ARI Research Note 87-11 FILE l

-V.. RESEARCH PLAN FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION OF THE NATIONAL TRAINING CENTER I

AND HOME STATION TRAINING

James W. Kerins, T.K. Forsythe,

and T.L. Avant

0The BDM Corporation

00

for

ARI Field Unit at Presidio of Monterey, California

James H. Banks, Chief

VTRAINING RESEARCH LABORATORY

Jack H. Hiller, Director

S DTIC ELECTE

APR 29 '1981

~E

U. S. Army

Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

January 1987

AOoroved for public release. diStributton u miled.

87 4 28 140

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A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of the

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WM. DARRYL HENDERSON 4 EDGAR M. JOHNSON COL, IN

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Research accomplished under contract

for the Department of the Army

The BOM Corporation

Technical Review by

James H. Banks

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ry fequiwernens. It has been given no primary destriUtion other than to 011l" C be aveelable only thrcugh DTIC or other reference services such as the National Technical Information

Srvico (NTIS). The Witw- .cPni.n,. ni/or findngs contained in ths report are those of the author($l and

should 

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not 

official 

be constCu.,j documentation, as an oflica: 'epaitrnent of the Army Position policy or decision unless so designated

- m ..
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ARI Research Note 87-11 ADij) " I 6s

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT S PERIOD COVERED

Research Plan for the Evaluation of the Final Report

Requirements for the Effective Integration of the July 1986

National Training Center and Home Station Training 6. PERFORMINGORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(#) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) James W. Kerins, T.K. Forsythe, and T.L. Avant

James W. Kerins, T.K. Forsythe and T.L. Avant 11DA 903-85-C-0472

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II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

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Training Test Concept

Home Station

NTC

20. AftrRACT (Ctfe di rover" e1b It neevm sitedenti f) by block nuotber)

The research note presents a Test Concept for investigating the effective

integration of unit home station and National Training Center (NTC) training.

At present, there is no Army-wide method to prepare for, and benefit from,

NTC training, Since the training experience is an important part of a unit's

overall training program, the Army must derive the greatest increase in readiness from this training that is possible. The Test Concept examined here

(OVER)

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UNCLASSIFIED

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ARI Research Note 87-11

20. Abstract(corntinued) *.

%consists of comprehensive data collection on a unit's training program beforeNA

and after it has been to the NTC. This permits a determination of activities

* related to NTC performance, as well as permitting methods to be specified

for incorporating these activities into Home Station training. The final goal

is a set of guidelines for effectively integrating Unit Home Station training W

and NTC training. ::

Accession For

NTIS GRA&I

D TIC TAB

Un-Lciiced E

Distribution/-

Avalcbtlity Codes

Avail and/or

.Dst Seca

%,

UNLSSFE

11 ~ SFC ~~~~~~~~~ TI ~ NO ~ ~ HSP SE G U (1e I YC A o*E , *)0
RESEARCH PLAN FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE

INTEGRATION OF THE NATIONAL TRAINING CENTER AND HOME STATION

TRAINING

CONTENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4~4 Page

Purpose.........................................................1 I

Scope........................................................... I

Statement of the Problem....................................... I

Technical Approach.............................................. 3

Task 1 - Develop Required Measurement Instruments

and Data Collection Procedures to Identify

N Essential Unit Home Station Pre & Post NTC

Training........................................ 9

Task 2 -Collect the Required Data by Observations,

Interviews, Questionnaires and Unit

Historical Data................................. 10

Task 3 -Reduce and Analyze Data, Including

Comparison with NTC Performance Data........... 21

Task 4- Prepare Reports................................ 21 -

Reference List................................................. 22

LIST OF FIGURES "

Page "

Figure 1 Integrating NTC and Home Station Training as a

Programmic Approach to Learning.................... 2

2 Potential Indicators for Home Station Data

Collection............................................ 5

3 Sample Training Task Identification Documents ....... 11

4 Sample Training Support/Resource Reference

Documents............................................ 13

5 Example Unit Training Schedule...................... 18

6 Sample Data Collection Plan for Home Station

Interviews........................................... 19

7 Data Collection Time Line........................... 20
Purpose

The purpose of this document is to present a Test Concept t

Paper (TCATA, 1979) for the investigation of the effective

integration of the National Training Center (NTC) with Home Station

Training. The Test Concept Paper describes the issues inherent in

this topic and provides a proposed set of procedures to address

this. After review and revision by the appropriate Army

authorities of the material, a detailed test plan can be developed

for actual execution of the research.

Scope

Four primary tasks are involved in this effort:

1) Identify required data and develop data collection

procedures for home station training.

2) Collect the required data

3) Analyze the data and compare it to unit NTC performance

4) Produce a report describing the procedures used and the

results obtained.

