SmartWay DrayFLEET, 

Truck Drayage Environment and 

Energy Model

Version 2.0 User’s Guide
Transportation and Climate Division

Office of Transportation and Air Quality

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared for EPA by

The Tioga Group, Inc.

EPA Project Order No. EP 11H000338

SmartWay DrayFLEET, 

Truck Drayage Environment and 

Energy Model

Version 2.0 User’s Guide

EPA-420-B-12-065

June 2012
Page i

Contents

1.0 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS, INSTALLATION, AND SET-UP 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Changes in Version 2.0 1

1.3 System Requirements 2

1.4 Installation 2

1.5 Model Set-Up 2

2.0 QUICK-START GUIDE 3

2.1 Using the Primary Inputs & Outputs Worksheet 3

2.2 Model Application and Scenario Information 3

2.3 Key Input Values 4

2.4 Initiative Inputs 4

2.5 Activity Outputs 5

2.6 Outputs 5

2.7 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs 6

2.8 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Inputs 7

3.0 INPUTTING DEFAULT VALUES 9

3.1 Creating a Base Case 9

3.2 Primary Inputs 9

3.3 Primary Port Inputs 10

3.4 Primary Marine Terminal Inputs 10

3.5 Primary Rail Terminal Inputs 11

3.6 Primary Container Depot Inputs 11

3.7 Primary Shipper/Receivers Inputs 12

3.8 Primary Trucker Yard Inputs 12

3.9 Drayage Cost Inputs 13

3.10 Initiative Inputs 13

3.11 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Primary Inputs and Outputs 14

3.12 Secondary Inputs 15

3.13 Secondary Input Marcos 18

3.14 Drayage Fleet Inputs 19

3.15 Drayage Technology and Strategy Inputs 21

3.16 Cell and Sheet Protection 24

4.0 DRAYAGE COST AND FLEET REQUIREMENTS 25

4.1 Cost & Capacity Worksheet 25

4.2 Drayage Cost 25

4.3 Productivity and Fleet Requirements 27

4.4 Technology Upgrade Costs 27

5.0 MODEL OUTPUTS 28

5.1 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs 28

5.2 Activity Outputs 28

5.3 Emissions Outputs 29
Page ii

5.4 Activity Summary 29

6.0 CREATING MODEL SCENARIOS 30

6.1 Overview 30

6.2 Scenario-Default Comparisons 30

6.3 Scenario Comparisons 30

6.4 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs 31

7.0 OPTIONAL DETAILED INPUT VALUES 33

7.1 Drayage Activity Sheets: Common Features 33

7.2 Marine Terminal Worksheet 36

7.3 Off-Dock Rail Terminal Spreadsheet 37

7.4 Inter-Terminal Worksheet 38

7.5 Shipper/Receiver Spreadsheet 38

7.6 Container Depot Spreadsheet 39

7.7 Trucker Yard Worksheet 40

7.8 Other Port Trucks Worksheet 41

7.9 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs 42

8.0 TROUBLESHOOTING 43

8.1 Problem Types 43

8.2 Model and Data Issues 43

8.3 Error Messages 44

8.4 Problems with Excel Functionality 45

9.0 APPENDIX: INPUT SUMMARY TABLES 46

9.1 Primary Inputs 46

9.2 Drayage Fleet Inputs 50

9.3 Secondary Inputs 51
Page 1

1.0 System Requirements, Installation, and Set-Up

1.1 Introduction

The objective of the DrayFLEET emissions and activity model is to accurately depict drayage

activity in terms of VMT, emissions, cost, and throughput, and reliably reflect the impact of

changing management practices, terminal operations, and cargo volume. Drayage of marine

containers is now widely recognized as a critical emissions, congestion, and capacity issue for major

container ports and rail intermodal terminals. Ports, technologists, and local planning agencies are

struggling to reduce emissions, reduce congestion, and increase productivity so that growing cargo

flows can coexist with port and terminal area communities.

The DrayFLEET model is activity based, not statistical, and directly reflects activity changes in

response to new patterns and requirements. The model attempts to capture all container drayage

movements within the port system: loaded and empty containers on chassis, bare chassis, and bobtail

(tractor only) moves.

In simplest terms, the model allows users to input data values typical of their port or terminal (such

as annual TEU or distance to major customers) to create a base case activity and emissions estimate.

The user can then make further input choices to create “what if” scenarios.

Note: Variable and output values used as examples in this user’s guide may differ slightly from the

current model version.

1.2 Changes in Version 2.0

There are a few significant changes between DrayFLEET Version 1.0F (2008) and Version 2.0.

• The emission calculations have been updated to incorporate emission factors from

EPA’s MOVES model.

• PM 2.5 is the primary measure for particulate emissions from diesel emissions.

Therefore, separate emissions estimates for PM10 are no longer shown.

• The Secondary Inputs spreadsheet has been expanded to incorporate additional

factors in empty container, bare chassis, and bobtail tractor movements.

• A Trucker Yard activity tally sheet has been added. This change gives the model

additional flexibility in accommodating new patterns of empty container and chassis

logistics.

• The former Crosstown activity center and spreadsheet has been eliminated, and its

functions combined with other model elements.

• Simplification of the emissions calculations has materially reduced the size of the

model Excel file and the time required for recalculation and iterations.
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1.3 System Requirements

DrayFLEET 2.0 was updated to Microsoft Excel 2010. The nominal system requirements for Excel

2010 are:

Computer: Personal computer with an Intel Pentium 500-MHz or faster processor

Memory: 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM or greater

Hard Disk: 3.0 gigabytes of available hard-disk space (to install Office 2010)

Drive: CD-ROM or DVD drive

Display: Super VGA (800x600) or higher resolution monitor

Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP, or later

DrayFLEET 2.0 can be opened and used in Excel 2003 or Excel 2007 with the proper file conversion

add-ins. Macro operation may be affected, so users of earlier Excel software should be particularly

cautious.

The model itself occupies approximately 1 MB. Most users tend to save multiple copies reflecting

multiple scenarios, so extensive model use may require up to 20 MB of hard disk space.

1.4 Installation

No special installation steps are required.

The model may be copied directly from the source CD or download site

(http://www.epa.gov/smartway/partnership/drayage.htm ) to a designated folder on the computer.

The model is distributed as a “read only” file to prevent accidental changes to default values,

equations, or cell references. The model may be left as “read only” if the user prints out the results

of each scenario. If the user wants to preserve scenario inputs or alter default values the easiest

method is to create a new model copy without “read only” properties. To change the “read only”

status of a copy, open the folder containing the copy, right click on the copy file name , and choose

“Properties” from the menu. “Read only” status is shown on the “General” tab at the bottom.

1.5 Model Set-Up

DrayFLEET is distributed as a generic model for a hypothetical container port handling 2,000,000

annual TEU

There are three basic steps to setting up the model for application to a specific port or terminal:

1. Inputting your port or terminal’s specific base case default values;

2. Resetting the default output values to create a port-specific base case; and

3. Creating scenarios as required.
Page 3

2.0 Quick-Start Guide

2.1 Using the Primary Inputs & Outputs Worksheet

The Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet is designed to be the main user interface, especially once

the model has been set up with port-specific default values. This worksheet (shown in its entirety

below) has five sections covering key input values, port or terminal management initiatives, activity

outputs, emissions and cost outputs, and a note section to identify the model application and

scenario. Note that this and other worksheet are fairly large, and it may be useful to set Excel’s view

at 75% of normal size to see all the fields at once.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12

Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Generic

Port Terminal(s) Non-specific

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010 Scenario

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

Inbound Share 50% 50%

Inbound Empty Share 5% 5%

Outbound Empty Share 25% 25%

Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25%

Marine Terminals Date 6/12/2012

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 20 20

Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30 Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Rail Terminals Annual Activity

Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,326,869 0 0.0%

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0%

Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 57,716,318 0 0.0%

Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 50.5 0.0 0.0%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,453 0 0.0%

Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,778,148 0 0.0%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 766,963 766,963 0 0.0%

Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 509,949 509,949 0 0.0%

Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,250,578 1,250,578 0 0.0%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 4,305,638 0 0.0%

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0%

Cost Factors

Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 4.00 $ 4.00 Pollutant (annual tons)

Initiative Inputs Default Scenario HC 68.5 68.5 - 0.0%

Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 314.5 314.5 - 0.0%

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 0% 0% NOx 1,046.4 1,046.4 - 0.0%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM2.5 71.4 71.4 - 0.0%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0% CO2 191,892.6 191,892.6 - 0.0%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost

Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 18,601,572 - 0.0%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 203,641,934 $ - 0.0%

Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 178 $ - 0.0%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs

2010

All of the input options are addressed in greater detail in subsequent sections of this user’s guide.

2.2 Model Application and Scenario Information

The notes section at the upper right of the worksheet is provided as a convenience to the user and

can be used to identify the default case, scenario, date, and other information associated with a

DrayFLEET application. The entries here have no bearing on the activity or emissions estimates.

Port Generic

Terminal(s) Non-specific

Scenario

Date 6/12/2012
Page 4

2.3 Key Input Values

The port features shown in the Primary Inputs section (below) usually have the greatest impact on

the emissions and cost estimates. The Default inputs (green column) represent the baseline for the

port or terminal. Users can adjust the default values by entering new numbers in the scenario

column and clicking on the green “ Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values” macro

button. Once a port default baseline has been established, a scenario can be created (yellow column)

that modifies the default inputs. The blue “Restore Generic Default Inputs & Outputs” macro button

can be used to restore the generic defaults if needed.

Primary Inputs Default Scenario

Port

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

Inbound Share 50% 50%

Inbound Empty Share 5% 5%

Outbound Empty Share 25% 25%

Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25%

Marine Terminals

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 20 20

Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30

Rail Terminals

Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5

Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15

Container/Chassis Depots

Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2

Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10%

Container Shippers/Receivers

Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25

Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10

Trucker Yard Operations

Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves 50% 50%

Cost Factors

Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 4.00 $ 4.00

2010

The Scenario cells are initially set equal to the Default cells. They will change as new default values

are entered, or as the initial Scenario values are changed to create a new Scenario.

2.4 Initiative Inputs

The second section of the worksheet covers Initiative Inputs.
Page 5

Initiative Inputs Default

Port/Terminal Initiatives

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 0% 0%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0%

Container Info System (% used) 0% 0%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0%

Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0%

The user has the option to “dial in” the extent to which these various port or terminal management

and operations initiatives have been implemented by entering an appropriate percentage in the

scenario column. The defaults are all zero. Since most ports have undertaken at least some of these

measures, the default should be adjusted to match the base case.

The model can be used to analytically “back out” the estimated effects of a measure already taken by

setting the default value to the current condition (50% stacked terminals, for example) and setting

the scenario input to zero. The model will then be estimating the difference between activity and

emissions with and without the initiative at issue.

2.5 Activity Outputs

The lower portion of the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet provides high-level comparisons of

Default and Scenario drayage activity (below). Any change in the drayage activity will be mirrored

in an emissions change.

Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Annual Activity

Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,326,869 0 0.0%

Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0%

Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 57,716,318 0 0.0%

Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 50.5 0.0 0.0%

Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,453 0 0.0%

Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,778,148 0 0.0%

Creep Hours 766,963 766,963 0 0.0%

Transient Hours 509,949 509,949 0 0.0%

Cruise Hours 1,250,578 1,250,578 0 0.0%

Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 4,305,638 0 0.0%

Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0%

The major activity measures are the number of trip legs (e.g. one-way trips between port facilities),

the total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), and the time spent in each of four operating modes (Idle,

Creep, Transient, and Cruise). Per container estimates are proved as a means of distinguishing the

total impact of volume from the unit impact of operational changes. The number of full-time

equivalent (FTE) drayage tractors required is provided as an indication of changing fleet

requirements.

2.6 Outputs

The pollutant outputs (below) give estimated annual tons for five different pollutants. As pollutant

emissions mix varies with the duty cycle, the proportions will change under various scenarios. Fuel

Use is listed under Outputs and it is also a major factor in the estimated cost. The total cost and cost
Page 6

per unit provides a sense of the tradeoffs required to achieve some emissions reductions, and the cost

savings possible with productivity improvements.

Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Pollutant (annual tons)

HC 68.5 68.5 - 0.0%

CO 314.5 314.5 - 0.0%

NOx 1,046.4 1,046.4 - 0.0%

PM2.5 71.4 71.4 - 0.0%

CO2 191,892.6 191,892.6 - 0.0%

Fuel Use and Total Cost

Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 18,601,572 - 0.0%

Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 203,641,934 $ - 0.0%

Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 178 $ - 0.0%

2.7 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs

Individual scenario input values can be easily changed to observe the impact on model outputs using

standard Excel features. For example, the graphic below shows a change from 25% rail intermodal

(default) to a scenario with 50% rail intermodal, resulting in reduced emissions.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12

Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Generic

Port Terminal(s) Non-specific

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010 Scenario

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

Inbound Share 50% 50%

Inbound Empty Share 5% 5%

Outbound Empty Share 25% 25%

Rail Intermodal Share 25% 50%

Marine Terminals Date 6/12/2012

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 20 20

Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30 Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Rail Terminals Annual Activity

Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,091,393 -235,476 -10.1%

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 1.8 -0.2 -10.1%

Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 44,742,845 -12,973,473 -22.5%

Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 39.1 -11.4 -22.5%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,205 -248 -17.1%

Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,525,101 -253,047 -14.2%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 766,963 659,744 -107,218 -14.0%

Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 509,949 430,676 -79,273 -15.5%

Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,250,578 955,602 -294,977 -23.6%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 3,571,124 -734,515 -17.1%

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.1 -0.6 -17.1%

Cost Factors

Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 4.00 $ 4.00 Pollutant (annual tons)

Initiative Inputs Default Scenario HC 68.5 55.5 (13.1) -19.1%

Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 314.5 250.2 (64.2) -20.4%

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 0% 0% NOx 1,046.4 828.0 (218.4) -20.9%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM2.5 71.4 57.0 (14.4) -20.2%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0% CO2 191,892.6 152,320.9 (39,571.7) -20.6%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost

Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 14,765,597 (3,835,975) -20.6%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 170,104,650 $ (33,537,284) -16.5%

Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 149 $ (29) -16.5%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs

2010

Where available, a second monitor or a wide-aspect monitor will allow the user to open a second

Excel window. With the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet open in one window and a second

DrayFLEET worksheet open in another, the user can see the results of scenario changes as they are

made.

