

of right valve; locality NC-1. 

Genus MUTILUS Neviani 1928 

Subquadrate, short and high, anterior rounded, posterior narrower, truncate or concave above, posteriorly 

ridgelike shell surface projects above dorsal margin in 

side view, small ventral alae, posterior eompressed; 

surface coarsely reticulate; median swelling obscured 

by ornamentation, venter flattened; hinge holamphidont; inner lamellae fairly broad, vestibule narrow to 

absent, radial canals fairly numerous; adductor muscle 

scars a median vertical row of four with the second 

from top paired and additional 1nore anterior spots. 

Miocene to Recent. 

Type species.-OytheTeis ( lf;frutilus) laticancellata 

N eviani, Pliocene. 

Mutilus confragosa (Edwards) 

Plate 4, figures 8a-e; plate 5, figures 5a-c; plate 7, figures 3a-c 

Hcmicytlzere contragosa 11Jdwards. 19:1:4, Jour. Paleontology, Y. 

18, p. 518, pl. 86, figs. 23-26. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 234---A, p. 43, pl. 6, figs. 13, 14. Puri, 1953, 

Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 43, p. 176, pl. 1, figs. 4-6. 

Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 266, pl. 11, 

figs. lOa-12. van den Bold, 1958, Micropaleontology, v. 4, p. 
D22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

71. Brown, 1958, North Carolina Dept. Conserv. and Devel. 

Bull. 72, p. 66, pl. 7, fig. 1. 

Mutilus confragosa (Edwards). Puri, 1960, Gulf Coast Assoc. 

Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 10, p. 130. Swain, 1967, Geol. Soc. 

America Mem. 101. 

A.urila contragosa (Edwards). van den Bold, 1963b, Microvaleontology, v. H, p. 38G, pl. 8, fig. 1. 

Dia.gnosis.-Shell, medium sized, subrhmnboidal, 

highest one-third :to one-fourth from anterior end, 

clorsmn nearly straight, ahnost half shell length, cardinal angles obtuse, venter slightly sinuous; anterior 

broadly curved, extended below ; posterior end narrower, 

sharply extended below, concave above. LV larger than, 

and overreaches, RV in dorsal half; valves moderately 

co~1vex; greatest conve.xity ventrmnedian. Rim along 

free margins; ventral surface with ala£orm longitudinal 

ridge that produces flat venter; anterodorsal eye tubercle and adjacent irregular submarginal furrow; 

posterior fifth sharply emnpressed; general surface with 

large pits and retieulating ridges; several of latter are 

strongest in longitudinal direction; posterodorsal cardinal area with angulated ridge that extends forward 

and downward for a third or more of shell length. 

H,inge of RV an anterior rounded tooth, postj acent 

socket, interterminal groove, broadened at posterior end 

and posterior reniform tooth; inner lamellae moderately 

broad, narrow vestibule, radial canals fairly numerous 

and closely spaced; muscle scar not seen clearly. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 4, fig. Sc) 0.56 1nm, 

height 0.35 m1n, convexity 0.31 mm. 

Remarks.-The shape, surface ornamentation, and internal structure of this species are closer to llf'lttihts than 

to other genera to which it has been assigned. The form 

fron1 the Miocene of Trinidad assigned to the species 

by Bold is much less strongly ornamented than the 

specimen :from the Middle Atlantic States and may be 

another species. 

Ocmtrrence.-The species is rare to abundant at nearly all of the Waccamaw locations sampled, except locality SC-1, Horry County, S.C. The species was described from the Duplin Marl and is also in the up,per 

part of the Yorktown Formation in several localities 

in North Carolina and in the Choctawhatchee Formation (of fonner usage), upper Miocene, and in Recent 

deposits of Florida and Gulf of Oalifornia. 

Specimens st'ltdied.-One hundred and fifty-six. 

Fig'lt.red specimens.-lTSNM 649943-6499±7, 649959, 

649961. 

Genus CAUDITES Coryell and Fields, 1937 

Subtrapezoidal, anterior rounded; posterior compressed, with narrow caudate extension below, eoncave 

or truncate above; LV larger than RV, sn1all eye tubereles, dimorphic, 1nales more elongate, anterior margina~ rim, discontinuous dorsal submarginal ridges, 

medmn and ventral longitudinal ridges, posterior 

median subvertieal ridge ( s), anteromedian swelling or 

tubercles; holamphidont hinge, inner lamellae moderately broad, vestibule anteriorly and very small one 

posteriorly, radial eanals numerous, anteriorly several 

rounded pillarlike growths on interior surface, adductor muscle sear an anteromedian divided row of four 

s,pots, the middle two paired, and more anterior spots. 

Eocene to Recent. 

Type species.-0. 1nedia.lis Coryell and Fields, 

Miocene. 

Caudites sellardsi (Howe and Neill) 

Plate 6, figures 12a, b 

Hemic11tllere sellm·dsi Howe and Neill, 1935, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 29, pl. 2, figs. 6, 10. 

OaudUes sellardsi (Howe and Neill). Puri, 1953, W·ashington 

Acad. Sci.Jour., v. 43, p. 176, pl. 2, fig. b. Puri, 1954, Florida 

Geol Survey Bull. 36, p. 265, pl. 11, fig. 17. van den Bold, 

1958, Micropaleontology, v. 4, table 1. [part]. 

not 0. sellard8i (Howe and Neill). van den Bold, 1957, Micropaleontology, v. 3, p. 2.39, pl. 3, fig. 8 [fide van den Bold, 

1963, Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 386]. 

Dia.gn.oshs.-Subquadrate-suhtrapezoidal in side view, 

highest one-fourth fron1 anterior end; dorsum nearly 

straight, anterior cardinal angle elevated; venter 

slightly concave medially, anterior broadly eurved, 

slightly extended below; posterior margin caudate, 

strongly extended below, coneave above; valves eompre~sed, LV slightly larger than RV and overlaps it in 

cardinal areas. Free 1nargins with smooth slightly elevated rim; anterodorsal rounded, elevated eye tubercle; 

vertical ridge from posterocardinal angle to near venter, 

where it makes right-angle bend forward to midlength. 

Internal shell characters not seen in present specimens 

but were deseribed by Howe and Neill. 

Length of figured shell (pl. 6, fig. 12a) 0.63 mm, 

height 0.35 1nm, convexity 0.18 mm. 

Occu,'f'rence.-The species is rare in the Wacea1naw 

Formation at locality NC-3, Columbus County, N.C.; 

rare at locality NC-1, Colun1bus County, N.C.; rare at 

locality NC-4, Columbus County, N.C. The species also 

occurs in the Area zone of the Choetawhatchee Formation (of former usage) of Florida, and has been reported in lower to upper Miocene beds of Trinidad. 

Specirnens studied.-Four. 

F·igured specimen.-lTSNM 649501. 

Caudites 1 sp. 

Plate 5, figures 6a, b; plate 6, figure 18; plate 7, figures 8a-~ 

Dia.gnasis.-Subquadrate-subreniform, highest onefourth from anterior end, dorsum slightly convex, eardinal angles broadly obtuse; venter eoncave medially, anterior broadly curved, extended below; posterior narrower, angulated medially, trunc.ate above and below; 

valves subequal, LV slightly the larger. Free 1nargins 

with narrow submarginal rim; anterodorsally an 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D23 

oblique eye tubercle; general median surface nearly 

smooth, although son1ew hat irregular; posterior end 

compressed. In dorsal view LV margin extends over RV 

in cardinal area. 

Hinge of RV an anterior high pointed tooth, posterojacent rounded socket, intertenninal bar and subjacent 

rabbet groove formed in valve edge, and posterior 

pointed tooth; inner la1nellae of moderate width, vestibule present but narrow; radial canals very numerous 

and closely spaced; three large pillars anteriorly, adjacent to inner margin; muscle scar not clearly seen but 

apparently consists of a median vertical row of spots, 

and two more anterior spots. 

Length of figured ~pecimen 0.52 mm, height 0.28 mm, 

convexity 0.22 mm. 

Renwrh~s.-The general outline, surface ornamentation, and hingement of this species are like Oa'ltdites, but 

the posterior outline is less caudate than typical for the 

genus. 

Occurrence.-Rare in \Vaccama w Formation at localities NC-3, Columbus County, and NC-5, Brunswick 

County, N.C., also in the Duplin Marl at Walkers Bluff, 

N.C. 

Specimens studied.-Three. 

Fig'ltred specimens.-lTSNM 649962, 649502. 

Genus A URILA Pokorny, 1955 

Auris Neviani, 1928, Pontificia Acad. delle Sci., Rome, Mem., 

Sec. 2, v. 11, p. 72, 94 [not Spix, 1827]. 

Mutilus (Aurila) Pokorny, van Morkhoven, 1963, Post-Palaeozoic Ostracoda, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 138. 

Subovate, almond sha peel, anterior rounded, extended 

below, posterior more or less pointed, also extended 

below, dorsum strongly arched, surface reticulate, 

pitted, ridged concentrically in terminal areas, eye 

tubercle, hinge holamphidont, inner lamellae moderately broad, radial canals numerous and closely spaced, 

vestibule narrow or absent, adductor muscle scars an 

anteromedian row of four spots the middle two or 

upper middle spots paired, and more anterior spots. 

Oligocene to Recent. 

Type speC'ies.-Oythere con1.Mxa Baird, Recent. 

Although van Morkhoven refers to A urila as a subgenus of lllutihts, the latter is a differently constructed 

shell especially in its posterior compression and ridging. 

He apparently depended heavily on similar muscle scars 

to relate the two genera. 

Aurila conradi conradi (Howe and McGuirt) 

Plate 5, figures 7a-i; text figure 20 

Hcmicytllcrc conradi Howe and McGuirt, 1935, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 13, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. 31-34; pl. 4, fig. 17. 

Edwards, 19-!4, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 518, pl. 86, figs. 

17-18. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, 

p. 42, pl. 6, figs. 9-12. Puri, 1953, Washington Acad. Sci. 

Jour., v. 43, p. 176, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 ; Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 36, p. 206. Swain, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

29, p. 635, pl. 62, figs. 3a-c. 

L4_urila conradi (Howe and McGuirt). 1\icLt-an, 1957, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology, v. 38. no. 167, p. 94, pl. 11, figs. 7a, b. 

Aurila conradi (Hmve and McGuirt). Puri, 1960, Gulf Coast 

Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 10, p. 129, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10. 

Hulings and Puri. 1965, Pub. Staz. Zool., Napoli, v. 33. 

supp., p. 323, fig. 12A. 

L4_urila conradi conradi (Howe and McGuirt), Pooser, 1965, 

Kansas Univ. Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda. Art. 8, p. 48, 

pl.17,figs.1,2,12,13. 

Dia,gnosis.-Almond shaped, dimorphic, highest 

medially in fe1nales, antermnedially in more elongate 

males; dorsum moderately to strongly arched, venter 

gently curved to slightly sinuous; anterior rounded, 

strongly extended below; posterior narrowly rounded, 

strongly extended ventromedially. LV larger than RV; 

valves moderately convex, greatest convexity median to 

posteromedian. Surface ornamentation consists of anterior and ventral submarginal ridge, an inner ventral 

ridge, posterior and posterodorsal submarginal ridge, 

anterodorsal oblique eye tubercle and subjacent furrow ; genera 1 surface eoarsely and deeply reticulate. 

Hinge of RV with anterior knoblike tooth, posterojacent triangular socket, interterminal groove broadened at ends, and posterior reniform tooth ; inner 

lamellae of moderate width, narro'v vestibule, numerous closely spaced radial eanals; 1nuscle scar a curved 

row of four spots, of which middle two are subdivided, 

and two or more additional anterior spots. 

Length of figured female shell (pl. 5, fig. 7e) 0.70 

mm, height 0.48 mm, convexity 0.±0 mm; length of 

male shell (pl. 5, fig. 7d) 0.66 mm, height 0.±1 mm, convexity 0.36 mm. 

Occurrence.-The species oecurs widely in the Choctawha1tchee Formation (of fonner usage), Duplin :Marl, 

and upper part of the Yorktown Formation of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Florida. Rare to common in 

~­

•• • • 

FIGURE 20.-L4_urila conradi (Howe and McGuirt). Interior of 

left valve; locality NC-1. 
D24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

the Waccamaw Format1ion at. most of the localities 

studied, but was not found at locality SC-1, Horry 

County, S.C. 

