Certification Rule Economic Analysis Appendix A: Detailed

Information on Cost Estimates

This appendix provides details of the cost estimates that are reported in Chapter 3. 

Certification Rule Appendix A: Detailed Information on Cost Estimates...................................................1

1 Enhancement of Private Applicator General Competency.............................................................8

1.1 Private Applicators........................................................................................................................8

1.1.1.1 Private Cert-01: Exam or 8 hour training for core certification......................................11

1.1.1.2 Private Cert-02: Exam or 12 hour training for core certification....................................14

1.1.1.3 Private Cert-03: Exam or 16 hour training for core certification....................................17

1.1.1.4 Private Cert-01: Develop exam or 8 hour training for core certification ........................20

1.1.1.5 Private Cert-02: Develop exam or 12 hour training for core certification ......................23

1.1.1.6 Private Cert-03: Develop exam or 16 hour training for core certification ......................26

1.1.1.7 Private Cert-01: Administer exam or 8 hour training for core certification....................31

1.1.1.8 Private Cert-02: Administer exam or 12 hour training for core certification..................34

1.1.1.9 Private Cert-03: Administer exam or 16 hour training for core certification..................37

2 Application Method-Specific Categories ........................................................................................41

2.1 Commercial Applicators.............................................................................................................41

2.1.1 Commercial Aerial Applications.........................................................................................41

2.1.1.1 Comm Cert-01: New Commercial Aerial Category........................................................42

2.1.1.2 Comm Cert-01: Develop New Commercial Aerial Category Exam..............................49

2.1.1.3 Comm Cert-01: Administer New Commercial Aerial Category Exam .........................53

2.1.2 Commercial Chemigation Applications..............................................................................60

2.1.2.1 Comm Cert-02: New Commercial Chemigation Category............................................61

2.1.2.2 Comm Cert-02: Develop New Commercial Chemigation Certification Exam..............68

2.1.2.3 Comm Cert-02: Administer New Commercial Chemigation Certification Exam.........73

2.1.3 Commercial General Fumigation Applications ..................................................................79

2.1.3.1 Comm Cert-03: New Commercial General Fumigation Category.................................80

2.1.3.2 Comm Cert-03: Develop New Commercial General Fumigation Certification Exam ..87

2.1.3.3 Comm Cert-03: Administer New Commercial General Fumigation Certification Exam

92

2.1.4 Commercial Soil Fumigation Category ..............................................................................99
2.1.5 Commercial Non-Soil Fumigation Category ......................................................................99

2.1.5.1 Comm Cert-04: New Commercial Non-soil Fumigation Category .............................100

2.1.5.2 Comm Cert-04: Develop New Commercial Non-Soil Fumigation Certification Exam

108

2.1.5.3 Comm Cert-04: Administer New Commercial Non-soil Fumigation Certification Exam

111

2.2 Private Applicators....................................................................................................................118

2.2.1 Private Aerial Applications...............................................................................................118

2.2.1.1 Private Cert-04: New Private Aerial Certification Category, Exam or 4-hour Training

119

2.2.1.2 Private Cert-04: Develop New Private Aerial Category Exam or 4-hour Training .....126

2.2.1.3 Private Cert-04: Administer New Private Aerial Category Exam or 4-hour Training..132

2.2.1.4 Private Cert-05: New Private Aerial Certification Category, Exam or 8-hour Training

138

2.2.1.5 Private Cert-05: Develop New Private Aerial Category Exam or 8-hour training ......145

2.2.1.6 Private Cert-05: Administer New Private Aerial Category Exam or 8-hour Training..145

2.2.2 Private Chemigation Applications....................................................................................146

2.2.2.1 Private Cert-06: New Private Chemigation Category, Exam or 4-hour Training........147

2.2.2.2 Private Cert-06: Develop New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 4-hour Training

153

2.2.2.3 Private Cert-06: Administer New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training 159

2.2.2.4 Private Cert-07: New Private Chemigation Category, Exam or 8-hour Training........166

2.2.2.5 Private Cert-07: Develop New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 8-hour Training

173

2.2.2.6 Private Cert-07: Administer New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training 173

2.2.3 Private General Fumigation Applications.........................................................................173

2.2.3.1 Private Cert-08: New Private General Fumigation Category, Exam or 4-hour Training

174

2.2.3.2 Private Cert-08: Develop New Private General Fumigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training 179

2.2.3.3 Private Cert-08: Administer New Private General fumigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training 185

2.2.3.4 Private Cert-09: New Private General Fumigation Category, Exam or 8-hour Training

191

2.2.3.5 Private Cert-09: Develop New Private General Fumigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training 196
2.2.3.6 Private Cert-09: Administer New Private General fumigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training 197

2.2.4 Private Soil Fumigation Applications...............................................................................197

2.2.5 Private Non-Soil Fumigation Applications.......................................................................197

2.2.5.1 Private Cert-10: New Private Non-soil Fumigation Category, Exam or 4-hour Training

198

2.2.5.2 Private Cert-10: Develop New Private Non-soil Fumigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training 206

2.2.5.3 Private Cert-10: Administer New Private Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam or 4-

hour Training ................................................................................................................................211

2.2.5.4 Private Cert-11: New Private Non-soil Fumigation Category, Exam or 8-hour Training

218

2.2.5.5 Private Cert-11: Develop New Private Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training 225

2.2.5.6 Private Cert-11: Administer New Private Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam or 8-

hour Training ................................................................................................................................225

3 Standards for Supervision..............................................................................................................226

3.1 Commercial Applicators...........................................................................................................226

3.1.1 Competency Requirements...............................................................................................226

3.1.1.1 Comm Sup-01: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training or Pass Core Commercial 

Certification Exam........................................................................................................................226

3.1.1.2 Comm Sup-02: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training or Pass Core Commercial 

Certification Exam........................................................................................................................233

3.1.2 Record-Keeping Requirements.........................................................................................245

3.1.2.1 Comm Sup-06: Certified Applicators Maintain Records of UTS Applicator Competency 

for Two Years...............................................................................................................................247

3.1.2.2 Comm Sup-07: Certified Applicators Maintain Records of UTS Competency for Five 

Years 252

3.1.3 Communication Requirements..........................................................................................258

3.1.3.1 Comm Sup-04: Non-Certified Applicators must be within line of sight of Commercial 

Applicator .....................................................................................................................................258

3.1.3.2 Comm Sup-05: Non-Certified Applicators must have method of immediate 

Communication with Commercial Applicator..............................................................................265

3.2 Private Applicators....................................................................................................................265

3.2.1 Competency Requirements...............................................................................................265

3.2.1.1 Private Sup-01: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training, including Handler 

Training under the Worker Protection Standard ...........................................................................267

3.2.1.2 Private Sup-02: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training, including Handler 

Training under the Worker Protection Standard or Pass Core Commercial Certification Exam..273
3.2.2 Communication Requirements..........................................................................................279

3.2.2.1 Private Sup-04: Non-Certified Applicators must be within line of sight of Private 

Applicator .....................................................................................................................................279

3.2.2.2 Private Sup-05: Non-Certified Applicators must have method of immediate 

Communication with Certified Private Applicator.......................................................................285

4 Minimum Age..................................................................................................................................286

4.1 Commercial Applicators...........................................................................................................286

4.1.1 Certified Applicators.........................................................................................................286

4.1.1.1 Comm Age-01: Minimum Age of 16............................................................................286

4.1.1.2 Comm Age-02: Minimum Age of 18............................................................................287

4.1.2 Non-certified Applicators .................................................................................................292

4.1.2.1 Comm Age-03: Minimum Age of 16............................................................................292

4.1.2.2 Comm Age-04: Minimum Age of 18............................................................................292

4.2 Private Applicators....................................................................................................................297

4.2.1 Certified Applicators.........................................................................................................297

4.2.1.1 Private Age-01: Minimum Age of 16 ...........................................................................298

4.2.1.2 Private Age-02: Minimum Age of 18 ...........................................................................305

4.2.1.3 Private Age-03: Minimum Age of 18; Minimum Age of 16 for Family Members ......312

4.2.2 Non-certified Applicators .................................................................................................319

4.2.2.1 Private Age-04: Minimum Age of 16 ...........................................................................320

4.2.2.2 Private Age-05: Minimum Age of 18 ...........................................................................325

4.2.2.3 Private Age-06: Minimum Age of 18; Minimum Age of 16 for Family Members......331

5 Standards for Recertification.........................................................................................................337

5.1 Commercial Applicators...........................................................................................................337

5.1.1 Core and Existing Categories............................................................................................337

5.1.1.1 Comm Recert-01: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for core and each category 

recertification every three years....................................................................................................364

5.1.1.2 Comm Recert-01: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Commercial Core and 

Category Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................380

5.1.1.3 Comm Recert-02: Administer Exam for Commercial Core and Category Recertification: 

Every 3 Years................................................................................................................................388

5.1.1.4 Comm Recert-04: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for core and each category 

recertification every five years......................................................................................................388

5.1.1.5 Comm Recert-04: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Commercial Core and 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................394

5.1.1.6 Comm Recert-05: Exam for core and each category recertification every five years...401
5.1.1.7 Comm Recert-05: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Commercial Core and 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................401

5.1.2 Potential New Categories..................................................................................................401

5.1.2.1 Comm Cert-01: Establish commercial aerial category, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour 

CEUs/training every three years...................................................................................................409

5.1.2.2 Comm Cert-01: Administer New Commercial Aerial Category Exam or Training: 

Every 3 Years................................................................................................................................414

5.1.2.3 Comm Cert-01: Establish commercial aerial category, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour 

CEUs/training every five years.....................................................................................................420

5.1.2.4 Comm Cert-01: Administer New Commercial Aerial Category: Every 5 Years..........425

5.1.2.5 Comm Cert-02: Establish commercial chemigation category, Recertification by Exam or 

6 hour CEUs/training every three years........................................................................................434

5.1.2.6 Comm cert-02: Administer New Commercial Chemigation Category Exam or Training: 

Every 3 Years................................................................................................................................439

5.1.2.7 Comm Cert-02: Establish commercial chemigation category, Recertification by Exam or 

6 hour CEUs/training every five years..........................................................................................446

5.1.2.8 Comm cert-02: Administer New Commercial Chemigation Category Exam or Training: 

Every 5 Years................................................................................................................................451

5.1.2.9 Comm Cert-03: Establish commercial general fumigation category, Recertification by 

Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every three years.........................................................................469

5.1.2.10 Comm Cert-03: Administer New Commercial General Fumigation Category Exam or 

Training: Every 3 Years................................................................................................................475

5.1.2.11 Comm Cert-03: Establish commercial general fumigation category, Recertification by 

Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every five years...........................................................................480

5.1.2.12 Comm Cert-03: Administer New Commercial General Fumigation Category Exam or 

Training: Every 5 Years................................................................................................................486

5.1.2.13 Comm Cert-04: Establish commercial fumigation categories for Soil and for Non-soil 

fumigation, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every three years........................492

5.1.2.14 Comm Cert-04: Establish commercial fumigation categories for Soil and for Non-soil 

fumigation, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every five years..........................492

5.2 Private Applicators....................................................................................................................493

5.2.1 General Competency.........................................................................................................493

5.2.1.1 Private Recert-01: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for recertification every three years

497

5.2.1.2 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................................503

5.2.1.3 Private Recert-02: Exam or 8 hour CEUs/training for recertification every three years

510
5.2.1.4 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 8-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................................516

5.2.1.5 Private Recert-04: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for recertification every five years 516

5.2.1.6 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................................521

5.2.1.7 Private Recert-05: Exam or 8 hour CEUs/training for recertification every five years 528

5.2.1.8 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 8-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................................534

5.2.2 Potential New Categories, Private Applicators.................................................................534

5.2.2.1 Private Recert-01: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour CEUs/training 

every three years...........................................................................................................................535

5.2.2.2 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................................541

5.2.2.3 Private Recert-02: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour CEUs/training 

every three years...........................................................................................................................547

5.2.2.4 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................................553

5.2.2.5 Private Recert-04: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour CEUs/training 

every five years.............................................................................................................................553

5.2.2.6 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................................559

5.2.2.7 Private Recert-05: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour CEUs/training 

every five years.............................................................................................................................565

5.2.2.8 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................................570

5.2.2.9 Private Recert-01: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every three years...................................................................................................572

5.2.2.10 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................578

5.2.2.11 Private Recert-02: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every three years...................................................................................................584

5.2.2.12 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 3 Years......................................................................................589

5.2.2.13 Private Recert-04: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every five years.....................................................................................................589

5.2.2.14 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................595

5.2.2.15 Private Recert-05: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every five years.....................................................................................................601
5.2.2.16 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years......................................................................................606

5.2.2.17 Private Recert-01: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every three years................................................................................................5-612

5.2.2.18 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 3 Years................................................................5-618

5.2.2.19 Private Recert-02: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every three years................................................................................................5-623

5.2.2.20 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 3 Years................................................................5-629

5.2.2.21 Private Recert-04: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every five years..................................................................................................5-629

5.2.2.22 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 5 Years................................................................5-635

5.2.2.23 Private Recert-05: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every five years..................................................................................................5-640

5.2.2.24 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 5 Years................................................................5-646

5.2.2.25 Private Recert-01: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 3 hour CEUs/training every three years.................................................................................5-646

5.2.2.26 Private Recert-02: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 4 hour CEUs/training every three years.................................................................................5-646

5.2.2.27 Private Recert-04: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 3 hour CEUs/training every five years ..................................................................................5-647

5.2.2.28 Private Recert-05: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 4 hour CEUs/training every five years ..................................................................................5-647

6 Requirements for General Administration................................................................................6-649

6.1 Dealer Recordkeeping............................................................................................................6-649

6.1.1.1 Admin-01: Dealers Maintain Records of Restricted Use Pesticide Sales..................6-649

6.2 Administration Costs for Jurisdiction (Admin-02 and -03)...................................................6-649

6.2.1.1 Admin-02. Revise Jurisdiction Regulations..............................................................6-649

6.2.1.2 Admin-03. Submit State Plans and Report Certified Applicator Data.......................6-655

6.3 Federal Administration (Admin-04 and -06) .........................................................................6-660

6.3.1.1 Admin-04. EPA Review of Jurisdiction and Federal Agency Plans & Programs .....6-660

6.3.1.2 Admin-06: Revise EPA-Administered Tribal Plans..................................................6-666
1 Enhancement of Private Applicator General Competency

1.1 Private Applicators

Applicators

The options analyzed here address the requirements for initial certification of private applicators.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per First-Time Private Applicator

Most jurisdictions require applicators to pass a core exam for initial certification as a private 

applicator. Five states require training only, of different lengths. Two states require both 

training and passing the core exam. Three states give options of either passing the core exam, or 

other training or testing alternatives. Specific certification requirements and assumptions are 

below for like groups and individual states.

40 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Jurisdictions

Certification Requirement:

 Must pass core exam for initial certification as a private applicator

Assumptions:

 Exam and training cover the same scope of material.

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 11 hours of preparation time, or 12 hours total. 

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - 40 States, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 12 1 623.51

Arkansas

Certification Requirement:

 Must take 4 hour training

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Arkansas

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 4 1 207.84

Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky

Certification Requirement:

 Must take 2 hour training
Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 2 1 103.92

Mississippi

Certification Requirement:

 Must take both 3 hour training and pass core exam

Assumption:

 Exam takes 1 hour to take plus 11 hours of preparation time, or 12 hours

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Mississippi

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

3 hour training 51.96 3 1 155.88

exam + prep 51.96 12 1 623.51

Total 779.39

Missouri

Certification Requirement:

 Must take 3 hour training

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Missouri

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 3 1 155.88

Montana

Certification Requirement:

 Options: pass core exam; or, take 6 hour training and ungraded exam

Assumptions:

 95% of initial certifications are through training with ungraded exam option (Montana 

estimate)

 5% of initial certifications are through option of passing core exam (Montana estimate)

 Training and ungraded exam takes a total of 7 hours (6 hr. training + 1 hr. exam)

 Exam option takes 1 hour to take plus 11 hours of preparation time, or 12 hours

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Montana

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification – training 51.96 6 0.95 296.17
Certification – ungraded exam 51.96 1 0.95 49.36

Certification – pass core exam 51.96 12 0.05 31.18

Total 376.70

New York

Certification Requirement:

 Must take both 30 hour training and pass core exam

Assumption:

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 11 hours of preparation time, or 12 hours

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - New York

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification –training 51.96 30 1 1,558.78

Certification – exam 51.96 12 1 623.51

Total 2,182.29

South Dakota

Certification Requirement:

 Options: pass core exam; or, take internet test; or, 3 hour training 

Assumptions:

 Internet test is comparable to core exam (standards and time)

 76% of initial certifications are by training option ( South Dakota estimate)

 24% of initial certifications are by core exam or internet test (12% each; South Dakota 

estimate)

 Core exam and internet test options take 1 hour to take plus 11 hours of preparation time, 

or 12 hours

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - South Dakota

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification – training 51.96 3 0.76 118.47

Certification – core exam 

or internet test

51.96 12 0.24 149.64

Total 268.11

Wyoming

Certification Requirement:

 Options: pass core exam; or, take 6 hour training; or, 2 hour take-home workbook

Assumptions:

 95% of initial certifications are by training option (Wyoming estimate)

 5% of initial certifications are by take-home workbook option (Wyoming estimate)
 0% of initial certifications are by exam option (Wyoming estimate)

 Core exam option takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation time, or 8 hours

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Wyoming

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification – training 51.96 6 0.95 296.17

Certification – workbook 51.96 2 0.05 5.20

Certification – core exam 51.96 8 0 0

Total 301.36

1.1.1.1 Private Cert-01: Exam or 8 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Certification requirement: 

 Pass exam, or take 8 hour training

Assumptions:

 Same content covered by exam and training

 Exam assumed to take 1 hour + 7 hours of preparation, for a total of 8 hours

Table: Private Cert-01; Applicators; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 8 1 415.67

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdiction Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per first-time private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per first-time private applicator, presented in Step 2. To avoid the 

appearance of cost-savings, the cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed 

the option are set equal the baseline cost, i.e., EPA assumes those states will not alter 

their existing requirements.

 The number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt) per year in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)
 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B

) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

initial certification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for initial certification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N 1st Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-01; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial 

Certification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N 1st Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

40 states & PR 624 624 21,895 13,651,818 13,651,818

GA, TN, KY 104 416 4,645 482,684 1,930,737

Missouri 156 416 1,628 253,821 676,856

Arkansas 208 416 1,485 308,603 617,207

Mississippi 779 779 1,344 1,047,369 1,047,369

New York 2,182 2,182 246 536,843 536,843

Montana 377 416 258 97,190 107,244

Wyoming 301 416 388 116,854 161,178

South Dakota 218 416 2,151 576,570 893,907

Total, U.S. 34,039 17,071,752 19,623,158

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of certification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, we assume no factor is changing over time. The number of first-time private 

applicators each year in the U.S. is remaining constant.

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-01; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

40 states & PR 119,946 119,946 0

GA, TN, KY 14,110 4,241 9,869

Missouri 5,113 2,230 2,883

Arkansas 4,815 2,711 2,103

Mississippi 9,202 9,202 0

New York 4,717 4,717 0

Montana 922 854 69

Wyoming 1,329 1,027 302

South Dakota 7,229 5,066 2,163

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 
 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-01; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 167,383 149,994 17,388

U.S. (annualized value) 19,051 17,072 1,979

Per applicator incremental cost 0.058

1.1.1.2 Private Cert-02: Exam or 12 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Certification requirement: 

 Pass exam, or take 12 hour training

Assumptions:

 Same content covered by exam and training

 Exam assumed to take 1 hour + 11 hours of preparation, for a total of 12 hours

Table: Private Cert-02; Applicators; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 12 1 623.51

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per first-time private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per first-time private applicator, presented in Step 2. To avoid the 

appearance of cost-savings, the cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed 

the option are set equal the baseline cost, i.e., EPA assumes those states will not alter 

their existing requirements.

 The number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt) per year in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)
 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B

) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

initial certification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for initial certification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N 1st Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-02; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Initial Certification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N 1st Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

40 states & PR 624 624 21,895 13,651,818 13,651,818

GA, TN, KY 104 416 4,645 482,684 2,896,105

Missouri 156 416 1,628 253,821 1,015,284

Arkansas 208 416 1,485 308,603 925,810

Mississippi 779 779 1,344 1,047,369 1,047,369

New York 2,182 2,182 246 536,843 536,843

Montana 377 416 258 97,190 160,866

Wyoming 301 416 388 116,854 241,766

South Dakota 218 416 2,151 576,570 1,340,861

Total, U.S. 34,039 17,071,752 21,816,722

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of certification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, we assume no factor is changing over time. The number of first-time private

applicators each year in the U.S. is remaining constant.

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-02; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

40 states & PR 119,946 119,946 0

GA, TN, KY 20,689 4,241 16,448

Missouri 7,420 2,230 5,190

Arkansas 6,918 2,711 4,206

Mississippi 9,202 9,202 0

New York 4,717 4,717 0

Montana 1,288 854 434

Wyoming 1,878 1,027 851

South Dakota 10,275 5,066 5,209

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 
 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-02; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 182,332 149,994 32,338

U.S. (annualized value) 20,752 17,072 3,681

Per applicator incremental cost 0.108

1.1.1.3 Private Cert-03: Exam or 16 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Certification requirement: 

 Pass exam, or take 16 hour training

Assumptions:

 Same content covered by exam and training

 Exam assumed to take 1 hour + 15 hours of preparation, for a total of 16 hours

Table: Private Cert-03; Applicators; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Certification 51.96 16 1 831.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per first-time private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per first-time private applicator, presented in Step 2. To avoid the 

appearance of cost-savings, the cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed 

the option are set equal the baseline cost, i.e., EPA assumes those states will not alter 

their existing requirements.

 The number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt) per year in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)
 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B

) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

initial certification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for initial certification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-03; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Initial Certification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N 1st Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

40 states & PR 624 831 21,895 13,651,818 18,202,424

GA, TN, KY 104 831 4,645 482,684 3,861,474

Missouri 156 831 1,628 253,821 1,353,712

Arkansas 208 831 1,485 308,603 1,234,413

Mississippi 779 831 1,344 1,047,369 1,117,193

New York 2,182 2,182 246 536,843 536,843

Montana 377 831 258 97,190 214,488

Wyoming 301 831 388 116,854 322,355

South Dakota 218 831 2,151 576,570 1,787,814

Total, U.S. 34,039 17,071,752 28,630,716

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of certification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, we assume no factor is changing over time. The number of first-time private 

applicators each year in the U.S. is remaining constant.

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-03; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

40 states & PR 150,960 119,946 31,013

GA, TN, KY 27,268 4,241 23,027

Missouri 9,726 2,230 7,496

Arkansas 9,021 2,711 6,310

Mississippi 9,678 9,202 476

New York 4,717 4,717 0

Montana 1,653 854 799

Wyoming 2,427 1,027 1,401

South Dakota 13,321 5,066 8,255

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)
 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-03; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 228,771 149,994 78,777

U.S. (annualized value) 26,038 17,072 8,966

Per applicator incremental cost 0.263

State Costs, Developing/Adapting Training and Exam Material

The options analyzed here address the requirements for initial certification of private applicators

as they apply to the development/adaptation of state training and exam material.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Most states (40) and Puerto Rico require applicators to pass a core exam for initial certification 

as a private applicator. Five states require training only, of different lengths. Two states require 

both training and passing the core exam. Three states give options of either passing the core 

exam, or other training or testing alternatives.

In the baseline, all jurisdictions have exams and/or training material prepared and would bear no 

costs for developing or adapting the material.

1.1.1.4 Private Cert-01: Develop exam or 8 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions requiring private applicators to pass a core exam will not have to adapt the 

exam to meet revisions to content

 Eight jurisdictions requiring training or offering training as an alternative would have to 

expand the training material to meet revisions to content

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Revising the training material, given the availability of materials from EPA, takes 80 

hours of staff time, on average, across the eight jurisdictions

 States will have two years to revise materials
Table: Private Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Jurisdiction that certifies by training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Adapt training material 39.44 80 0.50 1,577.60

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1

 The cost per jurisdiction of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost multiplied by the 

number of jurisdictions.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

multiplied by the number of jurisdictions.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial Certification of Private 

Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

44 jurisdictions 0 0 44 0 0

Arkansas 0 1,578 1 0 1,578

GA, TN, KY 0 1,578 3 0 4,733

Missouri 0 1,578 1 0 1,578

Montana 0 1,578 1 0 1,578

South Dakota 0 1,578 1 0 1,578

Wyoming 0 1,578 1 0 1,578

Total, U.S. 52 0 12,621

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and exam and/or 

training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further costs. The 

PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

44 jurisdictions 0 0 0

Arkansas 3.1 0 3.1

GA, TN, KY 9.3 0 9.3

Missouri 3.1 0 3.1

Montana 3.1 0 3.1

South Dakota 3.1 0 3.1

Wyoming 3.1 0 3.1

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 
Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-01; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 25 0 25

U.S. (annualized value) 3 0 3

1.1.1.5 Private Cert-02: Develop exam or 12 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions requiring private applicators to pass a core exam will not have to adapt the 

exam to meet revisions to content

 Eight jurisdictions requiring training or offering training as an alternative would have to 

expand the training material to meet revisions to content

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Revising the training material, given the availability of materials from EPA, takes 100 

hours of staff time, on average, across the eight jurisdictions

 States will have two years to revise materials

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Jurisdiction that certifies by training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Adapt training material 39.44 100 0.50 1,972.00

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1
 The cost per jurisdiction of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost multiplied by the 

number of jurisdictions.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

multiplied by the number of jurisdictions.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial Certification of Private 

Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

44 jurisdictions 0 0 44 0 0

Arkansas 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

GA, TN, KY 0 1,972 3 0 5,916

Missouri 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Montana 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

South Dakota 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Wyoming 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Total, U.S. 52 0 15,776

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and exam and/or 

training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further costs. The 

PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

44 jurisdictions 0 0 0

Arkansas 3.9 0 3.9

GA, TN, KY 11.7 0 11.7

Missouri 3.9 0 3.9

Montana 3.9 0 3.9

South Dakota 3.9 0 3.9

Wyoming 3.9 0 3.9

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Cert-02; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 31 0 31

U.S. (annualized value) 4 0 4

1.1.1.6 Private Cert-03: Develop exam or 16 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions requiring private applicators to pass a core exam would have to adapt the 

exam to meet revisions to content

 Eight jurisdictions requiring training or offering training as an alternative would have to 

expand the training material to meet revisions to content

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Revising the exam material, given the availability of materials from WPS, takes 80 hours 

of staff time, on average, across the 44 jurisdictions

 Revising the training material, given the availability of materials from EPA, takes 120 

hours of staff time, on average, across the eight jurisdictions

 States will have two years to revise materials

Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Jurisdiction that certifies by exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Adapt training material 39.44 80 0.50 1,577.60

Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Jurisdiction that certifies by training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Adapt training material 39.44 120 0.50 2,366.40

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.
 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1

 The cost per jurisdiction of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost multiplied by the 

number of jurisdictions.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

multiplied by the number of jurisdictions.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial Certification of Private 

Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

44 jurisdictions 0 1,578 44 0 69,414

Arkansas 0 2,366 1 0 2,366

GA, TN, KY 0 2,366 3 0 7,099

Missouri 0 2,366 1 0 2,366

Montana 0 2,366 1 0 2,366

South Dakota 0 2,366 1 0 2,366

Wyoming 0 2,366 1 0 2,366

Total, U.S. 52 0 18,931

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and exam and/or 

training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further costs. The 

PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

44 jurisdictions 137 0 137

Arkansas 4.7 0 4.7

GA, TN, KY 14.0 0 14.0

Missouri 4.7 0 4.7

Montana 4.7 0 4.7

South Dakota 4.7 0 4.7

Wyoming 4.7 0 4.7

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Cert-03; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 174 0 174

U.S. (annualized value) 20 0 20

State Costs, Administration of Private Certification Exam/Trainings

The options analyzed here address the requirements for initial certification of private applicators

as they apply to the administration of trainings and exams.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Most jurisdictions require applicators to pass a core exam for initial certification as a private 

applicator. Five states require training only, of different lengths. Two states require both 

training and passing the core exam. Three states give options of either passing the core exam, or 

other training or testing alternatives.

The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5.

38 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Jurisdictions

Information and Assumptions:

 Applicators take an exam to obtain certification

 The exam takes one hour to administer and a staff person is present to proctor the exam

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the exam is administered to 50 applicators

 As a simplification, Mississippi and New York are included in this group of jurisdictions 

although they require training in addition to the exam. Baseline costs are thus 

underestimated, but since the option would not affect the administration of the training, 

estimates of the incremental cost will not be affected.

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - 38 States, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Administer exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and West Virginia

Information and Assumptions:

 Applicators take an exam to obtain certification

 The exam is not proctored, implying zero baseline costs for these states
Arkansas

Assumptions:

 Applicators take a 4-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Arkansas

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 4 0.02 3.16

Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky

Assumptions:

 Applicators take a 2-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 2 0.02 1.58

Missouri and South Dakota

Assumptions:

 Applicators take a 3-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators

Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Missouri and South Dakota

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 3 0.02 2.37

Montana and Wyoming

Assumptions:

 Applicators take a 6-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators
Baseline Cost per First-time Private Applicator - Montana and Wyoming

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 6 0.02 4.73

1.1.1.7 Private Cert-01: Administer exam or 8 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions requiring private applicators to pass a core exam will continue to do so

 Eight jurisdictions providing training will continue to do so, but expand the content, 

necessitating more time

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Applicators take a 8-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators

Table: Private Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator - 42 States, Puerto Rico, 

and Other Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Administer exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Table: Private Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator in Jurisdiction that 

certifies by training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 8 0.02 6.31

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1

 The cost per jurisdiction of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.
 The baseline regional cost (RC B

) is the baseline cost per jurisdiction multiplied by the 

number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt)

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the cost per jurisdiction of the 

potential requirement multiplied by the number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt)

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N 1st Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial Certification of Private 

Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N 1st Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

40 jurisdictions 0.79 0.79 20,782 16,392 16,392

Arkansas 3.16 6.31 1,485 4,685 9,370

Colorado 0.00 0.79 393 0 310

Georgia 1.58 6.31 1,669 2,633 10,531

Kentucky 1.58 6.31 2,572 4,057 16,228

Minnesota 0.00 0.79 669 0 528

Missouri 2.37 6.31 1,628 3,853 10,275

Montana 4.73 6.31 258 1,221 1,628

Oklahoma 0.00 0.79 1,563 0 1,233

Tennessee 1.58 6.31 404 638 2,552

South Dakota 2.37 6.31 2,151 5,089 13,571

West Virginia 0.00 0.79 79 0 62

Wyoming 4.73 6.31 388 1,835 2,447

Total, U.S. 34,039 40,404 85,126

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79
EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The administration costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

40 jurisdictions 144 144 0

Arkansas 73 41 32

Colorado 9 0 9

Georgia 77 23 54

Kentucky 119 36 83

Minnesota 4 0 4

Missouri 78 34 44

Montana 14 11 3

Oklahoma 8 0 8

Tennessee 19 6 13

South Dakota 103 45 58

West Virginia 3 0 3

Wyoming 20 16 4

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost
 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-01; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 660 355 305

U.S. (annualized value) 75 40 35

1.1.1.8 Private Cert-02: Administer exam or 12 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions requiring private applicators to pass a core exam will continue to do so

 Eight jurisdictions providing training will continue to do so, but expand the content, 

necessitating more time

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Applicators take a 12-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training

 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator - 42 States, Puerto Rico, 

and Other Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Administer exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79
Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator in Jurisdiction that 

certifies by training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 12 0.02 9.47

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1

 The cost per jurisdiction of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the baseline cost per jurisdiction multiplied by the 

number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt)

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the cost per jurisdiction of the 

potential requirement multiplied by the number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt)

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N 1st Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial Certification of Private 

Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N 1st Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

40 jurisdictions 0.79 0.79 20,782 16,392 16,392

Arkansas 3.16 9.47 1,485 4,685 14,055

Colorado 0.00 0.79 393 0 310

Georgia 1.58 9.47 1,669 2,633 15,797

Kentucky 1.58 9.47 2,572 4,057 24,342

Minnesota 0.00 0.79 669 0 528

Missouri 2.37 9.47 1,628 3,853 15,413

Montana 4.73 9.47 258 1,221 2,422

Oklahoma 0.00 0.79 1,563 0 1,233

Tennessee 1.58 9.47 404 638 3,827

South Dakota 2.37 9.47 2,151 5,089 20,356

West Virginia 0.00 0.79 79 0 62

Wyoming 4.73 9.47 388 1,835 3,670
Total, U.S. 34,039 40,404 118,427

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The administration costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

40 jurisdictions 144 144 0

Arkansas 105 41 64

Colorado 9 0 9

Georgia 113 23 90

Kentucky 174 36 138

Minnesota 4 0 4
Missouri 113 34 79

Montana 19 11 8

Oklahoma 8 0 8

Tennessee 27 6 22

South Dakota 149 45 104

West Virginia 3 0 3

Wyoming 29 16 13

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-02; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 887 355 532

U.S. (annualized value) 101 40 61

1.1.1.9 Private Cert-03: Administer exam or 16 hour training for core certification

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per First-Time Private Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions requiring private applicators to pass a core exam will continue to do so

 Eight jurisdictions providing training will continue to do so, but expand the content, 

necessitating more time

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Applicators take a 16-hour training and a staff person is present to provide the training
 Frequency of the action, per private applicator, is 0.02 hours (1/50 hours) assuming that, 

on average, the training is administered to 50 applicators

Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator - 42 States, Puerto Rico, 

and Other Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Administer exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Table: Private Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per First-time Private Applicator in Jurisdiction that 

certifies by training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Provide training 39.44 16 0.02 12.62

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1

 The cost per jurisdiction of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the baseline cost per jurisdiction multiplied by the 

number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt)

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the cost per jurisdiction of the 

potential requirement multiplied by the number of first-time private applicators (N 1st Pvt)

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N 1st Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N 1st Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Initial Certification of Private 

Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N 1st Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

40 jurisdictions 0.79 0.79 20,782 16,392 16,392

Arkansas 3.16 12.62 1,485 4,685 18,740

Colorado 0.00 0.79 393 0 310
Georgia 1.58 12.62 1,669 2,633 21,062

Kentucky 1.58 12.62 2,572 4,057 32,456

Minnesota 0.00 0.79 669 0 528

Missouri 2.37 12.62 1,628 3,853 20,551

Montana 4.73 12.62 258 1,221 3,256

Oklahoma 0.00 0.79 1,563 0 1,233

Tennessee 1.58 12.62 404 638 5,103

South Dakota 2.37 12.62 2,151 5,089 27,141

West Virginia 0.00 0.79 79 0 62

Wyoming 4.73 12.62 388 1,835 4,894

Total, U.S. 34,039 40,404 151,728

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The administration costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 
Table: Private Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

40 jurisdictions 144 144 0

Arkansas 105 41 64

Colorado 9 0 9

Georgia 149 23 126

Kentucky 229 36 194

Minnesota 4 0 4

Missouri 148 34 114

Montana 25 11 14

Oklahoma 8 0 8

Tennessee 36 6 30

South Dakota 195 45 150

West Virginia 3 0 3

Wyoming 37 16 21

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-03; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,114 355 759

U.S. (annualized value) 127 40 86
2 Application Method-Specific Categories

The potential requirements would establish additional, concurrent certification categories for 

certain application methods using restricted use pesticides. Options address the elevated risks 

associated with these application methods.