To reverse changes use Excel’s Undo Command, either by choosing “Undo” from the Excel ribbon,

or via the CTRL+Z keyboard shortcut. Excel can track and undo up to 15 changes of this type,

although other activity in the interim may prevent undoing the changes. To restore the Base Case

value, set the Scenario cell equal to the corresponding Default cell.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 will store one scenario internally, using the macro buttons on the Primary

Inputs & Outputs worksheet
Page 7

There are multiple other ways to save a copy of the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet as a record

of scenario inputs and outputs.

• Print a hard copy1of the worksheet.

• Use Paste Special in Word to insert an image of the worksheet into a Word document

as a Picture2.

• Use Adobe Acrobat®, Scansoft PDF Create!®, or other software to save an image of

the worksheet as a PDF file.

• Save a copy of the entire DrayFLEET model with an appropriate filename.

2.8 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Inputs

There are five macro buttons at the bottom of the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet (below). MACROS CREATING NEW DEFAULT RESTORINING DEFAULT VALUES

SET SCENARIO

INPUTS (COL. C) TO

DEFAULT (COL. B)

SET DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL.B)

& OUTPUTS (COL. F)

TO SCENARIO VALUES

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULT INPUTS (COL. B) &

OUTPUTS (COL. F) REVIEW USER

GUIDE BEFORE

USING MACROS

STORING &

RETRIEVING

SCENARIO

STORE PRIMARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

USE STORED PRIMARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

These buttons can be used to manage default and scenario inputs on the Primary Inputs and Outputs

worksheet.

In DrayFLEET Version 2.0 these macros do not affect inputs on the Drayage Fleet Inputs, Cost and

Capacity, or individual activity tally worksheets. Those inputs must still be managed manually.

Restore Generic Default Inputs (Col. B) & Outputs (Col. F). This macro,

activated by clicking the button, will replace the current default input and output

values (green cells) on the primary input page with the original generic defaults

stored in the model. Any customized default values will be overwritten. To preserve a customized

base case, either save a separate version of the model (recommended) or do not use this button.

Set Scenario Inputs (Col. C) to Default (Col. B). As the model comes the

scenario values are set equal to the default values. Inputting new scenario values

will override these formulas. Use this button to reset the primary scenario values equal to the current

defaults. To set the scenario values to the generic defaults, use the Restore Generic Default Inputs &

Outputs button first.

Set Default Inputs (Col. B) and Outputs (Col. F) to Scenario Values. The

easiest way to create a customized default or base case model is to create a

customized scenario and then, once the user is satisfied, click this button to reset the

primary default values to the new scenario. The Restore Generic Default Inputs and Outputs button

(above) will reverse this process.

1 This will not, however, show any changes that have been made on other model worksheets, such as the detailed inputs on the drayage activity sheets.

2 Do not attempt to paste the worksheet as a Microsoft Excel Object.

RESTORE GENERIC DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL. B) &

OUTPUTS (COL. F)

SET SCENARIO

INPUTS (COL. C) TO

DEFAULT (COL. B)

SET DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL.B)

& OUTPUTS (COL. F)

TO SCENARIO VALUES
Page 8

Store Primary Scenario Inputs. DrayFLEET Version 2.0 will save one set of

primary scenario inputs internally. Use this button to store those primary input

values in the model for reuse later. Note that this button does not affect the

scenario calendar year, which must be reset manually.

Use Stored Primary Scenario Inputs. This button will replace the Scenario inputs

on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet with the stored scenario values. The

default outputs can be set to the stored scenario values by using this button first,

then using the green Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values button above.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 does not have safeguards against accidental use of these buttons and

resulting loss of data. The user is urged to use them cautiously.

STORE PRIMARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

USE STORED

PRIMARY SCENARIO

INPUTS
Page 9

3.0 Inputting Default Values

3.1 Creating a Base Case

With one the generic port versions as a starting point, the next step is to input new default values as

necessary to create a base case for the terminal or port being modeled. For example, you will want

to input your annual TEU numbers instead of the default values. The default value should be

replaced whenever more accurate local estimates are available.

It is recommended that the user start by saving a working copy of the model with a new file name

such as “Myport Drayage Model.xlsm”.

The Secondary Inputs worksheet, discussed in a later section, has additional Marine Terminal

options.

3.2 Primary Inputs

Setting up a base case for the port or terminal being modeled requires inputting new default values

where local conditions differ from the initial model version chosen. The Primary Inputs & Outputs

spreadsheet is used to assemble the basic model inputs, as indicated in the Quick Start section. For

each of the Primary Inputs there is a Default value and a Scenario value. The model uses the Default

value unless it is superseded by a different user entry in the Scenario columns.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12

Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Generic

Port Terminal(s) Non-specific

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010 Scenario

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

Inbound Share 50% 50%

Inbound Empty Share 5% 5%

Outbound Empty Share 25% 25%

Rail Intermodal Share 25% 50%

Marine Terminals Date 6/12/2012

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 20 20

Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30 Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Rail Terminals Annual Activity

Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,091,393 -235,476 -10.1%

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 1.8 -0.2 -10.1%

Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 44,742,845 -12,973,473 -22.5%

Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 39.1 -11.4 -22.5%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,205 -248 -17.1%

Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,525,101 -253,047 -14.2%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 766,963 659,744 -107,218 -14.0%

Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 509,949 430,676 -79,273 -15.5%

Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,250,578 955,602 -294,977 -23.6%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 3,571,124 -734,515 -17.1%

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.1 -0.6 -17.1%

Cost Factors

Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 4.00 $ 4.00 Pollutant (annual tons)

Initiative Inputs Default Scenario HC 68.5 55.5 (13.1) -19.1%

Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 314.5 250.2 (64.2) -20.4%

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 0% 0% NOx 1,046.4 828.0 (218.4) -20.9%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM2.5 71.4 57.0 (14.4) -20.2%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0% CO2 191,892.6 152,320.9 (39,571.7) -20.6%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost

Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 14,765,597 (3,835,975) -20.6%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 170,104,650 $ (33,537,284) -16.5%

Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 149 $ (29) -16.5%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs

2010

The Scenario value cells are initially set equal to the Default cells, and will change as new default

values are entered. All user data is entered in the yellow Scenario cells. The Default can be updated

with the Scenario values by clicking on the green “Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario

Values” button.
Page 10

The key port and terminal inputs specify the overall volume and pattern of container movements.

The generic model version offers the user convenient starting points to avoid having to input every

variable.

3.3 Primary Port Inputs

Primary Inputs Default Scenario

Port

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

Inbound Share 50% 50%

Inbound Empty Share 5% 5%

Outbound Empty Share 25% 25%

Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25%

2010

Calendar Year – Default 2010. Choose the calendar year for the analysis using the drop-down

menu. Users can estimate historic emissions (to develop a baseline), current emissions, or future

emissions.

Annual TEU – Default 2,000,000 TEU. Enter the total annual Twenty-foot Equivalent Units

(TEU) handled by the port or terminal in question.

Average TEU/Container – Default 1.75. Enter the appropriate factor to convert the TEU data to an

equivalent container count. The value is usually between 1.5 (equivalent to half 20’ and half 40’)

and 1.9 (equivalent to a predominance of 40’ and 45’ containers).

Inbound Share – Default 50%. Enter the percentage of TEU or containers moving inbound from

vessel to port or terminal, whether loaded or empty, import or domestic cargo. The inbound share

should be based on TEU or container count, not tonnage or revenue.

Inbound Empty % – Default 5%. Enter the percentage of import TEU or containers that arrive

empty. This factor is usually small, but is included for comprehensiveness.

Outbound Empty % – Default 25%. Enter the percentage of outbound TEU or containers that

depart empty. This factor typically ranges from a low of near 10% at ports with nearly balanced

trade to a high of around 60%-70% at very imbalanced ports.

Rail Intermodal Share – Default 25%. Enter the total percentage of on-dock and off-dock rail

intermodal movement of port containers (in % of TEU or containers, not tonnage), both loaded and

empty. This percentage should not include cargo transloaded to domestic containers or trailers, or

domestic freight moved in international containers. The split between on-dock and off-dock rail is

entered under Initiative Inputs.

3.4 Primary Marine Terminal Inputs

Marine Terminals

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 20 20

Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30
Page 11

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes – Default 20 minutes. Enter the average minutes that

drayage drivers spend waiting in queues outside terminal gates. Typical values could range from 5

to 60 minutes. The time spent at the gate and the time spent transacting business inside the terminal

are separate variables.

Average Marine Terminal Minutes per Transaction – Default 30 minutes. Enter the average

minutes required inside the marine terminal container yard to complete a single transaction. Such

transactions include picking up or draying a loaded or empty container or chassis, locating or

draying a bare chassis, switching containers between chassis (a “chassis flip”), or live lifts of

containers on or off a chassis. The model default uses the same time for each of these transactions,

with 30 minutes being a common rule of thumb, except for longer times for chassis flips. The user

can specify different times for individual activities on the Marine Terminal Spreadsheet if desired.

3.5 Primary Rail Terminal Inputs

The primary rail terminal inputs characterize movements at off-dock rail intermodal facilities.

Rail Terminals

Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5

Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15

Weighted Average Miles from Marine Terminal – Default 5 miles. Where there is only one

marine terminal and one off-dock rail terminal, enter the distance between them. In a port complex

system with multiple off-dock rail terminals and marine terminals, enter a weighted average

distance. Distances should be weighted by the approximate relative volumes of containers to each

off-dock rail terminal.

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes – Default 5 minutes. Enter the average time draymen

spend waiting to enter the inbound gates at off-dock rail terminals. Time spent at the gate and in the

terminal are separate factors.

Average Rail Yard Minutes per Transaction – Default 15 minutes. Enter the average time

required in the rail terminal yard (after passing through the gate) for a single transaction: e.g.

picking up or dropping off a loaded container, empty container, or bare chassis. The transaction

time for rail terminals is typically faster than for marine terminals.

3.6 Primary Container Depot Inputs

Container depots are off-terminal storage and maintenance facilities for containers (and sometimes

chassis). The use of off-terminal storage varies widely – highest at ports with large accumulations of

empty containers and limited on-terminal capacity, lowest where loaded container flows balance and

terminals have more space.

Container/Chassis Depots

Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2

Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10%
Page 12

Weighted Average Miles from Marine Terminal – Default 2 miles. Where there is just one

marine terminal and one depot, enter the distance between them. Where there are multiple terminals

and multiple depots the input value should be the weighted average

Share of Empties Stored at Depots – Default 10%. Enter the percentage of empty containers that

are either returned to a leasing company depot (“off-hired”) or stored at a depot for other reasons.

3.7 Primary Shipper/Receivers Inputs

At most ports local and regional shipper (exporter) and receiver (consignee, importer) facilities are

the most common end points for port drayage trips.

Container Shippers/Receivers

Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25

Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10

Weighted Average Miles from Port – Default 25 miles. Enter the average distance traveled to

local and regional shippers and consignees. Ideally, the input value should be an average of

distances weighted by the volume of containers traveling each distance. Users are encouraged to

consult with their states or local air quality planners to determine the appropriate geographic area to

assess drayage emissions.

Weighted Average Crosstown Miles – Default 10 miles. Enter the average distance between

shipper/receiver locations, container depots, trucker yards, and rail terminals. This input should

ideally be the weighted average of all crosstown trips.

3.8 Primary Trucker Yard Inputs

Many port truckers (drayage firms) maintain off-terminal operating locations or storage lots (trucker

yards). These facilities are used to store and sometimes maintain truck tractors, and to store or stage

empty or loaded containers on chassis (or bare chassis) for short periods. Typical uses include

overnight parking for containers on chassis that could not be delivered that day, exchanging

containers on chassis between long-haul and local drivers, and temporary staging of empty

containers for subsequent use by export customers. These facilities do not ordinarily have lift

equipment (except when combined with container depots), so containers remain on their chassis

there. The use of trucker yard staging and storage is increasing in ports with complex movement

patterns. Where and when truckers take over chassis supply responsibility trucker yard activity is

expected to expand accordingly.

Trucker Yard Operations

Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves 50% 50%

Weighted Average Miles from Marine Terminal – Default 10 miles. Where there are multiple

terminals and multiple trucker yards the input value should be the weighted average distance

between them.

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves – Default 50%. Enter the percentage of bobtail

tractor moves within the port area that start or end at a trucker yard. .
Page 13

3.9 Drayage Cost Inputs

There are two drayage cost inputs in the Primary Inputs section; others are on the Cost & Capacity

worksheet.

Cost Factors

Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 4.00 $ 4.00

Average Labor Cost per Hour – Default $15.00. Enter the average hourly cost of drayage labor

(truck drivers). For owner-operators, this would be the average hourly earnings after expenses. For

employee drivers, this would be wages plus benefits.

Average Fuel Price – Default $4.00. Enter the average price per gallon for diesel fuel.

3.10 Initiative Inputs

This section of the input worksheet allows users to specify the extent to which various port and

terminal management initiatives have been implemented. Users are encouraged to review the

DrayFLEET model technical report (available on the SmartWay website

http://www.epa.gov/smartway/publications/index.htm) for more detail on these management

initiatives.

Initiative Inputs Default

Port/Terminal Initiatives

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 0% 0%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0%

Container Info System (% used) 0% 0%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0%

Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0%

Stacked Terminal – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers (loaded and empty) that are

typically stacked at the marine terminal(s) rather than parked on chassis. Because a stacked terminals

requires drayman to make additional in-terminal moves to pick up and drop bare chassis, increasing

the percentage of stacking will increase total drayage activity and emissions unless accompanied by

a neutral chassis pool (see below) to rationalize the chassis supply.

On-Dock Rail – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of rail intermodal containers or TEU that are

transferred at on-dock rail facilities rather than at off-dock or near-dock facilities. The model

assumes no truck drayage at on-dock rail facilities.

Automated Gates – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of container or TEU that are handled at

automated terminal gates (e.g. via OCR, swipe card, RFID, or other technology that reduces time at

the gates). Alternately, the user can enter the percentage of gates that are automated, assuming that

each gate handles the same percentage of containers.

Extended Gate Hours – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU that pass through

terminal gates in off-peak hours, up to a maximum of 50%.
Page 14

Container Information System – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU whose

movement or handing is covered by a port or terminal information system accessible to draymen

(e.g. eModal, VoyagerTrack). This value is usually less than 100% because some drayage firms or

infrequent truckers do not use such systems.

