Questions and Answers
 

EPA Releases “Draft MOVES2009” for 

Comment: Questions and Answers 

Q1. 	 Why is EPA releasing Draft MOVES2009? 

A1.	 Under	the	Clean	Air	Act	(CAA),	EPA	is	required	to	regularly	update	its	 

mobile	source	emissions	model.	EPA	is	continuously	collecting	data	and	conducting	emission	studies	to	make	sure	the	Agency	has	the	best	possible	basis	 

for	its	assessment.	This	assessment,	in	turn,	informs	the	development	of	EPA’s	 

mobile	source	emissions	models.	MOBILE6.2	is	currently	the	only	model	 

approved	to	do	State	Implementation	Plan	(SIP)	and	conformity	analyses	 

outside	of	California1.	Draft	MOVES2009	is	the	draft	version	of	EPA’s	new	 

mobile	source	emissions	model	which,	when	finalized,	will	represent	the	 

Agency’s	most	up-to-date	assessment	of	mobile	source	emissions.	It	will	also	 

incorporate	changes	based	upon	recommendations	made	to	the	Agency	by	 

the	National	Academies	of	Science. 

Q2.	 When will MOVES2009 be available for SIP and conformity analyses? 

A2.	 When	the	final	MOVES2009	is	released	later	this	year,	it	will	replace	MOBILE6.2	as	the	model	states	and	local	areas	will	use	to	develop	emission	 

inventories	for	SIPs	and	conformity	determinations.	It	will	also	be	used	to	estimate	the	emission	reduction	benefits	from	a	range	of	mobile	source	control	 

strategies.	In	conjunction	with	the	official	release	of	MOVES2009,	EPA	will	 

release	several	guidance	documents,	including	guidance	on	when	the	official	 

MOVES2009	model	will	be	required	for	SIP	use	and	establishing	what	the	 

grace	period	will	be	before	the	final	model	will	be	required	for	new	conformity	 

analyses. 

 For California, the approved model for these analyses is currently the EMFAC2007 model. 

Office of Transportation and Air Quality 

EPA-420-F-09-019 

April 2009 
Questions and Answers
 

Q3.	 Why has EPA changed the name of its mobile source model from “MOBILE” 

to “MOVES”? 

A3.	 The	name	“MOVES”	is	an	acronym	for	“Motor	Vehicle	Emission	Simulator.”	The	name	 

change	signals	the	new	approach	to	projecting	mobile	source	emissions	being	taken	in	 

the	new	model.	Specifically,	the	MOVES	model	is	designed	to	improve	upon	the	MOBILE6.2	model	in	two	key	respects.	First,	the	MOVES	model	is	based	on	a	review	of	 

the	vast	amount	of	in-use	vehicle	data	collected	and	analyzed	since	the	release	of	MOBILE6.2,	including	millions	of	emissions	measurements	from	light-duty	vehicles.	Analysis	of	this	in-use	data	has	enhanced	EPA’s	understanding	of	how	mobile	sources	contribute	to	emission	inventories	and	it	has	also	improved	the	Agency’s	understanding	of	the	 

relative	effectiveness	of	various	in-use	control	strategies.	Second,	the	MOVES	model	 

is	designed	to	allow	users	much	greater	flexibility	with	input	and	output	options.	This	 

added	flexibility	allows	EPA	to	easily	update	emissions	data	incorporated	in	MOVES	and	 

will	allow	users	to	incorporate	a	much	wider	array	of	activity	data	to	improve	estimation	 

of	local	emissions.	 

Q4. 	 What is the schedule for the release of a final MOVES2009? 

A4.	 EPA	plans	to	release	a	final,	official	version	of	MOVES2009	at	the	end	of	2009.	The	 

final	version	of	MOVES2009	will	replace	MOBILE6.2	as	the	official	approved	emissions	 

model	for	SIPs	and	conformity	analyses.	 

	 Between	the	release	of	draft	and	final	versions	of	MOVES2009,	EPA	and	the	Federal	 

Highway	Administration	(FHWA)	will	be	providing	MOVES2009	training	to	state	and	 

local	users	(training	sessions	will	be	posted	and	updated	at	http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm as	they	are	scheduled).	 

