ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY LANDINGS

OF UNITED STATES MARINES

1800-1934

By Captain Harry Allanson Ellsworth, USMC

pI

.
Cover: Men of the Marine Corps Expeditionary Force landing

at Culebra, Puerto Rico during fleet maneuvers, winter of

1923—24. (USMC Photo 515096)
ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY LANDINGS

OF UNITED STATES MARINES

1800-1934

By Captain Harry Allanson Ellsworth, USMC

HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION

HEADQUARTERS, U. S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D. C.

1974

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $3.00

Stock Number 008—055—00010—5

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON. D.C. 20360

FOREWORD

In 1934, Captain Harry Alanson Ellsworth, USMC, who

served as Officer-in-Charge of the Historical Section,

Adjutant & Inspectors Department, Headquarters, U. S.

Marine Corps, produced a mimeographed booklet entitled

One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines

1800-1934. This work was reprinted £n 1964, an6 a continued demand for the compilation has led to this second reprint.

The Ellsworth history has been published in exact

facsimile. No attempt has been made to validate or edit

it. Mr. Ralph W. Donnelly of the Reference Section of

the History and Museums Division has provided a preface

which expands on the subject of international landings by

Marines and provides biographical data on Captain Ellsworth.

The basic material of the pamphlet is sound and the

listed sources will give readers a starting point for further research. The History and Museums Division invites

constructive comments on the content.

Brigadier General, U. S. Marine Corps (Ret.)

Director of Marine Corps History and Museums

Reviewed and approved:

29 October 1974

iii

PREFACE

Ellsworth's 180 Landings, to use its popular title,

has not been superseded by a more detailed or comprehensive

coverage since its original publication forty years ago.

The most comparable listing is to be found in Background

Information on the Use of United States Armed Forces in

Foreign Countries, a print of the Subcommittee on National

Security Policy and Scientific Developments of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. This is a committee print from the

2d Session, 91st Congress made in 1970 as an up—date of a

1951 publication of the same title. The eight pages of

Appendix II (pages 50—57) are a chronological listing of

the use of U0 S. Armed Forces abroad from 1798 to 1970.

Ellsworth"s 180 Landings concerns itself with four

basic causes for landings: (1) political intervention, (2)

punitive actions, (3) protection of diplomatic mission,

nationals, and their property, and (4) humanitarian. Many

of these landings were solely Marine Corps affairs, a number

were joint with Navy personnel. international cooperation

with one or more foreign powers characterize some of these.

The effect of landing Marines on international law has

long been a matter of legal speculation. The virtual abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine, the dropping of the Platt

Amendment, the elimination of the "Open Door'4 policy in

China, and the development of internat:ional organizations

such as the Organization of American States and the United

Nations have created a new climate in international relations.

As a result, political interventions and punitive

actions no longer occur as frequently a.s in the Corps'

early days. Landings for humanitarian reasons are still

carried out and are non—controversial in the international

community. Landings for the protection of diplomatic missions are no longer "landings," but have assumed a permanence hitherto not achieved by Marines assigned to this

duty. The establishment of Legation guards at Tokyo in

1868, at Seoul in 1888, at Peking in 1900, and at Managua

in 1913 finally led to the regular assignment of Marine

guards attached to diplomatic and consular establishments

as security guards beginning with a Memorandum Agreement

with the Department of State signed on 15 December 1948.

This program has expanded until today (1 July 1974)

there are 114 Security Guards stationed throughout the

world calling on the services of about 1,100 Marines and

with an expected expansion to 1,500 Marines.

V
Within the Marine Corps there has beer a long history

of a legend that the landing of Marines on foreign soil was

not considered as an act of war while on the other hand the

landing of Army troops would in all probability be considered as an overt act of war1, and result in such.

Such an exception is not to be found in international

law, and, as a matter of fact, a number of other countries

have used soldiers under the same right for taking such

action as we claim for the use of Marines. The almost

exclusive use of Marines for landings in foreign countries

by the United States may be ascribed to force of habit and

a history of dependable and speedy reaction time in contrast

to the greater deliberation by the Army when called upon

for similar service.

The legal basis for the landing of troops in foreign

countries both for intervention and interposition has been

explored at length in a State Department pamphlet, Right to

Protect Citizens in Foreign Countries y Landing Forces.

The Third Revised Edition was printed in 1934.

The basic principles developed in this study were:

(1) The Marines have no special authority, nor any

special privilege, by which armed forces might be ordered

to land on foreign territory.

(2) By reason of the special character of Marine

training and service afloat, in all parts of the world,

Marines have in most cases been most readily at hand for

armed intervention and/or interposition.

(3) In the opinion of experts in the Department of

State, the President.does have constitutional authority in

some cases---difficult of definition--—to order Marines or

other armed forces ashore in foreign territory without reference to Congress, which alone can declare war.

Harry Alanson Ellsworth, the author-compiler of this

work, was born 9 March 1883 at Prattsburg, N. Y. His

first military experience was an enlistment in the U. S.

Army covering 2 October 1899 until 27 June 1901. He then

served four enlistments in the Marine Corps beginning 18

November 1903 and terminating 28 March 1917, with a seven

months break between his first and second enlistment.

During 1911, Ellsworth, then a corporal, worked with

Corporal Charles D. Baylis and retired Sergeant Major

Edward Dunn in organizing and processing the old records

books of the Marine Corps.

vi
He was appointed a quartermaster clerk in March 1917

and was assigned to duty briefly at Headquarters Marine

Corps. Receiving a commission as a second lieutenant in

July, Ellsworth was assigned to the 7th Regiment and served

with this unit in Cuba during World War I. Returning to

the United States with the temporary rank of captain, he

soon returned to Headquarters where he remained until, the

fall of 1922.

He reported to Marine Barracks, Quantico, on 2 October

1922, where he attended and graduated from the Company

Officers' Course. This was followed by three years with

the 1st Marine Brigade in Haiti. Between November 1925

and July 1930 Ellsworth was at the Naval Ammunition Depot,

Hingham, Mass.; Marine Barracks, Quantico; and Marine Barracks, Parris Island, S. C.

In July 1930 he again served with the 1st Brigade in

Haiti, returning to Headquarters in February 1933. Between

3 March 1933 and 30 August 1934, Ellsworth was Officer—in—

Charge of the Historical Section. He then served at the

Navy Yard, Washington, D. C., until his retirement with

the rank of major on 30 June 1939 after 36 years, 9 months,

and 12 days service.

The Marine Corps build-up prior to World War II resulted in Ellsworth being recalled for active duty on 1

June 1940 at Marine Barracks, Pensacola Naval Air Station,

where he served until he was returned to retired status

as of 20 December 1942.

Major Ellsworth died 19 June 1962 at the U. S. Naval

Hospital on the U. S. S. Haven at Long Beach, California,

in his 80th year.

Ellsworth devised a filing system which he named the

"Ells-Dran Filing System." The "Ells" are the first four

letters of his surname, and the "Dran" are the first letters of the words "Direct-Reference-Alphabetical-NUmerical,"

descriptive word-titles of the major points of the system.

The system was adopted by the Marine Corps in 1935 and used

until 30 June 1950 for Headquarters files.

One article, a "Calendar of Important Events in the

History of United States Marines 1775—1935," was prepared

by Ellsworth and published in the Marine Corps Gazette

for November 1935.

vii

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& ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY LANDINGS OF UNITED STATES rjARINES &

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& 1300 * 1934 &

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& A ERIEF HI3TORY II TWO PARTS &

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& PARTONE &

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& By &

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OPTAIN HARRY ALAiIEON ELLSWORTH, U SD MARINE CORPS &

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& OFFICER IN CHARGE, HISTORICAL SECTION &

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& FIRST EDITION &

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& 934 &

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& (AYsSIIrIA to FEEJEE I$LANDS) &

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TOREWORD I

Much has been written about the activities of the

United States Marines in actual warfare — the highly creditable part they have played, and. the efficiency with which

that part of their mission has been performed. But there

is still another part of their mission — perhap the iost

important — which barely has been touched upon by any writer

other than in a headline of the daily newspapers to the ef- fect that TM MARINES HAVE LANDED, AND HAVE THE SITUATION

WELL IN Little does the average American citizen

realize wha tiat oft repeated statement portends, and its

real significance in relation to the protection of, nationals

of the' United States residing in foreign lands. The guard'

ing of these interests, together with the. rendering of able

assistance to their Country's diplomatic representatives in

establishing and maintaining foreign policies, have long

been their most important duty0

"From the Halls of Montezuma to the Shores of Tripoli"

tells not half the story, In every' quarter of the G.lobe,

under every conceivable adverse condition, the United Sta.teB

Marimes have fought side by side with th.e Navy and at times

with the Army, foreign soldiers, marines and sailors, but

more often alone, protecting American liveo and interests —.

and that, without, causing international complications.

Time after time they have been called, upon to quell

revolutions, whether in an incipient or advanced stage,. to

secure redress for crimes committed upon United States citizens, to resent insults t-o theflag, to render assistance

in times of great disaster, and even to put down mutinies

aboard foreign men—of—wai' at the earnest solicitation of the

vessel's commander., No mat'tcr what the task might be, the

Marines have ever emerged with flying colrs, worthy of the

highest commendation.

These angles of the Marines' well rounded mission and

their relations with foreign countries, in time of peace thus

far have not been compiled.. In the pages that follow.the

author has undcrakcn to set forth an accurate account o

the Landings in foreign lands. The information upon which

this history is based has been secured from official records

exclusively, and the useless, expatiation of unnecessary details, which might tend to obscure or cloud the facts, have

been avoided.

To the memory of those Marines who have glorified their

motto — SEMPER FIDELIS — this work is dedicated.

August 31st, 1934
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ABYSSINIA 1

(1903)

The United States Governiient was desirous of con—

cluding a ea-ty of amity, reciprocity and commerce with

Emperor Menelik of Ahyssinia. Accordingly, in the

latter part of this year the American Consu1—enera1 at

VersaLllea, (Mr0 Skinner5, was instructed to proceed to

Addle A'oaba Menelik's Capital, to arrange such .a treaty.

Pue to the long distance vrhiCh had. to be traversed

in order to reach Menelik's domain, the fact that a greater part cf the journey had to be made over desert and mountain,

with only mules and coels for tarisportation, and that the way would be in±'ested with ha1feavae tribes of natives, it wa ncpesary that an escort be povidd for the safety

of the expcdition

The flagship Brooklyn, the San Francisco and achias

were n that vicinity, and they were called upon to furnish Marinos for thj escort, Captain G-eorge C Thorpe, of the

Marines, 19 enlisted Marines and 6 sailors were detailed

from the 3rooklyn and San Francisco. They tool: passage on

he to Djibouti, French Somaliland, end reported to

Lieutenant C. L. Huscey, of the Tavy, (who was to command

the expedition), on November 18, 1903. From Djihouti. to

Dire Daoua the trip was made by train, and the e:pedition

arrived the evening of the 21st, It as now necessary to

obtain the necessary mules and camels for the 1on trek of

over three hundred miles to Addle Abaha. After surmounting many obstacles, the necessary animals were arranged for;

equiae secured, camel drivers hired. and the oaa1oade

consisting of 46 camels and 4•5 mules, got underway and proceeded on its journey0

Soon after the second day's movement started, Captain

Thorpe experienced his first difficulty. This was with the

Haban (chief camel man), over the route the caravan should

take. There were three different trails, and Captain Thorpe

desired to take the iddle one, hut the Hahan insisted on

the one to the right0 It was Ofli after binding him, hand.

and foot, that Captain Thorpe was enabled to convince him

of his wayward tendencies and persuade him to take the route
(Abyssinia) 2

desired. The remainder of the journey was made without further trouble, except for an incident at one camp in Dankaliland, At this camp the King of one •of the tribes visited the caravan and demanded 100 talers (about $47.00), He wan refuced, of course, and he then threatened an attack, which did not materialize.

On December 18th

one hours march from

Frenchman acting as o they chif ted into "sp

afternoon started mt

were covered with tho tastically dressed in

receive the Americans

the

Adclis

ne of

ecial

0 the

usand

lion

. The

During their ten day's stay at Addis Abaha the Americans were furnished with a and large compound for their camp, which proved in every way adequate to their needs, and very comfortable. On December 24th, the Emperor paid a visit to thi camp, and Captain Thorpe had his men perform a few drills for the distinguished visitor, which pleased him greatly,

The work of the American Commissioner having been successfully completed, the little caravan was ready to start its return journey, but before they said their last farewells, the Emperor presented all the enlisted men with the Menelik medal and the Star of Ethiopia to Lieutenant

Iuesey and Captain Thorpe,

The return "voyage11 was commenced pleted without notable incident — the Djibouti on January lz, 1904. During

Abyssinia, the little expedition made

and hoisted the American flag where it

before.

on the 26th, and con—

caravan arriving at

the two months in

more than forty camps,

had never been seen

Reference: MC Archives — Original Report of Captain Thorpe.

caravan arrived to within about

Abaha, whore they were met by a

the EmDerort.s counsellors, Here

full dress uniforms," and in the

capital. The hills and plains of the Emperor's warriors, fan—

or leopard skins, waiting to warriors were all well mounted

or Zoera—like mules and, amidst

trumpets and tom—tome oscorted

on splendid Arabian horses

great confusion, the din of the American Expedition to the Gobi,

thc Americans dismounted, onterod the

first confcrenco with the Emperor.

Menelikts

Qebi, and

palace. Here

held their
AFRICA 3

(1843)

Piracy along the African Coast had. assumed such pro—

portions b. the mIddle of this year, that the United States

goverinient deded to resort to the use of armed forces to

rid. these wate:c of these ccourges of the sea. And piracy, alone, was not the only nefarious activity practiced on

this coast0 The slave trade being carried on was equally distasteful to the ensihilities of the American people,

and it was decided to put an en& to both of these unlawful

practices by despatching a squadron of naval veesels to the

scene, with instructions to use force if necessary to eliminate them.,

The natives of the Sinoe and Berribee tribes were the

principal offenders, and outstanding among the piratical

crimes committed by them may be meationed the case of the

American vessels Mary Carver and Edward_Barle. The Captain

of the former had suffered unspeakabl€ horrors at their

hande. being bound and delivered to the tender mercies of

the savage women and children who, past masters in the art

of torture) contented themselves by sticking thorns in his

flesh, as well as other formG of torture0 In the case of

the latter vessel, the captain, mate and cook had.been

cruelly murdered.

The American government d.eemed it necessary that an

imposing force be employed in carrying out the mission of

exacting redress for these crimes, as well as eliminating

further piratical and slave trading activities in this area.

Commodore Matthew C. Perry was not then on a cruise, so he

and his squadron of four ships were selected for this exact

ing duty. The uquadron consisted of the Decatur, Macedonis

Porpoise and Saratoga. Each of these vessels carried a

Marine Guard, with the e*ception of the Porpoise, Tv.ro Marine officers — First Lieutenant Ja'oez C. Rich and Second

Lieutenant Isaac T. Doughty were attached to the squadron,

and stationed on the Macedonian and Saratoga respectively.

Perry raIsed his broad pennant over the Saratoga on June €th,

at New York, and soon afterward sailed. for the African coast.

Sometime after leaving New York, his pennant was transferred

to t Mac edonian.

212—626 0—76 —2
(Africa) 4

The squadron arrived off the African coast about

midsummer, and around. the first part of October, the Con modore dcded to obtain first hand, information relative

to pratica1 activities of the natives Accordingly, he

disguised the For se as a rnerchantman, concealed the Marin' and sailors below the hz.tches, nd sent her in

towar.s shore off Berribee.c. The apparently harmless vessel had no more than anchored before the native canoes rushed

out to capture her, As only a sample of their thieving

proclivities was needed, Commander Stellwagen, satisfied

with a good joke, refrained from opening fire on the native

boats This incident satisfied the Commodore, and he proceeded with his original missionG

Since was selected as the starting place, and the squad

ron, less the Porpoise (which had been despatchod on other duty), came to anchor off this place on November 27th and

28th the Sara-toga preceding the flagship and the eca

into the anchorage. Early in the morning of the 29th, Coni

modoro Perry armed several boats with 75 Marines and sailors,

and the procession moved to the Methodist Church, in which

the palaver was to be held. Before the President of Liberia

Mr. Roberts, and the Commodore, with their respective staffs on the one side, and twenty kings' or head men on the other

the murder o± members of the crew of the Edward Barley was discussed, It appeared that the white man as the first

aggressor, and the Fishmen and not the Sinoes were the cul— pritsD After listening patiently to the black orators,

Perry order-ed. the Fishmen?s town tç be burned, keeping

three of them as hostages to be sent 'to Monrovia, and Perry

and his party returned to the ship

On December 1st, Perry, with Marines and sailors from

the three vessels, again landed and proceeded to the town

of Blue Earra to hold a palaver with the chiefs, and carry

them presents, as an indication of the Americant friendship.

Having completed this mission the landing force returned in

the afternoon. Shortly after midnight of the 3rd, the

squadron got underway, sailed for Setra Kroo, and arrived

there early in the aftérnoon On the morning o' the 5th,

the Cormnodore again made a landing, with the Marines and

sailors, for a palaver with the principal chief. This

lasted. until late in the afternoon when, apparently satis—

f led with his negotiations, Perry and the armed party
(Africa)

returned to their ships. His mission having been completed

at this place, he sailed for Cape Palmas the same evening,

and arrived there in the afternoon of the 7th, anchoring

off the tov of Caval.

The folcwing morning, the 8th, Commodore Perry, with

the Marines and. sailors, made a landing for a conference

with ;he King. The primary subject discussed at this conference w' the removal of the capital to a place farther

inland0 However, n deQision was reached, and anothe meeting was arranged for the following day at the royal kraal,

About ten otciock the next morning 10 armed boats from the

three ships, loaded with Marines and sailors, accompanied

the Commodore ashore for his palaver Then the boats

arrived at the landing place they were met by about 50

natives who acted as an escort for Perry and his party to

the village where the meeting was to take place.

The capital was a palisaded village, in the certer of

which was the palaver house. Most of the male warriors

were conspicuous by their absence, while the women and

children were hidden in the woods some distance away, King

Crack—O did not put in an immediate appearance, and Perry,

not to be surprised by any overt act on the part of the

natives ordered that Marine sentinels be posted at all

gates. Finally "His Majesty" appeared, and the palaver

began. Governor Roberts opened the conversations by rèfe—

ring to the murder of Captain Carver, of the schooner Mary

Carver, and stated that the towns along the hore governed

by King Crack—0 were implicated in the crime. The Ung

made a defiant denial to this charge, and to indicate his

truthfulness in the statet'tent, touched his ears and tongue

symbolically to his sword, He was then questioned relative

to his willingness to attend the "Great Palaver" at Little

Berribee, to which he readily assented, and the meeting

adjourned.

As there was nothing further to be gained by a'emaining

longer at Caval, the squadron set sail on the 11th for

Little Berribee (Half Bereby), where they arrived the next

day. On December l4th,.Commodore Perry selected some 200

Marines and sailors, embarked them in boats, and despatched
(Africa) 6

them shoreward. He followed them immediately, and when

the whole party had, landed, the march was begun to the village, he place selected for the meeting was about 50

yards from the town ate, inside of the palisades. King

Ben Crack—C nac present, and when the Commodore arrived,

laid. aelde his long iron syear, and the palaver began. This had hardly started before it was manifest that "His

Majesty0 was a voluminous but skillful liar, and, himself, one of' the most guilty of the thieves. His tergiversations

soon became impudent and manifest, and his lies seemed to fall with a thump.

Governor Roberts issued repeated warnings to the King

relative to his apparent untruths but these had little or

no effect, and the Commodore, losing patience, stepped

toward the offender and warned him to lie no more, Simultaneously, the native interpreter bolted from the house

and fled to the woods, while at the sane time King 0'ack—O moved closer toward Perry. Perry had sensed this act of

treachery and was fully prepared when Crack—C soized him

and tried to drag him to the place where the spear had been

left, with the intention, no doubt, of using it to dcspatch

the Commodore. The King found, however, that Perry was

not to be so easily disposed of, for no sooner had he been

seized by the burly black ruler than. Perry threw him away

from the direction, of the stacked arms, whereupon the King

oommenced a retreat f::om the house, and no sooner had he

passed through the door than he was shot by a sergeant of

Marines, while other Marines inflicted upon his person two

bayonet wounds, and be was finally bound and carried to the

beach,

This incident ended the palaver, and it was the signal

for a general rQclee in which irregular firing commenced

from both sides, in spite of the Commodore's orders to

refrain from so doing. This manifestation of hostilities

induced the American commander to destroy the town. The

torch was applied, and in about an Ilour it was a level

waste. As the Aji-iericans were retu±'ning to their boats, the

native.s opened fire from the woods. This fire was returnod

by the Matines and sailors, and even the chips joined in

the general attack to drive the natives beyond effective

range of their rifles, and permit the landing party to gain

their boats in safety.
(Africa) 7

King Ben Crack—O's spear was retained by Commodore

Perry as a relic and trophy of hi experieiices along the

coast of the "Dark Continent. An American flag was found

in the palaver house, as well as pieces of the schooner Mary_Crver, and these together with several war canoes

were carried away to the shipeas additional trOphies in

commemoration of a test at arms with the natives. King

Crack—C died the following day aboard one of Perrys ships, and his body was coiyiitted to the deep.