Virtual Container Yard – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU for which a

Virtual Container Yard (VCY) or other container status and interchange system is available (even if

the container in question is not listed as available). This value is usually less than 100% because

some drayage firms do not use available systems. Note that a VCY can make very little difference if

crosstown relocation distances between importers and exporters are long (comparable to shipper-toport distances) or if a very few container are being reused to begin with (Default 1%, see Secondary

Inputs).

Neutral Chassis Pool – Default 0%. Enter the percentage of containers or TEU handled at

terminals with neutral chassis pools (or alternately, the percentage of containers or TEU mounted on

neutral pool chassis). Use of a neutral chassis pool will change the impact of a stacked terminal from

negative (more activity and emissions) to positive (less activity and reduced emissions).

3.11 Using DrayFLEET Macros to Manage Primary Inputs and Outputs

There are five macro buttons at the bottom of the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet (below). MACROS CREATING NEW DEFAULT RESTORINING DEFAULT VALUES

SET SCENARIO

INPUTS (COL. C) TO

DEFAULT (COL. B)

SET DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL.B)

& OUTPUTS (COL. F)

TO SCENARIO VALUES

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULT INPUTS (COL. B) &

OUTPUTS (COL. F) REVIEW USER

GUIDE BEFORE

USING MACROS

STORING &

RETRIEVING

SCENARIO

STORE PRIMARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

USE STORED PRIMARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

These buttons can be used to manage default and scenario inputs on the Primary Inputs and Outputs

worksheet.

In DrayFLEET Version 2.0 these macros do not affect inputs on the Drayage Fleet Inputs, Cost and

Capacity, or individual activity tally worksheets. Those inputs must still be managed manually.

Restore Generic Default Inputs (Col. B) & Outputs (Col. F). This macro,

activated by clicking the button, will replace the current default input and output

values (green cells) on the primary input page with the original generic defaults

stored in the model. Any customized default values will be overwritten. To preserve a customized

base case, either save a separate version of the model (recommended) or do not use this button.

Set Scenario Inputs (Col. C) to Default (Col. B). As the model comes the

scenario values are set equal to the default values. Inputting new scenario values

will override these formulas. Use this button to reset the primary scenario values equal to the current

defaults. To set the scenario values to the generic defaults, use the Restore Generic Default Inputs &

Outputs button first.

Set Default Inputs (Col. B) and Outputs (Col. F) to Scenario Values. The

easiest way to create a customized default or base case model is to create a

customized scenario and then, once the user is satisfied, click this button to reset the

RESTORE GENERIC DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL. B) &

OUTPUTS (COL. F)

SET SCENARIO

INPUTS (COL. C) TO

DEFAULT (COL. B)

SET DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL.B)

& OUTPUTS (COL. F)

TO SCENARIO VALUES
Page 15

primary default values to the new scenario. The Restore Generic Default Inputs and Outputs button

(above) will reverse this process.

Store Primary Scenario Inputs. DrayFLEET Version 2.0 will save one set of

primary scenario inputs internally. Use this button to store those primary input

values in the model for reuse later. Note that this button does not affect the

scenario calendar year, which must be reset manually.

Use Stored Primary Scenario Inputs. This button will replace the Scenario inputs

on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet with the stored scenario values. The

default outputs can be set to the stored scenario values by using this button first,

then using the green Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values button above.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 does not have safeguards against accidental use of these buttons and

resulting loss of data. The user is urged to use them cautiously.

3.12 Secondary Inputs

The Secondary Inputs worksheet (below) provides an opportunity to fine-tune several aspects of port

and terminal container flow and drayage operations. The model contains typical or generic default

values for all these inputs. Wherever data is available to set these parameters to port-specific or

terminal-specific values, the accuracy of the DrayFLEET model will be improved.

Default Scenario Default Scenario

Port Operations Shipper/Receiver Operations

Barge/transshipment share 0% 0% % bobtail moves 20% 20%

Inter-terminal dray percentage 1% 1% % of drivers waiting for load/unload 50% 50%

Marine Terminal Operations % of empties supplied from depots 1% 1%

% of bobtails using bypass gate 90% 90% % of empties returned to depots 3% 3%

% bobtail tractors at gates 20% 20% % of empties reused for loads 2% 2%

Rail Terminal Operations % of empties drayed to trucker yards 2% 2%

% bobtail tractors at gates 20% 20% % of empties drayed from trucker yards 2% 2%

% of bobtails using bypass gate 90% 90% Trucker Yard Operations

% live lift 0% 0% % of imp. loads staged at trucker yards 1% 1%

% of rail empties returned to depots 1% 1% % of exp. loads staged at trucker yards 1% 1%

Container Depot Operations Other Port Truck Operations

% bobtail moves 20% 20% Weighted average miles from port 25 25.0

% live lift at depots 80% 80% Export tons trucked - 0.0

% of depot empties sent to rail 1% 1% Average export tons per truck 20 20.0

% of import loads drayed to depots 0% 0% Import tons trucked - 0.0

% of export loads drayed to depots 0% 0% Average import tons per truck 20 20.0

Chassis Supply % bobtail moves 10% 10%

% of chassis based at depots 10% 10%

% of chassis based at trucker yards 0% 0%

Average outgate container moves per chassis use 1.0 1.0

Frequency of non-trucker chassis staging at trucker yard 0% 0%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Secondary Inputs

This worksheet allows the user to specify drayage activity parameters in greater detail where information is available.

The multiple variables in the Secondary Inputs worksheet affect the estimated flows of containers,

chassis, and bobtail tractors between port-area facilities. The interactions of these movements means

that few of the variables are ever zero or 100%. It is possible to enter conflicting values on this

worksheet. For example, setting the percentage of chassis based at container depots to zero while

setting the percentage of chassis returned to depots from shipper and receivers at 100% is likely to

lead to anomalous results. Caution and cross-checking is therefore advisable in developing scenarios

that depart significantly from industry norms. Users should only enter their data in the yellow

Scenario cells.

STORE PRIMARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

USE STORED

PRIMARY SCENARIO

INPUTS
Page 16

3.12.1 Port Operations

Barge/Transshipment Share – Default 0%. If containers are transferred to or from barges at the

facility or if there is transshipment performed, enter the percentage of TEU or containers affected. If

the barge or vessel transfers involve drayage to another terminal, those trips should be considered

part of inter-terminal drayage.

Inter-Terminal Dray Share – Default 1%. For a port analysis, enter the percentage of containers

that are drayed between port terminals. For a single terminal analysis, enter zero.

3.12.2 Marine Terminal Operations

% of Bobtails using Bypass Gate – Default 90%. Many marine terminals have a bypass gate for

bobtail trips to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the percentage of bobtail trips using such

bypass gates.

% of Bobtail Tractors at Gates – Default 20%. If available, enter the port-specific percentage of

bobtail trips at marine terminal gates as a percentage of total gate movements.

3.12.3 Rail Terminal Operations

% of Bobtail Tractors at Gates – Default 20%. If available, enter the average percentage of

bobtail trips at rail terminal gates as a percentage of total gate movements.

% of Bobtails using Bypass Gate – Default 90%. Many rail terminals have a bypass gate for

bobtail trips to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the percentage of bobtail trips using such

bypass gates.

% Live Lifts – Default 0%. The norm for rail terminals is for drayman to park containers on

chassis for subsequent loading by the terminal operator, and to pick up parked containers on chassis

that have been previously unloaded from trains. “Live lifts” occur when the drayman waits to have

the container transferred from chassis to rail car (or vice versa).

% of Rail Empties Returned to Depots – Default 1%. Enter the percentage of empty containers

that arrive at off-dock rail terminals and are drayed to off-dock container depots for storage rather

than being drayed to the marine terminals.

3.12.4 Container Depot Operations

% of Bobtail Moves – Default 20%. If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at container

depot gates as a percentage of total depot gate movements.

% Live Lift at Depots – Default 80%. The norm for container depots is to store containers in

stacks, off their chassis. “Live lifts” occur when the drayman waits to have the container transferred

from chassis to stack (or vice versa).

% of Depot Empties Sent to Rail – Default 1%. Enter the percentage of empty containers sent to

rail intermodal terminals from off-dock container depots rather than being sent to marine terminals.
Page 17

% of Import Loads Drayed to Depots – Default 0%. Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed

to off-terminal depots for storage. If import loads are ever drayed to off-dock depots, enter the

percentage here.

% of Export Loads Drayed to Depots – Default 0%. Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed

to off-terminal depots for storage. If export loads are ever drayed to off-dock depots, enter the

percentage here.

3.12.5 Shipper/Receiver Operations

% of Bobtail Moves – Default 20%. If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at

shipper/receiver gates as a percentage of total shipper/receiver gate movements.

% of Drivers Waiting for Load/Unload – Default 50%. The norm for most shippers and receivers

is for drayman to park loaded or empty containers on chassis for subsequent handling by the

customer, and to pick up parked containers on chassis that are ready to go to marine terminals or

elsewhere. These are generally referred to as “drop and pick” operations. “Stay with” trips occur

when the drayman waits to have a loaded import container unloaded or an empty export container

loaded. Where information on the prevalence of “stay with” waits is available, enter the appropriate

percentage.

% of Empties Supplied from Depots – Default 1%. Enter the percentage of empty containers for

export loads supplied from off-dock container depots rather than from marine terminals. This

percentage can vary widely between ports.

% of Empties Returned to Depots – Default 3%. Enter the percentage of emptied import

containers that are drayed to off-dock container depots rather than to the marine terminals. This

percentage can vary widely between ports.

% of Empties Reused for Loads – Default 2%. Enter the percentage of emptied import containers

that are repositioned and used for an export load, either by the original drayman or by another firm.

This percentage tends to be low, less than 5% at most ports. The VCY initiative input on the Primary

Inputs and Outputs worksheet will double this value, but will have minimal impact if the opportunity

to reuse empties is itself minimal.

% of Empties Drayed to Trucker Yards – Default 2%. Enter the percentage of emptied import

containers that are drayed to trucker yards rather than to the marine terminals. This percentage can

vary widely between ports.

% of Empties Drayed from Trucker Yards – Default 2%. Enter the percentage of empty

containers for export loads supplied from trucker yards rather than from marine terminals or depots.

This percentage can vary widely between ports.

3.12.6 Trucker Yard Operations

% of Import Loads Staged at Trucker Yards – Default 1%. Loaded import container are

occasionally staged for short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the actual customer. Enter

the percentage staged here.
Page 18

% of Export Loads Staged at Trucker Yards – Default 1%. Loaded export container are

occasionally staged for short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the marine terminal. Enter

the percentage staged here.

3.12.7 Other Port Trucks

This section of the secondary inputs worksheet is provided to enable users to account for significant

movements of port-related trucks handling commodities other than containerized cargo. These

movements could include bulk or break-bulk cargoes.

Other Port Truck Operations

Weighted average miles from port 25 25

Export tons trucked - -

Average export tons per truck 20 20

Import tons trucked - -

Average import tons per truck 20 20

% bobtail moves 10% 10%

Weighted Average Miles from Port – Default 25 miles. Enter the average distance other trucks

travel to and from the Port. A weighted average would be ideal.

Export Tons Trucked – Default 0. Enter the annual short tons of export cargo moved to the port by

truck. Do not include tonnage moving by rail.

Average Export Tons per Truck – Default 20 tons. Enter the average export cargo load per truck

in short tons. This average will be used to calculate the number of other port trucks carrying export

cargo.

Import Tons Trucked – Default 0. Enter the annual short tons of import cargo moved from the port

by truck. Do not include tonnage moving by rail.

Average Import Tons per Truck – Default 20 tons. Enter the average import cargo load per truck

in short tons. This average will be used to calculate the number of other port trucks carrying import

cargo.

% Bobtail Moves – Default 10%. Enter the percentage of bobtail tractor moves in the Other Port

Trucks activity. Note that only tractor-trailer operations will generate bobtail moves. Activity using

straight trucks (such as conventional single-unit dump trucks or flatbed trucks delivering steel) will

not generate bobtail moves.

3.13 Secondary Input Marcos

The Secondary Input worksheet has five macro buttons, shown below, analogous to those on the

Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet. These are used to create a new default model and to manage

scenarios. MACROS

SET SCENARIO INPUTS

(COL. C&G) TO

DEFAULTS (COL. B&F)

SET DEFAULTS (COL. B&F)

TO SCENARIO VALUES

(COL C&G)

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL. B&F)

STORE SECONDARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

USE STORED

SCENARIO INPUTS

REVIEW USER GUIDE

BEFORE USING

MACROS
Page 19

Restore Generic Default Inputs (Col. B&F). This macro button will reset the

default secondary input values (green cells) to the stored generic values.

Set Defaults (Col. B&F) to Scenario Values (Col C&G). creates a new default

base case (green cells) by copying the scenario values (yellow cells). The scenario

values can then be changed to create variations on the new base case scenario.

Set Scenario Inputs (Col. C&G) to Defaults (Col. B&F). The button does the

opposite of the previous button by equating the scenario (yellow cell) values to the

current defaults (green cells)

Store Secondary Scenario Inputs. This option allows the user to store one set of

secondary scenario inputs (yellow cells). Each time the button is used the previous

stored set will be overridden.

Use Stored Scenario Inputs. This button will overwrite the current scenario values

(yellow cells) with the stored values.

3.14 Drayage Fleet Inputs

The drayage fleet inputs are on a separate worksheet and consist of a drayage fleet age distribution,

fleet technology and strategy inputs as shown below.

Values on this worksheet are not affected by reset macros

Scenario 1 Default 3 1

Model Year Age # % Age # %

2010 0 26 2.0% 0 26 2%

2009 1 72 5.5% 1 72 5%

2008 2 107 8.1% 2 107 8%

2007 3 172 13.0% 3 172 13%

2006 4 129 9.7% 4 129 10%

2005 5 100 7.6% 5 100 8%

2004 6 71 5.4% 6 71 5%

2003 7 83 6.3% 7 83 6%

2002 8 93 7.0% 8 93 7%

2001 9 66 5.0% 9 66 5%

2000 10 53 4.0% 10 53 4% Technology Retrofits

1999 11 43 3.2% 11 43 3% 50%

1998 12 45 3.4% 12 45 3% 50%

1997 13 55 4.2% 13 55 4% 50%

1996 14 36 2.8% 14 36 3% Idle Reduction

1995 15 27 2.0% 15 27 2% % reduction in idle 50%

1994 16 22 1.7% 16 22 2% Fuel Conservation

1993 17 38 2.9% 17 38 3% % of fleet 50%

1992 18 34 2.6% 18 34 3% % of fleet 50%

1991 19 11 0.9% 19 11 1% % of fleet 50%

1990 20 8 0.6% 20 8 1% lbs of weight saved 2,000

1989 21 6 0.5% 21 6 0% % of fleet 50%

1988 22 6 0.5% 22 6 0% % of fleet 50%

1987 23 5 0.4% 23 5 0% % of fleet 50%

1986 24 13 1.0% 24 13 1% % of fleet 50%

Total 1,322 100% Total 1,322 100% % of fleet 50%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Drayage Fleet Inputs

% of eligible fleet retrofit

% of eligible fleet retrofit

% of eligible fleet retrofit

Drayage Fleet Technology and Strategy Inputs

Fleet Age Distribution Age Distribution Curves

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Age

%

Scenario

Default

Same as Default US VIUS Default

Idling Control Strategies

Single-Wide Tires

Tare Weight Reduction

Low Friction Engine Lubricant

Direct Drivetrain

Speed Management Policy (55 mph)

Flow-Through Filter

Particulate Filter/Trap

Oxidation Catalyst

Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant

Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)

Automatic Tire Inflation

Default. The Default Age Distribution Menu offers a choice between three pre-set age distributions

shown below.