	 During	this	time,	EPA	will	also	be	accepting	comments	from	users,	and	making	any	 

necessary	changes	to	the	final	model.	EPA	requests	comments	by	July	2009	in	order	to	 

give	the	Agency	sufficient	time	to	review	comments	and	make	necessary	changes	in	time	 

for	the	end-of-year	release	deadline.	All	comments	should	be	submitted	via	e-mail	to:	 

mobile@epa.gov.		 

	 In	addition	to	training	and	on-going	model	development	work,	EPA	will	also	produce	 

guidance	documents	during	the	draft	review	period.	A	technical	guidance	document	will	 

address	issues	related	to	development	of	local	input	information	for	MOVES2009.	A	 

second	guidance	document	will	describe	how	to	use	MOVES2009	and	air	quality	models	 

to	do	project-level	hotspot	analyses.	A	third	guidance	document	will	address	when	final	 

MOVES2009	will	be	required	for	SIP	use	and	will	specify	a	grace	period	before	the	final	 

version	of	MOVES2009	is	required	for	new	conformity	analyses.	EPA	plans	to	release	all	 

of	these	documents	in	draft	form	for	comment	later	in	2009.	Final	guidance	documents	 

will	be	released	along	with	the	final	version	of	MOVES2009.	EPA	will	announce	the	release	of	the	final	model	and	the	beginning	of	the	conformity	grace	period	in	the	Federal	 

Register. 

2 
Questions and Answers
 

Q5. 	 How does Draft MOVES2009 compare to EPA’s previous mobile source emission factor models? 

A5.		 Unlike	the	EPA’s	previous	mobile	source	emission	models,	Draft	MOVES2009	has	been	 

designed	around	a	graphical	user	interface	(GUI)	using	the	open	source	database	management	software	known	as	MySQL.	Using	this	database	approach	to	modeling	allows	 

EPA	to	easily	incorporate	large	amounts	of	in-use	data	from	a	wide	variety	of	sources,	 

such	as	data	from	vehicle	inspection	and	maintenance	(I/M)	programs,	remote	sensing	 

device	(RSD)	testing,	certification	testing,	portable	emission	measurement	systems,	etc.	 

This	approach	also	provides	users	much	greater	flexibility	with	regard	to	output	choices.	 

Unlike	earlier	models	which	provided	emission	factors	in	grams-per-mile	in	fixed	output	formats,	Draft	MOVES2009	output	can	be	expressed	as	total	mass	(in	tons,	pounds,	 

kilograms,	or	grams)	or	as	emission	factors	(grams-per-mile	and	in	some	cases	grams-perhour).	Output	can	be	easily	aggregated	or	disaggregated	to	look	at	emissions	in	a	range	 

of	scales,	from	national	emissions	impacts	down	to	the	emissions	impacts	of	individual	 

transportation	projects.		 

Q6. 	 How does the current Draft MOVES2009 compare to previously released 

drafts of MOVES? 

A6.		 The	first	draft	release	of	MOVES	–	MOVES2004	–	was	a	proof-of-concept	model	that	 

only	looked	at	two	aspects	of	mobile	source	activity:	well-to-wheel	energy	consumption	 

and	greenhouse	gas	(GHG)	impacts.	MOVES2004	was	then	followed	by	the	MOVES	 

Demo	model,	which	was	released	in	May	2007.	MOVES	Demo	allowed	potential	users	 

to	gain	familiarity	with	what	would	be	the	basic	structure	for	subsequent	iterations	of	 

the	model	but	did	not	include	the	ability	to	model	emissions	of	criteria	pollutants.	The	 

reason	for	the	release	of	MOVES	Demo	was	to	get	comments	from	likely	users	on	the	 

user	interface	and	other	model	functions.	With	Draft	MOVES2009,	EPA	is	releasing	a	 

more	refined	version	of	the	model	for	likely	users	to	“test	drive”	and	comment	upon	so	 

that	EPA	can	resolve	any	issues	and	implement	any	improvements	suggested	in	time	for	 

the	official	release	at	the	end	of	2009.	 

	 Unlike	MOVES	Demo,	Draft	MOVES2009	does	include	the	ability	to	model	criteria	 

pollutant	emissions	and	also	includes	additional	features	to	simplify	regional	and	projectlevel	analyses	for	SIP	and	conformity	determinations.	It	should	be	noted,	however,	that	 

Draft	MOVES2009	is	not	approved	for	use	in	either	official	SIP	submissions	to	EPA	or	 

for	making	conformity	determinations	due	to	reasons	discussed	in	further	detail	below.	 