The following day, the 16th, the squadron proceeded

along the coast, andwhen a short distance from Little

Berriee, another se Ltlement wa discovered. Perry signaled

uall hands come to anchor," and. the three .ships came to, a

short distance from shore. A landing party of Marines and

sailors was immediately made ready and despatched ashore

to destroy all villages in the vicinityQ This force landed

shortly after six otclock in the mor±iing, and remained

ashore until mid—afternoon when they returned, after having

destroyed seven villages and inflicting severe punishment

upon the natjves themselves.

(lB6o)

Early in thic year, the native Africans again became

troublesome, and the Americans at Kissembo (Angola, Portuguese West Africa) were in need of protection. Commander

Thomas W. Brent, in the sloop Marion, was at KalDenda, and,

having been advised of the state of a:'fairs at Kissembo,

proceeded to that place, whore he arrived on the 29th of

February. Cn the following day, March 1st, he detailed

the Marine Guard of his vessel and a detachment of sailors,

and despatched them ashore as a guard for the protection of

lives and property. This force returned to the ship the

following morning as their presence was deemed no longer

necessary. This action proved inopportune, however, for

on the following day, March 3, the Americans ashore signaled

the Marion for the Msrines, but they were not landed until

the 4th, when they remained ashore for a few hours and then

returned to the ship. Command-er Fitzroy, in H.M.-S. Falcon,

was also present, and landed some of his force at the request of English citizens.
(Africa) 8

(1904)

Tangier was the scene of difficulties on this

occasion6 The Bandit Raisouli, had captured several

hostages, who wore being held with an apparent endeavor

to embroil the Italian government in his quarrel with the Sultan of Morocco. The whole state of affairs was not

conducive of allaying the fears of Christians tesiding in Tangie's, who were apprehensive of an outbreak against

theme

In flew of these circumstances, Roar Admiral French

E. Chadwick, U.S. Navy, was ordered to proceed with his

squadron to Tangiers "to mark the sense of the gravity

of the situation on the part of our government." He

arrived off Tangier late in May, and in company with the

American Consul General, Mr. Gummere, called upon the

minister of foreign affairs for Morocco.

The American Consul evidently thought that the situa- tion warranted the establishment of a suitable Marine

guard at the Consulate, to which the Admiral apparently

agreed, and a guard was so established and maintained from

May 30th to June 26th, inclusive, when they were withdrawn. This guard was taken from the flagship Brooklyn, the Marines of which were commanded by Captain John T. Myers U.S. Marine Corps.

References: Squadro;, Coast of Africa, Commodore M.C.

Perry, Apr, 10, 1843 to Apr. 29, 1845, Navy Archives;

Logs of Decatur, Macedonian, Porpoise; Saratoga, MarieL

and Brooklyn; A & N Reg., .Yune 25, 1904, 5; Mrinc Corps

Archives, McClellan's Hist. U0S. Marine Corps,
ANTINA 9

(1833)

Insurrection, in what is now the Argentine Repub]ic,

dates back to the 16th Century, when Alvar Nune the

Spanish overnor was deposed by the followere of Martinez

Irala, and 1aer shipped to Spain as a prisoner. Since

this early date many revolutions have taken place for the

control of the government. In October of this year one of

these uprisings was in progress, and it hecse so violent as to necessitate a landing by United States naval forces

for the protection of American citizens and those of other

foreign countries not represented by naval forces in these

waters0

Commander John P. Zantzinger, UeS. navy, in the Nätchez

was at Buenos Ayres when his uprising took place, but was

under orders to take his departure for another port. The

United States was not represented in this country by either

a diplomatic officer, or a consular agent, and Mr. Daniel

Gowland, of the American firm of Daniel Gowland and Company,

assumed the responsibilities of representing all citizens of

the United States who resided in the city of Buenos Ayres.

On the 16th of October he addressed a letter to Commander

Zantzinger, in which he expressed keen regret that the

American man—of—war was to depart so soon, and the belief

that, if the Commodore (Woolsey), was aware of the local

conditions, he would. retain the tchcz in the harbor.

Conmiander Zantzinger commuricated with Commodore M. T.

Woolsey, on the flagship Lexinton, which was at Montevideo,

furnished him with a copy of Mr. Gowland's letter together

with a petition signed by Arfierican and English merchants,

suggesting that his vessel, the 1'Tatchez be retained at

Buenos Ayres, at least until another American ship should.

arrive to relieve it, for the protection of the interests

of the United States. The Commodore, agreeing with this

suggestion, sot sail for the troubled area and arrived there

on the 21st.

After his arrival and upon familiarizing himself, with

all of the conditions in the city., Commodore Woolsey deemed

it advisable tohave some one on shore to look after the

interests of his Government, sinCe the United States ws not

represented at the time by any political agent. Accordingly,

he selected Commander Isaac McKeever of the Lexington as
(Argentina) 10

SUCh representative, and. ordered him to reside ashore, until

further instructed, Commander McKeever took up his residence

on shore the same day, called upon the President, arranged

for a salute to be exchanged between the Lexington and the Argentine authorities, obtained such facts about the revolu- tion as ractica'o1e and reported this information, to the ComoUor e0

Conditions ashore remained about the same from day to day, with occaeiona:i: sporadic outbursts of musketry through- out the city until the 31st of October, when the outbreak

became general, and the Commodore deemed it necessary to

order an armed party ashore to protect foreign interests.

At 3:30 in the afternoon of this date, a force of 43 office, Marines and sailors proceeded on shore, and were placed

under the direct comnj&jd of Commander McKeever for such

disposition as he might deem necessary or advisable. Tnis

detachment remained ashdre until tile 15th of November when,

trançuility having been restored, they returned to thei:r

ships,

(1852)

This year was ushered. in y the advent of anohcr

revolution in the political affairs of the republic. The

City of Buenos Ayres was invested by land by an allied

army from .the revolting provinces and Brazil, while by sea

a cordon of sioops of war hovered near, and all were in

a Gtate of readiness to turi-i their guns o the beleaguered

City when so ordered by the allied leader. General. Juan

Manuel Rosas had. gone out to head. his army, and to lead

them against the allied forces. The situation wa.s tense,

and the populace were in a state of expectancy fraught with

impending disaster.

About this time Comniodore Isaac MclCeever, in his

flagship Congress, arrived at Montevideo where he received

dispatches from the American Charge d.c Affaires, John S.

Pendloton, at Buenos Ayros, acquainting him with the state

of affairs in that city. Commodore McKeever felt that his

presence at the latter place was urecntly needed, and that

probably additional Marines might be necessary if a landing be required for the protection of the interests of the

United States. Accordingly, he ordered the Marine Guard of
(Argentina) 11

the Cono, under Brevet Captain Algernon S. Taylor and

Second Lieutenant george Holmes, to proceed to Buenoc Ayres.

The Commodore also sailed for that city, and, upon arrival,

transferred his pennant to the Jamestown, which was lying

in the ha'hor off Buenos Ayres at the time, On the 2nd of

February a meeting wa.@ called of all the accredited Diplo- matic Corps present, to consider wayS and. means for the protection of thei,r nationals, and Commodore McKeevcr, the Eitish dmiral and. 'scnior naval officers of France, Sar—

dinja and Sweden were invited to attend. At this conference

it was decided. to apply to the authorities o land. such

forcec as might be ncccssary unLer the circumstances.

The following day, February 3rd, scattered forces of

Rosas cavalry began entering te city, and a li'ctl•e later it was learned that they had been defeated by the allied

forces investing the city1 Renewed alarm was now felt for

the safety of foreign aitizene, and an immediate answer

to the application to land troops was ure — which was

given. Commodore McKeev•er pressed into service the American

steamer Manueli.ta Rosas, loaded her with the Marinee of the

Congress and Jsesto, ordered her into the inner harbor, and landed the Marines by the use of flat boats fro H.B,Li frigate Centaur., which had heei loaned to the Marines

through the kindness of Adijral Henderson.

The Marines of the Jamestown were commanded by Second

Lieutenant John H. F. Tattnall, and combined with those of

the Onress, formed guards at the residences of the Charge

de Affaires, the Consul -Joseph graham, and that of Messrs. Zimmerman, Frazier and Company, who conducted the largest American mercantile house in the city, and in whose residence Commodore McKeever was a guest. The British and

French forces were distributed in a similar manner, and. the

whole foreign detachment so situated as to be enabled to

concentrate at a given point in a minimum of time when

required.

Late this same evening (3rd) advices were received

that G.eneral Justo Jose Urquiza, the allied commander, had

defeated G.eneral Rosas, and. that the Catter's army was
(Arcentina) 12

completely dispersed. Fased. upon tills information, the authorities sought the services of the Diplomatic Corps to solicit a stay of the onward march of the conc.ueri.ng allied forcer into the city. They agroed, and proceeded

to Palormo whore they awaited Genral Urqüiza. However,

they were unable to communicate with him until the follow—

1tL day when he arrived at Palermo, and upon being advised of the state of affairs, readily agreed to withhold his army, sending only a small force to restore ord.er.

In the meantime several stores had been rifled by a band of pillaers bent upon plundering the city. These

mounted niJlagern came upon a party of Marines and sailors, under Lcidshiprnan a1]cer, who tiers patrolling the streets

to prevent the sacking of the city, charged and fired upon

them but providentially none. were harmed by their bullets or the charge0 The Marines returned the fire of tile pillat gers, and four of the robbers fell, two being killed outright and two seriously wounded who died later. This prompt

retaliation dispered the band, and apparently put an end

to pillaging outrages in the city.

General Urguiza approved of the landing of the foreign

troops, their action in firing upon those bent upon nillage,

and requested that these torces remain until such time as

he had perfected arrangements for the proper poli.cing of the city and had reestablished tranquility. Commodore McKeever states, relative to the service rendered by the American Marines: "Great credit ic due to our gallant

Marines for their share in the runtoration of comparative safety to life and property. They were under the command of Captain Taylor of the Corgress and Lieutenant Tattuall of the Jamestown. * * General Rosas, after his defeat at the hands of General Urquiza is said to have entered the city in disguise, and made his escape in the night to

H.B.M. Centaur, and later on a ctcaeter bound for England.

On the 7th of Fehruarw, he].ieving; that the allied

force was in all respects able to maintain order and tran- quility, the American Oharge'addressed himself to the Pro— visional Governor, Senor Vio.ente Lopez, relative to the

advisability of withdrawing the American Marines, to which

the latter replied that: " * * the longer presence in the
(Argentina) 13

United Satee Marines BOOmS unnecessary, but

at liberty to withdraw them to their vessels,

may find a suitable opportunity. * * *U

ing the o2ficials of the

previously appointed, and

of Govcrnor of that Provi

tion, Corodoro McKccvcr 3rd of Auust dospatched

JamostOwa, to Buenos Ayre arrived, and wa present affair did not reach, the

had. Nevertheless a Mar

was deemod

was co land

exact date

unascertai

in April,

proviiona1 ovornncnt whom ho had

the ascuming himself of the office

nco, Just trlai' to this inOuTTOC—

a,rived at Montevideo, and on the

Captain. Sanuo1 W. Downing, in the

o to observe conditionc. He

when the outbreak occurrec'.. This p'oportions that the earlier oe

inc guard at the American 0onsulat

In July of this year still anothe.r revolution 1.ras in

proress in the province of Buenos Ayres, and. a small d

tachment of Marines was landed for the protection of the

American Consulate and the residence of the cinister, John

R.G. Pitkin. These Marines were landed from the Tallapoosa,

and remained ashore until July .30th, when they were ith—

drawn and returned to their ship.

Refeiences: Kirkpatrick, .The AentinC Republic, Ch.II;

Captain's Letters, 1833, #15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 39,

with enclosures, Navy Archives; Brazil Sqd, Letters,

1652—53, #43, 44, 45, 55, 58, 66 and 67, with enclosures,

Navy Archives; Logs of Lexington, Jecstown, Conrcss, and TallaDoosa; St. Dept. Archives; Marine Corps Archives,

City of

that. you whenever

the

nrc

you

In accordance with the deirec of the

Governor, he .Iarinee wore .'ithdrawn on the

ruary arid returned aboard their respective

On the 11th of

break occurred which

detachment of Americ

causc. by reason of

3eptoiiber of this nooeositatcd the

an Ma::ino3a This

the acioL of Cen

provi sional 12th of Feb—

ships.

year another outing of another outbreak wa

ljrquiza in depos—

same

land.

r..ew oral

advisable, and on the 17th of September a guard

ed for the protection of American intorestu. The

these Marines returned to their ship is as yet nable. However, it is believed to be sometime

1853.

(1890)
BERING SEA 14

(Seal Poaching)

(1d91)

Seal poaching in the Earing Sea had become so serious a ;aiter that there was duer of their becoming extinct, and the Jiiited States ovcrrnient decided that remedial

measures wore necessary to prevent thcir extermination by the porsons enTaged. in the omployent of sealing. Great

ritain had. expressed a like decision, and agreed to co- operate with the United States in ending this evil ractice.

The United States Gover:imcnt decided to send some

small armed vessels into the area, and selected Commander C.S. Cotton, J.S. i'Tay, as co::nder of the lorces. The Pacific Coast Steamship Company's vessel, AlKi, was

chartered as one of the ships to conprise the squadron, and, on being provided wLth a det.acuent of Marines, under Captain Henry C. Cochane., she sailed froni Mare Islnd or.. the 22nd cf June and rived in th Bering Sea July 2nd The Tbetis arrived on the 3rd, fo1lored on the 8th by the Mohic.n (Commander Cotton) which in turn was followed iy the Alert, the next day, and the Mai on the 14th of August. With the exception of the e, all of these vessels had arine Guards, ith a total strength of 5

officers and 113 enlisted Marines.

The British Government seloctod H,M.S. ITymha, heasant and the oiso, to cooperate with the American vessels, and. they joined on July 7th, 12th, and 27th,

respectively, each, with a guard of British marines on board0

Two revenue cutters, the Corwin and Rush, also joined

the other American vessels. These were employed to cruise the seal herd area, and notify all persons engaged in seal- ing, whaling or fishing of the contents of the Presid.entts proclamation, end the orders o the British Government

relative to the fu.r seal fisheries0 The 1—Ki was designted

as "harbor and prison shipU at Ounalaska, and the crews of

all vessels seized were transferred 'to her custody, pend

ing final disposition of their cases.

Oving to 'the notification distributed by the Cutters,

ana the determined efforts of the American and British

armed vessels, but four seizures were necessary for
(Bering Sea)

infringement of the rules promulgated by the proclamation

and the orders of the British Government. These four were

the British schooners E03. Marvin and Otto, and the

American Schoonors La Mifa and Ethel. The English ships

were sent to Victoria, and the American ships to Sitka,

Alaska. for adjudication and disposal The La Nif a and

Ethel were towed by the AL—MI, the whole distance of about 1,200 miles to Sitka, and were furnished with a Marine

Guard, who kept Captain Cochrane advised of conditions aboard them by signals during the trip.

The Marines of, the squadron were organized into boatst crews, and did all of the 1arding of sealing vessels, and

other work requiring the use of small boats, besides their regular routine drills and target practice. They nave e:thibition drills at Sitka and at Lliuliuk, which were

appreciated by the inhabitants, and many complimentary

remarks were made regarding the soldierly appearance of

the United States Marines.

In the latter part of September the weather become

stormy, and the scalers ceased operations for the season

and departed for home ports. The work of ttie squadron had

been completed and, on October 5th, it also headed for

home waters, arriving at Mare Island on the 14th, having

covered approximately 6,600 miles since its departure on

June 22nd.

An incident, well trorth recording, happened about a

ronth prior to the start of the Al-Ki on hell return voyage.

Much trouble had been occasioned on te cruise by mutinous manifestations of the crew, who were foeigners and "union

especially of the engineers' department. The aid of

the civil law already had been invoked, on two occasions, to settle disputes between the Captain and his crew. On

the third, and last, occasion — that of September 9th —the

"Skipper" was apparently at his wits cnd and appealed to Captain Cochrane for information as to whether lie could

depend upon the Marines in the event that the "worst comes

to worst." Captain Cochrane informed him that: lIy, you

can set every one cT them on the beach, firemen and all,

andwe'll take the ship to San Francisco." The Captain of

the Al—Ki reported to his employers that Captain Cochrane's

declaration ended his troubles,

References: Sec. Navy A'. Rep., 1891, 620—621; Logs of

Alert, Marion, Mohicañ and Thetis; Marine Corps Archives.
CHILE

(1891)

is

The first conquest of Chile is

that of the Inca Tupac—yapanq.üi whic beginning of the 15th century This

finding of remains, in%luding stones

writing that is as yet undeciphered,

that existed th remote times.

believed to

h took plac belief is

on which i

indicating

have been

e in the

based on the

s inscribed

a population

The Incas ruled for about a century when the local

Curacos became virtually independent0 However, it was not

long before other conquerors appeared and Almagro, Valdivia,.

and Mandoza (the first named being most notable), tried to

force their regimes on the people.

nearly three centuries had elapsed, San Martin,

of a joint expedition of Argentine and Chilean

ssed the Andes and in a brilliant canpaign,

whose independence was proclaimed on February

The United States recognized her as an independent

years later. Bornardo O'Higgins, as political

director, headed this new government until he was deposed

by a revolution in 1823. Following O'Higgin& deposition,

mutinies, assassinations, and dictatorships took place in

rapid succession.

Aft er

at the head

forces, cro

freed Chile

12, 1818.

state four

This reign of terror was not concluded

Battle of •Lircai (April 17, 1830), when the

faction triumphed. Succeeding years brouht

for they, too, were marked by bloody contests

tions between the different factions.

until the

conservative

little change,

and rcvolu—

During the conflict between Spain and Peru in 1884, Chile also declared war against Spain0 While this war was in progress, the bombardment (by the Spanish) of the iiii•- fortified port of Valparaiso in 1868 took place,, and upon this incident is based the claim that Chile is the only

American State to have suffered a loss of blood in defense

of the Monroe Doctrine.
(Chile) 17

In this year (1891), the people of this revolutionary—

ridden republic were again in a state of open. insurrection

against the faction then supposed to be controlling the

government5 Conditions were in a deplorable state, due to

the capture in August, of Valparaiso by the forces of the

Congressional party5 Foreigners residing within the

boundaries of the republic, especially those living in the

captured city, were in great danger of losing their lives

and property. Even foreign legations and consulates were

in danger of being violated.

During the course of this revolution, a bitter feeling

against the United States arose, due, it is believed., to the

false and m&Jcious accusations put forth at Iquique and

later at Valparaiso In reference to the action of the Navy

of the United States.

The American Minister, Patrick Egan, concu'red in the

belief that foreign armed forces were necessary, not only

for the moral effect on the insurrectionists, but as a

meanb of protection for Americans and American interests.

In the latter part of M?rch, Rear Admiral George Bro

had been ordered to Chilean waters as the relief of Rear

Admiral William P. McCann, and was issued. definite and detailed instructions for his guidance in view of the unsettled state of affairs in the latter country. Admiral

Brown proceeded in• •he San Francisco, and in ompany with

the Baltimore, was present at Valparaiso when that city

was captured by the revolutionists.

The ierican Minister applied toAdmiral Brown. for a

suitable guard for the Legaticn, and his request was granted. A detachment of 36 Marines and 36 sailors, under

the command of Captain William I Muse, U. S.MC., was

landed on the 28th of AuLust d remained until the 30th,

when they were withdrawn.

About six weeks after the withdrawal of the Marine

Guard from the Amerioan Consulate, an affair took place vhich assumed grave aspects one which merited the landing of Marines to again protect American citizens, and
(Chile)

indicated in no unmistakable terms the extremo iil—iecling

that the Chileans harbored toward the Americans, The

affair referred to, was the attack) on October 16th, in

the City of Valparaiso, on members ot a liberty party of

the Baltimore0 However, Admiral rown, because of this extreme ill—feeling, and believing that the matter could

be more appropriately handled through diplomatic representation by the United States Department of State, deemed it inadvisable to use the Marine landing force at his

disposal.

On this date a number of men belonging to the

more, went on shore in uniform for liberty, in accordance

with the universal practice prevailing on board the ships of war in foreign ports. Two weeks had passed since the

surrender of Valparaiso, and the city was quiet. Other

foreign war ships had already given liberty, and no reason

existed for withholding a like privilege from the men of

the Baltimore. At 6 p.m. the men had been ashore about four itours, and the testimony is that they were then

orderly, sober, and well behaved.

The first encounter appears to have taken place at

this time between one of the members of the liberty party

and a Chilean, who spat in his face. The sailor knocked

the Chilean down and was immediately setupon, with his

companion, another of the Baltimore's crew, by an angry

crowda The two sailors took refuge in a passing street

car., They were dragged from the car by the crowds One

of them, Petty Officer Charles Riggin, was stabbed, and left to die in the street. His companion, Talbot, an

apprentice, escaped, but was afterwards. arrested, catgut

nippers were put on his wrists, and he was struck again

and again by the police on his way to prison,

Another Petty Officer, Johnson, then in a neighboring

house, seeing Riggin lying helpless in the street, went to

his assistance. The crowd now left. Finding Riggin still

breathing, Johnson took him in his arms to carry him to a

drug store nearby. At this moment a squad of Chilean police, with fixed bayonets, came up the street. Vhen at

close quarters they fjred at Johnson, being so near tha.t

his face was blackened by this discharge. One shot entered
(Chile) 19

RIggin's neck and shoulder, inflicting a death wound,

Another shot passed through Johnson's clothing.