Specim.ens studied.-One hundred and eleven. 

Figured spechnens.-USNM 649964-649972. 

Aurila laevicula (Edwards) 

Plate 5, figure 12 

Hcmicythcre lacvicula l<Jdwards, 1944, .Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, 

p. 518, pl. 86, figs. 27-30. 

Diagnosi8.-Elongate, almond shaped, highest medially; dorsum moderately arched, venter nearly straight, 

slightly sinuous; anterior margin rounded, extended below, truneate above. LV slightly larger than RV, overreaehing dorsally; eonvexity of V!alves moderate. Surfaee densely and finely pitted; near free margins pits 

are arranged eoncentrieally; ventrally there are one or 

two low narrow, submarginal ridges. Inten1al features 

not seen in present speci·men,. and were not described in 

detail by Edwards. 

Length of figured specimen 0.58 mm, height 0.35 mm, 

convexity 0.27 mm. 

Rmnarks.-The outline, overlap relationships, and 

surface ornamentation of this species suggest that it 

should be placed in A urlla rather than in H emicythere. 

Occurrence.-Waccamaw Formation, locality SC-5, 

Horry County, S.C.; originally described 1as rare in Duplin Marl near Lumberton, N.C. 

Specirnens studied.-One. 

Fig~tred spechnen.-USNM 649980. 

Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925 

Genus LOXOCONCHA Sars, 1866 

Loxoleber·is Sars, 1866, Oversigt af norges marine Ostracoder, p. 

130 [error]. 

Norrnania Brady, 1866, Zool. Soc. I.ondon Trans., v. 5, p. 382. 

Subrhomboidal, ends rounded, posterior extended 

above, anterior extended below, sur:face reticulate, pitted, ridged, nodose or nearly smooth, eye tubercle, hinge 

gongylodont (yolked terminal teeth and sockets), intertenninal bar and groove crenulate, inner lamellae 

fairly broad, terminal vestibules, few radial canals, adductor muscle scars a median vertical row of four unpaired spots and more anterior ·and anteroventral spots, 

upper one typically crescentic. Cretaeeous to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere rhmnbo·idea Fischer, 1855, 

Recent. 

Loxoconcha wilberti Puri 

Plate 3, figures 6a-c; plate 7, figure 6; text figures 21A, B 

Loxoconcha wilberti Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, 

p. 274, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2; text figs. lOa, b. 

Diagnosis.-Shell oblong, dorsum straight, venter 

nearly straight, subparallel to dorsum; terminal margins broadly curved, anterior extended below, posterior 

extended above; surface with coarse reticulate ridge 

pattern, concentrically arranged in marginal areas; 

posteriorly and posteroventrally ooncentric ridges are 

more prominent; free margins with narrow eompressed 

rim. LV hinge with yolklike anterior socket and beadlike tooth, intertenninal faintly crenulate groove and 

posterior yolklike lobed tooth and small socket, inner 

lamellae broad anteriorly, with vestibule; about 12 anterior radial canals with funneled inner ends; muscle 

scar a vertical row of :four spots and two more anterior 

spots, the upper one crescentic. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 3, fig. 6a) 0.65 mm, 

height 0.40 mm, convexity 0.33 mm. 

Occ~trrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, locality 

NG-5, Brunswick County, N.C.; and at loCJality NC-1, 

Columbus County, N.C. The species was previously deA 

~ 

• • • 

, c 

, .. 

'· B 

D 

FIGURE 21.-Loxoconclw uJilbe·rti Puri. A, Interior of right 

valve. B, Adductor muscle scar; locality NC-1. 0, D, Lo;roconcha purisub1·hombo,idea Edwards, muscle scars of female 

and male shells; locality SC-4. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D25 

scribed from the Choeta whatchee Formation (of former usage), upper Miocene of Florida. 

Specim.ens studied.-Three. 

FigtM'ed speci'lnens.-lTSNM 649915-649917. 

Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards 

Plate 3, figures 7a-e; plate 7, figure 7; text figures 210, D 

Loxoconcha subrhomboidea Edwards, 1944 [not Brady, 1880], 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 527, pl. 88, figs. 28-32. Swain, 

1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 25, pl. 2, 

figs. 18, 19. Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 787. 

Lomoconcha purisubrhornboidea Edwards, new name, in Puri, 

1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 270. Puri, 1954, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 274, pl. 10, fig. 8; text fig. 10h. 

McLean, 1957, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 38, no. 167, p. 

71, pl. 7, figs. 4a-e. 

Diagnosi.s-.-Subquadrate-ovate (female) to subelliptical-ovate (male) , highest 1nedially; dorsum gently 

convex to nearly straight, venter sinuous, slightly concave anteromedially ~ terminal margins rounded, anterior broader than posterior and extended below; 

posterior extended above. Valves equal, moderately 

convex, greatest convexity 1nedian to posteromedian. 

Surface finely pitted~ margins with narrow rim. Hinge 

and marginal structures are as shown in text figures 

210, D; muscle soar a median subvertical crescentic 

row of four spots~ two more anterior spots, the dorsal 

one curved. 

Length of figured female speoimen (pl. 3, fig. 7e) 

0.64 mm, height 0.36 mm, convexity 0.31 mm. 

Oc(}'Urrence.-Frequent to common in the Waceama"' 

at localities SC-2, SC-3, SC-4, and SC-5, Horry 

County, S.C. Rare in Waccan1aw Formation at locality 

NC-3, Columbus County, N.C.; frequent at locality 

NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C. Rare in Pleistocene, 

Longs, S.C. The species was described from the Duplin 

Marl, upper Miocene of North Carolina, and occurs 

throughout the Miocene of the Atlantic. Coastal region. 

Specimens studied.-Forty-four. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 649918-649920, 650015. 

Loxoconcha reticularis Edwards 

Plate 4, figures 2a-f. 3; text figure 22 

Loa:oconcha reticularis Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

18, p. 527, pl. 88, figs. 26, 27. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey 

Bull. 36, p. 274, pl. 10, fig. 7; text fig. 10e. Malkin, 1953, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 786, pl. 80, figs. 13-17. McLean, 

1957, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 38, no. 167, p. 72, pl. 7, 

figs. 5a-:b. 

Loa:oconcha cf. L. reticularis Edwards. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 26. 

Diagnosi.s-.-Subquadrate-subovate, highest one-third 

from anterior end, dorsum slightly sinuous, venter 

gently convex in males to nearly straight and subparallel to dorsum in females. Valves subequal, LV slightly 

larger; valves strongly convex; greatest convexity 

ventromedian; surface with deeply reticulate pattern 

of pits and ridges; ridges markedly eoneentric in arrangement terminally and ventrally; 1nargins bear a 

smooth narrow rim; terminal and posteroventral marginal areas compressed. Internal shell structure is 

shown in text figure 22. 

Length of figured fmnale specimen (pl. 4, fig. 2a) 

0.51 min, height 0.31 mm, convexity 0.28 mm. Length 

of figured male specimen (pl. 4, fig. 2c) 0.49 mm, height 

0.28 mm, convexity 0.24 mm. 

FIGURE 22.-Loa:oconcha reticularis Edwards. Interior of left 

valve ; locality SC-4. 

Occurrence.-Rare to frequent in Waccamaw Formation at localities SC-2, SC-4, and SC-5, Horry County, 

S.C. Rare in Waccamaw Formation at locality NC-3, 

Columbus County, N.C.; rare at locality NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C.; frequent at locality NC-1, Columbus County. The species was described from the Duplin 

Marl, upper Miocene of North Carolina, and occurs 

throughout the Miocene of the Atlantic Coastal region. 

S peeimens studied.-Twenty -two. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 649925-649931. 

Genus PTEROLOXA Swain, 1963 

Small, subquadrate, posterior narrower than anterior, 

LV slightly larger than RV, moderately convex, surface pitted or reticulate and with low ventral alate expansion, hinge gongylodont, inner lamellae narrow to 

moderate in width, radial eanals few, vestibule narrm-Y 

or absent, adductor muscle sears a vertical row of three 

or four spots and additional more anterior spot ( s) . 

Pliocene ( ? ) , Pleistocene to Recent. 

Type species.-P. ?Jenipuncta S·wain, Pleistocene. 

Pteroloxa 1 sp. 

Plate 4, figure 9 

Diagnosis.-Shell small, subquadrate, highest anteromedially; dorsal margin straight and three-fourths of 

shell length; anterior cardinal angle slightly more 

obtuse than posterior; ventral margin slightly convex, 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

subparallel to dorsum; anterior margin broadly curved, 

slightly extended below, truncate above; posterior margin with dorsomedian small projection, subtruncate 

.below and above. Valves subequal, moderately convex, 

greatest convexity posteromedian; valves compressed 

behind. 

A narrow rim extends around free margins; posteroventral sub1narginal zone 'vith narrow ridge; oblique 

longitudinal ridge slightly dorsal of 1niclheight; several 

additional short oblique ridges in anterodorsal area; 

remainder of valve surface with short irregular ridges 

as illustrated. Internal shell features not observed. 

Length of shell 0.33 1nm, height 0.18 mm, convexity 

0.17 mm. 

Re1JW/rks.-This species has a low posteroventral 

alaform ridge like that typical of Pteroloxa but is of 

questionable generic position because of the lack of 

knowledge of its internal shell features. It somewhat 

resembles Pteroloxa guay11wnensi:.s Swain (1967) from 

the Recent of the Gulf of California, but has a different 

pattern of surface ornamentation. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Fonnation, locality SC-3, Horry County, S.C. 

Speci11wns st1.tdied.-One. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 649948. 

Genus 'CYTHEROMORPHA Hirschmann 1909 

Subovate, subrenifonn or subquadrate, small, compressed, anterior margin extended below, broader than 

posterior, vente-r concave or sinuous, surface smooth, 

finely pitted, or finely reticulate., hinge gongylodont, 

crenulate intertenninal bar and groove, inner lamellae 

of moderate width, vestibules present, radial canals few, 

line of concrescence scalloped owing to funnel-shaped 

opening of radial canals, adductor 1nuscle scars a 1nedian 

vertical row of four spots and Inore anterior spots, upper one curved. Paleocene. Recent. 

Type species.-0. albula Hirschmann, Recent. 

Cytheromorpha curta Edwards 

Plate 5, figures 9a, b 

Oythet·omorpha. curta Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, 

p. 516, pl. 86, figs. 19--22. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 22. 

Diagnosis.-Shell small, subovate, almond shaped in 

side view, highest anteromedially, dorsum moderately 

convex, truncated to slightly notched posteriorly; venter 

sinuous, concave antermnedially; terminal margins 

broadly curved, the anterior somewhat extended below, 

the posterior extended above. Valves subequal, the LV 

slightly larger; valves compressed, greatest convexity 

median. Surface densely and finely pitted; interspaces 

equal to or exceeding diameter of pits. Middorsally, pits 

are arranged in two anteriorly curved subparallel rows 

possibly representing an incipient median sulcus; Inargins of valves with smooth narrow rim. Internal features not observed in pre.sent specimens but were described by Edwards (1944). 

Length of figured specimen 0.37 m1n, height 0.27 mm, 

convexity 0.18 mn1. 

Occzt.rrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at localities SC-1 and SC-4, Horry County, S.C. The species 

ranges upward frmn the St. Marys Formation, 1niddle 

Miocene in the Middle Atlantic region. It is living in 

Pamlico Sound. 

Speci'lnens studied.-Two. 

F·igured specimens.-USNM 649976, 649977. 

Genus LOXOCORNICULUM Benson and Coleman, 1963 

Similar in nearly all shell features to Loxoconcha but 

has posteroclorsal nodes on both valves. Miocene to 

Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere fischeri Brady, Recent. 

The present writer believes this genus represents ecologic variants of species of Loxoconcha, but is using 

the name until someone has made a detailed study of 

the problem. 

Loxocorniculum sp. 

Plate 3, figures Sa, b; plate 4, figure 1 

Shell subovate, highest medially, dorsal margin gently convex, passing with only slight, very obtuse angulation into terminal1nargins; ventral margin slightly concave anteromedially; anterior margins rounded, extended below, subtruncate above; posterior 1nargin 

rounded, strongly extended above. Terminal and posteroventral n1argins with narrow low rims; anterior 

fourth of valve surface weakly and finely pitted; posterodorsallarge, low, rounded node; anterodorsal smaller 

and lower eye tubercle. Internal shell structure not 

observed. 