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULT

INPUTS (COL. B&F)

SET DEFAULTS (COL.

B&F) TO SCENARIO

VALUES (COL C&G)

SET SCENARIO INPUTS

(COL. C&G) TO

DEFAULTS (COL. B&F)

STORE SECONDARY

SCENARIO INPUTS

USE STORED

SCENARIO INPUTS
Page 20

Age in

Years

LALB

Default

Houston

Default US VIUS Default

0 0.3% 0.0% 2.0%

1 0.4% 0.0% 5.5%

2 0.7% 2.0% 8.1%

3 0.9% 1.0% 13.0%

4 1.1% 2.0% 9.7%

5 2.6% 1.0% 7.6%

6 5.3% 5.9% 5.4%

7 7.2% 14.9% 6.3%

8 9.5% 13.9% 7.0%

9 9.3% 5.0% 5.0%

10 6.5% 5.9% 4.0%

11 6.9% 15.8% 3.2%

12 7.2% 8.9% 3.4%

13 8.5% 9.9% 4.2%

14 5.9% 5.0% 2.8%

15 4.4% 0.0% 2.0%

16 3.6% 2.0% 1.7%

17 6.2% 0.0% 2.9%

18 5.5% 2.0% 2.6%

19 1.8% 4.0% 0.9%

20 1.3% 0.0% 0.6%

21 1.0% 1.0% 0.5%

22 1.0% 0.0% 0.5%

23 0.8% 0.0% 0.4%

24 2.1% 0.0% 1.0%

Scenario. The Scenario menu offers two choices: a distribution equal to the default or a userspecified custom distribution (which must total 100%). Enter the number of trucks in each age

group, and the model will calculate the percentages.

The chart to the right of the drop-down menus (below) compares the chosen Default and Scenario

cases. This chart can be very useful in verifying the reasonableness of user-specified distributions.

Age Distribution Curves

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Age

%

Scenario

Default
Page 21

3.15 Drayage Technology and Strategy Inputs

Drayage trucks can be retrofit with technologies to save fuel and reduce emissions. The DrayFLEET

model accounts for the emission reductions from retrofitting drayage trucks with exhaust after

treatment, the impact that retrofits have has on fuel economy; and the emission reductions and fuel

savings from strategies to improve fuel economy. Controls for modeling the effect of equipping or

retrofitting portions of the drayage fleet with advanced emission control and fuel economy

technologies are on the Drayage Fleet Inputs worksheet as shown below.

Technology Retrofits

50%

50%

50%

Idle Reduction

% reduction in idle 50%

Fuel Conservation

% of fleet 50%

% of fleet 50%

% of fleet 50%

lbs of weight saved 2,000

% of fleet 50%

% of fleet 50%

% of fleet 50%

% of fleet 50%

% of fleet 50%

% of eligible fleet retrofit

% of eligible fleet retrofit

% of eligible fleet retrofit

Drayage Fleet Technology and Strategy Inputs

Idling Control Strategies

Single-Wide Tires

Tare Weight Reduction

Low Friction Engine Lubricant

Direct Drivetrain

Speed Management Policy (55 mph)

Flow-Through Filter

Particulate Filter/Trap

Oxidation Catalyst

Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant

Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)

Automatic Tire Inflation

Each strategy can be selected for analysis by activating the adjacent checkbox. Additionally, the

user needs to specify the technology penetration rate (%) indicating the extent to which the chosen

strategy or technology has been adopted. In a each case, the percentage applies to the portion of the

fleet or duty cycle to which the strategy is applicable. Reflashing, for example, is only applicable to

a narrow range of tractors in the 1993-1998 model years while operating in Cruise mode. A 50%

penetration rate would mean that half of these eligible tractors were reflashed, not that half of the

fleet had been reflashed.

Additional insights can be gained from the DrayFLEET model technical report and the SmartWay

Partnership website.

3.15.1 Particulate Filter/Trap (also know as Diesel Particulate Filter or DPF)

Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC and CO.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of eligible vehicles that implement the retrofit.
Page 22

Notes: Engines certified to meet 2007 or later standards require exhaust aftertreatment and the

presence of diesel particulate filters is already assumed in the emission rates from MOVES.

Therefore only pre-2007 model year trucks are eligible for this retrofit technology. DrayFLEET

does not apply any benefit for 2007 or newer trucks.

3.15.2 Oxidation Catalyst

Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC and CO; no impact on NOx.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of eligible vehicles that implement the retrofit.

Notes: A Diesel Oxidation Catalyst is an exhaust system device that reduces emissions of

particulates and other pollutants. Engines certified to meet 2007 or later standards already require

exhaust after treatment. Therefore only pre-2007 model year trucks are eligible for this retrofit

technology.

3.15.3 Flow-Through Filter

Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC, and CO; no impact on NOx or fuel use.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of eligible vehicles that implement the retrofit.

Notes: A Flow-Through Filter is an exhaust system device that reduces emissions of particulates and

other pollutants. Engines certified to meet 2007 or later standards already require exhaust after

treatment. Therefore only pre-2007 model year trucks are eligible for this retrofit technology.

3.15.4 Idle Reduction

Effects: Reduces emissions of PM, HC, CO, saves fuel which is reflected in reduced CO2

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of applicable idling that is eliminated.

Notes: The benefits from reduced idle are only applied to idle mode activity (e.g., extended waiting).

Idle occurring as part of other operating modes (e.g. queuing in Creep mode) would not be affected.

For example, idling from delay at arterial intersections as part of transient mode would not be

eliminated.

3.15.5 Single-Wide Tires

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Page 23

Notes: The modeled emission benefit from single-wide tires already accounts for the weight

reduction associated with switching single rim/tire configurations. To avoid double-counting, that

weight reduction should not be included in analysis of Tare Weight Reduction.

3.15.6 Automatic Tire Inflation

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.

Notes: Automatic tire inflation systems monitor and continually adjust the level of pressurized air to

tires, maintaining proper tire pressure even when the truck is moving.

3.15.7 Tare Weight Reduction

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology. For reduction in tare weight, a

second input box is provided for the user to specify the weight reduction achieved (in lb).

Notes: Since drayage tractors are usually second hand they often have features such as aerodynamic

fairings and sleeper cabs that add weight but provide no benefit in drayage service. By removing

unneeded features or buying a tractor without them, tare weight can be reduced and fuel conserved.

3.15.8 Low Friction Engine Lubricant

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.

Notes: Low-friction engine lubricants are usually synthetic, low-viscosity compounds.

3.15.9 Low Friction Drivetrain Lubricant

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.

Notes: Low-friction drivetrain lubricants are usually synthetic, low-viscosity compounds.

3.15.10 Direct Drivetrain

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.
Page 24

Notes: Direct drivetrain technologies reduce weight and transmission losses, thereby conserving

fuel.

3.15.11 Single-Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle)

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the technology.

Notes: Most tractors built for highway service have two rear axles, both powered. Where a tractor in

urban service can dispense with the second powered axle, there is an opportunity to reduce weight

and transmission losses.

3.15.12 Speed Management Policy (55 mph)

Effects: Reduces fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

User Input: The measure is activated by checking the control box. The user provides an estimate of

the fraction of the drayage fleet that implements the strategy.

Notes: Whether implemented as a policy via driver training or through speed governors, a maximum

speed management strategy conserves fuel. Emission benefits from speed management are only

applied to Cruise Mode vehicle operation. The effect on drayage operations is limited, however, as

very little of the time is spent at highway speeds.

3.16 Cell and Sheet Protection

Cell locks and sheet protection are used where applicable in DrayFLEET to reduce the chance of

inadvertently overwriting formulas. If necessary, the user can unprotect the sheet and unlock the

cells by going to the Excel 2010 Review ribbon and selecting Unprotect Sheet. The default password

is “shadow” (case sensitive). The process can be reversed on the Excel 2010 Review ribbon by

selecting Protect Sheet using the user’s choice of password. The user is advised to save a spare copy

of the DrayFLEET analysis before unprotecting cell formulas.
Page 25

4.0 Drayage Cost and Fleet Requirements

4.1 Cost & Capacity Worksheet

The Cost and Capacity worksheet (below) covers drayage cost, productivity, and the cost of

technology upgrades.

Annual Average Drayage Cost and Fleet Requirement Estimates Technology Upgrades

Default Scenario Default Scenario Default Scenario

Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 Fuel Cost/Gallon $ 4.00 Technology Retrofits

Total Annual Fuel Gallons 17,748,208 Particulate Filter/Trap $ 7,000 $ 7,000 $ 100 $ 100 0% 0%

Average Cost of Tractor $ 60,000 Total Annual Fuel Cost $ 70,992,830 Oxidation Catalyst $ 1,200 $ 1,200 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Avg. Technology Upgrades $ - Average MPG, Incl. Idling 3.0 Flow-Thorugh Filter $ 5,500 $ 5,500 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Interest Rate 10% Implied Fuel Cost/Mile $ 1.32 Idle Reduction

Avg. Economic Life (yrs.) 6 Avg. Tires/MIle $ 0.10 Idle Control Strategy $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Avg. Residual Value (%) 20% Average cost per mile $ 1.42 Fuel Conservation

Implied Annual Payment $ 10,671 Avg. Admin. Cost per Load $ 25 Single Wide Wheels & Tires $ 5,600 $ 5,600 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Avg. Insurance per Tractor $ 6,000 Automatic Tire Inflation $ 900 $ 900 $ - 0% 0%

Licenses & Fees per Tractor $ 1,500 Time-Based Costs $ 96,457,542 Low Friction Engine Lubricant $ - $ - $ 198 $ 198 0% 0%

Fed User's Tax per Tractor $ 550 Mileage-Based Costs $ 76,363,301 Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant $ - $ - $ 33 $ 33 0% 0%

Avg. Maintenance/Tractor/Year $ 5,000 Load-Based (Admin) Costs $ 24,421,429 Direct Drivetrain $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Upgrade Maintenance $ - Annual Drayage Cost $ 197,242,271 Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle) $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Avg. Tractor days per week 5 Average Cost per Load $ 202 Speed Management Policy (55mph) $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Avg. Tractor hours per day 12 Average Cost per TEU $ 99 Weight Reduction - Lbs 2,000 2,000 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Avg. Tractor availability 95% Average Upgrade Cost $ - $ - $ - $ -

Total Avg. Tractor Cost Per Hour $ 8.00 Avg. Tractor Hours per day 12

Average Hourly Cost $ 23.00 Avg. Tractor days per week 5

Avg. Tractor Availability 1

Avg. Annual Hours per Tractor 2,964

Fleet Size Req. (FTE Tractors) 1,415

Productivity

Time-Based Costs

Driver Labor Costs

Tractor Costs

Mileage Based Costs

Distance-Based and Overhead Costs

Total Costs

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Drayage Cost and Capacity

Capital Cost Annual Maintenance Implementation % Drayage Fleet Inuts

4.2 Drayage Cost

The drayage cost model is in three sections: Time-Based Costs, Distance-Based and Overhead Costs,

and a Total Cost Estimate.

The Time-Based Costs, below, include labor, tractor ownership, and time-based tractor maintenance.

Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00

Average Cost of Tractor $ 60,000

Avg. Technology Upgrades $ -

Interest Rate 10%

Avg. Economic Life (yrs.) 6

Avg. Residual Value (%) 20%

Implied Annual Payment $ 10,671

Avg. Insurance per Tractor $ 6,000

Licenses & Fees per Tractor $ 1,500

Fed User's Tax per Tractor $ 550

Avg. Maintenance/Tractor/Year $ 5,000

Upgrade Maintenance $ -

Avg. Tractor days per week 5

Avg. Tractor hours per day 12

Avg. Tractor availability 95%

Total Avg. Tractor Cost Per Hour $ 8.00

Average Hourly Cost $ 23.00

Time-Based Costs

Driver Labor Costs

Tractor Costs

Labor Cost per Hour – Default $15.00. Linked to Primary Inputs worksheet.
Page 26

Financial Variables. The financials variables shown in the tan shaded cells above are typical

industry defaults. Enter new default values if more specific information is available on prevalent

local practices.

The average hourly cost is the sum of labor and other time-based costs above.

The Distance-Based and Overhead costs below include fuel, tires, and administrative costs.

Fuel Cost/Gallon $ 4.00

Total Annual Fuel Gallons 17,748,208

Total Annual Fuel Cost $ 70,992,830

Average MPG, Incl. Idling 3.0

Implied Fuel Cost/Mile $ 1.32

Avg. Tires/MIle $ 0.10

Average cost per mile $ 1.42

Avg. Admin. Cost per Load $ 25

Mileage Based Costs

Distance-Based and Overhead Costs

Fuel Cost/Gallon – Default $4.00. Linked to the Primary Inputs worksheet.

Annual Fuel Gallons – Calculated by the Emissions model based on consumption rates in each

operating mode. This value is not calculated from the average MPG value.

Average MPG, Including Idling – Calculated from total miles traveled and total fuel consumed.

This is a model output, not an input.

Implied Fuel Cost per Mile – Calculated by the model.

Tires/Mile – Default $0.10 per mile. The default is an industry norm. Enter more precise data if

available. Note that this value is for the tractor tires only, not the chassis tires.

Overhead Cost per Load – Default $25.00. The default is an industry rule-of-thumb. Enter more

precise local data if available. Note that overhead is only assessed against loaded moves.

