EPA	presentation	tables	and	figures

(1)	Regional	Haze	overview

Regional	Haze	Overview

The	EPA’s	Regional	Haze	Rule	set	a	goal	of	2064	to	eliminate	human-made	visibility	impairment	at	Class	I	

areas	such	as	the	Haleakala	National	Park	and	Hawaii	Volcanoes	National	Park	in	Hawaii.

Regional	Haze	is	visibility	impairment	caused	by	fine	particle	pollution.		This	haze	obscures	the	view	of	

scenery	and	objects	at	a	distance,	reducing	the	beauty	of	our	protected	natural	areas.		

Congress	has	set	a	national	goal	of	the	“prevention	of	any	future,	and	the	remedying	of	any	existing,	

impairment	of	visibility	in	mandatory	Class	I	Federal	areas	which	impairment	results	from	manmade	air	

pollution.”		

The	first	phase	of	the	Regional	Haze	program	has	three	key	requirements:	application	of	Best	Available	

Retrofit Technology	at	certain	facilities,	setting	of a Reasonable	Progress	Goal	for	each	Class	I	area,	and	

development	of	a	long-term	strategy	to	meet	the	Reasonable	Progress	Goals.

(2a)	Hawaii	Volcanoes Good	Visibility	Day

(4	deciviews)
(2b)	Hawaii	Volcanoes	Bad	Visibility	Day

(19	deciviews)

(2c)	Hawaii	Volcanoes	“Natural	Conditions”	Target	for	Worst	Days
(8	deciviews)

(2d)	Hawaii	Volcanoes	Visibility	Progress	Goals
(3a)	Haleakala Good	Visibility	Day

(3b)	Haleakala	Bad	Visibility	Day

(3c)	Haleakala	Visibility	Progress	Goals
(4a)	Causes	of	Haze	at	Haleakala
(4b)	Causes	of	Haze	at	Hawaii	Volcanoes

(5a)	BART	intro

Best	Available	Retrofit	Technology	(BART)
The	Clean	Air	Act	requires that	certain	categories	of	existing	major	stationary	sources	built	between	

1962	and	1977	procure,	install,	and	operate	the	“Best	Available	Retrofit	Technology.”	

BART	determinations	are	made	on	a	case-by-case	basis	considering	the	following	factors: (1)	The	costs	of	

compliance;	(2)	the	energy	and	non-air	quality	environmental	impacts	of	compliance;	(3)	any	existing	

pollution	control	technology	in	use	at	the	source;	(4)	the	remaining	useful	life	of	the	source;	and	(5)	the	

degree	of	improvement	in	visibility	which	may	reasonably	be	anticipated	to	result	from	the	use	of	such	

technology.

Sources	may	be	exempted	from BART,	even	if	they	were	built	in	the	specified	time	period,	if	they	do	not	

cause	or	contribute	to	visibility	impairment	at	any	Class	I	area.

Computer	dispersion	modeling	was	used	to	predict	the	visibility	impact	of	BART-eligible	sources.	The	

EPA	is	proposing	that	any source	with	an	impact	less	than	0.5	deciview does	not cause or	contribute	to

visibility	impairment	at	any	Class	I	area.

(5b)	Results	of	Subject-to-BART	Modeling

BART	Modeling	Results

Source	and	Unit Class	I	Area

Model	Results	for	

Visibility	Impact1

(deciview)

Subject	to	

BART	or

Exempt

HC&S	Puunene	facility

(Bagasse)

Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes	

0.059

0.008

Exempt

HC&S	Puunene facility

(Coal)

Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.133

0.039

Exempt

Chevron	Refinery Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.021

0.016

Exempt

Tesoro	Refinery Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.025

0.017

Exempt

Hu	Honua	Bioenergy	–Pepeekeo	

facility	

Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.323

0.540

Exempt	due	to	

biofuel	

conversion.