Length of figured specimen 0.50 mm, height 0.31Inm, 

convexity 0.24 mm. 

Remarks.-The shape of this for1n is very much like 

that of Loxoconcha 'l'lwmboidea. (Fischer), but the postdorsal node is indicative of Loxocornimtlum of Benson 

and Coleman. Too few specimens are available in the 

present eollection to enable adequate comparisons to be 

1nade with deseribed species. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation, locality 

SC-5, Horry County, S.C. The species was also obtained 

from the Pleistoeene, Longs, S.C. 

8 pecimens studied.-Three. 

Figv/red specinwns.-USNM 649921, 649922, 649924. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D27 

Family CAM:PYLOCYTHERIDAE Puri, 1960 (from 

CAM:PYLOCYTHERINAE Puri, 1960) 

Inclusion of genera listed here in Hemicytheridae 

(Puri, 19()0; Hazel, 1967) is not followed because that 

family typically has divided adductor muscle sears. 

Genus BASSLERITES Howe, 1937 

Basslerella Howe, 1935, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 30 [not 

Kellett, 1935]. 

Ovate-elliptical, ends rounded, LV larger than RV; 

surface smooth, wrinkled, or with posterior thlipsuroicl 

lobate depression of surface; hinge holamphidont, heavily developed for size of shell; inner lamellae narrow, 

vestibule narrow or absent, a few to moderate number 

of radial canals in part anastamosing toward shell interior, adductor muscle sear an anteromedian vertical 

row of four spots and additional more anterior spot ( s)' 

upper one crescentic. Miocene to Reeent. 

Type specie8.-B asslerella tniocenica Howe, Mioeene. 

Basslerites giganticus Edwards 

Plate -!, figure 6; text figure 23 

Basslerites giganticus Edwards. 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

18, p. 521, pl. 87, figs. 19-23. Swain, 1952. U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 23-!-A, p. 47, text figs. 3c-g. 

Basslerites cf. B. giganticu,s Edwards. Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 36, p. 280, pl. 8, figs. 10, 11 ; text fig. 11k. 

Diagnosis.-Large, subquadrate, dorsum nearly 

straight with eardinal areas slightly elevated, about 

three-fourths shell length; venter nearly straight, very 

slightly concave medially; anterior and posterior margins broadly and nearly unifonnly rounded, the posterior narrower. LV larger than RV, eonvexity moderate, greatest posteromedially. Surface with weak pits 

more or less longitudinally arranged; shallow cardinal 

notches. Hinge of immature? LV with terminal small 

sockets and interterminal faintly erenulate bar formed 

of slightly extended valve edge; inner lamellae narrow, 

vestibule not developed; adductor sears a vertieal row of 

four spots and two more anterior spots, the upper one 

ereseentie; sears lie in anteromedian depression on interior of valve; about six muscle scars lie dorsally, 

FIGURE 23.-Basslerites giganticus Edwards. Interior of immature left valve in which hinge and marginal zone are 

only weakly developed; locality NC-1. 

three of whieh are in longitudinal row just below 

dorsum. 

Length of figured specimen 0.96 nun, height 0.50 mn1, 

eonvexity 0.15 mm. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waecamaw Formation at locality NC-1, Colmnbus County, N.C. The speeies was described from the Duplin Marl, upper Miocene of North 

Carolina, and also oeeurs in the Choetawhatchee Formation (of fonner usage) of Florida and the Y orkto~wn 

Formation of the Middle Atlantic. region. 

S pecitnerus st1tdied.-One. 

Fig,nred specimerz.~.-USNM 649939. 

Genus CAM:PYLOCYTHERE Edwards, 1944 

Acuticythereis Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 

519. 

Elongate-ovate to elliptical, posterior narrower than 

anterior, LV slightly larger than RV, rather emupressed; surface s1nooth, pitted, or reticulate; hinge 

holamphidont, inner lamellae 1noderate to narrow in 

width, vestibule present, radial canals fairly nmnerous, 

in part bunehed along line of concrescence, adductor 

n1uscle sears a 1nedian vertical row of four spots and 

more anterior spots. Miocene to Recent. 

Type species.-0. la.e1Ja Edwa,rds, Miocene. 

Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards) 

Plate 6, figures la, b, 2a-b, 3, 6, 8; plate 7, figures 9a, b; text 

figures 24, 25A, B 

Ac1tticythereis la.e·vissima Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

18, p. 519, pl. 87, figs. 4-11. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 42. Hulings and Puri, 1965, Pub. Staz. 

Zool., Napoli; v. 33, supp., p. 323, fig. 12A. 

Acuticythe1·eis laevissirna, punctata Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 520, pl. 87, fig~. 12, 13. 

Oarnpylocythere laevissirna (Edwards). Malkin, 1953, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 27, p. 785, pl. 80, figs. 4--6. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate to subtrapezoidal, highest 

one-fourth from anterior end; dorsum ne-ady straight, 

anterior eardinal angle n1ore obtuse than posterior; 

venter gently convex, converging strongly with dorsu1n 

toward posterior, anterior broadly curved, extended 

FIGURE 24.-0ampylocytlleJ·e laevissima (Edwards). Interior of 

left valve; locality NC-5. 
D28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

below, subtrunca.te above; posterior 1nuch narrower in 

male dimorphs, broader in females, extended to 

sharply angulated medially, subtrunea.te above; LV 

larger than RV, overreaching along free margins; 

valves moderately convex, greatest convexity posteromedian. Weak eye tubercle and subjacent oblique furrow anterodorsally; median and posteromedian valve 

surface of some speci1nens weakly and finely to coarsely 

-I! 

~ . s . 

.. 

A 

B 

FIGURE 25.-0ampylocythere laevissima ptmctata (Edwards). 

A, Interior of left valve. B, Anterior marginal zone: locality 

NC-1. 

pitted, other speci1nens are smooth. Posterior marginal 

zone compressed. 

Hinge of RV oonsists of low anterior pyramidal 

tooth, posterojacent s1nall open socket, interterminal 

crenulate furrow and posterior lobate tooth. Inner lamellae narrow, vestibule present, radial canals fairly 

numerous anteriorly, in part bunched at indentations 

on line of concrescence. Muscle scar, a vertical row of 

four and two 1nore anterior spots. 

Length of figured male specimens (pl. 6, fig. 2a) 0.68 

mm, height 0.35 mm, convexity 0.33 mm. Length of a 

female shell (pl. 6, fig. 6) 0.78 mm, height 0.40 1nm, 

convexity 0.36 mm. 

Ocett.rrence.-The species is frequent in Waccamaw 

For1nation at locality NC-3, Columbus County, N.C.: 

rare ~at locality NC-1, Columbus County, N.C.; rare at 

locality NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C.; rare at locality NC-4, Columbus County, N.C.; rare at locality 

SC-2, Horry Cotmty, S.C. The species also occurs in 

the Duplin Marl of North Carolina and the upper 

part of the St. Marys and ~orktown Formations of 

North Carolina and Virginia. 

Specimens st~tdied.-Seventeen. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 649982-649985, 649989, 

649992, 650017. 

Campylocythere multipunctata (Edwards) 

Plate 6, figures 5a-d; text figure 26 

Acuticythereis multipunctata Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 18, p. 520, pl. 87, figs. 14-16. Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, p. 42, text fig. 3m, n. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate to sublanceolate, highest 

one-third from anterior end, dorsum slightly convex 

with broadly obtuse, poorly defined cardinal angles. 

Venter nearly straight to slightly convex, converging 

strongly with dorsum towa.rd posterior; anterior 

broadly curved, extended below; posterior narrm·v, 

strongly extended to subacuminate medially. LV larger 

than RV, overreaching along venter; convexity modFIGURE 26.-0arnpylocythere multipu,nctata (Edwards). Interior 

of left valve; Duplin ]"'ormation, Walkers Bluff, N.C. 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D29 

erate, greatest convexity posteromedian; posterior end 

oon1pressed. Surface coarsely and deeply reticulate·; in 

part, ridges are prominent longitudinally. 

Hingmnent and other internal features si1nilar to 

preceding species, but elements somewhat weaker, and 

reversal of hinge features from RV to LV observed by 

Edwards. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 6, fig. 5a) 0.60 mm, 

height 0.30 mm, convexity 0.28 mn1. 

Occurrence.-Rare in Duplin Marl, at Walkers Bluff 

on southern bank of Cape Fear River 9 miles below 

Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N.C. The species was 

described frmn the Duplin Marl and apparently does 

not l"'ange outside the Duplin. It is listed here to provide 

a comparison with other Oan1>pylocythere in the 

Waccamaw. 

S pecimews 8tudied.-Two. 

Fig·nred specimen.s.-USNM 649987, 649988. 

·Campylocythere laeva Edwards 

Plate 2, figures 3a, b; plate 6, figures 7a-c; text figure 27 

Gampylooythere laeva Edwards, 1944, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

18, p. 514, pl. 86, figs. 8-14. Malkin, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 27, p. 784, pl. 80, figs. 1-3. Hulings and Puri, 1965, Pub. 

Staz. Zool., Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 323, fig. 12a. 

Diagnosis.-Subquadrate to subelliptical, highest 

n1edially to anteromedially, dorsum gently convex, 

venter slightly sinuous; anterior rounded, extended below ; posterior more narrmv ly curved in males, broadly 

curved in females, extended medially. LV larger than 

RV, overreaching ventrally; valves moderrately convex; 

greatest convexity median to posteromedian. Surface 

smooth. Hinge and other internal features are shown 

in text figure 27. 

.

·--... I \ 

., 

-. .. • ,_J 

FIGURE 27.-Campylocythere laet'a Edvmrds. Interior of left 

valve: locality NC-2. 

Length of figured shell (pl. 6, fig. 7a) 0.77 mm, height 

0.40 mm, convexity 0.37 mm. 

Occul'J'ence.-Rare in vVaccama·w Formation locality 

SC-±, Horry County, S.C.; at localities :NC-2 and NC3, Columbus County, N.C.; and at locality NC-5, Brunsvvick County, N.C. The species was described from the 

Duplin Marl of North Carolina and ranges throughout 

the Yorktown Formation, upper Miocene of Virginia 

and North Carolina. It lives off the west coast of 

Florida, where i't is found on clean sand bottom 1n 

euha.line shallow water (Hulings and Puri, 1965). 

Spechnens studied.-Six. 

Figured spechnens.-USNM 649990, 649991. 

Genus BENS·ONOCYTHERE Hazel, 1967 

For diagnosis see Hazel (1967, p. 27). Oligocene(?), 

Miocene to Recent. 

Type 8pecies.-Legtl/tninocyther·ei8 ·whitei Swain. 

Bensonocythere whitei ((Swain) 

Plate 5, figures 4a, b ; text figure 28 

LegtttninoCYythere,is 'ld1Hei Swain, 1952, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 234-A, p. 43. pl. 3, figs. 14, 16--18; pl. 4, fig. 1. Malkin, 

1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 785--788, pl. 80, figs. 7-12. 

Leguminocythereics ( ?) whitei Swain. McLean, 1957, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology, v. 38, no. 167, p. 80, pl. 9, figs. 4a-'b. 

Triginglymus wkitei (Swain) Pooser, 1965, Kansas Univ. 

Paleont. Contr.. Arthropoda, Art. 8, p. 36, pl. 15, figs. 2, 

5, 6, 8, 9. 

Bensonooythe1·c whitei (Swain), Hazel, 1967, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 564, p. 27, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3, 8-10; pl. 10, figs. 

1-8 ; pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. 

Dia,gno8i8.-Elliptical to elongate-ovate, highest onefourth from anterior end; dorsum nearly straight, about 

four-fifths of shell length; venter slightly sinuous; 

anterior more broadly curved than posterior; LV larger 

than RV; female dimorphs less elongate and more convex posteromedially than males. Narrow ridge parallel 

to and just within free margins; a second ridge lies 

within first; a third anterodorsal ridge ; other irregular 

ridges over general surface in smne specimens form a 

roughly reticulate pattern, in others vertical elements 

are dominant. Hinge of RV an anterior oblique smooth 

tooth, posteroj acent shallow socket, narrow interterminal smooth groove, anteromedian "antislip tooth" projection, and posterior elongate subreniform tooth. Muscle 

scar with one or both of 1niddle spots of vertical row 

subdivided into two spots; inner lamellae of moderate 

width; little or no vestibule; radial canals most numerous anteroventrally. 