The Total Cost estimate below is calculated by the model. There are no user entries.

Time-Based Costs $ 96,457,542

Mileage-Based Costs $ 76,363,301

Load-Based (Admin) Costs $ 24,421,429

Annual Drayage Cost $ 197,242,271

Average Cost per Load $ 202

Average Cost per TEU $ 99

Total Costs

Averages are displayed for convenience, and the results are linked to the Primary Inputs and Outputs

worksheet.
Page 27

4.3 Productivity and Fleet Requirements

The fleet requirement analysis below is straightforward and entails no user entries. The tractor hours

per week, tractor days per week, and tractor availability are linked to the cost model discussed

above. These three factors together yield the annual operating hours available from each tractor.

Avg. Tractor Hours per day 12

Avg. Tractor days per week 5

Avg. Tractor Availability 1

Avg. Annual Hours per Tractor 2,964

Fleet Size Req. (FTE Tractors) 1,415

Productivity

Dividing the total drayage hours (estimated by the model) by the hours available from a tractor

engaged full-time in drayage yields the number of full-time-equivalent (FTE) tractors required. This

result is displayed on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet.

The FTE estimate provided by the model is most useful in comparing the fleet requirements of

default and scenario cases. Note that the actual drayage fleet in most ports consist of a mix of

tractors used full-time in port drayage and tractors whose time is split with other uses. The actual

number of tractors in the fleet thus varies widely, and includes both full-time and part-time units.

4.4 Technology Upgrade Costs

This worksheet also includes cost estimates for the various emissions control and fuel conservation

technologies discussed in an earlier section. For each technology option there is a capital cost, an

annual maintenance cost, and an implementation percentage as applicable.

Default Scenario Default Scenario Default Scenario

Technology Retrofits

Particulate Filter/Trap $ 7,000 $ 7,000 $ 100 $ 100 0% 0%

Oxidation Catalyst $ 1,200 $ 1,200 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Flow-Thorugh Filter $ 5,500 $ 5,500 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Idle Reduction

Idle Control Strategy $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Fuel Conservation

Single Wide Wheels & Tires $ 5,600 $ 5,600 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Automatic Tire Inflation $ 900 $ 900 $ - 0% 0%

Low Friction Engine Lubricant $ - $ - $ 198 $ 198 0% 0%

Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant $ - $ - $ 33 $ 33 0% 0%

Direct Drivetrain $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle) $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Speed Management Policy (55mph) $ - $ - $ - $ - 0% 0%

Weight Reduction - Lbs 2,000 2,000 $ - $ - 0% 0%

Average Upgrade Cost $ - $ - $ - $ -

Capital Cost Annual Maintenance Implementation % Drayage Fleet Inuts

The yellow-shaded cells provide options for user input. The implementation percentages are linked

to the Drayage Fleet Inputs.
Page 28

5.0 Model Outputs

5.1 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs

As noted above, changing the default values will automatically change the scenario values, thereby

changing the scenario outputs. Once a complete set of default input values has been entered, the

scenario outputs correspond to the new inputs and the default output values must be reset

accordingly.

To reset the default output values to the generic defaults, click the blue “Restore Generic Inputs &

Outputs” button. The green “Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario Values” button will reset the

default outputs to equal the scenario outputs.

At this point the model provides a base case estimate of drayage activities, costs, and emissions for

the port or terminal being modeled. This base case, which should be saved under a new file name,

then becomes the default against which new scenarios can be compared.

5.2 Activity Outputs

The measures of physical drayage activity are shown below.

Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Annual Activity

Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,326,869 0 0.0%

Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0%

Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 57,716,318 0 0.0%

Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 50.5 0.0 0.0%

Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,453 0 0.0%

Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,778,148 0 0.0%

Creep Hours 766,963 766,963 0 0.0%

Transient Hours 509,949 509,949 0 0.0%

Cruise Hours 1,250,578 1,250,578 0 0.0%

Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 4,305,638 0 0.0%

Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0%

The Annual Activity measures gauge the work being performed by drayage tractors and drivers to

transfer containers between facilities. The Fleet Required is measured in full-time equivalents (FTE);

typical port drayage fleets are a mix of full-time and part-time participants and will be larger than the

FTE shown. Total cost covers labor, fuel, tractors, maintenance, etc. The Duty Cycle Totals are

particularly significant as they determine the emissions estimates.
Page 29

5.3 Emissions Outputs

Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Pollutant (annual tons)

HC 68.5 68.5 - 0.0%

CO 314.5 314.5 - 0.0%

NOx 1,046.4 1,046.4 - 0.0%

PM2.5 71.4 71.4 - 0.0%

CO2 191,892.6 191,892.6 - 0.0%

Fuel Use and Total Cost

Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 18,601,572 - 0.0%

Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 203,641,934 $ - 0.0%

Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 178 $ - 0.0%

The emissions outputs give estimated annual tons of five different pollutants. As pollutant emissions

mix varies with the duty cycle, the proportions will change under various scenarios. Fuel Use is

listed under Emissions and it is also a major factor in the estimated cost.

5.4 Activity Summary

The Activity Summary worksheet assemblies the results from the drayage activity sheets. The

number of trips is summed, and connected to remove double-counting. Otherwise, for example, a

marine terminal-to-rail trip would be counted on both ends. There are no user inputs for this page.

Activity Group Number of

Trips

Distance

(Miles)

Idle

(%)

Creep

(%)

Transient

(%)

Cruise

(%)

Idle

(hours)

Creep

(hours)

Transient

(hours)

Cruise

(hours)

Total

(hours)

Marine Terminal 976,857 827,999 69% 26% 5% 0% 503,710 191,389 39,789 - 734,887

Inter-Terminal 5,429 21,714 17% 7% 19% 58% 141 60 157 491 850

Off-Dock Rail Terminal 242,857 1,465,760 44% 7% 25% 24% 50,411 8,326 28,236 27,463 114,436

Container Depot - - 0% 0% 0% 0% - - - - -

Shippers & Receivers 723,143 18,204,317 31% 9% 15% 45% 279,655 85,819 136,266 408,878 910,618

Trucker Yards 19,429 196,714 27% 18% 13% 41% 2,885 1,962 1,409 4,394 10,650

Other Port Trucks - - 0% 0% 0% 0% - - - - -

Net Subtotal* 990,857 19,888,506 47% 16% 12% 25% 836,802 287,556 205,857 441,226 1,771,440

Marine Terminal 1,461,353 10,978,541 44% 28% 9% 19% 541,035 347,342 105,918 226,399 1,220,695

Inter-Terminal 1,000 4,000 17% 7% 19% 58% 26 11 29 90 157

Off-Dock Rail Terminal 108,113 621,730 39% 8% 24% 29% 16,455 3,263 10,165 12,226 42,109

Container Depot 68,788 159,886 54% 35% 3% 9% 19,386 12,692 998 3,112 36,188

Shippers & Receivers 900,806 22,658,992 31% 9% 15% 45% 345,271 106,903 168,320 509,331 1,129,826

Trucker Yards 257,305 2,576,663 18% 9% 18% 55% 19,173 9,195 18,662 58,194 105,224

Other Port Trucks - - 0% 0% 0% 0% - - - - -

Net Subtotal* 1,336,012 26,021,271 37% 19% 12% 32% 941,346 479,407 304,092 809,352 2,534,198

Marine Terminal 2,438,210 11,806,540 53% 28% 7% 12% 1,044,745 538,731 145,707 226,399 1,955,582

Inter-Terminal 6,429 25,714 17% 7% 19% 58% 168 71 187 582 1,006

Off-Dock Rail Terminal 350,970 2,087,490 43% 7% 25% 25% 66,865 11,589 38,401 39,689 156,544

Container Depot 68,788 159,886 54% 35% 3% 9% 19,386 12,692 998 3,112 36,188

Shippers & Receivers 1,623,949 40,863,309 31% 9% 15% 45% 624,926 192,723 304,586 918,209 2,040,443

Trucker Yards 276,733 2,773,378 19% 10% 17% 54% 22,058 11,157 20,071 62,588 115,874

Other Port Trucks - - 0% 0% 0% 0% - - - - -

Net Total* 2,326,869 57,716,318 41% 18% 12% 29% 1,778,148 766,963 509,949 1,250,578 4,305,638

* Subtotals and Total are corrected to remove double-counting of marine terminal trips

Loaded Drayage

Empty/Chassis/Bobtail Drayage

Total Drayage

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Summary of Detailed Drayage Activity

The large amount of information displayed here is primarily useful for identifying differences

between scenarios and for tracing the impact of changes throughout the drayage duty cycle.
Page 30

6.0 Creating Model Scenarios

6.1 Overview

It is recommend that the user take an organized and deliberate approach to creating new model

scenarios. In principle, any change to a scenario value creates a new scenario. The model is

sufficiently sensitive that adding a single TEU to an annual total of over 15 million TEU will add

minutes, miles, fuel gallons, costs, and emissions. The user is encouraged to consult the project

report on the SmartWay Website (http://www.epa.gov/smartway/publications/index.htm) for

information on data sources.

6.2 Scenario-Default Comparisons

The Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet provides high-level comparisons of Default and Scenario

activity and emissions estimates (below).

Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Annual Activity

Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,326,869 0 0.0%

Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0%

Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 57,716,318 0 0.0%

Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 50.5 0.0 0.0%

Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,453 0 0.0%

Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,778,148 0 0.0%

Creep Hours 766,963 766,963 0 0.0%

Transient Hours 509,949 509,949 0 0.0%

Cruise Hours 1,250,578 1,250,578 0 0.0%

Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 4,305,638 0 0.0%

Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0%

Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Pollutant (annual tons)

HC 68.5 68.5 - 0.0%

CO 314.5 314.5 - 0.0%

NOx 1,046.4 1,046.4 - 0.0%

PM2.5 71.4 71.4 - 0.0%

CO2 191,892.6 191,892.6 - 0.0%

Fuel Use and Total Cost

Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 18,601,572 - 0.0%

Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 203,641,934 $ - 0.0%

Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 178 $ - 0.0%

6.3 Scenario Comparisons

This worksheet displays two graphs comparing two model outputs: drayage hours by operating

mode, and emissions (CO2 is shown in thousands of annual tons, since its scale is radically

different). The example shows an instance which increased on-dock rail intermodal handling has

reduced drayage hours and emissions.
Page 31

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Scenario Comparisons

Drayage Hours by Mode

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

Idle Creep Transient Cruise

Annual Hours

Default Scenario

Drayage Emissions

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

HC CO NOx PM2.5 CO2

(000tons)

Annual Tons

Default Scenario

6.4 Changing and Reversing Scenario Inputs

Individual scenario input values can be easily changed to observe the impact on model outputs using

standard Excel features. For example, the graphic below shows a change from a 30 minute average

for container yard transactions (default) to a scenario with a 15-minute average, resulting in reduced

emissions and cost savings.

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 of 6/12/12

Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Generic

Port Terminal(s) Non-specific

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010 Scenario

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

Inbound Share 50% 50%

Inbound Empty Share 5% 5%

Outbound Empty Share 25% 25%

Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25%

Marine Terminals Date 6/12/2012

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 20 20

Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 15 Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Rail Terminals Annual Activity

Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,326,869 2,326,869 0 0.0%

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0%

Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 57,716,318 57,716,318 0 0.0%

Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 50.5 50.5 0.0 0.0%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,453 1,305 -148 -10.2%

Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals

Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,778,148 1,339,344 -438,804 -24.7%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 766,963 766,963 0 0.0%

Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 509,949 509,949 0 0.0%

Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,250,578 1,250,578 0 0.0%

Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 4,305,638 3,866,834 -438,804 -10.2%

Trucker Yard Share of Port Bobtail Moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 3.8 3.4 -0.4 -10.2%

Cost Factors

Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 4.00 $ 4.00 Pollutant (annual tons)

Initiative Inputs Default Scenario HC 68.5 63.6 (4.9) -7.2%

Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 314.5 302.0 (12.5) -4.0%

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 0% 0% NOx 1,046.4 1,010.3 (36.1) -3.5%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM2.5 71.4 69.0 (2.4) -3.4%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0% CO2 191,892.6 187,138.7 (4,753.9) -2.5%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost

Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 18,601,572 18,140,746 (460,827) -2.5%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost 203,641,934 $ $ 191,704,814 $ (11,937,120) -5.9%

Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 178 $ 168 $ (10) -5.9%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs

2010

To reverse changes use Excel’s Undo Command, either by choosing “Undo” from the Excel ribbon,

or via the CTRL+Z keyboard shortcut. Excel can track and undo up to 15 changes of this type,

although other activity in the interim may prevent undoing the changes. To restore an individual

Base Case value, set the Scenario cell (yellow) equal to the corresponding Default (green) cell. To

restore them all, use the orange “Set Scenario Inputs to Defaults” button.

There are multiple ways to save a copy of the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet as a record of

scenario inputs and outputs.
Page 32

• Print a hard copy3of the worksheet.

• Use Paste Special in Word to insert an image of the worksheet into a Word document

as a Picture4.

• Use Adobe Acrobat®, Scansoft PDF Create!®, or other software to save an image of

the worksheet as a PDF file.

This simple approach is convenient and useful for exploring the impact of one or two variables, but

quickly becomes unmanageable for more complex scenarios.

3 This will not, however, show any changes that have been made on other model worksheets, such as the detailed inputs on the drayage activity sheets.

4 Do not attempt to paste the worksheet as a Microsoft Excel Object.
Page 33

7.0 Optional Detailed Input Values

7.1 Drayage Activity Sheets: Common Features

Drayage Activity sheets track the drayage miles and minutes for each activity and allocate them

between idle, creep, transition, and cruise duty cycles. Each tally sheet uses trip data from the default

values or the user scenario and outputs activity and duty cycle data to a summary sheet.

Detailed default values on the tally sheets (e.g. the time needed to transfer a container between two

chassis) can be changed by the user if desired. The default values for each of the four model versions

are based on a combination of regional data and industry rules-of-thumb. Wherever the user can

input more accurate values for local conditions, the accuracy and realism of the model will improve.

All of the activity tally spreadsheets employ a common format and approach, with changes in the

nomenclature and content to suit the application. The Marine Terminal tally sheet, which is the most

complex, is shown below as an example.