MECO	– Kahului	facility, Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.232

0.108

Exempt

HELCO	Kanoelehua	Hill	 Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.808

2.334

Subject	to	

BART

HECO	– Waiau	facility Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.083

0.038

Exempt

HECO	– Kahe	facility Haleakala

Hawaii	Volcanoes

0.221

0.132

Exempt

(6)	Reasonable	Progress	Background

																																																												 1 CalPuff model, maximum 24-hour 98th percentile visibility impact
Reasonable	Progress	

The	EPA	must	ensure	reasonable	progress	is	made	reducing	haze	on	the	worst	

days	and	that	haze	does	not	increase	on	the	best	days.

In	determining	what	would	constitute	reasonable	progress,	the	CAA	requires	

States	to	consider	the	following	four	factors:

•	The	costs	of	compliance;

•	The	time	necessary	for	compliance;

•	The	energy	and	non-air	quality	environmental	impacts	of	compliance;	and

•	The	remaining	useful	life	of	existing	sources	that	contribute	to	visibility	

impairment.

(7a)	Maui	EI

Maui	Human-Made Emissions	Inventory

2005	Annual	

Emissions

2018	Annual	

Emissions

Source	Category NOx SO2 NOx SO2

Industrial	sources	 4,492 4,559 4,597 4,625

Household	and	small	industrial 462 481 548 571

On-Road	Mobile 2,957 47 758 10

Non-Road	Mobile 496 57 305 2

Aircraft 310 27 376 33

Agricultural	Burning 298 132 298 132

Wildfires 52 14 52 14

in/near	port	Marine 699 569 836 32

Total 9,765 5,887 7,770 5,420

(7b)	Pre-control	Emissions	Inventory (Hawaii)

Hawaii	(Big	Island)	Human-Made Emissions	Inventory

2005	Annual	

Emissions

2018	Annual	

Emissions

Source	Category NOx SO2 NOx SO2

Industrial	sources	 1,036	 4,551	 1,736	 5,266	

Household	and	small	industrial 1,849	 808	 1,882	 872	

On-Road	Mobile 3,217	 53	 839	 11	

Non-Road	Mobile 784	 95	 428	 1	

Aircraft 177	 18	 207	 21	
Agricultural	Burning 2	 0	 2	 0	

Wildfires 1,712	 469	 1,712	 469	

in/near	port	Marine 537	 418	 546	 20	

Total 9,314	 6,412	 7,352	 6,661	

(8)	Proposed	Reasonable	Progress	Controls

Proposed	Reasonable	Progress	Controls

• Human-made emissions	of	SO2 on	the	Big	Island	are	projected	to	increase	by	nearly	4%	between	

2005	and	2018.	

• Additional,	federally	enforceable	SO2 reductions	are	needed	on	the	Big	Island to	ensure	visibility	

at	the	Class	I	areas	doesn’t	get	worse.

• EPA	has	identified	the	fuel	oil-fired	boilers	at	Hill,	Shipman	and	Puna	because	

o They	are	upwind	of	the	Hawaii	Volcanoes	NP,	

o They	have	high	SO2 emissions	and	lack	modern	pollution	controls.

• EPA	is	proposing	to	cap	total	emissions	at	the	fuel	oil-fired	boilers	at	Hill,	Shipman	and	Puna	at	

3,550	tons	of	SO2	per	year,	beginning	in	January	1,	2018.	

o If	HECO	implements	the	Hawaii	Clean	Energy	Bill	on	schedule,	it	should	be	able	to	meet	

this	cap	with	no	additional	costs	to	the	ratepayers.	

o In	the	worst	case,	if	the	cap	has	to	be	met	only	by	burning	a	lower	sulfur	fuel	oil without	

any	reductions from	energy	conservation	or	renewables,	HECO	should	be	able	to	meet	

this	cap	at	a	cost	of	roughly	$7.9	million/year.	

• Once	this	control	measure	is	in	place,	total	SO2 emissions	on	Big	Island	will	decrease	by	at	least	

17% by	2018.