2.1 Commercial Applicators

2.1.1 Commercial Aerial Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Commercial Applicator for Initial Aerial Category 

Certification

Although there is currently no federal aerial certification category, most states (32) require aerial 

category certification in order for commercial applicators to apply RUPs aerially. These states 

require commercial applicators to pass an aerial category exam for initial certification in the 

category. We assume that the standards for these exams, as well as the time and cost necessary

to prepare for and take the exams, is equivalent to that of the proposed standards for the new 

aerial category, that is, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation time, or 8 hours 

total.

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in Aerial Category; 

32 States Currently Requiring Aerial Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Aerial category certification 

requirement

21.49 8 1 171.92

The remaining 18 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer an aerial category

certification for commercial applicators. Although some commercial applicators apply RUPs

aerially in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

18 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Aerial Category Certification 

Requirement

Aerial Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some commercial applicators in jurisdictions without an aerial category already apply 

RUPs aerially, without cost for an aerial category certification.
Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1; Commercial Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in Aerial Category; 

18 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently Not Requiring Aerial Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no aerial category

certification requirement

21.49 0 1 0

2.1.1.1 Comm Cert-01: New Commercial Aerial Category

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator Certifying in 

Aerial Category

In jurisdictions currently without an aerial certification category, there are some commercial 

applicators who apply RUPs aerially (and legally). Of these, some have been applying RUPs 

aerially for more than a year. Though not certified in the aerial category, we will refer to these 

as “existing aerial applicators.” Also in those jurisdictions, each year some commercial 

applicators start applying RUPs aerially for the first time, referred to here as “first-time aerial 

applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 32 states that require aerial category

certification, those applicators already certified in the aerial category are not applicable to this 

potential requirement. They are certified aerial applicators, not “existing aerial applicators.” 

However, in these 32 states with the aerial category, there are commercial applicators that seek 

certification in the aerial category for the first time in a given year. They are considered here as 

an additional group of “first-time aerial applicators.”

Aerial category certification potential requirement: 

 Commercial applicators must pass aerial category exam

Definitions:

 Existing aerial applicators: Commercial applicators who have been applying RUPs 

aerially for more than one year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an 

aerial category.

 First-time aerial applicators: 

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs aerially for the first time in a 

given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an aerial category; 

and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the aerial category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the aerial 

category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the aerial category exam are already commercial applicators, so have 

certification in at least one non-application-specific category.
 For first-time aerial applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation 

time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing aerial applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of preparation 

time, or 6 hours total. Existing aerial applicators are assumed to take less time to prepare 

since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in aerial application.

 The wage rate for commercial applicators is $21.49 [insert source and year]

Table: Comm Cert-01; Commercial Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement 

per Commercial Applicator Initially Certifying in Aerial Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time aerial 

applicator

Prepare and take 

aerial category exam

21.49 8 1 172

Existing aerial 

applicator

Prepare and take 

aerial category exam

21.49 6 1 129

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per commercial applicator initially certifying in the aerial category

(costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline 

cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to 

equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time aerial applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,1st

P

) is the cost 

under the potential requirement per commercial applicator initially certifying in the aerial 

category, in jurisdictions both with and without a current aerial certification category, 

presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing aerial applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is the cost 

under the potential requirement per existing aerial applicator, in jurisdictions not

currently requiring commercial certification in an aerial category.

 N 1st = number of “first time aerial applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this applies to 

both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs aerially for the first time in a 

given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an aerial category; 

and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the aerial category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the aerial 

category.

 N Xst = number of existing aerial applicators. This applies only to existing aerial 

applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial 

certification in an aerial category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time aerial applicators in regions that 

do not currently require aerial category certification. EPA has estimated the number of 

existing and first-time aerial applicators in these regions, using data on aerial applicator 
certifications in the 32 states that certify in the category, as well as other data correlations 

among commercial applicators in those states. See Chapter 3.3.1

 In the 32 states with a commercial aerial certification category, state data on the number 

of commercial applicators who are certified in the aerial category for the first time each 

year, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of commercial applicators in the aerial category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

commercial applicators, of certification in the aerial category under the potential 

requirement.

 Existing aerial applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring aerial category

certification, would all become certified in the aerial category one time only, in year

three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time aerial applicators would become certified in the aerial 

category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time aerial applicators both 

in jurisdictions not currently requiring aerial category certification, as well as in the 32 

states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-01; Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Commercial Applicators in Aerial Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 172 129 2 20 0 2,992 413

Alaska 172 172 0 1 5 107 107 107

Arizona 0 172 129 8 71 0 10,589 1,461

Arkansas 0 172 129 32 264 0 39,552 5,455

California 172 172 0 54 448 9,240 9,240 9,240

Colorado 0 172 129 24 199 0 29,736 4,102

Connecticut 172 172 0 0 2 41 41 41

Delaware 0 172 129 5 41 0 6,136 846

Florida 172 172 0 38 318 6,554 6,554 6,554

Georgia 172 172 0 34 285 5,880 5,880 5,880

Hawaii 172 172 0 1 8 168 168 168

Idaho 0 172 129 26 216 0 32,313 4,457

Illinois 172 172 0 33 271 5,588 5,588 5,588
Indiana 172 172

0 32 267 5,502 5,502 5,502

Iowa 172 1720 90 749 15,443 15,443 15,443

Kansas0 172 129 40 3370 50,429 6,956

Kentucky 172 17208 71 1,455 1,455 1,455

Louisiana 172 1720 46 381 7,868 7,868 7,868

Maine 172 17203 27 560 560 560

Maryland 172 17206 46 949 949 949

Massachusetts 172 17202 16 327 327 327

Michigan 172 1720 10 80 1,654 1,654 1,654

Minnesota 172 1720 46 383 7,892 7,892 7,892

Mississippi 172 1720 29 238 4,914 4,914 4,914

Missouri0 172 129 28 2370 35,447 4,889

Montana 172 17202 13 265 265 265

Nebraska 172 1720 63 525 10,821 10,821 10,821

Nevada0 172 129 10 800 11,931 1,646

New Hampshire 172 17202 15 317 317 317

New Jersey 172 1720 10 81 1,671 1,671 1,671

New Mexico0 172 129160 891 123

New York 172 17206 50 1,038 1,038 1,038

North Carolina0 172 129 20 1700 25,361 3,498

North Dakota 172 1720 43 357 7,355 7,355 7,355

Ohio 172 1720 11 92 1,895 1,895 1,895

Oklahoma0 172 129 49 4080 61,018 8,416

Oregon0 172 129 25 2100 31,381 4,328

Pennsylvania 172 17208 71 1,458 1,458 1,458

Rhode Island0 172 1292 150 2,203 304

South Carolina 172 1720 10 85 1,761 1,761 1,761

South Dakota0 172 129 47 3890 58,155 8,021

Tennessee0 172 129 10 860 12,865 1,774

Texas 172 1720 64 533 10,997 10,997 10,997

Utah 172 17206 48 987 987 987

Vermont 172 172018 168 168 168

Virginia 172 1720 10 84 1,730 1,730 1,730

Washington0 172 129 55 4590 68,705 9,477

West Virginia0 172 1294 310 4,654 642

Wisconsin 172 17208 68 1,393 1,393 1,393

Wyoming 172 17205 43 887 887 887

Puerto Rico0 172 1296 460 6,907 953

Other 0 172 12900000
Total, U.S. 1,074 8,950 116,883 608,148

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial aerial applicators in states that 

newly impose the commercial aerial category must become certified, along with all new 

commercial aerial applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of aerial certification is 

borne only by new commercial applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B
Table: Comm Cert-01; Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

32 States

Alabama 5 0 5

Arizona 19 0 19

Arkansas 69 0 69

Colorado 52 0 52

Delaware 11 0 11

Idaho 57 0 57

Kansas 88 0 88

Missouri 62 0 62

Nevada 21 0 21

New Mexico 2 0 2

North Carolina 44 0 44

Oklahoma 107 0 107

Oregon 55 0 55

Rhode Island 4 0 4

South Dakota 102 0 102

Tennessee 23 0 23

Washington 120 0 120

West Virginia 8 0 8

Puerto Rico 12 0 12

Other 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per aerial applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st time + 

N Exist for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Cert-01; Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC

P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,888 1,027 861

U.S. (annualized value) 215 117 98

Per aerial applicator 

incremental cost 0.022

State Costs, Developing/Adapting Training and Exam Material

The options analyzed here address the requirements for certification of commercial applicators in 

new categories as they apply to the development/adaptation of state training and exam material.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements below. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

fumigation (general, or separate soil and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 

that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in the baseline are 

assumed to be in compliance. 

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

Assumptions:

 These jurisdictions are in compliance with a given category requirement, and already

have exams and/or training materials developed

 It takes a Jr. Technician 100 hours to adapt an existing aerial category exam suitable for 

their jurisdiction

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over two years

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1; Jurisdictions;

Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Commercial Aerial Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 100 0.50 1,972

Total 1,972
Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in a Given Category in the Baseline

Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline cost for that category. 

Table: Commercial Cert-01 through -04; Step 1; Jurisdictions;

Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Commercial Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

2.1.1.2 Comm Cert-01: Develop New Commercial Aerial Category Exam

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

Currently, 32 states require aerial category certification in order for commercial applicators to 

apply RUPs aerially. These states require commercial applicators to pass an aerial category

exam for initial certification in the category. They already have the exam, so incur no cost to 

develop it due to Comm Cert-01.

The remaining 18 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not offer or require aerial category

certification for commercial applicators, so must bear the full cost of developing exams as 

incremental cost under the potential requirement.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 All jurisdictions not already in compliance will develop exams

 Since there is an aerial category exam available, it will take less than 250 hours to 

develop it, which is the cost if it is developed from scratch. The jurisdictions that do not 

have the aerial category in the baseline can adapt the currently available exam to their 

own purpose, which EPA assumes will take 100 hours.

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years
Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

Aerial Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 100 0.50 1,972

Total 1,972

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the aerial category, in the first two years 

following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RC Pfor each jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing Aerial Category 

Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

32 states with aerial 

category and exam

0 0 32 0 0

Alabama 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Arizona 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Arkansas 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Colorado 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Delaware 0 1,972 1 0 1,972
Idaho 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Kansas 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Missouri 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Nevada 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

New Mexico 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

North Carolina 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Oklahoma 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Oregon 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Rhode Island 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

South Dakota 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Tennessee 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Washington 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

West Virginia 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Puerto Rico 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Other 0 1,972 1 0 1,972

Total, U.S. 52 0 39,440

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost
 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Comm Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

32 states with aerial 

category and exam

0 0 0

Alabama 4 0 4

Arizona 4 0 4

Arkansas 4 0 4

Colorado 4 0 4

Delaware 4 0 4

Idaho 4 0 4

Kansas 4 0 4

Missouri 4 0 4

Nevada 4 0 4

New Mexico 4 0 4

North Carolina 4 0 4

Oklahoma 4 0 4

Oregon 4 0 4

Rhode Island 4 0 4

South Dakota 4 0 4

Tennessee 4 0 4

Washington 4 0 4

West Virginia 4 0 4

Puerto Rico 4 0 4

Other 4 0 4

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 78 0 78

U.S. (annualized value) 9 0 9

State Costs, Administering Certification Exam for Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for certification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration or proctoring of 

certification exam. 

Commercial Applicator

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements below. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

general fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 

that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in the baseline are 

assumed to be in compliance, and have the state costs of exam administration that are equal to 

that of the proposed requirement.

For commercial applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application methodspecific categories require certification by passing a written exam. The proposed rule also 

requires certification in these categories by passing a written exam. 

EPA assumes that certification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s (assumed to be a Jr. 

Technician) time to proctor a group of 50 examinees in a room.

2.1.1.3 Comm Cert-01: Administer New Commercial Aerial Category Exam

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

Thirty two (32) states require aerial certification in the baseline. However, of these states, 

Florida and South Carolina do not proctor their certification exam and thus there is no proctoring 

cost for these two states in the baseline.

Assumptions:
 Currently, these states are in compliance with Comm Cert-01, proctoring the certification 

exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Certification Exam; 

32 States Currently Requiring Aerial Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

The 18 states (AL, AZ, AR, CO, DE, ID, KS, MO, NV, NM, NC, OK, OR, RI, SD, TN, WA, & 

WV), Puerto Rico, and Other do not require aerial certification in the baseline. 

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79
Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time aerial applicators.” This applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs aerially for the first time in a 

given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an aerial category; 

and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the aerial category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the aerial 

category.

 N Xst = number of existing aerial applicators. This applies only to existing aerial 

applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial certification in an aerial 

category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Aerial Category 

Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 2 20 0.0 17.7 1.9

Alaska 0.79 0.79 0 1 5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Arizona 0 0.79 0.79 8 71 0.0 62.5 6.7

Arkansas 0 0.79 0.79 32 264 0.0 233.6 25.0

California 0.79 0.79 0 54 448 42.4 42.4 42.4

Colorado 0 0.79 0.79 24 199 0.0 175.6 18.8

Connecticut 0.79 0.79 0 0 2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Delaware

0 0.79 0.79

5 41 0.0 36.2 3.9

Florida 0.79 0.790 38 318 0.0 30.1 30.1

Georgia 0.79 0.790 34 285 27.0 27.0 27.0

Hawaii 0.79 0.79018 0.8 0.8 0.8

Idaho

0 0.79 0.79 26 216 0.0 190.8 20.4

Illinois 0.79 0.790 33 271 25.6 25.6 25.6

Indiana 0.79 0.790 32 267 25.2 25.2 25.2

Iowa 0.79 0.790 90 749 70.9 70.9 70.9

Kansas

0 0.79 0.79 40 337 0.0 297.8 31.9

Kentucky 0.79 0.7908 71 6.7 6.7 6.7

Louisiana 0.79 0.790 46 381 36.1 36.1 36.1

Maine 0.79 0.7903 27 2.6 2.6 2.6

Maryland 0.79 0.7906 46 4.4 4.4 4.4

Massachusetts 0.79 0.7902 16 1.5 1.5 1.5

Michigan 0.79 0.790 10 80 7.6 7.6 7.6

Minnesota 0.79 0.790 46 383 36.2 36.2 36.2

Mississippi 0.79 0.790 29 238 22.5 22.5 22.5

Missouri

0 0.79 0.79 28 237 0.0 209.4 22.4

Montana 0.79 0.7902 13 1.2 1.2 1.2

Nebraska 0.79 0.790 63 525 49.6 49.6 49.6

Nevada

0 0.79 0.79 10 80 0.0 70.5 7.6

New Hampshire 0.79 0.7902 15 1.5 1.5 1.5

New Jersey 0.79 0.790 10 81 7.7 7.7 7.7

New Mexico

0 0.79 0.79

16 0.0 5.3 0.6

New York 0.79 0.7906 50 4.8 4.8 4.8

North Carolina

0 0.79 0.79 20 170 0.0 149.8 16.0

North Dakota 0.79 0.790 43 357 33.7 33.7 33.7

Ohio 0.79 0.790 11 92 8.7 8.7 8.7

Oklahoma

0 0.79 0.79 49 408 0.0 360.4 38.6

Oregon

0 0.79 0.79 25 210 0.0 185.3 19.9

Pennsylvania 0.79 0.7908 71 6.7 6.7 6.7

Rhode Island

0 0.79 0.79

2 15 0.0 13.0 1.4

South Carolina 0.79 0.790 10 85 0.0 8.1 8.1

South Dakota

0 0.79 0.79 47 389 0.0 343.5 36.8

Tennessee

0 0.79 0.79 10 86 0.0 76.0 8.1

Texas 0.79 0.790 64 533 50.5 50.5 50.5

Utah 0.79 0.7906 48 4.5 4.5 4.5
Vermont 0.79 0.79 0 1 8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Virginia 0.79 0.79 0 10 84 7.9 7.9 7.9

Washington 0 0.79 0.79 55 459 0.0 405.8 43.5

West Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 4 31 0.0 27.5 2.9

Wisconsin 0.79 0.79 0 8 68 6.4 6.4 6.4

Wyoming 0.79 0.79 0 5 43 4.1 4.1 4.1

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 6 46 0.0 40.8 4.4

Other 0 0.79 0.79 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total, U.S. 1,074 8,950 498 3,438

 

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial aerial applicators in states that 

newly impose the commercial aerial category must become certified, along with all new 

commercial aerial applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of aerial certification is 

borne only by new commercial applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 
 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B ($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.03 0.00 0.03

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.10 0.00 0.10

Arkansas 0.37 0.00 0.37

California 0.37 0.37 0.00

Colorado 0.28 0.00 0.28

Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.06 0.00 0.06

Florida 0.20 0.00 0.20

Georgia 0.24 0.24 0.00

Hawaii 0.01 0.01 0.00

Idaho 0.30 0.00 0.30

Illinois 0.23 0.23 0.00

Indiana 0.22 0.22 0.00

Iowa 0.62 0.62 0.00

Kansas 0.47 0.00 0.47

Kentucky 0.06 0.06 0.00

Louisiana 0.32 0.32 0.00

Maine 0.02 0.02 0.00

Maryland 0.04 0.04 0.00

Massachusetts 0.01 0.01 0.00

Michigan 0.07 0.07 0.00

Minnesota 0.32 0.32 0.00

Mississippi 0.20 0.20 0.00

Missouri 0.33 0.00 0.33

Montana 0.01 0.01 0.00

Nebraska 0.44 0.44 0.00
Nevada 0.11 0.00 0.11

New Hampshire 0.01 0.01 0.00

New Jersey 0.07 0.07 0.00

New Mexico 0.01 0.00 0.01

New York 0.04 0.04 0.00

North Carolina 0.24 0.00 0.24

North Dakota 0.30 0.30 0.00

Ohio 0.08 0.08 0.00

Oklahoma 0.57 0.00 0.57

Oregon 0.29 0.00 0.29

Pennsylvania 0.06 0.06 0.00

Rhode Island 0.02 0.00 0.02

South Carolina 0.06 0.00 0.06

South Dakota 0.54 0.00 0.54

Tennessee 0.12 0.00 0.12

Texas 0.44 0.44 0.00

Utah 0.04 0.04 0.00

Vermont 0.01 0.01 0.00

Virginia 0.07 0.07 0.00

Washington 0.64 0.00 0.64

West Virginia 0.04 0.00 0.04

Wisconsin 0.06 0.06 0.00

Wyoming 0.04 0.04 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.06 0.00 0.06

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 9 4 5

U.S. (annualized value) 1.0 0.5 0.5

2.1.2 Commercial Chemigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Commercial Applicator for Initial Chemigation 

Category Certification

Although there is currently no federal chemigation certification category, seven (7) states require 

chemigation category certification in order for commercial applicators to apply RUPs by

chemigation. These states require commercial applicators to pass a chemigation category exam 

for initial certification in the category. We assume that the standards for these exams, as well as 

the time and cost necessary to prepare for and take the exams, is equivalent to that of the 

standards of the potential requirement for the new chemigation category, that is, the exam takes 1 

hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation time, or 8 hours total.

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in Chemigation

Category; 

7 States Currently Requiring Chemigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Chemigation category

certification requirement

21.49 8 1 171.92

The remaining 43 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer a chemigation

category certification for commercial applicators. Although some commercial applicators apply 

RUPs by chemigation in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

43 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Chemigation Category 

Certification Requirement

Chemigation Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some commercial applicators in jurisdictions without a chemigation category already

apply RUPs by chemigation, without cost for a chemigation category certification.
Table: Comm Cert-02; Step 1; Commercial Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in Chemigation

Category; 

43 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently Not Requiring Chemigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no chemigation

category certification 

requirement

21.49 0 1 0

2.1.2.1 Comm Cert-02: New Commercial Chemigation Category

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator Certifying in 

Chemigation Category

In jurisdictions currently without a chemigation certification category, there are some 

commercial applicators who apply RUPs by chemigation (and legally). Of these, some have 

been applying RUPs by chemigation for more than a year. Though not certified in the 

chemigation category, we will refer to these as “existing chemigation applicators.” Also in those

jurisdictions, each year some commercial applicators start applying RUPs by chemigation for the 

first time, referred to here as “first-time chemigation applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 7 states that require chemigation category

certification, those applicators already certified in the chemigation category are not applicable to 

this potential requirement. They are certified chemigation applicators, not “existing chemigation 

applicators.” However, in these 7 states with the chemigation category, there are commercial 

applicators that seek certification in the chemigation category for the first time in a given year. 

They are considered here as an additional group of “first-time chemigation applicators.”

Chemigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Commercial applicators must pass chemigation category exam

Definitions:

 Existing chemigation applicators: Commercial applicators who have been applying 

RUPs by chemigation for more than one year, in jurisdictions that do not require 

certification in a chemigation category.

 First-time chemigation applicators: 

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a

chemigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the 

first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.
Assumptions:

 Those taking the chemigation category exam are already commercial applicators, so have 

certification in at least one non-application-specific category.

 For first-time chemigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of 

preparation time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing chemigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of 

preparation time, or 6 hours total. Existing chemigation applicators are assumed to take 

less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in 

chemigation application.

 The wage rate for commercial applicators is $21.49 [insert source and year]

Table: Comm Cert-02; Commercial Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement 

per Commercial Applicator Initially Certifying in Chemigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time 

chemigation

applicator

Prepare and take 

chemigation category

exam

21.49 8 1 172

Existing 

chemigation

applicator

Prepare and take 

chemigation category

exam

21.49 6 1 129

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per commercial applicator initially certifying in the chemigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time chemigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,1st

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per commercial applicator initially certifying in 

the chemigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a current chemigation 

certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing chemigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per existing chemigation applicator, in 

jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial certification in a chemigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time chemigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a

chemigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the 

first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.
 N Xst = number of existing chemigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

chemigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring 

commercial certification in a chemigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time chemigation applicators in 

regions that do not currently require chemigation category certification. EPA has 

estimated the number of existing and first-time chemigation applicators in these regions, 

using data on chemigation applicator certifications in the 7 states that certify in the 

category, as well as other data correlations among commercial applicators in those states. 

See Chapter 3.3.1

 In the 7 states with a commercial chemigation certification category, state data on the 

number of commercial applicators who are certified in the chemigation category for the 

first time each year, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of commercial applicators in the chemigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

commercial applicators, of certification in the chemigation category under the potential 

requirement.

 Existing chemigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring chemigation

category certification, would all become certified in the chemigation category one time 

only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time chemigation applicators would become certified in the 

chemigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 

chemigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring chemigation

category certification, as well as in the 7 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-02; Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Commercial Applicators in Chemigation Category

Region costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 172 129 2 21 0 3,023 258

Alaska 0 172 129 n/a1n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 0 172 129 1 9 0 1,329 113

Arkansas 0 172 129 1 17 0 2,460 210

California 0 172 129 4 57 0 8,102 692

Colorado 0 172 129 1 15 0 2,079 177
Connecticut

0 172 129 n/a n/a000

Delaware0 172 1292 220 3,061 261

Florida0 172 1292 300 4,198 358

Georgia0 172 1292 310 4,374 373

Hawaii 172 172 n/a 0.46 76 76 76

Idaho0 172 1292 290 4,054 346

Illinois0 172 129060 857 73

Indiana0 172 129060 798 68

Iowa0 172 1291 190 2,613 223

Kansas0 172 129180 1,165 99

Kentucky0 172 1291 100 1,346 115

Louisiana0 172 1291 120 1,729 148

Maine 172 172 n/a0000 0

Maryland0 172 1291 200 2,802 239

Massachusetts0 172 129180 1,169 100

Michigan0 172 129190 1,279 109

Minnesota0 172 129040 542 46

Mississippi0 172 1291 180 2,505 214

Missouri0 172 129170 1,047 89

Montana0 172 1291 100 1,434 122

Nebraska0 172 129060 861 74

Nevada 172 172 n/a18 94 94 94

New Hampshire0 172 129 n/a n/a000

New Jersey0 172 1292 220 3,052 261

New Mexico0 172 1291 120 1,663 142

New York0 172 1291 120 1,733 148

North Carolina0 172 1292 330 4,604 393

North Dakota0 172 1291 150 2,178 186

Ohio0 172 1291 170 2,418 206

Oklahoma0 172 1292 310 4,328 369

Oregon0 172 1292 240 3,319 283

Pennsylvania0 172 1291 100 1,375 117

Rhode Island0 172 129 n/a n/a000

South Carolina0 172 1292 220 3,131 267

South Dakota0 172 1291 130 1,782 152

Tennessee0 172 1292 240 3,388 289

Texas 172 172 n/a2 28 333 333 333
Utah 0 172 129 1 12 0 1,696 145

Vermont 0 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Virginia 172 172 n/a 3 37 447 447 447

Washington 0 172 129 5 71 0 10,023 856

West Virginia 0 172 129 1 9 0 1,211 103

Wisconsin 172 172 n/a 0.3 4 48 48 48

Wyoming 172 172 n/a 2 21 355 355 355

Puerto Rico 0 172 129 0.3 5 0 646 55

Other 0 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 57.22 705 1354 98,872

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the commercial chemigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial chemigation applicators in states 

that newly impose the commercial chemigation category must become certified, along with all 

new commercial chemigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of 

chemigation certification is borne only by new commercial applicators; costs would remain 

constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-02; Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 4.4 0 4.4

Alaska 0.0 0 0.0

Arizona 1.9 0 1.9

Arkansas 3.6 0 3.6

California 11.7 0 11.7

Colorado 3.0 0 3.0

Connecticut 0.0 0 0.0

Delaware 4.4 0 4.4

Florida 6.1 0 6.1

Georgia 6.3 0 6.3

Hawaii 0.7 0.7 0.0

Idaho 5.9 0 5.9

Illinois 1.2 0 1.2

Indiana 1.2 0 1.2

Iowa 3.8 0 3.8

Kansas 1.7 0 1.7

Kentucky 1.9 0 1.9

Louisiana 2.5 0 2.5

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 4.0 0 4.0

Massachusetts 1.7 0 1.7

Michigan 1.8 0 1.8

Minnesota 0.8 0 0.8

Mississippi 3.6 0 3.6

Missouri 1.5 0 1.5

Montana 2.1 0 2.1

Nebraska 1.2 0 1.2

Nevada 0.8 0.8 0.0

New Hampshire 0.0 0 0.0
New Jersey 4.4 0 4.4

New Mexico 2.4 0 2.4

New York 2.5 0 2.5

North Carolina 6.6 0 6.6

North Dakota 3.1 0 3.1

Ohio 3.5 0 3.5

Oklahoma 6.2 0 6.2

Oregon 4.8 0 4.8

Pennsylvania 2.0 0 2.0

Rhode Island 0.0 0 0.0

South Carolina 4.5 0 4.5

South Dakota 2.6 0 2.6

Tennessee 4.9 0 4.9

Texas 2.9 2.9 0.0

Utah 2.4 0 2.4

Vermont 0.0 0 0.0

Virginia 3.9 3.9 0.0

Washington 14.5 0 14.5

West Virginia 1.7 0 1.7

Wisconsin 0.4 0.4 0.0

Wyoming 3.1 3.1 0.0

Puerto Rico 0.9 0 0.9

Other

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per chemigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 

1st time + N Exist for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Cert-02; Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC

P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 155 12 143

U.S. (annualized value) 18 1 16

Per chemigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.021

2.1.2.2 Comm Cert-02: Develop New Commercial Chemigation Certification Exam

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

Currently, 7 states require chemigation category certification in order for commercial applicators 

to apply RUPs by chemigation. These states require commercial applicators to pass a 

chemigation category exam for initial certification in the category. They already have the exam, 

so incur no cost to develop it due to Comm Cert-02.

The remaining 43 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not offer or require chemigation category

certification for commercial applicators, so must bear the full cost of developing exams as 

incremental cost under the potential requirement.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions not already in compliance will develop exams, except as noted under Step 3, 

below.

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years

Table: Comm Cert-02; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

Chemigation Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the chemigation category, in the first two 

years following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RC Pfor each jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing Chemigation 

Category Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

7 states with 

chemigation 

category and exam

0 0 7 0 0

Alabama 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Arkansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

California 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Colorado 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Connecticut n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Delaware 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Florida 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Georgia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Idaho 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Illinois 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Indiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930
Iowa 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Kansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Kentucky 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Louisiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Maryland 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Massachusetts 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Michigan 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Minnesota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Mississippi 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Missouri 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Montana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Nebraska 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New Hampshire n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

New Jersey 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New Mexico 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New York 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

North Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

North Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Ohio 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Oklahoma 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Oregon 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Pennsylvania 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Rhode Island n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

South Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Tennessee 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Utah 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Washington 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

West Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Puerto Rico 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 46 0 192,270

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these states are not 

likely to create a chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Comm Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

7 states with 

chemigation category

and exam

0 0 0

Alabama 10 0 10

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

Arizona 10 0 10

Arkansas 10 0 10

California 10 0 10

Colorado 0 0 0

Connecticut n/a n/a n/a

Delaware 10 0 10

Florida 10 0 10

Georgia 10 0 10

Idaho 10 0 10
Illinois 10 0 10

Indiana 10 0 10

Iowa 10 0 10

Kansas 10 0 10

Kentucky 10 0 10

Louisiana 10 0 10

Maryland 10 0 10

Massachusetts 10 0 10

Michigan 10 0 10

Minnesota 10 0 10

Mississippi 10 0 10

Missouri 10 0 10

Montana 10 0 10

Nebraska 10 0 10

New Hampshire n/a n/a n/a

New Jersey 10 0 10

New Mexico 10 0 10

New York 10 0 10

North Carolina 10 0 10

North Dakota 10 0 10

Ohio 10 0 10

Oklahoma 10 0 10

Oregon 10 0 10

Pennsylvania 10 0 10

Rhode Island n/a n/a n/a

South Carolina 10 0 10

South Dakota 10 0 10

Tennessee 10 0 10

Utah 10 0 10

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Washington 10 0 10

West Virginia 10 0 10

Puerto Rico 10 0 10

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these states are not 

likely to create a chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost
 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 379 0 379

U.S. (annualized value) 43 0 43

2.1.2.3 Comm Cert-02: Administer New Commercial Chemigation Certification Exam

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

Seven (7) states (HI, ME, NV, TX, VA, WI, & WY) require chemigation certification in the 

baseline. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, these 7 states are in compliance with Comm Cert-02, proctoring the 

certification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-02; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Certification 

Exam; 7 States Currently Requiring Chemigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline
The 43 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require chemigation certification in the baseline. 