Length of figured specimen 0.65 1nm, height 0.38 m1n, 

eonvexity 0.35 mm. 

Renwrk8.-Hazel (1967) has recently reviewed the 

problems of classification of this species. 
D30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

Occurrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at localities NC-1 and NC-3, Columbus County, N.C., and at 

localities SC-1, and SC-2, Horry County, S.C. Elsewhere in the Atlantic Coastal Plain the species has been 

recorded from the lower part of the Choptank Formation to the top of the upper Miocene section. It was 

recorded in the subsurface lower Miocene or Oligocene 

of North Carolina (Swain, 1952, p. 44), but that occurrence is somewhat questionable. It is living in the 

Atlantic Ocean. 

S pecinwn8 studied.-Two. 

Figured specimen8.-USNM 649958. 

FIGURE 28.-Bensonocythere whitei (Swain). Interior of left 

valve; locality NC-1. 

Family PECTOCYTHE,RIDAE Hauai, 1957 

Genus MUNSEYELLA van den Bold, 1957 

Toulminia Munsey, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, p. 6 

[not Zittel, 1878]. 

Small, subquadrate, posterior narrower than anterior, 

narrow marginal rim, other ridges on surface variably 

distributed, hinge of LV with anterior and posterior 

rounded teeth, small sockets behind and in front of teeth, 

respectively, and interterminal crenulate groove, converse in RV, inner lamellae fairly broad, vestibule present, line of concrescence sinuous, strongly so anteriorly, 

radial canals few, adductor muscle scars a vertical undivided row of four with additional more anterior 

sear ( s) . Paleoeene to Recent. 

Type specie8.-Toul1ninia hyaloky8tis Murisey, 

Paleoeene. 

Munseyella subminuta (Puri) 

Plate 5, figures 3a-d; text figure 29 

Oytheromorpha subminuta Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 

36, p. 267, p. 6, flgs. 9, 10. 

Munseyella sub,minuta (Puri) van den Bold, 1958, Micropaleontology, v. 4, pl. 5, fig. 3. van den Bold 1963b, Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 379, pis. 5, 6, fig. 3. Pooser, 1965, Kansas Univ. 

Paleont, Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 8, p. 52, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2, 4. 

Diagnosi8.-S1nall, sublaneeolate-subquadrate, highest anteriorly, dorsmn and venter nearly straight and 

eon verge posteriorly; anterior broadly eurved; posterior 

narrower. Valves subequal, eompressed, greatest eonvexity posteromedian. Marginal smooth ri1n anteriorly 

and ventrally, less distinet dorsally and posteriorly; a 

sinuous diseontinuous dorsal ridge extends beyond dorsal margin posterodorsally, and bends toward venter, 

a seeond sinuous longitudinal ridge 1nidventrally; 

medially a short ridge, anteriorly a median small node, 

and a posterior larger S"\velling. Internal structures of 

a LV are as shown in text figure 29. 

FIGURE 2/J.-Munseyella s?tbminuta (Puri). Interior of left valve; 

locality SC-3. 

Length of figured speeimen 0.38 1nm, height 0.20 mm, 

eonvexity 0.16 mm. 

Ocmtrrence.-Rare in Waeea1naw Formation at loeality NC-4, Columbus County, N.C.; loealities SC-2 

and SC-3, Horry County, S.C. The speeies was deseribed 

from the Choctawhatehee Fonnation (of fonner usage) 

of Florida, Area, Ecplwra, and Oancellm·ia facies, and 

has also been reeorcled fron1 the Mioeene of Trinidad. 

S pecinwns st,udied.-Four. 

Figured 8pecimen8.-USNM 649956, 649957, 650018. 

Family PROGONOCYTHERIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 

Subfamily PROGONOCYTHERINAE Sylve.ster-Bradley, 1948 

Genus XENOCYTHERE Sars, 1925 

Elongate-sublaneeo]ate, posterior end 1nuch narrower than anterior and extended below, wedge shaped in 

end view, venter flattened owing to expansion of ventral 

shell surfaee, valves subequal; surfaee smooth, pitted, 

or with elosely spaeecl sinuous narrow ridges, hinge antimerodont, that of LV with terminal erenulate soekets 

and intervening erenulate bar, inner lamellae of nloclerate width, vestibule present at least anteriorly, radial 

eanals few, adduetor muscle sears a 1nedian vertical row 

of four spots with two more anterior antenna!~ spots 

abmTe and one mandibular'~ spot belo·w. Pliocene ( ~) 

to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythe1·e cuniefornd8 Brady, Reeent. 
D32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY 

Length of figured specimen 1.44 mm, height 0.23 mm, 

convexity 0.27 mm. 

OcclM'l'ence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at localities SC-2, SC-3, SC-4, and SC-5, Horry County, S.C. 

The species was described from the Choctawhatchee 

Formation (of former usage), upper Miocene of 

Florida. 

Specirnens studied.-Six. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 649504, 649505. 

Genus XIPHICHILUS Brady, 1870 

Machaerina. Brady and Norman, 1889, Royal Dublin Soc. Sci. 

Trans., ser. 2, v. 4, p. 237, ( obj. syn. of X-iphichilus as they 

both have same type species) . 

Elongate bilanceolate, pointed at both ends, compressed, posterodorsal marginal sinuosity, surface 

smooth, hinge lophodont, inner lamellae and vestibule 

broad, continuous around venter, radial canals few, 

adductor musele scars an anteromedian vertical row of 

four spots, may be paired to produce a double row, 

additional more anterior spots may occur. Pliocene to 

Recent. 

Type SJWcies.-Bythocythere ten/u.is8irna Norman, 

Recent. 

Xiphichilus1 sp. 

Plate 5, figure 11 

Diagnosis.___.:_Shell elongate-lanceolate in side view, 

highest medially; dorsal 1nargin moderately convex, 

sloping uniformly on either side of position of greatest 

height; ventral margin slightly convex with weak posteromedian sinuosity; terminal margins narrowly 

rounded to subacuminate, the anterior slightly broader 

than posterior, both strongly extended below. Valves 

compressed, subequal; surface smooth. Internal shell 

features not observed. 

Length of shell 0.42 mm, height 0.18 mm, convexity 

0.13 mm. 

Rmnark.~.-The species is somewhat less acuminate 

terminally than most other speeies·of .. Y·iphiclz:ilns. The 

lack of information as to internal shell structures 1nakes 

generic assignment uncertain. 

Occur•rence.-Rare in 'Vaccamaw Forination, ]ocality 

SC-5, Horry County, S.C. 

Specirr1..ens studied.-One. 

Figttred speciJnen.-USNM 649979. 

REFERENCES 

Bassiouni, M. A. A., 1965, uber einige Ostracoden a us dem 

Interglazial von Esbjerg : Dansk Geol. Foren. Medd., 

Copenhagen, v. 15, p. 507-518, pls. 1, 2. 

Benson, R. H., and Coleman, G. L., 1963, Recent marine ostracodes from the eastern Gulf of Mexico: Kansas Univ. 

Paleont. Contr., Arthropoda, Art. 2, p. 1-52, pls. 1-8, figs. 

1-33. 

Bold, W. A. van den, 1946, Contribution to the study of Ostracoda with special reference to the Tertiary and Cretaceous 

microfauna of the Caribbean region: Dissertation, Utrecht 

Univ., J. H. DeBussy, Amsterdam, 167 p., 8 pls. 

--- 1958, Ostracoda of the Bra.sso Formation of T'rinidad: 

Micropaleontology, v. 4, p. 391-418, pls. 1-5. 

--- 1963a, The ostracode genus 01·ionina and its srpecies: 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 37, p. 33-50, pls. 3, 4, text figs. 1-6. 

--- 1963b, Upper Miocene and Pliocene Ostracoda of Trinidad: Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 361-424, pls. 1-12. 

--- 1963c, Anomalous hinge structure in new species of 

Oythe1·elloidea: Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 75-78, pl. 1. 

Brady, G. S., 1867 [1868]-1886, Descriptions of Ostracoda in 

de Folin and Perier; Les Fonds de la Mer, Paris. v. l, 

pt. 1, p. 1-48 (1867 [1868]); p. 49-112 (1868), p. 113-176 

(1869); pt. 2, p. 177-256 (1870), p. 257-272 (1871), p. 273-

316 (1872), pls. 1-32 (dates unknown). v. 2, pt.1, p. 9-13, 

19-28, 53-61, pl. 5, p. 65-84 (1875). v. 4, pt. 3, p, 164-166, 

194-200,pls.12,14,15 (1886?). 

--- 1880, Report on the Ostracoda dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876; Rept. Sci. Results Voyage of H.M.S. Ohallenger (London) : Zoology, v. 1, pt. 3, 

p. 1-184. 

Brown, P. M., 1958, Well logs from the Coastal Plain of North 

Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Conserv. and Devel. Bull. 

72, p. 1-99, pls. 1-8, text figs.1-9. 

Byrne, J. V., LeRoy, D. 0., and Riley, C. M., 1959, The chenier 

plain and its stratigraphy, southwestern Louisiana: Gulf' 

Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 9, p. 237-259, pls. 3-9, 

text figs. 1-9. 

Clark, W. B., and others, 1912, The Coastal Plain of North 

Carolina : North Carolina Geol. and Econ. Survey, v. 3, 

p. 1-552. 

Cooke, C. W., Gardner, Julia, and Woodring, W. P., 1943, Correlation of the Cenozoic formations of the Atlantic and 

Gulf Coastal Plain and the Caritbean region: Geol. Soc. 

Am. Bull., v. 54, p. 1713-1722. 

Coryell, H. N., and Fields, Suzanne, 1937, A Gatun ostracode 

fauna from Cativa, Panama: Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 956, 

p. 1-18, pls. 1, 2, text figs.1-18. 

Cushman, J. A., 1918, Some Miocene and Pliocene Foraminifera 

of the Coastal Plain of the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 676, 100 p., 31 pls. 

Dall, W. H., 1892, Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., v. 3, pt. 2, p. 209. 

DuBar, J. R., and Howard, J. F., 1963, Paleoecology of the type 

Waccamaw (Pliocene?) outcrops: South Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 5, no.1, p. 27-68. 

Dubowsky, N. W., 1939, Zur Kenntniss der Ostracodenfauna 

· des Schwarzen Meer: Trav. Sta. Bioi., Karadagh, v. 5, p. 

3-68, text figs. 1-68. 

Edwards, R. A., 1944, Ostracoda from the Duplin marl (upper 

Miocene) of North Carolina : Jour. Paleonrtology, v. 18, p. 

505-528, pls. 85-88. 

Gardner, Julia, 1943, Mollusca from the Miocene and lower 

Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina, Part I, Pelecypoda: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 199-A, 178 p., 23 pls. 

--- 19-!8, Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of 

Virginia and North Carolina; pt. 2, Scaphopoda and 

Pelecypoda: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 199-B, p. 179-

310, pls. 24-38. 

Hazel, J. E., 1967, Classification and distribution of the Re('eut 

Homicytheridae and Trachyleberididae (Ostracoda) off 
OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D31 

Xenocythere? sp. 

Plate 6, figures 9a, b 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-subovate in side view, 

highest anteromedially; dorsum moderately convex, 

venter nearly straight; anterior margin broadly curved, 

somewha1t extended below; posterior 1nargin much more 

narrowly curved, extended below. LV slightly larger 

than RV, valves moderately cDnvex, greatest convexity 

ventro-median where ventral valve surface is slightly 

expanded posteromedially; venter has two compressed 

areas in front of and behind ex,panded area. Surface. 

ornamented with weak narrow irregular longitudinal 

ridges in ventral half and is obscurely pustulose in 

dorsal half. 

Most internal shell features obscured by recrystallization in specimen at hand; 1nuscle scars consist of a 

median vertical row of four spots and two more anterior spots of which upper is crescentic. 

Length of shell (pl. 6, fig. 9a) 0.78 mm, height 0.38 

mm, convexity 0.35 mm. 