The affair of the street car was only one of many

simultaneous attacks made upon the Baltimorets men. The

attacks lasted. for an hour0 They were not confined to

one locality, but occurred at several widely separated

points in the City, In many instances the American sailors

were in restaurants and, hotels9 quietly getting supper when

attacked by crowds numbering from 25 to 200 men. The part

borne by the police in these attacks is shown by the report0 Thirty—six of the 3eitimore's men were arrested

and taken to prison, being subjected on the way to treatment of the utmost brutality0 Catgut flippers were placed

on their wrists, and in the case of one man, McWi11iSRIS,

a lasso was thrown about his neck. Viilliws, another

apprentice, 19 years of age, was arrested by a mouited•

policeman whoput the flippers around his wrists and then

started his horse into a gallop, throwing the boy down.

Coal—heaver uigley, in trying to escape from the mob was

struck with a sword by a police officer0 Petty Officer

Hamilton was dragged to prison dangerously wounded and

unconscious and his companions, attempting to relieve his

sufferings were threatened with blows from musket butts,

and compelled to desist.

Coal—heaver Turnbull received 18 wounds in the hack,

two of which penetrated his lungs and subsequently caused

his death. Other men were seriously injured and several of the wounds were caused by bayonet thrusts, clearly

showing the participation of the police. As a result of

th attacks, two 0±' the men, Riggin and. Turnbull, died,

and eighteen others were more or less disabled by wounds.

At the exwiination immediately following the arrest,

which was conducted secretly, a request was made 0f the

authorities by Captain Schley to allow one of his officers

to be present in court, The request was denied. Before

the men were discharged they were required to sign a paper

in Spanish. A court official, whom one of the men asked

what might be the meaning of the paper, declared that it

was a mere form, stating that the signer had not been engaged in the trouble.

212426 0—76 _3
(Chile) 20

The members of the liberty party during the attack were without arms and therefore defenseless. Of t:.e

thirtysix men arrested and exiined, all were discharged, there being no prooi' of any violation of the peace on their part The judicial investigation into the conduct of

the men failec. to show that a single one was found drunk or disordrlr. It is clear that their only offense lay in

wearing the uniform of the country to which they belonged,

References: Sec. Navy An. Rep., 1391, 21—30, 618; Logs of Baltimore and San. Francisco; St. Dept. Archives; Marine Corps Archives.
CHINA 21

(1854)

Ts'ung—cheng, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty,

ascended the throne in 1627. Tharing his reign English merchants first made their appearance at Canton, which was the

only open port in the empire. The country was now torn by

intcrnal dissentions, and rebel bands assumed the proportions

0±' armies They roomed the country, leaving a de.astated trail behind. ?irates, also, made their appearance, and infested the coasts. Their number and organization enabled them for a long time to hold the imperial fleet in check.

Canton. was the scene of all commercial trading with Europeans. Conditions at this place became so offensive as

to cause Great Britain to declare war against China in 1840. The outcome of this war was the ceding' of Hong Kong to the

British, and the. aymcnt of a six million dollar indemnity. Two years later, Sir Henry Pottinger concluded a treaty by which Amoy, Fu—chow, Ningpo and Shanghai were declared open

to foreign trade, and an indemnity of twenty—one million

dollars was to be paid the British.

Hien—feng ascended the throne in 1350, but the relief

looked forward to by the people did not materialize, and they

proclaimed a youth, who was said to be the representative o2'

the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, as emperor tinder tlae title of T'ien—te. However, another leader, Hung Siu—ts'uan,

with a large following, entered the field, and, by the year 1853 had established himself within the walls of Nanking, proclaiming a new dynasty — that of T'ai—p'ing — and nominating himself first emperor under the title of T'ien Wang or "Heavenly icing."

During the progress of this internal upheaval foreign- ers, including &ericans, were in grave danger from the marauding hosts of Chinese, but they did not assume an aspect

so serious as to necessitate the actual landing of Marines

for the protection of Americans until early in 1854, although Marines were standing Toy off Canton in case their services were required.

Commodore Matthew C. Perry had been commissioned to negotiate a treaty with Japan (see °Japan" in this compila tion), and he had selected the port of Shanghai, China, as

his base from which to conduct his operations, therefore,

the United State was represented by a considerable naval force in Chinese waters when the outbreak occurred which

necessitated the landing of American Larines early in this

year, 1854.
(China) 22

Perry had left the sloop Pout, under Commander John

Kelly, at Shanghai, to look after American interests while he was absent with the remainder of his squadron at the port of Yeddo, Japan, on hic original mission of negotiating a

treaty. The Imperial and Revolutionary forces wore engaged

in open hostilities in and around Shanghai, and the foreigners were left to protect themselves as best they could.

About six o'clock in the evening of April4th a signal was

observed on shore which said: "Want assistance." Commander

Kelly immediately directed Lieutenant John Guest to prepare.

a landing force consisting of the Marine Guard and enough

sailors to total EU men, and proceed ashore to protect Americans. A little later in the same evening an additional force

of 11 men was sent ashore to guard the American Mission

g±ounds. The following morning, the 5th, it was observed

that the Imperial troops were encroaching upon the Foreign

Settlement, and it was desired to drive them away and thereby relieve the possibility of dan.er which would ensue should the opposing forces oen active hostilities.

Great Britain, also had a naval force present at Shanghai and, together with the Americans decided to mai:e a

combined landing, and drive the Chinese troops from their position. At about one o'clock in the afternoon, Commander Kelly made ready a force of airoxiate1y 60 Marines and

sailors, a Howitzer field piece and crew, and. taking command of the force himself, proceeded to land. upon reaching the

shore, this force was joined by a British force consisting

of about 150 marines and. sailoro, besides a number of Eng—

lish volunteers and about 30 men from American merchant vessels then lying off Shanghai. The Imperial forces would not

evacuate the position they held, and it was neCessary to resort to force of arms, The enemy, after sustaining a 8harp

fire of musketry for some ten minutes, suffered their flank

to he turned by the American and British troops, hich resulted in a hasty and disordered retreat, on the part of the

Chinese, leaving a number of dead and wounded where they

fell. By six in the evening they had beeh driven away from

the Settlement, and the combined force had returned. to their

respective ships, excepting 35 men at tho American Conilate

and 11 at the American Mission, who remained guarding these placed until the 15th of June when they were withdrawn During the engagement with the Imperial troops, the Americans

suffered casualties of one sailor killed and two Marines

and one sailor wounded, while the British force lost about the same number.
(China) 23

(1855)

Piracy, which had its inception in the 17th century,

was still being practiced by some of the Chinese, even though

condign punishment had been meted out to them on numerous occasions by American and British armed forces. These pirates

were bold, strong, arid indefatigable in their operations

against merchant shipping. Vessels plying the Coast were

plundered, and the most imaginable scenes that can be ascrii ed to the idea of piracy became realities in the careez' of

these lawless bands. The Imperial Chinese Government not

employing the necessary means to end this nefarious practice, foreign vessels were left either to protect themse1ve, or be protected by naval vessels of their own country.

'In view of these conditions, to which was added the

internal political strife then in progress, the United StateD

deemed it prudent to maintain several men—of—war in these waters to furnish the protection for its citizens which the Chinese had failed to give. The steen frigate Powhatan, un- der Captain Williani J0 McCluney, was one of the American naval vessels assigned to this duty. On the 8th of March

she put in to Shanghai, here local conditions were found

to be in a chaotic staten No landing was necessary, however, until the 19th of May, when the Marine guard, consisting of 41 men, under the command of Fi±st Lieutenant James H. Jones, was sent ashore at 3 otclock in the afternoon. The exact

date on which this landing force returned to the ship has not been asCertained., Ijut it is believed to be that of the 21st, from the fact that when it was landed "extra grog", was issued "to Marines," which would indicate duty of more

than one day, and furthermore that the Powhatan sailed at 5 oclock in the evening of the 21st.

In August of this same year, the pirates v!ere active

around Hong Kong, and a fleet of their vessels was knom to be at Ku Lan, which was not far distant. The Powhata and

the British man—of—war, H.B.M. sloop Rattler, were lying at

anchor off Hong Kong, and their commanders conferred re1a

tive to attacking and destroying the pirates. Captain McCluney detailed Lieutenant Jones and 26 of his Marines, 66 sailots and 7 naval officers, suiDplied them with four

days provisions "& whiskey," and at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the 3rd they left the ship to join the force from

the British vessel, wlich took their boats in tow and proceeded on the mission.

The engagement with the pirates took place the following day In Ty-ho Bay. This battle lasted for some hours,
(China) 24

but resulted in victory fo.r the combined American—British

forces, Seventeen pirate junks were captured, another was

'clown up by the pirates themselves to prevent its Capture,

and many of the band were taken prisoners. The American

casualties numbered 2 Marines and 9 sailors; 3 of the 1atte

being killed in action, while the others were more or less

seriously wounded4 The two Marines Privates Adeon and

Mullard, later died of their vicunds aboard the British

hospital ship Hercules, and were buried at Hong Kong, The

whole force returned to their ship late in the evening of

the 5th, having been absent slightly over 48 hours

(1856)

Conditions at Canton in the latter part of this year

were in an unsettled state, and a clash between British. naval

forces and. the Chinese authorities was momentarily expected

The United States sloop Portsmouth, under the command of

Commander Andrew H. Foote, was lying at anchor off Vhapoa

when, shortly after midnight of October 2nd, Commander Foote

received a conniunjcatjon from -the Ajerica..n Consul at Oanton

Mr. Oliver H, Perry, to the effect that the expected hostilities were imminent, and that an American armed force should be despatched there to protect the interests of the United

States The Commander lost nO time in preparing a landing

force for this duty. He selected Second Lieutenant William

W, Kirkland with 18 of his Marines, 4 naval officers, 60 sailors, the field Howitzer, and taking command of the whole,

shoved off at 6:20 a.m for Canton.

As hostilities progressed between the British and Chinese forces, and the dangers to foreigners becae greater,

the American force which had. already been sent to Canton, was

thought inadequate to furnish the protection required by the

conditions. Commander jl1in Smiths in command of the sloop

Levant, ordered a landing force from his ship, consisting of

Second Lieutenant Hcnry B. Tyler and his Marines, anda detachment of sailors, and oi the 27th (October), proceeded to

Canton, where he joined the force from the Portsmouth.

Commodore James Armstrong in his flagship, the steam

frigate San Jacinto, arrived o'f Whampoa shortly before noon

o' November 12th, and on the 14th ordered Brevet Captain

John D Simms, with 28 of his Marines, to proceed to Canton

and join the force under Commander Foote, who was the senior

American officer on shore. On the 16th this detachment of

Marines returned to the ship. About thj time Commander

Foote reported aboard the flagship in person for a conference

with Commodore Armstrong, relative to withdrawing the Marines
(China) 25

and sailors from shore, and placing them aboard the Levant,

which would then be anchored off Canton. This agreement

had been reached, and Commander Foote was on his way back

to Canton to carry out the plan when, upon arriving abreast

of the first fort, his boat was fired upon and it was

necessary for him to return to Whampoa.

This unprovoked assault upon an unarmed bqat, displaying the Ajerican Flag, was too much for the patience of the

Commodore, and he immediately proOeeded to act. He ordered

a landing force from his own vessel, con3isting of Captain

Simms and his Marines, 6 naval officers, including two surgeons, together with sailors, to total about 150 men, des—

patched them to the Portsmouth, and transferred his broad

pennant to the saine vessel. In the meantime, both the Le—

vant and Portsmouth vrere ordered to prepare to proceed up

the river in tow of the steamers Cnmf and Wililamette,

respectively. Commander Henry H. Bell, of the San Jacinto,

vras ordered to command the Levant owing to the absence of

Commander Smith at Canton. The latter named vessel got

underway shortly after noon of the 16th, and the Portsmoi

followed her about 2 hours later. These two vessels had

not prooeeded far before the four Chinese forts opened fire

on them. The Levant, in manosuvering into position, grounded and was thereafter unable to participate in the bombardment.

The fire from the forts was quite accurate, and the

Portsmouth was hit several times. Soie of her rigging was

carried away, and one shot penetrated. the stern frame, badly

wounding one of the Marines. The engagement was continued

until dusk, when all firing ceased —. the Portsmouth having

expended 230 shells and several stands of grape. Herculean

efforts were employed to get the Levant off te bar, and to

move her into position for engaging the forts. These efforts

were finally successful, and shortly after midnight of the

17th, she was ready to join the further bombardment. On

that date the Commodore was taken ill and returned to the

San Jacinto at VThampoa, leaving Commander Foote in command

of both vessels, and all subsequent operations against the

forts.

Commander Foote now laid. plans for continuing the bombardment of the forts with both vessels, and also made -the

necessary arrangements for a landing force of Marines and

sailors to be sent ashore when the ships had prepared the

way by silencing the enemyts fire, or at least when it had

so slackened as to make the venture not too hazardous. The
(China) 26

17th, 18th and 19th weredevoted to these preparatios, to

negotiations with the governor of Canton, which wore unsuccessful, and by the 20th. everything was in readiness for

what waS hoped would be the final assault0

At six—thirty in the morning of the 20th, the Levant

and Portsmouth opened a heavy fire on the Barrier and

Fiddlei t8 fort&, which was returned with vigor by the enem0 However, the fire from the American vessels was so accurate

that by about seven—thirty the enemy's fire s1aokene con- siderably, and Commander Foote deemed the time opportune for a landing, A force consisting of the Marines from the three vessels, under Captain Simrns, and Lieutenants irk1and and Tyler, several naval officers, detachments of .saiors total—

lirig about 280 men, and three howitzers, were all standing

by for the order wIflch would start them for shore. Corn—

rnander Bell cbrnmanded the force from the San Jacinto and

Portsmouth, and Commander Smith those of the Levant, while Commander Foote, being senior, corim'ianded the whole.

The whole force was now embarked in the ship' bOats, and headed for the shore. At eight—fifty the force, under cover of the guns of the two ships, landed near one of the forts, and soon it was in their possession, with the Ameri- can Flag flying over its ramparts The casualties of the

Chinese were severe — many being killed. outright, and a greater number being wounded during the engagement and while retreating from the fort. The spiking of the guns and the destruction of the fortress now commcnced The enemy, with

a force of about 3000 men, atterptecl to retake the fort

three different times during the day., but they were repulsed

on all occasions by Captain Simme and 60 Marines, and on the

third foray the Marines routed the Chinese completely.

The landing force remained. in this fort until four o'clock the following morning, when they returned alongside

the Portsmouth where they were held to await orders for further landings, The Levant was now towed to •a position

from which she could bring her guns to bear on Fiddlers

fort, and together with the Portsmouth opened. a brisk fire

on the enemy position, This was continued until about eight—

thirty, when the landing force was towed to the beach by the Cifae This force landed shortly before nine, under cover of the bombardment, and by nin—thirty the fort had been captured and the American Flag raised over it The guns

were now spiked and the fort dismantled In the afternoon

the landing force crossed the river landed near the Island

fort, and captured it, while the ships continued the born—

bardrnent of the remaining forts0 . Early in the morning of

the 22nd, -the work of reducing the othe' forts was commencedo' The ships opened fire at five otciock,. and. a half hour later,
(China) 27

the landing force, under Cothmander Foote, crosed the

under a heavy fire, landed near fort Number four, and

than two hours, it too, was in the possession of the

cans. All of the Barrier forts having been captured,

as Fiddlers fort, the landing party returned to their

at two—thirty in the afternoon.

On the afternoon of the 23rd a large party of Marines

and sailors was deepatched on siore to occupy the forts

"on the right hand" side of the river, tear down. the walls,

roll the guns into the river, and otherwise complete their

destruction in such manner as to preclude the possibility

of their ever being used again. This work continued until

the 6th of December, when the destruction was complete and

the entire landing force returned aboard their respective

ships. Shortly before seven 010100k that evening, both

vessels were towed down the river to the anchorage at Whampoa.

(1859)

In May of the previous year a British force captured

the Taku Forts, and Lord Elgin started for Peking. At

Tientsin, however, imperial comniissioriers persuaded him to

conclude a treaty on the spot, which treats it was agreed

should be ratified the following year. Sir Frederick Bruce

was despatched from England on the mission for ratification

of the treaty, but had to return, unsuccessf1, due to the

fact that while attempting to pass the Ta1u Forts, he and

his escort of vessels were fired upon, and the expedition

was compelled to return.

river

in less

Anieri—

as well

ships

During the fighting up to and including the•22nd, the

Americans suffered casualties of six killed (sailors), and

twenty wounded, six 0±' the wounded being Marines. The

losses on the enemy's side could not be accurately ascertained, however, they were known to be severe, both in

killed and wounded. The Chinese defended the forts with

approximately 5000 officers and men, while the American

force (landing party) did not quite reach 300, officers

and men, who were pitted against forts with granite w1ls

seven feet in thickness, and an armament of 168 heavy guns,

some of which had a bore of eleven inches in diameter.

This incident seemed to embolden the Tartars in their

conduct toward all foreigners, and was the apparent signal

for the perpetration 0±' many indignities upon them, among

whom were Americans. This was the state of affairs when

Captain William C. Nicholson, in the steam frigate

issippi, arrived off Woosung in the latter part of July,

l859 The American Consul at Shanghai, William L.a. Smith,

aôquainted Captain Nicholson with the conditions and,

apparently,rsquested. o suggested, the advisabi1ty of
(China) 28

sending an armed party to Shanghai for the protection of the

interests of the United States. Early in the morning of the 31st, Captain Nicholson ordered a detachment of Marines

(presumably under command of First Lieutenant Jacob Read),

and sailors to the number of 60 officers and men, also a

boat howitzer, the whole under Lieutenant Roger N, Stem'oie,

and despatchod thorn to Shanghai in tow of the English steamer

Carthage. This force remained at Shanghai until the 2nd of

August, when it was withdrawn.

(1866)

Hien—feng died n the summer of 1861, leaving the

throne to his son, T'ung—chi, a child of five years, whose

mother, Tszte Hsi, had been raised from the place of favorite concubine to that of Imperial Consort, The legitimate

empress, Tsz'e An, was childless, and the two dowagers b

cane joint regents. The concluding of peace with the allies, England, France and Russia, together with the death of Hien—feng and the ascension of his son to the throne, an—

peared to be the signal for a renewal of the campaign against the T'ai—p'ings, and benefiting by the friendly feelings of

the British authorities, engendered by the returnof amicable

relations, the Chinese government cucceeded in enlisting Major Charles George Gordon, of the Royal Engineers, in their

services. He supplanted an Americn named Ward,and in a

surprisingly short time formed the Chinese troops into a

formidable army and without delay took the field against the

rebels. His advent met with much success, and in July, 1864.

the imperialists gained possession of Nanking. T'ien Wang,

the Rebel leader, committed suicide, and those of his

followers who escaped dispersed throughout the country.

Even though the rebels had been dispersed, certain War

Lords still made forays into imperial territory, cities and

towns, committing diverse depredations, and harassing

foreigners' who might be within their sphere of operations.

Such was the general state of affairs when, in this year,

the American Consul at New Chwang, Francis P. Knight, was

molested and assaulted by a party of dissolute characters,

the leader of which was known by tho name of "Sword Rack Hoo.9 Roar Admiral Henry H. Boll, commanding the Asiatic

Squadron, despatched Commander Robert Tomxsend, in the Washusett, to the scone for the purpose of securing the

arrest and punishment of the parties who were enga3cd in

the outrage.

Commander Townsend arrived off New Chwang about the middle of June and, on the 20th, sent a landing force
(China) 29

numbering 50 Marines and sailors, under the command of Lieutenant John tY. Philip, to obtain all information avail- able relative to the assault, and to arrange for the arrest

and conviction of its perpetrators0 It appeared. that the

local Chinese authorities could, and would take into custody

all of those implicated, with the exception of the leader,

whoth the authorities teemed powerless to arrest. Commander

Townsend was unwilling to permit this individual, above all

others,, to escape his just dues for the unprovoked attack

on an American consular officer, and, on the 25th, despatch—

ed 100 Marines and sailors, under Lieutenant Philip, with

explicit orders, we can imagine, to bring back his man, At

any rate, Philip returned with his party that evening, bringing the chief of the tistiord Rack&' with him. "Sword Rack

Hoo" was placed on trial the following day, and Lieutenant Philip, with a detachment of about 25 men went ashore each day until the 29th to make cortain Moo did not escape until after the trial0

On July 7th, the 22 "sword racks' having been tried

and punishment awarded, the entire number were turned over to the Chinese authorities, and the chusett sailed, taking the Consul to Chefoo. The Wachusett then proceeded to Tung Chow Foo, arriving there on the 12th. On the 14th, Commander Townsend wishing to consult with the authorities on shore, 'detailed 100 Marines and' sailors, under Lieutenant Philip, to accompany him. They landed at 11 in the morning and returned at 6 in the evening. Commander Townsend next •visited Shanghai, arriving there the 26th. Thus

at anchor here on August 9th, a serious fire was observed

from the Wachusett, in the direction of Old Shanghai, and

1 officer and 46 men wore immediately sent on shore to rci

der assistance. They landed shortly after 2 otclock in the

morning, and returned around 6, the fire having been ex—

t ingui shed.