This worksheet reflects movements of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and from marine container terminals

Activity Trips % Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting Time

(Minutes)

Travel Time

(minutes)

Distance

(Miles)

Outbound/Export Containers = user changeable inputs

Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate 877,609

Loaded Containers 434,000 39% (over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)

Empty Containers 443,609 40%

Bare Chassis 11,601 1% 12 - 12 5

Bobtail Tractors 218,728 20% 35 - 35 15

Total Trips 1,107,937 100%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction 911,082 82% 3 3 - -

Outside Queuing 911,082 82% 20 20 0.6

Trouble Window 55,397 5% 45 45 - 0.1

Bypass Entrance 196,855 18% 2 - 2 0.1

Container Yard Activity

Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis 542,857 30% 12 10 2 0.5

Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis 334,751 19% 12 10 2 0.5

Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis 11,860 1% 15 15 2 0.5

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis 434,000 24% 12 10 2 0.5

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 443,609 25% 12 10 2 0.5

Drop Bare Chassis 11,601 1% 5 5 2 0.5

Chassis Flip/Transfer 8,776 0% 42 40 2 0.5

Live Lift Container onto Chassis - 0% 12 12 0 0.1

Live Lift Container off of Chassis - 0% 12 12 0 0.1

Total Transactions 1,787,454 100%

Container Yard Delays

Trouble Window 89,373 5% 30 30 0 0.1

Equipment Issue 44,473 5% 60 59 1 0.3

Inbound/Import Containers

Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate 877,609

Loaded Containers 542,857 49% (over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)

Empty Containers 334,751 30%

Bare Chassis 11,860 1% 12 - 12 5

Bobtail Tractors 218,468 20% 35 - 35 15

Total Trips 1,107,937 100%

Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction 911,316 82% 3 3 - -

Inside Queuing 714,694 65% 5 18 0.5

Trouble Window 45,566 5% 30 30 - 0.1

Bypass Exit 196,622 18% 2 - 2 0.1

Loaded Subtotal 976,857 44% 31,764,489 16,055,468 15,709,022 881,085

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 1,239,018 56% 52,025,355 18,663,891 33,361,463 7,616,498

Marine Terminal Total 2,215,875 100% 83,789,844 34,719,359 49,070,485 8,497,583

Marine Terminal Drayage Activity

Note: OB/Export Containers come IN to the Marine Terminal Gate, and vice versa

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS
Page 34

On the left the tally sheets list possible activities. The list is similar across the various facility types,

although not all activities take place in every location. The cells hold either values linked to other

sheets, calculated values, output values, or optional input variables, as shown above. Cells

containing calculated values and output values are locked. Cells shaded in tan allow user inputs.

The outputs are totaled separately for loaded containers and for unloaded equipment (bobtails, bare

chassis, and empty containers). The tally sheets contain hidden cells in which the minutes by duty

cycle phase are multiplied by the number of trips in each category and totaled. The output cells are

ultimately linked to the Primary Inputs and Outputs and Activity Summary sheets.

Operating Modes. This section of each activity tally spreadsheet (below), which is ordinarily

hidden, is a critical factor in the emissions estimates. Duty cycle data are scarce, so the model

supplies a series of appropriate default values. The default duty cycle for over-the-road trips on this

and other spreadsheets is the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Highway Heavy Duty Diesel

Truck (HHDDT) test cycle of 16.6% Idle, 7.0% creep, 15.4% transient, and 57.8% Cruise.

Average speeds for each mode are consistent with the MOVES methodology: 0 mph for Idle, 1.7

mph for Creep, 12.5 mph for Transient, and 40 mph for Cruise.

The complete duty cycle is applied only to the over-the-road activities within the drayage activity

model, not to terminal activities or queuing. For most activities the tally sheet tracks waiting time

(modeled at Idle) separately from movement time. The movement time is modeled at Creep (average

of 1.7 mph, for gate transactions and queuing) or at Transient (average of 12.5 mph, for movement

within the yard and through bypass gates).

The tally sheet tracks the minutes accumulated in each operating mode and the total distance

traveled. These results are reported separately for loaded moves and for empty, bare chassis, and

bobtail moves combined.

Each activity tally sheet has a comparable operating cycle section which is normally hidden as there

are no user inputs or displays of results.

The sections that follow cover the individual Drayage Activity sheets and the detailed input options.
Page 35

Activity Trips % Duration (Minutes) Waiting Time (Minutes) Travel Time (minutes) Distance (Miles) Idle % Creep % Transient % Cruise % Avg. Travel MPH Idle (minutes) Creep (minutes) Transient (minutes) Cruise (minutes) Total (Minutes) Total Miles

Outbound/Export Containers = user changeable inputs 0.0 1.7 12.5 40.0

Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate 877,609

Loaded Containers 434,000 39% (over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)

Empty Containers 443,609 40%

Bare Chassis 11,601 1% 12 - 12 5 16.6% 7.0% 18.5% 57.8% 25.6 22,672 9,560 25,242 78,711 136,185 58,003

Bobtail Tractors 218,728 20% 35 - 35 15 16.6% 7.0% 18.5% 57.8% 25.6 1,282,444 540,764 1,427,788 4,452,219 7,703,215 3,280,923

Total Trips 1,107,937 100%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction 911,082 82% 3 3 - - 100% 0% 0% 0% 0.0 2,733,246 - - - 2,733,246 - Outside Queuing 911,082 82% 20 20 0.6 0% 100% 0% 0% 1.7 - 18,221,641 - - 18,221,641 516,280

Trouble Window 55,397 5% 45 45 - 0.1 100% 0% 0% 0% 0.0 2,492,859 - - - 2,492,859 6,925

Bypass Entrance 196,855 18% 2 - 2 0.1 0% 100% 0% 0% 1.7 - 393,711 - - 393,711 11,155

Container Yard Activity

Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis 542,857 30% 12 10 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 5,211,429 - 1,302,857 - 6,514,286 271,429

Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis 334,751 19% 12 10 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 3,213,614 - 803,403 - 4,017,017 167,376

Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis 11,860 1% 15 15 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 177,906 - 28,465 - 206,371 5,930

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis 434,000 24% 12 10 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 4,166,400 - 1,041,600 - 5,208,000 217,000

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 443,609 25% 12 10 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 4,258,642 - 1,064,661 - 5,323,303 221,804

Drop Bare Chassis 11,601 1% 5 5 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 58,003 - 27,842 - 85,845 5,800

Chassis Flip/Transfer 8,776 0% 42 40 2 0.5 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 347,533 - 21,063 - 368,596 4,388

Live Lift Container onto Chassis - 0% 12 12 0 0.1 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 - - - - - - Live Lift Container off of Chassis - 0% 12 12 0 0.1 0% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 - - - - - - Total Transactions 1,787,454 100%

Container Yard Delays

Trouble Window 89,373 5% 30 30 0 0.1 100% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 2,681,181 - 42,899 - 2,681,181 8,937

Equipment Issue 44,473 5% 60 59 1 0.3 100% 0% 100% 0% 12.5 2,668,407 - 53,368 - 2,668,407 11,118

Inbound/Import Containers

Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate 877,609

Loaded Containers 542,857 49% (over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)

Empty Containers 334,751 30%

Bare Chassis 11,860 1% 12 - 12 5 16.6% 7.0% 18.5% 57.8% 25.6 23,180 9,774 25,807 80,473 139,234 59,302

Bobtail Tractors 218,468 20% 35 - 35 15 16.6% 7.0% 18.5% 57.8% 25.6 1,280,921 540,122 1,426,092 4,446,932 7,694,067 3,277,027

Total Trips 1,107,937 100% - Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction 911,316 82% 3 3 - - 100% 0% 0% 0% 0.0 2,733,947 - - - 2,733,947 - Inside Queuing 714,694 65% 5 18 0.5 0% 100% 0% 0% 1.7 - 12,612,250 - - 12,612,250 357,347

Trouble Window 45,566 5% 30 30 - 0.1 100% 0% 0% 0% 0.0 1,366,974 - - - 1,366,974 5,696

Bypass Exit 196,622 18% 2 - 2 0.1 0% 100% 0% 0% 1.7 - 393,243 - - 393,243 11,142

Loaded Subtotal 976,857 44% 31,764,489 16,055,468 15,709,022 881,085 16,055,468 13,317,397 2,391,625 - 16,055,468 13,317,397 2,391,625 - 31,717,321 881,085

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 1,239,018 56% 52,025,355 18,663,891 33,361,463 7,616,498 18,663,891 19,403,669 4,899,461 9,058,334 18,663,891 19,403,669 4,899,461 9,058,334 51,976,256 7,616,498

Marine Terminal Total 2,215,875 100% 83,789,844 34,719,359 49,070,485 8,497,583 34,719,359 32,721,065 7,291,086 9,058,334 34,719,359 32,721,065 7,291,086 9,058,334 83,693,577 8,497,583

Operating Mode and Activity Tallies

OPERATING MODE SPEEDS

OPERATING MODE ASSIGNMENT CUMULATIVE OPERATING MODE TIMES

CUMULATIVE OPERATING

MILEAGE
Page 36

7.2 Marine Terminal Worksheet

The Marine Terminal sheet covers the drayage activity within the marine terminal and at the marine

terminal gates. Trips to and from the marine terminals are covered in other sheets.

This worksheet reflects movements of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and from marine container terminals

Activity Trips % Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting Time

(Minutes)

Travel Time

(minutes)

Distance

(Miles)

Outbound/Export Containers = user changeable inputs

Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate 877,609

Loaded Containers 434,000 39% (over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)

Empty Containers 443,609 40%

Bare Chassis 11,601 1% 12 - 12 5

Bobtail Tractors 218,728 20% 35 - 35 15

Total Trips 1,107,937 100%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction 911,082 82% 3 3 - -

Outside Queuing 911,082 82% 20 20 0.6

Trouble Window 55,397 5% 45 45 - 0.1

Bypass Entrance 196,855 18% 2 - 2 0.1

Container Yard Activity

Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis 542,857 30% 12 10 2 0.5

Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis 334,751 19% 12 10 2 0.5

Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis 11,860 1% 15 15 2 0.5

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis 434,000 24% 12 10 2 0.5

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 443,609 25% 12 10 2 0.5

Drop Bare Chassis 11,601 1% 5 5 2 0.5

Chassis Flip/Transfer 8,776 0% 42 40 2 0.5

Live Lift Container onto Chassis - 0% 12 12 0 0.1

Live Lift Container off of Chassis - 0% 12 12 0 0.1

Total Transactions 1,787,454 100%

Container Yard Delays

Trouble Window 89,373 5% 30 30 0 0.1

Equipment Issue 44,473 5% 60 59 1 0.3

Inbound/Import Containers

Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate 877,609

Loaded Containers 542,857 49% (over-the-road movement shown on other worksheets)

Empty Containers 334,751 30%

Bare Chassis 11,860 1% 12 - 12 5

Bobtail Tractors 218,468 20% 35 - 35 15

Total Trips 1,107,937 100%

Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction 911,316 82% 3 3 - -

Inside Queuing 714,694 65% 5 18 0.5

Trouble Window 45,566 5% 30 30 - 0.1

Bypass Exit 196,622 18% 2 - 2 0.1

Loaded Subtotal 976,857 44% 31,764,489 16,055,468 15,709,022 881,085

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 1,239,018 56% 52,025,355 18,663,891 33,361,463 7,616,498

Marine Terminal Total 2,215,875 100% 83,789,844 34,719,359 49,070,485 8,497,583

Marine Terminal Drayage Activity

Note: OB/Export Containers come IN to the Marine Terminal Gate, and vice versa

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the marine

terminal that are involved in specific activities, such as trips to a trouble window to resolve

paperwork problems. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user. All the other percentages

are driven by the model.

Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage

activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.

Distances. The distances on this sheet are within the terminal or at the terminal gates, not between

terminals or other facilities. The tan values may be replaced by the user – others are calculated.
Page 37

Note that the marine terminal worksheet has its own “Restore Generic Defaults” button, as some of

the tan cells that might be changed by the user contain formulas that would otherwise be lost.

7.3 Off-Dock Rail Terminal Spreadsheet

The Off-Dock Rail Terminal portion of the model reflects drayage trips to and from port terminals,

and port-related activity at and within the rail facility.

This worksheet reflects moves of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and from off-dock rail terminals

Activity Trips %

Duration

(Minutes) Waiting Time Travel Time Distance (Miles)

Inbound/Import Containers = user changeable inputs

Total Containers Entering Terminal Gate 142,929

Loaded Containers 135,714 77% 12 - 12 5.0

Empty Containers 7,215 4% 12 - 12 5.0

Bare Chassis 13,178 8% 12 - 12 5.0

Bobtail Tractors 19,378 11% 12 - 12 5.0

Total Trips 175,485 100%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction 158,045 90% 2

Outside Queuing 158,045 90% 2 - 2 0.1

Trouble Window 1,755 1% 30 30 - -

Bypass Entrance 17,440 10% 2 - 2 0.4

Rail Intermodal Yard Activity

Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis 107,143 34% 15 10 5 1.0

Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis 36,075 12% 15 10 5 1.0

Locate & Pick Up Bare Chassis 12,890 4% 15 10 5 1.0

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis 135,714 43% 15 10 5 1.0

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 7,215 2% 15 10 5 1.0

Drop Bare Chassis 13,178 4% 15 10 5 1.0

Chassis Flip/Transfer 1,432 1% 30 25 5 1.0

Live Lift Container onto Chassis - 0% 15 13 2 0.5

Live Lift Container off of Chassis - 0% 15 13 2 0.5

Total Transactions 313,647 100%

Yard Delay & Repair

Trouble Window 1,200 1% 30 - 4 0.1

Equipment Issue 2,401 2% 60 - 35 1.0

Outbound/Export Containers

Total Containers Exiting Terminal Gate 143,218

Loaded Containers 107,143 61% 12 - 12 5.0

Empty Containers 36,075 21% 12 - 12 5.0

Bare Chassis 12,890 7% 12 - 12 5.0

Bobtail Tractors 19,378 11% 12 - 12 5.0

Total Trips 175,485 100%

Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction 158,045 90% 3 - - -

Inside Queuing 158,045 90% 5 - 5 0.1

Trouble Window 1,755 1% 30 30 - 0.1

Bypass Exit 17,440 10% 2 - 2 0.4

Loaded Subtotal 242,857 69% 6,866,130 3,024,639 3,841,491 1,465,760

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 108,113 31% 2,526,525 987,271 1,539,255 621,730

Off-Dock Rail Terminal Total 350,970 100% 9,392,655 4,011,909 5,380,746 2,087,490

Off-Dock Rail Terminal Drayage Activity

Note: Inbound/Import containers come IN to the Rail Terminal Entry Gate, and vice versa

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the off-dock

rail terminal that are involved in specific activities. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the

user.

Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage

activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults based on case studies but may be changed by the user.

Distances. The key input for the over-the-road trips is the distance. As with analogous inputs in

other model segments the ideal input value would be a weighted set of distances and volumes.

Lacking terminal-by-terminal trip data, the next-best input value would be the distances to rail

facilities (if there is more than one) weighted by their relative volumes of port-related activity.
Page 38

7.4 Inter-Terminal Worksheet

The format of the Inter-Terminal drayage spreadsheet is abbreviated and used differently. Instead of

reflecting activity at gates and container yards, this model section represents over-the-road

movements between marine terminals. No in-terminal activities are covered.

Activity Trips % Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting

Time

Travel

Time

Distance

(Miles)

Inter-Terminal Drayage Trips = user changeable inputs

Total Inter-Terminal Container Movements 5,714

Loaded Containers 5,429 84% 9 - 9 4

Empty Containers 286 4% 9 - 9 4

Bare Chassis - 0% 9 - 9 4

Bobtail Tractors 714 11% 9 - 9 4

Total Trips 6,429 100%

Loaded Subtotal 5,429 84% 50,983 8,488 42,495 21,714

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 1,000 16% 9,392 1,564 7,828 4,000

Inter-Terminal Total 6,429 100% 60,374 10,051 50,323 25,714

Inter-Terminal Drayage Mileage & Time

This worksheet reflects time and distance travelled in movements of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis,

and bobtail tractors between marine container terminals

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

Activity Percentages. There are no user options in this column.

Activity Durations. The durations on this worksheet are calculated from the distances and the

average speeds in the duty cycle, and are not user-changeable.

Distances. The key input is the distance between terminals, which has a default value of 4 miles. As

in other cases, where there are only two facilities the input value should be the distance between

them. In a multi-terminal complex, the ideal input would be the various distances weighted by the

number of trips between each pair. The values may be replaced by the user.

7.5 Shipper/Receiver Spreadsheet

Shippers (exporters) and receivers (importers) are the underlying customers for container

transportation and in most ports will account for the majority of drayage trips and mileage. This

worksheet calculates the over-the-road and on-site mileage and time required to serve those

customers.
Page 39

Activity Trips % Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting

Time Travel Time Distance(Miles)

Inbound/Import Containers = user changeable inputs

Containers Entering Shipper/Receiver Gate 723,143

Loaded Containers 401,714 49% 59 - 59 25.0

Empty Containers 321,429 40% 59 - 59 25.0

Bobtail Tractors 88,832 11% 59 - 59 25.0

Total Trips 811,974 100%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction 811,974 100% 2 2

Outside Queuing 811,974 100% 3 3 0.1

Trouble Window 4,060 0.5% 30 30 - -

Loading/Unloading

Pick Up Loaded Container on Chassis 241,071 19% 10 10 0 0.1

Pick Up Empty Container on Chassis 301,286 24% 10 10 0 0.1

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis 301,286 24% 10 10 0 0.1

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 241,071 19% 10 10 0 0.1

Wait for Container Loading 80,357 6% 60 60 0 0.1

Wait for Container Unloading 100,429 8% 30 30 0 0.1

Total Transactions 1,265,500 100%

Yard Delay

Yard Delay 4,060 0.5% 15 15 - -

Outbound/Export Containers

Containers Exiting Shipper/Receiver Gate 723,143 89%

Loaded Containers 321,429 40% 59 - 59 25.0

Empty Containers 401,714 49% 59 - 59 25.0

Bobtail Tractors 88,832 11% 59 - 59 25.0

Total Trips 811,974 100%

Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction 811,974 100% 2 2 -

Outside Queuing 811,974 100% 3 3 0.1

Trouble Window 4,060 0.5% 30 30 - -

Loaded Subtotal 723,143 45% 54,637,063 16,779,312 37,857,750 18,204,317

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 900,806 55% 67,789,539 20,716,255 47,073,284 22,658,992

Shipper/Receiver Total 1,623,949 100% 122,426,601 37,495,567 84,931,034 40,863,309

Shipper & Receiver Drayage Activity

This worksheet reflects movements of loaded containers, empty containers, and bobtail tractors to and from shippers

(exporters) and receivers (importers)

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all shipper/consignee movements

involved in specific activities, such as dropping an empty container or waiting for an import

container to be unloaded. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user. A key factor is the

split between “drop and pick” trips (where the drayman delivers one container and picks up another)

and “stay with” trips (where the driver waits while the container is loaded or unload). This factor is

addressed on the Secondary Inputs spreadsheet.

Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage

activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.

Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled to, from, and within

shipper/consignee facilities. The values are derived from the Primary Inputs.

7.6 Container Depot Spreadsheet

The Container Depot spreadsheet uses the same overall format as the other activity sheets but is

simpler because only a few of the functions are used.
Page 40

Activity Trips % Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting

Time

Travel

Time

Distance

(Miles)

Containers to Depot = user changeable inputs

Loaded Containers - 0% 5 - 5 2.0

Empty Containers 29,555 86% 5 - 5 2.0

Bare Chassis - 0% 5 - 5 2.0

Bobtail Tractors 4,839 14% 5 - 5 2.0

Total Trips 34,394 100%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction 34,394 100% 3 3 - -

Outside Queuing 34,394 100% 5 - 5 0.1

Trouble Window 688 2% 15 15 - -

Depot Yard Activity

Pick up Loaded Container on Chassis - 0% 10 6 4 0.1

Pick up Empty Container on Chassis 6,628 6% 10 6 4 0.1

Locate & Pick up Bare Chassis 22,639 22% 10 6 4 0.1

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis - 0% 10 6 4 0.1

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 5,911 6% 10 6 4 0.1

Drop Bare Chassis 23,644 22% 10 6 4 0.1

Live Lift Empty Container on Chassis 22,639 22% 15 11 4 0.1

Live Lift Empty Container off Chassis 23,644 22% 15 11 4 0.1

Total Transactions 105,104 100%

Depot Yard Delays

Trouble Window 2,102 2% 30 - - -

Equipment Issue 2,102 2% 60 - - -

Containers from Depot

Loaded Containers - 0% 5 - 5 2.0

Empty Containers 29,266 85% 5 - 5 2.0

Bare Chassis - 0% 5 - 5 2.0

Bobtail Tractors 5,128 15% 5 - 5 2.0

Total Trips 34,394 100%

Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction 34,394 100% 3 - 3 -

Inside Queuing 34,394 100% 3 - 3 0.1

Trouble Window 344 1% 15 15 - -

Loaded Subtotal - 0% - - - -

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 68,788 100% 2,171,254 1,163,169 1,008,086 159,886

Container Depot Total 68,788 100% 2,171,254 1,163,169 1,008,086 159,886

Container Depot Drayage Activity

This worksheet reflects movements of loaded and empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and

from off-dock container storage depots

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the container

depot involved in specific activities, such as dropping a container for storage. Values with tan

shading can be replaced by the user.

Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage

activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.

Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled to, from, and within off-dock

container depots. The values are derived from the Primary Inputs.

7.7 Trucker Yard Worksheet

The Trucker Yard spreadsheet uses the same overall format as the other activity sheets but i only a

few of the functions since container remain on their chassis at these facilities.
Page 41

Activity Trips % Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting

Time

Travel

Time

Distance

(Miles)

Trips to Yard = user changeable inputs

Loaded Containers 9,714 7% 23 - 23 10.0

Empty Containers 14,463 10% 23 - 23 10.0

Bare Chassis - 0% 23 - 23 10.0

Bobtail Tractors* 114,190 83% 23 - 23 10.0

Total Trips 138,367 100%

Trucker Yard Activity

Pick up Loaded Container on Chassis 9,714 25% 10 5 4 0.1

Pick up Empty Container on Chassis 14,463 37% 10 5 4 0.1

Pick up Bare Chassis - 0% 10 5 4 0.1

Drop Loaded Container on Chassis 9,714 25% 10 5 4 0.1

Drop Empty Container on Chassis 14,463 37% 10 5 4 0.1

Drop Bare Chassis - 0% 10 5 4 0.1

Total Transactions 38,640 100%

Trips from Yard

Loaded Containers 9,714 7% 23 - 23 10.0

Empty Containers 14,463 10% 23 - 23 10.0

Bare Chassis - 0% 23 - 23 10.0

Bobtail Tractors* 114,190 83% 23 - 23 10.0

Total Trips 138,367 100%

Loaded Subtotal 19,429 7% 639,017 173,085 465,932 196,714

Bobtail/Chassis/Empty Subtotal 257,305 93% 6,313,450 1,150,379 5,163,071 2,576,663

Trucker Yard Total 276,733 100% 6,952,467 1,323,464 5,629,002 2,773,378

* Inlcudes only bobtails to/from Marine Terminal to avoid double-counting cross-town moves

Trucker Yard Drayage Activity

This worksheet reflects movements of loaded and empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors to and

from off-dock trucker yards or equivalent locations

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of all movements through the to and

from trucker yards involved in specific activities, such as dropping a container on chassis or bare

chassis for storage. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user.

Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage

activity. The cells shaded in tan are defaults but may be changed by the user.

Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled to, from, and within trucker yards.

The values are derived from the Primary Inputs.

As noted in the graphic, the Trucker Yard worksheet picks up only the bobtails to and from marine

terminals to avoid double-counting trips shown on other worksheets.

7.8 Other Port Trucks Worksheet

This worksheet is provided to account for movements of non-container port trucks, such as those

moving bulk or break-bulk cargoes. The format of this worksheet is simpler than the others. The

default model does not include such trips, so all such data must be added by the user.

Activity Percentages. This column contains the percentage of non-container truck movements by

activity type. Values with tan shading can be replaced by the user.

Activity Durations. This column assigns the appropriate number of minutes to each drayage

activity. Travel times are calculated by the model; waiting times can reflect user inputs.
Page 42

Distances. The distances on this sheet refer to distances traveled by non-container trucks to and from

port facilities and are linked to the Secondary Inputs worksheet. The tan values may be replaced by

the user.

Activity Trips %

Duration

(Minutes)

Waiting

Time Travel Time Distance

(Miles)

Inbound/Import Trips = user changeable inputs

Loaded Trucks - 0% 0 - 0 0.0

Empty Trucks - 0% 0 - 0 0.0

Bobtail - 0% 23 - 23 10

Total Trips - 0%

Entry Gate Transactions

Entry Gate Transaction - 99% 1 1 - -

Outside Queuing - 2 - 2 0.1

Trouble Window - 1% 30 30 - -

Yard Activity

Loading - 0% 60 59 1 0.2

Unloading - 0% 30 29 1 0.2

Total Transactions - 0%

Yard Delay & Repair

Yard Delay - 1% 15 15 - -

Outbound/Export Trips

Loaded Trucks - 0% 59 - 59 25.0

Empty Trucks - 0% 59 - 59 25.0

Bobtail - 0% 23 - 23 10

Total Trips - 0%

Exit Gate Transactions

Exit Gate Transaction - 99% 1 1 - -

Inside Queuing - 2 - 2 0.1

Trouble Window - 1% 30 30 - -

Loaded Subtotal - 0% - - - -

Bobtail/Empty Subtotal - 0% - - - -

Other Port Trucks Total - 0% - - - -

Other Port Truck Activity

This worksheet reflects movements of non-container trucks or other truck movements not covered

in other worksheets

RESTORE GENERIC

DEFAULTS

7.9 Resetting Base Case Default Outputs

Once any default detailed input values have been replaced by more specific, local data, the default

output values must be reset accordingly.

To reset the default output values, click the green “Set Default Inputs and Outputs to Scenario

Values” button on the Primary Inputs and Outputs worksheet. At this point the model provides a new

base case estimate of drayage activities, costs, and emissions for the port or terminal being modeled.

This base case then becomes the new default against which new scenarios can be compared. (To

restore the generic defaults, use the blue “Restore Generic Default Inputs & Outputs” button.)
Page 43

8.0 Troubleshooting

8.1 Problem Types

The user may encounter problems of several different types, some of which are model issues, some

data issues, and some Excel issues. Each type is discussed separately below.

8.2 Model and Data Issues

The model itself has been tested by multiple users across a wide variety of circumstances. It is

possible, however, that users may encounter a problem with the model due to a combination of

actions that did not occur or cause trouble in testing.

The user may also encounter problems after inputting scenario values outside the expected range.

Using the Container Distribution worksheet. The core of the activity model is the Container

Distribution worksheet. This worksheet draws on the volume and distribution information from the

input sheet to allocate flows of loaded containers, empty containers, bare chassis, and bobtail tractors

among the various activity centers. The spreadsheet can also be used to troubleshoot apparent model

errors or inaccuracies.