Rernarks.-The shape, flaH,ened venter, surface ornamentation, and musculwt:ure of thiis species furnish a 

relationship to ... Yenocythere Sars. The details of surface 

ornamentation especially the lesser strength of longitudinal ribbing are different from X. mtnieformis 

(Brady), the type species. 

Occ'ltrrence.-Rare in Waccamaw Formation at locality NC-5, Brunswick County, N.C. 

Specimens studied.-Two. 

Fig'ltred specimens.-lTSNM 649993, 649994. 

Family XESTOLEBERIDIDAE Sars, 1928 

Genus XESTOLEBERIS Sars, 1866 

Ovate-subreniform, strongly convex, venter flattened 

owing to expansion of ventral shell surface, LV larger 

than RV, surface smooth, finely pitted or striate ventrally, hinge antimerodont, LV with terminal crenulate 

sockets and intervening erenulate bar, zone of conereseence narrow, inner lamellae and vestibule broad anteriorly, radial eanals short, fairly numerous, adductor 

1nuscle scars an anteromedian row of four spots, a 1nore 

anterior trilobate antenna!? spot above, and two mandibular? spots below. Cretaceous to Recent. 

Type species.-Oythere a'ltrantia Baird, Recent. 

Xestoleberis choctawhatcheensis Puri 

Plate 6, figures lOa-c 

Xcstolcbcris choctawllatchecnsis Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 297, pl. 16, fig. 6; text figs. f, g. 

Diagno8i8.-Subovate-subtriangular, highest medially, dorsum moderately eon vex, venter nearly straight; 

ends rounded, extended below; posterior truncated 

above. Valves strongly convex, inflated, and overhanging valve margin ventrally; most convex in posterior 

half; LV larger than RV, overreaching it dorsally and 

anteriorly. Surface s1nooth except for faint ridges along 

venter; normal eanals numerous, arranged in longitudinal rows ventrally. Hinge of RV with terminal elongate, 

weakly erenulate tooth flanges and an interterminal very 

faintly crenulate furrow; n1uscle sear a median vertical 

row of four spots and at least one, 1nore anterior spot; 

inner la1nellae narro\v, vestibule present, radial canals 

short and numerous. 

Length of figured specimen (pl. 6, fig. lOb) 0.48 1nm, 

height 0.28 mm, convexity 0.281nm. 

RMnar!t~8.-This species is similar to .. X. ·ventrostriata 

Swain, but is somewhat more elongate and has weaker 

ventral striae. 

Occnrrence.-Rare in 1Vaccamaw Fonnation at locality NC-3, Columbus County, N.C.; rare at locality 

NC-1, Columbus County, N.C.; rare at locality NC-5, 

Brunswiek County, N.C.; rare at loealities SC-1, SC-2, 

and SC-3, Horry County, S.C. The speeies was previously recorded frmn the Ecphora and Oance77aria 

beds of the Choctawhatehee Formation (of former 

usage), upper Mioeene of Florida. 

Spechnens studied.-Ten. 

F·ig,ured specimens.-USNM 649995-649997. 

Xestoleberis howei Puri 

Plate 6, figures 15a. b; plate 7, figure 5; text figure 30 

Xestolebct'is tt·iangulat·is Puri, 1954, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 

36, p. 208, pl. 16, figs. 1-4; text figs. 13h, i [not 'Veber, 1937, 

or Mandelstam, 1960]. 

Xestoleberis llozcei Puri, 1964, Jour. Paleontology, v. 38, p. 787. 

Diagnosis.-Shell elongate-subtriangular in side 

view; dorsal 1nargin strongly eon vex; ventral 1nargin 

nearly straight; anterior margin rounded, extended 

below; posterior margin more narrowly rounded, also 

extended below; valves subequal, the LV slightly 

larger; valves strongly convex, greatest convexity 

median and ventral ~n position. Snrfaee smooth. Internal shell features not seen in present speeimens; they 

were partially described by Puri. 

FIGURE 30---Xcstolcberi8 howci Puri. Interior of left 

valn'; locality SC--4. 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION D33 

northeastern North America: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

564, 49 p., 11 pls. 

Howe, H. V., and others, 1935, Ostracoda of the Area zone of 

Choctawhatchee Miocene of Florida: Florida Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull. 13, 47 p., 4 pls. 

Hulings, N. C., 1966, Marine Ostracoda from Western North 

Atlantic Ocean off the Virginia coast: Chesapeake Sci., v. 7, 

p. 40--56. 

Hulings, N. C., and Puri, H. S., 1965, The ecology of shallow 

water Ostracoda of the west coast of Florida: Pub. Staz. 

Zool., Xapoli, v. 33. supp., p. 308-344, text figs. 1-17. 

McLean, J. D., Jr., 1957, The Ostracoda of the Yorktown Formation in the York-James Peninsula of Virginia: Bull. Am. 

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~falkin, Doris S., 1953, Biostratigraphic study of Miocene 

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Paleontology, v. 27, p. 761-799, pls. 78-82, text figs. 1-14. 

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Moore, R. C., and others, 1961, Treatise on invertebrate 

paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda 3, Ostracoda: New York, 

Geol. Soc. America, and Lawrence, Kans., Kansas Univ. 

Pre~:-;, 442 p., 334 text figs. 

~lii.ller, G. W., 1894, Die Ostracoden des golfes von Neapel und 

der Angrenzenden Meeres-A.bschnitte: Naples Sta. Zool., 

Fauna und Flora des golfes von Neapel, Mono. 21, p. i-viii, 

1-404, pls. 1-40. 

--- 1912 Ostracoda : in Das Tierreich. Eine zusammenstellung und rezenten Tierformen. Im Auftrage der Konigl. 

Preuss. Akad. 'Viss. zu Berlin, no. 31, 443 p., 92 figs. 

Pooser, W. K., 1965, Biostratigraphy of Cenozoic Ostracoda 

from South Carolina: Kansas Univ. Paleont. Conti-., Arthropoda, Art. 8, p. 1-80, pls. 1-22, text figs. 1-7. 

Puri, H. S., 1952, Ostracode genus Cythcrideis and its allies: 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 902-914, pls. 130--131, 

text figs. 1-14. 

--- 1954, Contributions to the study of the Miocene of the 

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pls. 1-17, 14 text figs. 

---- 1958, Ostracode genus Cushmanidea: Gulf Coast Assoc. 

Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 8, p. 171-181, 2 pls. 

--- 1960, Recent Ostracoda from the west coast of Florida: 

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1-6. 

Puri, H. S., Bonaduce, Gioacchino, and Malloy, John, 1964, 

Ecology of the Gulf of Naples: Pub. Staz. Zool., Napoli, v. 

33, supp., p. 87-199, figs. 1-67. 

Sandberg, Philip, 1964, Larva-adult relationships in some species 

of the ostracode genus H apl-ocytheridea: Micropaleontology, 

v. 10, p. 357-368, pls. 1, 2. 

--- 1965, Notes on some Tertiary and Recent brackish-vvater 

Ostracoda: Pub. Staz. zool., Napoli, v. 33, supp., p. 496-514, 

pls. 1-3. 

Smith, R. H., 1941, Micropaleontology and stratigraphy of a 

deep well at Niceville, Okaloosa County, Florida: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 25, no. 2, p. 263-286, 

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Stephenson, M. B., 1938, Miocene and Pliocene Ostracoda of 

the genus Cytheridea- from Florida : Jour. Paleontology, v . 

12,p.127-148,pls.23,24. 

--- 1941, Note.s on the subgenera of the ostracode genus 

Cytheridea: Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, p. 424-429, text figs. 

1-20. 

Swain, F. M., 1948 in Anderson, J. L., and others, Cretaceous 

and Tertiary subsurface geology-Ostracoda from the 

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Resources Bull. 2, p. 187-212, pls. 12-14. 

--- 1952, Ostracoda from wells in North Carolina, Part I, 

Cenozoic Ostracoda: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 234-A, 

p. 1-58, pls.1-7. 

--- 1955, Ostr'acoda of San Antonio Bay, Texas: Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, p. 561-646, pls. 59-64. 

--- 1967, Ostracoda of the Gulf of California : Geol. Soc. 

America, Mem, 101, 132 p., 9 pls., 58 figs. 

Tressler, W. L., and Smith, E. M., 1948, An ecological study 

of seasonal distribution of Ostracoda, Solomons Island, 

Maryland region : Chesapeake Bioi. Lab. Pub. 71, p. 3-57, 

pls 1-4. 

Ulrich, E. 0., and Bassler, R.S., 1904, Systematic paleontology 

of the Miocene deposits of Maryland: Ostracoda, Maryland 

Geol. Survey, Miocene volume, p. 98-130, pls. 35-38. 

van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M., 1963, Post-Palaeozoic Ostracoda; v. 

1, General, v. 2, Generic deSJcriptions; Amsterdam, Elsevier, 

v.1,p. 1-204,v.2,p.1-478. 
INDEX 

[Italic page numbers indicate major references and descriptions] 

A Page Page 

Acknowledgments____________________________ D5 Campylocytheridae ____ ---------------------- D27 Acratinella ____ _______________________________ _ Campylocytherinae ___ ----------------------- 27 

Actinocythereis ________________ ---------- ______ 14, 15 Cancellaria ___________________________________ 30, 31 

exanthemata ____________ 3, 4, 14; pl. 2, text fig. 12 Caudites ______ ________________________________ 22, 23 

gornillionensis _________________________ 14, 16 medialis___________________________________ 22 

gomillionensis __ ___________________________ 14, 16 sellardsi_ _____________________________ 3, 22; pl. 6 

marylandica_____ __ __ ___ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _____ _ ___ 14 sp ________________________________ 3, 22; pls. 5-7 

Acuticythereis__ _______ __ ____ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 27 cellulosa, Cythere_ ___ ____________ ----------- ___ 11 laevissima___ __ _ __ _ __ _____________ ____ _ __ _ _ 27 Hemicythemra _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

punctata_____ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ 27 choctawhatcheensis, Cytheropteron ________ 3, 13; pl. 3 

rnultipunctata____ _ __ _ __ _ _________ __ __ _ ____ 28 Xestoleberis _________________________ 3, 31; pl. 6 

Alatacythere_____ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ __ __ 19 Choctawhatchee Formation _________________ _ 

albula, Cytheromorpha_________________________ 26 Cletocythereis_ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ __ 15 

americana, Pterygocythereis____________________ 3, rnundorffi __________________________ 3, 15; pl. 2 

4, 5, 19; pl. 2, text fig. 18 complexa, Cythere_____________________________ 13 

Area__________________________________________ 30 confragosa, Aurila_____________________________ 22 

zone______________________________________ 22 Hemicythere_ _ _ _ _ _ ____ __________ _ ___ ______ 21 

asherrnani, Cytherideis_________________________ 10 Mutilus _____________________ 3, 4, 5, 21; pls. 4, 5, 7 

Hulingsina _______________________________ 9,10 conradi, Aurila __ ----------------------------- 4, 23 Pontocythere _______ 3, 4, 5, 10; pls. 2, 6, text fig. 8 Aurila conradi__ __________ 3, 23; pl. 5, text fig. 20 

aurantia, Cytherc______________________________ 31 Hemicythere __ --------------------------- 23 Aurila __ ______________________________________ 23, 24 conradi, Aurila ___________ 3,23; pl. 5, text fig. 20 confragosa _ _ __ __ ___ ___ _ ___ ______ ___ _ __ __ __ 22 convexa, Cythere_______________________________ 23 

conradL __ ____ ___ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ________ __ 4, 23 Costa_________________________________________ 16 

conradi__ _____________ 3, 23; pl. 5, text fig. 20 costata, Cytherura ________________________ 3, 12; pl. 4 

laevicula ______ --------------------- 3, 24; pl. 5 cranekeyensis, Leptocythere____________________ 18 

(Aurila), 1\.futilus____ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 23 cunieformis, Cythere___________________________ 30 

Auris__________________________________ ___ ___ 23 Xenocythere _____ _________________ --------- 31 

australis, Loxoconcha__________________________ 4 curta, Cytheromorpha ____________________ 3, 5, 26; pl. 