The United States Consul—General, Mr. Seward, and the

Interpreter, Mr. Jenkins, were desirous of proceeding to

Chinkiang, so Commander Townsend offered passage on the

!achusett, which was accepted. They went aboard her on the

morning of the 12th of August, and disembarked at 5:30 on

the evening of the 14th; Lieutenant Philip, with 25 men,

acting as escort. The Consul—General had departed less than

seven hours when all aboard the t7achusett were suddenly

plunged. in grief, and a pall of sadness hovered over the

American vessel. This was occasioned by the death of Commander Townsend at 1:40 in the morning of the 15th, of

congestion of the brain. The achusett got underway and

stood d.own the river to Shanghai, where the remains of Commander Townsend were laid to rest on the evening of the 16th.
(China) 30

Full military honors were accorded, and. 7 one minute guns

were fired from the vessel he had so ably co.mnandcd,

(1894)

This year witnessed the outbreak of hostilities with

Japan, due to the immemorable rivalry between these two

countries for influence in Corca, In the 16th century a

prolonged. war was fought, which ended with the failure of

Japan to make good her footing on the mainland., In more

modern times, 1875, 1882 and 1884, Japsn had repeatedly sent expeditions to Corea, and. had fostered ti-ie growth of a pro- gressive party in Seoul. The cIi±'±'icultie of 1884 were settled by the convention of Tientsin, wherein .t was agreed that in the event of ftrture intervention each should inform

the other if it were decided to deopatch troops to the ten—

tnsula, Nine years later tho occasion arose. A eriou.

rebellion induced. the Qorcan government to apply for mili- tary assistance from China. Early in June of the present

year a small force of Chinese troops was cent to Asan, and

Japan, duly informed, replied by furnishing her minister at

Seoul with an escort, rapidly following up this step by

despatching 5000 troops under General Oshima.

Japan now proposed that the two powers unite to su

press the disturbance, and inaugurate certain reforms, China

consIdered that these measures should be loft to Corca her self. This controversy continucd until about the middle

of July, when it became apparent that, unless China was

willing to abaiidon all claims over Corea, war with Japan

was incvjtblc, At Seoul the issue was. forced by tIo Japan—

cse minister, who delivered. an ultimatum to the Corean gov- ernment on July 20th. On the 23rd the palace was forcibly occupied by the Japanese, and on Auust 1st war was declared,

Rear Admiral Charle 0. Carpenter, commanding the Asiatic Squadron, was jsued instructions relative to prr viding tmost pr6tcction for Amoric n int.erest, duo to the

unsettled conditions in consequence of the war. During the

latter part of the year, when the Japanese arinr apDroached

quite near to Peking t:oro was occasion for groat cZcite— mont, Riots occurre. with frequonc, foreigners were unwelcome, and the foreign diplomatic representatives were

a.pprehensive for their om safety. Admiral Carpenter, who

was on his flagship, the Baltimore, at Nagasaki, Japsn, at

the time, received a cablegram to proceed at once, and

place his Marine guard at the disposal of the American

Minister, Colonel Charles Denby., at Peking, to protect the
(China) 31

Legation, The Baltimore sailed on the 2nd of December, and

arrived t. Chefoo on the afternoon of the 4th. Preparations

were immediately instituted for the Marines, under Captain

George F Elliott, to embark aboard the .etearner Yikcan,

and proceed for Tientin, for further transfer to Poking if

required0 Captain Elliott. went on board with his detachment about 7 o'clock in the evening of the 4th, and started for Taku, However, he was later compelled to transfer from the Yi1sang to a tug to complete the journey to the latter place. Here he engaged rail transportation for himself and men to Tientin, and. ter riding in open cars for over two hours arrived at his destination, late in the evening of the 6th, all nearly frozen because of the cold weather and lack of protectione

As soon as he arrived at Tientein, Captain Elliott reported aboard the Monocacy, which was lying at anchor in

the river0 The Marines had actually made a landing, oven

though they were prevented- from proceeding on to Pcking, due

to an ödiot issued by the Emperor forbidding foreign troops

toenter the Chinese capital. Other foreign nations were

represented by vessels and detachments of marines, all in

readiness to proceed. to Peking to protect their legations

(1895)

This year was ushered in and found the Marines still

at Tientsin where they were awaiting eventualities. In

February Admiral Carpenter ordeed that Captain Elliott be

instructed -to proceed to Peking, for the purpose ol' conferring with Colonel Denby relative to arrangements for housing facilities, and the feeding of the men, should

theIr presence there be reauired. Also, to learn the intentions of the missionaries should the Japanese invade the

Pichili district, and move on the cap:Ltal. Twenty—five

thousand Chinese troops lined the route from Tiontain to

Peking, and rail transportation was impossible. Not to be

outdone by these obstacles, this resourceful and experienced

officer of e:ican Marines, Captain Elliott, finally se—

cure4 a horse, and mad-c the trip of over 80 mileS to Peking

in two days.

During his stay in Peking, Captain Elliott together with Paymaster Cowie, U.Se Navy, acted as military attaches

upon the occasion of Colonel Denhy's audience with the

Emperor of China0 Prince Lung begged Oolonl Denby, in the name of the Emperor, to drav up a request to the Japanese

asking them to receive a peace commissioner. Pending these negotiations, it was not dcsired to dospatch the American

Marines to the capital, and Captain Elliott returned to the

Monôcacy at Ticntin, Peace having bocn declared on the
(China) 32

10th of LTay, Captain Elliott and his Marines weie odered to

return to their own vessel, the Ba1timo, which waR then at

Nagasaki,. They left Tientsin on the lSth, proceeded aboard

the Concord and Yorktovm, and rejoined their ship on the 2Othof the same month.

(1898)

Shortly after the close of the Chinese—Japanese War., a great reform movement began throughout China. The foreign

powers apparently underrated. this reactionary movement

against the aggressive spirit of Western civilization,

Foreign methods which had been amply illustrated by the war.,

had produced a considerable impression upon the, people of

China. From the tcaty ports Chinese newspapers spread the

fermentation of neW ideas far into the interior, Early in

the year, the Emperor, having emancipated himself from the

control of the Dowager—Empress, summoned several reform

loaders to Peking, requesting their council. The Empress

resisted the rcform movtment in every possible way., and. in the middle of September a report became current that the

Emperor intended to seize and deport her to the interior. The Empress, no doubt, was cognizant of this plan of the Emperor, and saw her opportunity to regain control of the

government. The Emperor had neglected to inculcate the

army with his ideas of reform, which facff was known to the

Empress, and on the night of the 20th she saw to it that

soldiers were surreptitiously permitted to enter the Empcrors palace. Ho was seized, made a prisoner, and the following day compelled to iscue an edict restoring the

empress to the regency, In the following month, October, the reaction to the reform movement had already been accompanied by such a recrudoBcdnco of anti—foreign fccling that foreign ministers at Peking wore apprehensive for the safety of their nationals, themselves, and their Lcgtions.

Mr. Edwii H. Conger relieved Ooonel Denby as United. States Minister to China, prior to this coup do main, When this happened he considered that a.Marine Guard should be established at the Legation in Peking and the Consulate at Tientsin, The American Consul at the latter place was Jaes W. Ragsdale, who, it appeared, shared in this belief. Ad—

miral.George Dewey was commanding the Asiatic Station, and when the question was put up to him for decision, he agreed

with the Minister and issued the necessary instructions for the guards to be sent0 The cruisers Baltimore, Boston, and Raloih were then in Chinese waters, and Captain Frank Wildes (ston), being the senior naval officer, directed that Firct Lieutenant Robert MoM. Dutton, commanding the Mar:incs of his vessel, together with a certain number of Marines

from all three ships, be despatchod to Peking. On the 4th

of November, the detachment, consisting of 5 men from the
(china) 33

Boston, 5 from the Raleigh and. 8 from the Baltimore, pro—

ceecied to Peking, and established the Legation Guard-. On

the 12th of the srne month, Lieutenant John Gibson, TJ.S.N.

of the Bostfl, was detailed to command the Marine Guard at

the consulate at Tientsin. This guard consisted of 30

Marines taken from the same three ships, and it proceeded

on this date. Each guard was provided with full equipment,

including one Gatling gun with a large supply of ammunition.

(1899)

At the beginning of this year, conditions not having

improved to any great extent, the American Marines were

still on duty guarding the Legationat Peking, and the Consulate at Tientsin. However, the unsettled state of affairs

then existing was confidently expected to take a turn for better in the near future. This expectancy was well founded, and bSr the middle of March they had so improved as to

make a Marine Guard no longer a necessity. consequently,

both the Legation and Consulate guards were withdrawn on

the 15th of March. They proceeded by train to Shanghai,

where they reported aboard the Monocagz and Zafiro the 17th

for further transfer to their respective ships.

(1900)

The reactionary tide which began in 1898, continued

to rise during the latter part of 1899, and. into the present year when it may be said to have reached its climax

in the destruction of several Christian villages, whose

converts were massacred, and the murder of two Inglish

missionaries, in the latter part of May and the first two

days of June. The origin of the ulmoxerlt movement is obscure, but its literal translation is: "The fist of righteous harmony.'t Thethr the Empress Tsz'e Hsi and her

Manchu advis3rs had deliberately set themselves to avert

the danger by deflecting a revolutionary movement into anti—

foreign channels, or whether with Oriental heedlessness they

had allowed it to grow until they were powerless to control

it, they had unquestionably resolved to take it under their

protection before the foreign representatives at Poking had

realized its gravity. Threats against the foreigners went

on increasing — the Boxers openly displaying their banners,

on which was the following inscription: "Exterminate the

foreigners and save the

Covering a period of over fpur months, the foreign

ministers at Peking made representation after representation

to the Chinese government seeking a cessation of the Boxer

movement, but to no avail. By this time (May), the whole
(China) 34;

city of Peking was in a state of turmoil — murder and p11— lage were of daily occurrence, The reactionary prince, Than, and the Manchus generally, together with the ICan—suh soldiery under the nctorious Tüng—fu—hsiang, openly sided with the Bcxers. The European residents and a large numbe of native converts took refuge in the British legation. On the 11th of June the chancellor of the Japanese legation

was murdered by Chinese soldiers, while two days later most of the foreign buildings, churches and mission houses in the eastern part of the Tartar City were pillaged and hu±nt, and hundreds of native Chinese converts were massacred, As if

this, was insufficient to satisfy their hatred for everything foreign, they pcrpetrated and carried

ribJ,e out still another hor—

crime on the 2Oth — that of the unprovoked murder of

Baron von Ketteler, German Minister, whilst on his way to

the Tsung—Li—yen; a little later in the same day Chinese

troops opened fire upon the Legatien.

Cables and telegraph lines were choked ith messages

beseeching assistance for the defense of the foreiçn lega— tion. However, this means of communication was soon ended,

as well as all other methods, by the action of the Boxers

in severing all lines of communication leading in to Peking. A small force of Marines and bluejackets, among which were

twenty—seven American Marines, under Captain Newt H. Hall

from the OreRon, and 25 others from the Newark, under

Captain John. T. Myers, who had been landed at Taku on the

24th and 28th of May, respectively, together with those o

various other nationalities had reached the city before the

Boxers had encircled it with troops, but this force was so

insignificant, compared to that which the Boxers now mustered, that the effective defense of the legations could not

long be expected,

Vi"ce Admiral Sir Edward H. Seymour, of the Br.tish

Nar, headed a force consisting of 112 American Marines and

sailors, under the command of Captain B,. I-I. McCalla, U.S.!!,,

together with Austrian, British, French, German, Italian

and Japanese marines and sailors and proceeded on June 5 to the relief of the foreic<n lesatiens in Peking. However, on th,e 19th, aster having suffered severe losses, this com- bined force was compelled to abandon the expedition and re- turn to Tientsin. On the 22nd, during the retreat, this

force met stubborn resistance about eight miles outside of

the city of Tient sin .proper. Their progress had been checked by a strong Chinese Boxer force which was in position in the Siku Arsenal. The force under Admiral Seymour attacked

this position with vigor and much bravery and after a few hours fighting his force was enabled to dislodge the Boxer

force and take possession of the Arsenal themselves. The
(China)

reinforced Boxer

held the relief c

by reinforcements

forces

oltntin

from

the Arsenal and

they were relieved

In the meantime, the American government was by no

means idle. The nearest American forces which could he

drawn upon to furnish reinforcements, wore those stationed

•in the Philippines, consisting of Marines and array troops.

Rear Admiral George C Reamey was in command of the Asiatic

Statibn, and he was directed to furnish all possible assistance to the beleaguered legations in Peking. He, in turn, ordered all available Marines from Manila and Olongapo to

be despatched to Takp in preparation for the. march on Peking. Major Littleton W,. T Waller, with 7 other officers, to- gether with 131 Marines sailed from the Philippines on the

Newark, on the 14th of June, arriving at Taku four days later. The commanding general of the United States army

forces, also despatched several companies o' the 9ths and

14th Infantry, and Reilloy's battery of artillery, under command of Brigadier General Adna iR Chaff cc, but these

troons did not reach China until some time after the Marines

had arrived.

Upon arrival at Taku, Major Wailer immediately landed

his force, and started the march to Tong—ku, some 13 miles

distant. At this latter place was the terminus of a railway to the interior, bt the track was torn ui. in numerous

places, and the rolling stock had been deserted. After

surmounting many difficulties, repairs were finally made to

the track and rolling stock, and a train prepared for the

transportation of the Marines toward Tiontsin.

212-626 0—78 —4

however, invested

beleaguered until

other sources.

While on the march from Taku to Tong—ku, Major Whller

and his force overtook a battalion of Russian infantry, consisting of approximately 450 officers and men, who joined

his force, and in company marched on to Tong—ku. They also

accompanied the American Marines on the train towards

Tientsin. This combined force arrived at a point about 12

miles from Tientsin at about 11 o'clock on the nic;ht of June

20th, where they went into bivouac. It was Major Valler' s

intention to wait here until reinforcements should arrive —

believing his own force together with the Russians, was much

too small to begin active operations. However, the Russi?n

commander appeared so anxious to bepin the forward march

that Major Wailer finally yielded, and joined the advance.

Early on the morning of started the advance and, by

point opposite the imperial

fire. Lightly at first, but

considerable accuracy. The

the 21st the combined force

half after six, had reached a

arsenal, when the enemy opened presently heavily, and with Americans and Russians, being
(China) 36

outnumbered more than two to one, were forced to retreat after two hours of saninary •fihting — the AmeriCan

Marines suffering 3 killed end 7 wounded. The Mtrines•, dur- ing the retreat, took up tiie dangerous position o roar guard, and successfully fought off all pursuers. About the middle of the afternoon the force reached their oriinal

base, 12 miles distant from Tientsin, where they awaited

reinforcements, Major aller's estimate of the situation

had been proved correct,

Reinforcements arrived during the night of the 22nd, and consisted of additional Russian soldiers, an English

force, German, Italian and. Japanese — the total of all arms

approximating 2000 officers and men. The commanders of the allied troops iow held a conference, which ended by s.n agre mont to again take up the s.dvance early in the morning of

the 24th, advancing in two columns. This plan was carried

out, and by 4 OtCiock, the columns encountered stiff resistance, but forced their way into the city about noon. By

this time Major Valler's. Marines had suffered 4 killod and

11 wounded. The hole allied force now rested for the remainder of the day. The respite was short, because soon

after midnight of the 25th, they moved on to the relief of

the beleaguered force under Vice—Admiral Seymour, rho, it will be remembered was invested in Sil:u arsenal. This

mission having been accomplished, the whole force moved back to Tientsin early in the morning of the 28th.

The Russians made an attack on the arsenal the 27th —

the one where Major Wailer was repulsed on the 21st — 'out

were forced to call for reinforcements. Major aller sent

1 officer and 40 of his Marines to their assistance, but placed them under the direct command of Commander Craddock,

British Navy. And with this added force, the Boxers were

drivenout, the fortification captured, and the enemy put to flight, Major Wailer, in closing his report of the operations, makes this rather pessimistic statement: "There

seems small chance of any movement toward Peking for three weeks, ' No doubt he had reference to what he believed an

inadequate force, and to the lack of cooperation on the part of the different commanders, with special reference to

the Russian commander, General Stessel, vtho styled hir:self, ilGeneral commanding allied forces.U

Major Wailer predicted that should a considerable delay

ensue before the advance on Peking be taken up, the 3oers

would bring in reinforcements which would prevent, or at least deter an early march to the relief of the 1eations. Again his estimate of the situation was correct because
(China) 37

the Chinese did send reinforcements to the number of some

10,000 officersand men, under the command of General Ma Sen

Yuan, while some of the allied commanders v:ere tryini to

bring about a unity of action of all. The British, Japanese

and the mericens were in accord as to the nece3sity of

quack actton, hut the others, particularly General Stessel,

would not lend their cooperation for such a move.

The net result of this lack of cooperation was, as

previously stated, the advent on the scene of a large force of Chinese troops, which must he defeated before an advance by the Relief Expedition was possible. It was not until

July 8th that the commanders, less General Stessol, who Li3intained a status quo, finally came to an agreement, end

a plan adopted for the continuance of the advance. This

was ordered for the following morning, the 9th, and. was carried out. The American Marines carried, their part of

the line, captured the arsenal, and tbere maintained LtCr.i— selves though outnumbered by about ton to one. The Russians

were not permitted to remain idle for long, however, for.

the other forces drove the Boxers in their direction, when

they wore compelled to teicc en active part for their own

safety. A result of this inactivity on the part of the Russians early in the attack, was the causing of the whole

force to consolidate their position when they mi:ht have pushed on and defeated the enemy with assistance of the Russian troops.

Nothing could be done now excepting' to hold the positions gained and wait for additional allied troops. Those

oe2te on the 12th in the way of United States Marines, under

the command of Colonel Robert L. Meade, together with 1? other officers and 300 acn. At a conference, hold shortly

after Colonel Meade's arrival, it was agreed to oontine the

attack the following morning, the 13th. Colonol Moado

placed his own force and that of Major Wailer under the

direotton of the British commanaer, Brigadier General A.R.F.

forward, and they fought side by side of the English troops

all day. At S o clock that night General forward ordered

the mon to "sleep on their arms," and continue the attack

on the 14th. This plan was carried out, and the Allied Relief Expedition entered the "Walled City" at B in the morn—

inc. After the city had been taken, General forward addressed a letter to the American commander, in which he

complimented the Marines in the highest terms.

Shortly after the fail of Tientsin, Colonel Meade 173,5

relieved and ordered to other duty. His detachment left

the Marines again under the commá.nd of Major aiier. How—
(China) 36

ev, on August 3rd, Major rTjlljam P. Bjcblle an'i-yod with

additional Marines end, being senior, relieved. Major Wailer. This new force of Marines brourtht their total to 1-82 officers and men. The following day, the 4th, the long delayed march on Peking commenced. During' this long trek, lasting ten days, only two contacts of note were had with the enemy — the first at Pietsang on the 5th, and the second at Yangtsun the 6th. The American Marines did not take part in the first, hut in the second, the Marines, the 9th eid 11th Infantry units and Reilleyts battery of the 5th Artillery, were all en;agod. This attack r;as of short duration, and the Allied column continued its advance.

The Allied force arrived before the gates of Peking on

the 14th of August, and on the next day the Imperial City was attacked and later captured — the United Stetes Marines leading the attacking force, They took a oosition over the Chien—nen gate, and cleared the barricades to permit the artillery to fire on the paoda. Shortly after, two coi: panics of the Marine force wore posted in the pagoda, v/hue the 2nd Battalion took up a pocition along the wall, rom which they opened a heavy rifle fire on the Chinese troops in the Imperial City. The Chinese resisted stubbornly, hut were finally driven out, leaving the Marines in co:rolete possession of the gate, On the 16th they captured the west gate — holding both until the 19th, when they moved into the Tartar City,

During the fighting of the 15th, Captain David D. Porter (of the famous Porters of the Navy), together vjith First Lieutenant -Leof M. Hardthg, cantured several Chinese flags in a most gallant manner.

While the Allied force was engaged in reducing the

fortifications of Tientsin, relieving the beleaguered force

under Admiral Seymour, and making its maroh on Peking, the United States Marines from the Newark and Oregon (mentioned previously), were e::periencin; their own troubles j"i an en- deavor to hold of f the Boxers until help should arrive0 Their experiences and activities probably can best be told

by using the words of the American Minister himself, Honor- able Edwin H. Conger, as contained in his official report to the Secretary of State: "To our Marines fell the most

difficult and dangerous portion of the defense by reason of our proximity to the a:reat wall and the main city gate, over which the large guns were plonted. Our legation, with the position which we held on the wall, was the key to the whole
(China) 39

sItuation. This given up, all, including many Chinese

Christians, would. at once he driven into the British lega—

tion and the congestion there inceased by several hundred.

The United States Marines acquitted themselves nobly. Twice

were they driven from the wall, a-nd once forced to abandon

the legation, but each time, reinforced, immediately retook

It, and with only a handful of men aided by ten Russian

sailors, cud for a few days a few British marines, held it

to the last againt several hundred Chinese, with at least

three pieces of artillery. The bravest and most successful

event of the whole seige was an attack led by Cntain Myers, of our Marines, and 55 men — American, British and Russian —

which resulted in the capture of a formidable barricade on

the wall, defended by several hundred Chinese soldiers,, over 50 of whom were killed. Two United States rines were

killed and Captain Myers and a British Marine wounded. This

made our position on the wall secure, and it was held to

the last with the loss f only one other uan. * * * I cannot close this dispatch without gratefully mentioflin3? the

splendid service performed by the United States Marines, who arrived here on May 31, under the command of Captaift

Myers. * * * Their conduct won the admiration and ratitude

of all, and I bog you to kindly communicate the fac3s to

the Navy Department."