Statement of the Problem

The NTC provides units a training opportunity that is

unmatched in its challenge, scope, realism, and feedback. The

high fidelity combat simulation allows units to fight as combined

arms teams on an instrumented battlefield against an experienced

opposing force that employs Soviet doctrine and tactics. Trained

and experienced observer/controllers and the NTC Instrumentation

System provide detailed feedback that allows immediate assessment

of performance. Mission After Action Reviews provide immediate

feedback to units on performance so they can adjust procedures and

operate to correct deficiencies and imprcve performance. Given

the fidelity of the NTC as a combat simulation and the richness of

the NTC training experience as an assessment and action planning

tool, and recognizing that the opportunity is available just once

in an eighteen month period, units should be at a level of

readiness that will enable them to derive maximum benefit from the

NTC training. Their pre-NTC training should be such that they can

cope successfully with the demanding scenarios and absorb and

utilize the performance data. Following the NTC experience, units

should be able to adjust training plans so that subsequent home

station training activities correct deficiencies and build on

strengths that were identified at the NTC. This training cycle is

illustrated in Figure 1.

Thus the effective integration of NTC and home station

training is reflected in an annual training plan and program that

enables units to prepare fully for the NTC, perform optimally at

the NTC and move to higher levels of readiness at home station

following the NTC experience.
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Currently. there are no models or guidelines to assist units

in effectively integrating NTC and home station training. As a

consequence, training at home station and performance at the NTC

vary widely throughout the Army. Even more critical, there are no

models or guidelines on how the unit and the division, working

within the real constraints of training time and resources and

other demands at Home Station can use the NTC feedback to sustain

and improve the units and divisions Combat readiness. The problem

is how to make the whole training system work, rather than just

"peaking" for the NTC. A primary objective of this research

effort, therefore, would be the development of products which

would support fully integrated training programs.

Pre-training is critical to unit NTC performance because of

the demanding standards required at the NTC while post-training

furthers the unit's combat readiness by capitalizing on the NTC

training experience. Therefore, the effective integration of the

NTC and home station training must be an important Army goal which

is vigorously pursued.

The research effort to be discussed here is designed to

provide information concerning the effectiveness of the

integration of NTC and home station training so as to maximize the

training benefits derived from performance at the NTC. It is

recognized that there are a myriad of home station activities that

are independent of the NTC influence while there are others that

are directly or indirectly involved with either preparing for or

responding to the NTC experience. These latter activities would

be the focus of this research effort.

Technical Approach

In conducting this investigation, NTC data would be linked

with data sources at home station which describe a unit's training

status just prior to NTC and again at some point in time following

the NTC training. By observing NTC performance across battalions,

noting strengths and weakness in performance, and comparing these

observations with home station preparation, it could be possible

to identify principal conditions and influences which would

account for performance at NTC. A similar comparison of data

collected at home station following NTC would be useful in

determining the effect of NTC training on subsequent performance

and readiness. These analyses would then be used to develop

guidelines for units to use in developing fully integrated

training programs which assure that the NTC training (Pre-NTC,

NTC, and Post-NTC) contributes maximally to a units readiness

posture.

4. The initial step will be the identification of units targeted

for investigation. A total of four to six brigade rotations will

be targeted for assessment; selection of brigade rotations will

facilitate the gathering of data from more than one battalion per

home station visit. This will provide a group of 8 to 12

battalions from which to build a data base. As this represents 20

3 e C.%

w-&
-35% of the active component (AC) heavy forces within FORSCOM,

the data and trends developed should be indicative of the heavy

forces in FORSCOM. Active selection of the target brigade

rotations will be performed to derive a sample which constitutes a

cross section of FORSCOM units. This procedure will insure that

no bias is introduced toward any one post or installation during

the investigation. Final selection of brigades will also be

conditioned on availability, timing of NTC visits for brigades and

resource requirements for visits.

The number of unit visits will be determined by home station

approval/acceptance and resources. The minimum number of visits

necessary to gather the required data is three. One visit will be

made prior to the units deployment to the NTC (Pre-NTC Training)

and one visit will be made after the units' redeployment from the

NTC (Post-NTC Training). A visit to the unit during the actual

NTC rotation is not considered necessary as the unit's performance -

* can be reviewed and assessed through the performance data obtained

directly from the NTC. The length of each visit will be

approximately three to five days.

The focus of the home station data collection effort will be

directed into five broad areas of training activities, training

support and resources, training status, and training philosophy

and command climate. Specific indicators in each of these areas

are listed in Figure 2. These areas are proposed for data

collection because they will provide insight into critical

training activities and training related conditions.

As seen in Figure 2, data would be collected on unit training

activities to provide information on how a unit structures its

training activities, what training tasks it performs, the

frequency of training on a particular task, where the emphasis of

training is placed (individual, small unit, company, etc.) and on

how a unit integrates training on areas found or identified as

weak or deficient. Attention would also be given to how a task

force integrates its Combat Support and Combat Service Support

elements into its training program.

The data would also be collected in the areas of training

support and resources to identify how a unit plans, forecasts and

structures its training in relation to the resources available.

This data would be critical in identifying the minimum necessary

support and resources required to train a unit up to the level

where it can gain the greatest benefit from the NTC.