In	addition,	Draft	MOVES2009	is	not	approved	for	quantitative	particulate	matter	(PM)	 

2.5	or	PM10	hot-spot	analyses	for	project-level	conformity	determinations,	nor	is	it	to	be	 

used	for	required	emissions	analyses	needed	to	meet	the	National	Environmental	Policy	 

Act	(NEPA).	 

Q7.	 What can Draft MOVES2009 be used for? 

A7.	 Draft	MOVES2009	is	a	work-in-progress	that	is	being	released	now	to	solicit	user	comments	that	can	be	used	to	improve	the	official,	final	version	of	MOVES2009	scheduled	 


 
Questions and Answers
 

for	release	at	the	end	of	2009.	In	addition	to	aiding	EPA	as	it	works	toward	finalizing	the	 

model,	potential	users	can	also	use	this	draft	version	to	gain	valuable	experience	with	the	 

new	input	requirements	for	MOVES2009,	many	of	which	may	be	unfamiliar	to	users	of	 

MOBILE6.2.	 

	 Given	its	unofficial	status,	Draft	MOVES2009	cannot	be	used	to	meet	Federal	clean	air	 

planning	requirements,	such	as	SIP	submissions	and/or	conformity	analyses,	nor	is	it	to	 

be	used	for	emissions	analyses	needed	to	meet	any	other	regulatory	requirements.	Draft	 

MOVES2009	cannot	be	used	for	these	purposes	because	it	does	not	include	all	the	data	 

or	features	currently	planned	for	the	official	version	and	because	the	data	and	features	 

may	change	subject	to	comments.	Furthermore,	EPA	expects	that	this	draft	will	undergo	several	anticipated	changes,	a	list	of	which	will	be	made	available	at	the	MOVES	 

website	at	http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm.	MOBILE6.2	remains	the	 

approved	motor	vehicle	emission	model	for	use	in	SIPs	and	conformity	analyses	outside	 

of	California. 

	 While	Draft	MOVES2009	is	not	intended	for	official	SIP	and/or	conformity	submissions	to	EPA,	states	may	want	to	consider	using	this	draft	release	to	perform	any	informal	 

GHG	inventory	work	they	may	have	planned.	Even	in	its	draft	form,	MOVES2009	is	 

considered	the	best	available	model	for	state	and	local	GHG	modeling	exercises.		 

	 

Q8. 	 How will emission estimates using Draft MOVES2009 compare to those of 

MOBILE6.2? Why may they be different? 

A8.		 As	part	of	its	own	internal	testing,	EPA	has	performed	a	preliminary	comparison	of	Draft	 

MOVES2009	to	MOBILE6.2	using	local	data	for	several	different	urban	counties,	varying	the	local	data	used	by	fleet	age	distribution,	fraction	of	light-	and	heavy-duty	VMT,	 

local	fuel	specifications,	meteorology,	and	other	input	factors.	The	results	described	here	 

are	based	on	the	most	recent	data	available	and	will	vary	depending	on	actual	local	inputs.	EPA’s	findings	are	described	below,	by	criteria	pollutant. 

	 For	hydrocarbons	(HC),	based	on	analysis	of	newer	in-use	data,	EPA	found	that	emissions	from	newer	technology	vehicles	are	lower,	especially	for	evaporative	emissions. 

	 For	oxides	of	nitrogen	(NOx),	EPA	has	found	that	emissions	from	both	light-	and	 

heavy-duty	trucks	are	higher	than	previously	estimated.	In	Draft	MOVES2009,	emissions	estimates	are	based	on	EPA’s	analysis	of	I/M	testing	data,	which	incorporates	in-use	 

emissions	data	on	a	very	large	number	of	vehicles	with	model	years	from	the	mid-1990s	 

to	2004.	For	heavy-duty	trucks,	Draft	MOVES2009	incorporates	newer	“real	world”	data	 

from	on-road	testing.	In	Draft	MOVES2009,	uncontrolled	extended	idle	emissions	from	 

heavy-duty	vehicles	are	projected	to	become	a	significant	share	of	the	mobile	source	 

NOx	inventory	in	the	future,	assuming	no	change	in	extended	idle	activity	as	a	fraction	 

of	total	activity.	 