The United States Marines remained in Peking until

September 28th, when they were ordered back to. the Philippine

Islands. At the same time, all of the United States Army

units were likewise withdrawn, except the Legation guai'd

which, contrary to custom, was composed entirely of army

troops instead of Marines0

(1905)

It was previously mentioned that a company of the 9th

United States Infantry v'a s retained as a guard for the American Legation at Peking, China, after that city was captured by the Allied Relief Column in August, 1933, and

which was cohtrary to the usual custom. During the fore

part of this year considerable corre$pondence passed between the Departments of State, t?ar and Navy, the American

Minister, Marine Corps Headquarters, and tb Executive

Office of President "Teddy" Roosevelt, relative to substituting the Marines for the Army unit at the Legation. The

final result of these communications was an order signed by

direction of the president, on the 31st of July, directing

that the United States Marines relieve the 9th In±antry

unit as guard at the American egation in Peking.
(China) 40

This order was transmitted to tho Coln17,ndant of the

Marine Corps, Brigadier General Commaridn:t George F. Elliott, who, in turn, instructed the coimmciing officer of the lt Brigade of Marines, stationed, in the Philipine 5, to detail

2 officers and 100 picked man, and transfer them to Peking. In accordance with this direetion, Captain Harry Leo, First Lieutenant Thomas Holcomb, Jr0, and 100 men wore oolccted, embarked abo.nrd the army transport Loan, proooedec1. to China and relieved the U.S. Arm:r unit on the 12th of Scptc;mber. Bcrinnjm with this data, and contjnu1ar until the present, (1934), the United States Mc.rjncs have maintained. •the Amer 1—

can Legation Giard. in Poking.

(1911)

The refori movement : ich began soon aster the Chi:iese—

Japanese r, continued to a more or less extent to the present, and as a result internal a±'fairs renainecl in an unsettled state. Frequent uprisings occured, and marauding bands roaried at will. Foreigners were mo1sted, Property

damaged, and not a 15w kiftzappings vrere perpetratec1. As

usual tne United States kept naval vessels iii Chinoe waters

to render assistance to Americans when such became necesary

On the 4th of Novembei two of these ships, the AThir, under the command of Commander H. H Jackson, snd the Rainbow, under Lieutenant Com:jander A. M. Mitchell, wero at

Shanghai looking after Amoiicen interests. On the morning of this date a Chinese officer, General Ttcet Sun, went aboard, the first na:ied veseel, reporting that the revolution- ary forces were in command of the river. In view of this

condition, the two cable companjest property (cea Northern

and Commercial), was in danger of being damaged. The Alb

was moored to the dqck, and. the Ratubow was anchored in the

stream, when, in consequence of the had situation a;hcre, the latter ship sent 24 Marines to the former, to be used as guards if required, Commander Jackson, be1ievii' such

action necessary, dospatohed 12 Marines to each of the cable

stations on the evening of the 4th. They remained on this duty until the 14th, when they were withdravrn, and- returned

to the Rainbow.

(1912)

The revolution for the overthrow of the Manohu dynasty, which had its inception in the previous year, as well a.s a
(China) 41

continuance of the reform movement, kept intnrnal fairs

in a conetant state of upheaval. Rear Xdmiral ie'inald F.

Nicholson, who had relieved Xctpiiral hurdock in July of this

year, wac keeping a close -r-atch over affairs, snd toking

every nrecautjcn for the safety of Americans and .Xmerican

interests. On the 24th of Auust he ordered one company

of Morines from the Rainbow, under command of Captain Thomas

C. Turner, to be landed on Kentucky Island. They remained

asnore s or two days, wnen they were ntndravm. Anotner

force was landed on the 2bth at Csmp Niceolson, and remaiied until the 30th, when it too, was withdrawn.

(1913)

During this year, especially around Shanghai, the

revolutionary troops were quite active. The Albany, under

the command o Commander Mark L. Bristol, and. the Rainbow,

under the command of Lieutenant Commaxider Day. Hurti)augh,

were at anchor at Shanghai at the time when, on July 7th, Commander Bristol (learned it nebessary to land a fo:oo of Marines to protect the interests of the United States, but was withdrawn the sar1e day. On the 25th of the sane mon:eh

itagain becane necessary to land Marines for the protection of Mterican interests. The flbany landed a force in

the evening of this date, as did also the Rainbow, under

the command of Lieutenant—Commander ?urtsbaugh. These

forces were withdrawn on the morning of the 29th, but they were again landed the same evening, and remained until the

14th and 17th of August, respectively.

(1922)

Internal politteal affairs in China had not resolved

themselves into a tranquil state duiYñg the years since the

last landing by United States Msrineo. In fact, during this year conditiens grew worse, which caused the Legation Guard

to he strengthened, and other landings as well. Conrander

Louis C. Richardson, of the Alhany, received instructions

the latter part of April to land his Marine detachment, un- der the command of Captain Chtrles H. Martin, as a rein—

forcem ent for the Logation at Peking. They landed on the 28th, and remained until the 25th of May, when they were

withdrawn. A battalion of Mrines, under the command of Captain Roy C. Swink, served for a time aboard the Huron, wore landed at Taku on the 5th of May, and proceeded to Shanghai, where they remained until the 11th.
(China) 42

(1924)

was still

danger to

in ØT001'OSS dur—

United States ir property, and American interests, it 'Has

le to land Me.rines. on seversl different occa—

iret landing took pleas on the 6th of October On tills date the Marine detachment of the

men), uncle: First Lieutenent John T, Thorn— 1st Expeditionary Force (ioi men), under Cap- s.. Kieren, were landed due to the unsettled

that place. The Asheville' s detachment was

other force remained ashore, Expeditionary Force proceed—

landed there on the 4th of

Qn duty for the remainder

The beginnin of this yea: Company, and the detachment last Sin and Shanghai, respectively.

found the

mentioned

Tue first

2nd Provisional

above, at Tient—

mentioned was

The rovo lut ioni'y mo-rement ing this ycar and because of the citizens, the

found advisab dons, The f

at Shanghai.

Asheville (31 ton, and the

tam Francis

conditions at

withdrawn on the

On the 31st of 0

ed from Shanghai November, where of the year.

24th, but the etober the 1st

to Tieutsin,

they c onti nued.

(1925).

The first of this year found the 1st Expeditionary Force still ashore at Tientsin. They remained there un- til the 8th of February, when they were withdrawn to the Asheville, On the 15th of anu2xy, the M.rine detachment

of the Sacramento (28 men), under First Lieuten;t Eonai.:rd N. Stent, was landed at Shanghai, arid remained on shore until the 22nd, About the middle of' January a Second Ex- peditionary Force was orc.anied in the Philippince, uncle:

command 0± Captain dames P. Sciivïerin, proceectoci to Shang— hal on the n±kcr, Eerie and Thiilc, landed at Shanghai on the 22nd of January, end remained there until the 0th of Februarir, when they were withdrawn, and returned to the Philippines. In the first part of June the 2nd Provision- al Company (12? men), uncte from tao Philippines and remaining

iithclr awn until the and the l, let of Jul

commend of

ShcLnghaj.

there

to the

9th of st of

y the Captain

until the

Ab are nda.

November, this year Mr:'rine dot

drawn,

Omar T.

0 ember,

r Ceptain Angus Wilson seiled

landed at Shanghai on he 9th; 29th of August, when they were

They remained on this vessel when they landed at Tientsin, foimd them still there, On the

achment of the Huron, under the

Villieni P. Richards, was landed at until the 29th, when rith•—

69 men, tinder Captain

on the 30th of' Dc—

, vrhore they remained Still ano

Pfeiffer,

titer detachment of

landed at Shanghai

(1926)
(China)

withdrawn to the Sacramento on the 9th of June, and the

latter. to the Pecos occcl2th of March,

In the latter part of this ycer the fighting between the different factions increased to such an extent that

Rear Admiral Clarence S. Williams, commanding t:ae Asiatic

Fleet, deemed it necessary to despatch a cone.idcrc,hle force

to the scene of most danger which, ot the time, appeared

to be Chingwangtao0 He ordered two officers CaDtrins

Walter E. McCaugstry and Carl F. Men, and ide enlisted Marinas from Guam to be embarked on the Gold Star, and sail without delay. They sailed on the 7th of November, and

landed at Chingwangtao on the 12th.

(1927—1934)

The force lost mcntieed wqo riugmented by the nddi—

tion of the Expeditionary Battalion, consisting of the 88th,

39th, 90th and 91st Companies, under the oommarcl of Major Samuel. P. Budd, who embarked aboard the Pecos at Cavite, proceeded to Shn ghai, and landed there on the 9th of Fe

rudy, to assist in guarinc the International Sctlemeut.

While this battalion woe being orgnnized and despatched

to China, Admiral Williams had requested additional sorces

from the United States, The 4th Poaiment of Marines was

at San Diego, and it was quickly put in condition for ser- vice overseas. The Regiment, less the 2nd Br ttalion, un- der the command of Colonel Charles S. Hilly was embarked aboard the Chrxm, sailed on the 3rd of February, arrived on the 24th, but did not land to remain ashore until the 13th of March,

Captain George Vt. Steele, Jr. , in the Pittsburgh, arrived at Shanghai about the middle of January, and on the 4th of i;iarch was oldered. to send o lathing force to retake

the MCif.2.Q XIV, a Standard Oil Companyt s vessel which had been commandeered by Chinese troops in the vicinity of Hangchow on the 19th of the previous munth. Captain Steele detailed Lioutenant—Coumorider V1.A. Edwards, two squads of Marines and two squads of bluejackets, who proceeded im- mediately and re-1ained custody of the ship, returning it

to the Standard Oil Company.

On the 25th of March, Captain Harold S. Fassett, 3cc— end Lieutenant Edwin C. Fenguoon and 62 Marines landed at Shanghai to act as a patrol for the Lund, They returned

aboard shortly before neon the following day. ATzni.n on the

31st the Marines were landed, and remained ashore until the 3rd of April. About the same time, Commander Irving H. May—

field, in the Sacramento, was also at Shanghai, and en the 24th of March sent First Lieutenant John M. Greer and 16 of
(China) 44

his Marines ashore at Pootung to guard the property of the Universal Leaf and Tobacco Company. This detachment return- ed on the 19th of April.

n March 6th, Brigadier General Smedley I Butler, with several stufi ofncess, left San Fiancieco for bhe Orient, where, upon his arrival, he took over command of all United States Uarine units then on shore, On the 26th

of this se month, Admiral Williamsag em requested more Marines, as the forces then present would be incapable of handling a serious sItuation. In compliance with this lest request, the Stn Regiment, less the 3rd Bottalion, tne 3rd Brigade Headquartcr and Headquartere Cerepany, 3rd Brigade Service Company, one battery of 75—mm, tractor—drawn ar--

tillery, and one squadron of scouting, pursuit and amphibi- an planes, the whole under the command of Colonel Harold C. Snyder, wore sent from San t'iego to Shanghai on the 7th of April on board the Hendern, arriving there on the 2nd of May. Before those met reinforcements had reached China, the 2nd. Battalion of the 4th, and the 3rd Battalion of the 6th Regiments, together with the .1st Battalion of the 10th (artillery) Regiment, less one battery one li'zht tank

platoon, the 5th Company of engineers Mnines5, and the

remainder of the 3rd Brigade aviation force, were des—

patched to the Philippines on the DolJrar Line Steamer Lre.i— de_Gro, where they arrived on the 4th of May, at along— apo. Soon after these unite. arrived, they were farmed into a provisional regiment. On the litn of April tne Guam avi- ation detachment sailed, arriving at Shanhai on the 25th.

Abov.t the middle of May, the lot Battalion of the 10th Regiment, the 5th Company of Engineers, and the light tanh

platoon, was despatched from Olongapo to Shanghai to rein- force the 6th Regiment, arriving there on the 21st. About this time Tientsin resolved itself into a danger area for

______

all foreigners, and the 6th Regiment, loss the 3rd Battalion, Harry under Colonel Snyder, the let Battalion of the 10th Regin-ient, Lay under one light tank platoon and the 5th (engineer) Company, less one platoon, sailed from

Shanghai for Taku on the. 2nd of June, for further transfer to Tientsin, where they arrived on the 6th. General Butler proceeded to flentein and took chmmand at that piece, leav- ing the 4th Regiment at Shanghai.

Since the arrival in Ctzina of the unite above mentioned, United States Marines have continued. on duty in that country up to the time of this writing — August 31st, 1934 — although their strength has been matorially reduced, the Fourth Regiment alone having been stationed in China since

the 24th of Juary, 1929.
III, 102;

• Navy An.

42; i.

; isi., 1

Marine

Colium's Hist.

Rep., 184, 24;

1899, 922;

905, 1233—1234;

Corps Archives;

(China) 45

References: Cooper's Hist. Navy,

U.S. Marine Corps, 106—108; 8cc

id., 1895, 526—528; id., 1898, II, ide, 1900, 3-6, 14845O, 1116-1132

id., 1312, 14,590; id., 1922, 822;

St Dept. Archives; Navy Archives; mandant An0 R.p0, 1927, Lois of

P1youth, Bal gthore,

A shevi lie,

Eaj or—General Corn—

9; Portsmouth, Poatan,

Levant, San_Jcinto, MiooTssippi, Waciiusett,

1eviark, 0rcon, Tbny,Turon, Rainior,

SaC rnCntO anc1 Pitt SDU.
COLOMBIA 46

(1860)

For many years Colombia had endeavored to throw off

the Spanish yoke. Revolution followed revolution, but

none seemed to gain the desired end, until the advent of Bolivar •in the year of 1819, when he accomplished his

most striking achievement by suddenly crossing the

inundated ilanos, the Andes, fell upon the advance guards

of the royalists, effected a union with Santander, routed

the Spaniards at Boyaca on August 7th, marched into

Bogota three days later, and assured the independence of

New Granada.

The United States was the first foreign goverment to

recognize the independence of Colombia, and comparative

tranquility reigned until about 1858, when unrest and

rumblings of revolutionary tenor began among the different

factions of the populace. These manifestations later grew

into open hostilities and, by 1860, a well defined revolt

tion was in progress.

Commander William D. Porter, of the sloop St. Marye

was in the vicinity, and received instructions to proceed

to the bay of Panama to observe conditions and to take

whatever action he deemed necessary for the protection of

American interests, He arrived on July 4th, but as conditions appeared to be tranquil, a landing was not made at

the time. He remained, however, to await further develom

ments. Tins delay proved opportune, for in the latter

part of Septembcr conditions so changed that the landing

of an armed force became necessary. On the 27th the

Marine Guard, under Second Lieutenant Calvin L. Sayre, was

despatched ashore to protect the railroad, and other

American interests, from attacks of the insurrectionary

forces. On the 29th an additional force of 50 sailors,

under Lieutenant Thomas McK. Buchanan, was sent ashore to

augment the Marines. Both the Marines and sailors remained

until the 8th of October, when they returned to their ship.

(1873)

During the first part of this year hostilities again

broke out over the possession of the çovernment of the
(Colombia) 47

together with requests

icans and other forcign

a force of 44 i,Iarines,

Bishop, and about 160

illery, the whole under the

Theodore F. Jewell, of the

the Consulate, American

trouble soon subsided

Tuscarora was withdrawn

flagship returned aboard

In the early part of September the lives and property oI foreiners were again jeopardized because of a renewal

of hostilities between the different factions from the

same causes as had previously existed. Captain Albert G. Clary, commanding tLle Benicn, was the first to ar.ctve at

Panama; he was soon followed by Admiral Steec1.man, in the

Pensacola. The latter arrived on the 18th, and consulted with the American Consul, who apparently thought the coil— ditione warranted the landing of an armed force.

On the 22nd Athüral Steedmor1 turned over his command

to Rear Admiral John J. Almy, acquainted the latter with

the local conditions, and then took his departure. The

following day, 23rd, Admiral Alr.y ordered a landing :Eorce of

100 Marines and. Sa.loro, with two howitzers, under the command of 0aptaii Aaron K. Hughes to proceed ashore fo the

protection of lives and property of foreigners. The Marines

v;ere under the command of Captain Percival C. Pope, and

See ond Lieutenant James V. D' Hervilly of tho Pensacel,

and Second Lieutenant Henry C. Ellsworth of the Scaicia.

Additional officers and men were sent ashore on the 24th,

25th, 26th, 27th and 26th as reinforceirxentq for tho troops first landed. On October 1st Captain Clement I Hehb,

State of Panaaia. Rear Admiral Charles Steedman, U.S. Navy, commander—in—chief of the South Pacific squadron, with his flagship Pensacola and the Tuscarora, arrived

in the 'cay of Panama on May 7th. Upon the request of

the American

of a number

residents ho

Consul of influ

do spate.

0. M. Long, ential Amer

hed ashore

under First Lieutenant Henry J. sailors, with four pieces of art

command of Lieutenant—Commander

Tuscarora, for the protection of

citizens and the railroad. This

hoiever, and the force from the

on the 12th, while those of the three days later.
(Colombia) 48

U.S. Marine Corps, reported aboard the Pensacola for duty,

and the same day, President Niera of the State of Panama,

accompanied by the American Consul visited Admiral Almy

aboard the latter's vessel. On the 4th (October), the

Marines and sailors ashore from the Beis4, returned on

board that vessel, and those from the Pensacola, returned

on the 9th, Admiral Almy remained in the harbor until the 24th, while the Benicia did not take her departure until December 14th,

(1885)

Conditions in the Isthmus remained quiet for about twelve years, but at the end of that time a recurrence of the same trouble manifested itself in the form of another revolution. This time the danger to foreign interests was on 'the Atlantic side, at Aspinwall (now Colon). Commander Lewis Clark, in the Alliance, arrived at this place on the

16th of January, and the following morning received a visit from the knerican Consul RobertX. Wright, Jr., who re- ported the conditions to Commander Clark, and requested that a Marine guard be sent ashore to protect the Panama Railroad Conmany's property. The Marine Guard of this

vessel was under the command of .First Lieutenant Louis

J. Gulick, and the Commander instructed him to select a suitable number of men and proceed ashore on the duty in question. The Marines, were landed on the 18th, and with- drawn the following day.

Less than two months had elapsed before conditions on the Isthmus necessitated the sending of other American war- ships to this land of seeminlv perpetual revolution for the protection of United States interests, Commander Theodore F. Kane, in the Galena, was the first to reach

Asuinwall, where he arrived on the 11th of M:rch, He

consulted with the American Consul, Mr. Wright, and on the 16th detailed Second Lieutenant Charles A. Doyen and 16

of his Marines as a landing party i:or the protection of

American interests, due to the fact that the Colombian

Governmaent had left the city without proper forces to make

sure the safety of foreigners. A little later the same day

1 officer and 12 additional men were sent on shore, and on

the 17th and 19th still more officers and men were likewise despatched.
(Colombia) 49

An incident took place on March 30th, which, but for

prompt action might have had serious consequences. The

American steamer Colon was moored alongside he: wharf, and

at 1:40 p.m. her Ensign was discovered to be hoisted at

the fore, Union dowi. Commander Kane despa.tched Lieuten- ant Charles Judd to learn the nature of her difficulties, and he returned shortly with the information that the Colon had arms and ammunition aboard, and that prestan

(a Haitian negro and one of the chiefs of the insurgents)

demanded their delivery to him, but the captain of the

steamer would not consent.

Upon receipt of this report ommander Kane then

despatcheci. Lieutenant Judd, accompanied by Naval Cadet

Richardson, to communicate with the agents of the Pacific

Mail Steamship Company, Mr. Dow and Mr. Connor, relative

to the munitions aboard the Colon. Cadet Rich.,rdson returned in about 45 minutes with the startling information

that Prestan had arrested Lieutenant Judd, Consul Wright, Mr. Dow and Connor, and intended to hold them in prison until the arms and ammunition were delivered to him, and

lastly, should any force from the alena attempt to land

they would be fired upon, or should the alena herself

fire, all of the prisoners v'ou1d be immediately shot. This

was an ultimatum that no American officer had ever suffered

himself to accept, and Commander Kane being no exception, ordered his starboard battery loaded with grape, and. trained on the insurgents collecting on the Pier and. Dock

of the steamship company. This act had, the desired effect,

for in less than an hour Lieutcnsnt Judd returiied., and

stated that the other prisoners han. likewise been released,

so ending the incident.

Commander Kane next moved his vessel as close to the

Colon as practicable, and sent a detail aboard to take her

out into the stream. This accomplished, he then sent a

"coat for the Consul, the agents of the steamship company,

and the general superintendent of the Panama Railroad,

Mr. Burt, to bring them aboard for safety. The agents,

however, could not be located.
(Colombia) 50

The following day (March 31st), a battalion consisting

of Lieutenant Doyen and 18 of his Marines, together with

naval officers and sailors to the strength of 126, were

sent on shore to guard American property, and were stationed at the Consulate, office of the Pacific Mail Company and

the Pan'na Railroad offices, Shortly after this force went

ashore, Colombian troops arrived, and. engaged the Insurgents,

who were compelled to withdraw into the city. About mid—day

a fire broke out in the city near the barricades behind

which the Insurgents had taken up their position, and it

was not long before it was sweeping everything before it;

even the docks ere consumed by the flames. The battalion

on shore assisted in fighting the fire, and in preventing

pillage f the shops, houses, etc.