In the area or training philosophy and command climate the

data gathered would assist in the identification of the type of

training environment in which a unit trains prior to going to the

NTC and in which it integrates lessons from the NTC after

returning from that training facility. The specific data

identified for collection will include where the training emphasis

is placed at each command level, how well the training guidance is 4- interpreted and passed to each command level, the integration of

"44
INSTALLATION/ORGANIZATION CLIMATE

(DIVISION/POST AND BRIGADE)

0 POLICIES: PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND SUPPORT

o GUIDANCE

O GOALS/OBJECTIVES

0 PRIORITIES

0 MISSIONS

O RESOURCES

0 METHOD OF ALLOCATING FACILITIES/AREAS

PERSONNEL

UNITS:

PERCENT P-MOS S-MOS GRADE TURNOVER TURB. PRES FOR , FILL MATCH MATCH MATCH RATE RATE DUTY

OFFICERS

E8

E5-E7

El-E4

INDIVIDUALS:

CIV MIL MOS BTMS TRAIN Mos MOSI WPNC WPN

GT EDUC EDUC QUAL TNG TRNR ARMY PSN QUAL QUAL PT

" .OFFICERS

.'-." E8-

E5-E7

E -E4

FIGURE 2 POTENTIAL INDICATORS FOR HOME STATION DATA COLLECTION

(CONTINUED)

,,- ', ... ' ..' ' .Z . _. _L ,'.' .w . _. .,. . . ;.r. ' . .' ' ' .L ... _' .. ' ... " . ,_'''. ' .: Z ... Z "L . "" ""•" '"""' . '. '"
TRAINING

O GENERAL -BATTALION/COMPANY LEVEL

- POLICY - PRIORITIES

- GUIDANCE - MISSIONS - GOALS OBJECTIVES - RESOURCES

O MANAGEMENT - BN/CO/PLAT LEADER LEVEL

- KNOWLEDGE/EXPERTISE - FM 25-2/3 - LONG RANGE PLANS - UNIT PROFICIENCY EVALUATIONS

- SHORT RANGE PLANS - TRAINING SCHEDULES

- MISSION TRAINING PLANS

- TRAINING AND EVALUATION PLANS

- TASK LISTS

O ACTIVITIES - TF/CO/PLAT/SOD/CREW/IND.

WHAT WHEN WHERE HOW WHO DURATION FREQ. CONDITIONS

SOLDIER/LEADER + INITIAL + MULTIECHELON + DRILLS

UNIT COLLECTIVE + PROFICIENCY + CONCURRENT + AARs

COMBINED ARMS + SUSTAINMENT + OPPORTUNITY + DOCTRINE

TASK FORCE

BDE/DIV

O EVALUATIONS

- TYPE - EVALUATING UNIT

- ECHELON - RESULTS - FREQUENCY - USE

O ATTACHMENT/OPCON INVOLVEMENT

- FSO/FIST - ENGINEER

- FOs - MEDICAL

- TACP/ALO - CHEMICAL

- TRANS./MAINT. - SMOKE - INTEL - GSR - ADA

O OTHER MISSION/ SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS

- POST/ DIVISION - BRIGADE

- BATTALION

- COMPANY

FIGURE 2 POTENTIAL INDICATORS FOR HOME STATION DATA COLLECTION

(CONTINUED)

@ 6'6
EQUIPMENT

O AVAILABILITY

- TYPE/QUANITY ON HAND VS. AUTH. - INVENTORY

- HAND RECEIPTS

- PERCENT PLL LINES AT ZERO BALANCE

0 SERVICEABILITY

- OPERATIONAL READINESS RATE

- IG REPORTS

- MAIT REPORTS

- DA FORM 2404 - TRAINED MAINT. PERSONNEL

O ACCOUNTABILITY

- NUMBER/ FREQUENCY OF REQUISITIONS

- FREQUENCY/ SEVERITY OF LOSS/ DAMAGE

O NEW ITEMS

- TYPE/NUMBER

- TIME IN UNIT

- NET RECEIVED - NET DISTRIBUTED

O COMPATABILITY WITH NTC ITEMS

- VEHICLES

- WEAPONS

-. - COMMUNICATIONS

FACILITIES AND LAND

0 INSTITUTION/ GARRISON FACILITIES

- ACADEMIES - LEARNING CENTERS - TRAINING CENTERS - SIMULATION CENTERS - POST/DIv SCHOOLS - TRAC

o LOCAL/MAJOR TRAINING AREAS AND RANGES

- TYPE - RESTRICTIONS - SIZE - FIRING POINTS - LOCATION

FIGURE 2 POTENTIAL INDICATORS FOR HOME STATION DATA COLLECTION

(CONTINUED)

7
W- Wr

FA~CILITIES AND LAND (CONTINUED)

o TRAINING A~IDS AND DEVICES

-MILES/AGES - RTY/MTR OBSV FIRE TRAINER

-

-SIMULATIONS 

VIS MOO KITS 

- REDEVE/STINGER MOVING TARGET I - SIMULATORS

o IAIRFIELD/LANDING STRIPS

OTHER SUPPORTj

o FUNDS ALLOCATIONS/ EXPENDITURES

o A~mmo ALLOCATIONS/ EXPENDITURES

o FUEL ALLOCATIONS/ EXPENDITURES

liv.o REPAIR PARTS ALLOCATIONS/ EXPENDITURES

O FLYING HOUR ALLOCATIONS/ EXPENDITURES

FIGURE 2 POTENTIAL INDICATORS FOR HOME STATION DATA COLLECTION

(CONTINUED)

J.4

a...8
live fire, simulation and force-on-force training to develop and

sustain critical combat skills, unit evaluation procedures and

structures, etc. The inclusion of this data will establish the

nature of the environment in which a unit must train prior to

going to, and sustain after returning from, the NTC.