For	fine	particulate	matter	(PM2.5),	Draft	MOVES2009	increases	the	Agency’s	estimates	 

of	emissions	for	both	light-	and	heavy-duty	vehicles.	For	passenger	cars	and	light	trucks,	 

4 
Questions and Answers
 

these	increases	are	based	on	data	developed	as	part	of	EPA’s	Kansas	City	study,	which	 

showed	much	higher	PM2.5	emissions	at	low	ambient	temperatures	than	previously	 

known.	For	heavy-duty	trucks,	Draft	MOVES2009	incorporates	new	data	from	a	large	 

study	of	trucks	conducted	by	the	Coordinating	Research	Council	(known	as	the	CRC	 

E-55	study)	which	includes	deterioration	effects	on	in-use	emissions.	Draft	MOVES2009	 

also	models	the	impact	of	vehicle	speed	and	load	on	PM	emissions,	showing	very	large	 

rates	of	PM	generation	in	stop-and-go	traffic	conditions.	 

Q9.	 How are the changes in emission rates in Draft MOVES2009 anticipated to 

affect attainment demonstrations? 

A9.	 When	considering	how	the	change	to	MOVES2009	may	affect	attainment	demonstrations,	the	relative	reduction	in	emissions	between	a	base	year	and	an	attainment	year	 

is	often	more	important	than	absolute	increases	or	decreases	in	emissions.	Preliminary	 

modeling	by	EPA	indicates	larger	relative	reductions	in	PM2.5	and	volatile	organic	compound	(VOC)	emissions	over	time	in	Draft	MOVES2009	compared	to	MOBILE6.2,	but	 

smaller	NOx	reductions.	Once	again,	these	results	will	vary	based	on	local	inputs	in	a	 

given	nonattainment	area,	with	local	variations	in	fleet	age	distribution	and	composition	 

having	a	significant	influence	on	the	final	results. 

Q10. How are the changes in Draft MOVES2009 anticipated to affect I/M program 

credit? 

A10.	 The	shift	to	the	MOVES	emissions	model	will	also	have	an	impact	on	the	emission	reductions	credited	to	I/M	programs.	Because	of	the	updated	data	included	in	 

MOVES2009,	on	average,	such	programs	can	expect	to	see	roughly	20-70%	less	credit	 

than	previously	claimed,	depending	upon	the	criteria	pollutant	and	evaluation	year	being	considered.	The	reasons	for	this	reduced	credit	are	two-fold.	 

	 First,	in	the	area	of	in-use	deterioration,	Draft	MOVES2009	–	like	MOBILE6.2	before	it	 

–	continues	the	“good	news”	trend	of	in-use,	light-duty	vehicles	staying	cleaner,	longer.	 

One	side-effect	of	this	trend	is	that	I/M	programs	(which	reduce	emissions	by	identifying	 

cars	in	need	of	repair	and	getting	them	fixed)	will	achieve	less	SIP	credit	than	previously	 

projected	because	there	are	fewer	vehicles	in	need	of	repair	than	originally	believed.	 

	 Second,	Draft	MOVES2009	reflects	updated	information	regarding	the	public’s	response	 

rate	to	an	illuminated	“Check	Engine”	light	for	areas	without	I/M	to	create	the	incentive	for	fixing	a	vehicle	in	need	of	emissions	repairs.	Previously,	it	was	assumed	that	the	 

public	response	rate	dropped	off	sharply	as	soon	as	the	vehicle	was	outside	its	warranty	 

period.	Data	collected	more	recently	by	the	Coordinating	Research	Council	(CRC)	suggests,	however,	that	the	response	rate	is	actually	relatively	high,	even	without	I/M	and/or	 

warranty	coverage	to	act	as	an	incentive.	As	a	result,	Draft	MOVES2009	attributes	 

significantly	less	credit	to	OBD-based	I/M	than	previously	projected.	 

	 Taken	together,	these	two	aspects	of	Draft	MOVES2009	result	in	I/M	programs	receiving	roughly	20-70%	less	SIP	credit	than	previously	projected	because	data	shows	that	 


 
Questions and Answers
 

I/M	is	not	as	important	for	enforcing	OBD-triggered	repairs	as	previously	believed.	The	 

emission	reductions	resulting	from	the	public’s	voluntary	response	to	OBD	will	now	be	 

accounted	for	in	the	baseline	emissions	inventory	as	opposed	to	being	credited	to	the	 

effects	of	I/M.	As	suggested	above,	this	result	is	good	news	for	the	environment	because	 

it	means	that	in-use	light-duty	vehicles	are	continuing	to	stay	cleaner,	longer,	and	that	 

motorists	are	getting	the	message	that	the	“Check	Engine”	light	is	not	something	to	be	 

ignored			 

Q11. Why is EPA changing its estimates of vehicle emissions? 