During the fighting and conflagration on shore, about

300 refugees were cared for on board the Galena. The

majority of these were returned ashore on April 2nd, and

the Panama Railroad furnished them with free transportation

to Panama City. On this date two Insurgents, Antonio

Pautriselle and George Davis, both negroes, were among those

who sought safety on the American man—of—war. These two men

remained aboard until May 6th, when they were sent ashore

under a guard of Marines, and turned over to General Reyes

of the Colombian forces, who ordered them executed by hanging the same day.

The Alliance returned to Aspinwall on April 8th, and

the Tennessee, with Rear Admiral James E. Jouett aboard,

arrived on the 10th. prior to this the Navy Department had

ordered an expeditionary force made ready for immediate duty on the Isthmus consjstjn of Marines and. seamen and this force proceeded thereto oi the steamships City o

Para and capu1co, on April 3rd and. 7th, respectively.

The Marines, under Major Charles Heywood, cailed on the

former vessel and arrived at Aspinwall on the 10th. On the

11th Major Heywood and his battalion of Marines were des—

patched to Panama City (where General Aizpuru of the
(Colombia) 51

Insurgents had retired after his defeat at Aspinwall), for

the protection of United States interests, and to reinforce

the American forces which had been landed from the Shenan—

doah. On the 8th of April this ship had. landed her Marine

Guard, under first Lieutenant Thomas N. Wood, 9 naval

officers, an artillery company and 2 infantry companies of

sailors, the whole under the direct command of Lieutenant—

Commander Edwin Longnecker. This battalion, less the

Marines and the artillery company, returnedto the ship

on the 13th, and on the 17th the Marines returned, but

were landed again three days later to form a part of the

force under Major Heywood. This duty was conti.nued until

the 30th, when the entire force from the Shenandoah returned

to the ship.

Upon the arrival of the Acapulco, on April 15th, Commander B0 H. MoCalla was ordered to assume command of all

forces ashore, and as the Expeditionary Force was considerçd

to be of sufficient strength to cope with conditions on

shore, detachments from the squadron were relieved and re

turned to their ships. On the 21st the headquarters were

moved to Panama, due to the fact that the Insurgents had

transferred their activities to that place, and it was

feared they would destroy this City as they had Aspinwall.

Conditions became so grave that, on the 24th, Commander

McCalla called foi the garrison stationed at Aspinwall,

and the reserve battalion of Marines from the ships of the

squadron. Upon the arrival of this additional force, the

city ras occupied, Aizpuru and his leaders were arrested,

and detained until a stipulation was signed that fichting

should not take place within the limits of the town. Thi

stipulation was signed the following d.ay,and the American

forces were withdrawn to a position at the railroad depot.

Colonels Montoya and Reyes of the COlombian forces

arrived on the 28th. The following day a conference took

place between them, the chief of the Iisurgents Aizpuru,

and Rear Ad.niiraJ. Jouett, which resulted in the capitula

tion of the insurgent troops. This re—establishment of

national authority rendered the presence of the American

expeditionary force no longer necessary, and the geater

part of it was withdrawn on May 16th and by the 25th the

remainder was withdrawn and the entire force returned to

the United States.

(1895)

Again, in the early part of this year, unrest and

212—526 0 - •76 —5
(Colombia) 52

revolutionary end.encies manifested thense1ves on the

Isthmus of Panaa, Due to this almost continuous state of insurrectionary disturbances, the United States kept men— of—war vessels in the ada.cent waters, and. within easy

sailing distance of the Isthmus should their services be required for the protection of A:nerican interests. On March 7th, Captain Bartlett J. Cromwell, aboard the cruiser Atlanta, anchored in the harbor of Bocas del Toro, for the purpose of observinp, conditions, as fighting was in progress between goverrmient troops and some insurgent forces,

The following morning Captain Cromwell received a request to furnish an armed landing force for the protection

of American lives and property. He granted this request,

and selected a "Sergeantis Guard of Marines, together with a company of Bluejaclcets and..a Gatling gun, under the

command of Commander Edward D. Taussig, and deepatched them

ashore with instructions to protect the lives and property

of foreigners. This uprisjn soon quieted, and the landing

.orce was withdrawn the following day, the 9th, but the Atlanta remained in the vicinity for more than a month before leaving for other waters.

(1901)

Slightly over six years had elapsed. since the last

landing by American armed. forces on the Isthmus bei'ore their presence was again required because of a new revolution, — or should one say: a new outbreak, of a continued revo:Lu— tion, occurred in this troubled area. Apparent'y Panama

was determined to gain its indepenr.ence regardless of the

number of years it took or the number of revolutions necessary to gain that objective.

In the latter part of this year the Liberal and Nationa' troops were engaged in a fierce struggle for the

supremacy of authority, in the matter of establishing the

State of Panama as a separate republic. This conflict endangered the lives and property of all foreign residents.

Great Britain and France despatchcci naval vessels to the

area for the protection of their nationals. The United

States also sent several vessels of the navy to the Isthmus

for the same purpose. British interests were represented

by H.M. S. Tribune, while those of France were in care of

the Suchet. The interests of the United States were en—

trusted to the Iowa, Captain Thomas Perry; Concord, Coin—
(Colombia)

mander Gottfi'ied Blocklinger; Marietta, Commander Francis

H. Delano, and. the Machias, Lieutenant Commander Nathan

Sergent.

The 3ritish and French ships were at Aspinwall (Colon),

as were also tvro of the American vessels, the Machias and

Marietta, while the Concord arid Iowa were on the opnosite

side, at Panama. The Mai ie-tta and Concord arrived, on

November 23rd, having been preceded by over a month by the

other two ships. Captain Perry having consulted with the

American Consul, Hezekiah A. Gudger, and other officials,

concluded that a landing force was necessary to protect the

interests of his Government.- He therefore directed a

battalion of Marines and seamen made ready and, at 3:40 p.m.

the 24th, they left the ship and proceeded on this duty. The Marines of the Iowa were under the command of Captain Albert S. McLemore, with Second Lieutenant Edward A. Greene as second in command, while those of the other ships were

in charge of noncommissioned officers, On the 25th the

Concord also sent a battalion of Marines and seamen ashore,

and both forces remained on this service until December 4th,

when they were withdrawn.

While these landings were taking place at Panama, other

landings 'vere 'being made at Aspinwall (Colon), from the

Machia.s and Marietta. These forces landed on the 26th, and

their composition — arines and sailors — was the sxne as

the force landed at Panama. Captain Perry, after despatch—

ing the landing forces ashore at Panama, proceeded to Aspin—

wall and, on the 28th of Move:ibcr, held a confcrence aboard

the Irietta, which was attended by the comnanding officers

of the English arid French vessels, General Alban o the

Colombian troops, and General de la Rosa of the Liberal

army. At this conference it was agreed that the Liberal

forces should demo'blize, turn their arms over to the foreign naval authorities thtn present, and the city relinqi.iished

to General Albants control. The transfer of authority took

place the following day at 2:00 p.m. in the afternoon, and

was accompanied by appropriate ceremonies.

During the time 'that the American landing forces were

ashore, they furnished guards of Marines for all trains of

the Panama Railroad crossing the Isthr;us, the last guard

being withdrawn at (by) 10:00 a.m. the 4th of December.
(Colombia) 54

(1902)

Early the following morning heavy firing was heard

from shoreward, and that evening a boat Was despatchcd

ashore containing Surgeon F.M. Pagan and others, to assist

iii. carrying wounded Colombian soldiers, within the lines established by the American landing force, and the drecs— ing of their wounds. During- the same afternoon the Liberal commander requested Commander MaCrca to communicate with

the Goverrmient leaders, and if practicable arran:e a capitulation for the Liberal forces. About 7:30 that ev ning the loaders of the opposing forces repaired aboard

the Macbias, and together with Commander McCrea draw up

the necessary agreement for the cessation of hostilities.

Early the next morning, the 18th, the Marines and a company of sailors were sent ashore to be present at the surrender of the Liberal forces, which was done in accordance with

the agreement signed the previous day, and the landing force, with the exception of the Marines, were vrithdravm, the latter remaining until the 19th before returnnrc to

their ship.

About mid—afternoon on the 19th, the Colombian gunboat Pinzon and the transport Maroeflus, arrived, and it appeared

that they were loaded with Government troops, under the Command of General Gomez. He was informed of the negotia— tionsentered into by the Liberal arid Government forces ashore, and warned of the necessity of giving the required notice before beginning a bombardment of the tori-n. As General Gomez did not order the Government ships to leave

The cessation of hostilities, brought about by Captain

Perry in the previous November, was of short duration.

Hardly six months had. passed before the Liberal and Government forces were again engaged in open warfare. Commander

Henry McCrea, in the Machias, was ordered from Santo Domingo

to the Isthmus of Panama, where he arrived on the 12th of

April, at Aspinwall. Here Commander MoCrea visited the

American Consul, David H, Hand, and the same evening pro- ceeded to Bocas del Toro, arriving there the fo1lowin day.

The Liberal forces were quite active in this vicinity, and

Commander McCrea despatched several messages to the corn-— mander of these forces relative to the protection of Ameri- can interests. An attack on the town being momentarily

expected, which if carried out would endanger the lives and

property of Americans, a guard of two officers and 28 men were landed on the 16th to furnish the necessary protection.
(Colombia) 55

the harbor, Commander McCrea deemed it advisable to send

another force ashore as a precaution in case fighting

should be renewed. Accordingly, a party of two officers and 28 men were agair landed in the town shortly after

noon of the 20th. About 5:00 p.m. the Colombian transport

went alongside the dock, and disembarked her troops. The

following morning, the 21st, the German steamer cynia

arrived with additional Colombian 'troops, and they were

landed at Old Bank. At the request of General Gomez, Commander IvlcCrea sent his Marine Guard ashore on the evd'ning

of the 21st to guard: foreign interests during the evcuation

of the Liberal forces. This guard returned aboard the

following mortiing.

On the 23rd Commander McCrea sailed for Aspinwall,

where he remained until May 16th, when he received cable

1orders to return to Bocas del Toro. He sailed immediately

and arrived at the latter place about noon the 17th. However, this new difficulty was straightened out without the

landing of another armed force, and the Mach&, after

cruising along the coast and stopping at different places,

sailed for Cape Haitien on July 23rd. Before she sailed,

however, Commander William P. Potter, in the Fnge, had

arrived at Panama. Conditions in this city remained quiet

until the middle of September, when it was necessary to

send a landing party ashore for protection of foreigners.

This party was first landed on the 18th, but withdrawn

each night thereafter until the 23rd, when they were

entirely 'withdrawn.

Conditions at Aspinwall were by no means tranquil.

Commander Thomas C. McLean, in the Cincinnati, arrived at

the latter place on the 15th of September. He found conditions such as to require the landing of an armed force

to protect American intqrests. This force was landed on

the 17th, and part of i'€ was diverted to guard the trains

crossing the Isthmus, while the remainder protected lives

and property in the city. It returned aboard each night,

however, and went ashore each morning until the 21st.

In the meantime the Navy Department had ordered the

Commandant of the Marine Corps to furnish an expeditionary

battalion of his Corps for service in Panama. This

battalion, organized under orders of September 11th, con- sisted of 16 officers and 325 enlisted men, under the com- mand of Lieutenant—Colonel Benjamin Pt. Russell, U.S.M. C, sailed on the Panther the 14th, and arrived 'at Aspinwall
(Co 1 onabi a) 56

(Colon) on the 22nd. The

landed, and went into camp

ber 16th. On this date a

dravrn, and on the 18th the

the Panther.

following day the battalion vas

where they remained until Novem—

part of the battalion was with— entir force returned aboard

References: Ed.er, Qolonibia, 31—35; Sec. Navy An. Rep.,.

1873, 8; id., 1885, XV—XVII; Major—G.eneral Commandant

An. Rep., 1902, 92—993; St. Dept. Archives; Navy Archives; Marine Corps Archives; Logs of St. Mary's,

Pensacola, scarora, Benicia, Tennessee, Alliance,

lena,Atlanta, ner, Concord, Marietta, Machias,

Cincinnati and Panther.

Ga—
COREA 57

(isn)

For several years American sailors, and others, who

were shipwrecked in the waters adjacent to the shores of

Corea, and who had been able to reach land, had been most

foully dealt with by the natives. Many had been murdered

outright, and others heinously treated in various ways.

These conditions became so serious that in the spring

of this year the Amerioan Minister to China, Mr. Frederick

F. Low, was instruoted to arrange a convention with the

Corean authorities for the proteotion of American citizens.

To carry out this mission, Mr. Low enlisted the services

of the Asiatic Fleet, oommanded by Rear AdLmiral John

Rodgers, which was then in the harbor of }Tagasaka, Japan.

Accordingly, Mr. Low boarded Rodger'5 flagship, the Colorado, and the squadron sailed for Corean waters. It

arrived off the Salee River anchorage on May 2lSta After

an exchange of visits on the part of the Coreans and Amerioans, the former seemed satisfied that the mission

was peaceful and friendly. During these visits the Admiral

obtained consent to send a surveying party up the river

to n-take soundings for the safety of commerce and navigation. Such a party was accordingly sent upon this mission;

had prooeeded well above the forts, and were engaged in

making soundings, when suddenly and treaoherouc]-y they were

fired upon from the forts and the shore. The small vessels

which had accompanied the party, hurried into action, drove

the Coreans from their works, and rescued the surveyors.

The American Minister and the Admiral decided that

this outrage should be explained, and a demand made for

reparation. This decision was carried out, the Corean

authorities notified, and a ten day period given for them

to make reply. This period having passed with no reply

from the Coreans, the American officials planned an attack

upon the forts and citadel from whioh the outrage had been

committed.

On the 10th of June the Moneç. and Paloq, with four

steam—launches, carrying a landing party of one battalion

of Marines, commanded by Captain MoLane Tilton, a brigade

of seamen infantry, and seven field pieces, all under the

command of Captain Homer C. Blake of the Alaska, proceeded

up the Salee River to engage the forts. This little

flotilla had not been underway long before the forts opened

fire. This fire was of short duration, for the guns of the

Monooacy and Pales quickly silenced them. Captain Tilton

with his Marines, who were in the steamlaunches, rerO

cast loose and landed — followed immediately by ttie naval

brigade. The landing was most difficult because of deep

mud, scrub, and small arms firing from a redoubt on their
(Corea) 58

right flank. As the Marines advanced, the garrison of the

fort fled, firing as they went, but with no effect. The

Marines entered the fort, spiked the guns, and proceeded

with its dismaiitling while waiting for thO seamen to come

up. Then this work was finished, evening was far advanced, and an order was issued for the entire force to bivouac on

a wooded hill for the night. Incidentally, this was the first time in history that a Western farce had spent the night on Coresn soil.

The following momma, the 11th, an advance was made

on the second line of fortifications. The Marines again led the way. One—third assaulted t,2'e face of the works, the others being held in support. Ioviever, the assault was a bloodless one; the enemy having decamped, and posses- sion was had without firing a shot. The fort was speedily

dismantled, and the attention of the forco was turned to- wards the citadel, which had been the chief offendor in the earlier outrage.

This citadel was built upon the apex of a conical

hill, some 150 feet high from the bottom of the ravine,

through cation which the Marines had to pass to reach the fortifi— The hill was very steep, the walls of the fort joined the acclivity with scarcely a break in the line, and had not the guns of the Monocacy and the howitzers on

shore, shattered the walls, it would have been almost

inipossible for the Marines to scale them. Nothing seemed to be able to check the Marines and sailors; they swarmed over the parapet to come to hand—to—hand blows with the defenders, who were unyielding — giving no quarter and

expecting none — and only when the last man fell did the conflict cease. The remaining forts made no resistance;

the garrisons fled, end the conflict was over with corn—

plete success to American arms The enemy's yellow cotton flag, with its large Chinese cabalistic character in the

center., which flew over the fort, Wa captured by Private Hugh Purvis and Corporal Charles Brown, of the Marine

guards of the Colorado and Alaska.

Commander Kimberly, who commanded the shore operations,

in his report of the affair, says: 9To Captain Tilton and his Marines belong the honor of first landing and last leaving the shore, in 1eadin the e4vance on the march, in entering the forts, and in acting as skirmishers. Chose as the advance guard, on account of their steadiness and discipline, and looked to with confidence in case of difficulty., their whole behaviour on the march and in the assault

proved that it was not misplaced.
(Corea) 59

On the norning of the 12th (June), after having occupied the field of battle :or eighteen hours; Capturing

480 pieces of ordnance, 50 flags among which was the flag of the generalissimo, inflicting casualties upon the enemy

of about 250 killed and many wounded, the whole force returned to their respective ships. The Marine casualties

were two: Private Dennis Harrigan killed, and Private

Michael Owen wounded.

(1888)

The Corean ffpott continued to "bo±l, with an occasional outbreak which threatened foreign consulates, and foreign

citizens and their property. One of these occurred in June

of this year at Seoul, the capital. The American Minister

deemed it serious enough to warrant an armed force to protect the interests of the United States. The Ess, Oo

mandant Theodore F. Jeweli, comnia.nding, was moored in the

harbor of Chemulpo and. the Minister requested him to fur—

nigh a suitable guard, which he did. At 8:55 p.m. on the

19th (June), a landing force of 12 Marines and 13 sailors,

with 1st Lieutenant Robert D. Wairiwight of the Marines,

Ensign Hoggatt and Lieutenant 0. 0. Galloway of the Navy,

commanding, left the ship, marched to Seoul (25 miles) and

reported to the American Minister as guard for the Consu].ate.

This force remained on this duty until the 30th, at which

time they returned to their ship.

(1894)

The war between China and. Japan, which began on July for unrest and disturbed

Real Admiral 1.'ICNeir, t the Baltimore to

near in case the

tance. On the 22nd

palace and the king. Minister requested

__________

a guard. to rotect foreign residents f ccl Captain George F. of a detacbrient of

aymacter s clerk,

WaS the

country. 25th of. this year, conditions in this

cominder—in—chief

Corea to observe a

American Minister

of July the Japane The fo11owixg clay

occasi Oil

In June

, Asiatic Fleet, sen

onditione, and to be

should request assis se troops seized the

(23rd), the American

Captain Day, of the Baltimore, to send

the consulate, missionaries, and other

Seoul. Accordin::ly, Captain Day order

Elliott of the Marines, to take charge

two ensigns, an assistant surgeon, a p

21 Marines and 29 sailors and. procee

intended to send this force by boat.

no pilot available, Captain Elliott

permitted to march, which was agreed

Captain Elliott with the 21 Marines,

d. to Seoul. It was

However, there being

suggested that he be

to by Captain Day.

only, left the ship
(Corea). 60

at 7:30 p.m. the 24th, and marie a night march to the capital. The naval contingent of this force Lr000ecied up the river in boats the next day, and reported to Captain Elliott upon arrival, Elliottts force remained at Seoul until the 26th

of September, when it was relieved 'oy a detachment of 18 Marines from the Cenco, under command of Lieutenant Gill of the Navy. This latter force remained until October 29th,

when it was withdrawn. On the 2nd of November, the Marine Guard of the Charleston, under 1st Lieutenant 3. S. Neumann, U. S.M. C., landed and tool: the place of the guard from the Concord.

(1895)

The beginni.ng of this year found the Marines from the

Charleston still on duty at the Amcrican legation. They remained on this d.uty until March 25th. The Marines from the

Detroit relieved them at this time; remainihg until the 19th

of June, when they returned to their ship. The Legation had

no guard from that date until October 11th, when the jtotrn

landed her guard. This detachment was withdrawn art November

30th, having been relieved by the Marinec of the Machias the

clay before,

(1896)

The Machiact Marines continued their duty as uard -for

the American legation during the early part of this year,

and were hot withdrawn until April rd.

(1904)

In December of

under Captain Arthur

2 other officers and

Islands on the Zafiro

Jtinuary 5th this year,

a guard at -the American

shed the previous year was continued this year, when it was transferred

Islands, joining the 1st Regiment of

202,

Navy A

I nfl-c,

, JJ1⁄4J51.)

_________ ______

Yrs.,

Rolls,

___

the previous year a detachment of Marines,

J. Matthews, U. E.M.C. , consisting of 100 men, sailed from the Philirpine

for Corea, This force lzj;nded on

proceeded to Seoul, and established Legation.

(1905)

The guard

until November back to the Phi Marines at that

e stabli

11th of

li pp inc

place.

References: Collum's Hist. U.S. Ma: inc Corps, Memo Solic. St. Dept., 59, 61, 63—64; Sec. 1871, 27; 1888, xx—xxi; Id., 1894, 523

Monocacy and Pales; Hamersly Gen. Reg., 100

Marine Corps Archives; Marine Corps Muster

310—313;

n, Rep.

of

76;

Essex;
(Corea) 61

Log of Essex, June 83; Torld's Aim., 751; Marine

Corps Muster Rolls Baltimore and Concord; Lo of

Baltioie, July l84; Major—General Commandant An. Rep., lO4, 1168—1189; Marine Corps Chronology; Marine Corps Muster Rolls.
CUB A 62

(1906)

Before this little Island Republic was en years old

a revolution of coasiderable proportions was well underway.