The targeted areas for data collection are seen as the best

initial point of departure for determining the effectiveness of

the integration of NTC and Home Station Training. The areas

identified have a high potential for providing the necessary

information on training guidance, resources, support, tasks,

evaluations, standards, assessments and feedback to meet the

objective of the research effort. As the research effort

progresses, modifications to this list of targeted areas, where

deemed appropriate, will be made.

These data would be used to develop Pre- and Post-NTC K

profiles of units. The data profiles could then be used as a

basis for the correlational analysis of performance at the NTC.

The results of the analysis would enable researchers to establish

linkages between prior conditions, outcome performance at the NTC

and subsequent training efforts a home station following NTC.

To accomplish the above, four tasks are proposed. Each of

"- these is described in detail below.

TASK I - Develop Required Measurement Instruments and Data

Collection Procedures to Identify Essential Unit

Home Station Pre & Post-NTC Training.

The initial step in producing the required measurement

instruments would be the development of a model or concept for

identifying the home station activities that are directly or

indirectly related to the NTC in a pre- or post-paradigm. A

logical approach to this task would be to investigate the

systematic relationship between home station activities and NTC

performance factors, i.e. performance on critical tasks (see

Forsythe, 1985, for the discussion of the identification and

measurment of NTC mission critical tasks.) The start point would

be the NTC performance, followed by an investigation of the home

station activities and influences that might be related to the NTC

data. This effort would require an analysis of reference

material on unit NTC performance, training, training strategy/'.

philosophy development and common training detractors and methods

for reducing them. From these documents specific data would be

identified for collection and the appropriate collection method 17

would be determined. %

Unit Training Activities. The reference sources for

determining essential unit training activities would initially be ,reports on NTC performances such as Shackelford's (1985) "LESSONS

FROM NTC", and studies on the live-fire (Forsythe and Doherty,

1985) and force-on-force (Nichols, 1985) performances which were

based on data from the Take Home Packages. Additional analyses of

*i 9

4 - ' IV -0,J~ , '% 'p% '/ " .W-* *
.1

historical data may also be required in order to capture a

sufficient number of performance factors from which related home

station activities could be drawn. Subject matter experts and

training materials (ie. SQTs, ARTEPs, AMTPs, How to Fight manuals,

MILES manuals, etc.) would then be queried to identify those

training activities which, based on the NTC performance factors,

would be necessary to produce proficient units (Figure 3, Sample

Training Task Identification Documents). ir

Training Support and Resources. This area would be covered

by a variety of reference sources including training field

manuals, ARTEPs, AMTPs, FC 25-19, "Training Detractors in FORSCOM

Divisions and How They Are Handled". From these documents one

could compare unit allocations and expenditures of critical

resources used in the pre- and post-NTC programs with Army

recommended standards required for specific training tasks (Figure

4, Sample Training Support/Resource Reference Document). In

addition, data on ranges, training areas and utilization of remote

training locations could be used to profile a unit's resources

prior to its NTC rotation. These profiles would be useful in

determining a unit's capability to support its training

activities. Unit data could also be collected from training

plans, ammunition allocations, fuel allocations, command operating

budgets, and training management control system (TMCS), to further

augment these profiles.

Training Philosophy and Command Climate. An approach that

could be used in investigating this area of interest is to query

the G-3 from each of the FORSCOM divisions as to their division

policies concerning preparation for, and follow-up training on,

the NTC rotation. For example, the 24th Mechanized Infantry

Division has published its training guidance which directly

affects NTC performance and experiences in a document brief "The

Evolution of the Training Strategy in the 24th Mech". Such

documents will be used primarily to develop the data required for

collection in the training philosophy and command climate areas.

Subject Matter Experts will research these documents to identify

those critical areas (such as standardize to facilitate

sustainment, accept training risks to keep focus at Co/Tm level

and below, think by systems, MILES sustainment, ARTEP structure,

modern target array, etc.) that are essential to developing a

successful program of training to prepare task forces for the NTC.

The critical or essential areas identified will be targeted for

data collection.

TASK 2 - Collect the Required Data by Observations,

Interviews, Questionnaires and Unit Historical Data

The actual performance and behavioral data from units would

be collected in four ways: interviews, observations,

questionnaires and analyses of specific unit historical data

(training schedules, SOPs, Ammunition Allocations, etc.). Data

related to training activities and training support/resources

10
AWIP 7-a TRAD4NG AND EVALUATION OUTLINE

-'UT411 nounaheg Inrfa COMPSY (it Carriers'flank Copn/oayTeas -

KM51014 Move (3-1-1)

* TAMK COMIMrNSo WlA.DARM iu

3-V- 1-8 The ompany/team The company/team: TM 71-1,

Conduct Is ordered to I. Designates lead and following chap 3. a. Tactical conduct aross- platoo. Mvement. country tactical 2. Prescribes movement techniques

movement. The to be employed by each platoon. -

bettalion Tf 3. Moves an the proscribed axis, OPORD Includes; employing appropriate movement a. Battalion techniques, tAv tasksS 9/10/11, (.7 Tscheme of below.

maneuver. 4. Maintains visual contact and

b. Graphic sutual support between oompany/I control team elsents. At night, vehicle measures. commnders employ night vision a. fire goggles. J

support plans 5. Controls movement by visual

and priorities. signals When out Of Contact,* If

possible.