Table: Comm Cert-02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Certification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-02; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time chemigation applicators.” This applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an 

chemigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the 

first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.
 N Xst = number of existing chemigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

chemigation applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial certification 

in a chemigation category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Chemigation 

Category Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 1.5 21.4 0.00 18.1 1.2

Alaska 0 0.79 0.79 n/a1

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 0.79 0.79 0.7 9.4 0.00 8.0 0.5

Arkansas 0 0.79 0.79 1.2 17.4 0.00 14.7 1.0

California 0 0.79 0.79 4.0 57.5 0.00 48.5 3.2

Colorado 0 0.79 0.79 1.0 14.7 0.00 12.4 0.8

Connecticut 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Delaware 0 0.79 0.79 1.5 21.7 0.00 18.3 1.2

Florida 0 0.79 0.79 2.1 29.8 0.00 25.1 1.6

Georgia 0 0.79 0.79 2.2 31.0 0.00 26.2 1.7

Hawaii 0.79 0.79 0 0.4 6.3 0.35 0.3 0.3

Idaho 0 0.79 0.79 2.0 28.8 0.00 24.3 1.6

Illinois 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 6.1 0.00 5.1 0.3

Indiana 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 5.7 0.00 4.8 0.3

Iowa 0 0.79 0.79 1.3 18.5 0.00 15.6 1.0

Kansas 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 8.3 0.00 7.0 0.5

Kentucky 0 0.79 0.79 0.7 9.5 0.00 8.1 0.5

Louisiana 0 0.79 0.79 0.9 12.3 0.00 10.3 0.7

Maine 0.79 0.79 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0 0.79 0.79 1.4 19.9 0.00 16.8 1.1

Massachusetts 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 8.3 0.00 7.0 0.5

Michigan 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 9.1 0.00 7.7 0.5

Minnesota 0 0.79 0.79 0.3 3.8 0.00 3.2 0.2

Mississippi 0 0.79 0.79 1.2 17.8 0.00 15.0 1.0
Missouri 0 0.79 0.79 0.5 7.4 0.00 6.3 0.4

Montana 0 0.79 0.79 0.7 10.2 0.00 8.6 0.6

Nebraska 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 6.1 0.00 5.2 0.3

Nevada 0.79 0.79 0 1 8 0.43 0.4 0.4

New Hampshire 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

New Jersey 0 0.79 0.79 1.5 21.6 0.00 18.3 1.2

New Mexico 0 0.79 0.79 0.8 11.8 0.00 10.0 0.7

New York 0 0.79 0.79 0.9 12.3 0.00 10.4 0.7

North Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 2.3 32.7 0.00 27.6 1.8

North Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 1.1 15.4 0.00 13.0 0.9

Ohio 0 0.79 0.79 1.2 17.2 0.00 14.5 0.9

Oklahoma 0 0.79 0.79 2.1 30.7 0.00 25.9 1.7

Oregon 0 0.79 0.79 1.6 23.5 0.00 19.9 1.3

Pennsylvania 0 0.79 0.79 0.7 9.8 0.00 8.2 0.5

Rhode Island 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 1.6 22.2 0.00 18.7 1.2

South Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 0.9 12.6 0.00 10.7 0.7

Tennessee 0 0.79 0.79 1.7 24.0 0.00 20.3 1.3

Texas 0.79 0.79 0 2 28 1.53 1.5 1.5

Utah 0 0.79 0.79 0.8 12.0 0.00 10.2 0.7

Vermont 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.79 0.79 0 3 37 2.05 2.1 2.1

Washington 0 0.79 0.79 5.0 71.1 0.00 60.0 3.9

West Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 8.6 7.3 0.5

Wisconsin 0.79 0.79 0 0.3 4 0.22 0.2 0.2

Wyoming 0.79 0.79 0 2 30 1.63 1.6 1.6

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 0.3 4.6 0 3.9 0.3

Other 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 57 817 6 601

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these states are not 

likely to create a chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial chemigation applicators in states 

that newly impose the commercial chemigation category must become certified, along with all 

new commercial chemigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of 

chemigation certification is borne only by new commercial applicators; costs would remain 

constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-02; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P 

($1,000)

PV RC B 

($1,000)

PV IC

($1,000)

Alabama 0.0240 0.0000 0.0240

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

Arizona 0.0106 0.0000 0.0106

Arkansas 0.0195 0.0000 0.0195
California 0.0644 0.0000 0.0644

Colorado 0.0165 0.0000 0.0165

Connecticut n/a n/a n/a

Delaware 0.0243 0.0000 0.0243

Florida 0.0333 0.0000 0.0333

Georgia 0.0347 0.0000 0.0347

Hawaii 0.0031 0.0031 0.0000

Idaho 0.0322 0.0000 0.0322

Illinois 0.0068 0.0000 0.0068

Indiana 0.0063 0.0000 0.0063

Iowa 0.0208 0.0000 0.0208

Kansas 0.0093 0.0000 0.0093

Kentucky 0.0107 0.0000 0.0107

Louisiana 0.0137 0.0000 0.0137

Maine 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Maryland 0.0223 0.0000 0.0223

Massachusetts 0.0093 0.0000 0.0093

Michigan 0.0102 0.0000 0.0102

Minnesota 0.0043 0.0000 0.0043

Mississippi 0.0199 0.0000 0.0199

Missouri 0.0083 0.0000 0.0083

Montana 0.0114 0.0000 0.0114

Nebraska 0.0068 0.0000 0.0068

Nevada 0.0038 0.0038 0.0000

New Hampshire n/a n/a n/a

New Jersey 0.0242 0.0000 0.0242

New Mexico 0.0132 0.0000 0.0132

New York 0.0138 0.0000 0.0138

North Carolina 0.0366 0.0000 0.0366

North Dakota 0.0173 0.0000 0.0173

Ohio 0.0192 0.0000 0.0192

Oklahoma 0.0344 0.0000 0.0344

Oregon 0.0264 0.0000 0.0264

Pennsylvania 0.0109 0.0000 0.0109

Rhode Island n/a n/a n/a

South Carolina 0.0249 0.0000 0.0249

South Dakota 0.0142 0.0000 0.0142

Tennessee 0.0269 0.0000 0.0269

Texas 0.0134 0.0134 0.0000
Utah 0.0135 0.0000 0.0135

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.0180 0.0180 0.0000

Washington 0.0796 0.0000 0.0796

West Virginia 0.0096 0.0000 0.0096

Wisconsin 0.0019 0.0019 0.0000

Wyoming 0.0143 0.0143 0.0000

Puerto Rico 0.0051 0.0000 0.0051

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these states are not 

likely to create a chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1 0 1

U.S. (annualized value) 0.10 0.01 0.09

2.1.3 Commercial General Fumigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Commercial Applicator for Initial General Fumigation 

Category Certification

A general fumigation category refers to both soil and non-soil fumigation uses permitted after 

certification in the single category. Although there is currently no federal general fumigation 

certification category, three (3) states require general fumigation category certification in order 

for commercial applicators to apply RUPs by fumigation. These states require commercial 
applicators to pass a general fumigation category exam for initial certification in the category. 

We assume that the standards for these exams, as well as the time and cost necessary to prepare 

for and take the exams, is equivalent to that of the standards of the potential requirement for a 

new general fumigation category, that is, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of 

preparation time, or 8 hours total.

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in General Fumigation 

Category; 

3 States Currently Requiring General Fumigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

General fumigation category

certification requirement

21.49 8 1 171.92

Total 171.92

The remaining 47 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer a general fumigation 

category certification for commercial applicators. Although some commercial applicators apply 

RUPs by fumigation in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

47 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No General Fumigation Category 

Certification Requirement

General fumigation Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some commercial applicators in jurisdictions without a general fumigation category 

already apply RUPs by fumigation, without cost for a general fumigation category

certification.

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 1; Commercial Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in General Fumigation 

Category; 

47 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently Not Requiring General Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no general fumigation 

category certification 

requirement

21.49 0 1 0

Total 0

2.1.3.1 Comm Cert-03: New Commercial General Fumigation Category

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator Certifying in 

General Fumigation Category
In jurisdictions currently without a general fumigation certification category, there are some 

commercial applicators who apply RUPs by fumigation (and legally). Of these, some have been 

applying RUPs by fumigation for more than a year. Though not certified in the general 

fumigation category, we will refer to these as “existing fumigation applicators.” Also in those 

jurisdictions, each year some commercial applicators start applying RUPs by fumigation for the 

first time, referred to here as “first-time fumigation applicators.” Currently, no jurisdiction 

requires certification in a general fumigation category, and thus all jurisdictions will be fully

impacted under the potential requirements. 

General fumigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Commercial applicators must pass general fumigation category exam

Definitions:

 Existing fumigation applicators: Commercial applicators who have been applying RUPs 

by fumigation for more than one year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a 

general fumigation category.

 First-time fumigation applicators: 

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a general 

fumigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the general fumigation category

for the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

general fumigation category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the general fumigation category exam are already commercial applicators, 

so have certification in at least one non-application-specific category.

 For first-time fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of 

preparation time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of 

preparation time, or 6 hours total. Existing fumigation applicators are assumed to take 

less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in 

fumigation application.

 The wage rate for commercial applicators is $21.49 [insert source and year]

Table: Comm Cert-03; Commercial Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement 

per Commercial Applicator Initially Certifying in General Fumigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take 

general fumigation 

category exam

21.49 8 1 172

Existing 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take 

general fumigation 

category exam

21.49 6 1 129
Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per commercial applicator initially certifying in the general fumigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time fumigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,1st

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per commercial applicator initially certifying in 

the general fumigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a current general 

fumigation certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing fumigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is the 

cost under the potential requirement per existing fumigation applicator, in jurisdictions 

not currently requiring commercial certification in a general fumigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time fumigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a general 

fumigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the general fumigation category

for the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

general fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

fumigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring 

commercial certification in a general fumigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time fumigation applicators in 

regions that do not currently require general fumigation category certification. EPA has 

estimated the number of existing and first-time fumigation applicators in these regions, 

using data on general fumigation applicator certifications in the 3 states that certify in the 

category, as well as other data correlations among commercial applicators in those states. 

See Chapter 3.3.1

 In the 3 states with a commercial general fumigation certification category, state data on 

the number of commercial applicators who are certified in the general fumigation 

category for the first time each year, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 

3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of commercial applicators in the general fumigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

commercial applicators, of certification in the general fumigation category under the 

potential requirement.

 Existing fumigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring general 

fumigation category certification, would all become certified in the general fumigation 

category one time only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time fumigation applicators would become certified in the 

general fumigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 
fumigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring general fumigation 

category certification, as well as in the 3 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-03; Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Commercial Applicators in General Fumigation Category

Region costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($)

N 1st N Xst RC B

($)

RCt=3

P

($)

RCt>3

P

($)

Alabama 0 172 129 6 68 0 9,806 1,029

Alaska 0 172 129 n/a1n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 0 172 129 22 259 0 37,115 3,755

Arkansas 0 172 129 15 178 0 25,609 2,656

California 0 172 129 348 4183 0 599,114 59,757

Colorado 0 172 129 9 107 0 15,245 1,469

Connecticut 0 172 129 2 21 0 2,960 295

Delaware 0 172 129 16 166 0 24,077 2,693

Florida 0 172 129 528 6564 0 937,229 90,855

Georgia 0 172 129 33 375 0 53,917 5,616

Hawaii 0 172 129 24 282 0 40,522 4,136

Idaho 0 172 129 39 404 0 58,808 6,706

Illinois 0 172 129 19 234 0 33,418 3,265

Indiana 0 172 129 38 447 0 64,189 6,530

Iowa 0 172 129 101 1081 0 156,682 17,331

Kansas 0 172 129 58 708 0 101,283 10,042

Kentucky 0 172 129 48 586 0 83,792 8,187

Louisiana 0 172 129 16 194 0 27,774 2,793

Maine 0 172 129 7 87 0 12,463 1,201

Maryland 0 172 129 111 1387 0 197,905 19,075

Massachusetts 0 172 129 3 38 0 5,470 527

Michigan 0 172 129 41 455 0 65,706 7,021

Minnesota 0 172 129 28 348 0 49,740 4,887

Mississippi 0 172 129 7 77 0 11,048 1,128

Missouri 0 172 129 41 489 0 70,119 7,035

Montana 0 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 172 129 38 471 0 67,254 6,520

Nevada 0 172 129 3 42 0 5,970 575

New Hampshire 0 172 129 1 8 0 1,142 110
New Jersey 0 172 129 12 143 0 20,488 2,055

New Mexico 0 172 129 6 75 0 10,691 1,083

New York 0 172 129 92 887 0 130,208 15,852

North Carolina 0 172 129 18 211 0 30,317 3,109

North Dakota 0 172 129 41 516 0 73,692 7,133

Ohio 0 172 129 32 386 0 55,316 5,585

Oklahoma 0 172 129 73 868 0 124,495 12,523

Oregon 0 172 129 36 379 0 55,106 6,235

Pennsylvania 0 172 129 41 511 0 73,006 7,114

Rhode Island 0 172 129 1 10 0 1,451 140

South Carolina 0 172 129 17 201 0 28,786 2,850

South Dakota 0 172 129 18 223 0 31,907 3,098

Tennessee 0 172 129 24 302 0 43,174 4,184

Texas 0 172 129 103 1220 0 175,067 17,690

Utah 0 172 129 9 111 0 15,869 1,529

Vermont 0 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Virginia 0 172 129 23 257 0 37,100 3,918

Washington 0 172 129 81 774 0 113,597 13,855

West Virginia 0 172 129 3 39 0 5,494 530

Wisconsin 0 172 129 23 263 0 37,914 3,979

Wyoming 0 172 129 7 72 0 10,438 1,142

Puerto Rico 0 172 129 1 12 0 1,721 220

Other 0 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 2,263 25,851 12,943 3,720,682

1 Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to 

create the commercial general fumigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial fumigation applicators in states 

that newly impose the commercial general fumigation category must become certified, along 

with all new commercial fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of 

general fumigation certification is borne only by new commercial applicators; costs would 

remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time fumigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing fumigation applicators in jurisdictions without 

a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. 

EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-03; Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 15.3 0 15.3

Alaska 0.0 0 0.0

Arizona 57.0 0 57.0

Arkansas 18.1 0 18.1

California 915.7 0 915.7

Colorado 23.0 0 23.0

Connecticut 4.5 0 4.5

Delaware 38.5 0 38.5

Florida 1,417.0 0 1,417.0

Georgia 83.8 0 83.8

Hawaii 62.5 0 62.5

Idaho 94.8 0 94.8

Illinois 22.3 0 22.3

Indiana 98.9 0 98.9

Iowa 249.5 0 249.5

Kansas 154.4 0 154.4

Kentucky 127.1 0 127.1

Louisiana 42.6 0 42.6

Maine 18.8 0 18.8
Maryland 298.6 0 298.6

Massachusetts 8.3 0 8.3

Michigan 47.9 0 47.9

Minnesota 75.6 0 75.6

Mississippi 17.0 0 17.0

Missouri 107.4 0 107.4

Montana 0.0 0 0.0

Nebraska 101.7 0 101.7

Nevada 9.0 0 9.0

New Hampshire 1.7 0 1.7

New Jersey 31.4 0 31.4

New Mexico 16.4 0 16.4

New York 215.8 0 215.8

North Carolina 46.8 0 46.8

North Dakota 111.4 0 111.4

Ohio 84.9 0 84.9

Oklahoma 190.9 0 190.9

Oregon 88.6 0 88.6

Pennsylvania 110.6 0 110.6

Rhode Island 2.2 0 2.2

South Carolina 43.9 0 43.9

South Dakota 48.3 0 48.3

Tennessee 65.3 0 65.3

Texas 268.9 0 268.9

Utah 23.9 0 23.9

Vermont 0.0 0 0.0

Virginia 58.0 0 58.0

Washington 188.4 0 188.4

West Virginia 8.3 0 8.3

Wisconsin 59.1 0 59.1

Wyoming 16.5 0 16.5

Puerto Rico 2.9 0 2.9

Other

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 
 Per fumigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st 

time + N Exist for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 5,793 0 5,793

U.S. (annualized value) 659 0 659

Per fumigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.023

2.1.3.2 Comm Cert-03: Develop New Commercial General Fumigation Certification Exam

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

In the baseline, no jurisdiction offers or requires general fumigation category certification for 

commercial applicators, so they must bear the full cost of developing exams under the potential 

requirement.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions not already in compliance will develop exams, except as noted under Step 3, 

below.

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

General Fumigation Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the general fumigation category, in the 

first two years following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RCPfor each 

jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing General 

Fumigation Category Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Arkansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

California 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Colorado 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Connecticut 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Delaware 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Florida 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Georgia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Hawaii 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Idaho 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Illinois 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Indiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Iowa 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Kansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 
Kentucky 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Louisiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Maine 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Maryland 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Massachusetts 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Michigan 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Minnesota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Mississippi 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Missouri 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Montana n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Nevada 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

New Hampshire 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

New Jersey 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

New Mexico 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

New York 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

North Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

North Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Ohio 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Oklahoma 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Oregon 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Pennsylvania 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Rhode Island 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

South Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

South Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Tennessee 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Texas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Utah 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Washington 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

West Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Wisconsin 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Wyoming 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Puerto Rico 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 48 0 236,640

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs
Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

3 states with general 

fumigation category

and exam

0 0 0

Alabama 10 0 10

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

Arizona 10 0 10

Arkansas 10 0 10

California 10 0 10

Colorado 10 0 10

Connecticut 10 0 10

Delaware 10 0 10
Florida 10

0 10

Georgia 100 10

Hawaii 100 10

Idaho 100 10

Illinois 100 10

Indiana 100 10

Iowa 100 10

Kansas 100 10

Kentucky 100 10

Louisiana 100 10

Maine 100 10

Maryland 100 10

Massachusetts 100 10

Michigan 100 10

Minnesota 100 10

Mississippi 100 10

Missouri 100 10

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 100 10

Nevada 100 10

New Hampshire 100 10

New Jersey 100 10

New Mexico 100 10

New York 100 10

North Carolina 100 10

North Dakota 100 10

Ohio 100 10

Oklahoma 100 10

Oregon 100 10

Pennsylvania 100 10

Rhode Island 100 10

South Carolina 100 10

South Dakota 100 10

Tennessee 100 10

Texas 100 10

Utah 100 10

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 100 10

Washington 100 10

West Virginia 100 10

Wisconsin 100 10

Wyoming 100 10

Puerto Rico 100 10

Other n/a n/a n/a
1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 466 0 466

U.S. (annualized value) 53 0 53

2.1.3.3 Comm Cert-03: Administer New Commercial General Fumigation Certification 

Exam

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in General Fumigation Category in the Baseline

Three (3) states (AR, IL, & MI) require general fumigation certification in the baseline. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, these 3 states are in compliance with Comm Cert-03, proctoring the 

certification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 1;
Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Fumigation Category 

Certification Exam; 3 States Currently Requiring General Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in General Fumigation Category in the 

Baseline

The 47 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require general fumigation certification in the 

baseline. 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General fumigation Category 

Certification Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General fumigation Category Certification 

Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.
 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time general fumigation applicators.” This applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by general fumigation for the 

first time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an 

general fumigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the general fumigation category

for the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

general fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing general fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

general fumigation applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial 

certification in a general fumigation category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Fumigation Category Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 6 68 0 58 5

Alaska 0 0.79 0.79 n/a1

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 0.79 0.79 22 259 0 221 17

Arkansas 0.79 0.79 0 15 178 12 12 12

California 0 0.79 0.79 348 4,183 0 3,574 274

Colorado 0 0.79 0.79 9 107 0 91 7

Connecticut 0 0.79 0.79 2 21 0 18 1

Delaware 0 0.79 0.79 16 166 0 143 12

Florida 0 0.79 0.79 528 6,564 0 5,594 417

Georgia 0 0.79 0.79 33 375 0 321 26
Hawaii

0 0.79 0.79 24 2820 242 19

Idaho0 0.79 0.79 39 4040 349 31

Illinois 0.79 0.790 19 234 15 15 15

Indiana0 0.79 0.79 38 4470 383 30

Iowa0 0.79 0.79 101 1,0810 932 80

Kansas0 0.79 0.79 58 7080 604 46

Kentucky0 0.79 0.79 48 5860 500 38

Louisiana0 0.79 0.79 16 1940 166 13

Maine0 0.79 0.79

7 87

0 746

Maryland0 0.79 0.79 111 1,3870 1,181 88

Massachusetts0 0.79 0.79

3 38

0 332

Michigan 0.79 0.790 41 455 32 32 32

Minnesota0 0.79 0.79 28 3480 297 22

Mississippi0 0.79 0.79

7 77

0 665

Missouri0 0.79 0.79 41 4890 418 32

Montana0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska0 0.79 0.79 38 4710 401 30

Nevada0 0.79 0.79

3 42

0 363

New Hampshire0 0.79 0.79

18071

New Jersey0 0.79 0.79 12 1430 1229

New Mexico0 0.79 0.79

6 75

0 645

New York0 0.79 0.79 92 8870 772 73

North Carolina0 0.79 0.79 18 2110 181 14

North Dakota0 0.79 0.79 41 5160 440 33

Ohio0 0.79 0.79 32 3860 330 26

Oklahoma0 0.79 0.79 73 8680 742 57

Oregon0 0.79 0.79 36 3790 328 29

Pennsylvania0 0.79 0.79 41 5110 436 33

Rhode Island0 0.79 0.79

1 10091

South Carolina0 0.79 0.79 17 2010 172 13

South Dakota0 0.79 0.79 18 2230 190 14

Tennessee0 0.79 0.79 24 3020 258 19

Texas0 0.79 0.79 103 1,2200 1,044 81

Utah0 0.79 0.79

9 111

0 957

Vermont0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia0 0.79 0.79 23 2570 221 18

Washington0 0.79 0.79 81 7740 674 64

West Virginia0 0.79 0.79

3 39

0 332
Wisconsin 0 0.79 0.79 23 263 0 226 18

Wyoming 0 0.79 0.79 7 72 0 62 5

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 1 12 0 10 1

Other 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 2,263 26,718 59 22,176

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial general fumigation applicators in 

states that newly impose the commercial general fumigation category must become certified, 

along with all new commercial general fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the 

additional cost of general fumigation certification is borne only by new commercial applicators; 

costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount 

rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time general fumigation applicators in the regions

is assumed to be constant over time, existing general fumigation applicators in 
jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-03; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B ($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.08 0.00 0.08

Alaska n/a1

n/a n/a

Arizona 0.31 0.00 0.31

Arkansas 0.11 0.11 0.00

California 4.98 0.00 4.98

Colorado 0.13 0.00 0.13

Connecticut 0.02 0.00 0.02

Delaware 0.21 0.00 0.21

Florida 7.72 0.00 7.72

Georgia 0.45 0.00 0.45

Hawaii 0.34 0.00 0.34

Idaho 0.51 0.00 0.51

Illinois 0.13 0.13 0.00

Indiana 0.54 0.00 0.54

Iowa 1.35 0.00 1.35

Kansas 0.84 0.00 0.84

Kentucky 0.69 0.00 0.69

Louisiana 0.23 0.00 0.23

Maine 0.10 0.00 0.10

Maryland 1.63 0.00 1.63

Massachusetts 0.04 0.00 0.04

Michigan 0.28 0.28 0.00

Minnesota 0.41 0.00 0.41

Mississippi 0.09 0.00 0.09

Missouri 0.58 0.00 0.58
Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.55 0.00 0.55

Nevada 0.05 0.00 0.05

New Hampshire 0.01 0.00 0.01

New Jersey 0.17 0.00 0.17

New Mexico 0.09 0.00 0.09

New York 1.16 0.00 1.16

North Carolina 0.25 0.00 0.25

North Dakota 0.61 0.00 0.61

Ohio 0.46 0.00 0.46

Oklahoma 1.04 0.00 1.04

Oregon 0.48 0.00 0.48

Pennsylvania 0.60 0.00 0.60

Rhode Island 0.01 0.00 0.01

South Carolina 0.24 0.00 0.24

South Dakota 0.26 0.00 0.26

Tennessee 0.36 0.00 0.36

Texas 1.46 0.00 1.46

Utah 0.13 0.00 0.13

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.31 0.00 0.31

Washington 1.01 0.00 1.01

West Virginia 0.05 0.00 0.05

Wisconsin 0.32 0.00 0.32

Wyoming 0.09 0.00 0.09

Puerto Rico 0.02 0.00 0.02

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 
Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 32 1 31

U.S. (annualized value) 3.6 0.1 3.5

Commercial Soil Fumigation and Non-Soil Fumigation Applications

An alternative approach to a new general fumigation commercial certification category, which 

would allow both soil and non-soil fumigation uses after certification in the single category, is to 

require certification in separate soil fumigation and non-soil fumigation categories in order for 

commercial applicators to apply RUPs with the respective application methods. Commercial 

applicators could become certified in either, or both, of these potential new categories, depending 

on the fumigant uses they wish to utilize. Therefore, this approach essentially entails two 

separate potential requirements: a new commercial soil fumigation category, and a new 

commercial non-soil fumigation category.

2.1.4 Commercial Soil Fumigation Category

Following requirements on existing soil fumigant product labels would effectively satisfy 

certification requirements for commercial applicators in the potential soil fumigation category. It 

is a violation of Federal law to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. 

Therefore, commercial applicators who use soil fumigants are already in full compliance with the 

potential new soil fumigation category in all jurisdictions. There would be zero incremental cost 

of establishing the Federal soil fumigation category, therefore, no analysis was conducted for this 

potential requirement.

2.1.5 Commercial Non-Soil Fumigation Category

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in NonSoil Fumigation Category

Although there is currently no federal non-soil fumigation certification category, 41 states 

require non-soil fumigation category certification in order for commercial applicators to apply

RUPs by non-soil fumigation. These states require commercial applicators to pass a non-soil 

fumigation category exam for initial certification in the category. We assume that the standards 
for these exams, as well as the time and cost necessary to prepare for and take the exams, is 

equivalent to that of the standards of the potential requirement for a new non-soil fumigation 

category, that is, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation time, or 8 hours total.

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-soil Fumigation 

Category; 

41 States Currently Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Non-soil fumigation category

certification requirement

21.49 8 1 171.92

Total 171.92

The remaining 9 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer a non-soil fumigation 

category certification for commercial applicators. Although some commercial applicators apply 

RUPs by non-soil fumigation in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

9 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification Requirement

Non-soil fumigation Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some commercial applicators in jurisdictions without a non-soil fumigation category

already apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation, without cost for a non-soil fumigation 

category certification.

Table: Comm Cert-04; Step 1; Commercial Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-soil Fumigation 

Category; 

9 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently Not Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no non-soil fumigation 

category certification 

requirement

21.49 0 1 0

2.1.5.1 Comm Cert-04: New Commercial Non-soil Fumigation Category

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator Certifying in 

Non-soil Fumigation Category

In jurisdictions currently without a non-soil fumigation certification category, there are some

commercial applicators who apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation (and legally). Of these, some 
have been applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for more than a year. Though not certified in 

the non-soil fumigation category, we will refer to these as “existing non-soil fumigation 

applicators.” Also in those jurisdictions, each year some commercial applicators start applying 

RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the first time, referred to here as “first-time non-soil fumigation 

applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 41 states that require non-soil fumigation 

category certification, those applicators already certified in the non-soil fumigation category are 

not applicable to this potential requirement. They are certified fumigation applicators, not 

“existing non-soil fumigation applicators.” However, in these 41 states with the non-soil 

fumigation category, there are commercial applicators that seek certification in the non-soil 

fumigation category for the first time in a given year. They are considered here as an additional 

group of “first-time non-soil fumigation applicators.”

Non-soil fumigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Commercial applicators must pass non-soil fumigation category exam

Definitions:

 Existing non-soil fumigation applicators: Commercial applicators who have been 

applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for more than one year, in jurisdictions that do not 

require certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

 First-time non-soil fumigation applicators: 

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the 

first time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a nonsoil fumigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation 

category for the first time in a given year, in states that currently require 

certification in the non-soil fumigation category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the non-soil fumigation category exam are already commercial applicators, 

so have certification in at least one non-application-specific category.

 For first-time non-soil fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours 

of preparation time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing non-soil fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours 

of preparation time, or 6 hours total. Existing non-soil fumigation applicators are 

assumed to take less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and 

experience in fumigation application.

 The wage rate for commercial applicators is $21.49 [insert source and year]
Table: Comm Cert-04; Commercial Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement 

per Commercial Applicator Initially Certifying in Non-soil Fumigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time non-soil 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take nonsoil fumigation 

category exam

21.49 8 1 172

Existing non-soil 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take nonsoil fumigation 

category exam

21.49 6 1 129

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per commercial applicator initially certifying in the non-soil fumigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time non-soil fumigation applicator of the potential requirement 

(costr,i,1st

P

) is the cost under the potential requirement per commercial applicator initially 

certifying in the non-soil fumigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a 

current non-soil fumigation certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing non-soil fumigation applicator of the potential requirement 

(costr,i,Xst

P

) is the cost under the potential requirement per existing non-soil fumigation 

applicator, in jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time fumigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the 

first time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a nonsoil fumigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation 

category for the first time in a given year, in states that currently require 

certification in the non-soil fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing non-soil fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

non-soil fumigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently 

requiring commercial certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time non-soil fumigation applicators 

in regions that do not currently require non-soil fumigation category certification. EPA 

has estimated the number of existing and first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in 

these regions, using data on non-soil fumigation applicator certifications in the 41 states 

that certify in the category, as well as other data correlations among commercial 

applicators in those states. See Chapter 3.3.1
 In the 41 states with a commercial non-soil fumigation certification category, state data 

on the number of commercial applicators who are certified in the non-soil fumigation 

category for the first time each year, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 

3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of commercial applicators in the non-soil fumigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

commercial applicators, of certification in the non-soil fumigation category under the 

potential requirement.

 Existing non-soil fumigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring non-soil 

fumigation category certification, would all become certified in the non-soil fumigation 

category one time only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators would become certified in 

the non-soil fumigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 

non-soil fumigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring non-soil 

fumigation category certification, as well as in the 41 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-04; Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Commercial Applicators in Non-soil Fumigation Category

Region costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($)

Alabama 172 172 n/a14 50 690 690 690

Alaska n/a 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 172 172 129 18 221 3,035 3,035 3,035

Arkansas 172 172 129 11 138 1,894 1,894 1,894

California 0 172 129 300 3,751 0 535,327 51,598

Colorado 172 172 129 9 107 1,469 1,469 1,469

Connecticut 172 172 129 1 19 257 257 257

Delaware 172 172 129 7 86 1,183 1,183 1,183

Florida 172 172 129 516 6,452 88,746 88,746 88,746

Georgia 172 172 129 23 285 3,915 3,915 3,915

Hawaii 172 172 129 19 233 3,200 3,200 3,200

Idaho 0 172 129 15 181 0 25,885 2,495
Illinois 172 172 129 18 224 3,086 3,086 3,086

Indiana 172 172 129 30 374 5,137 5,137 5,137

Iowa 172 172 129 48 602 8,285 8,285 8,285

Kansas0 172 129 52 6480 92,420 8,908

Kentucky 172 172 129 45 563 7,737 7,737 7,737

Louisiana0 172 129 14 1690 24,106 2,323

Maine 172 172 1297 87 1,201 1,201 1,201

Maryland 172 172 129 111 1,387 19,075 19,075 19,075

Massachusetts 172 172 1293 38 527 527 527

Michigan0 172 129 25 3070 43,879 4,229

Minnesota 172 172 129 26 328 4,509 4,509 4,509

Mississippi 172 172 1295 63 871 871 871

Missouri 172 172 129 34 430 5,914 5,914 5,914

Montana n/a 172 129 n/a n/a000

Nebraska 172 172 129 37 463 6,368 6,368 6,368

Nevada 172 172 1293 42 575 575 575

New Hampshire 172 172 12918 110 110 110

New Jersey 172 172 129 10 126 1,731 1,731 1,731

New Mexico 172 172 1295 63 871 871 871

New York 172 172 129 14 178 2,453 2,453 2,453

North Carolina 172 172 129 14 171 2,352 2,352 2,352

North Dakota 172 172 129 41 510 7,010 7,010 7,010

Ohio 172 172 129 27 331 4,557 4,557 4,557

Oklahoma 172 172 129 60 756 10,398 10,398 10,398

Oregon 172 172 129 14 181 2,487 2,487 2,487

Pennsylvania 172 172 129 40 495 6,802 6,802 6,802

Rhode Island 172 172 1291 10 140 140 140

South Carolina 172 172 129 15 185 2,542 2,542 2,542

South Dakota 172 172 129 17 219 3,008 3,008 3,008

Tennessee0 172 129 24 2980 42,466 4,093

Texas 172 172 129 84 1,045 14,378 14,378 14,378

Utah 172 172 1299 111 1,529 1,529 1,529

Vermont n/a 172 129 n/a n/a000

Virginia 172 172 129 15 184 2,531 2,531 2,531

Washington 172 172 129 12 150 2,063 2,063 2,063

West Virginia 172 172 1293 39 530 530 530

Wisconsin 172 172 129 15 194 2,661 2,661 2,661
Wyoming 172 172 129 3 43 591 591 591

Puerto Rico n/a 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Other n/a 172 129 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 1,803 5,354 236,422 1,000,504

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the commercial non-soil fumigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial fumigation applicators in states 

that newly impose the commercial non-soil fumigation category must become certified, along 

with all new commercial fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of nonsoil fumigation certification is borne only by new commercial applicators; costs would remain 

constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing non-soil fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.
 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-04; Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 6.1 6.1 0.0

Alaska 0 0.0

Arizona 26.7 26.7 0.0

Arkansas 16.6 16.6 0.0

California 807.6 0 807.6

Colorado 12.9 12.9 0.0

Connecticut 2.3 2.3 0.0

Delaware 10.4 10.4 0.0

Florida 779.7 779.7 0.0

Georgia 34.4 34.4 0.0

Hawaii 28.1 28.1 0.0

Idaho 39.1 0 39.1

Illinois 27.1 27.1 0.0

Indiana 45.1 45.1 0.0

Iowa 72.8 72.8 0.0

Kansas 139.4 0 139.4

Kentucky 68.0 68.0 0.0

Louisiana 36.4 0 36.4

Maine 10.6 10.6 0.0

Maryland 167.6 167.6 0.0

Massachusetts 4.6 4.6 0.0

Michigan 66.2 0 66.2

Minnesota 39.6 39.6 0.0

Mississippi 7.7 7.7 0.0

Missouri 52.0 52.0 0.0

Montana 0 0.0

Nebraska 56.0 56.0 0.0

Nevada 5.1 5.1 0.0

New Hampshire 1.0 1.0 0.0

New Jersey 15.2 15.2 0.0

New Mexico 7.7 7.7 0.0

New York 21.6 21.6 0.0

North Carolina 20.7 20.7 0.0

North Dakota 61.6 61.6 0.0

Ohio 40.0 40.0 0.0

Oklahoma 91.4 91.4 0.0
Oregon 21.9 21.9 0.0

Pennsylvania 59.8 59.8 0.0

Rhode Island 1.2 1.2 0.0

South Carolina 22.3 22.3 0.0

South Dakota 26.4 26.4 0.0

Tennessee 64.1 0 64.1

Texas 126.3 126.3 0.0

Utah 13.4 13.4 0.0

Vermont 0 0.0

Virginia 22.2 22.2 0.0

Washington 18.1 18.1 0.0

West Virginia 4.7 4.7 0.0

Wisconsin 23.4 23.4 0.0

Wyoming 5.2 5.2 0.0

Puerto Rico

Other

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per fumigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st 

time + N Exist for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-04; Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 3,230 2,077 1,153

U.S. (annualized value) 368 236 131

Per fumigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.018
2.1.5.2 Comm Cert-04: Develop New Commercial Non-Soil Fumigation Certification Exam

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

Currently, 41 states require non-soil fumigation category certification in order for commercial

applicators to apply RUPs by fumigation. These states require commercial applicators to pass a 

non-soil fumigation category exam for initial certification in the category. They already have the 

exam, so incur no cost to develop it due to Comm Cert-04.