By the middle of this year its affairs were in a chaotic

condition, The officials of the United States felt thai;

there was a poor outlook for a change for the better, and

that intervention was necessary to bring about order, protection to foreicners and the establishment of a stable

regime to administer properly the affairs of government,

All preliminary steps having been completed, the Marine Headquarters was directed, on September 14th, to

assemble three battalions of Marines for duty in the troubled area and, on the 25th of the same month, twQ additional battalions. The first three battalions sailed on the Tacoma, Newark and Minnea,olis on September 16th, 17th and 16th,

respectively. The ad.itional two battalions s..i1ed on the

Prairie, Texas and Brooklyn on October let, 1st and 2nd

respectively. The Dixie transported one company of four

officers and 123 men from San Juan to Havana to complete the

quota of the battalions. While this movement was in process,

the Atlantic Fleet assembled it Marine guards (804 officers

and men), aboard the Kentucky and Indiana on September 24th,

and despatched them to Havana. This latter force, together

with the five battalions mentioned before, gave a total

strength of 97 officers and 2,795 men, which was organized

into the First Provisional Brigade with Colonel L.V. T.

Wailer, U.S.M.C., commanding, This unit functioned under

naval jurisdiction until November 1st. Prior to this date

many of the Marine guards had been returned to their

respective ships, or sent to stations in the United States.

On November 1st the First Provisional Brigade was disbanded,

the First Provisional Regiment formed therefrom, was de--

tached for duty with the Army of Cuban Pacification under

Army juriediction, and remained on such duty until January

23, 1909 when it returned to the United States.

President Theodore (Tec.dy) Roosevelt, in his mecsae

to Congress on December 3, 1906, wrote: was owing in

large part to the General Board that the Navy was able at the outset to meet the Cuban crisis with such instant

efficiency; ship after ship appearing on the shortest

notice at any threatened point, while the Marine Corps

in particular performed indispensable service."

(1912)

Just about three years after the withdrawal of the

Army of Cuban Pacification this island showed distinct signs
(Cuba)

of again breaking forth in revolution. With an Idea of

fore—stalling such an event If it had actually started,

a force of Marines was ordered assembled, and d.espatched

to Cuban waters. Accordin1y, a Provisional Brigade was

formed under the command 0±' Colonel Lincoln Karmany, consisting of the First Regiment, (Colonel Barnett), and

Second Regiment, (Colonel Mahoney). The 1st Regiment

sailed on the Prairie on May 23rd, while the 2nd Regiment

was distributed on nine vessels of the Atlantic Fleet,

(Georgia, Minnesota, MisSiscipp, Missouri, Nebrask,

New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Washingt), and

sailed on the 26th, and 27th for Key West. The Rhode

Island and Washington sailed from Key West and arrived at

Havana on the 10th of June. The Georpia and New Jersey

remained at Key West during the month of June, while the

Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska and Ohi sailed from that

place to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and landed on the 8th of

June. Some of this force served in the interior.

The let Regiment landed at Guantanamo Bay on the 28th

of May, and a few days later was distributed at different points in the eastern end of the island. With the exception

of a battalion of two companies (that remained at Guantanamo Bay), the entire Brigade was returned to the United States

on July 9th, 24th, and August 5th.

(1917)

Conditions remained rather trarui1 for nearly five

years before another outbreak occurred. In February of

this year the political conditions were so turbulent that

landing of American troops was again found necessary. On

March 1st the following ships of the Atlantic Fleet landed

their Marine detachments at various places, mostly in

Oriente Province: Connecticut, 1—19; Machias, 1—31 and

April 1—11; Michigan, 1—3; Montana, 1—22; New York, 3—?;

Olympia, 8—16 and 18—22; South Carolina, 3—4 and. 7—16;

Texas, 7—10. In addition to these detachments, the 24th

Company stationed at the Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay,

was in the interior from March 1st to 27th. In Aust of

this saiiie year, the 7th Regiment of Marines, under command of Colonel M.J. Shaw, was ordered to the Nava.1 Station,

Guantanamo Bay, and ent into cp at Deer Point. On

October 24th, this Regiment commenced to move into the

interior of Cuba, where itS different units were stationed

at San Juan Hill, Bayarno, Camaguey, Guntananio City, and

San Luis, all in Oriente Province. The movement of this

unit into the interior was not primarily for the cUppi'eBSI01
(Cuba) 64

to be active in propaganda and sabotage operations. This

regiment was withdrawn in August, 1919, with the exception

of' two companies which remained at Camaguey until February

15, 1922.

(1933)

References:

An. Rep;

Archives,

Sec. Navy An, Rep;

Marine Corps Muster

Maj or—General

Rolls; Marine

o ormoandant

Corps

of any revolutionary

tended to hove a bone

activities of agents

condition then existing, hut was in—

ficial effect toward minimizi:og the of the Central powers who were known

In this year another upheaval took place in the political condition of this Island Republic, President

Gerardo Machado was deposed and had to leave the country,

However, the American Government decided to maintain a

tthandsoff policy, and let the Cubans work out their own

salvation. Ships of the United States Navy, with Marines

aboard, were in close proximity to observe conditions, but did not make a landing,
DOMINICAi REPUBLIC 65

(1800)

Every United States LNrine should have indelIoly in

pressed upon his mind a picture of the island which flow

contins the Dominican Reiublic, lecause the city of Puerto Plata (Port au Platte), in this republic is the birth— lace of the history of the Landin., other than in time of 'ar,

of his Corps. Lees than two ycare had elapsed since the

reorganization of the iL.xine Corps be2oe jts peroonnel b

gan to make this history, .vhicn was to be recorded in tne

pages of Aer±Ca's notle achieveient. And CDt:in D—

iel Carmick with hj.s Mrines of the frii'ate Oontitutiofl

was the means employed to this end.

Commodore Silas Talbot, one of the first ca'tcins of

tie United States Tavy, was cruising on the Santo Doanngo Station in the early part of this yC:1T. During tiC cruise he conceived and carried out one of the most darin; deeds

ever recorded in the annals of the United States i'Tar —.

that of cuttin: out a valuaole French letter of marque, which was then lying in the harbor of Puerto Plat. under

the protection of the guns of the forts. Until :'eoently

this vessel hac!. been the British packet Sandwi, anc. he

vras thought to have a most valuable CargO aboard.

The frigate Constitution drew too much water for the

enterprize and it was therefore necessary that a -ihip of

loss draft be found in order to carry out the 0omoore'S

plan. An American sloop, the Sall, was located i:•..L the

vicinity, anci. v:as impressed into ecrvice for the e::pcdi—

tion. Captain Carmiok and his Mrrines, togcthr with a detachment of sailorE; fron the ConttUtiC1, were embarked

aboard the Sally, with Lieutenant Isaac Hull in cOm;a:•TIdi,

and the force got underway.

The under Lieutenant :u1l, sailed in. broad day—

1iht; into the harbor on May 12th, and fOUn.c'L the

lyin with her broc1ice be-ih au the .oproaCh u:Yer the

guns of a battery on shore to trotect her. The determined

party of ncriCans in the sloop, not in the least deterred

by this formal array of armament, ran the Sac'i aboard, carried nr urithout the los of a man. As soon as

capture was asured, Ca;ain :.rmick ane- his Marinee, pulled to the shore, made a landmn.: near the battery, captured

it, spiked the un.s, and then rcturned -board the captured

vessel before the enemy could suiron rciiforcmcnt from

tho to-rn. The attack had beea so sudden and determined,
(Dominican Republic) 66

and the shore authorities were so

the Americans, that they made but gain the vessel.

The landing party i:mmediately

captured vessel for 'sea :ut, owing

fioient breeze to make headway from

comoelled to wait until the follot-;j before they could sail their ship, out to SCa, an4 safety. Thus was

history of the LandinR's of United

(1903)

awed by the audacity of

a feeble attempt to reset about preparing the

to the absence of a suf—

the harbor, they were

rig morning, the 13th, and the captured vessel tile first deed in the

States Marines recorded.

Political unrest and revolutionary disturances, with frequent overturns of government, begun as early as 1803, had been continued threugh the suc000ding years, and in this year the country was again in a political and social up- heaval, which threatened the livos and property of all foreigners then within its bounc1arier.

The American Consul—General, Cmpbell L. Maxuall, be- ing apprehensive for the safety of citizens of the United

States, applied to Commander William H. Turner, of the Atlanta, then in Dominican watas, for a:uard of Marines

to he landed; to which the Com:'tander readily agreed. Fir$t Li eutenant Richard 3, McConnell was in command of the Marine

detachment aboard the Atlanta, and he, together with 25 of his men, were detailed to prooeeci ashore to the American Consulate to insure its protection as well as the lives of

foreigners. This-force was landed on April 1st, and remained so employed until the 19th when it was withdraw-n.

(1904)

the neutrality of Dominican waters, and of making certain

ports free, to the exclusion of others. To this Mr. Powell,

the American Minister1 nude a stro protest, and the bill

was withdrawn. In October, the American mail steamer

okee was stopped off Puerto Plata, and a permit to enter

the harbor refused, but she ran the so—called blockade and

discharged her cargo. In November a Clyde line steamer was

fired upon by the Dominican cruiser Presidente, off Sarana.

The cause for the landing of United States forces in January and February had its inception in the latter part of the previous year. In September of that year, the Dominican Government announced its intention of establishing
(Dominican Republic) 67

The insuri'ectionists pparent1y redoubled their effortB

and on the 24th of November, the capital surrendered, and

president Wos y Gil and his cabinet fled to a German war—

ship for refue. A provisional goverrunent ias then esta'

lished under the leadership of Canoe F. Morales, 'out this

was 120 sooner established than a new revolution began, headed by a former president, Jirninez. Morales 'as not yet deposed, however0 The revolutionists perpetrated numerous

indignities upon Americans, destroying their property,kill—

ing of live stock, destroying sugar cane on American owned

plantations, and intercepting vessels of the Clyd.e Line

Steamship Company notably, the case of the steamer New

York at Monte CiSti. Conditions in and around Sosua and

Puerto Plata 7ere in such a serious state that Commander

Albert C. Dillingham, in the Detroit, proceeded from Port

of Spain, Trinidad, to the latter place to protect American

citizens and their property. He arrived on .January 1st and

on the 3rd despatched. a I.arine detachment ashore to enforce

a prohibition of fihtin within a defined area containing United States citizens. Leaving this detachment on shore, he then proceeded to Sosua where he landed a detachment of

ten men on the 7th, under Ensign Caffery to protect the

American Consulate, In the afternoon of the same day he

returned to Puerto Plata, withdrew the Marines whiCh had

been landed there on the 3rd, and again returned to Sosua.

The British Government had noted the apparent seriousness of the revolutionary movenent in Santo Domingo and had

despatched H.B.M.S. Pallas, under the command of Commander

C. Hope Ro'oetson as their representative at this place.

Commanders Diliingham and Robertson collaborated in esta

lishing protective zones against the operations of the

opposing Dominican factions. On the 15th the Marine detachment which had been landed at Sosua on the 7th ws withdrawn, and the Detroit proceeded to Puerto Plata. On the

mornng of the 17th the opposing forces engaged in a pitched batt1 causi the Jirninez soldiers to retreat to the fort, firing as they ran. In the meantime the Hartford- had

arrived to reinforce the Detroit, and. upon this serious outbreak of firing, Commander Dillirigham deemed it advisable

to despatch a considerable force on shore for the protection

of the lives of all foreiçn residents. Accordingly, the Marine Guard and a dei;achnient of sailors were despatched. early in the mornin, while the Hartford usent half of landing party ashore," .About roid—afternoon this landing party

returned to their respective ships, with the exception of

the Marine Guard of the Detroit, which remained. ashore to

guard the American Consulate until the 23rd.

On the 1st of February an incident took place which

decided the United States Government to despatch an armed

212—628 0 —76 —6
(Dominican Republic) 68

force to the Dominican Republic in order that adequate :pro—

tection might be afforded its citizens. This affair was

the firing upon and killing ci' a member of the crew (j.a.

Johnston) of the launch from the au;iliary cruiser Yankee,

then at Santo Domingo City, by the Revolutionary forces

under Jiniinez,

Captain Richard Wainwright, who was temporarily in

command of the South Atlantic Sçuadron, was ordered to :pr

ceed to the troubled area, on the 8th of February, and he

arrived at Santo Domingo City, aboard the Newark, on the

11th, finding that the Columbia had preceded him, having

arrived on the 8th. Prior to the arrival of Captain Wain—

wright, Captain James M. Miller, of the Columbia, who was

senior to Captain Wainwright, had sent an officer and a

Marine sergeant ashore to coxifer with the insurgents rela—

tive to the entry of the Clyde Line steamer Now York, into

the harbor to discharge her cargo. This was on the 9th, and

on tIi.e 11th, after the arrival of Captain Wainwright, the

steamer New York stood in under convoy of the steam launch of the Columbia, and when near the dock the insurgents fired

upon and struck the steamer several times; some of the

bullets grazing the launch, which was flying the American flag.

This was a flagrant violation of an armistice vrhich

was supposed to be in force between thecontonding D.rties,

and Captain Miller was apparently determined not to let

such an incident pass without exacting redress for the in—

suit to the American f1ag A conference was held aboard

the Columbia, and it was decided to shell the insurgents' position and. then land Marines and bluejackets fron both

ships. Having infornied the government authorities, and

the American Charge'de Affaires of this intention, the iew—

ark opened fire at 3:25 p.i., and ten minutes later the

landing forces left for the shore. Each ship despatche.

one battalion of approximately 160 officers and men, including the Marines under the command of Captain Albert S.

McLemore (Newark) and First Lieutenant Henry D.F. Long

(Columbia), the whole force being under the direct command

of the Executive Officer of the Columbia, Lieutenant—Commander James P. Parker.

The boats carrying this landing force had nearly reached the beach, when they were fired upon by the in- surgent forces from shore, but no casualties vere suffered.

They pushed oii, however, and landed at 4:30 p.m. When the
(Dominican Republic) 69

insurgents' fire was

orders were issued t

from the jnch guns

and was continued un

continued until 5:00

The landin.: force re

9:00 and 10:00 that

observed from the deck of the Columbia,

o open a bombardment on their position

and the first shot was fired at 4:32

til 4:47. The fire from the Newark was

p.m., tthen the bombardment ceased.

turned to their respective ships between

night.

(1916)

The de facto governments which had ruled the affairs of

the republic since the last declaration of its independence

in February 1844, and more particularly that under the lead—

ership of Ulises Heureaux (1882—89), had borrowed from foreign a'overnrnents until the finances were in such a state as

to make the repayment of loans an impossibility unless the

revenues received were controlled by some responsible party

or foreign state. Under this state of affairs, and at the

request of the Dominican government, the United States took

over control of the Dominica4 finances in 1905.

The contending forces were actively engaged in contending for the possession of the capital, Santo Domingo City,

and the American Legation bein:4 in the direct line of fire,

was struck several times by shells fired from the guns of

these forces. Advices as to this state of affairs were

furnished the State Department by the American Minister,

William W. Russell, and the Navy Department, in turn, was

requested to despatch a naval force to the troubled area to

furnish protection for Uaited States citizens.

Rear Admiral William B. Caperton, commanding the

Cruiser Force, ordered the 6th and 9th companies of Marines

from Haiti to the naval transport Prairi, despatched it to

Santo Domingo City, and upon its arrival May 5th, these conpanies were landed. A little later this force was reinforced by the 1st, 4th, 5th, 13th, 14th, 19th, and 24th

Marine companies, and Santo DominEo City was occupied.

This caused the withdrawal of the forces under General

Arias, who re—established his headquarters at Santiago

in the interior.

requested the Navy Department to send

oI Marines, for service in conjunc—

Between the years of 1911

six presidents held office for

the early part of this year, t

a state of collapse. General

of War, launched an insurrecti

ed by Juan Isidro Jirninez, and

and the present, no fewer than

various periods of time. In

he Dominican government was in

Arias, who was then Secretary

on against the government head

a state of anarchy followed.

amiirai Caperton

an additional regiment
(Dominican Republic) 70

tion. with those already landed, in order to quickly put dovrn

the revolution and effect the pacification of the interior.

The 4th Regiment of Marines, under Colonel Joseph H. Pend1

ton, ordered. from San Diego, arrived at :onte Cristi and

disembarked on June 21st. Marines from the New Jersey nd

Rhode Island had been landôd previously at Puerto Plata,, as

well as sonic of the companies originally landed at Santo

Dominto City, including the artillery battalion which landed at Monte Oristj,

When Colonel Pendleton arrived vrlth the. 4th Regiment,

he was designated to command all forces aGhore, and oonibi

ing his force 711th the other Marine Companies and dotch—

ments then on shore, he was directed to start an expedition

to the interior, capture Santiago (Arias' Headquarters),

and in this manner bring about tranquil conditions. The

Expedition started on its mission on the 26th, headed by

Colonel Pcndleton, himsOif. Before he reached his objective

however, a peace commission had negotiated an agreement

.;hereby the revolutionists would lay don their arms, and a

provisional government would be organized, The expedition

then advanced into Santiago without furthr opposition,

entering the City on July 6th.

Every effort was made on the part of the 1ieican

government to negotiate a treaty which would safeguard. the

tranquility of the Republic, and the performance of its

established treaty obligations. These efforts met with

failures Consequently, the United States proclaimed a

military occupation and military government in Santo Domingo from November 29th. This government was organized upon th

usual plan — Foreign Relations, Finance, Public Works and Communications, Justice and Public Instruction, Agriculture

a.nd Immigration, and Interior (under ihich was the Depart- ment of War and Navy) The Department of Sanitation was subsequently established. The military government hrousht

order out of chaos, and placed the government on a sound

basis in all respects,

On October 21, 1922, a provisional government as installed, and all of the functions of civil government were

delivered into its hands. The Military Governor was charged

with the approval o' expenditures not provided for in the

budget, and the task of quelling disturbances whei, in his

opinion and in the opinion of the Provisional Government,

the local constabulary was unable to cope with it.

Regular elections having been previously held, a

constitutional government was inaugurated at 10:30 a.m.

July 12, 1924; Fort Ozarna was turned over to the new Govern—
(Dominican Republic) 71

ment in the afternoon,

their withdrawal. This

her 17, 1924.

The Military

Admiral Harry

Admiral Samue

of the. Ulted

from December

References: Coopers

U.S. Marine Corps,

Archives; Navy Archi

1229; j., 1904, 540

Rep., Conf. Reg. No.

Detroit, Neviark, and

and the American forces commenced

withdrawal was completed on Septem—

into

to

pro-.

Thi s

rce B

to three

,oo0

cc of 4

died of

o:icers

29 men

men 'rcre

(or Constabulary) vras

by the Marines, and used

thrhout the

Stats forces,

es of the

Hiet. Navy, I, 364; Collumts Hi

45; St. Dept. Arciives; Marine

yes; Sec. Navy An. Rep., 1903,

tci., 1918, 764—765; The Dom.

167, Navy Dept; Logs of Atlanta,

Columbia.

Rear

Rear

Lee

was

Governorship vas held, respectively by

S. Knapp, Rear Admiral Thomas SnovAen,

1 8. Robison, and Brigadier General Harry

States Marines, whose tenure of office

5, 1922, to the withdrawal of all troops.

During the occupation the Marines were divided

detachments and placed at strategic places in order

put an end to banditry, which had grovri to serious

portions due to the absence of civil government.

situation ras soon under control. The Arierican fo

varied in strength from the 280 vrho first landed

regiments (3rd, 4th, and 15th) of approximately

officers and men. The Marines suffered casualti

officers and 10 mc•n killed, 1 officer and 1 man

wounds, 3 officers and 51 men died of disease, 2

and 37 men died through accident, 2 officers and

died due to other causes, and 5 officers and 50

wounded in action.

In October, 1917, a Guardia

organized, officered and trained

extensively in subduing bandit activities

island. Upon the withdrayjal of the United

this organization took over all police duti

RepubliQ under their own officers.

st,

Corps
DRUMMOIID S I SLAND 72

(1841)

In the early spring of this year Lieutenant William L. Hudson, commanding the Peacock of the Wilkes Exiloring EXpedition, was surveying in the vicinity of this island. A member of hi crew had related the narrative of a vessel

which had. been wrecked on this ibland some time previously,

her captain and crew massacred, the vessel plundered of

everything of value, but that the wife and child of the

Captain were saved, and were supposed to be living on the

island, This individual also stated that he had been a

member of the crew of another ship which had endeavored,

without success, to rescue the woman and. child, and that

the facts were contained in a journal kept on board this

vessel. (Note, An entry in the log of the Peacock is as

follows: "(the journal is on board).").

Apparently Lieutenant Hudson was quite satisfied as

to the authenticity of this account, for he brought his

ship to anchor, on April 3th, about four and one—half miles

from the tovm of Utirod (where the catastrophe was supposed

to have occurrbd), armed four boats, under Licutonant Perry,

and. together with "the Scientific Corps, two or three other

officers" and himself made a landing the object of which was

"to make some observations on the Dip and Intensity as well

as determine the Lat & Long — also to give the Scientific

Gents an oppor-tunjt; of gathering such information a might

be picked up — and to ascertain if there lives or had. lived

on the Island a iite Woman said to have been taken from a

vessel some time since — which vessel was wrecked on the

reef off the iW pt and all on board massacred excepting the

Capts wife & child,"

Upon reaching the beach, Lieutenant Hudson and party

were met by a great number of natives, "old and young — males & Females who cordially took us by the hand and

lead (led) us to the Town house — situated near the water."

Inquiries were made "about the woman" but no information

could be obtained. They did learn, however, that a vessel

had been wrecked, and in some of the huts "parts of the vessel was found.." Many of the houses were closed to the

Americans, and no amount of persuasion on their part could

induce the natives to open them. There seemed to be "a

visible mystery in the whole affair."