6. Displaces organic mortars by

bounds when contact is possible or A expected.j

7. Displaces the omany/tes

trains by bounds wben contact Is

possible or expected.

3-1-1-9 OPPOl contact is The compay/te..: FN 7 1-1, ve In not likely; 1. Move on a column axis, chap 4.

Traveling, speed Is miataining visual contact between

essential. elesments.

a. Subordloate *eemnts all move

In traveling.

3. Moves at the siiin safe speed (dependent an terrain and

visibility) on a covered,

concealed route.

4. Trailing elements My MOve in

parallel oolums to shorten

comany/team colum and reaction

tim.

Figure 3 Sampling Training Task Identification Documents
TRADNING AND EVALUATION OU INZ

9 .UNT Mechanized IfZantry Company (with Carrlers)/Tank Comany/Company Tem

- ammuo* Nov. (3..1-1)

TAM co"Mooms TANDAR8 upaWmPIRMI

3-1-1-10 Ol703 contact La The oompany/team: FM 71-1, Move in possible. I. Lead platoon moves to chap 4.

Traveling traveling overmteh.

Overmatch. 2. Trailing elements move an a

colm axis behind the lead

platoon. Trailing elenta move

~~3. in traveling. Lad vehicle of' the traili.ng 6

element mintains via ual contact with the overmatch element of the

lead platoon.

4. Lead element (a tank section or 'Brantry squad) moves at the mxim gafe speed (dependent n

terrain and visibility) a a

covered, concealed route.

5. Trailing elments move an covered, concealed routes.

6. Trailing elements my move in

parallel columns to shorten

company/tems column and reaction

time.

0 OR engages 7. %ets 1AV Tas 3-1-2-?,

the ecmpany/ Mechanised Infantry Company (With.

tn. Carra er)/uxan U cpwemyo pany

Team*-Tak Aotion as Contact.

3-1-1-11 01703R contact is The omepany/team: rM 71-1, Move in expected. 1. Bou" by platoon. Bounding chap 4.

Boumding and evermatch elements and over- Overeatch. utch positions are designated. 2. Overmatch element (one or more platoons and heavy antitank

weapons EIn]) occupies the

overmatch position, searches

adjacent terrain, and reports when "

It ib prepared to overmtch. N

3. Boumding platoon, an oder, moves an a covered, concealed

route to the next overmatch

Figure 3 Sampling Training Task Identification Documents

(Continued)

12
ANT9P 71-2

TAB A TO M13ION3 1,2, AND 3 TO UCTIOQ V T0 H fl1 3

SUOG3D SUPPgUT xQuIDmxTS

IUCANIMD INFANTXl Coiltl (VIl CARRIS)/TAJII CIAIT/C"Alff TiAM:

Nova (3-V-i)

AT!T AC (3-V-2)

DUUM (3-V-3)

a. Train/evaluate the ooupany/team: (1) Throughout all battalion task force and larger unit internal

and external tralning/evaluation exercises and Irs.

(2) During local training area (LTIA), MRA, and major training area

(MTA) tactical problem designed to train tasks from the nove, attack, and

defend 1Is21ios. . (3) Integrating appropriate tasks from the move ILssion into the

attack and defend misaiona. All movement performed 4uring the course of

Missiona 3-V-2/3, M chanied Infantry Company (with Carrtcrs)/Tanu Company/

Company Team--Att ack/Defend, is trained/evaluated IAW mission 3-V-i,

Mechanized Infantry Company (with Carriers)/Tank Company/Company Team--

move.

(4) Integrating all general missions from section I and appropriate

supplemental Missions from chapter 4 Into the company/tma exercises.

b. Company/team training/evaluatio exercises should be designed as

~ ~. follows:

(1) Hove - conduct preparations and planning procedures in a motor

pool or assembly area and conduct an inspection; then conduct a tactical

road arch or cross-country movement to a defensive position, forward

assembly area, or LD. Quartering parties should operate on a real time

basis.

(2) Attack - issue the company/team an OP= to ooduot a ovemant

to cotact or deliberate attack. Vary the planning time available to

train/evaluate the flexibility of unit command control proedures. gach

movemasnt to contact should culmimte in contact with different alsoe OFOt

elmants, cm cap.l the Muit to melot mmd execute the course of motion

selected for trainag. Altermtively, the ecpany/team may be assigned a

follow-and-support mission and receive a VIAOO to conduct a hasty attack an terrain that the company/tmall chain of omnd has not see n.