The remaining 9 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not offer or require non-soil fumigation 

category certification for commercial applicators, so must bear the full cost of developing exams 

as incremental cost under the potential requirement.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 Jurisdictions not already in compliance will develop exams, except as noted under Step 3, 

below.

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years

Table: Comm Cert-04; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.
 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the non-soil fumigation category, in the 

first two years following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RCPfor each 

jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing Non-Soil 

Fumigation Category Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

41 states with nonsoil fumigation 

category and exam

0 0 41 0 0

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

California 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Idaho 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Kansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Louisiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Michigan 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Montana n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Tennessee 0 4,930 1 0 4,930 

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Puerto Rico n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S.

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs
Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Comm Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

41 states with nonsoil fumigation 

category and exam

0 0 0

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

California 10 0 10

Idaho 10 0 10

Kansas 10 0 10

Louisiana 10 0 10

Michigan 10 0 10

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Tennessee 10 0 10
Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Puerto Rico n/a n/a n/a

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 58 0 58

U.S. (annualized value) 7 0 7

2.1.5.3 Comm Cert-04: Administer New Commercial Non-soil Fumigation Certification 

Exam

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Non-soil Fumigation Category in the Baseline

Three (41) states require non-soil fumigation certification in the baseline. However, of these 

states, Colorado, Florida, South Carolina, & South Dakota do not proctor their certification exam 

and thus will bear the proctoring cost under the proposed rule.

Assumptions:
 Currently, these 41 states are in compliance with Comm Cert-04, proctoring the 

certification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in Non-soil Fumigation Category in the 

Baseline

9 states (AK, CA, ID, KS, LA, MI, MT, TN, & VT), Puerto Rico, and Other do not require nonsoil fumigation certification in the baseline. 

Table: Comm Cert-04; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Non-soil fumigation Category 

Certification Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5
Table: Comm Cert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Non-soil fumigation Category Certification 

Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time non-soil fumigation applicators.” This applies to both:

o Commercial applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the 

first time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an 

non-soil fumigation category; and

o Commercial applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation 

category for the first time in a given year, in states that currently require 

certification in the non-soil fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing non-soil fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

non-soil fumigation applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring commercial 

certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Non-soil 

Fumigation Category Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)
Alabama 0.79 0.79

0

4 50

333

Alaska0 0.79 0.79 n/a

1

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.79 0.790 18 221 14 14 14

Arkansas 0.79 0.790 11 138999

California0 0.79 0.79 300 3,7510 3,196 237

Colorado 0.79 0.790

9 107

077

Connecticut 0.79 0.790

1 19111

Delaware 0.79 0.790

7 86

555

Florida 0.79 0.790 516 6,4520 407 407

Georgia 0.79 0.790 23 285 18 18 18

Hawaii 0.79 0.790 19 233 15 15 15

Idaho0 0.79 0.79 15 1810 155 11

Illinois 0.79 0.790 18 224 14 14 14

Indiana 0.79 0.790 30 374 24 24 24

Iowa 0.79 0.790 48 602 38 38 38

Kansas0 0.79 0.79 52 6480 552 41

Kentucky 0.79 0.790 45 563 35 35 35

Louisiana0 0.79 0.79 14 1690 144 11

Maine 0.79 0.790

7 87

666

Maryland 0.79 0.790 111 1,387 88 88 88

Massachusetts 0.79 0.790

3 38

222

Michigan0 0.79 0.79 25 3070 262 19

Minnesota 0.79 0.790 26 328 21 21 21

Mississippi 0.79 0.790

5 63

444

Missouri 0.79 0.790 34 430 27 27 27

Montana0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.79 0.790 37 463 29 29 29

Nevada 0.79 0.790

3 42

333

New Hampshire 0.79 0.790

18111

New Jersey 0.79 0.790 10 126888

New Mexico 0.79 0.790

5 63

444

New York 0.79 0.790 14 178 11 11 11

North Carolina 0.79 0.790 14 171 11 11 11

North Dakota 0.79 0.790 41 510 32 32 32

Ohio 0.79 0.790 27 331 21 21 21

Oklahoma 0.79 0.790 60 756 48 48 48

Oregon 0.79 0.790 14 181 11 11 11

Pennsylvania 0.79 0.790 40 495 31 31 31
Rhode Island 0.79 0.79 0 1 10 1 1 1

South Carolina 0.79 0.79 0 15 185 0 12 12

South Dakota 0.79 0.79 0 17 219 0 14 14

Tennessee 0 0.79 0.79 24 298 0 254 19

Texas 0.79 0.79 0 84 1,045 66 66 66

Utah 0.79 0.79 0 9 111 7 95 7

Vermont 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.79 0.79 0 15 184 12 12 12

Washington 0.79 0.79 0 12 150 9 9 9

West Virginia 0.79 0.79 0 3 39 2 2 2

Wisconsin 0.79 0.79 0 15 194 12 12 12

Wyoming 0.79 0.79 0 3 43 3 3 3

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Other 0 0.79 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 1,803 22,543 645 5,734

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing commercial non-soil fumigation applicators in 

states that newly impose the commercial non-soil fumigation category must become certified, 

along with all new commercial non-soil fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the 

additional cost of non-soil fumigation certification is borne only by new commercial applicators; 

costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount 

rate, is
,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing non-soil fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B ($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.03 0.03 0.00

Alaska n/a1

n/a n/a

Arizona 0.12 0.12 0.00

Arkansas 0.08 0.08 0.00

California 4.40 0.00 4.40

Colorado 0.05 0.00 0.05

Connecticut 0.01 0.01 0.00

Delaware 0.05 0.05 0.00

Florida 2.77 0.00 2.77

Georgia 0.16 0.16 0.00

Hawaii 0.13 0.13 0.00

Idaho 0.21 0.00 0.21

Illinois 0.12 0.12 0.00

Indiana 0.21 0.21 0.00

Iowa 0.33 0.33 0.00

Kansas 0.76 0.00 0.76
Kentuck

y 0.31 0.31 0.00

Louisiana 0.20 0.00 0.20

Maine 0.05 0.05 0.00

Maryland 0.77 0.77 0.00

Massachusetts 0.02 0.02 0.00

Michigan 0.36 0.00 0.36

Minnesota 0.18 0.18 0.00

Mississippi 0.04 0.04 0.00

Missouri 0.24 0.24 0.00

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.26 0.26 0.00

Nevada 0.02 0.02 0.00

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.07 0.07 0.00

New Mexico 0.04 0.04 0.00

New York 0.10 0.10 0.00

North Carolina 0.09 0.09 0.00

North Dakota 0.28 0.28 0.00

Ohio 0.18 0.18 0.00

Oklahoma 0.42 0.42 0.00

Oregon 0.10 0.10 0.00

Pennsylvania 0.27 0.27 0.00

Rhode Island 0.01 0.01 0.00

South Carolina 0.08 0.00 0.08

South Dakota 0.09 0.00 0.09

Tennessee 0.35 0.00 0.35

Texas 0.58 0.58 0.00

Utah 0.06 0.06 0.00

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.10 0.10 0.00

Washington 0.08 0.08 0.00

West Virginia 0.02 0.02 0.00

Wisconsin 0.11 0.11 0.00

Wyoming 0.02 0.02 0.00

Puerto Rico n/a n/a n/a

Other n/a n/a n/a
1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 15 6 9

U.S. (annualized value) 1.7 0.6 1.1

2.2 Private Applicators

2.2.1 Private Aerial Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per First-Time Aerial Category Certification by Private 

Applicator

Only one state (Wisconsin) currently offers aerial category certification for private applicators. 

The other 49 states and Puerto Rico do not require or offer an aerial category certification for 

private applicators. Private applicators in those states who apply RUPs aerially have zero 

baseline cost, and would bear the full impact of the potential requirement as incremental cost. 

Wisconsin requires private applicators to pass an aerial category exam for certification in the 

category. Aerial category certification requirements, assumptions, and estimated baseline costs 

per first-time aerial category certification by a private applicator are below for these two groups 

of states.

Washington, DC does not have a private applicator certification program; it is excluded from this 

analysis. 
Wisconsin

Aerial Category Certification Requirement:

 Must pass aerial category exam 

Assumption:

 Wisconsin is assumed to be already in compliance with the potential aerial category 

certification requirements, with zero incremental cost. We assume that the standards for 

the exam, as well as the time and cost necessary to prepare for and take the exam, is 

equivalent to that of the proposed standards for the new aerial category in Private Cert04, that is, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours of preparation time, or 4 hours 

total.

 Additionally, in recent years (2008-2013), Wisconsin had no private applicators certified 

in the aerial category, and we assume that this would continue to be so if the proposed 

rule becomes effective. 

Baseline Cost per First-time or Existing Private Aerial Applicator (If any existed) –

Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Category

Certification

51.96 4 1

207.84

Total 207.84

49 States, Puerto Rico, and Other

Aerial Category Certification Requirement:

 No requirement 

Assumption:

 These 49 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer an aerial category

certification for commercial applicators. Although some commercial applicators apply 

RUPs aerially in these jurisdictions, there is no certification action, so the baseline cost is 

zero.

Baseline Cost per First-time or Existing Private Aerial Applicator –

49 States, Puerto Rico, and Other

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Category

Certification

51.96 0 0

0

2.2.1.1 Private Cert-04: New Private Aerial Certification Category, Exam or 4-hour 

Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per First-Time Aerial Category 

Certification by Private Applicator, Exam or 4-hour Training (Private Cert-04)
In jurisdictions currently without an aerial certification category, there are some private 

applicators who apply RUPs aerially (and legally). Of these, some have been applying RUPs 

aerially for more than a year. Though not certified in the aerial category, we will refer to these 

as “existing aerial applicators.” Also in those states, each year some private applicators start 

applying RUPs aerially for the first time, referred to here as “first-time aerial applicators.”

Since Wisconsin (the only jurisdiction with the aerial category) has had no private applicators 

initially certified in the aerial category in recent years (and none currently certified in the 

category), EPA assumes this will continue. If Wisconsin did have any private applicators 

become initially certified in the aerial category in the future, they would be included among the 

“first-time aerial applicators” that would have certification costs (and included in the definition, 

above). However, because no new aerial category certifications are anticipated in Wisconsin, 

there are no costs incurred there, now or in the future, so Wisconsin applicators are not included 

in the definition.

Aerial category certification, potential requirement: 

 Pass aerial category exam, or take 4 hour training.

Definitions:

 Existing aerial applicators: Private applicators who have been applying RUPs aerially for 

more than one year, in states that do not require certification in an aerial category.

 First-time aerial applicators: Private applicators who begin applying RUPs aerially for 

the first time in a given year, in states that do not require certification in an aerial 

category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the aerial category exam or training are already private applicators.

 For first-time aerial applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours of preparation 

time, or 4 hours total.

 For existing aerial applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 2 hours of preparation 

time, or 3 hours total. Existing aerial applicators are assumed to take less time to prepare 

since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in aerial application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]

Table: Private Cert-04; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “First-time 

Aerial Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Aerial Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take aerial 

category exam

51.96 4 1 207.84
Table: Private Cert-04; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “Existing 

Aerial Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Aerial Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take aerial 

category exam

51.96 3 1 155.88

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Only Wisconsin requires private certification for aerial applications. However, no private 

applicators have been certified in the aerial category, and we assume that this would 

continue to be so if the proposed rule becomes effective. 

 The baseline unit cost per private applicator initially certifying in the aerial category

(costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline 

cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to 

equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time aerial applicator of the potential requirement ( costr,i,1st

P

) is the cost 

under the potential requirement per private applicator initially certifying in the aerial 

category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing aerial applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is the cost 

under the potential requirement per existing aerial applicator, in jurisdictions not 

currently requiring commercial certification in an aerial category.

 N 1st = number of “first time aerial applicators.” This applies to first-time aerial 

applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring private 

certification in an aerial category.

 N Xst = number of “existing aerial applicators.” This applies to existing aerial applicators, 

as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in an 

aerial category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time aerial applicators in jurisdictions 

that do not currently require aerial category certification. EPA assumes that there is one 

private aerial applicator for every 100 commercial aerial applicators. See Chapter 3.3.3.

 In Wisconsin, state data on the number of commercial applicators who are certified in the 

aerial category (indicating 0), are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, 

Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the aerial category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

initial certification in the aerial category under the potential requirement.

 Existing aerial applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring aerial category

certification, would all become certified in the aerial category one time only, in year 

three, when the rule would essentially become effective.
 The same number of first-time aerial applicators, in states not currently requiring aerial 

category certification, would become certified in the aerial category annually, starting in 

year three.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-04; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Certification of Private Applicators in the Aerial Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Alaska 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Arizona 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

California 0 208 156 0 4 0 723 100

Colorado 0 208 156 0 1 0 181 25

Connecticut 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Delaware 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Florida 0 208 156 0 3 0 542 75

Georgia 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Hawaii 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Idaho 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Illinois 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Indiana 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Iowa 0 208 156 1 7 0 1,266 175

Kansas 0 208 156 0 3 0 542 75

Kentucky 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Louisiana 0 208 156 0 3 0 542 75

Maine 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Maryland 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Michigan 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Minnesota 0 208 156 0 3 0 542 75
Mississippi 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Missouri 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Montana 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 208 156 1 5 0 904 125

Nevada 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

New Mexico 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

New York 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

North Carolina 0 208 156 0 1 0 181 25

North Dakota 0 208 156 0 3 0 542 75

Ohio 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Oklahoma 0 208 156 0 4 0 723 100

Oregon 0 208 156 0 2 0 362 50

Pennsylvania 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

South Dakota 0 208 156 0 3 0 542 75

Tennessee 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Texas 0 208 156 1 5 0 904 125

Utah 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Vermont 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Virginia 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 0 208 156 0 4 0 723 100

West Virginia 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Wisconsin 208 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Wyoming 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 208 156 0 0 0 0 0

Total, US 8 65 0 11,753

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private aerial applicators in states that newly

impose the private aerial category must become certified, along with all new private aerial 

applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of aerial certification is borne only by new 

private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, 

at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RCP = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RCB = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Baseline 

 PVIC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PVIC= PV RCP– PV RCB 

Table: Private Cert-04; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RCP

($1000)

PV RCB

($1000)

PVIC

($1000)

Wisconsin 0 0 0

49 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 21 0 21

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NCP= National Cost of Potential requirement
 NCB

= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NCP= the sum of PV RCP (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NCB= the sum of PV RCB (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Incremental cost per 1st time and existing aerial applicator = NIC (U.S., annualized value) 

÷ (sum of N 1st time + N Exist for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-04; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 21 0 21

U.S. (annualized value) 2 0 2

Incremental cost per private aerial 

applicator 0.032

State Costs, Developing/Adapting Training and Exam Material

The options analyzed here address the requirements for certification of private applicators in 

application method-specific categories as they apply to the development/adaptation of state 

training and exam material.

The baseline (Step 1) is the same for Private Cert-04, -05, -06, -07, -10, and -11, and is shown 

once below, followed by Steps 2-6 for each potential requirement. For general fumigation 

(Private Cert-08 and -09), no jurisdiction requires certification in this category in the baseline,

thus the baseline cost is zero for general fumigation.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories, some states do 

require certification in one or more of the categories among those considered in the potential 

requirements below. For private certification categories considered as a potential requirements 

(aerial, chemigation, fumigation (general, or separate soil and non-soil fumigation), there are 

different jurisdictions that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular 

category have zero baseline cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in 

the baseline are assumed to be in compliance, and have costs of training or exam development 

that are the same for each category and equal to or greater than that of the proposed requirement. 

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in a Given Category in the Baseline

Assumptions:
 These jurisdictions are in compliance with a given category requirement, and already

have exams and/or training materials developed

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over two years

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 [insert source]

Table: Private Cert-04 through -11; Step 1; Jurisdictions;

Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Private Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in a Given Category in the Baseline

Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline cost for that category. 

Table: Private Cert-04 through -11; Step 1; Jurisdictions;

Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Private Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

2.2.1.2 Private Cert-04: Develop New Private Aerial Category Exam or 4-hour Training

EPA assumes that the cost of developing a 4-hour or 8-hour training is the same. EPA further 

assumes that the cost of developing a training of various length or an exam is the same. Since 

the only difference between Private Cert-04 and Private Cert-05 is the requirement for 4-hour, or 

8-hour training, respectively, (both have the exam option) the analysis below applies equally to 

both potential requirements, and is presented only once here.

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

Only one state (WI) requires aerial category certification in order for private applicators to apply 

RUPs aerially. WI requires private applicators to pass an aerial category exam for initial 
certification in the category. They already have the exam, so incur no cost to develop it due to 

Private Cert-04 or -05.

The remaining 49 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not offer or require aerial category 

certification for private applicators, so must bear the full cost of developing exams.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years

Table: Private Cert-04; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

Aerial Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the aerial category, in the first two years 

following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RC Pfor each jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

Given the above:
RC B 

= costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing Aerial Category 

Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RCB

($)

RCP

($)

Wisconsin - only

jurisdiction with 

existing exam 

0 4,930 1 0 0

Alabama 0 4,930 1 0 0

Alaska 0 4,930 1 0 0

Arizona 0 4,930 1 0 0

Arkansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

California 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Colorado 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Connecticut 0 4,930 1 0 0

Delaware 0 4,930 1 0 0

Florida 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Georgia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Hawaii 0 4,930 1 0 0

Idaho 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Illinois 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Indiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Iowa 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Kansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Kentucky 0 4,930 1 0 0

Louisiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Maine 0 4,930 1 0 0

Maryland 0 4,930 1 0 0

Massachusetts 0 4,930 1 0 0

Michigan 0 4,930 1 0 0

Minnesota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Mississippi 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Missouri 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Montana 0 4,930 1 0 0

Nebraska 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Nevada 0 4,930 1 0 0

New Hampshire 0 4,930 1 0 0

New Jersey 0 4,930 1 0 0

New Mexico 0 4,930 1 0 0
New York 0 4,930 1 0 0

North Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

North Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Ohio 0 4,930 1 0 0

Oklahoma 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Oregon 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Pennsylvania 0 4,930 1 0 0

Rhode Island 0 4,930 1 0 0

South Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 0

South Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Tennessee 0 4,930 1 0 0

Texas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Utah 0 4,930 1 0 0

Vermont 0 4,930 1 0 0

Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 0

Washington 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

West Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 0

Wyoming 0 4,930 1 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 4,930 1 0 0

Other 0 4,930 1 0 0

Total, U.S. 52 0 108,460

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Private Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Wisconsin - only

jurisdiction with existing 

exam 

0 0 0

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 0 0 0

Arkansas 10 0 10

California 10 0 10

Colorado 10 0 10

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 10 0 10

Georgia 10 0 10

Hawaii 0 0 0

Idaho 10 0 10

Illinois 10 0 10

Indiana 10 0 10

Iowa 10 0 10

Kansas 10 0 10

Kentucky 0 0 0

Louisiana 10 0 10

Maine 0 0 0

Maryland 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 0 0 0

Minnesota 10 0 10

Mississippi 10 0 10

Missouri 10 0 10

Montana 0 0 0

Nebraska 10 0 10

Nevada 0 0 0
New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 0 0 0

New York 0 0 0

North Carolina 10 0 10

North Dakota 10 0 10

Ohio 0 0 0

Oklahoma 10 0 10

Oregon 10 0 10

Pennsylvania 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 0 0 0

South Dakota 10 0 10

Tennessee 0 0 0

Texas 10 0 10

Utah 0 0 0

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 0 0 0

Washington 10 0 10

West Virginia 0 0 0

Wyoming 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 214 0 214

U.S. (annualized value) 24 0 24
State’s Proctoring Costs: Private Applicator Application Method-Specific Category Certification

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements below. For 

private certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in the baseline are assumed to 

be in compliance, and have the state costs of exam administration that are at least equal to that of 

the proposed requirement.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions with one or more of the application method-specific 

categories in the baseline require certification by passing a written exam. The proposed rule, 

however, allows certification in these categories by either passing a written exam or completing 

a training program. However, EPA assumes that all jurisdictions with one or more of the 

application method-specific categories will continue their baseline practice and certify their 

private applicators by a written exam under the new rule as well. For the jurisdictions that do not 

have the application method-specific categories in the baseline, there is no information on how 

(i.e., by exam or training) each jurisdiction would certify their private applicators under the 

proposed rule, and therefore, EPA assumes that they will also certify their private applicators by 

exam under the proposed rule. 

2.2.1.3 Private Cert-04: Administer New Private Aerial Category Exam or 4-hour Training

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

Wisconsin is the only state that requires aerial certification in the baseline. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, Wisconsin is in compliance with Private Cert-04, proctoring the certification 

exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Certification Exam; 

32 States Currently Requiring Aerial Category Certification

Action Wage Time Frequency Cost
($/hour) (hours) ($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

The remaining 49 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require aerial certification in the baseline. 

Table: Private Cert-04; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement
 N 1st = number of “first time aerial applicators.” This applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs aerially for the first time in a given 

year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an aerial category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the aerial category for the first time 

in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the aerial category.

 N Xst = number of existing aerial applicators. This applies only to existing aerial 

applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in an aerial 

category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Aerial Category 

Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Alaska 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Arkansas 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

California 0 0.79 0.79 0.5 4.0 0 3.5 0.4

Colorado 0 0.79 0.79 0.1 1.0 0 0.9 0.1

Connecticut 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Delaware 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Florida 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 3.0 0 2.7 0.3

Georgia 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Hawaii 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Idaho 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Illinois 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Indiana 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Iowa 0 0.79 0.79 0.8 7.0 0 6.2 0.7

Kansas 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 3.0 0 2.7 0.3

Kentucky 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Louisiana 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 3.0 0 2.7 0.3

Maine 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
Maryland 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Massachusetts 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Michigan 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Minnesota 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 3.0 0 2.7 0.3

Mississippi 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Missouri 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Montana 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 5.0 0 4.4 0.5

Nevada 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

New Hampshire 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

New Jersey 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

New Mexico 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

New York 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

North Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 0.1 1.0 0 0.9 0.1

North Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 3.0 0 2.7 0.3

Ohio 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Oklahoma 0 0.79 0.79 0.5 4.0 0 3.5 0.4

Oregon 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0 1.8 0.2

Pennsylvania 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

South Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

South Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 3.0 0 2.7 0.3

Tennessee 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Texas 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 5.0 0 4.4 0.5

Utah 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Vermont 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Washington 0 0.79 0.79 0.5 4.0 0 3.5 0.4

West Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Wisconsin 0.79 0.79 0.00 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Wyoming 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Other 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Total, U.S. 8 65 0 57

 

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private aerial applicators in states that newly

impose the private aerial category must become certified, along with all new private aerial 

applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of aerial certification is borne only by new 

private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, 

at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RCP ($1,000) PV RCB($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.000 0.000 0.000

Alaska 0.000 0.000 0.000

Arizona 0.000 0.000 0.000
Arkansas 0.003 0.000 0.003

California 0.006 0.000 0.006

Colorado 0.001 0.000 0.001

Connecticut 0.000 0.000 0.000

Delaware 0.000 0.000 0.000

Florida 0.004 0.000 0.004

Georgia 0.003 0.000 0.003

Hawaii 0.000 0.000 0.000

Idaho 0.003 0.000 0.003

Illinois 0.003 0.000 0.003

Indiana 0.003 0.000 0.003

Iowa 0.010 0.000 0.010

Kansas 0.004 0.000 0.004

Kentucky 0.000 0.000 0.000

Louisiana 0.004 0.000 0.004

Maine 0.000 0.000 0.000

Maryland 0.000 0.000 0.000

Massachusetts 0.000 0.000 0.000

Michigan 0.000 0.000 0.000

Minnesota 0.004 0.000 0.004

Mississippi 0.003 0.000 0.003

Missouri 0.003 0.000 0.003

Montana 0.000 0.000 0.000

Nebraska 0.007 0.000 0.007

Nevada 0.000 0.000 0.000

New Hampshire 0.000 0.000 0.000

New Jersey 0.000 0.000 0.000

New Mexico 0.000 0.000 0.000

New York 0.000 0.000 0.000

North Carolina 0.001 0.000 0.001

North Dakota 0.004 0.000 0.004

Ohio 0.000 0.000 0.000

Oklahoma 0.006 0.000 0.006

Oregon 0.003 0.000 0.003

Pennsylvania 0.000 0.000 0.000

Rhode Island 0.000 0.000 0.000

South Carolina 0.000 0.000 0.000

South Dakota 0.004 0.000 0.004

Tennessee 0.000 0.000 0.000
Texas 0.007 0.000 0.007

Utah 0.000 0.000 0.000

Vermont 0.000 0.000 0.000

Virginia 0.000 0.000 0.000

Washington 0.006 0.000 0.006

West Virginia 0.000 0.000 0.000

Wisconsin 0.000 0.000 0.000

Wyoming 0.000 0.000 0.000

Puerto Rico 0.000 0.000 0.000

Other 0.000 0.000 0.000

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private cert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 0.09 0 0.09

U.S. (annualized value) 0.01 0 0.01

2.2.1.4 Private Cert-05: New Private Aerial Certification Category, Exam or 8-hour 

Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per First-Time Aerial Category 

Certification by Private Applicator, Exam or 8-hour Training (Private Cert-05)

In jurisdictions currently without an aerial certification category, there are some private 

applicators who apply RUPs aerially (and legally). Of these, some have been applying RUPs 

aerially for more than a year. Though not certified in the aerial category, we will refer to these 
as “existing aerial applicators.” Also in those states, each year some private applicators start 

applying RUPs aerially for the first time, referred to here as “first-time aerial applicators.”

Since Wisconsin (the only jurisdiction with the aerial category) has had no private applicators 

initially certified in the aerial category in recent years (and none currently certified in the 

category), EPA assumes this will continue. If Wisconsin did have any private applicators 

become initially certified in the aerial category in the future, they would be included among the 

“first-time aerial applicators” that would have certification costs (and included in the definition, 

above). However, because no new aerial category certifications are anticipated in Wisconsin, 

there are no costs incurred there, now or in the future, so Wisconsin applicators are not included 

in the definition.

Aerial category certification, potential requirement: 

 Pass aerial category exam, or take 8 hour training.

Definitions:

 Existing aerial applicators: Private applicators who have been applying RUPs aerially for 

more than one year, in states that do not require certification in an aerial category.

 First-time aerial applicators: Private applicators who begin applying RUPs aerially for 

the first time in a given year, in states that do not require certification in an aerial 

category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the aerial category exam or training are already private applicators.

 For first-time aerial applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation 

time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing aerial applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of preparation 

time, or 6 hours total. Existing aerial applicators are assumed to take less time to prepare 

since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in aerial application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]

Table: Private Cert-05; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “First-time 

Aerial Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Aerial Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take aerial 

category exam

51.96 8 1 415.67

Table: Private Cert-05; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “Existing 

Aerial Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Aerial Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take aerial 

category exam

51.96 6 1 311.76

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Only Wisconsin requires private certification for aerial applications. However, no private 

applicators have been certified in the aerial category, and we assume that this would 

continue to be so if the proposed rule becomes effective. 

 The baseline unit cost per private applicator initially certifying in the aerial category

(costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline 

cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to 

equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time aerial applicator of the potential requirement ( costr,i,1st

P

) is the cost 

under the potential requirement per private applicator initially certifying in the aerial 

category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing aerial applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is the cost 

under the potential requirement per existing aerial applicator, in jurisdictions not 

currently requiring commercial certification in an aerial category.

 N 1st = number of “first time aerial applicators.” This applies to first-time aerial 

applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring private 

certification in an aerial category.

 N Xst = number of “existing aerial applicators.” This applies to existing aerial applicators, 

as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in an 

aerial category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time aerial applicators in jurisdictions 

that do not currently require aerial category certification. EPA assumes that there is one 

private aerial applicator for every 100 commercial aerial applicators. See Chapter 3.3.3.

 In Wisconsin, state data on the number of commercial applicators who are certified in the 

aerial category (indicating 0), are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, 

Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the aerial category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

initial certification in the aerial category under the potential requirement.

 Existing aerial applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring aerial category

certification, would all become certified in the aerial category one time only, in year 

three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time aerial applicators, in states not currently requiring aerial 

category certification, would become certified in the aerial category annually, starting in 

year three.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.
Table: Private Cert-05; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Certification of Private Applicators in the Aerial Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P

RCt>3

P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Alaska 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Arizona 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

California 0 416 312 0 4 0 1,447 200

Colorado 0 416 312 0 1 0 362 50

Connecticut 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Delaware 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Florida 0 416 312 0 3 0 1,085 150

Georgia 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Hawaii 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Idaho 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Illinois 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Indiana 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Iowa 0 416 312 1 7 0 2,531 349

Kansas 0 416 312 0 3 0 1,085 150

Kentucky 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Louisiana 0 416 312 0 3 0 1,085 150

Maine 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Maryland 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Michigan 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Minnesota 0 416 312 0 3 0 1,085 150

Mississippi 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Missouri 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Montana 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 416 312 1 5 0 1,808 249

Nevada 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

New Mexico 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0
New York 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

North Carolina 0 416 312 0 1 0 362 50

North Dakota 0 416 312 0 3 0 1,085 150

Ohio 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Oklahoma 0 416 312 0 4 0 1,447 200

Oregon 0 416 312 0 2 0 723 100

Pennsylvania 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

South Dakota 0 416 312 0 3 0 1,085 150

Tennessee 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Texas 0 416 312 1 5 0 1,808 249

Utah 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Vermont 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Virginia 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 0 416 312 0 4 0 1,447 200

West Virginia 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Wisconsin 208 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Wyoming 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Total, US 8 65 0 23,506

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private aerial applicators in states that newly

impose the private aerial category must become certified, along with all new private aerial 

applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of aerial certification is borne only by new 
private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, 

at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RCP = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RCB = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Baseline 

 PVIC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PVIC= PV RCP– PV RCB 

Table: Private Cert-05; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RCP

($1000)

PV RCB

($1000)

PVIC

($1000)

Wisconsin 0 0 0

49 states, Puerto Rico, and 

Other

41 0 41

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NCP= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NCB= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NCP= the sum of PV RCP (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NCB= the sum of PV RCB (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Incremental cost per 1st time and existing aerial applicator = NIC (U.S., annualized value) 

÷ (sum of N 1st time + N Exist for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Cert-05; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 41 0 41

U.S. (annualized value) 5 0 5

Incremental cost per private aerial 

applicator 0.064

State Costs, Developing/Adapting Training and Exam Material

The options analyzed here address the requirements for certification of private applicators in 

application method-specific categories as they apply to the development/adaptation of state 

training and exam material.

The baseline (Step 1) is the same for Private Cert-04, -05, -06, -07, -10, and -11, and is shown 

once below, followed by Steps 2-6 for each potential requirement. For general fumigation 

(Private Cert-08 and -09), no jurisdiction requires certification in this category in the baseline,

thus the baseline cost is zero for general fumigation.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories, some states do 

require certification in one or more of the categories among those considered in the potential 

requirements below. For private certification categories considered as a potential requirements 

(aerial, chemigation, fumigation (general, or separate soil and non-soil fumigation), there are 

different jurisdictions that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular 

category have zero baseline cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in 

the baseline are assumed to be in compliance, and have costs of training or exam development 

that are the same for each category and equal to or greater than that of the proposed requirement. 

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in a Given Category in the Baseline

Assumptions:

 These jurisdictions are in compliance with a given category requirement, and already

have exams and/or training materials developed

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over two years

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 [insert source]

Table: Private Cert-04 through -11; Step 1; Jurisdictions;
Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Private Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in a Given Category in the Baseline

Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline cost for that category. 

Table: Private Cert-04 through -11; Step 1; Jurisdictions;

Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Private Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

2.2.1.5 Private Cert-05: Develop New Private Aerial Category Exam or 8-hour training 

Costs are identical to those for “Private Cert-04: Develop New Private Aerial Category Exam or 

4-hour training” in section 2.2.1.2.

2.2.1.6 Private Cert-05: Administer New Private Aerial Category Exam or 8-hour Training

Proctoring costs for Private Cert-05 are identical to those for Private Cert-04 in section 2.2.1.3 

because the exam taking time is the same (i.e., one hour) for a 4-hour or an 8-hour exam. Thus, 

it would take one hour of a Jr. Technician’s time to proctor either of these exams. A 4-hour 

exam will take a private applicator 3 hours of preparation and 1 hour to take the exam, for a total 

of 4 hours, and an 8-hour exam would take a private applicator 7 hours to prepare and 1 hour to 

take the exam, for a total of 8 hours. 
2.2.2 Private Chemigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per First-Time Chemigation Category Certification by 

Private Applicator

Only five states currently offer chemigation category certification for private applicators. These 

five states require private applicators to pass a chemigation category exam for certification in the 

category. The other 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require or offer a chemigation 

category certification for private applicators. Private applicators in the latter group of 

jurisdictions who apply RUPs by chemigation have zero baseline cost, and would bear the full 

impact of the potential requirement as incremental cost. Chemigation category certification 

requirements, assumptions, and estimated baseline costs per first-time chemigation category

certification by a private applicator are below for these two groups of states.

Washington, DC does not have a private applicator certification program; it is excluded from this 

analysis. 

5 states with private chemigation certification category

Chemigation Category Certification Requirement:

 Must pass chemigation category exam 

Assumption:

 Applicators in the 5 states are assumed to be already in compliance with the potential 

chemigation category certification requirements, with zero incremental cost. We assume 

that the standards for the exam, as well as the time and cost necessary to prepare for and 

take the exam, is equivalent to that of the proposed standards for the new chemigation 

category in Private Cert-06, that is, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours of 

preparation time, or 4 hours total.