To/From Vessels Number Port Share

Annual Port TEU 2,000,000 100%

Equiv. Containers 1,142,857 100%

IB/Import Loads 542,857 48% MT Trip Share 70% Import Loads from Depot -

IB/Import Empties 28,571 3% Total Import Loads Received 401,714 Import Loads from Trucker Yard 5,429

OB/Export Loads 428,571 38% Import Loads from MT 396,286 Export Loads to Depot -

OB/Export Empties 142,857 13% Empties Created 401,714 Export Loads to Trucker Yard 4,286

Total Export Loads Generated 321,429 Import Containers Reused 8,034

Export Loads to MT 317,143 Empties from Import Reuse 8,034

Empties Required for Export Loads 321,429 Empties to Export Reuse 8,034

Empties from MT 303,751 Empties from Depot 3,214

Port Share 0% Port Share 0% Empties to MT 373,594 Empties from Trucker Yard 6,429

IB/Import Loads - - Bobtails to Shipper/Receiver 88,832 Empties to Depot 12,051

IB/Import Empties - - Bobtails from Shipper/Receiver 88,832 Empties to Trucker Yard 8,034

OB/Export Loads - - Total Moves 1,623,949

OB/Export Empties - -

MT Trip Share 2% Chassis from Trucker -

Number Import Loads from MT - Chassis to Trucker -

5,429 Empties from MT 17,143 Empties from Rail 361

286 Chassis from MT - Empties to Rail 72

- Export Loads to MT - Empties from S/R 12,051

5,429 Empties to MT 25,980 Import Loads to S/R -

286 Chassis to MT - Export Loads from S/R -

- Bobtails to Depots 4,839 Empties to S/R 3,214

714 Bobtails from Depots 5,128 Total Moves 68,788

542,857 MT Trip Share 16% Chassis from Depots 1,318

334,751 Import Loads from MT 135,714 Chassis to Depots 1,289

11,860 Empties from MT 7,143 Empties to Depots 361

329,636 Chassis from MT 11,860 Empties from Depots 72

1,219,105 Export Loads to MT 107,143 Chassis from TY -

434,000 Empties to MT 35,714 Chassis to TY -

443,609 Chassis to MT 11,601

11,601 Bobtails to Rail 19,378

329,896 Bobtails from Rail 19,378 Total Moves 350,970

1,219,105

2,438,210

MT Trip Share 11% Empties from S/R 8,034

Import Loads from MT 5,429 Import Loads to S/R 5,429

- Empties from MT 6,429 Empties to S/R 6,429

- Chassis from MT - Export Loads from S/R 4,286

- Export Loads to MT 4,286 Chassis to Depots -

- Empties to MT 8,034 Chassis from Depots -

- Chassis to MT - Chassis to Rail -

- Bobtails to Trucker Yard 114,190 Chassis from Rail -

- Bobtails from Trucker Yard 114,190 Total Moves 276,733

Trucker Yard Trips

Shipper/Receiver Trips

Off-Dock Rail Intermodal Trips

Container/Chassis Depot Trips

Off-Dock Rail Intermodal Trips

Container/Chassis Depot Trips

Non-Port Trips

Shipper/Receiver Trips

Trucker Yard Trips

Non-gate Container Moves

Outgate Chassis

OB/Export Chassis

On-Dock Rail

Export/Ingate Empties

Container Terminal Gate Moves

Export/Ingate Loads

Import/Outgate Loads

Outgate Subtotal

Bobtails

OB/Export Loads

OB/Export Empties

Marine Container Terminals (MT)

Inbound Bobtails

Ingate Chassis

Ingate Subtotal

Import/Outgate Empties

Ingate Bobtails

Port/Terminal Trips

Outgate Bobtails

Total Moves

Outbound Bobtails

Total Moves

Other Port Truck Trips

Empties from MT

Loads to MT

Loads from MT

Empties to MT

IB/Import Chassis

Inter-Terminal Drayage Trips

MT Trip Share 1%

IB/Import Loads

IB/Import Empties

Note: For clarity and consistency, all directions are Port orientation. Inbound=Import, Outbound=Export

DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Port Container Distribution Worksheet

On-Dock Barge

Transhipment
Page 44

This spreadsheet functions as a check on the logic and completeness of the scenario inputs. The

container distribution chart is driven by entries elsewhere, total TEU and proportional splits between

activity and customer groups. There are no user entries on this worksheet.

• If the flows shown on the chart do not appear correct it is an indication of problems

with input factors either on the primary input sheet or on one of the activity center

sheets.

• If the overall container count is wrong either the TEU total, the inbound/outbound

balance, the load/balance, and the containers per TEU conversion factors should be

checked.

• If the barge or on-dock rail volumes appear wrong, the barge percentage, the rail

percentage, and the on-dock rail shares should be checked.

• Negative values anywhere on this sheet are an indication of errors or conflicting

scenario specifications. In these cases the values on the Primary Inputs and Secondary

Inputs sheets should be checked for consistency.

If the totals and proportions in the marine terminal gate section of the flow chart do not agree with

empirical data, the following issues should be considered (as well possible inaccuracy of the

empirical data).

• Proportions and volumes of containers moved via barge or on-dock rail. In particular,

the load/empty balances of barge or rail flows may differ significantly from the

overall port balance. (see the Secondary Inputs worksheet)

• Proportions of bobtail or bare chassis moves (on the Marine Terminal activity center

sheet). There may be local reasons for higher or lower percentages of bobtail or bare

chassis moves, such as off-terminal or storage, a higher number of inter-terminal

moves. (see the Secondary Inputs worksheet)

• The existence of bypass gates, inter-terminal or depot moves by yard tractors, or other

reasons why some moves are not reflected in terminal gate counts. (see the Secondary

Inputs worksheet)

• A mismatch between the pattern reflected in gate counts and the overall annual port

drayage pattern. This mismatch might occur if a monthly or weekly sample includes

non-typical activity such as service disruptions or large-scale equipment

repositioning.

The marine terminal gate flow numbers on the flow chart are matched on the marine terminal

activity center sheet. The relationships on that sheet should be reviewed in detail if the flow chart

numbers appear incorrect.

8.3 Error Messages

The Excel #DIV/0! message may appear if the user inserts zero into a cell where zero is not a valid

value, such as in the Annual TEU or Avg./TEU Container fields.
Page 45

The Excel #VALUE! message usually indicates that the user has entered a non-numerical character

in a numerical field, such as inputting the letter “a” for the Outbound Empty %. A particularly

common error of this time is typing the letter “O” for the number zero.

The Excel Circular Reference error message may appear if the user inadvertently sets a default

value equal to the corresponding scenario value, since the scenario value is ordinarily equal to the

default already.

8.4 Problems with Excel Functionality

Correct model functioning depends on numerous Excel functions and features, including several

macros. Where difficulties with the model are traceable to Excel itself, standard software

troubleshooting procedures apply. Suggestions include:

• Consulting the Excel Help file (keyboard shortcut F1).

• Using the Formula Auditing tools under Formulas on the Excel 2010 ribbon.

• Using the Open and Repair option when opening the model file.

• Entering a brief description of the problem into an Internet search engine (e.g.

Google).
Page 46

9.0 Appendix: Input Summary Tables

9.1 Primary Inputs

The tables below summarize the major input variables on the Primary Inputs & Outputs worksheet.

The tables can be used as a paper version of the worksheet to assemble the necessary data.

Primary Inputs for DrayFLEET Model 2.0

Input Default Scenario Comment

Primary Port Inputs

Annual TEU 2,000,000 Enter the total annual Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEU)

handled by the port or terminal in question

Average TEU

per Container 1.75 Enter the appropriate factor to convert the TEU data to anequivalent container count

Inbound

Share

50% Enter the percentage of TEU or containers moving inbound

from vessel to port or terminal, whether loaded or empty,

import or domestic cargo

Inbound

Empty Share 5% Enter the percentage of import TEU or containers that arriveempty

Outbound

Empty Share

25% Enter the percentage of outbound TEU or containers that

depart empty

Rail

Intermodal

Share

25%

Enter the total percentage of on-dock and off-dock rail

intermodal movement of port containers (in % of TEU or

containers, not tonnage), both loaded and empty
Page 47

Primary Marine Terminal Inputs

Average

Inbound Gate

Queue

Minutes

20

minutes

Enter the average minutes that drayage drivers spend

waiting in queues outside terminal gates

Average

Container

Yard Minutes

per

Transaction

30

minutes

Enter the average minutes required inside the marine

terminal container yard to complete a single transaction

Primary Rail Terminal Inputs

Weighted

Average

Miles from

Marine

Terminal

5 miles Where there is only one marine terminal and one off-dock

rail terminal, enter the distance between them

Average

Inbound Gate

Queue

Minutes

5 minutes Enter the average time draymen spend waiting to enter the

inbound gates at off-dock rail terminals

Average Rail

Yard Minutes

per

Transaction

15

minutes

Enter the average time required in the rail terminal yard

(after passing through the gate) for a single transaction
Page 48

Primary Container Depot Inputs

Weighted

Average

Miles from

Marine

Terminal

2 miles

Where there is just one marine terminal and one depot, enter

the distance between them. Where there are multiple

terminals and multiple depots the input value should be the

weighted average

Share of

Empties

Stored at

Depots

10%.

Enter the percentage of empty containers that are either

returned to a leasing company depot (“off-hired”) or stored

at a depot for other reasons.

Primary Shipper/Receivers Inputs

Weighted

Average

Miles from

Port

25 miles Enter the average distance traveled to local and regional

shippers and consignees

Weighted

Average

Crosstown

Miles

10 miles Enter the average distance between shipper/receiver

locations, container depots, trucker yards, and rail terminals

Primary Trucker Yard Inputs

Weighted

Average

Miles from

Marine

Terminal

2 miles

Where there are multiple terminals and multiple trucker

yards the input value should be the weighted average

distance between them

Trucker Yard

Share of Port

Bobtail

Moves

50% Enter the percentage of bobtail tractor moves within the port

area that start or end at a trucker yard

Drayage Cost Inputs

Average

Labor Cost

per Hour

$15.00 Enter the average hourly cost of drayage labor (truck

drivers).

Average Fuel

Price $4.00 Enter the average price per gallon for diesel fuel.
Page 49

Initiative Inputs

Stacked

Terminal 0%

Enter the percentage of containers (loaded and empty) that

are typically stacked at the marine terminal(s) rather than

parked on chassis

On-Dock Rail 0%

Enter the percentage of rail intermodal containers or TEU

that are transferred at on-dock rail facilities rather than at

off-dock or near-dock facilities.

Automated

Gates 0%

Enter the percentage of container or TEU that are handled at

automated terminal gates (e.g. via OCR, swipe card, RFID,

or other technology that reduces time at the gates).

Extended

Gate Hours 0% Enter the percentage of containers or TEU that pass through

terminal gates in off-peak hours, up to a maximum of 50%.

Container

Information

System

0%

Enter the percentage of containers or TEU whose movement

or handing is covered by a port or terminal information

system accessible to draymen (e.g. eModal, VoyagerTrack).

Virtual

Container

Yard

0%

Enter the percentage of containers or TEU for which a

Virtual Container Yard (VCY) or other container status and

interchange system is available

Neutral

Chassis Pool 0%

Enter the percentage of containers or TEU handled at

terminals with neutral chassis pools (or alternately, the

percentage of containers or TEU mounted on neutral pool

chassis).
Page 50

9.2 Drayage Fleet Inputs

The table below lists the most critical data items for the Drayage Fleet Inputs worksheet.

Drayage Fleet Inputs

Drayage Fleet Number of drayage trucks by model year

Drayage

Truck

Emission

Control

Strategies

0% Percent of trucks with various types of control strategies

including DPFs, DOCs, APUs, single-wide tires, etc.
Page 51

9.3 Secondary Inputs

The following tables summarize the input options available on the Secondary Inputs worksheet.

Secondary Inputs for DrayFLEET Model 2.0

Input Default Scenario Comment

Port Operations

Barge/Transshipment

Share 0%

If containers are transferred to or from barges at the

facility or if there is transshipment performed, enter the

percentage of TEU or containers affected

Inter-Terminal Dray

Share 1%

For a port analysis, enter the percentage of containers

that are drayed between port terminals. For a single

terminal analysis, enter zero

Marine Terminal Operations

% of Bobtails using

Bypass Gate 90%

Many marine terminals have a bypass gate for bobtail

trips to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the

percentage of bobtail trips using such bypass gates

% of Bobtail

Tractors at Gates 20%.

If available, enter the port-specific percentage of

bobtail trips at marine terminal gates as a percentage

of total gate movements

Rail Terminal Operations

% of Bobtail

Tractors at Gates 20%

If available, enter the average percentage of bobtail

trips at rail terminal gates as a percentage of total gate

movements

% of Bobtails using

Bypass Gate 90%

Many rail terminals have a bypass gate for bobtail trips

to reduce congestion at the main gates. Enter the

percentage of bobtail trips using such bypass gates

% Live Lifts 0%

The norm for rail terminals is for drayman to park

containers on chassis for subsequent loading by the

terminal operator, and to pick up parked containers on

chassis that have been previously unloaded from trains.

“Live lifts” occur when the drayman waits to have the

container transferred from chassis to rail car (or vice

versa).

% of Rail Empties

Returned to Depots 1%

Enter the percentage of empty containers that arrive at

off-dock rail terminals and are drayed to off-dock

container depots for storage rather than being drayed to

the marine terminals
Page 52

Container Depot Operations

% of Bobtail Moves 20%

If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at

container depot gates as a percentage of total depot

gate movements

% Live Lift at

Depots 80%

The norm for container depots is to store containers in

stacks, off their chassis. “Live lifts” occur when the

drayman waits to have the container transferred from

chassis to stack (or vice versa).

% of Depot Empties

Sent to Rail 1%

Enter the percentage of empty containers sent to rail

intermodal terminals from off-dock container depots

rather than being sent to marine terminals

% of Import Loads

Drayed to Depots 0%

Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed to offterminal depots for storage. If import loads are ever

drayed to off-dock depots, enter the percentage here

% of Export Loads

Drayed to Depots 0%

Ordinarily, only empty containers are drayed to offterminal depots for storage. If export loads are ever

drayed to off-dock depots, enter the percentage here
Page 53

Shipper/Receiver Operations

% of Bobtail Moves 20%

If available, enter the percentage of bobtail trips at

shipper/receiver gates as a percentage of total

shipper/receiver gate movements

% of Drivers

Waiting for

Load/Unload

50%

The norm for most shippers and receivers is for

drayman to park loaded or empty containers on chassis

for subsequent handling by the customer, and to pick

up parked containers on chassis that are ready to go to

marine terminals or elsewhere. These are generally

referred to as “drop and pick” operations. “Stay with”

trips occur when the drayman waits to have a loaded

import container unloaded or an empty export

container loaded. Where information on the prevalence

of “stay with” waits is available, enter the appropriate

percentage.

% of Empties

Supplied from

Depots

1%

Enter the percentage of empty containers for export

loads supplied from off-dock container depots rather

than from marine terminals. This percentage can vary

widely between ports.

% of Empties

Returned to Depots 3%

Enter the percentage of emptied import containers that

are drayed to off-dock container depots rather than to

the marine terminals. This percentage can vary widely

between ports

% of Empties

Reused for Loads 2%

Enter the percentage of emptied import containers that

are repositioned and used for an export load, either by

the original drayman or by another firm. This

percentage tends to be low, less than 5% at most ports

% of Empties

Drayed to Trucker

Yards

2%

Enter the percentage of emptied import containers that

are drayed to trucker yards rather than to the marine

terminals. This percentage can vary widely between

ports.

% of Empties

Drayed from Trucker

Yards

2%

Enter the percentage of empty containers for export

loads supplied from trucker yards rather than from

marine terminals or depots. This percentage can vary

widely between ports.

Trucker Yard Operations

% of Import Loads

Staged at Trucker

Yards

1%

Loaded import containers are occasionally staged for

short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the

actual customer. Enter the percentage staged here.

% of Export Loads

Staged at Trucker

Yards

1%

Loaded export containers are occasionally staged for

short periods at trucker yards before delivery to the

marine terminal. Enter the percentage staged here.