(3) Defend - issue the company/tea an OPOID to prepare battle

positions to depth for defense or delay or prepare a strongpoint. The

0P03t attack my arrive at the conclusion of company/team preparations or %" at any tine during preparation of the position. ilternatlvely, a MOAGO for

rapid occupation and hasty defense of a battle position my be issued at

any time during movemant or offensive operations. In either case, each

exercise (except a strangpoint defense) should include FraGOs to move to

prepared and unprepared battle positions. FIAGOo to counterattack should

pbe Issued to the company/team, as appropriate. The company/team should be -. subjected to at least one ounted or dis ounted assault during each

*.', exercise. Liberal use of smoke and artillery aimulators dring the assault

"%. *.. adds realistic eCOnnd/ccntrol problem, WhIch greatly euuAMe the value of

the exercise.

Figure 4 Sample Training Support/Resource Reference Documents

13
,ft

f.,- JlV1 -

ARM! 71-2

a. Conduct at least one-Mtird of the onmpaay/teas trainilg/evaluation

exercise* at night or during Other periods of Limited visibility. Most of

the exercise# should be Idted in NOFF 3 or I.

2.

a. Internal - battalion oomnder/33.

b. External - one njor, 3C 11/12.

3. Oncmingfa :

a. Movement to ootact/basty attack -

(1) An attacking reinforced motorized rifle or tank ompany. oA

(2) A defending reinforced motorized rifle or task platoon, behind

a reconnaissance mat screen.

b. Deliberate attack - reinforced motorized rifle or tank company in

prepared positions. (NOTE: The company/team attacks 1AW the battalion

task force scheme oft neuver and must utilize avalA!ole aseS to develop

appropriate force ratios.)

a. $trongpoint defense - one attacking motorized rifle, tank, or

dismounted Infantry regiment.

d. Delay/defense - one attacking reinforced motorized rifle or tank

battalion per ec-elon. (Two battalions in a breakthrough attack -

regimental first echelon.)

4. Support Troops:

a. OPOR controller (IlES).

b. Trasier/evaluator driver.

5. W e e .s/Cvuniat io*:

a. M113A1 or N151A2 and a triple-net radio capability for trainer/

evaluator.

t. M11311 or HASM12 and a ual-sat ratio capability for OPTON

controller.

6. ka

a. Move - an area containing a suitable assembly area, a route for a

25-km road mrob and a 3- to 5-km mneuver lae for cross-country tactical

Movement.

b. Attack-

(1) Movement to contact - an area 3-5 k wide by 8-10 km deep.

(2) Hsaty attack - an area 2-3 km wide by 3-4 km deep.

(3) Deliberate attack -

(a) Shallov objective - 2-3 km wide by 3- km deep.

(b) Deep objective - 3-4 km wide by 8-10 km deep.

0. Defend -

(1) Strangpoint defense - an area 3-4 km wide by 3-5 km deep.

(2) Defense - an area 3-5 km wide by 6-8 km deep rdith at least two

battle positions.

Figure 4 Sample Training Support/Resource Reference Documents

(Continued)

<C

14%

p., ft.
%.J (3) Delay anaama5-7 IM ide by6-10 o deep with at least two

subsequent delay Uines.

7. : a maneuver ar that permits W at-: 

a. 3@ob. reades ad sokepots.

b. Miot eatrol agent -C3.

a. Blank mmnition and antitank weapon effect signature simulator

(ATWUSS) devices.

. TranIn. lids. Devseac. and artiler suuiont: ,

a. 1UL93 equipment for ON and the trained.'evaluated unit.

b. off mn devices (for tanks) and blank firing a4apters for other

weapons.

9. AULJLU : See appendix P.

10. Jay UL&EnM: FM 5-, M 6-20, FH 7-7, FM 21-40, rh 21-75, FM 71-1,

rM 71-2, TC 71-4.

11. Tins fa. T IrainerJva]mn: "%

a. Develop scenarios that initially permit adequate time for

preparations and planning. As prflotency increases, reduce the tine

available to the unit cLhin of comad, eventually arriving at a scenario

that features only "tzeoute - UOWO flAGOs. Change the company/teas

milssico, while the mnit is an the sove, to develop flexibility.

b. ProgrA from usaked daytme ezercissa through day-maked, night,

and ight-masked *=arises.I%^ a. Integrate section I missione Into oompany/team exercise& to

completely develop the uit's combat potential. Include OPM 2, air, and

OK operations In all exeaes..

4. Compemy/tam exeimee ehould Include appropriate tanks from the

ollwing supplemnta mindesas:

4-IT Inipa.. t a Maty Protective Minefilld

U-12, Construcot Obstacles

4-fl.3, Breach a Mnefield

4-11.-4, Br-each Obstacles

tngineer assets should be allocated to or withheld from the company/team, as appropriate. to suit the training objectives stablished. e. A F1I must habitually accompany the company/team whenever it

conducts training/evalmatim exercises. If possible, the same P13T should

accospaa the company/team am each exercise.

t. Appropriate cIbat support assets (engineers, air defense, ground

surveillace radars, @e.) an placed in support of the companyteam, as

necessary, to suppor't the mites operations. S. MLUM provides mnsuver arm with the mat relstic simulation of

the combat enviromment during force-on-force collective trainn/evaluaticn

exercises.