Cushman, J. A., quoted______________________ 5 

B Cylindrus ____________ _____________ ------------ 20 

Bairdia_ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 6 Cyprideis jloridana __ ________________ ---------- 7 

laevicula ____________ 3, 7; pls. 1, 7, text fig. ovata _____ ________________________________ _ 

martyni___ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 Cythere aurantia __ ---------------------------- 31 rhomboidea____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ 6 cellulosa ___________________________ ------- 11 

tuberculata __________ 3, 4, 6; pl. 1, text fig. complexa _________ _________________ -------- 13 

Bairdiidae___ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 convexa ___________________________ -------- 23 

Bairdoppilata__ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ 6 cunieformis _______________________ -- ______ 30 

martyni____ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 6 exanthemata_______________________________ 14 

triangulata ______ 3, 4, 5, 6; pl. 1, text figs. 2, 3 jischeri_____ __ _ _____ ______ _ _ __ _ ________ _ _ __ 26 

Basslerella__ ___ ______ ___ _ _____ ___ ____ _ ________ 27 latissima ___________________________ --- _ _ __ 13 

miocenica_ _____ ___ ___ ___ __ _______ _ __ ______ 27 micula____ _ __ _ ___ __ _ __ _ ____ __ ___ ___ _ __ __ __ 16 

bassleri, Haplocytheridea_____ __________ __ ___ ___ 7 rastromarginata _________ ------------------ 15 Basslerites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 27 rhomboidea_ ___ __ _ ___ ____ _______ ___ __ ___ _ __ 24 

giganticus _______________ 3, 27; pl. 4, text fig. 23 

Bensonocythere_____ ___ ___ ___ __________ ___ _____ 29 

Bensonocythere whiteL __ 3, 17, 29; pl. 5, text fig. 28 

bicarinata, Cythereis___ ___ _____ _______ _ __ _ _____ 21 

blanpiedi, Haplocytheridea _ _______________ 3, 8; pl. 1 

Brachycytheridae_ _ _________ ___________ 19 

bradyi, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) __________ _ 

Haplocytheridea _____________ 3, 4, 5, 8; pls. 1, 2 

Buntonia garretti____ __ ________ _ ____ ___ ___ _____ 15 

Bythocypris_ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

howei ____________________________________ _ 

wicomicoensis _________________________ 3, 5; pl. 1 

rugipunctata__ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _________ _ __ ______ 18 

simplex ______________________________ -_-_- 20 

vaughani____ ___ __ _ __ __ _ _ ______ ___ _ __ ____ __ 21 

Cythereis bicarinata ____ ----------------------- 21 garretti____ _ __ ___ _ _ __ ____ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ___ 15 

jonesiL ____________________________ -- _ __ __ 19 

rugipunctata_____ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _____ __ ___ __ 18 

triplistriata ____________________ ----------- 16 

vaughani______ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ 21 

(Mutilus) laticancellata____________________ 21 

Cytheretta_____ ____ ______ _____ _________ _ __ _ __ __ 20 

calhounensis ____ ---------------------- 3, 20; pl. 6 Bythocythere tenuissima_ _ _ __________ ______ ___ _ 32 rubra_ _ _______ _______ _____ _ _ __ ___________ _ 20 

Bythocytheridae_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 20 Cytherettidae _ _ _ __ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ ___________ ____ __ 20 

c 

Cytheridea montgomeryensis_ _ _ _ _______________ 7 

puncticillata_ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __________ _ ___ _ ___ 8 

calhounensis, Cytheretta __________________ 3, 20; pl. 6 seti punctata _____________________________ --

Carnpylocythere ___ ------------------------ ____ 27,29 (Haplocytheridea) bradyi___________________ 8 

laeva ____________ 3, 27, 29; pls. 2, 6, text fig. 27 ponderosa_____________________________ 7 

laevissima _____ 3, 4, 5, 27; pls. 6, 7, text figs. 24, 2ii wadei_ _______ ________________________ _ 

punctata __________________________ 28; pl. 7 Cytherideidae. ___________ - ___ ----------------

rnultipunctata _____________ 28; pl. 6, text fig. 26 Cytherideinae ____________________ - _- _ --------

Page 

Cytherideis ashermani- ____ -_------------------ D 10 

longula _ ---------------------------------- 10 

rugipustulosa _ ---------------------------- 9 semicircular is_____________________________ 10 

wilberti _________ -------------------------- 9 

Cytheromorpha ____ _____________ --------------- 26 

albula ____________________ ---------------- 26 

curta ______________________________ 3, 5,26; pl. 5 

pascagoulensis _ ---------------- __ --------- 5 

subminuta _________ ----------------------- 30 

Cytheropteron __________ _____________ ---------- 13 

choctawhatcheensis ____________________ 3, 13; pl. 3 

nodosa ___ _______________________ ---------- 11 

yorktownensis ____________ 3, 13; pl. 4, text fig. 11 

Cytherura ____________ -_______ ---------------- 12 costata _______________________________ 3, 12; pl. 4 

elongata _________________________ 3, 4, 5, 12; pl. 6 

forulata ________________ 3, 5, 12; pl. 5, text fig. 10 

gibba _____ _______________________ -- __ ------ 12 

Cytheruridae _____ ---------------------------- 11 

Cytherurina _________ --- _________ -------------- 11 

D 

delumbata, Occultocythereis ______ --------------

depressa, Paracytheridea _______ ----------------

Digmo pteron __ __ ------------------------------

Duplin MarL ______ --------------------------

E 

17 

11 

19 

2,4 

Echinocythereis ______ ______ -------------------- 15 

garretti__ _______ 3, 4, 5, 15; pl. 4, text fig. 13 

Ecphora ______________________ ---------------- 30, 31 

elongata, Cytherura _____________ 3, 4, 5, 12; pl. 6 

Elcytheropteron _____________ ------------------ 13 

yorktownensis _____________ ---------------- 13 

Eucytherura ______ ---------------------------- 13 

weingeistL __________ ---------------------- 14 

SP----------------------------------- 3, 13; pl. 5 

exanthemata, Actinocythereis .. 3, 4, 14: pl. 2, text fig. 12 

Cythere_ ---------------------------------- 14 

gomillionensis, Actinocythereis_------------ 14, 16 

Trachyleberis ____________________ ---------- 14 

F 

Favella ______________ ------------------------- 18 

mesicostalis __ ----------------------------- 19 

puella ___ --------------------------------- 18 

rugipunctata ____ -- __ -_-------------------- 18 

Fimbria ___________ ---------------------------- 19 

0 h 26 

~:~~;::~a, ~Y ;:td~f; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 

forulata, Cytherura ________ 3, 5, 12; pl. 5, text fig. 10 

G 

garre~~th~:C~-0-~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Echinocythereis __ _____ 3, 4, 5, 15; pl. 4, text fig. 13 

gibba, Cytherura _____ -------------------------- 12 

gigantea, Haplocytheridea______________________ 8 

giganticns, Basslerites __ _______ 3, 27,· pl. 4, text fig. 23 

gomillionensis, A.ctinocythereis _________________ 14,16 

Actinocythereis exanthemata __ ------------- 14, 16 

guaymanensis, Pterolora_--- ------------------ 26 

gunteri, 1\.furrayina_-- ------------------------

D3.) 
D36 INDEX 

H Page M Page Page 

Haplocytheridea__ _ _ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ D7 Machaerina __ --------------------------------- D32 Pterigocythereis ______ ______ ------------- ___ ____ D19 

basslerL- _ ----------------- _________ ____ __ 7 Macrocvthere__ __ ____ _ _____ _ _ __ ____ ______ ____ __ 20 Pteroloxa _____________________________________ 25, 26 

blanpiedi__ ____________________________ 3, 8; pl. 1 Macrocytherina _______ ______ ------- _____ _ ______ 20 guaymanensis ___ __________ ----------- __ ___ 26 

bradyi_ ____ --------------------- 3, 4, 5, 8; pis. 1, 2 Murrayina __ ----------------- _ __ ____ _ __ _ __ 16 venipuncta __ __ ----------- ____ ---------- ___ 25 

gigantea_____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ 8 Trachyleberis___________ _ ____ __ ______ _ ___ __ 16 sp ___________________________________ 3, 25; pl. 4 

ponderosa_________________________________ 7 martyni, Bairdia_ ----------------------------- Pterygocythereis _________________ -------------- 19 

proboscidiala__ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ 8 martvni, Bairdoppilata_ ----------------- _____ _ americana ____________ 3, 4, 5, 19; pl. 2, text fig. 18 

setipunctata __ -------------------- 3, 4, 7; pls. 1, 7 marylandica, Actinocythereis___________________ 14 sp_ __ _______ ________ _______ __ ___ __ _ _______ 4 

subovata_ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _____ _ __ ___ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ 8 matagordensis, Loxoconcha_____________________ 4 puella, Favella________________________________ 18 

wadei_ ______________ ---------------------- 8 mayeri, Pontocythere_ _ _ _________________ ______ 4 punctata, Acuticythereislaevissima ___ ---------- 27 

(Haplocytheridea) bradyi, Cytheridea___________ 8 medialis, Caudites_____________________________ 22 Campylocythere laevissima ______________ 28; pl. 7 

ponderosa, Cytheridea_ _ _ ___ ___________ ____ 7 mesicostalis, Fat•ella________________________ __ 19 puncticillata, Cytheridea_______________________ 8 

wadei, Cytheridea ________________________ _ Puriana ___________________________ 3, 19; pls. 4, 5 Puriana ___________________ ---------- __ ------- 18 

Hemicvthere_ _ _ _ ________ ____ ______ _____ ___ ___ _ 24 micula, Cythere ___ ---------------------------- 16 mesicostalis _______________________ 3,19; pls. 4, 5 

confragosa_ _ _ _ ____ ______ ______ ________ ____ 21 Trachyleberis________ _ __ _ __ ________ __ _ __ _ __ 16 rugipunctata __ 3, 4, 5, 18; pls. 5, 7, text figs. 16, 17 

conradL-- --------- _ __ ___ _____ ___ _____ ____ 23 miocenica, Bassler ella ___ ---------------------- 27 purisubrhomboides, Loxoconcha________________ 3, 

laevicula_ _ ___ _ __ __________ ____________ ____ 24 rnontgomervensis, Cytheridea___________________ 7 4, 5, 24, 25; pls. 3, 7, text fig. 21C, D 

sellardsi_ _ _ _ _ _ _________ __ _____ ___ _ __ _____ _ 22 Mooreina_ _ _ _ _________________ _ _ ______ _____ _ _ _ 11 

Hemicytheridae_ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ __ ___ ___ _ ___ __ 20 lllorrisitina __ ______________ -------------------- R 

Hemicytherideis ______________________________ _ Muellerina _____ ________ ----------------- _ __ ___ 16 Hemicytherura_ _ _ _________ ____ ______ ______ _ ___ 11 Muellerina lienenklausi_ ____ 3, 16; pl. 3, text fig. 15 rastromarginata, Cythere ___________ -___ ---- _ _ _ _ 15 

cellulosa_ _ ___ __ _ __ _ _ ____________ _ _____ _ _ __ 11 rnultipunctata, Acuticythereis_ _ ________________ 28 Rectotrachyleberis _______ _ ------------------ __ __ 16 

howeL------------------- 3, 11; pl. 4, text fig. 9 Campylocythere ________ __ 28; pl. 6, text fig. 26 triplistriata ______ __________________ -- _ --- __ 16 

howei, Bythocypris_ _ ______________ ____________ 5 mundorffi, Cletocythereis ________________ 3, 15; pl. 2 reticularis, Loxoconcha ________ 3, 25; pl. 4, text fig. 22 Hemicytherura ____________ 3, 11; pl. 4, text fig. 9 

Jonesja_ ---------------------------- 3, 20; pl. 4 Kangarina___ _ _______ __ _______ ____________ 11 

Trachyleberis________ __ ____ ___ _________ _ ___ 15 

Munseyella_____ ______ _ ______ _____________ _ _ ___ 30 

subminuta ______________ 3, 30; pl. 5, text fig. 29 

rhomboidea, Bairdia___________________________ 6 

Cythere _________ -------------------- ______ 24 

Loxoconcha __________ ----------------- _- __ 26 Murrayina ___________________ :____________ 2, 17 