Baseline Cost per Initial Chemigation Category Certification by Private Applicator 

– 5 states

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Category

Certification

51.96 4 1

207.84

45 States, Puerto Rico, and Other

Chemigation Category Certification Requirement:

 No category certification requirement 

Assumption:

 These 45 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer a chemigation category

certification for private applicators. Although some private applicators apply RUPs by

chemigation in these jurisdictions, there is no certification action, so the baseline cost is 

zero.
Baseline Cost per First-time or Existing Private Chemigation Applicator –

45 States, Puerto Rico, and Other

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per new private, per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Category

Certification

51.96 0 0

0

2.2.2.1 Private Cert-06: New Private Chemigation Category, Exam or 4-hour Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per First-Time Chemigation Category 

Certification by Private Applicator, Exam or 4-hour Training (Private Cert-06)

In jurisdictions currently without a chemigation certification category, there are some private 

applicators who apply RUPs by chemigation (which is legal). Of these, some have been 

applying RUPs by chemigation for more than a year. Though not certified in the chemigation 

category, we will refer to these as “existing chemigation applicators.” Also in those states, each 

year some private applicators start applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time, referred to 

here as “first-time chemigation applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 5 states that require chemigation category

certification, those applicators already certified in the chemigation category are not applicable to 

this potential requirement. They are certified chemigation applicators, not “existing chemigation 

applicators.” However, in these 5 states with the chemigation category, there are private 

applicators that seek certification in the chemigation category for the first time in a given year. 

They are considered here as an additional group of “first-time chemigation applicators.”

Chemigation category certification, potential requirement: 

 Pass chemigation category exam, or take 4 hour training.

Definitions:

 Existing chemigation applicators: Private applicators who have been applying RUPs by

chemigation for more than one year, in states that do not require certification in a 

chemigation category.

 First-time chemigation applicators: 

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time in 

a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a chemigation 

category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the chemigation category exam or training are already private applicators.

 For first-time chemigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours of 

preparation time, or 4 hours total.
 For existing chemigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 2 hours of 

preparation time, or 3 hours total. Existing chemigation applicators are assumed to take 

less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in 

chemigation application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]

Table: Private Cert-06; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “First-time 

Chemigation Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Chemigation Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take 

chemigation category exam

51.96 4 1 207.84

Table: Private Cert-06; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “Existing 

Chemigation Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Chemigation Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take 

chemigation category exam

51.96 3 1 155.88

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Only 5 states require private certification for chemigation applications. 

 The baseline unit cost per private applicator initially certifying in the chemigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time chemigation applicator of the potential requirement ( costr,i,1st

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per private applicator initially certifying in the 

chemigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a current chemigation 

certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing chemigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per existing chemigation applicator, in 

jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in a chemigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time chemigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time in 

a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a chemigation 

category; and
o Private applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.

 N Xst = number of “existing chemigation applicators.” This applies only to existing 

chemigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring 

private certification in a chemigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time chemigation applicators in 

jurisdictions that do not currently require chemigation category certification. EPA 

assumes that there is one private chemigation applicator for every 100 commercial 

chemigation applicators. See Chapter 3.3.3.

 In the 5 states that currently offer the chemigation category, state data on the number of 

private applicators who are certified in the chemigation category, are obtained from the 

CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the chemigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

initial certification in the chemigation category under the potential requirement.

 Existing chemigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring chemigation 

category certification, would all become certified in the chemigation category one time 

only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time chemigation applicators would become certified in the 

chemigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 

chemigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring chemigation 

category certification, as well as in the 5 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-06; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Certification of Private Applicators in the Chemigation Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 208 156 42 605 0 103,108 8,802

Alaska 0 208 156 n/a1n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 0 208 156 9 135 0 23,008 1,964

Arkansas 0 208 156 6 80 0 13,634 1,164

California 0 208 156 8 115 0 19,599 1,673

Colorado 0 208 156 5 68 0 11,589 989
Connecticut

0 208 1561 130 2,216 189

Delaware0 208 1565 690 11,759 1,004

Florida0 208 156 12 1730 29,484 2,517

Georgia0 208 156 103 1,4780 251,890 21,503

Hawaii 208 208 1561 14 204 204 204

Idaho 208 208 156 74 1,053 15,320 15,320 15,320

Illinois0 208 156190 1,534 131

Indiana0 208 1561 150 2,556 218

Iowa0 208 1562 310 5,283 451

Kansas0 208 1562 240 4,090 349

Kentucky0 208 1562 280 4,772 407

Louisiana0 208 1566 800 13,634 1,164

Maine0 208 1561 150 2,556 218

Maryland0 208 1563 400 6,817 582

Massachusetts0 208 1561 170 2,897 247

Michigan0 208 1562 310 5,283 451

Minnesota0 208 1561 110 1,875 160

Mississippi0 208 156 10 1360 23,178 1,979

Missouri0 208 1561 160 2,727 233

Montana0 208 156 13 1790 30,506 2,604

Nebraska0 208 1561 110 1,875 160

Nevada 208 208 1565 66 963 963 963

New Hampshire0 208 1561 120 2,045 175

New Jersey0 208 1563 440 7,499 640

New Mexico0 208 1563 450 7,669 655

New York0 208 1563 410 6,987 596

North Carolina0 208 156 34 4850 82,657 7,056

North Dakota0 208 1569 1280 21,815 1,862

Ohio0 208 1562 310 5,283 451

Oklahoma0 208 1567 960 16,361 1,397

Oregon0 208 156 12 1770 30,165 2,575

Pennsylvania0 208 1564 510 8,692 742

Rhode Island0 208 1561 100 1,704 145

South Carolina0 208 156 37 5280 89,985 7,682

South Dakota0 208 1562 320 5,454 466

Tennessee0 208 156 23 3230 55,048 4,699

Texas0 208 156 12 1740 29,654 2,531
Utah 0 208 156 2 25 0 4,261 364

Vermont 0 208 156 1 13 0 2,216 189

Virginia 0 208 156 11 155 0 26,416 2,255

Washington 0 208 156 24 340 0 57,945 4,947

West Virginia 0 208 156 2 23 0 3,920 335

Wisconsin 208 208 156 6 79 1,149 1,149 1,149

Wyoming 208 208 156 4 57 829 829 829

Puerto Rico 0 208 156 2 34 0 5,794 495

Other 0 208 156 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, US 519 7,415 0 1,065,906

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the private chemigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private chemigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private chemigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of chemigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RCP = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RCB = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Baseline 

 PVIC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PVIC= PV RCP– PV RCB 

Table: Private Cert-06; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RCP

($1000)

PV RCB

($1000)

PVIC

($1000)

Hawaii 2 2 0

Idaho 135 135 0

Nevada 8 8 0

Wisconsin 10 10 0

Wyoming 7 7 0

45 states, Puerto Rico, and 

Other 1,512 0 1,512

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NCP= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NCB= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NCP= the sum of PV RCP (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NCB= the sum of PV RCB (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Incremental cost per 1st time and existing chemigation applicator = NIC (U.S., annualized 

value) ÷ (sum of N 1st + N Xst for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Cert-06; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,675 162 1,512

U.S. (annualized value) 191 18 172

Incremental cost per private 

chemigation applicator 0.026 

State Costs of Developing New Application Method-Specific Category Exam or Training

2.2.2.2 Private Cert-06: Develop New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training

EPA assumes that the cost of developing a 4-hour or 8-hour training is the same. EPA further 

assumes that the cost of developing a training of various length or an exam is the same. Since 

the only difference between Private Cert-06 and Private Cert-07 is the requirement for 4-hour, or 

8-hour training, respectively, (both have the exam option) the analysis below applies equally to 

both potential requirements, and is presented only once here.

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

Five states (HI, ID, NV, WI, & WY) require chemigation category certification in order for 

private applicators to apply RUPs by chemigation. These states require private applicators to 

pass a chemigation category exam for initial certification in the category. They already have the 

exam, so incur no cost to develop it due to Private Cert-06 or -07.

The remaining 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not offer or require chemigation category

certification for private applicators, so must bear the full cost of developing exams.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years
Table: Private Cert-06 and -07; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

Chemigation Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the chemigation category, in the first two 

years following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RC Pfor each jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

 The “n/a” means that for these states the estimated number of applicators doing 

chemigation application is zero in recent years. Therefore, EPA assumes that these states 

will not create this category, thus no need to develop an exam

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-06 and -07; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing Chemigation 

Category Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

5 jurisdictions with 

existing exam

0 0 5 0 0

Alabama 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a
Arizona

0 4,93010 4,930

Arkansas0 4,93010 4,930

California0 4,93010 4,930

Colorado0 4,93010 4,930

Connecticut0 4,93010 4,930

Delaware0 4,93010 4,930

Florida0 4,93010 4,930

Georgia0 4,93010 4,930

Illinois0 4,93010 4,930

Indiana0 4,93010 4,930

Iowa0 4,93010 4,930

Kansas0 4,93010 4,930

Kentucky0 4,93010 4,930

Louisiana0 4,93010 4,930

Maine0 4,93010 4,930

Maryland0 4,93010 4,930

Massachusetts0 4,93010 4,930

Michigan0 4,93010 4,930

Minnesota0 4,93010 4,930

Mississippi0 4,93010 4,930

Missouri0 4,93010 4,930

Montana0 4,93010 4,930

Nebraska0 4,93010 4,930

New Hampshire0 4,93010 4,930

New Jersey0 4,93010 4,930

New Mexico0 4,93010 4,930

New York0 4,93010 4,930

North Carolina0 4,93010 4,930

North Dakota0 4,93010 4,930

Ohio0 4,93010 4,930

Oklahoma0 4,93010 4,930

Oregon0 4,93010 4,930

Pennsylvania0 4,93010 4,930

Rhode Island0 4,93010 4,930

South Carolina0 4,93010 4,930

South Dakota0 4,93010 4,930

Tennessee0 4,93010 4,930

Texas0 4,93010 4,930

Utah0 4,93010 4,930

Vermont0 4,93010 4,930

Virginia0 4,93010 4,930

Washington0 4,93010 4,930

West Virginia0 4,93010 4,930

Puerto Rico0 4,93010 4,930
Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 50 0 221,850

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these states are not 

likely to create a chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Private Cert-06 and -07; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

5 jurisdictions with 0 0 0
existing exam

Alabama 100 10

Alaska n/a

1

n/a n/a

Arizona 100 10

Arkansas 100 10

California 100 10

Colorado 100 10

Connecticut 100 10

Delaware 100 10

Florida 100 10

Georgia 100 10

Illinois 100 10

Indiana 100 10

Iowa 100 10

Kansas 100 10

Kentucky 100 10

Louisiana 100 10

Maine 100 10

Maryland 100 10

Massachusetts 100 10

Michigan 100 10

Minnesota 100 10

Mississippi 100 10

Missouri 100 10

Montana 100 10

Nebraska 100 10

New Hampshire 100 10

New Jersey 100 10

New Mexico 100 10

New York 100 10

North Carolina 100 10

North Dakota 100 10

Ohio 100 10

Oklahoma 100 10

Oregon 100 10

Pennsylvania 100 10

Rhode Island 100 10

South Carolina 100 10

South Dakota 100 10

Tennessee 100 10

Texas 100 10

Utah 100 10

Vermont 100 10

Virginia 100 10
Washington 10 0 10

West Virginia 10 0 10

Puerto Rico 10 0 10

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these states are not 

likely to create a chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-06 and -07; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 437 0 437

U.S. (annualized value) 50 0 50

State’s Proctoring Costs: Private Applicator Application Method-Specific Category Certification

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements below. For 

private certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in the baseline are assumed to 

be in compliance, and have the state costs of exam administration that are at least equal to that of 

the proposed requirement.
For private applicators, the jurisdictions with one or more of the application method-specific 

categories in the baseline require certification by passing a written exam. The proposed rule, 

however, allows certification in these categories by either passing a written exam or completing 

a training program. However, EPA assumes that all jurisdictions with one or more of the 

application method-specific categories will continue their baseline practice and certify their 

private applicators by a written exam under the new rule as well. For the jurisdictions that do not 

have the application method-specific categories in the baseline, there is no information on how 

(i.e., by exam or training) each jurisdiction would certify their private applicators under the 

proposed rule, and therefore, EPA assumes that they will also certify their private applicators by 

exam under the proposed rule. 

2.2.2.3 Private Cert-06: Administer New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

Five states (HI, ID, NV, WI, & WY) certify chemigation cateogory by exam, and all except WY 

proctor the exam.

Assumptions:

 Currently, HI, ID, NV, & WI are in compliance with Private Cert-06, proctoring the 

certification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-06; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Certification Exam; 

States Currently Requiring Chemigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

The remaining 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require chemigation certification in the 

baseline. 
Table: Private Cert-06; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Certification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-06; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time chemigation applicators.” This applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time in 

a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an chemigation

category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.
 N Xst = number of existing chemigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

chemigation applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in a 

chemigation category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-06; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Chemigation 

Category Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 42.4 605.0 0.0 510.6 33.4

Alaska 0 0.79 0.79 n/a1

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 0.79 0.79 9.5 135.0 0.0 113.9 7.5

Arkansas 0 0.79 0.79 5.6 80.0 0.0 67.5 4.4

California 0 0.79 0.79 8.1 115.0 0.0 97.1 6.3

Colorado 0 0.79 0.79 4.8 68.0 0.0 57.4 3.8

Connecticut 0 0.79 0.79 0.9 13.0 0.0 11.0 0.7

Delaware 0 0.79 0.79 4.8 69.0 0.0 58.2 3.8

Florida 0 0.79 0.79 12.1 173.0 0.0 146.0 9.6

Georgia 0 0.79 0.79 103.5 1478.0 0.0 1,247.5 81.6

Hawaii 0.79 0.79 0.00 1.0 14.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

Idaho 0.79 0.79 0.00 73.7 1053.0 58.1 58.1 58.1

Illinois 0 0.79 0.79 0.6 9.0 0.0 7.6 0.5

Indiana 0 0.79 0.79 1.1 15.0 0.0 12.7 0.8

Iowa 0 0.79 0.79 2.2 31.0 0.0 26.2 1.7

Kansas 0 0.79 0.79 1.7 24.0 0.0 20.3 1.3

Kentucky 0 0.79 0.79 2.0 28.0 0.0 23.6 1.5

Louisiana 0 0.79 0.79 5.6 80.0 0.0 67.5 4.4

Maine 0 0.79 0.79 1.1 15.0 0.0 12.7 0.8

Maryland 0 0.79 0.79 2.8 40.0 0.0 33.8 2.2

Massachusetts 0 0.79 0.79 1.2 17.0 0.0 14.3 0.9

Michigan 0 0.79 0.79 2.2 31.0 0.0 26.2 1.7

Minnesota 0 0.79 0.79 0.8 11.0 0.0 9.3 0.6
Mississippi 0 0.79 0.79 9.5 136.0 0.0 114.8 7.5

Missouri 0 0.79 0.79 1.1 16.0 0.0 13.5 0.9

Montana 0 0.79 0.79 12.5 179.0 0.0 151.1 9.9

Nebraska 0 0.79 0.79 0.8 11.0 0.0 9.3 0.6

Nevada 0.79 0.79 0.00 4.6 66.2 3.7 3.7 3.7

New Hampshire 0 0.79 0.79 0.8 12.0 0.0 10.1 0.7

New Jersey 0 0.79 0.79 3.1 44.0 0.0 37.1 2.4

New Mexico 0 0.79 0.79 3.2 45.0 0.0 38.0 2.5

New York 0 0.79 0.79 2.9 41.0 0.0 34.6 2.3

North Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 34.0 485.0 0.0 409.3 26.8

North Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 9.0 128.0 0.0 108.0 7.1

Ohio 0 0.79 0.79 2.2 31.0 0.0 26.2 1.7

Oklahoma 0 0.79 0.79 6.7 96.0 0.0 81.0 5.3

Oregon 0 0.79 0.79 12.4 177.0 0.0 149.4 9.8

Pennsylvania 0 0.79 0.79 3.6 51.0 0.0 43.0 2.8

Rhode Island 0 0.79 0.79 0.7 10.0 0.0 8.4 0.6

South Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 37.0 528.0 0.0 445.6 29.2

South Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 2.2 32.0 0.0 27.0 1.8

Tennessee 0 0.79 0.79 22.6 323.0 0.0 272.6 17.8

Texas 0 0.79 0.79 12.2 174.0 0.0 146.9 9.6

Utah 0 0.79 0.79 1.8 25.0 0.0 21.1 1.4

Vermont 0 0.79 0.79 0.9 13.0 0.0 11.0 0.7

Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 10.9 155.0 0.0 130.8 8.6

Washington 0 0.79 0.79 23.8 340.0 0.0 287.0 18.8

West Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 1.6 23.0 0.0 19.4 1.3

Wisconsin 0.79 0.79 0.00 5.5 79.0 4.4 4.4 4.4

Wyoming 0 0.79 0.79 4.0 57.0 0.0 48.1 3.1

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 2.4 34.0 0.0 28.7 1.9

Other 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 519 7,415 67 5,302

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator number data 

and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private chemigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private chemigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of chemigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-06; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RCP ($1,000) PV RCB($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.677 0.000 0.677

Alaska n/a1

n/a n/a

Arizona 0.151 0.000 0.151
Arkansas 0.090 0.000 0.090

California 0.129 0.000 0.129

Colorado 0.076 0.000 0.076

Connecticut 0.015 0.000 0.015

Delaware 0.077 0.000 0.077

Florida 0.194 0.000 0.194

Georgia 1.655 0.000 1.655

Hawaii 0.005 0.005 0.000

Idaho 0.396 0.396 0.000

Illinois 0.010 0.000 0.010

Indiana 0.017 0.000 0.017

Iowa 0.035 0.000 0.035

Kansas 0.027 0.000 0.027

Kentucky 0.031 0.000 0.031

Louisiana 0.090 0.000 0.090

Maine 0.017 0.000 0.017

Maryland 0.045 0.000 0.045

Massachusetts 0.019 0.000 0.019

Michigan 0.035 0.000 0.035

Minnesota 0.012 0.000 0.012

Mississippi 0.152 0.000 0.152

Missouri 0.018 0.000 0.018

Montana 0.200 0.000 0.200

Nebraska 0.012 0.000 0.012

Nevada 0.025 0.025 0.000

New Hampshire 0.013 0.000 0.013

New Jersey 0.049 0.000 0.049

New Mexico 0.050 0.000 0.050

New York 0.046 0.000 0.046

North Carolina 0.543 0.000 0.543

North Dakota 0.143 0.000 0.143

Ohio 0.035 0.000 0.035

Oklahoma 0.108 0.000 0.108

Oregon 0.198 0.000 0.198

Pennsylvania 0.057 0.000 0.057

Rhode Island 0.011 0.000 0.011

South Carolina 0.591 0.000 0.591

South Dakota 0.036 0.000 0.036

Tennessee 0.362 0.000 0.362
Texas 0.195 0.000 0.195

Utah 0.028 0.000 0.028

Vermont 0.015 0.000 0.015

Virginia 0.174 0.000 0.174

Washington 0.381 0.000 0.381

West Virginia 0.026 0.000 0.026

Wisconsin 0.030 0.030 0.000

Wyoming 0.064 0.000 0.064

Puerto Rico 0.038 0.000 0.038

Other n/a n/a n/a

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator number data 

and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-06; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 7 0 7

U.S. (annualized value) 0.84 0.05 0.79
2.2.2.4 Private Cert-07: New Private Chemigation Category, Exam or 8-hour Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per First-Time Chemigation Category 

Certification by Private Applicator, Exam or 8-hour Training (Private Cert-07)

In jurisdictions currently without a chemigation certification category, there are some private 

applicators who apply RUPs by chemigation (which is legal). Of these, some have been 

applying RUPs by chemigation for more than a year. Though not certified in the chemigation 

category, we will refer to these as “existing chemigation applicators.” Also in those states, each 

year some private applicators start applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time, referred to 

here as “first-time chemigation applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 5 states that require chemigation category

certification, those applicators already certified in the chemigation category are not applicable to 

this potential requirement. They are certified chemigation applicators, not “existing chemigation 

applicators.” However, in these 5 states with the chemigation category, there are private 

applicators that seek certification in the chemigation category for the first time in a given year. 

They are considered here as an additional group of “first-time chemigation applicators.”

Chemigation category certification, potential requirement: 

 Pass chemigation category exam, or take 8 hour training.

Definitions:

 Existing chemigation applicators: Private applicators who have been applying RUPs by

chemigation for more than one year, in states that do not require certification in a 

chemigation category.

 First-time chemigation applicators: 

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time in 

a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a chemigation 

category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the chemigation category exam or training are already private applicators.

 For first-time chemigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of 

preparation time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing chemigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of 

preparation time, or 6 hours total. Existing chemigation applicators are assumed to take 

less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in 

chemigation application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]
Table: Private Cert-07; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “First-time 

Chemigation Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Chemigation Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take 

chemigation category exam

51.96 8 1 415.67

Table: Private Cert-07; Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per “Existing 

Chemigation Applicator” for Initially Certifying in Chemigation Category

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Prepare and take 

chemigation category exam

51.96 6 1

311.76

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Only 5 states require private certification for chemigation applications. 

 The baseline unit cost per private applicator initially certifying in the chemigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time chemigation applicator of the potential requirement ( costr,i,1st

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per private applicator initially certifying in the 

chemigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a current chemigation 

certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing chemigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per existing chemigation applicator, in 

jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in a chemigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time chemigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by chemigation for the first time in 

a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a chemigation 

category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the chemigation category for the first 

time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

chemigation category.

 N Xst = number of “existing chemigation applicators.” This applies only to existing 

chemigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently requiring 

private certification in a chemigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time chemigation applicators in 

jurisdictions that do not currently require chemigation category certification. EPA 
assumes that there is one private chemigation applicator for every 100 commercial 

chemigation applicators. See Chapter 3.3.3.

 In the 5 states that currently offer the chemigation category, state data on the number of 

private applicators who are certified in the chemigation category, are obtained from the 

CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the chemigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

initial certification in the chemigation category under the potential requirement.

 Existing chemigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring chemigation 

category certification, would all become certified in the chemigation category one time 

only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time chemigation applicators would become certified in the 

chemigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 

chemigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring chemigation 

category certification, as well as in the 5 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-07; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Certification of Private Applicators in the Chemigation Category

Region costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 416 312 42 605 0 206,216 17,604

Alaska 0 416 312 n/a1n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 0 416 312 9 135 0 46,015 3,928

Arkansas 0 416 312 6 80 0 27,268 2,328

California 0 416 312 8 115 0 39,198 3,346

Colorado 0 416 312 5 68 0 23,178 1,979

Connecticut 0 416 312 1 13 0 4,431 378

Delaware 0 416 312 5 69 0 23,519 2,008

Florida 0 416 312 12 173 0 58,968 5,034

Georgia 0 416 312 103 1,478 0 503,780 43,006

Hawaii 208 416 312 1 14 204 407 407

Idaho 208 416 312 74 1,053 15,320 30,639 30,639

Illinois 0 416 312 1 9 0 3,068 262
Indiana

0 416 3121 150 5,113 436

Iowa0 416 3122 310 10,566 902

Kansas0 416 3122 240 8,180 698

Kentucky0 416 3122 280 9,544 815

Louisiana0 416 3126 800 27,268 2,328

Maine0 416 3121 150 5,113 436

Maryland0 416 3123 400 13,634 1,164

Massachusetts0 416 3121 170 5,794 495

Michigan0 416 3122 310 10,566 902

Minnesota0 416 3121 110 3,749 320

Mississippi0 416 312 10 1360 46,356 3,957

Missouri0 416 3121 160 5,454 466

Montana0 416 312 13 1790 61,013 5,208

Nebraska0 416 3121 110 3,749 320

Nevada 208 416 3125 66 963 1,926 1,926

New Hampshire0 416 3121 120 4,090 349

New Jersey0 416 3123 440 14,998 1,280

New Mexico0 416 3123 450 15,338 1,309

New York0 416 3123 410 13,975 1,193

North Carolina0 416 312 34 4850 165,314 14,112

North Dakota0 416 3129 1280 43,629 3,724

Ohio0 416 3122 310 10,566 902

Oklahoma0 416 3127 960 32,722 2,793

Oregon0 416 312 12 1770 60,331 5,150

Pennsylvania0 416 3124 510 17,383 1,484

Rhode Island0 416 3121 100 3,409 291

South Carolina0 416 312 37 5280 179,970 15,363

South Dakota0 416 3122 320 10,907 931

Tennessee0 416 312 23 3230 110,095 9,398

Texas0 416 312 12 1740 59,308 5,063

Utah0 416 3122 250 8,521 727

Vermont0 416 3121 130 4,431 378

Virginia0 416 312 11 1550 52,832 4,510

Washington0 416 312 24 3400 115,890 9,893

West Virginia0 416 3122 230 7,840 669

Wisconsin 208 416 3126 79 1,149 2,299 2,299

Wyoming 208 416 3124 57 829 1,659 1,659

Puerto Rico0 416 3122 340 11,589 989

Other0 416 312 n/a n/a000
Total, US 519 7,415 0 2,131,811

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the private chemigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private chemigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private chemigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of chemigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RCP = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RCB = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Baseline 

 PVIC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PVIC= PV RCP– PV RCB 

Table: Private Cert-07; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5
Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RCP($1000) PV RCB($1000) PVIC ($1000)

Alabama 298 0 298 

Alaska 0 0 0 

Arizona 66 0 66 

Arkansas 39 0 39 

California 57 0 57 

Colorado 33 0 33 

Connecticut 6 0 6 

Delaware 34 0 34 

Florida 85 0 85 

Georgia 727 0 727 

Hawaii 3 2 1 

Idaho 239 135 104 

Illinois 4 0 4 

Indiana 7 0 7 

Iowa 15 0 15 

Kansas 12 0 12 

Kentucky 14 0 14 

Louisiana 39 0 39 

Maine 7 0 7 

Maryland 20 0 20 

Massachusetts 8 0 8 

Michigan 15 0 15 

Minnesota 5 0 5 

Mississippi 67 0 67 

Missouri 8 0 8 

Montana 88 0 88 

Nebraska 5 0 5 

Nevada 15 8 7 

New Hampshire 6 0 6 

New Jersey 22 0 22 

New Mexico 22 0 22 

New York 20 0 20 

North Carolina 239 0 239 

North Dakota 63 0 63 

Ohio 15 0 15 

Oklahoma 47 0 47 

Oregon 87 0 87 
Pennsylvania 25 0 25 

Rhode Island 5 0 5 

South Carolina 260 0 260 

South Dakota 16 0 16 

Tennessee 159 0 159 

Texas 86 0 86 

Utah 12 0 12 

Vermont 6 0 6 

Virginia 76 0 76 

Washington 167 0 167 

West Virginia 11 0 11 

Wisconsin 18 10 8 

Wyoming 13 7 6 

Puerto Rico 17 0 17 

Other 0 0 0 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NCP= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NCB= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NCP= the sum of PV RCP (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NCB= the sum of PV RCB (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Incremental cost per 1st time and existing chemigation applicator = NIC (U.S., annualized 

value) ÷ (sum of N 1st + N Xst for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-07; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 3,313 162 3,151

U.S. (annualized value) 377 18 359

Incremental cost per private 

chemigation applicator 0.055
2.2.2.5 Private Cert-07: Develop New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training

Costs are identical to those for “Private Cert-06: Develop New Private Chemigation Category

Exam or 4-hour training” in section 2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.6 Private Cert-07: Administer New Private Chemigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training

Proctoring costs for Private Cert-07 are identical to those for Private Cert-06 in section 2.2.2.3 

because the exam taking time is the same (i.e., one hour) for a 4-hour or an 8-hour exam. Thus, 

it would take one hour of a Jr. Technician’s time to proctor either of these exams. A 4-hour 

exam will take a private applicator 3 hours of preparation and 1 hour to take the exam, for a total 

of 4 hours, and an 8-hour exam would take a private applicator 7 hours to prepare and 1 hour to 

take the exam, for a total of 8 hours.

2.2.3 Private General Fumigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Private Applicator for Initial General Fumigation 

Category Certification

A general fumigation category refers to both soil and non-soil fumigation uses permitted after 

certification in the single category. 

No jurisdictions (50 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other”) require or offer a general fumigation 

category certification for private applicators. Although some private applicators apply RUPs by 

fumigation in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

All Jurisdictions (50 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other”)

General Fumigation Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some private applicators already apply RUPs by fumigation, without cost for a general 

fumigation category certification.

Table: Private Cert-08; Step 1; Private Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in General Fumigation 

Category; 

All Jurisdictions (50 States, Puerto Rico, and Other)

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)
None – no general fumigation 

category certification 

requirement

51.96 0 0 0

2.2.3.1 Private Cert-08: New Private General Fumigation Category, Exam or 4-hour 

Training

Step 2 – Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Fumigation Category Certification by 

Private Applicator, Exam or 4-hour Training (Private Cert-08)

Although no jurisdiction currently offers a general fumigation certification category, there are 

some private applicators who apply RUPs by fumigation (which is legal). Of these, some have 

been applying RUPs by fumigation for more than a year. Though not certified in the general 

fumigation category, we will refer to these as “existing fumigation applicators.” Also, each year 

some private applicators start applying RUPs by fumigation for the first time, referred to here as 

“first-time fumigation applicators.”

General fumigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Private applicators must pass general fumigation category exam, or take 4 hour training

Definitions:

 Existing fumigation applicators: Private applicators who have been applying RUPs by

fumigation for more than one year.

 First-time fumigation applicators: Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by

fumigation for the first time in a given year.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the general fumigation category exam or training are already private 

applicators.

 For first-time fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours of 

preparation time, or 4 hours total.

 For existing fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 2 hours of 

preparation time, or 3 hours total. Existing fumigation applicators are assumed to take 

less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in 

fumigation application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]

Table: Private Cert-08; Private Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per 

Private Applicator Initially Certifying in General Fumigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take 

general fumigation 

category exam

51.96 4 1 208
Existing 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take 

general fumigation 

category exam

51.96 3 1 156

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per private applicator initially certifying in the general fumigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time fumigation applicator of the potential requirement ( costr,i,1st

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per private applicator initially certifying in the 

general fumigation category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing fumigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is the 

cost under the potential requirement per existing fumigation applicator.

 N 1st = number of “first-time fumigation applicators,” as defined under Step 2.

 N Xst = number of “existing fumigation applicators,” as defined under Step 2.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time fumigation applicators since no 

jurisdictions currently require general fumigation category certification. EPA has 

estimated the number of existing and first-time fumigation applicators. See Chapter 3.3.1

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the general fumigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

private applicators, of certification in the general fumigation category under the potential 

requirement.

 Existing fumigation applicators would all become certified in the general fumigation 

category one time only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time fumigation applicators would become certified in the 

general fumigation category each year, starting in year three. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-08; Private Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Private Applicators in General Fumigation Category

Region costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P N 1st N Xst RC B RCt=3P RCt>3P
($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama0 208 156 20 1940 34,566 4,253

Alaska0 208 156 n/a

1

n/a000

Arizona0 208 1567 750 13,243 1,539

Arkansas0 208 156 82 7710 137,366 17,108

California0 208 156 128 1,2550 222,231 26,620

Colorado0 208 156 25 2440 43,222 5,170

Connecticut0 208 156020 345 33

Delaware0 208 1561 110 1,978 199

Florida0 208 156 80 8860 154,717 16,685

Georgia0 208 156 88 8080 144,207 18,260

Hawaii0 208 1565 480 8,389 959

Idaho0 208 156 24 2270 40,496 5,060

Illinois0 208 156 60 5530 98,785 12,527

Indiana0 208 156 46 4290 76,541 9,611

Iowa0 208 156 85 7870 140,401 17,668

Kansas0 208 156 55 5140 91,581 11,404

Kentucky0 208 156 42 3960 70,402 8,733

Louisiana0 208 156 29 2820 50,094 6,103

Maine0 208 1562 240 4,189 492

Maryland0 208 156 20 2150 37,682 4,151

Massachusetts0 208 1562 170 2,997 367

Michigan0 208 156 30 2830 50,346 6,238

Minnesota0 208 1564 470 8,158 831

Mississippi0 208 156 37 3460 61,526 7,657

Missouri0 208 156 76 7040 125,648 15,865

Montana0 208 156 n/a n/a000

Nebraska0 208 156 81 7450 132,845 16,769

Nevada0 208 1567 810 14,106 1,480

New Hampshire0 208 156010 173 17

New Jersey0 208 1567 750 13,133 1,451

New Mexico0 208 156 14 1550 27,209 2,991

New York0 208 156 28 2720 48,254 5,846

North Carolina0 208 156 89 8380 149,083 18,498

North Dakota0 208 156 119 1,3520 235,427 24,646

Ohio0 208 156 55 5040 89,976 11,351
Oklahoma 0 208 156 50 472 0 83,931 10,371

Oregon 0 208 156 22 220 0 38,926 4,653

Pennsylvania 0 208 156 22 244 0 42,614 4,553

Rhode Island 0 208 156 0 1 0 173 17

South Carolina 0 208 156 32 326 0 57,479 6,732

South Dakota 0 208 156 54 501 0 89,331 11,285

Tennessee 0 208 156 39 366 0 65,191 8,197

Texas 0 208 156 156 1,448 0 258,152 32,514

Utah 0 208 156 8 92 0 16,104 1,734

Vermont 0 208 156 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Virginia 0 208 156 28 288 0 50,845 5,889

Washington 0 208 156 77 728 0 129,564 16,072

West Virginia 0 208 156 4 43 0 7,551 835

Wisconsin 0 208 156 6 65 0 11,534 1,350

Wyoming 0 208 156 14 130 0 23,284 2,951

Puerto Rico 0 208 156 58 524 0 93,572 11,969

Other 0 208 156 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, US 1,923 18,591 0 3,297,568

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the private general fumigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private general fumigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of general fumigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, while the number of first-time fumigation applicators is assumed to be 

constant over time, existing fumigation applicators will only need to obtain certification 

once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third 

year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-08; Private Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

All jurisdictions 5,456 0 5,456

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per fumigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st 

time + N Xst for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Cert-08; Private Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 5,456 0 5,456

U.S. (annualized value) 621 0 621

Per fumigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.030

2.2.3.2 Private Cert-08: Develop New Private General Fumigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training

EPA assumes that the cost of developing 4-hour or 8-hour training is the same. EPA further 

assumes that the cost of developing a training of various length or an exam is the same. Since 

the only difference between Private Cert-08 and Private Cert-09 is the requirement for 4-hour, or 

8-hour training, respectively, (both have the exam option) the analysis below applies equally to 

both potential requirements, and is presented only once.