Figure 4 Sample Training Support/Resource Reference Documents

(Continued)

tatr

-A.,

15 |,

s,,
- - - - - - - - -

(L i tggul ia yV an-i 

w ,, an i 

ig AM i~i IIIWAig=S 1,VI uSM CLIPW RumS

,( in$ INC" mili -. - - -

p *~~~I U~~~I~ V BA I3O0 * * p

VVS"111 wlv m

1901MI* C*V - -1

1-CIV( 02 1111 -

9* 4 ICUW) LVLME - - - - -

=I OVt LW c ah0

L901 _ _ MR91 _ _ _ _ 0ilik9.

Ion*

I.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iI 10111011-101,I-So"I - - - - - - - - - - - -

IL-cs- -

V(1(51M-el cc~M

-SIIL- W W O TII 01 Cc

DOW 409111f on a

M_ W.A. 01I'' _ WOW _ *t a!',' 

go 222M 2 2

I I -06

CI

1040 010311

1402110 ago Ism LEtW"I *me) wormI; _ __ __ ~ (woo cw o16ON a 
would be gathered using unit historical data (Figure 5, Example

Unit Training Schedule). Data concerning training philosophy and

command climate would be gathered using structured interviews,

observations, and questionnaires. Figure 6 presents a sampling

plan for personnel targeted for interviews and questionnaires. As

seen there, these will include key leaders and directors of the

training effort (Post/Division Commanders, ADC for Training,

Brigade/Battalion/ Company Commanders, Platoon/Squad Leaders,

G3s/S3s, Brigade/Battalion XOs, Division/Brigade/ Battalion CSMs,

etc.) Since the NTC realistically exercises a Battalion Task

Force it may be necessary to expand the data collection effort to

include those combat support and combat service support elements

which directly support the Task Force as well as those in the

Brigade slice. Data would be collected in the same manner for

those elements as for the Task Force elements.

The required data would be collected in three distinct phases

(Figure 7 Data Collection Time Line). The first phase would

require a home station visit and should occur in the 1-2 month

window prior to a unit's deployment to the NTC. The scheduling of

the visit during this time frame should find the unit well into

its program of training up for the NTC. Unit training plans would

be finalized, training support and resources would be forecasted

and allcnated, problem areas identified would have been refered to

higher headquarters for resolution, and training would be

conducted as required to reach the level necessary to gain the

maximum benefit from the NTC. It is anticipated that 5-7 days would be required to conduct the necessary interviews, conduct

observations, administer the questionnaires and gather the

required historical data.

The second phase of the data collection effort would probably

not require the research team's participation as all the necessary

data would be collected as part of the unit's normal rotation at

the NTC. The only requirement would be for the research team to

coordinate with the Operations Group at the NTC to have the

necessary data (Unit Take Home Packages, AAR tapes, radio tapes,

etc.) sent to the ARI field unit in Monterey.

The last phase of the data collection effort would require a

second home staton visit in the 6-9 month window after unit

redeployment from the NTC. The timing of this visit would have

allowed the unit to have finished the required redeployment

activities (ie. maintenance activities, property acountability

checks, compensatory time for personnel, etc.) It would also have

allowed the unit leaders the opportunity to evaluate and assess

the unit's performance at the NTC and how best to integrate those

lessons into future unit training plans. It is again anticipated

that the visit would require 5-7 days in which to conduct

interviews, administer questionnaires and gather historical data.

17

lop. .s Y , " ' " " " ' ' " -',,- ' . -'.'.' ".". . .- " ".-. '. . "' "" " • ".- - .- . . . . -'
FAA 25-3

Chapter 3 Planning

0700-0715 All IFormation Co area iSG FM 22-5. Duty uniform S--~~--------j------ unit SOP

0715-0745 All PT Co area HO sec sgt FM 21-20. 10 rep and

IChap 4, para -2-mile run

4-6 to 4-13

0800-1 700 Redleye Move to site Simulated Sec ldr Unit SOP & Field uniform

Prear fr site bn LOl

080 100 ll() Pepre orMotorpool Sqdr 'sec ldr Co unit SOP Preoperational

field vehicle check IF

movement

1000-1130 All(-) TAC rd Motorpool Co cdr Unit SOP, Tactical move

march ARTEP 71-2 to MRA;

*3-IV-16-1, C ration lunch

i 3-)V- 17- 1.