After several hours rambling about the town, and with

the approach of evening, the American party returned to the

Peacock, iifformin the natives they would reappear the

following day. Apparently Lieutenant Hudson was not ready to acknowledge defeat in the finding of the wh.te woman.

About 3:00 p.m. the 7th, he in his gig, accompanied by four armed boats, paid another visit to the village. He and his
(Drummonds Iclanc1) 73

party remained ashore for about four hours, when he decided

to return to his ship. Upon reaching his boats .e i'ound that

one of his party, "Jno Anderson", was missing, and it was

feared that he had been decoyed away and massacred by the

natives. Before the party left the shore, a diligent

search was made and a reward offered, but the natives took

no notice. Instead, they exhibited every sign of hostility..

Many having armed themselves, they began to collect around

the Americans with the evident intention of "taking the

boats." As the boats shoved off from shore, the natives

began to stone them, at the same time brandishing their spears and swords in the air.

Lieutenant 1-ludson waited for two days, hut Anderson

did not return, and the fears previously entertained now

seemed a certainty — Anderson must have been foully

murdered. The Lieutenant decided to attack the town and

administer condign punishment for the outrage upon the

nienber of his crew. Having a Marine Guard at his disposal,

he selected the arines, and membes of his crew, to the

number of about 80 men, armed and equipped them, divided

them into three units under the of (undoubtedly Liut. Wm. M. Walker), and at daylight the 9th

(April), were ready to land. The schooner Flying Fish,

which had arrived the day before, was ordered inshore to

cover the party in the boats, seven in number, as a haven

for the landing party should they be driven back by the

natives. The landing party had not proceeded far before

they perceived about "6 or 800" natives collected on or

near the beach, brandishing their weapons, at the same

time going through a war dance, and beckoning the comparatively small party of Americans onward with the evident

intention of concluding forthwith the coming battle between

the unequal forces. The determined Americans pushed on

notwithstanding, and when within a few yards of the shore

laid on their oars and demanded the surrender of Anderson.

The natives paid little or no heed to the demand, but

instead began to wade out into the water with the apparent intention of surrounding the boats of the landing party. Seeing this, Lieutenant Walker ordered a retreat for a

short distance and then fired a "Rocket" into the midwt

of the milling crowd of natives on shore. This unlooked—

for method of Combat' so terrified them that they immediately

"fled to the Bush." However, their terror was o short

duration, for they soon began to return from all quarters

vrith heightened fury, and fanatic cries of rage. The boats

now advanced to within "pjtol shot" and fired a volley of

musketry into the mob. Several were seen to fall, apparently wounded, when all others 9avc one, who appeared to be the

chief and who was covered °vTjth armour," fled in much disorder, followed by additional volleys -from the muskets of

the Marines ad sailors. The party novr landed, and im—
(Drummonds Island) 74

mediately set about the destruction of the village. The Town house" received first consideration, and it was soon enveloped in flames. Other parts of the town were then

set afire and, caught by a stiff breeze, the flaaes spread rapidly until every hut was being consumed by the confla-.

gration, and. in less than -two hours the whole village of

some 300 houses had been reduced to ashes

The destruction of the firct village having been accom- plished the landing party turned to the next — Aita, This

received the same fate as the first, and, it, too, was soon

consumed, by flames. Neither Anderson, nor the "White coman" and child, had been found, so the Americans lingered in an endeavor to obtain some information as to their ultimate

fate. In this, hovever, they were destined to disappoint- ment, and were compelled to retrace their steps with the

mystery still unsolved. 3elieving that nothing more could be accomplished by remaining longer on the island, Lieuten- ant Walker ordered a return to the boats, regaining which

they repaired aboard the •cock, and the two American

vessels took their departure from the ill—fated Island,

Reference: Log of Peacock.
EGYPT

(1832)

75

Admiral Seymour, of the British Navy, oombarded the fort and city of Alexandria on July 11th of this year. Prior to this time, Rear Admiral Nicholson, of the American

Navy, had received, orders to proceed to that place to

observe conditions and,, if necessary, take such action as

might be needed for the protection 0±' American interests,

He arrived in his flagship, the on the 27th of

June, and was later joined by the Quinnebaug and. Nipsic on

July let and 12th, respectively.

, restoring

o that ViaS

look after

The Marines were the first foreign troops

Alexandria after the bombardment. The British

with a force of about 4,000, under command of Other foreign troops followed. soon after the British landings.

Admiral Nicholson opencc'L hi ships

refugees during the bombardment and for This offer was promptly accepted, and me

of all walks of life, were administered

men—a—wars—men. This kind. and friendly

forgotten.

Conditions so improved ashore that

turned to their respective ships on the 1

all of the Marines had returned, except a

Quinneba, under Lieutenant Denny, which

24th. The Lancaster and Nipoic departed

and the Quim-iebaug on the 29th of August.

References Collum's Hist, U.S. Marine

Marine Corps Archives; Navy Archives;

Quinnebaug and Nipsic.

to enter

soon followed

Captain Fisher0

American and

r

rap no reigned,

the rjSjtatjoi

that for humani.

necessary. He

and, upon his

landing party. from the three

Cochrane and Li

augmented by 57

ashore tion,

can C

foreigners

of these ou ty's sake,

consulted

oturn to

o i'd. i Âme rican

out enant s

sailors

British the

l1ae and

object for

son decided

va s As a consequence of the bofeardment by the city was in a state of anarchy; murder, fire, pi being the particular

trages. Admiral Nichol

some action on his part wjti the British Admiral on

the ancastcr, issued. orders

ngly 73 Marines, officers and

ships, under Captain Henry C.

L.W.T. Wailer and Frank L

officers and men, were do

prevent furth

re—esto1i$h interests in

to assist in

fight the fir

onsulate, and

14th

a

the

for

men,

ordcr,

raging,

American

• Denny

spat chc.

or destruc—

the Amen—

general,

as a shelter for

some time thereafter.

n, women and children

to be the nenican

act was not soon

the sailors wore re—.

5th, and by the 20th

detail from the

remained until the

on the 20th of July,

Corps, 232—234; Logs of Lancaster,
FALKLAND ISLAND$ 76

(1831)

For several years sealing around these islands had been

a profitable trade. American sealers, like those of other

countzies, had been engaged in this enterprize for sonic

time. During the latter part of this year the American

sohooners Breakwater, Harriet, and Superior, were so em--

ployed when seized by Luis Vernet, the political and military governor of the islands. This act was referrd to by

Pretsident Andrew Jackson in his annual message to Congress

of December 6, 1831, as "a band acting, as they pretend,

under the authority of the Government of Buenos Ayres," and

recommended, the actpption of measures 'for providing a force

adequate to the complete protection of our fellow—.citizens

fishing and trading in those seas,

It was quite evident that Congress approved of the

President's recommendation, inasmuch as the sloop Lexington,

under Commander Silas Duncan, was ordered from Buenos Ayres

to the Falkiands to release these American schooners. Con

mander Duncan arrived off Berkley Sound on the morning of

December 28th, and at 12:15 p.m. came to anchor in the

Sound, (having taken in tow a small schooner a short way

from the entrance), where he remained apparently inactive

until January 1, 1832.

(1832)

Early in the' morning of the first day of the year, he

stood in for the port of St. Louis and came to anchor at 11:30 a.m. Just prior to anchoring, he sent a landing party of two officers and fifteen men, (presumably Marines), ashore in the commandeered schooner to confer with the authorities, and, at 11:45, another party, well armed, In

two boats, to augment the first. The three schooners were

finally liberated, and permitted to proceed.

Practically all of the American citizens in the islands

desired to leave, and Commander Duncan agreed to give them

passage to Montevideo in the Lexington. Thile they were

preparing for their departure; he sent a guard of 12 Liarihes

ashore to protect their property, and to assist them in

their preparations for the voyage. This guard returned at noon the following day, but a smaller guard went ashore each day until the 5th. On the 21st those Americans who wished

to leave the Island came aboard the Lexington, and were made

as confortable as conditions on board a man of war would

permit. The following day this party, consisting of 20 men,

8 women and 10 children sailed on board the Lexington for

their native land.

References; Moore's mt. Law Dig., I, 293—299; Log of

Lexington; Marine Corps Archives; Sec. Navy An. Rep.,

1831, 5,253.
FEEJEE ISLANDS 77

(1840)

For some time prior to this year, the United States

government had been considering an expedition to the South

Seas, in the interests of science, commerce and navigation.

Especially anxious were they to determine the existence, and

accurate location, of doubtful islands and shoals which were

thought to be in the track of American trading vessels plying the Pacific,

In furtherance of this plan Congress authorized a small

squadron of vessels of the navy to be used for this Purpose.

The Navy Department selected Lieutenant Charles Wilkes to

head the expedition, and designated the soops of war Vin—

cennes and Peaco, the brig Porpoise, th toreship Relief

and the tenders Flying—Fish and Sea—G, to comprise the

squadron, and. issued instructions for the expedition on

August 11, 1838. Preliminary preparations having 'oec-n made

the corps of scientific men repaired aboard, and everything

else being in readiness, the squadron sailed from ampton

Roads on. August 19th. About mid—summer of the following

yea.r (1839), the expedition arrived in the Southern

Archipelago, and one of the first Steps taken by Commander

Wilkes was to persuade the principal ohief of the islands

to enter into a form of treaty by the promulgation of certain Regulations for the conduct of both parties in future

commercial relations. These negotiations were successful,

and a set of "Commercial RegulationSli were drawn up and

signed by Commander Wilkes and the principal Chiefs of the

Islands of Sanioa and Feejec; those for the latter wore

signed on June 10, 1840,

These Regulations, however, were either not understood

by the natives, or else they chose to disregard them, for

on July 12th an incident took place in violation of the

Regulations, which necessitated the use of force to obtain

re4ress. On the morning of the 12th a surveying party in

the Launch and First Cutter o±' the Vincennes under Lieutenant Perry were compel1e.. to put into Sualib Bay for shelter

during a sudden squall. As soon as the storm was over, the

party started to beat out o sea again hut, i-n doing so,

the rudder of the Cutter was damaged and she drifted on the

reef. The Launch, beinE. farther out, was not endangered.

No sooner was the damaged boat grounded than she was

surrounded by a large number of nativeS, who manifested

hostile dispositions against the Americans. RecoiIrse to

arms was out of the question, due to the fact that everything in the boat was drenched during the storm. They were

obliged to abandon her, taking only the surveying instruments, and repairing to the Launch or their own safety.

The natives now dragged the Cutter up on the beach, and

stripped her of everything of value. But for the fact that
(Feejee Islands) 78

the Launch had two native chiefs aboard as pilots, tile crew

of the Cutter might have fared much worse at the hands of the hostile mob.

The Launch, with the rescued crew of the Cutter aboard, returned to the Vinconnes about noon, and reported the facts of the affair to Lieutenant Wilkes, who decided to avenge

this outrage immediately, He took the FlyinR—Fish with ten

pulling boats, loaded them with the Marines from the two

ships (Vincennes and Peacock), and a detachment of sailors,

and proceeded to the scene of the mishap of the cutter.

They entered the Bay, landed the force, and marched to the

village, the inhitants although unusually well supplied

with firearms, offering no resietance. The town, consisting of about sixty huts of flimsy construction, was fired

and burnt t0 the ground, as a lesson to the savages. This

accomplished, the force returned to their ships. Later in

the same month, however, it was again necessary for Lieutenant Vilkes to avenge a more serious outrage against thc

Americans — that of the murder of Lieutenant Joseph A.

Underwood, and Lidshipman Wilkes Henry, nephew of Lieutenant

Wilkes.

On the 23rd of July the surveying party under Lieutenant James Alden, with Lieutenant Underwood and Midshipmen Henry, was at work near the island o±' Malolo and, as

Lieutenant Underwood desired to signal the Porpoise, he

went ashore to a high peak to look for her. e was soon

recalled, in consequence of some suspicious movements among

the natives, bringing a native boy as hostage. The following morning, the 24th, he again landed for the purpoce of procuring provisions. The natives were reluctant about trading, so he remained on shore some length of time in unsuccessful attempts at negotiation. In the mean time

Midshipman Henry had joined the rest of the American party

on shore. The natives began to collect in large numbers,

and manifested intentions of attacking the Americans. Seeing this, Underwood ordered a retreat to •bhe boat. At the

same time the native hostage jumped from the boat, made for

the shore,and escaped. Simultaneously the répoi't of fire- arms was heard ashore, by the party which had remained in the boat. They believed this indicated that Lieutenant Underwood was in trouble, so they pushed for the land, and

as soon as their firearms bore effectively, the savages

disappeared in hasty retreat. Then they had reached the

beach they found one seaman badly wounded, and Lieutenant

Un'dervrood and Midshipman Henry lying prostrate on the ground,

the latter two expiring a few moments later, The bodies of

the two officers and the wounded seaman were carried to the

boat, and the whole party returned to the Flying—Fish a few

miles distant.
(Feejee Islands) 79

Lieutenant Wilkes was aboard the last named vessel,

and had. the Porpoise in company. When he was advised of

this unprovoked massacre he determined to make it his

business to see -that stern retribution be visited upon the

natives of the island. Accordingly, he selected a force

of Marines and sailors to patrol in boats around the island.

to prevent the escape of any of the natives until he had

attended to the sad duty of laying to rest the remains of

the unfortunate officer, Lieutenant Underwood and Mid-shi

man Henry, which was done on the 25th. The natives made

several attempts to. escape, but the Americans drove them

back each time at the point of the bayonet.'

There were two villages on the island — Sualib, on the

southern end, and Arro on the opposite end. Lieutenant

Wilkes planned to send. a landing party of Marines and

sailors, under Lieutenant Cadwalader Ringgold, to attack

Sualib while he, himself, would remain with the boats, prevent the natives from escaping, proceed to Arro, and cooperate with the shore party in the attack and capture of

this village. On the 26th this plan was carried into

execution1 The party under Lieutenant Ringgoid, numbering

about 70 officers, Marines and sailors, landed on the

southeast point of the island, destroyed the plantations in

their course, and crossing over the high land finally cane

in sight of Sualib, their first objective. Here the natives

had. assembled with the evident intention to. defend themselves by all means possible. Their preparation an9. position Was not to be despised, even by disciplined troops.

The town was surrounded by a strong stockade of cocoanut

trees, on -the outside of which waS a wide ditch filled with

water, and on the inside a dry ditch, in which -the natives

jere entrenched.

As soon as the Americans came within effective rifle

fire of the stockade, they opened a sharp attack for about

fifteen minutes, during which a chief and six of the savages

were killed, and the houses within fired by a rocket. The

natives, apparently terrified by the conflagration nong

their huts, began to escape through a gate, leading toward

the sea, in utmost consternation and con'usiori. A few of

the American party v7ere wounded, but only one severely.

Lieutenant Ringgold End his party finished the destruction

of -the village,, and then proceeded across the island to

Arro. Upon reaching this place, however, he found that

Lieutenant Wilkes, with his own party in the boats, had

preceded him and, meeting no resistance, had completely

destroyed the village. The next day the whole force from
(Feejee Islands) 80

the vessels assembled on a hill, and received a large delegation who came to sue for pardon for the crime they had

committed in murdering the Arneiican officers. Lieutenant

Wilkes now believed that the natives would henbeforth respect

all people of' the hite race, ho might by accident or other—

rise happen to be in their domain. The punishment administered ias severe, but, in his opinion, merited by the circumstances,

(1855)

For about fifteen years after the occuri'ences above

related, the Feejee Islanders kept fresh in the memory the lesson taught them by Lieutenaiit Wilkes. However, being natives of a tropical climate., and subject to the inertia usually attributed to such inhabitants, the effects of the

lesson so administered finally waned and disappeared.

In the summer of this year the American sloop of war John Adams, under command of Commander Edard B. Boutwell, was cruising about the south Pacific islands on her regular mission, that of protecting American interests. While she

was at Samoa, Commander Boutwell received instructions to proceed to the Feejee group, to seek relDarations for various

wrongs inflicted upon Americans residing at the islands, and

upon shipwrecked seamen. These instructions he immediately proceeded to execute. On the 12th of Setember he arrived

at the Island of Nukulau, made a landing with Marines (under

Lieutenant John L. Broome) and sailors, (in two boats,

including a boat howitzer), made a circuit of the island,

and then returned to the ship. He next visited Rewa, Island

of Viti Levu where he remajned until the 26th. While here

(on the 22nd), Commander Boutwell sent an armed party to

Bau, in two boats, for the purpose of securing the person

of Tui Viti, King of Feejee, to persuade him to sign a

treaty promising to pay certain sums of money due American

Citizens for loss and destruction of their property. Late

in the afternoon the boats returned, bringing the king with

them, and accompanied by about 300 natives in canoes, which

were moored to the stern of the vessel. Apparently the king

was kept aboard the sloop, until the 25th, for on that date,

having signed the treaty in the meantime, he was permitted

to return to his village.

The American Consul, Mr John . Williams, paid a visit

to Commander Boutwell on the 16th, remained aboard over night, and left for shore the next morning, receiving a salute of 9 guns upon leaving the John Adams. On the 20th, the Commander, who was apparently in need of fresh meat, "sent party on the Island to cut wood, and to shoot a bullock. U
(Feejee Islands)

On the morning of the 25th (September), the sloop

sailed for Levuka Harbor, Island of Ovalau, arriving there

early the next morning. She remained here until October

27th, when she returned to the Bay f Luva, Viti Levu, t

which place she arrived at 5:00 p.m. the same date, It

seems that Chief Tui Viti (king) had not kept his promise,

and. it was therefore necessary for Commander Boutwell to

resort to additional means to revivify what he had so sadly neglected. The follobg afternoon (28th), the 2nd and

3rd cutters were fully armed under the command of Lieutenant Benjariin F. Shattuck, left the ship, and proceeded t ward the town of Nula. About an hour later the cutters

were followed by the Launch, under Acting Master Badger, who vra. accompanied bl several other of:Zicers and. Consul

i1liams", and prceeded to the town of Vutia.

The launch returned to the ship at 4:30p.m. the follow- ing day, the 29th, having "burnt" the to7n of Vutia, ut the

time that the cutters returned is not stated. Ho:evor, it was pior to 9:00 a.m. of the 30th, for at that hour they

left the ship on another mission to the town of' Lassalassa. Soon after this reinforcements were sent to their aesistance

from the ship, as that force was heavily engaged with the natives. This landing force of Marines and. sailors was under

the direct command of Lieutenant Louis C Sartori, and r

mailied on shore until shortly after 4:00 p.m. the 31st. The

party had roundly chastized the natives, and burned tv.'o of their villges, but not, however, without loss to themselve, for Landsman Charles Lockwood had been killed, and Corporal John Johnson, of the Marines, and Charles Beck were wounded..

Believing that the natives had. been taught a lesson

to be remembered, and conditions having settled. to normal, the Commander took his departure on November 4th.

(58)

Conditions in this group of islands remained tranquil for the next three years, when it became necessary to administer another chastizement to the natives, for outrages per- petrated against American citizens. Sometime during the middle of the year, two American citizens had been murdered

on the Island of Waya (Waia.), while following the pursuits

of legitimate trade. This information came to the attention

of Commander Arthur Sinclair, of the sloop Vandalia, which

was then at L.vuka (Lavouka), Island of Ovalou. The American schooner Mechanic (under cha.rer by the United States), being also in the harbor, the CoEmander, having planned an

expedition to Waya, decided to use her instead of his own vessel, owing -to the difference in the draught of the two

ships.
(Feejee Isis_tide) 82

The Mechanic was prepared in all respects for the trip,

a landing force of 10 Marines under Lieutenant Alan Ramsay,

together with 4 Naval officers and 40 sailors, all under the

command of Lieutenant 0.13. Caidweil, sailed for I7aya on

the 6th of October. Lieutenant Caidweil, upon arrival at

his destination, made a demand for the perpetrators of the

murders but the chief defiantly refused, and assumed a very

hostile attitude toward the American party. Then the Liei

tenant found that diplonacy was of no avail he determined to

force compliance by other methods,

Thile the diplomatic negotiations were in progress some

300 native warriors gathered in the neighborhood, and things

looked seriaus for the small party of Americans. However,

this show of hostility by a much superior force of savages

did not daunt the spirit of the little party from the Mechanic, who were determined to avenge the murder of their countrymen at all costs. A fierce conflict between the

contending forces ensued, but was concluded eventually by

the natives making a hasty retreat. Lieutenant Caidwell

and his party remained on the Island for about ten days — returning to the Vandalia on the 16th. His mission had

been accomplished without casualties to the Americans.

References: Logs of Vincc.nnes, John Adams, Vandaiia and

eacock; St. Dept. Archives; Mamo Solic. St. Dept., 56;

Coilum's Hist. 13.5. Marine Corps, 110—ill; Hanerely,

Gen. Reg., 100 Years, for ncwios of officers; Marine

Corps Archives; Marine Corps Muster Rolls; Navy Archives;

Cooper's Hist. Navy, 45—47.
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& ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY LANDINGS OF UNITED STATES MARINES &

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& .8OO — 1934 &

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& A BRIEF HISTORY IN TWO PARTS &

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& CAPTAIN HABRY ALANSON ELLSORTH, Us S MARINE CORPS &

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& OFFICER IN CHARGE, HISTORICAL SECTION &

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