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

In the baseline, no jurisdiction requires general fumigation category certification in order for 

private applicators to apply RUPs by fumigation. Therefore, all jurisdictions would bear the full 

cost of developing exams under these potential requirements.

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years

Table: Private Cert-08; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

General Fumigation Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930
Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the general fumigation category, in the 

first two years following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RCPfor each 

jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

 The “n/a” means that for these states the estimated number of applicators doing general 

fumigation application is zero in recent years. Therefore, EPA assumes that these states 

will not create this category, thus no need to develop an exam

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-08; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing General 

Fumigation Category Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Arkansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

California 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Colorado 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Connecticut 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Delaware 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Florida 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Georgia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930
Hawaii

0 4,93010 4,930

Idaho0 4,93010 4,930

Illinois0 4,93010 4,930

Indiana0 4,93010 4,930

Iowa0 4,93010 4,930

Kansas0 4,93010 4,930

Kentucky0 4,93010 4,930

Louisiana0 4,93010 4,930

Maine0 4,93010 4,930

Maryland0 4,93010 4,930

Massachusetts0 4,93010 4,930

Michigan0 4,93010 4,930

Minnesota0 4,93010 4,930

Mississippi0 4,93010 4,930

Missouri0 4,93010 4,930

Montana n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska0 4,93010 4,930

Nevada0 4,93010 4,930

New Hampshire0 4,93010 4,930

New Jersey0 4,93010 4,930

New Mexico0 4,93010 4,930

New York0 4,93010 4,930

North Carolina0 4,93010 4,930

North Dakota0 4,93010 4,930

Ohio0 4,93010 4,930

Oklahoma0 4,93010 4,930

Oregon0 4,93010 4,930

Pennsylvania0 4,93010 4,930

Rhode Island0 4,93010 4,930

South Carolina0 4,93010 4,930

South Dakota0 4,93010 4,930

Tennessee0 4,93010 4,930

Texas0 4,93010 4,930

Utah0 4,93010 4,930

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia0 4,93010 4,930

Washington0 4,93010 4,930

West Virginia0 4,93010 4,930

Wisconsin0 4,93010 4,930

Wyoming0 4,93010 4,930

Puerto Rico0 4,93010 4,930

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 480 236,640
1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Private Cert-08; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 10 0 10

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

Arizona 10 0 10

Arkansas 10 0 10
California 10

0 10

Colorado 100 10

Connecticut 100 10

Delaware 100 10

Florida 100 10

Georgia 100 10

Hawaii 100 10

Idaho 100 10

Illinois 100 10

Indiana 100 10

Iowa 100 10

Kansas 100 10

Kentucky 100 10

Louisiana 100 10

Maine 100 10

Maryland 100 10

Massachusetts 100 10

Michigan 100 10

Minnesota 100 10

Mississippi 100 10

Missouri 100 10

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 100 10

Nevada 100 10

New Hampshire 100 10

New Jersey 100 10

New Mexico 100 10

New York 100 10

North Carolina 100 10

North Dakota 100 10

Ohio 100 10

Oklahoma 100 10

Oregon 100 10

Pennsylvania 100 10

Rhode Island 100 10

South Carolina 100 10

South Dakota 100 10

Tennessee 100 10

Texas 100 10

Utah 100 10

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 100 10

Washington 100 10

West Virginia 100 10
Wisconsin 10 0 10

Wyoming 10 0 10

Puerto Rico 10 0 10

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-08; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 466 0 466

U.S. (annualized value) 53 0 53

State’s Proctoring Costs: Private Applicator Application Method-Specific Category Certification

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements below. For 

private certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in the baseline are assumed to 

be in compliance, and have the state costs of exam administration that are at least equal to that of 

the proposed requirement.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions with one or more of the application method-specific 

categories in the baseline require certification by passing a written exam. The proposed rule, 

however, allows certification in these categories by either passing a written exam or completing 
a training program. However, EPA assumes that all jurisdictions with one or more of the 

application method-specific categories will continue their baseline practice and certify their 

private applicators by a written exam under the new rule as well. For the jurisdictions that do not 

have the application method-specific categories in the baseline, there is no information on how 

(i.e., by exam or training) each jurisdiction would certify their private applicators under the 

proposed rule, and therefore, EPA assumes that they will also certify their private applicators by 

exam under the proposed rule. 

2.2.3.3 Private Cert-08: Administer New Private General fumigation Category Exam or 4-

hour Training

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in General fumigation Category in the Baseline

In the baseline, no jurisdiction requires certification for general fumigation category.

Assumptions:

 Currently, no jurisdiction is in compliance with Private Cert-08

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-08; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General fumigation Category Certification 

Exam; 

States Currently Requiring General fumigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in General fumigation Category in the 

Baseline

50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require general fumigation certification in the baseline. 
Table: Private Cert-08; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General fumigation Category Certification 

Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-08; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General fumigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time general fumigation applicators.” This applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by general fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an general 

fumigation category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the general fumigation category for 

the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

general fumigation category.
 N Xst = number of existing general fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

general fumigation applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring private 

certification in a general fumigation category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-08; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General fumigation 

Category Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 20.5 194.5 0.0 169.5 16.1

Alaska 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0 0.79 0.79 7.4 75.1 0.0 65.1 5.8

Arkansas 0 0.79 0.79 82.3 771.5 0.0 673.5 64.9

California 0 0.79 0.79 128.1 1254.9 0.0 1,090.9 101.0

Colorado 0 0.79 0.79 24.9 244.1 0.0 212.2 19.6

Connecticut 0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.1

Delaware 0 0.79 0.79 1.0 11.4 0.0 9.8 0.8

Florida 0 0.79 0.79 80.3 885.5 0.0 761.8 63.3

Georgia 0 0.79 0.79 87.9 808.0 0.0 706.6 69.3

Hawaii 0 0.79 0.79 4.6 47.7 0.0 41.2 3.6

Idaho 0 0.79 0.79 24.3 227.3 0.0 198.5 19.2

Illinois 0 0.79 0.79 60.3 553.4 0.0 484.0 47.5

Indiana 0 0.79 0.79 46.2 429.4 0.0 375.2 36.5

Iowa 0 0.79 0.79 85.0 787.4 0.0 688.1 67.1

Kansas 0 0.79 0.79 54.9 514.4 0.0 449.0 43.3

Kentucky 0 0.79 0.79 42.0 395.6 0.0 345.2 33.1

Louisiana 0 0.79 0.79 29.4 282.2 0.0 245.8 23.2

Maine 0 0.79 0.79 2.4 23.7 0.0 20.6 1.9

Maryland 0 0.79 0.79 20.0 215.1 0.0 185.4 15.8

Massachusetts 0 0.79 0.79 1.8 16.9 0.0 14.7 1.4

Michigan 0 0.79 0.79 30.0 283.0 0.0 246.9 23.7

Minnesota 0 0.79 0.79 4.0 47.0 0.0 40.2 3.2
Mississippi 0 0.79 0.79 36.8 345.6 0.0 301.7 29.1

Missouri 0 0.79 0.79 76.3 704.3 0.0 615.8 60.2

Montana 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0 0.79 0.79 80.7 744.7 0.0 651.0 63.6

Nevada 0 0.79 0.79 7.1 81.0 0.0 69.5 5.6

New Hampshire 0 0.79 0.79 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.1

New Jersey 0 0.79 0.79 7.0 74.9 0.0 64.6 5.5

New Mexico 0 0.79 0.79 14.4 155.4 0.0 133.9 11.4

New York 0 0.79 0.79 28.1 272.1 0.0 236.8 22.2

North Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 89.0 837.7 0.0 731.0 70.2

North Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 118.6 1352.2 0.0 1,160.2 93.5

Ohio 0 0.79 0.79 54.6 504.4 0.0 441.0 43.1

Oklahoma 0 0.79 0.79 49.9 471.9 0.0 411.6 39.4

Oregon 0 0.79 0.79 22.4 219.9 0.0 191.1 17.7

Pennsylvania 0 0.79 0.79 21.9 244.2 0.0 209.9 17.3

Rhode Island 0 0.79 0.79 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.1

South Carolina 0 0.79 0.79 32.4 325.6 0.0 282.3 25.6

South Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 54.3 500.7 0.0 437.8 42.8

Tennessee 0 0.79 0.79 39.4 365.6 0.0 319.5 31.1

Texas 0 0.79 0.79 156.4 1447.5 0.0 1,265.2 123.4

Utah 0 0.79 0.79 8.3 92.2 0.0 79.3 6.6

Vermont 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 28.3 288.4 0.0 249.8 22.4

Washington 0 0.79 0.79 77.3 728.1 0.0 635.3 61.0

West Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 4.0 43.1 0.0 37.2 3.2

Wisconsin 0 0.79 0.79 6.5 65.3 0.0 56.7 5.1

Wyoming 0 0.79 0.79 14.2 130.4 0.0 114.1 11.2

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 57.6 523.5 0.0 458.4 45.4

Other 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 1,923 18,591 0 16,181

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the applicator number 

data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private general fumigation applicators in states 

that newly impose the private general fumigation category must become certified, along with all 

new private general fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of general 

fumigation certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time general fumigation applicators in the regions

is assumed to be constant over time, existing general fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-08; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RCP ($1,000) PV RCB($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.255 0.000 0.255

Alaska n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.096 0.000 0.096
Arkansas 1.016 0.000 1.016

California 1.622 0.000 1.622

Colorado 0.315 0.000 0.315

Connecticut 0.002 0.000 0.002

Delaware 0.014 0.000 0.014

Florida 1.090 0.000 1.090

Georgia 1.073 0.000 1.073

Hawaii 0.060 0.000 0.060

Idaho 0.300 0.000 0.300

Illinois 0.735 0.000 0.735

Indiana 0.568 0.000 0.568

Iowa 1.042 0.000 1.042

Kansas 0.677 0.000 0.677

Kentucky 0.520 0.000 0.520

Louisiana 0.368 0.000 0.368

Maine 0.030 0.000 0.030

Maryland 0.267 0.000 0.267

Massachusetts 0.022 0.000 0.022

Michigan 0.372 0.000 0.372

Minnesota 0.056 0.000 0.056

Mississippi 0.455 0.000 0.455

Missouri 0.934 0.000 0.934

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.987 0.000 0.987

Nevada 0.099 0.000 0.099

New Hampshire 0.001 0.000 0.001

New Jersey 0.093 0.000 0.093

New Mexico 0.193 0.000 0.193

New York 0.353 0.000 0.353

North Carolina 1.101 0.000 1.101

North Dakota 1.643 0.000 1.643

Ohio 0.669 0.000 0.669

Oklahoma 0.619 0.000 0.619

Oregon 0.284 0.000 0.284

Pennsylvania 0.299 0.000 0.299

Rhode Island 0.001 0.000 0.001

South Carolina 0.416 0.000 0.416

South Dakota 0.664 0.000 0.664

Tennessee 0.484 0.000 0.484
Texas 1.917 0.000 1.917

Utah 0.113 0.000 0.113

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.367 0.000 0.367

Washington 0.957 0.000 0.957

West Virginia 0.054 0.000 0.054

Wisconsin 0.084 0.000 0.084

Wyoming 0.173 0.000 0.173

Puerto Rico 0.699 0.000 0.699

Other n/a n/a n/a

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the applicator number 

data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-08; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 24 0 24

U.S. (annualized value) 3 0 3

2.2.3.4 Private Cert-09: New Private General Fumigation Category, Exam or 8-hour 

Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Fumigation Category Certification by 

Private Applicator, Exam or 8-hour Training (Private Cert-09)
Although no jurisdiction currently offers a general fumigation certification category, there are 

some private applicators who apply RUPs by fumigation (which is legal). Of these, some have 

been applying RUPs by fumigation for more than a year. Though not certified in the general 

fumigation category, we will refer to these as “existing fumigation applicators.” Also, each year 

some private applicators start applying RUPs by fumigation for the first time, referred to here as 

“first-time fumigation applicators.”

General fumigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Private applicators must pass general fumigation category exam, or take 8 hour training

Definitions:

 Existing fumigation applicators: Private applicators who have been applying RUPs by

fumigation for more than one year.

 First-time fumigation applicators: Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by

fumigation for the first time in a given year.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the general fumigation category exam or training are already private 

applicators.

 For first-time fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of 

preparation time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of 

preparation time, or 6 hours total. Existing fumigation applicators are assumed to take 

less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and experience in 

fumigation application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]

Table: Private Cert-09; Private Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per 

Private Applicator Initially Certifying in General Fumigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take 

general fumigation 

category exam

51.96 8 1 416

Existing 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take 

general fumigation 

category exam

51.96 6 1 312

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per private applicator initially certifying in the general fumigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 
baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time fumigation applicator of the potential requirement ( costr,i,1st

P

) is 

the cost under the potential requirement per private applicator initially certifying in the 

general fumigation category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing fumigation applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,Xst

P

) is the 

cost under the potential requirement per existing fumigation applicator.

 N 1st = number of “first-time fumigation applicators,” as defined under Step 2.

 N Xst = number of “existing fumigation applicators,” as defined under Step 2.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time fumigation applicators since no 

jurisdictions currently require general fumigation category certification. EPA has 

estimated the number of existing and first-time fumigation applicators. See Chapter 3.3.1

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the general fumigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

private applicators, of certification in the general fumigation category under the potential 

requirement.

 Existing fumigation applicators would all become certified in the general fumigation 

category one time only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time fumigation applicators would become certified in the 

general fumigation category each year, starting in year three. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-09; Private Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Private Applicators in General Fumigation Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 416 312 20 194 0 69,131 8,505

Alaska 0 416 312 n/a1n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 0 416 312 7 75 0 26,486 3,078

Arkansas 0 416 312 82 771 0 274,731 34,216

California 0 416 312 128 1,255 0 444,462 53,239

Colorado 0 416 312 25 244 0 86,445 10,339

Connecticut 0 416 312 0 2 0 690 67

Delaware 0 416 312 1 11 0 3,956 397
Florida

0 416 312 80 8860 309,434 33,369

Georgia0 416 312 88 8080 288,414 36,520

Hawaii0 416 3125 480 16,778 1,918

Idaho0 416 312 24 2270 80,991 10,120

Illinois0 416 312 60 5530 197,570 25,053

Indiana0 416 312 46 4290 153,082 19,221

Iowa0 416 312 85 7870 280,802 35,337

Kansas0 416 312 55 5140 183,163 22,808

Kentucky0 416 312 42 3960 140,803 17,466

Louisiana0 416 312 29 2820 100,189 12,206

Maine0 416 3122 240 8,379 985

Maryland0 416 312 20 2150 75,364 8,302

Massachusetts0 416 3122 170 5,995 734

Michigan0 416 312 30 2830 100,692 12,477

Minnesota0 416 3124 470 16,315 1,663

Mississippi0 416 312 37 3460 123,051 15,315

Missouri0 416 312 76 7040 251,297 31,729

Montana0 416 312 n/a n/a000

Nebraska0 416 312 81 7450 265,690 33,538

Nevada0 416 3127 810 28,212 2,960

New Hampshire0 416 312010 345 33

New Jersey0 416 3127 750 26,265 2,903

New Mexico0 416 312 14 1550 54,418 5,982

New York0 416 312 28 2720 96,509 11,692

North Carolina0 416 312 89 8380 298,166 36,996

North Dakota0 416 312 119 1,3520 470,855 49,292

Ohio0 416 312 55 5040 179,952 22,702

Oklahoma0 416 312 50 4720 167,862 20,742

Oregon0 416 312 22 2200 77,853 9,305

Pennsylvania0 416 312 22 2440 85,227 9,107

Rhode Island0 416 312010 345 33

South Carolina0 416 312 32 3260 114,958 13,464

South Dakota0 416 312 54 5010 178,662 22,569

Tennessee0 416 312 39 3660 130,383 16,394

Texas0 416 312 156 1,4480 516,304 65,028

Utah0 416 3128 920 32,208 3,469

Vermont0 416 312 n/a n/a000
Virginia 0 416 312 28 288 0 101,690 11,778

Washington 0 416 312 77 728 0 259,127 32,144

West Virginia 0 416 312 4 43 0 15,102 1,671

Wisconsin 0 416 312 6 65 0 23,069 2,700

Wyoming 0 416 312 14 130 0 46,568 5,902

Puerto Rico 0 416 312 58 524 0 187,145 23,937

Other 0 416 312 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, US 1,923 18,591 0 6,595,136

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the private general fumigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private general fumigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of general fumigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
 In this case, while the number of first-time fumigation applicators is assumed to be 

constant over time, existing fumigation applicators will only need to obtain certification 

once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third 

year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-09; Private Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

All jurisdictions 10,911 0 10,911

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per fumigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st 

time + N Xst for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-09; Private Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 10,911 0 10,911

U.S. (annualized value) 1,242 0 1,242

Per fumigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.061

2.2.3.5 Private Cert-09: Develop New Private General Fumigation Category Exam or 8-hour 

Training

Costs are identical to those for “Private Cert-08: Develop New Private General Fumigation 

Category Exam or 4-hour training” in section 2.2.3.2.
2.2.3.6 Private Cert-09: Administer New Private General fumigation Category Exam or 8-

hour Training

Proctoring costs for Private Cert-09 are identical to those for Private Cert-08 in section 2.2.3.3 

because the exam taking time is the same (i.e., one hour) for a 4-hour or an 8-hour exam. Thus, 

it would take one hour of a Jr. Technician’s time to proctor either of these exams. A 4-hour 

exam will take a private applicator 3 hours of preparation and 1 hour to take the exam, for a total 

of 4 hours, and an 8-hour exam would take a private applicator 7 hours to prepare and 1 hour to 

take the exam, for a total of 8 hours.

Private Soil Fumigation and Non-Soil Fumigation Applications

An alternative approach to a new general fumigation private certification category, which would 

allow both soil and non-soil fumigation uses after certification in the single category, is to 

require certification in separate soil fumigation and non-soil fumigation categories in order for 

private applicators to apply RUPs with the respective application methods. Private applicators 

could become certified in either, or both, of these potential new categories, depending on the 

fumigant uses they wish to utilize. Therefore, this approach essentially entails two separate 

potential requirements: a new private soil fumigation category, and a new private non-soil 

fumigation category.

2.2.4 Private Soil Fumigation Applications

Following requirements on existing soil fumigant product labels would effectively satisfy

certification requirements for private applicators for the potential soil fumigation category. It is 

a violation of Federal law to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. 

Therefore, private applicators who use soil fumigants are already in full compliance with the 

potential new soil fumigation category in all jurisdictions. There would be zero incremental cost 

of establishing the Federal soil fumigation category, therefore, no analysis was conducted for this 

potential requirement.

2.2.5 Private Non-Soil Fumigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-Soil 

Fumigation Category

Although there is currently no federal non-soil fumigation certification category, 8 states require 

non-soil fumigation category certification in order for private applicators to apply RUPs by nonsoil fumigation. These states require private applicators to pass a non-soil fumigation category

exam for initial certification in the category. We assume that the standards for these exams, as 
well as the time and cost necessary to prepare for and take the exams, is equivalent to that of the 

standards of the potential requirement for a new non-soil fumigation category, that is, the exam 

takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours of preparation time, or 4 hours total.

Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-soil Fumigation 

Category; 

8 States Currently Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Non-soil fumigation category

certification requirement

51.96 4 1 208

Total 208

The remaining 42 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer a non-soil fumigation 

category certification for private applicators. Although some private applicators apply RUPs by 

non-soil fumigation in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

42 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification Requirement

Non-soil fumigation Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some private applicators in jurisdictions without a non-soil fumigation category already

apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation, without cost for a non-soil fumigation category

certification.

Table: Private Cert-10; Step 1; Private Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-soil Fumigation 

Category; 

42 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently Not Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no non-soil fumigation 

category certification 

requirement

51.96 0 0 0

2.2.5.1 Private Cert-10: New Private Non-soil Fumigation Category, Exam or 4-hour 

Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator Certifying in Nonsoil Fumigation Category
In jurisdictions currently without a non-soil fumigation certification category, there are some 

private applicators who apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation (which is legal). Of these, some 

have been applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for more than a year. Though not certified in 

the non-soil fumigation category, we will refer to these as “existing non-soil fumigation 

applicators.” Also in those jurisdictions, each year some private applicators start applying RUPs 

by non-soil fumigation for the first time, referred to here as “first-time non-soil fumigation 

applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 8 states that require non-soil fumigation 

category certification, those applicators already certified in the non-soil fumigation category are 

not applicable to this potential requirement. They are certified fumigation applicators, not 

“existing non-soil fumigation applicators.” However, in these 8 states with the non-soil 

fumigation category, there are private applicators that seek certification in the non-soil 

fumigation category for the first time in a given year. They are considered here as an additional 

group of “first-time non-soil fumigation applicators.”

Non-soil fumigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Private applicators must pass non-soil fumigation category exam, or take 4-hour training

Definitions:

 Existing non-soil fumigation applicators: Private applicators who have been applying 

RUPs by non-soil fumigation for more than one year, in jurisdictions that do not require 

certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

 First-time non-soil fumigation applicators: 

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

non-soil fumigation category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the non-soil fumigation category exam are already private applicators.

 For first-time non-soil fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 3 hours 

of preparation time, or 4 hours total.

 For existing non-soil fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 2 hours 

of preparation time, or 3 hours total. Existing non-soil fumigation applicators are 

assumed to take less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and 

experience in fumigation application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]
Table: Private Cert-10; Private Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per 

Private Applicator Initially Certifying in Non-soil Fumigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time non-soil 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take nonsoil fumigation 

category exam

51.96 4 1 208

Existing non-soil 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take nonsoil fumigation 

category exam

51.96 3 1 156

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per private applicator initially certifying in the non-soil fumigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time non-soil fumigation applicator of the potential requirement 

(costr,i,1st

P

) is the cost under the potential requirement per private applicator initially

certifying in the non-soil fumigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a 

current non-soil fumigation certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing non-soil fumigation applicator of the potential requirement 

(costr,i,Xst

P

) is the cost under the potential requirement per existing non-soil fumigation 

applicator, in jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time fumigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

non-soil fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing non-soil fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

non-soil fumigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently 

requiring private certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time non-soil fumigation applicators 

in regions that do not currently require non-soil fumigation category certification. EPA 

has estimated the number of existing and first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in 

these regions, using data on non-soil fumigation applicator certifications in the 8 states 

that certify in the category, as well as other data correlations among private applicators in 

those states. See Chapter 3.3.1
 In the 8 states with a private non-soil fumigation certification category, state data on the 

number of private applicators who are certified in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time each year, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 

3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the non-soil fumigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

private applicators, of certification in the non-soil fumigation category under the potential 

requirement.

 Existing non-soil fumigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring non-soil 

fumigation category certification, would all become certified in the non-soil fumigation 

category one time only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators would become certified in 

the non-soil fumigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 

non-soil fumigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring non-soil 

fumigation category certification, as well as in the 8 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-10; Private Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Private Applicators in Non-soil Fumigation Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N 1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 208 156 2 31 0 5,348 515

Alaska 0 208 156 n/a1n/a 0 0 0

Arizona 208 208 156 2 29 474 474 474

Arkansas 0 208 156 7 85 0 14,663 1,413

California 0 208 156 27 332 0 57,272 5,520

Colorado 0 208 156 5 66 0 11,385 1,097

Connecticut 0 208 156 0 2 0 345 33

Delaware 0 208 156 1 10 0 1,725 166

Florida 0 208 156 46 571 0 98,500 9,494

Georgia 0 208 156 3 34 0 5,865 565

Hawaii 0 208 156 2 21 0 3,623 349

Idaho 0 208 156 2 22 0 3,795 366
Illinois

0 208 1562 200 3,450 333

Indiana0 208 1563 330 5,693 549

Iowa 208 208 1564 53 887 887 887

Kansas0 208 1565 570 9,833 948

Kentucky0 208 1564 500 8,625 831

Louisiana0 208 1564 560 9,660 931

Maine0 208 156180 1,380 133

Maryland0 208 156 10 1230 21,218 2,045

Massachusetts0 208 156030 518 50

Michigan0 208 1563 370 6,383 615

Minnesota 208 208 1563 39 648 648 648

Mississippi0 208 1563 390 6,728 648

Missouri0 208 1563 380 6,555 632

Montana0 208 156 n/a n/a000

Nebraska0 208 1563 410 7,073 682

Nevada 208 208 1565 60 992 992 992

New Hampshire0 208 156010 173 17

New Jersey0 208 1563 420 7,245 698

New Mexico0 208 1567 900 15,525 1,496

New York0 208 1565 600 10,350 998

North Carolina0 208 1568 1050 18,113 1,746

North Dakota 208 208 156 80 1,005 16,716 16,716 16,716

Ohio 208 208 1562 29 482 482 482

Oklahoma0 208 1565 670 11,558 1,114

Oregon0 208 1565 600 10,350 998

Pennsylvania 208 208 156 13 165 2,743 2,743 2,743

Rhode Island0 208 156010 173 17

South Carolina0 208 1569 1140 19,666 1,895

South Dakota0 208 1562 260 4,485 432

Tennessee0 208 1562 260 4,485 432

Texas0 208 1567 930 16,043 1,546

Utah 208 208 1565 60 995 995 995

Vermont0 208 15600000

Virginia0 208 1569 1130 19,493 1,879

Washington0 208 1567 920 15,870 1,530

West Virginia0 208 1562 240 4,140 399

Wisconsin0 208 1562 230 3,968 382
Wyoming 0 208 156 0 5 0 863 83

Puerto Rico 0 208 156 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Other 0 208 156 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, US 325 4,061 23,937 476,072

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the private non-soil fumigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private non-soil fumigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of non-soil fumigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, while the number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing non-soil fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost
 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-10; Private Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

42 States, Puerto Rico, & 

Other 682 0 682

Arizona 4 4 0

Iowa 8 8 0

Minnesota 6 6 0

Nevada 9 9 0

North Dakota 147 147 0

Ohio 4 4 0

Pennsylvania 24 24 0

Utah 9 9 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per fumigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st 

time + N Xst for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-10; Private Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 892 210 682

U.S. (annualized value) 102 24 78

Per fumigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.027

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-Soil 

Fumigation Category
Although there is currently no federal non-soil fumigation certification category, 8 states require 

non-soil fumigation category certification in order for private applicators to apply RUPs by nonsoil fumigation. These states require private applicators to pass a non-soil fumigation category

exam for initial certification in the category. We assume that the standards for these exams, as 

well as the time and cost necessary to prepare for and take the exams, is equivalent to that of the 

standards of the potential requirement for a new non-soil fumigation category, that is, the exam 

takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of preparation time, or 8 hours total.

Table: Private Cert-11; Step 1; Private Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-soil Fumigation 

Category; 

8 States Currently Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Non-soil fumigation category

certification requirement

51.96 8 1 416

Total 416

The remaining 42 states, Puerto Rico, and “Other,” do not require or offer a non-soil fumigation 

category certification for private applicators. Although some private applicators apply RUPs by 

non-soil fumigation in these jurisdictions, the baseline cost is zero.

42 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification Requirement

Non-soil fumigation Category Certification Requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 Some private applicators in jurisdictions without a non-soil fumigation category already

apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation, without cost for a non-soil fumigation category

certification.

Table: Private Cert-11; Step 1; Private Applicators;

Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Initial Certification in Non-soil Fumigation 

Category; 

42 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently Not Requiring Non-soil Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no non-soil fumigation 

category certification 

requirement

51.96 0 0 0
2.2.5.2 Private Cert-10: Develop New Private Non-soil Fumigation Category Exam or 4-hour 

Training

EPA assumes that the cost of developing 4-hour or 8-hour training is the same. EPA further 

assumes that the cost of developing a training of various length or an exam is the same. Since 

the only difference between Private Cert-10 and Private Cert-11 is the requirement for 4-hour, or 

8-hour training, respectively, (both have the exam option) the analysis below applies equally to 

both potential requirements, and is presented only once.

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Jurisdiction of Potential Requirement

Eight states (AZ, IA, MN, NV, ND, OH, PA, & UT) require non-soil fumigation category

certification in order for private applicators to apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation. These states 

require private applicators to pass a non-soil fumigation category exam for initial certification in 

the category. They already have the exam, so incur no cost to develop it due to Private Cert-10 

or -11.

The remaining 42 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not offer or require non-soil fumigation 

category certification for private applicators. 

Jurisdictional action necessary to implement potential requirement:

 Develop category-specific exam or training material within two years of promulgation of 

final rule

Assumptions:

 It takes a Jr. Technician 250 hours to develop either an exam or training materials for a 

category

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 2013c); see 

Chapter 3.3.5

 EPA assumes all jurisdictions will develop exams

 Development of materials is done once, with labor and cost spread over first two years

Table: Private Cert-10; Step 2; Jurisdictions;

Cost per Jurisdiction to Develop Materials to Implement Potential Requirement; Develop 

Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Develop category exam 39.44 250 0.50 4,930

Total 4,930

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for developing the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of developing the exam for implementation of the potential 

requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional cost of developing the exam

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional cost 

of developing the exam

 Each jurisdiction would develop one exam for the non-soil fumigation category, in the 

first two years following promulgation of the final rule, i.e., costr,i,a

P

= RCPfor each 

jurisdiction

 N Jur is the number of jurisdictions

 The “n/a” means that for these states the estimated number of applicators doing non-soil 

fumigation application is zero in recent years. Therefore, EPA assumes that these states 

will not create this category, thus no need to develop an exam

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Jur

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N Jur

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-10; Jurisdictions; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Developing Non-Soil 

Fumigation Category Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,a

P

($) N Jur RC B

($)

RC P

($)

8 jurisdictions with 

existing exam 

0 0 8 0 0

Alabama 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arkansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

California 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Colorado 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Connecticut 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Delaware 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Florida 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Georgia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Hawaii 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Idaho 0 4,930 1 0 4,930
Illinois 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Indiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Kansas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Kentucky 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Louisiana 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Maine 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Maryland 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Massachusetts 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Michigan 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Mississippi 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Missouri 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Montana n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New Hampshire 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New Jersey 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New Mexico 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

New York 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

North Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Oklahoma 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Oregon 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Rhode Island 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

South Carolina 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

South Dakota 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Tennessee 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Texas 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Vermont 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Washington 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

West Virginia 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Wisconsin 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Wyoming 0 4,930 1 0 4,930

Puerto Rico n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 48 0 197,200

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations and develop exam 

and/or training materials in line with the proposed requirements. There would be no further 

costs. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Regional Baseline Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P– PV RC B 

Table: Private Cert-10; Jurisdictions; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

8 jurisdictions with 

existing exam 

0 0 0

Alabama 10 0 10

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

Arkansas 10 0 10

California 10 0 10

Colorado 10 0 10

Connecticut 10 0 10

Delaware 10 0 10

Florida 10 0 10

Georgia 10 0 10

Hawaii 10 0 10

Idaho 10 0 10

Illinois 10 0 10
Indiana 10 0 10

Kansas 10 0 10

Kentucky 10 0 10

Louisiana 10 0 10

Maine 10 0 10

Maryland 10 0 10

Massachusetts 10 0 10

Michigan 10 0 10

Mississippi 10 0 10

Missouri 10 0 10

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 10 0 10

New Hampshire 10 0 10

New Jersey 10 0 10

New Mexico 10 0 10

New York 10 0 10

North Carolina 10 0 10

Oklahoma 10 0 10

Oregon 10 0 10

Rhode Island 10 0 10

South Carolina 10 0 10

South Dakota 10 0 10

Tennessee 10 0 10

Texas 10 0 10

Vermont 10 0 10

Virginia 10 0 10

Washington 10 0 10

West Virginia 10 0 10

Wisconsin 10 0 10

Wyoming 10 0 10

Puerto Rico n/a n/a n/a

Other n/a n/a n/a

1

The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the 

applicator number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumed that these 

states are not likely to create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:
 NC P

= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-10; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 389 0 389

U.S. (annualized value) 44 0 44

State’s Proctoring Costs: Private Applicator Application Method-Specific Category Certification

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements below. For

private certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for that category. Jurisdictions that require a given category in the baseline are assumed to 

be in compliance, and have the state costs of exam administration that are at least equal to that of 

the proposed requirement.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions with one or more of the application method-specific 

categories in the baseline require certification by passing a written exam. The proposed rule, 

however, allows certification in these categories by either passing a written exam or completing 

a training program. However, EPA assumes that all jurisdictions with one or more of the 

application method-specific categories will continue their baseline practice and certify their 

private applicators by a written exam under the new rule as well. For the jurisdictions that do not 

have the application method-specific categories in the baseline, there is no information on how 

(i.e., by exam or training) each jurisdiction would certify their private applicators under the 

proposed rule, and therefore, EPA assumes that they will also certify their private applicators by 

exam under the proposed rule. 

2.2.5.3 Private Cert-10: Administer New Private Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam or 4-

hour Training

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Certification in Non-soil fumigation Category in the Baseline
In the baseline, 8 states (AZ, IA, MN, NV, ND, OH, PA, & UT) certify non-soil fumigation 

category by exam, and all except MN proctor the exam.

Assumptions:

 Currently, AZ, IA, NV, ND, OH, PA, & UT are in compliance with Private Cert-10, 

proctoring their certification exams.