Xestoleberis ___________ 3, 31; pls. 6, 7, text fig. 30 

Hulingsina _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 

asherrnanL ------------------------------- 9,10 wilberti _ ______ ___ _ _____ ____ ___ _ ___ __ _ ___ __ 9 

hyalokystis, Toulrninia________________________ 30 

J Jonesia_______ _________ ____ ___ _ __ ___________ __ 20 

Murrayina ____________________________________ 16,17 

gunteri___________ _______ __________ _____ ___ 2 

howei_ ____ ______________ _ _ ________ _____ ___ 2 

martini_ ________________ ---------------___ 16 

sp __________________________________ 3, 17; pl. 3 

Mutilus ____________________________________ 21, 22,23 

confragosa __________________ 3, 4, 5, 21; pls. 4, 5, 7 

(Aurila) _ _____ _________ ______________ __ ___ 23 

(Mutilus) laticancellata, Cythereis______________ 21 

rubra, Cytheretta ____________ ------------------ 20 

rugipunctata, Cythere_________________________ 18 

Cythereis ___________________ ----------- _ __ 18 

Favella _____ ---------------------------- __ 18 

Puriana _______ 3, 4, 5, 18; pls. 5, 7, text figs. 16, 17 

Trachleberis ______________ ---------------- 18 

rugipustulosa, Cvtherideis_____________________ 9 

Pontocythere ___________ 3, 9, 10; pl. 1, text fig. 7 

howeL ___________ _________________ 3, 20; pl. 4 

jonesii, Cythereis_ ----------------------------- 19 N s 

Jugosocythereis _ _ _ _________ _ ___ _ __ ____ __ ____ __ 21 Neocaudites___ ____ __ __ __________ ___ ___ ___ _ ____ 16 sellardsi, Caudites _______________________ 3, 22; pl. 6 

nevianiL_ __ ____ ____ _ ___ _____________ ___ _ _ 16 Hemicythere _______ ------------------- __ _ _ 22 

K 

Kangarina___ _ ___ ______ _ ______ _ __ _ _____ _ __ _ ___ 11 

howeL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

triplistriata _____________ 3, 16; pl. 3, text fig. 14 

Neocytherideinae_____________________________ 9 

Nesidea__ ____ _ __ _____ __ _ __ _____ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ 6 

tuberculata_____ _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ __ ___ 6 

semicircularis, Cytherideis ___ ------------------ 10 

setipunctata, Cytheridea _______ ---------------- 7 

Haplocytheridea _________________ 3, 4, 7; pls. 1, 7 

simplex, Cythere ____ -------------------------- 20 

L 

laeva, Campylocythere __ 3, 27, 29; pls. 2, 6, text fig. 27 

laevicula, Aurila _________________________ 3, 24; pl. 5 

nevianii, Neocaudites__________________________ 16 

nodosa, Cytheropteron_________________________ 11 

Paracytheridea_ _ ______ ____ __ ____ ___ _ __ __ _ _ 11 

Normania_ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ 24 

subminuta, Cytheromorpha _ ------------------- 30 

Munseyella ______________ 3, 30; pl. 5, text fig. 29 

subovata, Haploc·ytheridea_ -------------------- 8 

subrhmnboidea, Loxoconcha____________________ 25 

Bairdia ________________ 3, 7--; pls. 1, 7, text fig. 5 

Hernicythere_____ _ ____ _ __ _____ __ _ ______ ____ 24 

laevissima, Acuticythereis______________________ 27 

Campylocythere_ 3, 4, 5, 27;pls. 6, 7, text figs. 24,25 

punctata, Acuticythereis _ ---------------------- 27 Campylocythere ____________________ 28; pl. 7 

laticancellata, Cythereis (Mutilus)______________ 21 

latissima, Cythere _ _____ _____ _____ ____ _ __ ______ 13 

0 Occultocythereis_ _ ____ __ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ 17 

delumbata _________ --------- _______ _ ____ __ 17 

sp ___________________________________ 3, 18; pl. 5 

Orionina ___________________ ---------- _ ___ _ ___ 20 

vaughani__ _______________ 3, 21; pl. 4, text fig. 19 

ovata, Cyrprideis_______________________________ 7 

Systematic descriptions_-- __ ----------------- 5 

T 

tchernjawskii, Pontocythere____________________ 9 

tenuissima, Bythocythere_ --------------------- 32 

Toulminia _____ ____ --------- _____ ------------- 30 

hyalokystis ___________ -- ____ --------------- 30 

Leguminocythereis_ --------------------------- 29 p Trachyleberididae _____________ --------------- 14 whiteL _ _____ ___ __ _ ___ _______ _ __ __________ 29 Paracytheridea_ ------------------------------- 11 Trachyleberis exanthemata_____________________ 14 

Leptocythere cranekeyensis_____________________ 18 depressa _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ______ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ 11 martini_ ____________________ -------------- 16 

Leptocytheridea __ ----------------------------- nodosa___ ___ ___ ___ __ __ __ _ __ _ ______ ___ _ ____ 11 micula ____________ __________ -------------- 16 

lienenklausi, Muellerina ______ 3, 16; pl. 3, text fig. 15 

longula, Cytherideis _ --------------------- _____ 10 

Loxoconcha __ --------------------------------- 24, 26 

australis__________________________________ 4 

matagordensis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 

purisubrhornboidea_ ----------------------- 3, 

4, 5, 24, 25; pls. 3, 7, text fig. 21C, D 

reticularis _______________ 3, 25; pl. 4, text fig. 22 

rhomboidea___ _ _________ _________ __ ___ _ __ __ 26 

subrhomboidea______ _______ __ ______ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 25 

wilberti_ _______ 3, 4, 24; pls. 3, 7, text fig. 21A, B 

Loxoconchidae ____ --------------------------- 24 

Loxocorniculum_____ ______ ____ _ ________ _ ____ __ 26 

sp _________________________________ 3,26; pis. 3,4 

Loxoleberis____ __ _________ _ _ _ __ ____ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ 24 

vandenboldt__ ______________________ 3, 4, 11; pl. 2 

Pascago ulensis, Cytheromor ph a_ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

Pectocytheridae_ _________ ____________ _ _______ 30 

Phractocytheridea _________________________ -----

ponderosa, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) ___ ---- Haplocytheridea ___ _______________________ _ 

Pontocythere _ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ _ __ ___ 9 

ashermani ___________ 3, 4, 10; pls. 2, 6, text fig. 8 

Pontocythere mayeri-_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ___ ____ 4 

rugipustulosa _______________ 3, 9; pl. 1, text fig. 7 

tchernjawskii_______ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ _ ___ ___ _ 9 

wilbertL ________________ 3, 9; pls. 1, 2, text fig. 6 

Prionocytheretta ___ ______________________ ------ 20 

proboscidiala, Haplocytheridea_________________ 8 

Progonocytheridae __________ ----------- _ ------ 30 

Progonocytherinae _____________ --------- _ __ ___ 30 

mundorffi. __ _______ ------------------------ 15 

rugi punctata __ _______ --------------------- 18 

triplistriata _____________________ ---------- 16 

vaughanL ________________ -_____ ---------- 21 

triangularis, Xestoleberis_ --------------------- 31 

triangulata, Bairdoppilata_____________________ 3, 

4, 5, 6; pl. 1, text figs. 2, 3 

Triginglynms __ ------------------------------- 29 

whiteL _ ---------------------------------- 29 

triplistriata, Cythereis _ ------------------------ 16 

Neocaudites ______________ 3, 16; pl. 3, text flg. 14 

Rectotrachyleberis _______ 16 ------------------

Trachyleberis __ ______ ----------------------

tuberculata, Bairdia __________ 3, 4, 6; pl. 1, text fig. 4 

Nesidea __ ____________ --------------------- 6 

16 

Luvula _____ ------------------ _______ _________ 20 Pseudocytheretta _______ ________ ---------------- 20 Type locality, Waccamaw Formation ________ _ 
V Page 

vandenboldi, Paracytheridea __________ D3, 4, 11; pl. 2 

vaughani, Cythere __ --------------------------- 21 

Cythereis ________ ___ ------------- _ _ __ __ ____ 21 

Orionina _________________ 3, 21; pl. 4, text fig. 19 

Trachyleberia__ ____ ________ -------- __ _ ___ __ 21 

venipuncta, Pteroloxa ____ --------------------- 25 

ventrostriata, Xestoleberis_ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ 31 

Vicinia _ ------ ____________ ------------- ___ _ ___ 11 

w 

Waccamaw River_---------------------------

wadei, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) __________ _ 

Haplocytheridea __ ________________________ _ 8 

8 

INDEX 

Page 

weingeisti, Eucytherura_ ---------------------- D14 

whitei, Bensonocythere ____ 3, 17, 29; pl. 5, text fig. 28 

Leguminocythereis_ ----------------------- 29 

Triginglymus. _ --------------------------- 29 

wicomicoensis, Bythocypris _________________ 3, 5; pl. 1 

wilberti, Cytherideis _ -------------------------- 9 

Hulingsina _ ------------------------------ Loxoconcha ____ 3, 4, 24; pis. 3, 7, text fig. 21A, B 

Pontocythere ____________ 3, 9; pis. 1, 2, text fig. 6 

X 

Xenocythere __________________________________ 30, 31 

cuniejormis _ __________ _ ___________ ___ _ ____ 30 

sp ____________________________ • ________ 3, 31; pl. 6 

D37 

Page 

Xestoieberididae ___ ------------------ ___ _____ D31 

Xestoleberis. ---------- _______ _ ________ ____ ____ 31 

choctawhatcheensis ____________________ 3, 31; pl. 6 

howeL _______________ 3, 31; pis. 6, 7, text fig. 30 

triangularis.______________________________ 31 

ventrostriata _ _ _ ____ ___ ____ __ _____ ___ _ ___ _ _ 31 

Xiphichilus_ _____ __ _ ___ ________ _ __ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ 32 

sp ___________________________________ 3, 32; pl. 5 

y 

Yorktown Formation________________________ 2 

yorktownensis, Cytheropteron .. 3, 13; pl. 4, text fig. 11 

Eocytheropteron ___ ------------- _____ ______ 13 

PLATES 1-7 
PLATE 1 

[All magnifications X 60] 

FIGURES 1a, b. Bythocypris UJicomicoensis Swain (p. D5). Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc. NC-1, upper zone. 

2a, b. Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards (p. D6). Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc. N C-1, upper zone. 

3a, b. Bairdia cf. B. tuberculata Brady (p. D6). ~ight side and dorsal views of shell, loc. NC-5. 

4a, b. Bairdia laev~cula Edwards (p. D7). Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc. NC-2, upper zone. 

5a-c. Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady) (p. D7). a, b, Right side of two female shells. c, Ventral view of female shell. 

All from loc. NC-3, upper zone. 

6a, b. Haplocytheridea sp. aff. H. blanpiedi (Stephenson) (p. DS). Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc. NC-5. 

7a, b. Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson) (p. DS). Left side and ventral views of shell, Duplin Marl, Walkers Bluff 

locality on southern bank of Cape Fear River, 9 miles below Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N.C., lower zone. 

Sa, b. Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson) (p. DS). Interior views of immature right and left valves, Duplin Marl, Walkers 

Bluff locality, North Carolina, lower zone. 

9a-f. Pontocythere cf. P. wilberti (Puri) (p. D9). a, Interior of immature left valve, loc. NC-2. b, Exterior of immature 

right valve, same locality. c, Exterior of immature left valve, same locality. d, Right side of male shell, loc. NC-3, 

upper zone. e, Interior of female left valve, loc. NC-2. f, Dorsal view of immature shell, same locality. 

10. Pontocythere rugipustulosa (Edwards) (p. D9). Exterior of left valve, Duplin Marl, Walkers Bluff on southern bank 

of Cape Fear River, 9 miles below Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N.C., upper zone. 
GEOLOGICA L SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573- D PLATE I 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 
PLATE 2 

[All magnifications X 60] 

FIGURES la-d. Pontocythere ashennani (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. DlO). a, Right side of female shell, lac. NC-3, upper zone. b, Dorsal 

view of female shell, same locality. c, Left side of male shell, same locality. d, Ventral view of male shell, same 

locality. 

2a-c. Pontocythere cf. P. wilberti (Puri) (p. D9). a, Right side of male shell. b, Dorsal view of shell. c, Left side of male 

shell, Joe. NC-3, upper zone. 

3a, b. Campylocythere laeva Edwards (p. D29). Right side and dorsal views of shell, lac. NC-3, upper zone. 