-2,-3

1130-1600 AIIJ-) iSec tng MRA jSqd/sec ldr ARTEP 71-2 Sec/plt trains

3-lV-18-1.-2.-3; separately

3-l-71-,4 on known

I -5.49-10,-19; ARTEP task

4-11-2-1-2,-3,-41 weaknesses

1630-1730 All Supper MRA 1SG

13190 Al Operator A Sqd/sec ldr Vehicle TMs

1930. Scout Tactical I MR Co cdr &sceue TEchdl

sec night tng FM 21-18 activities after

Mortar FM 17-1901/2 oertn vehicle pit (071-333-6522)

AVLB FM 7-1101

sec (071 -333-6508,

051-226-0303,

_0304. 051-225

-0306)

F igure 5 Example Unit Training Schedule

U 18

~ /.d~J'~............
Position S Individuals # Groups

Company Commander 8 2

Training NCO 8 2

Ist SGT 8 2

Platoon Leader 12 4

Platoon Sergeant 12 4

(3 each from 2 COs

in each Battalion)

Squad/Crew Leader 12 2

Team LDR/Gunner 12 2

(2 each from 3 plat

in same 2 COs in

each Battalion)

Soldiers 36 6

(6 each from same 3

plat in same 2 COs

in each Battalion)

OPFOR Company CDR 3 1

OPFOR Platoon LOR 6 1

OPFOR Platoon SGT 6 1

Totals: 123 27

Figure 6 Sample Data Collection Plan for Home Station Interviews

Ig$

19
0 - cr.~

I-j

C, 0

z

ZO z 0

-5.-0 0 ~ I

0~0

CC0 Luu

0L

z ~ -'

0

R u O -

0 C

U

C.)CC

z

W U,20
TASK 3 - Reduce and Analyze Data, Including Comparison With

NTC Performance Data

41 The data gathered prior to the unit deploying to the NTC

(Pre-NTC training) would be examined and analyzed to determine

whether or not the unit was effective in the selection, conduct,

evaluation and assessment of its training needs. Criteria for

this examination would be developed from a comparison of critical

tasks performed at the NTC and a unit training model extrapolated

from relevant FORSCOM/TRADOC training policies and publications.

Data gathered after the unit redeploys from the NTC (Post-NTC

training) would be examined and analyzed to determine if the unit

0, is effectively evaluating, assessing, and integrating training

requirements, based on its NTC performance, to improve the overall

combat readiness of the unit.

The measurement system that would be used to assess the

performance of units at the NTC would depend upon the availability

of the results from a related research effort (Forsythe, 1985). If

the efforts on that activity result in the development of an NTC

measurement system in time to meet the analysis requirements of

this task, then that measurement system would be used to determine NTC performance outcomes. If such a measurement system was still

in the developmental stage, then it would be necessary to utilize

existing measurement systems such as that used by Shackelford

(1985) in "Lessons from NTC". Designing an NTC performance

measurement system solely for this task would be an option, but

not one which would be considered as cost effective.

TASK 4 - Prepare Reports

As a result of this effort the following reports would be

prepared:

A Methodology for Evaluating Home Station Training in the

Context of NTC Preparatory and Follow-on Training

A complete report of the comprehensive data collection effort

with correlational analysis of home station factors and NTC

performance on eight to twelve units that trained at the NTC.

A set of guidelines for training type, echelon, frequency,

and sequencing to enable a unit to profit from the NTC experience.

The set of guidelines is seen as particularly beneficial for

Home Station units and would be designed for use by designated

division and battalion training officers.

21

V ..

C-t.A
REFERENCE LIS T 

Army Researc h I nstitute. "Training Detractors in FORSCOM Di v i sions 

and How They Are Hand led . " Department of the Army . May . 1980 . 

The BDM Corporation. "Research Support for a Unit Home Stat i on / ' 

Training and Feedback System . Vo lume I - Technical and Management 

Proposal"; BDM Corporation ; November. 1984 . 

Combined Arms Center "Training for the AirLand Battle : A Leaders 

Guide for Training" (FC 25-19). Department of the Army . April . 1985 . 

Department of the Army "Training" (FM 25-1) . February. 1985 . 

Department of the Army "Unit Training Management" (FM 25-2) . September. 1984. 

Department of the Army "Training in Units" (FM 25-3) . December . 1984. 

Departmen t of the Army "How to Conduct Training Exerc ises" (FM 25-

4) . September . 1984. 

Department of the Army "Tra i ning For Mobil i zation and War" (FM 25-

5) . January. 1985 . 

Department 

Mechanized 

1981 . 

of the Army "A r my Tra i n i ng and Evaluat i on Program for 

Infantry/ Tank Task Fo r ces" (ARTEP 71-2) . Nove mbe r. 

Forsythe, T. "A Research Plan for Deve loping Concepts and Methods 

for Measurement and Interpretation of Un it Performance . " Army 

Resear c h Insti t ute . December 1985 . 

Forsythe . T. and Doherty . Fi r e Per f or man c e Ana l ys is . " 

W. "A Nat i ona l Tra i ning Cente r Li ve - Army Research Insti t ute . August 1985 . 

Nic ho ls, Judith J. "A Pr el i minary Analys i s of NTC Force- on- f orce 

Performance ." Army Research I ns titu te . Feb r ua r y . 1986 . 

Ri ng, Co l one l Taft C. "The Evolut i on o f t he Training Strategy i n 

th e 24th Mech . " May , 1983 . 

S h a c k e 1 f o r d . W i1 1 i am L . ·• L e s son s F r om t h e NT C . " A r my R e se a r c h 

Inst i tute . November 1985 . 

TRAD OC Comb ined Arms Test Acti v ity "Test Office r 's Pl an n in g 

Manua l . " Departme nt of t he Arm y. Nov e mb er. 19 79 . 

22