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of certification exam is done every year for the 10-year horizon for the first 

time applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Cert-10; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Non-soil fumigation Category Certification 

Exam; 

States Currently Requiring Non-soil fumigation Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Certification in Non-soil fumigation Category in the 

Baseline

The remaining 42 states, Puerto Rico, & Other do not require non-soil category certification in 

the baseline 

Table: Private Cert-10; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Non-soil fumigation Category Certification 

Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category

certification requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5
Table: Private Cert-10; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Non-soil fumigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.02 0.79

Total 0.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N 1st = number of “first time non-soil fumigation applicators.” This applies to both:

o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in an non-soil 

fumigation category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

non-soil fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing non-soil fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

non-soil fumigation applicators for jurisdictions not currently requiring private 

certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-10; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Non-soil fumigation 

Category Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,1st

P

($)

costr,i,Xst

P

($) N 1st N Xst

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

RCt>3

P 

($)

Alabama 0 0.79 0.79 2.5 31.0 0.0 26.4 2.0
Alaska

0 0.79 0.79 n/a

1

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.79 0.790 2.3 28.5 1.8 1.8 1.8

Arkansas0 0.79 0.79 6.8 85.0 0.0 72.4 5.4

California0 0.79 0.79 26.6 332.0 0.0 282.8 21.0

Colorado0 0.79 0.79 5.3 66.0 0.0 56.2 4.2

Connecticut0 0.79 0.79 0.2 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.1

Delaware0 0.79 0.79 0.8 10.0 0.0 8.5 0.6

Florida0 0.79 0.79 45.7 571.0 0.0 486.4 36.0

Georgia0 0.79 0.79 2.7 34.0 0.0 29.0 2.1

Hawaii0 0.79 0.79 1.7 21.0 0.0 17.9 1.3

Idaho0 0.79 0.79 1.8 22.0 0.0 18.7 1.4

Illinois0 0.79 0.79 1.6 20.0 0.0 17.0 1.3

Indiana0 0.79 0.79 2.6 33.0 0.0 28.1 2.1

Iowa 0.79 0.790 4.3 53.3 3.4 3.4 3.4

Kansas0 0.79 0.79 4.6 57.0 0.0 48.6 3.6

Kentucky0 0.79 0.79 4.0 50.0 0.0 42.6 3.2

Louisiana0 0.79 0.79 4.5 56.0 0.0 47.7 3.5

Maine0 0.79 0.79 0.6 8.0 0.0 6.8 0.5

Maryland0 0.79 0.79 9.8 123.0 0.0 104.8 7.8

Massachusetts0 0.79 0.79 0.2 3.0 0.0 2.6 0.2

Michigan0 0.79 0.79 3.0 37.0 0.0 31.5 2.3

Minnesota0 0.79 0.79 3.1 39.0 0.0 33.2 2.5

Mississippi0 0.79 0.79 3.1 39.0 0.0 33.2 2.5

Missouri0 0.79 0.79 3.0 38.0 0.0 32.4 2.4

Montana0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska0 0.79 0.79 3.3 41.0 0.0 34.9 2.6

Nevada 0.79 0.790 4.8 59.7 3.8 3.8 3.8

New Hampshire0 0.79 0.79 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.1

New Jersey0 0.79 0.79 3.4 42.0 0.0 35.8 2.7

New Mexico0 0.79 0.79 7.2 90.0 0.0 76.7 5.7

New York0 0.79 0.79 4.8 60.0 0.0 51.1 3.8

North Carolina0 0.79 0.79 8.4 105.0 0.0 89.4 6.6

North Dakota 0.79 0.790 80.4 1005.3 63.4 63.4 63.4

Ohio 0.79 0.790 2.3 29.0 1.8 1.8 1.8

Oklahoma0 0.79 0.79 5.4 67.0 0.0 57.1 4.2

Oregon0 0.79 0.79 4.8 60.0 0.0 51.1 3.8

Pennsylvania 0.79 0.790 13.2 165.0 10.4 10.4 10.4

Rhode Island0 0.79 0.79 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.1

South Carolina0 0.79 0.79 9.1 114.0 0.0 97.1 7.2
South Dakota 0 0.79 0.79 2.1 26.0 0.0 22.1 1.6

Tennessee 0 0.79 0.79 2.1 26.0 0.0 22.1 1.6

Texas 0 0.79 0.79 7.4 93.0 0.0 79.2 5.9

Utah 0.79 0.79 0 4.8 59.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

Vermont 0 0.79 0.79 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 9.0 113.0 0.0 96.3 7.1

Washington 0 0.79 0.79 7.4 92.0 0.0 78.4 5.8

West Virginia 0 0.79 0.79 1.9 24.0 0.0 20.4 1.5

Wisconsin 0 0.79 0.79 1.8 23.0 0.0 19.6 1.5

Wyoming 0 0.79 0.79 0.4 5.0 0.0 4.3 0.3

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Other 0 0.79 0.79 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 325 4,061 88 2,354

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to 

create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private non-soil fumigation applicators in 

states that newly impose the private non-soil fumigation category must become certified, along 

with all new private non-soil fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of 

non-soil fumigation certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain 

constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing non-soil fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-10; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RCP ($1,000) PV RCB($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.036 0.000 0.036

Alaska n/a1

n/a n/a

Arizona 0.016 0.016 0.000

Arkansas 0.100 0.000 0.100

California 0.390 0.000 0.390

Colorado 0.077 0.000 0.077

Connecticut 0.002 0.000 0.002

Delaware 0.012 0.000 0.012

Florida 0.670 0.000 0.670

Georgia 0.040 0.000 0.040

Hawaii 0.025 0.000 0.025

Idaho 0.026 0.000 0.026

Illinois 0.023 0.000 0.023

Indiana 0.039 0.000 0.039

Iowa 0.030 0.030 0.000

Kansas 0.067 0.000 0.067

Kentucky 0.059 0.000 0.059

Louisiana 0.066 0.000 0.066

Maine 0.009 0.000 0.009

Maryland 0.144 0.000 0.144

Massachusetts 0.004 0.000 0.004
Michigan 0.043 0.000 0.043

Minnesota 0.046 0.000 0.046

Mississippi 0.046 0.000 0.046

Missouri 0.045 0.000 0.045

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.048 0.000 0.048

Nevada 0.033 0.033 0.000

New Hampshire 0.001 0.000 0.001

New Jersey 0.049 0.000 0.049

New Mexico 0.106 0.000 0.106

New York 0.070 0.000 0.070

North Carolina 0.123 0.000 0.123

North Dakota 0.557 0.557 0.000

Ohio 0.016 0.016 0.000

Oklahoma 0.079 0.000 0.079

Oregon 0.070 0.000 0.070

Pennsylvania 0.091 0.091 0.000

Rhode Island 0.001 0.000 0.001

South Carolina 0.134 0.000 0.134

South Dakota 0.031 0.000 0.031

Tennessee 0.031 0.000 0.031

Texas 0.109 0.000 0.109

Utah 0.033 0.033 0.000

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0.133 0.000 0.133

Washington 0.108 0.000 0.108

West Virginia 0.028 0.000 0.028

Wisconsin 0.027 0.000 0.027

Wyoming 0.006 0.000 0.006

Puerto Rico n/a n/a n/a

Other n/a n/a n/a

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a non-soil fumigation category, and based on the applicator 

number data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to 

create a non-soil fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement
 NC B

= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-10; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 4 1 3

U.S. (annualized value) 0.44 0.09 0.36

2.2.5.4 Private Cert-11: New Private Non-soil Fumigation Category, Exam or 8-hour 

Training

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator Certifying in Nonsoil Fumigation Category

In jurisdictions currently without a non-soil fumigation certification category, there are some 

private applicators who apply RUPs by non-soil fumigation (which is legal). Of these, some 

have been applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for more than a year. Though not certified in 

the non-soil fumigation category, we will refer to these as “existing non-soil fumigation 

applicators.” Also in those jurisdictions, each year some private applicators start applying RUPs 

by non-soil fumigation for the first time, referred to here as “first-time non-soil fumigation 

applicators.”

Since initial certification only occurs once, in the 8 states that require non-soil fumigation 

category certification, those applicators already certified in the non-soil fumigation category are 

not applicable to this potential requirement. They are certified fumigation applicators, not 

“existing non-soil fumigation applicators.” However, in these 8 states with the non-soil 

fumigation category, there are private applicators that seek certification in the non-soil 

fumigation category for the first time in a given year. They are considered here as an additional 

group of “first-time non-soil fumigation applicators.”

Non-soil fumigation category certification potential requirement: 

 Private applicators must pass non-soil fumigation category exam, or take 8-hour training

Definitions:

 Existing non-soil fumigation applicators: Private applicators who have been applying 

RUPs by non-soil fumigation for more than one year, in jurisdictions that do not require 

certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

 First-time non-soil fumigation applicators: 
o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

non-soil fumigation category.

Assumptions:

 Those taking the non-soil fumigation category exam are already private applicators.

 For first-time non-soil fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours 

of preparation time, or 8 hours total.

 For existing non-soil fumigation applicators, the exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours 

of preparation time, or 6 hours total. Existing non-soil fumigation applicators are 

assumed to take less time to prepare since they have already acquired knowledge and 

experience in fumigation application.

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 [insert source and year]

Table: Private Cert-11; Private Applicators; Step 2; Cost of Potential Requirement per 

Private Applicator Initially Certifying in Non-soil Fumigation Category

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

First-time non-soil 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take nonsoil fumigation 

category exam

51.96 8 1 416

Existing non-soil 

fumigation 

applicator

Prepare and take nonsoil fumigation 

category exam

51.96 6 1 312

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per private applicator initially certifying in the non-soil fumigation 

category (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per first-time non-soil fumigation applicator of the potential requirement 

(costr,i,1st

P

) is the cost under the potential requirement per private applicator initially

certifying in the non-soil fumigation category, in jurisdictions both with and without a 

current non-soil fumigation certification category, presented in Step 2.

 The cost per existing non-soil fumigation applicator of the potential requirement 

(costr,i,Xst

P

) is the cost under the potential requirement per existing non-soil fumigation 

applicator, in jurisdictions not currently requiring private certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category.

 N 1st = number of “first time fumigation applicators.” As defined under Step 2, this 

applies to both:
o Private applicators who begin applying RUPs by non-soil fumigation for the first 

time in a given year, in jurisdictions that do not require certification in a non-soil 

fumigation category; and

o Private applicators who seek certification in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time in a given year, in states that currently require certification in the 

non-soil fumigation category.

 N Xst = number of existing non-soil fumigation applicators. This applies only to existing 

non-soil fumigation applicators, as defined under Step 2, for jurisdictions not currently 

requiring private certification in a non-soil fumigation category.

 There are no data on the number of existing or first-time non-soil fumigation applicators 

in regions that do not currently require non-soil fumigation category certification. EPA 

has estimated the number of existing and first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in 

these regions, using data on non-soil fumigation applicator certifications in the 8 states 

that certify in the category, as well as other data correlations among private applicators in 

those states. See Chapter 3.3.1

 In the 8 states with a private non-soil fumigation certification category, state data on the 

number of private applicators who are certified in the non-soil fumigation category for 

the first time each year, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 

3.3)

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the current total annual regional cost for initial 

certification of private applicators in the non-soil fumigation category.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

private applicators, of certification in the non-soil fumigation category under the potential 

requirement.

 Existing non-soil fumigation applicators, in jurisdictions not currently requiring non-soil 

fumigation category certification, would all become certified in the non-soil fumigation 

category one time only, in year three, when the rule would essentially become effective.

 The same number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators would become certified in 

the non-soil fumigation category annually, starting in year three. This applies to first-time 

non-soil fumigation applicators both in jurisdictions not currently requiring non-soil 

fumigation category certification, as well as in the 8 states that do.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st + N Xst)

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st + costr,i,Xst

P

x N Xst

RCt>3

P

= costr,i,1st

P

x N 1st

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Cert-11; Private Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Certification of 

Private Applicators in Non-soil Fumigation Category

Region

costr,i,a

B

costr,i,1st

P

costr,i,Xst

P

N1st N Xst

RC B RCt=3

P RCt>3

P

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)
Alabama

0 416 3122 310 10,695 1,031

Alaska0 416 312 n/a

1

n/a000

Arizona 208 416 n/a2 29 474 948 948

Arkansas0 416 3127 850 29,326 2,827

California0 416 312 27 3320 114,543 11,040

Colorado0 416 3125 660 22,771 2,195

Connecticut0 416 312020 690 67

Delaware0 416 3121 100 3,450 333

Florida0 416 312 46 5710 197,000 18,988

Georgia0 416 3123 340 11,730 1,131

Hawaii0 416 3122 210 7,245 698

Idaho0 416 3122 220 7,590 732

Illinois0 416 3122 200 6,900 665

Indiana0 416 3123 330 11,385 1,097

Iowa 208 416 n/a4 53 887 1,774 1,774

Kansas0 416 3125 570 19,666 1,895

Kentucky0 416 3124 500 17,250 1,663

Louisiana0 416 3124 560 19,321 1,862

Maine0 416 312180 2,760 266

Maryland0 416 312 10 1230 42,436 4,090

Massachusetts0 416 312030 1,035 100

Michigan0 416 3123 370 12,765 1,230

Minnesota 208 416 n/a3 39 648 1,297 1,297

Mississippi0 416 3123 390 13,455 1,297

Missouri0 416 3123 380 13,110 1,264

Montana0 416 312 n/a n/a000

Nebraska0 416 3123 410 14,145 1,363

Nevada 208 416 n/a5 60 992 1,984 1,984

New Hampshire0 416 312010 345 33

New Jersey0 416 3123 420 14,490 1,397

New Mexico0 416 3127 900 31,051 2,993

New York0 416 3125 600 20,701 1,995

North Carolina0 416 3128 1050 36,226 3,492

North Dakota 208 416 n/a 80 1,005 16,716 33,431 33,431

Ohio 208 416 n/a2 29 482 964 964

Oklahoma0 416 3125 670 23,116 2,228

Oregon0 416 3125 600 20,701 1,995
Pennsylvania 208 416 n/a 13 165 2,743 5,487 5,487

Rhode Island 0 416 312 0 1 0 345 33

South Carolina 0 416 312 9 114 0 39,331 3,791

South Dakota 0 416 312 2 26 0 8,970 865

Tennessee 0 416 312 2 26 0 8,970 865

Texas 0 416 312 7 93 0 32,086 3,093

Utah 208 416 n/a 5 60 995 1,990 1,990

Vermont 0 416 312 0 0 0 0 0

Virginia 0 416 312 9 113 0 38,986 3,758

Washington 0 416 312 7 92 0 31,741 3,059

West Virginia 0 416 312 2 24 0 8,280 798

Wisconsin 0 416 312 2 23 0 7,935 765

Wyoming 0 416 312 0 5 0 1,725 166

Puerto Rico 0 416 312 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Other 0 416 312 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Total, US 325 4,061 23,937 952,144

1Based on the trend of applicator numbers during the period 2008 - 2013, these states are not likely to

create the private non-soil fumigation category.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigation applicators in states that 

newly impose the private non-soil fumigation category must become certified, along with all new 

private fumigation applicators. In subsequent years, the additional cost of non-soil fumigation 

certification is borne only by new private applicators; costs would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, while the number of first-time non-soil fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing non-soil fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Cert-11; Private Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RCP($1000) PV RCB($1000) PVIC ($1000)

Alabama 16 0 16 

Alaska n/a n/a 0 

Arizona 7 4 3 

Arkansas 44 0 44 

California 173 0 173 

Colorado 34 0 34 

Connecticut 1 0 1 

Delaware 5 0 5 

Florida 297 0 297 

Georgia 18 0 18 

Hawaii 11 0 11 

Idaho 11 0 11 

Illinois 10 0 10 

Indiana 17 0 17 

Iowa 14 8 6 

Kansas 30 0 30 

Kentucky 26 0 26 

Louisiana 29 0 29 

Maine 4 0 4 

Maryland 64 0 64 
Massachusetts 2 0 2 

Michigan 19 0 19 

Minnesota 10 6 4 

Mississippi 20 0 20 

Missouri 20 0 20 

Montana n/a n/a 0 

Nebraska 21 0 21 

Nevada 15 9 7 

New Hampshire 1 0 1 

New Jersey 22 0 22 

New Mexico 47 0 47 

New York 31 0 31 

North Carolina 55 0 55 

North Dakota 261 147 114 

Ohio 8 4 3 

Oklahoma 35 0 35 

Oregon 31 0 31 

Pennsylvania 43 24 19 

Rhode Island 1 0 1 

South Carolina 59 0 59 

South Dakota 14 0 14 

Tennessee 14 0 14 

Texas 48 0 48 

Utah 16 9 7 

Vermont 0 0 0 

Virginia 59 0 59 

Washington 48 0 48 

West Virginia 12 0 12 

Wisconsin 12 0 12 

Wyoming 3 0 3 

Puerto Rico n/a n/a 0 

Other n/a n/a 0 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:
 NC P

= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per fumigation applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N 1st 

time + N Xst for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Cert-11; Private Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,738 210 1,527

U.S. (annualized value) 198 24 174

Per fumigation applicator 

incremental cost 0.061

2.2.5.5 Private Cert-11: Develop New Private Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam or 8-

hour Training

Costs are identical to those for “Private Cert-10: Develop New Private Non-Soil Fumigation 

Category Exam or 4-hour training” in section 2.2.5.2.

2.2.5.6 Private Cert-11: Administer New Private Non-Soil Fumigation Category Exam or 8-

hour Training

Proctoring costs for Private Cert-11 are identical to those for Private Cert-10 in section 2.2.5.3 

because the exam taking time is the same (i.e., one hour) for a 4-hour or an 8-hour exam. Thus, 

it would take one hour of a Jr. Technician’s time to proctor either of these exams. A 4-hour 

exam will take a private applicator 3 hours of preparation and 1 hour to take the exam, for a total 

of 4 hours, and an 8-hour exam would take a private applicator 7 hours to prepare and 1 hour to 

take the exam, for a total of 8 hours.
3 Standards for Supervision

3.1 Commercial Applicators

3.1.1 Competency Requirements

3.1.1.1 Comm Sup-01: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training or Pass Core 

Commercial Certification Exam

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a 

Commercial Applicator

There is currently no federal competency requirement for non-certified applicators applying 

RUPs under the supervision (UTS) of a commercial applicator. This requirement is intended to 

address applicator competency before they are permitted to apply RUPs UTS of a commercial 

applicator. Some states (29) currently have requirements (training and/or exam) that meet or 

exceed the proposed training content, as specified below.

The remaining 21 states, Puerto Rico, and Other Jurisdictions, do not require noncertified 

applicator training or other demonstration of competency, so have zero baseline cost and would 

bear the full impact of these potential requirements as incremental cost.

29 States Currently in Compliance With Potential Competency Requirements

Competency Requirements:

 12 states require training only: CO, ID, KS, MD, MO, NE, NJ, NC, OH, PA, TX, WV

 10 states require passing the commercial core exam only: CT, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, MA, 

NV, NM, OR

 7 states require both training and passing the core exam: FL, MI, MS, MT, NH, NY, VA

Assumptions:

 Training required by states is equivalent to, or in excess of, training in the potential 

requirements

 UTS applicators in these states meet or exceed the potential competency requirements, so 

are already in full compliance

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings in Step 3, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 A commercial applicator trains all of his supervisees at the same time, so the average 

frequency of a commercial applicator’s provision of training, per UTS applicator, is the 
number of UTS applicators divided by the number of commercial applicators, or about 

0.38 (see EA chapter 3.3.2).

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators applying RUPs under the supervision (UTS) 

of a commercial applicator is $18.34 per hour [insert source and year].

 The wage rate for commercial applicators is $21.49 per hour [insert source and year].

Table: Comm Sup-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost of Meeting Competency Requirements, per Non-Certified Applicator 

Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a Commercial Applicator; 

29 States in Compliance With Competency Requirement for UTS Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

UTS applicator Receives training 18.34 1 1 18.34

Commercial 

applicator

Trains UTS 

applicators

21.49 1 0.38 8.17

Total 26.51

21 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Competency Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Competency Requirement:

 None (for all states & jurisdictions not listed in the group of 29, above)

Assumption:

 In the baseline for these jurisdictions, there is no requirement, so there is no time or cost 

for this activity.

Table: Comm Sup-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost of Meeting Competency Requirements, per Non-Certified Applicator 

Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a Commercial Applicator; 

21 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently With No Competency Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no competency

requirement

18.34 0 0 0

Total 0

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Under the 

Supervision of a Commercial Applicator

Competency Requirement:
 UTS applicators must complete rule-specified training annually, or complete WPS 

handler training annually, or pass the commercial certification core exam once every

three years

Assumptions:

 All UTS applicators would use the option of annual WPS handler training to satisfy the 

requirement

 WPS handler training takes 1 hour to complete, based on EPA experience

 Commercial applicators train all of their UTS supervisees at the same time, so the 

average frequency of a commercial applicator’s provision of training, per UTS applicator,

is the number of UTS applicators divided by the number of commercial applicators, or 

about 0.38 (see EA chapter 3.3.2)

Table: Comm Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 2; 

Annual Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Applying RUPs Under 

the Supervision of a Commercial Applicator

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

UTS applicator Receive WPS handler 

training

18.34 1 1 18.34

Commercial 

applicator

Train UTS 

applicators

21.49 1 0.38 8.17

Total 26.51

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

commercial applicator

 N UTS trained is the number of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the 

supervision of existing commercial applicators

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Four (IA, MN, NH, SD) of the 21 states with no competency requirements specifically 

disallow application of RUPs by non-certified applicators. EPA assumes that they would 

continue this prohibition if the potential requirements became effective

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline cost, per noncertified 

applicator applying RUPs UTS of a commercial applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid 

the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements 

meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option
 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P

, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual cost under the

potential requirement, per noncertified applicator applying RUPs under the supervision of 

a private applicator, presented in Step 2

 There are no data on the number of UTS applicators. EPA has estimated the number in 

each jurisdiction (see EA chapter 3.3.2)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of commercial applicators

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost under the potential requirement for noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of 

commercial applicators

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N UTS trained

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N UTS trained

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Applicators UTS of Commercial Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N UTS trained RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 27 9,035 0 239,488

Alaska 0 27 1,265 0 33,531

Arizona 0 27 13,384 0 354,766

Arkansas 0 27 7,121 0 188,754

California 0 27 73,702 0 1,953,585

Colorado 27 27 14,367 380,822 380,822

Connecticut 27 27 10,096 267,612 267,612

Delaware 0 27 5,437 0 144,117

Florida 27 27 65,193 1,728,053 1,728,053

Georgia 0 27 17,289 0 458,262

Hawaii 0 27 3,710 0 98,340

Idaho 27 27 10,735 284,536 284,536

Illinois 27 27 18,259 483,973 483,973

Indiana 27 27 26,531 703,250 703,250

Iowa 27 27 0 0 0

Kansas 27 27 15,443 409,330 409,330

Kentucky 27 27 27,907 739,723 739,723

Louisiana 27 27 8,861 234,876 234,876

Maine 0 27 2,828 0 74,948

Maryland 27 27 16,465 436,433 436,433
Massachusetts 27 27 18,817 498,764 498,764

Michigan 27 27 38,410 1,018,123 1,018,123

Minnesota 0 27 0 0 0

Mississippi 27 27 5,710 151,353 151,353

Missouri 27 27 19,996 530,028 530,028

Montana 27 27 3,663 97,094 97,094

Nebraska 27 27 23,028 610,397 610,397

Nevada 27 27 7,617 201,888 201,888

New Hampshire 27 27 0 0 0

New Jersey 27 27 18,904 501,070 501,070

New Mexico 27 27 2,762 73,198 73,198

New York 27 27 52,958 1,403,743 1,403,743

North Carolina 27 27 51,036 1,352,784 1,352,784

North Dakota 0 27 13,381 0 354,686

Ohio 27 27 34,695 919,638 919,638

Oklahoma 0 27 27,005 0 715,801

Oregon 27 27 13,188 349,571 349,571

Pennsylvania 27 27 41,549 1,101,328 1,101,328

Rhode Island 0 27 3,035 0 80,448

South Carolina 0 27 8,723 0 231,205

South Dakota 0 27 0 0 0

Tennessee 0 27 23,325 0 618,269

Texas 27 27 55,148 1,461,780 1,461,780

Utah 0 27 10,167 0 269,494

Vermont 0 27 2,543 0 67,393

Virginia 27 27 21,550 571,220 571,220

Washington 0 27 43,030 0 1,140,584

West Virginia 27 27 4,451 117,981 117,981

Wisconsin 0 27 30,041 0 796,289

Wyoming 0 27 4,715 0 124,966

Puerto Rico 0 27 16,678 0 442,066

Other 0 27 3,531 0 93,595

Total 947,275

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a commercial applicator will need to receive annual training. Costs 

would remain constant in subsequent years. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% 

discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of UTS applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 1,632 0 1,632

Alaska 229 0 229

Arizona 2,418 0 2,418

Arkansas 1,286 0 1,286

California 13,314 0 13,314

Colorado 3,346 3,346 0

Connecticut 2,351 2,351 0

Delaware 982 0 982

Florida 15,183 15,183 0

Georgia 3,123 0 3,123

Hawaii 670 0 670

Idaho 2,500 2,500 0

Illinois 4,252 4,252 0

Indiana 6,179 6,179 0
Iowa 0 - 0

Kansas 3,596 3,596 0

Kentucky 6,499 6,499 0

Louisiana 2,064 2,064 0

Maine 511 0 511

Maryland 3,835 3,835 0

Massachusetts 4,382 4,382 0

Michigan 8,945 8,945 0

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 1,330 1,330 0

Missouri 4,657 4,657 0

Montana 853 853 0

Nebraska 5,363 5,363 0

Nevada 1,774 1,774 0

New Hampshire 0 - 0

New Jersey 4,402 4,402 0

New Mexico 643 643 0

New York 12,333 12,333 0

North Carolina 11,886 11,886 0

North Dakota 2,417 0 2,417

Ohio 8,080 8,080 0

Oklahoma 4,878 0 4,878

Oregon 3,071 3,071 0

Pennsylvania 9,676 9,676 0

Rhode Island 548 0 548

South Carolina 1,576 0 1,576

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 4,214 0 4,214

Texas 12,843 12,843 0

Utah 1,837 0 1,837

Vermont 459 0 459

Virginia 5,019 5,019 0

Washington 7,773 0 7,773

West Virginia 1,037 1,037 0

Wisconsin 5,427 0 5,427

Wyoming 852 0 852

Puerto Rico 3,013 0 3,013

Other 638 0 638

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:
 NC P

= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per UTS applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N UTS trained

for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 203,898 146,100 57,797

U.S. (annualized value) 23,207 16,629 6,578

Per UTS applicator 

incremental cost

3.1.1.2 Comm Sup-02: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training or Pass Core 

Commercial Certification Exam

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a 

Commercial Applicator

There is currently no federal competency requirement for non-certified applicators applying 

RUPs under the supervision (UTS) of a commercial applicator. This requirement is intended to 

address applicator competency before they are permitted to apply RUPs UTS of a commercial 

applicator. Some states (17) currently have requirements (core exam, or, core exam plus 

training) that meet or exceed the proposed competency requirements of Comm Sup-02, as 

specified below, so are already in compliance. An additional 7 states have training requirements 

that exceed the time necessary to fulfill the requirements of Comm Sup -02. Because their 

baseline compliance cost is equal to or greater than the cost of meeting the potential federal 

requirement, UTS applicators in these 7 states are also assumed to be in compliance with Comm 

Sup-02. Therefore, UTS applicators in these 24 (17 + 7) states would incur zero incremental cost 

under the potential requirement.

There are 5 other states that require training, but the time and cost of the requirement is less than 

that of the core exam requirement of Comm Sup-02. These states are considered not in 

compliance, assumed to have zero baseline cost, and it is assumed that all UTS applicators would 
have to take the core exam and incur the full impact of the potential requirement. The remaining 

21 states, Puerto Rico, and Other Jurisdictions, do not require noncertified applicator training, 

exam, or other demonstration of competency. Therefore, these 26 (5 + 21) states have zero 

baseline cost and would bear the full impact of these potential requirements as incremental cost.

24 States Currently in Compliance With Potential Competency Requirements

Competency Requirements:

 17 states with a minimum of core exam requirement:

o 10 states require passing the commercial core exam only: CT, IL, IN, IA, KY, 

LA, MA, NV, NM, OR

o 7 states require both passing the commercial core exam, and training: FL, MI, 

MS, MT, NH, NY, VA

 7 states require training for which time and cost of compliance is equal or greater than 

that of core exam requirement: CO, KS, MO, NE, NJ, NC, PA 

Assumptions:

 UTS applicators in these 24 states meet or exceed the potential competency requirements, 

so are already in compliance 

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings in Step 3, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the potential requirement, are constrained to equal 

the cost of the potential requirement. Comm Sup-02 requires passing the core exam. 

Therefore, the baseline cost per UTS applicator in these 24 states is based on the time to 

prepare and take the core exam.

 The commercial core exam takes 1 hour to complete plus 11 hours to prepare, or 12 hours 

total

 Frequency of competency requirements is once every three years

 On average, 1/3 of UTS applicators would take the core exam each year

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators applying RUPs under the supervision (UTS) 

of a commercial applicator is $18.34 per hour [insert source and year].

Table: Comm Sup-02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost of Meeting Competency Requirements, per Non-Certified Applicator 

Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a Commercial Applicator; 

24 States in Compliance With Competency Requirement for UTS Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

UTS applicator Core exam every 3 

years

18.34 12 0.333 73.36

Total 73.36

26 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Competency Requirement for UTS 

Applicators
Competency Requirement:

 None 

Assumption:

 In the baseline for these jurisdictions, there is no requirement, so there is no time or cost 

for this activity.

Table: Comm Sup-02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost of Meeting Competency Requirements, per Non-Certified Applicator 

Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a Commercial Applicator; 

21 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently With No Competency Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no competency

requirement

18.34 0 0 0

Total 0

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Under the 

Supervision of a Commercial Applicator

Competency Requirement:

 UTS applicators must pass the commercial certification core exam once every three years

Assumptions:

 The core exam takes 1 hour to complete plus 11 hours to prepare, or a total of 12 hours, 

based on EPA experience 

 On average, 1/3 of UTS applicators would take the core exam each year

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators applying RUPs under the supervision (UTS) 

of a commercial applicator is $18.34 per hour [insert source and year].

Table: Comm Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 2; 

Annual Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Applying RUPs Under 

the Supervision of a Commercial Applicator

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

Core exam, every 3 years 18.34 12 0.333 73.36

Total 73.36

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:
 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

commercial applicator

 N UTS trained is the number of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the 

supervision of existing commercial applicators

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Four (IA, MN, NH, SD) of the 21 states with no competency requirements specifically 

disallow application of RUPs by non-certified applicators. EPA assumes that they would 

continue this prohibition if the potential requirements became effective

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline cost, per noncertified 

applicator applying RUPs UTS of a commercial applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid 

the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements 

meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual cost under the 

potential requirement, per noncertified applicator applying RUPs under the supervision of 

a commercial applicator, presented in Step 2

 There are no data on the number of UTS applicators. EPA has estimated the number in 

each jurisdiction (see EA chapter 3.3.2)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of commercial applicators

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost under the potential requirement for noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of 

commercial applicators

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N UTS trained

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N UTS trained

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Applicators UTS of Commercial Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N UTS trained RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 73 9,035 0 2,651,230

Alaska 0 73 1,265 0 371,202

Arizona 0 73 13,384 0 3,927,401

Arkansas 0 73 7,121 0 2,089,586

California 0 73 73,702 0 21,626,968

Colorado 73 73 14,367 1,053,963 1,053,963

Connecticut 73 73 10,096 740,643 740,643
Delaware

0 73 5,437

0 1,595,433

Florida 73 73 65,193 4,782,558 4,782,558

Georgia0 73 17,289

0 5,073,137

Hawaii0 73 3,710

0 1,088,662

Idaho0 73 10,735

0 3,149,932

Illinois 73 73 18,259 1,339,444 1,339,444

Indiana 73 73 26,531 1,946,314 1,946,314

Iowa 73 730

00

Kansas 73 73 15,443 1,132,862 1,132,862

Kentucky 73 73 27,907 2,047,258 2,047,258

Louisiana 73 73 8,861 650,043 650,043

Maine0 73 2,828

0 829,702

Maryland0 73 16,465

0 4,831,490

Massachusetts 73 73 18,817 1,380,378 1,380,378

Michigan 73 73 38,410 2,817,758 2,817,758

Minnesota0 730

00

Mississippi 73 73 5,710 418,886 418,886

Missouri 73 73 19,996 1,466,907 1,466,907

Montana 73 73 3,663 268,718 268,718

Nebraska 73 73 23,028 1,689,334 1,689,334

Nevada 73 73 7,617 558,746 558,746

New Hampshire 73 730

00

New Jersey 73 73 18,904 1,386,761 1,386,761

New Mexico 73 73 2,762 202,584 202,584

New York 73 73 52,958 3,884,999 3,884,999

North Carolina 73 73 51,036 3,743,964 3,743,964

North Dakota0 73 13,381

0 3,926,521

Ohio0 73 34,695

0 10,180,754

Oklahoma0 73 27,005

0 7,924,200

Oregon 73 73 13,188 967,472 967,472

Pennsylvania 73 73 41,549 3,048,035 3,048,035

Rhode Island0 73 3,035

0 890,590

South Carolina0 73 8,723

0 2,559,530

South Dakota0 730

00

Tennessee0 73 23,325

0 6,844,488

Texas0 73 55,148

0 16,182,482

Utah0 73 10,167

0 2,983,404

Vermont0 73 2,543

0 746,071

Virginia 73 73 21,550 1,580,908 1,580,908

Washington0 73 43,030

0 12,626,723

West Virginia0 73 4,451

0 1,306,101

Wisconsin0 73 30,041

0 8,815,231
Wyoming 0 73 4,715 0 1,383,423

Puerto Rico 0 73 16,678 0 4,893,846

Other 0 73 3,531 0 1,036,137

Total 947,275

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a commercial applicator will need to take the core exam once every

three years. Costs would remain constant in subsequent years. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of UTS applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 5,767 0 5,767

Alaska 807 0 807
Arizona 8,543

0 8,543

Arkansas 4,545

0 4,545

California 47,041

0 47,041

Colorado 9,260 9,260

0

Connecticut 6,507 6,507

0

Delaware 3,470

0 3,470

Florida 42,020 42,020

0

Georgia 11,035

0 11,035

Hawaii 2,368

0 2,368

Idaho 6,851

0 6,851

Illinois 11,768 11,768

0

Indiana 17,101 17,101

0

Iowa

000

Kansas 9,953 9,953

0

Kentucky 17,987 17,987

0

Louisiana 5,711 5,711

0

Maine 1,805

0 1,805

Maryland 10,509

0 10,509

Massachusetts 12,128 12,128

0

Michigan 24,757 24,757

0

Minnesota

000

Mississippi 3,680 3,680

0

Missouri 12,888 12,888

0

Montana 2,361 2,361

0

Nebraska 14,843 14,843

0

Nevada 4,909 4,909

0

New Hampshire

000

New Jersey 12,184 12,184

0

New Mexico 1,780 1,780

0

New York 34,134 34,134

0

North Carolina 32,895 32,895

0

North Dakota 8,541

0 8,541

Ohio 22,144

0 22,144

Oklahoma 17,236

0 17,236

Oregon 8,500 8,500

0

Pennsylvania 26,780 26,780

0

Rhode Island 1,937

0 1,937

South Carolina 5,567

0 5,567

South Dakota

000

Tennessee 14,887

0 14,887

Texas 35,199

0 35,199

Utah 6,489

0 6,489
Vermont 1,623 0 1,623

Virginia 13,890 13,890 0

Washington 27,464 0 27,464

West Virginia 2,841 0 2,841

Wisconsin 19,174 0 19,174

Wyoming 3,009 0 3,009

Puerto Rico 10,645 0 10,645

Other 2,254 0 2,254

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per UTS applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N UTS trained

for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 605,537 326,040 279,497

U.S. (annualized value) 68,920 37,109 31,811

Per UTS applicator 

incremental cost

State costs of administering the core commercial certification exam for Comm Sup-02

3.1.1.3 Comm Sup-02: Administer Certification Exam for “Non-certified Applicators 

Complete Training or Pass Core Commercial Certification Exam”

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

 26 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require noncertified applicators to pass a core 

exam.