4a, b. Pamcytheridea cf. P. vandenboldi Puri (p. D11). a, Exterior of left valve. b, Interior of right valve, lac. NC-2. 

Sa-f. Actinocylhereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. D 14). a, Left side of male shell, lac. NC-3. b, Right side of female shell, same locality. c, Left side of male shell, lac. NC- 3. d, Right side of female shell, lac. NC-5. e, Dorsal 

view of female shell, same locality. f, Left side of female shell, same locality. 

6. Cletocylhereis? mundorifi (Swain) (p. D15). Right side of shell, lac. NC-5. 

7a- d. Pterygocythereis sp. a!f. P. americana (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. D 19). a, Right side of shell, loc. NC- 2. b, Ventral 

view of shell, same locality . c, Dorsal view of shell, same locality. d, Left side of shell, same locality. 

8. Haplocytheridea bradyi (Stephenson) (p. DS). Left side of shell, Waccamaw Formation, loc. SC- .5. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D PLATE 2 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 
PLATE 3 

[All magnifications X 60] 

Frau RES la-d. Neocaudites triplistriata (Edwards) · (p. D16). a, Right side of shell. b, Left side of shell. c, Dorsal view of shell. d, 

Right side of shell. All are from loc. NC-3, upper zone. 

2a-h. Muellerina lienenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. D16). a, Interior of left valve loc . NC-5. b, Right side of immature 

shell, same locality. c, Dorsal view of shell, toe . NC- 3. d, Dorsal view of immature shell, same locality. e, Right 

side of shell, loc. NC-5. f, g, Right sides of immature shells, toe. NC-3. h, Dorsal view of shell, Pliocene strata, 

Pierce quarry locality, North Carolina. 

aa-d. Muellerina lienenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler). (p. Dl6). a, Interior of right valve, loc. NC-5. b, Right side of shell, same 

locality. c, Left side of shell, same locality. d, Dorsal view of shell, same locality. 

4a, b. Muellerina lienenklausi (Ulrich and Bassler). (p. D16) . a, Left side of immature shell, toe . NC- 5. b, Left side of shell, 

same locality. 

5a, b. Murrayina? sp. (p. D17). a, Right side and dorsal views of shell, toe. NC-1, upper zone. 

6a-c. Loxoconcha wilberti Puri. (p. D24). a, Right side of shell, loc . NC-5. b, Exterior of right valve, locality NC- 1. c, Right 

side of shell, loc. NC-5. 

7a-e. Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards. (p. D25) . a, Ventral view of shell, Pleistocene, Longs, S.C. b, Right side 

of immature shell, loc. NC-5. c, Left side of shell, same locality. d, Right side of immature shell, Pleistocene beds, 

Longs, S.C. e, Left side of female shell, loc. NC- 5. 

Sa, b. Loxocorniculum sp. (p. D26). Left sides of two shells, male? and female?, respectively, Waccamaw Formation, loc. 

SC-5. 

9. Cytheropteron choctawhatcheensis Puri, (p. D13). Right side of a shell, Waccamaw Formation, toe . SC- lb. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D PLATE 3 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 
PLATE 4 

[All magnifications X 60] 

FIGUREs 1. Loxocomiculum sp. (p. D26 ) . Left side of shell, Pleistocene beds, Longs, S.C. 

2a-f. Loxoconcha reticularis Edwards (p. D25). a, Left side of female shell, Joe. NC-3. b, Left side of female shell, Joe . NC-5. 

c, Right side of male shell, same locality. d, e, Dorsal views of two shells, Joe. NC-3. f, Right side of female shell, 

Joe . NC-5. 

:l. Lo'J;oconcha relicularis Edwards (p. D25). Right side of shell, Joe. NC- 1, a specimen with unusually sinuous dorsal 

margin. 

4a- c. Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. D21). a, Left side of shell, Joe . NC-3, upper zone. b, Right side of shell, 

Joe . NC-1. e, Ventral view of shell, Joe. NC-3, upper zone. d, e, Interior of right apd left valves, Joe. NC- 1. 

5a, b. Hemicytherura howei (Puri) (p. Dll). Left side and dorsal views of shell, Duplin Marl, Walkers Bluff locality, on 

southern bank of Cape Fear River, 9 miles downstream from Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N.C., upper zone. 

6. Basslerites giganticus Edwards (p. D27) . Exterior view of left valve, Joe. NC- 1, upper zone. 

7a-c. Cytheropteron yorktownensis (Malkin) (p. D13). a, Right side of shell, loc. NC-2. b, Left side of shell, same locality. 

c, Dorsal view of shell, same locality. 

Sa-e. Mutilus confmgosa (Edwards) (p. D21). a, Right side of shell, loc. NC-1, upper zone. b, Interior of right valve, same 

locality. c, Left side of shell, same locality. d, Interior view of right valve, same locality. e, Right side of shell, 

same locality, upper wnc. Sc is a female shell; the others arc either immature or male shells. 

9. Pteroloxa? sp. (p. D 25). Left side of shell, loc. SC-3. 

10. Cytherura cf. C. costata Muller (p. D12). Right side of shell, loc. SC-3. 

11. J onesia howei (Puri) (p. D20). Right side of shell, loc. SC- 1b. 

12. Echinocythereis garrelli (Howe and McGuirt) (p. D 15). Left side of shell, Joe. SC-2. 

13. Puriana mesicostalis (Edwards) (p. D19). Right side of shell, loc. SC-1. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D PLATE 4 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 
PLATE 5 

[All magnifications X 00] 

F I GU RES 1a, b. Eucytherura sp. (p . D13). Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc. NC-4, North Carolina . 

2. Occultocythereis sp . (p . D18). Left side of shell, loc. N C- 1. 

3a- d. Munseyella subminuta (Puri) (p. D30). a, b, Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc . NC-4. c, d, Left and right 

sides of two shells, loc. SC-2. 

4a, b . Bensonocythere whitei (Swain) (p. D29). Right side a nd dorsal views of shell, loc. N C-3, upper zone. 

5a- c. Mutilus confragosa (E dwards) (p. D21). a, Left side of a shell, loc . NC-1, upper zone. b, c, Dorsal and ventral views 

of shells, same loc ality. 

6a, b. Cawlites? sp. (p. D22). Duplin M arl, Walkers Bluff locality, southern bank of Cape F ear River, 9 miles below Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N. C., lower zone. 

7a-i. Aurila conradi conradi (Howe and McGu irt) (p . D23). a, Right side of shell, loc . NC-3, upper zone. b- f, Left sides of 

sever al shells, same locality. g, Right side of shell, same loc ality. h, i, I nterior views of right and left valves of 

a shell, same locality. 7e, h, and i are mature females; 7d and g arc males; the others are immature? females. 

8a- c. Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) (p . D18). a, Right side of shell, Joe . NC- 3, upper zone. b, Left side of 

shell, same locality. c, Right side of shell, same localit y. 

9a, b. Cytheromorpha curta E dwards (p. D26) . Left valve views of male? a nd female? shells, loc . SC-4 and SC- 1 respectively. 

10. Cytherura forulata Edwards (p. D 12). Right side of shell, loc. SC- 3. 

11. Xiphichilus? sp . (p. D32). Right side of shell, Joe. SC- 5. 

12. A m ila laevicula (E dwards) (p. D24). Right side of carapace, loc. SC-5. 

13. Puriana mesicostalis (Edwards) (p. D19). Left side of carapace, loc. SC-1. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D PLATE 5 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 
PLATE 6 

[All magnifications X 60] 

FIGUREs la, b. Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards) (p. D27) Right side and dorsal views of female shell, loc. NC-5. 

2a, b. Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards) (p. D27) Left sides of two male shells, loc. NC-3, upper zone. 

3. Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards) (p. D27) Interior of female? left valve, loc. N C- 1, North Carolina. 

4. Ponlocythere ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. DlO). Left side of shell, Duplin -:vlarl, Walkers Bluff locality, southern bank of Cape Fear River, 9 miles below Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N.C., lower zone. 

5a-d. Carnpylocythere multipunctata (Edwards) (p. D28). a, Right side of shell, Duplin Marl, Walkers Bluff locality, 

North Carolina, lower zone. b, Left side of shell, same loc ality. c, Dorsal view of shell, same loc ality. d, Ventral 

view of shell, same loc ality. 

6. Carnpylocythere laevissima (Edwards) (p. D27). Right side of shell, loc . NC- 3, upper zone. 

7a-c. Campylocythere laeva Edwards (p. D<-9). a, Right side of female shell, loc. NC- 2. b, Right side of female shell, Joe. 

NC- 3, upper zone. c, Dorsal view of 7a. 

8. Campylocythere laevissima (Edwards) (p. D27). Interior of immature left valve, loc. NC-1. 

9a, b. Xenocythere? sp. (p. D31). Right side and dorsal views of shell, loc. NC-5. 

lOa-c. Xesloleberis choctawhatcheensis Puri (p. D31). a Left side of shell, Joe. NC-3. b, Right side of shell, same locality. 

c, Dorsal view of b. 

lla-c. Cytherura elong1la Edwards (p. Dl2). a, b, Left sides of a female and a male shell, Duplin Marl, Walkers Bluff, 

southern bank of Cape Fear River, 9 miles below Elizabethtown, Bladen County, N.C., lower zone. c, Dorsal 

view of male? shell, Du;>lin Marl, Walkers Bluff locality, Nort h Carolina, lower wne. 

12a, b. Caudites sellardsi (Howe ani Neill) (p . D22). Left side and dorsal view of shell, loc. NC- 3, upper zone. 

13. Caudiles? sp. (p. D22). Right side of shell, loc. NC-5. 

14. Cytherelta cf. C. calhounensis Smith (p. D20). Right side of poorly preserved shell, loc. SC- 5. 

15a, b. Xestoleberis howei Puri (p. D31). Dorsal view and left side of two shells, loc. SC-4. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D PLATE 6 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 
PLATE 7 

FIGURES 1a, b. Haplocytheridea setipunctata (Brady) (p. D17). a, Anterior half of left valve, from interior, in transmitted light, 

Joe. NC-1, X 95. b, Enlargement of part of anterior margin showing radial canals, X 325. 

2. Bairdia laevicula Edwards (p. D7). Interior of left valve by transmitted light, Joe. SC- 2, X 78. 

3a-c. Mutilus confragosa (Edwards) (p . D21). a, Interior of right valve by transmitted light, Joe. NC- 1, X 78. b, Enlargement of part of anterior margin showing radial canals, X 325. c, Enlargement of part of posterior margin, X 325. 

4. Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. D18). Interior of right valve by transmitted light, Joe. SC-3, X 78. 

5. Xestoleberis howei Puri (p. D31). Interior of left valve by transmitted light, Joe. SC-4, X 95. 

6. Loxoconcha wilberti Puri (p. D24). Interior of right valve by transmitted light, Joe. NC-1, X 78. 

7. Loxoconcha pw·isubrhomboidea Edwards (p. D25). Interior of right valve by transmitted light, Joe . SC- 4, X 78. 

8a-c. Caudites? sp. (p. D22). a, Interior of right valve by transmitted light, Duplin Marl, Walkers Bluff, N.C., X 45. 

b, Enlargement of part of anterior margin showing radial canals, X 325. c, Enlargement of part of posterior margin 

showing radial canals, X 325. 

9a, b. Campylocythere laevissima punctata (Edwards) (p. D27). a, Interior of left valve by transmitted light, Joe. N C-1 

X 95. b, E nlargement of muscle scar, X 325. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573-D PLATE 7 

OSTRACODA FROM THE WACCAMAW FORMATION, NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA 

Contributions to 

Paleontology 

1966 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 573 

This volume was published 

as separate chapters A-D 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director 
CONTENTS 

[Letters designate the separately published chapters] 

(A) Recent Foraminifera from the Gulf of Alaska and southeastern Alaska, by Ruth Todd and Doris Low. 

(B) The Mesozoic pelecypods Otapiria Marwick and Lupherella Imlay, new genera in the United States, by Ralph W. Imlay. 

(C) Fusulinidae from the Graford Formation and Winchell Limestone, Canyon Group, Upper Pennsylvanian, in Brown County, 

Texas, by Donald A. Myers. 

(D) Ostracoda from the Upper Tertiary Waccamaw Formation of North Carolina and South Carolina, by Frederick M. Swain. 

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1967 0 - 266-183