A11.	 Over	the	last	ten	years,	EPA’s	in-use	data	about	technologies	such	as	Tier	2,	OBD	II	and	 

enhanced	evaporative	emission	control	systems	has	dramatically	improved.	For	MOVES,	 

EPA	has	been	able	to	carefully	study	these	newer	technologies,	examining	millions	of	 

results	for	light-duty	vehicles.	A	detailed	analysis	of	70,000	vehicles	in	Arizona’s	I/M	 

program	provided	information	on	how	vehicles	from	the	late-1990’s	and	early	2000’s	age.	 

Information	on	even	newer	vehicles	was	captured	in	nearly	2,000	manufacturer	compliance	tests.	Other	I/M	and	remote	sensing	data	and	special	purpose	studies	helped	EPA	to	 

better	understand	trends	in	HC,	carbon	monoxide	(CO)	and	NOx	emissions	for	lightduty	cars	and	trucks.	EPA	found	little	change	in	HC	and	CO	from	our	original	MOBILE6	projections,	but	a	noticeable	increase	in	NOx	emissions.	 

	 Also	in	support	of	MOVES	development,	the	Agency	conducted	a	landmark	study	of	 

PM	emissions,	testing	nearly	500	gasoline-fueled	light-duty	cars	and	trucks	in	Kansas	 

City,	Missouri.	Because	PM	emissions	are	technically	difficult	to	measure,	the	Kansas	 

City	study	–	a	collaborative	effort	including	EPA,	the	Department	of	Transportation	 

(DOT),	the	Department	of	Energy	(DOE),	and	the	automotive	and	petroleum	industries	 

–	represents	the	largest	such	study	ever	conducted.	The	Kansas	City	study	confirmed	that	 

PM	emissions	from	light-duty	gasoline-fueled	vehicles	are	higher	than	earlier	predicted,	 

and	clearly	showed	that	cold	ambient	temperatures	can	dramatically	increase	PM	start	 

emissions.	The	MOVES	model	includes	these	dramatic	increases	in	PM	start	emissions	 

at	low	temperatures. 

	 EPA’s	understanding	of	emissions	from	heavy-duty	vehicles	has	continued	to	improve	 

since	our	last	model	was	issued.	Most	earlier	heavy-duty	emission	rates	were	based	on	 

certification	tests	of	then-new,	mid-1990’s	engines.	For	MOVES,	EPA	has	been	able	to	 

analyze	data	on	more	than	400	in-use	trucks,	some	in	the	laboratory	and	some	with	onroad	measurement	equipment.	This	allowed	the	Agency	to	understand	how	real	trucks	 

pollute	at	a	range	of	speeds	and	driving	conditions.	EPA	also	has	been	able	to	better	 

incorporate	emissions	from	heavy	duty	diesel	crankcase	ventilation	and	from	extended	 

idling	(also	known	as	“hotelling”)	–	two	emission	processes	that	were	relatively	unstudied	at	the	time	MOBILE6.2	was	developed.	The	incorporation	of	this	additional	data	 

accounts	for	the	increases	in	heavy	duty	NOx	and	PM	emissions	reflected	in	MOVES.	 

Emission	differences	in	MOVES	are	especially	large	for	heavy	duty	PM	emissions	because	 

they	reflect	updated	data	on	the	effects	of	both	speed	and	vehicle	deterioration	not	previously	available. 


 
Questions and Answers
 

	 It	must	be	stressed	that,	despite	the	discussion	above,	Draft	MOVES2009	is	a	draft	model	 

and	there	will	likely	be	some	changes	between	the	draft	and	final	version	with	regard	to	 

emission	rates.	Furthermore,	emission	rates	in	the	official	MOVES	will	eventually	need	 

to	be	updated	and	improved	as	a	result	of	future	research.	Future	emission	rate	changes	 

will	be	easier,	however,	due	to	the	improved	structure	of	MOVES,	which	stores	emission	 

rates	in	an	easily	updated	database.	EPA	expects	that	future	model	updates	will	be	more	 

frequent,	resulting	in	a	model	that	better	reflects	how	changing	vehicle	technology	and	 

control	strategies	affect	the	emissions	inventory. 

	 

Q12. Why is EPA releasing a draft version of the MOVES model at this time? 

A12.	 EPA	is	releasing	Draft	MOVES2009	now	to	give	users	the	opportunity	to	gain	practical	 

experience	with	MOVES2009’s	new	user	inputs	and	output	formats,	and	to	solicit	user	 

comments	in	time	to	make	additional	improvements	to	the	model	prior	to	its	official	 

release.	User	review	of	the	draft	model	is	essential	because	EPA	staff	cannot	foresee	and	 

test	all	the	scenarios	in	which	the	MOVES	model	will	be	used.	Identifying	user	concerns	 

quickly	will	allow	EPA	staff	to	address	many	concerns	prior	to	December	2009.	Meeting	 

the	December	2009	release	deadline	is	important	so	that	states	will	be	able	to	make	use	 

of	MOVES2009	for	the	next	round	of	SIP	submissions,	which	are	expected	to	be	due	in	 

2012.		 

Q13. What should users know prior to using the Draft MOVES2009 model? 

A13.		 As	mentioned	above,	EPA	is	anticipating	changes	to	Draft	MOVES2009	based	on	its	 

own	testing	of	the	model.	A	list	of	these	anticipated	changes	will	be	posted	and	updated	 

regularly	at	the	MOVES	website	at	http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm.	 

Users	who	believe	they	may	have	identified	an	issue	with	Draft	MOVES2009	or	need	 

technical	support	are	asked	to	contact	EPA	at	mobile@epa.gov	with	a	description	of	the	 

issue.	Please	be	sure	to	include	electronic	copies	of	both	the	input	and	output	files	that	 

illustrate	the	issue	in	question.	 

	 EPA	also	strongly	recommends	that	potential	users	of	Draft	MOVES2009	take	advantage	 

of	training	that	will	be	offered	jointly	by	EPA	and	FHWA	so	they	can	gain	practical	experience	with	running	the	model	prior	to	its	official	release	in	December	2009	(training	 

opportunities	will	be	posted	at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm	as	they	 

are	scheduled).	Concerning	other	recommended	training,	knowing	MySQL	is	not	necessary	for	simple	runs,	but	some	basic	knowledge	of	the	MySQL	database	management	software	package	will	give	users	greater	flexibility	to	customize	MOVES2009	outputs	to	meet	 

their	needs.	For	more	advanced	analyses	such	as	official	SIP	and/or	conformity	submissions,	it	is	highly	recommended	that	states	develop	in-house	expertise	in	using	MySQL	 

prior	to	the	official	release	of	MOVES2009	in	December.	 

	 Lastly,	with	regard	to	the	computer	system	requirements	needed	to	run	the	Draft	 

MOVES2009	model,	EPA	recommends	the	following	minimum	system	specifications:	 

processor	–	dual-core;	memory	–	1	GB	RAM;	storage	–	40	GB;	operating	system:	Windows	XP	or	32-bit	Vista.	As	is	often	the	case	when	running	computer-based	applications,	 


 
a	faster	processor,	more	memory,	and	greater	storage	capacity	will	improve	the	speed	at	 

which	the	model	performs	user	runs.		 

Q14. Given that EPA anticipates changes to Draft MOVES2009, should state and 

local modelers wait to try MOVES2009 until EPA releases the official version 

in December 2009? 

A14.		 EPA	recommends	that	state	and	local	modelers	get	trained	and	begin	using	Draft	 

MOVES2009	as	soon	as	possible.	Although	every	effort	has	been	made	to	make	 

MOVES2009	as	user-friendly	as	possible,	it	is	a	new	model	with	different	input	requirements	and	different	output	formats.	Users	will	need	to	think	about	how	to	collect	and	 

process	local	input	information	in	different	ways,	and	they	will	need	to	develop	new	 

methods	for	post-processing	model	output.	Users	should	start	making	the	shift	now	by	 

getting	trained	(visit	http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm	for	information	 

on	training	opportunities)	and	by	performing	trial	runs	with	Draft	MOVES2009.	EPA’s	 

future	SIP	and	conformity	policy	guidance	will	address	the	timing	of	using	MOVES2009	 

for	these	official	purposes. 

Questions and Answers