 24 states are in compliance with Comm Sup-02 as they require their noncertified 

applicators to pass a core exam and also proctor the exam

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator 
26 States, Puerto Rico, & Other

Action/Material wage/price unit time/ quantity frequency cost

Proctor commercial core exam 39.44 1 0.020 0.79

Total 0.79

24 States in Compliance

Action/Material wage/price unit time/ quantity frequency cost

Proctor commercial core exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Comm Sup-02: Administer Certification Exam for “Non-certified Applicators Complete 

Training or Pass Core Commercial Certification Exam”

Region

UC B UC P

N Xst UTS Com

RC B RC P

($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama 0 0.79 9,035 0 7,127

Alaska 0 0.79 1265 0 998

Arizona 0 0.79 13,384 0 10,557

Arkansas 0 0.79 7,121 0 5,617

California 0 0.79 73,702 0 58,136

Colorado 0 0.26 14,367 0 3,778

Connecticut 0.26 0.26 10,096 2,655 2,655

Delaware 0 0.79 5,437 0 4,289

Florida 0 0.26 65,193 0 17,141

Georgia 0 0.79 17,289 0 13,637

Hawaii 0 0.79 3,710 0 2,926

Idaho 0 0.79 10,735 0 8,467

Illinois 0.26 0.26 18,259 4,801 4,801

Indiana 0.26 0.26 26,531 6,976 6,976

Iowa 0 0.79 0 0 0

Kansas 0.26 0.26 15,443 4,060 4,060

Kentucky 0.26 0.26 27,907 7,338 7,338

Louisiana 0.26 0.26 8,861 2,330 2,330

Maine 0 0.79 2,828 0 2,230

Maryland 0 0.79 16,465 0 12,988

Massachusetts 0.26 0.26 18,817 4,947 4,947

Michigan 0.26 0.26 38,410 10,099 10,099

Minnesota 0 0.79 0 0 0

Mississippi 0.26 0.26 5,710 1,501 1,501
Missouri 0.26 0.26 19,996 5,258 5,258

Montana 0.26 0.26 3,663 963 963

Nebraska 0.26 0.26 23,028 6,055 6,055

Nevada 0.26 0.26 7,617 2,003 2,003

New Hampshire 0 0.79 0 0 0

New Jersey 0.26 0.26 18,904 4,970 4,970

New Mexico 0.26 0.26 2,762 726 726

New York 0.26 0.26 52,958 13,924 13,924

North Carolina 0.26 0.26 51,036 13,419 13,419

North Dakota 0 0.79 13,381 0 10,555

Ohio 0 0.79 34,695 0 27,367

Oklahoma 0 0.79 27,005 0 21,301

Oregon 0.26 0.26 13,188 3,468 3,468

Pennsylvania 0.26 0.26 41,549 10,925 10,925

Rhode Island 0 0.79 3035 0 2,394

South Carolina 0 0.79 8,723 0 6,880

South Dakota 0 0.79 0 0 0

Tennessee 0 0.79 23,325 0 18,399

Texas 0 0.79 55,148 0 43,500

Utah 0 0.79 10,167 0 8,020

Vermont 0 0.79 2542.5 0 2,006

Virginia 0.26 0.26 21,550 5,666 5,666

Washington 0 0.79 43,030 0 33,942

West Virginia 0 0.79 4,451 0 3,511

Wisconsin 0 0.79 30,041 0 23,696

Wyoming 0 0.79 4,715 0 3,719

Puerto Rico 0 0.79 16,678 0 13,155

Other 0 0.79 3,531 0 2,785

Total 947,275 112,084 481,205

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

This alternative requires noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of a certified 

applicator take the core exam in the third year of the 10-year time horizon, and take a refresher 

exam every three years thereafter. The PV of costs under the potential requirement, at a 3% 

discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of noncertified applicators under the supervision of commercial 

applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the 

third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Sup-02; Administer core exam for noncertified applicators under 

supervision of commercial applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region NPV RCP($1000) NPV RCB($1000) NPV IC ($1000)

Alabama 21 0 21

Alaska 3 0 3

Arizona 31 0 31

Arkansas 16 0 16

California 169 0 169

Colorado 22 0 22

Connecticut 23 23 0

Delaware 12 0 12

Florida 101 0 101

Georgia 40 0 40

Hawaii 8 0 8
Idaho 25

0 25

Illinois 42 420

Indiana 61 610

Iowa000

Kansas 36 360

Kentucky 64 640

Louisiana 20 200

Maine606

Maryland 380 38

Massachusetts 43 430

Michigan 89 890

Minnesota000

Mississippi 13 130

Missouri 46 460

Montana880

Nebraska 53 530

Nevada 18 180

New Hampshire000

New Jersey 44 440

New Mexico660

New York 122 1220

North Carolina 118 1180

North Dakota 310 31

Ohio 790 79

Oklahoma 620 62

Oregon 30 300

Pennsylvania 96 960

Rhode Island707

South Carolina 200 20

South Dakota000

Tennessee 530 53

Texas 1260 126

Utah 230 23

Vermont606

Virginia 50 500

Washington 980 98

West Virginia 100 10

Wisconsin 690 69
Wyoming 11 0 11

Puerto Rico 38 0 38

Other 8 0 8

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per commercial applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (total N Xst 

Noncertified Com)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Sup-06; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value)

2,117 985 1,133

U.S. (annualized value)

241 112 129

Per noncertified applicator 

incremental cost 0.0001

3.1.2 Record-Keeping Requirements

The baseline (Step 1) is the same for Comm Sup-06 and Comm Sup-07, and is shown once 

below, followed by Steps 2-6 for Comm Sup-06, then Steps 2-6 for Comm Sup-07.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Commercial Applicator for Recordkeeping of Noncertified Applicators Applying RUPs Under their Supervision

In the baseline there are no federal requirements for commercial applicators to keep records of 

competency requirements of non-certified applicators who apply RUPs under their supervision. 

However, there are currently 14 states (CO, ID, KS, MI, MO, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, 

TX & VA) that require record keeping. The other 36 states, Puerto Rico, and Other have no 
recordkeeping requirements concerning non-certified applicators under the supervision (UTS) of 

commercial applicators.

14 States Currently in Compliance With Potential Recordkeeping Requirements

Recordkeeping requirement:

 Commercial applicator must keep records of his/her UTS applicators’ competency

requirements 

Assumptions:

 Commercial applicators in these 14 states meet or exceed the potential recordkeeping 

requirements, so are already in compliance 

 It takes a commercial applicator 4 minutes (or 0.067 hours) each year to record and file 

the competency qualifications of UTS applicators under his/her supervision. 

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings in Step 3, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the potential requirement, are constrained to equal 

the cost of the potential requirement.

 The wage rate for a commercial applicator is $21.49 per hour [insert source and year]

Table: Comm Sup-06, -07; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recordkeeping of UTS Applicators;

14 States Currently in Compliance

Action/Material Wage/price Unit 

Time/Quantity

Frequency

(per year, per CA)

Cost

($)

Create and file records of 

UTS applicators’ 

competency qualifications

21.49 0.067 1 1.43

Purchase a folder 0.20 1 1 0.20

Total 1.63

36 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently With No Recordkeeping Requirements

Recordkeeping requirement:

 None

Assumption:

 In the baseline for these jurisdictions, there is no requirement, so there is no time or cost 

for this activity.

Table: Comm Sup-06, -07; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recordkeeping of UTS Applicators;

36 States, Puerto Rico, and Other with No Recordkeeping Requirement

Action/Material Wage/price Unit 

Time/Quantity

Frequency

(per year, per CA)

Cost

($)
None 0 0 0 0

Total 0

3.1.2.1 Comm Sup-06: Certified Applicators Maintain Records of UTS Applicator 

Competency for Two Years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator for 

Recordkeeping of Non-certified Applicators Applying RUPs Under their Supervision

Requirement:

 Commercial applicators must keep records of his/her UTS applicators’ competency

requirements

 Records must be kept for 2 years

Assumptions:

 It takes a commercial applicator 4 minutes (or 0.067 hours) each year to record and file 

the competency qualifications of all UTS applicators under his/her supervision. The 

fulfillment of the competency qualifications, and the subsequent recording of the 

information, would be done once per year, typically at the same time for all applicators

UTS of a given commercial applicator (average of 3 UTS per commercial)

 Commercial applicators would purchase a file folder each year to keep the records in

 A file folder costs 20 cents [Insert source]

Table: Comm Sup-06; Step 2; 

Cost per Commercial Applicator for Potential Recordkeeping Requirement of UTS

Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Action/Material Wage/price Unit 

Time/Quantity

Frequency

(per year, per CA)

Cost

($)

Create and file records of 

UTS applicators’ 

competency qualifications

21.49 0.067 1 1.43

Purchase a folder 0.20 1 1 0.20

Total 1.63

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

commercial applicator

 N Xst Com is the number of existing commercial applicators
 N 1st Com is the number of commercial applicators who were certified for the first-time 

within the last year

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Both existing commercial applicators, and first-time commercial applicators, supervise 

non-certified applicators, and are therefore subject to the potential recordkeeping 

requirements.

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline recordkeeping cost, per 

commercial applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual recordkeeping cost 

under the potential requirement, per commercial applicator, presented in Step 2

 Data reported by each jurisdiction on the number of existing and first-time commercial 

applicators, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost of 

recordkeeping to firms employing commercial applicators and noncertified applicators 

who apply RUPs UTS

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost of recordkeeping under the potential requirement to firms employing commercial 

applicators and noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st Com + N Xst Com)

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Com + N Xst Com)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Sup-06; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Recordkeeping Requirement Costs; 

All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N 1st Com N Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 1.63 330 3,772 0 6,697

Alaska 0 1.63 105 560 0 1,086

Arizona 0 1.63 865 6,240 0 11,601

Arkansas 0 1.63 439 3,893 0 7,073

California 0 1.63 3,689 32,546 0 59,164

Colorado 1.63 1.63 691 3,209 6,366 6,366

Connecticut 0 1.63 124 2,686 0 4,588

Delaware 0 1.63 154 1,812 0 3,211

Florida 0 1.63 1,702 15,303 0 27,765

Georgia 0 1.63 1,478 9,700 0 18,251
Hawaii

0 1.63 116 1,1510 2,069

Idaho 1.63 1.63 423 3,578 6,532 6,532

Illinois

0 1.63 3,277 12,0530 25,030

Indiana

0 1.63 1,180 8,9450 16,531

Iowa

0 1.63 1,497 11,9040 21,880

Kansas 1.63 1.63 875 5,148 9,834 9,834

Kentucky

0 1.63 2,907 10,0220 21,109

Louisiana

0 1.63 591 3,9070 7,344

Maine

0 1.63 176 1,4370 2,634

Maryland

0 1.63 472 4,0840 7,438

Massachusetts

0 1.63 201 1,9860 3,571

Michigan 1.63 1.63 2,013 12,803 24,191 24,191

Minnesota

0 1.63 1,850 8,3750 16,694

Mississippi

0 1.63 304 2,7420 4,972

Missouri 1.63 1.63 834 6,814 12,486 12,486

Montana

0 1.63 278 2,1330 3,937

Nebraska 1.63 1.63 1,102 8,609 15,856 15,856

Nevada

0 1.63 300 1,3900 2,760

New Hampshire 1.63 1.63 313 949 2,061 2,061

New Jersey 1.63 1.63 585 8,452 14,755 14,755

New Mexico

0 1.63 654 1,7230 3,880

New York 1.63 1.63 1,252 17,653 30,866 30,866

North Carolina 1.63 1.63 1,361 17,012 29,999 29,999

North Dakota0 1.63 428 4,889

0 8,680

Ohio 1.63 1.63 1,403 11,565 21,174 21,174

Oklahoma

0 1.63 1,538 9,0020 17,208

Oregon

0 1.63 477 4,3960 7,957

Pennsylvania 1.63 1.63 2,277 13,850 26,331 26,331

Rhode Island

0 1.63 53 6060 1,077

South Carolina

0 1.63 753 5,0090 9,407

South Dakota

0 1.63 814 4,9430 9,400

Tennessee

0 1.63 1,328 13,0510 23,476

Texas 1.63 1.63 1,716 17,478 31,340 31,340

Utah

0 1.63 929 3,3890 7,050

Vermont

0 1.63 146 8480 1,622

Virginia 1.63 1.63 1,159 6,325 12,219 12,219

Washington

0 1.63 1,370 14,3430 25,655

West Virginia

0 1.63 240 1,7470 3,245

Wisconsin

0 1.63 1,623 11,2870 21,078

Wyoming

0 1.63 339 1,5720 3,119

Puerto Rico

0 1.63 330 5,5590

Other

0 1.63 243 2,1340

Total
Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, commercial applicators would need to keep 

records of competency qualifications of non-certified applicators applying RUPs under their

supervision. Costs would remain constant in subsequent years. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of commercial applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA 

assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Sup-06; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 46 0 46

Alaska 7 0 7

Arizona 79 0 79

Arkansas 48 0 48

California 403 0 403

Colorado 56 56 0

Connecticut 31 0 31
Delaware 22

0 22

Florida 189

0 189

Georgia 124

0 124

Hawaii 14

0 14

Idaho 57 57

0

Illinois 171

0 171

Indiana 113

0 113

Iowa 149

0 149

Kansas 86 86

0

Kentucky 144

0 144

Louisiana 50

0 50

Maine 18

0 18

Maryland 51

0 51

Massachusetts 24

0 24

Michigan 213 213

0

Minnesota 114

0 114

Mississippi 34

0 34

Missouri 110 110

0

Montana 27

0 27

Nebraska 139 139

0

Nevada 19

0 19

New Hampshire 18 18

0

New Jersey 130 130

0

New Mexico 26

0 26

New York 271 271

0

North Carolina 264 264

0

North Dakota 59

0 59

Ohio 186 186

0

Oklahoma 117

0 117

Oregon 54

0 54

Pennsylvania 231 231

0

Rhode Island

707

South Carolina 64

0 64

South Dakota 64

0 64

Tennessee 160

0 160

Texas 275 275

0

Utah 48

0 48

Vermont 11

0 11

Virginia 107 107

0

Washington 175

0 175

West Virginia 22

0 22

Wisconsin 144

0 144

Wyoming 21

0 21

Puerto Rico
Other

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per commercial applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N

1st Com + N Xst Com for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Sup-06; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value)

4,994 2,144 2,851

U.S. (annualized value)

568 244 324

Per commercial applicator 

incremental cost

3.1.2.2 Comm Sup-07: Certified Applicators Maintain Records of UTS Competency for Five 

Years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Commercial Applicator for 

Recordkeeping of Non-certified Applicators Applying RUPs Under their Supervision

Requirement:

 Commercial applicators must keep records of his/her UTS applicators’ competency

requirements

 Records must be kept for 5 years

Assumptions:

 It takes a commercial applicator 4 minutes (or 0.067 hours) each year to record and file 

the competency qualifications of all UTS applicators under his/her supervision. The 

fulfillment of the competency qualifications, and the subsequent recording of the 
information, would be done once per year, typically at the same time for all applicators 

UTS of a given commercial applicator (average of 3 UTS per commercial).

 Commercial applicators would purchase a file folder each year to keep the records in

 With a requirement to keep the records for five years, commercial applicators would 

purchase a file box once every five years, to keep the folders in.

 A file folder costs 20 cents and a file box costs $4.23 [Insert source]

Table: Comm Sup-07; Step 2; 

Cost per Commercial Applicator for Potential Recordkeeping Requirement of UTS 

Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Action/Material Wage/price Unit 

Time/Quantity

Frequency

(per year, per CA)

Cost

($)

Create and file records of 

UTS applicators’ 

competency qualifications

21.49 0.067 1 1.43

Purchase a folder 0.20 1 1 0.20

Purchase a box 4.23 1 0.20 0.85

Total 2.48

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

commercial applicator

 N Xst Com is the number of existing commercial applicators

 N 1st Com is the number of commercial applicators who were certified for the first-time 

within the last year

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Both existing commercial applicators, and first-time commercial applicators, supervise 

non-certified applicators, and are therefore subject to the potential recordkeeping 

requirements.

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline recordkeeping cost, per 

commercial applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the 

baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are 

constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual recordkeeping cost 

under the potential requirement, per commercial applicator, presented in Step 2

 Data reported by each jurisdiction on the number of existing and first-time commercial 

applicators, are obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3)
 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B

) is the total annual jurisdictional cost of 

recordkeeping to firms employing commercial applicators and noncertified applicators 

who apply RUPs UTS

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost of recordkeeping under the potential requirement to firms employing commercial 

applicators and noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st Com + N Xst Com)

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Com + N Xst Com)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Sup-07; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Recordkeeping Requirement Costs; 

All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N 1st Com N Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 2.48 330 3,772 0 10,167

Alaska 0 2.48 105 560 0 1,648

Arizona 0 2.48 865 6,240 0 17,612

Arkansas 0 2.48 439 3,893 0 10,738

California 0 2.48 3,689 32,546 0 89,819

Colorado 1.63 2.48 691 3,209 6,366 9,665

Connecticut 0 2.48 124 2,686 0 6,965

Delaware 0 2.48 154 1,812 0 4,875

Florida 0 2.48 1,702 15,303 0 42,151

Georgia 0 2.48 1,478 9,700 0 27,708

Hawaii 0 2.48 116 1,151 0 3,141

Idaho 1.63 2.48 423 3,578 6,532 9,917

Illinois 0 2.48 3,277 12,053 0 37,999

Indiana 0 2.48 1,180 8,945 0 25,097

Iowa 0 2.48 1,497 11,904 0 33,217

Kansas 1.63 2.48 875 5,148 9,834 14,929

Kentucky 0 2.48 2,907 10,022 0 32,047

Louisiana 0 2.48 591 3,907 0 11,149

Maine 0 2.48 176 1,437 0 3,998

Maryland 0 2.48 472 4,084 0 11,292

Massachusetts 0 2.48 201 1,986 0 5,421

Michigan 1.63 2.48 2,013 12,803 24,191 36,726

Minnesota 0 2.48 1,850 8,375 0 25,344

Mississippi 0 2.48 304 2,742 0 7,549

Missouri 1.63 2.48 834 6,814 12,486 18,956

Montana 0 2.48 278 2,133 0 5,976
Nebraska 1.63 2.48 1,102 8,609 15,856 24,071

Nevada 0 2.48 300 1,390 0 4,191

New Hampshire 1.63 2.48 313 949 2,061 3,129

New Jersey 1.63 2.48 585 8,452 14,755 22,400

New Mexico 0 2.48 654 1,723 0 5,891

New York 1.63 2.48 1,252 17,653 30,866 46,859

North Carolina 1.63 2.48 1,361 17,012 29,999 45,543

North Dakota 0 2.48 428 4,889 0 13,177

Ohio 1.63 2.48 1,403 11,565 21,174 32,145

Oklahoma 0 2.48 1,538 9,002 0 26,124

Oregon 0 2.48 477 4,396 0 12,079

Pennsylvania 1.63 2.48 2,277 13,850 26,331 39,974

Rhode Island 0 2.48 53 606 0 1,634

South Carolina 0 2.48 753 5,009 0 14,281

South Dakota 0 2.48 814 4,943 0 14,270

Tennessee 0 2.48 1,328 13,051 0 35,640

Texas 1.63 2.48 1,716 17,478 31,340 47,578

Utah 0 2.48 929 3,389 0 10,703

Vermont 0 2.48 146 848 0 2,463

Virginia 1.63 2.48 1,159 6,325 12,219 18,550

Washington 0 2.48 1,370 14,343 0 38,948

West Virginia 0 2.48 240 1,747 0 4,926

Wisconsin 0 2.48 1,623 11,287 0 31,999

Wyoming 0 2.48 339 1,572 0 4,734

Puerto Rico 0 2.48 330 5,559 0

Other 0 2.48 243 2,134 0

Total

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, commercial applicators would need to keep 

records of competency qualifications of non-certified applicators applying RUPs under their 
supervision. Costs would remain constant in subsequent years. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of commercial applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA 

assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Sup-07; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 69 0 69

Alaska 11 0 11

Arizona 120 0 120

Arkansas 73 0 73

California 612 0 612

Colorado 78 56 22

Connecticut 47 0 47

Delaware 33 0 33

Florida 287 0 287

Georgia 189 0 189

Hawaii 21 0 21

Idaho 80 57 23

Illinois 259 0 259

Indiana 171 0 171

Iowa 226 0 226

Kansas 121 86 35

Kentucky 218 0 218

Louisiana 76 0 76

Maine 27 0 27

Maryland 77 0 77

Massachusetts 37 0 37

Michigan 298 213 85
Minnesota 173 0 173

Mississippi 51 0 51

Missouri 154 110 44

Montana 41 0 41

Nebraska 195 139 56

Nevada 29 0 29

New Hampshire 25 18 7

New Jersey 182 130 52

New Mexico 40 0 40

New York 380 271 109

North Carolina 370 264 106

North Dakota 90 0 90

Ohio 261 186 75

Oklahoma 178 0 178

Oregon 82 0 82

Pennsylvania 324 231 93

Rhode Island 11 0 11

South Carolina 97 0 97

South Dakota 97 0 97

Tennessee 243 0 243

Texas 386 275 111

Utah 73 0 73

Vermont 17 0 17

Virginia 151 107 43

Washington 265 0 265

West Virginia 34 0 34

Wisconsin 218 0 218

Wyoming 32 0 32

Puerto Rico

Other

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per commercial applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N

1st Com + N Xst Com for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Sup-07; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 7,333 2,144 5,189

U.S. (annualized value) 835 244 591

Per commercial applicator 

incremental cost

3.1.3 Communication Requirements

3.1.3.1 Comm Sup-04: Non-Certified Applicators must be within line of sight of Commercial 

Applicator

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a 

Commercial Applicator

While current federal regulations allow non-certified applicators to apply RUPs “under the 

supervision” of a certified applicator, they do not specify what conditions provide for acceptable 

communication between supervisee and supervisor in order to satisfy the supervision 

requirement. Potential requirements would specify those conditions, in order that the required 

supervision provides the intended effects.

In the baseline, three states (CA, CO, IA) require that non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision (UTS) of a commercial applicator must be within the line of sight of the 

commercial applicator during the application. These three states are assumed to be in full 

compliance with Comm Sup-04, incurring zero incremental cost. The baseline cost (Step 1) for 

these 3 states is assumed to equal the potential requirement cost shown in Step 2.

The remaining 47 states, Puerto Rico, and Other would be impacted by this potential 

requirement.

EPA believes that in order to comply with this requirement, affected firms would need to hire 

more commercial applicators to replace some non-certified applicators. The agency estimates 

that there are currently about three non-certified applicators per commercial applicator. Under 

Comm Sup-04, multiple non-certified applicators could not apply RUPs simultaneously at 

different sites, without a commercial applicator present at each site. Many applications may be 

done with applicators working as teams of two or more at the same site. This ratio of three noncertified applicators per commercial applicator would significantly limit the flexibility of a 

commercial application firm under a line-of-sight supervision requirement.
EPA assumes a firm would replace one of three noncertified applicators in its employment with a 

certified applicator to maintain sufficient flexibility for simultaneous custom applications. Thus, 

the incremental cost of Comm Sup-04 would derive from the company having to pay the 

certified applicator wage, instead of a noncertified applicator wage, to 1/3 of the previously 

noncertified applicators. Under this scenario, the applicable baseline cost per noncertified 

applicator is the cost of labor for a noncertified applicator.

47 States, Puerto Rico, and Other, Currently With No Line of Sight with Supervisor

Requirement for UTS Applicators

Applicable Requirement:

 None 

Assumptions:

 A non-certified applicator works an average of 1000 hours per year

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators under the supervision of a commercial 

applicator is $18.34 per hour [insert source and year].

Table: Comm Sup-04; Step 1; 

Baseline Labor Cost per Non-Certified Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision 

of a Commercial Applicator; 

47 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently With No Line-of-Sight Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

Labor, non-certified applicator 18.34 1,000 1.0 18, 340

Total 18, 340

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the 

Supervision of a Commercial Applicator

Comm Sup-04 would require that non-certified applicators be within line of sight of a 

supervising commercial applicator, while applying RUPs. As explained under Step 1, above, 

EPA assumes that 1 of 3 noncertified applicators who currently work UTS of a commercial 

applicator would be replaced by a commercial applicator if Comm Sup-04 became a 

requirement. The cost under this potential requirement, which would replace the labor cost of a 

non-certified applicator in the baseline, must be calculated on a per-UTS-applicator basis. 

Relative to the baseline, there would be a decrease in non-certified applicator labor, as well as an 

increase in commercial applicator labor.

Communication Requirement:
 During RUP applications, UTS applicators must be within the line of sight of a 

supervising commercial applicator

Assumptions:

 On average, there are currently 3 non-certified applicators (who apply RUPs UTS of a 

commercial applicator) per commercial applicator

 Under this potential requirement, one of 3 UTS applicators would be replaced by a 

commercial applicator (at a higher wage rate)

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators is $18.34 per hour [insert source and year]

 The wage rate for a commercial applicator is $21.49 per hour [insert source and year]

Table: Comm Sup-04; Step 2; 

Labor Cost of Potential Requirement, per Non-Certified Applicator UTS of a Commercial 

Applicator Within Line of Sight; All Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

Labor, non-certified applicator 18.34 1,000 0.667 12,227

Labor, commercial applicator 21.49 1,000 0.333 7,164

Total 19,390

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

commercial applicator

 N UTS Xst Com is the number of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the 

supervision of existing commercial applicators

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline cost, per noncertified 

applicator applying RUPs UTS of a commercial applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid 

the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements 

meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual cost under the 

potential requirement, per noncertified applicator applying RUPs under the supervision of 

a commercial applicator, presented in Step 2

 There are no data on the number of UTS applicators. EPA has estimated the number in 

each jurisdiction (see EA chapter 3.3.2)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost to firms 

employing noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of commercial applicators

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost under the potential requirement to firms employing noncertified applicators who 

apply RUPs UTS of commercial applicators
Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N UTS Xst Com

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N UTS Xst Com

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Sup-04; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Applicators UTS of Commercial Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N UTS Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 18,340 19,390 9,035 165,701,900 175,192,814

Alaska 18,340 19,390 1,265 23,200,100 24,528,933

Arizona 18,340 19,390 13,384 245,462,560 259,521,928

Arkansas 18,340 19,390 7,121 130,599,140 138,079,472

California 19,390 19,390 73,702 1,429,106,052 1,429,106,052

Colorado 19,390 19,390 14,367 278,582,751 278,582,751

Connecticut 18,340 19,390 10,096 185,160,640 195,766,093

Delaware 18,340 19,390 5,437 99,714,580 105,425,936

Florida 18,340 19,390 65,193 1,195,639,620 1,264,122,316

Georgia 18,340 19,390 17,289 317,071,090 335,231,983

Hawaii 18,340 19,390 3,710 68,041,400 71,938,610

Idaho 18,340 19,390 10,735 196,870,730 208,146,902

Illinois 18,340 19,390 18,259 334,860,890 354,040,730

Indiana 18,340 19,390 26,531 486,578,540 514,448,318

Iowa 19,390 19,390 0 0 0

Kansas 18,340 19,390 15,443 283,215,450 299,437,192

Kentucky 18,340 19,390 27,907 511,814,380 541,129,592

Louisiana 18,340 19,390 8,861 162,510,740 171,818,874

Maine 18,340 19,390 2,828 51,856,350 54,826,528

Maryland 18,340 19,390 16,465 301,968,100 319,263,938

Massachusetts 18,340 19,390 18,817 345,094,610 364,860,607

Michigan 18,340 19,390 38,410 704,439,400 744,787,602

Minnesota 18,340 19,390 0 0 0

Mississippi 18,340 19,390 5,710 104,721,400 110,719,532

Missouri 18,340 19,390 19,996 366,726,640 387,731,656

Montana 18,340 19,390 3,663 67,179,420 71,027,258

Nebraska 18,340 19,390 23,028 422,333,520 446,523,533

Nevada 18,340 19,390 7,617 139,686,610 147,687,445

New Hampshire 18,340 19,390 0 0 0

New Jersey 18,340 19,390 18,904 346,690,190 366,547,577

New Mexico 18,340 19,390 2,762 50,645,910 53,546,758

New York 18,340 19,390 52,958 971,249,720 1,026,880,027
North Carolina 18,340 19,390 51,036 935,991,070 989,601,866

North Dakota 18,340 19,390 13,381 245,407,540 259,463,757

Ohio 18,340 19,390 34,695 636,297,130 672,742,345

Oklahoma 18,340 19,390 27,005 495,262,530 523,629,701

Oregon 18,340 19,390 13,188 241,867,920 255,721,398

Pennsylvania 18,340 19,390 41,549 762,008,660 805,654,259

Rhode Island 18,340 19,390 3,035 55,661,900 58,850,049

South Carolina 18,340 19,390 8,723 159,970,650 169,133,295

South Dakota 18,340 19,390 0 0 0

Tennessee 18,340 19,390 23,325 427,780,500 452,282,500

Texas 18,340 19,390 55,148 1,011,405,150 1,069,335,441

Utah 18,340 19,390 10,167 186,462,780 197,142,816

Vermont 18,340 19,390 2,543 46,629,450 49,300,247

Virginia 18,340 19,390 21,550 395,227,000 417,864,432

Washington 18,340 19,390 43,030 789,170,200 834,371,532

West Virginia 18,340 19,390 4,451 81,631,340 86,306,941

Wisconsin 18,340 19,390 30,041 550,951,940 582,508,835

Wyoming 18,340 19,390 4,715 86,463,930 91,416,328

Puerto Rico 18,340 19,390 16,678 305,865,350 323,384,411

Other 18,340 19,390 3,531 64,758,540 68,467,717

Total 947,275

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a commercial applicator would need to need to do so within the direct 

line of sight of a supervising commercial applicator. Costs would remain constant in subsequent 

years. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of UTS applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Sup-04; Employers of UTS Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 1,520,558 1,455,875 64,683

Alaska 212,895 203,839 9,056

Arizona 2,252,479 2,156,661 95,818

Arkansas 1,198,438 1,147,458 50,980

California 12,556,281 12,556,281 0

Colorado 2,447,658 2,447,658 0

Connecticut 1,699,120 1,626,842 72,279

Delaware 915,027 876,103 38,924

Florida 10,971,746 10,505,020 466,726

Georgia 2,909,592 2,785,821 123,771

Hawaii 624,380 597,819 26,560

Idaho 1,806,577 1,729,728 76,850

Illinois 3,072,839 2,942,124 130,715

Indiana 4,465,071 4,275,132 189,939

Iowa 0 0 0

Kansas 2,598,917 2,488,362 110,555

Kentucky 4,696,647 4,496,857 199,790

Louisiana 1,491,274 1,427,837 63,437

Maine 475,858 455,616 20,242

Maryland 2,771,000 2,653,125 117,875

Massachusetts 3,166,749 3,032,039 134,710

Michigan 6,464,264 6,189,281 274,982

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 960,972 920,094 40,879

Missouri 3,365,254 3,222,100 143,154
Montana 616,470 590,246 26,224

Nebraska 3,875,529 3,710,668 164,861

Nevada 1,281,829 1,227,302 54,528

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 3,181,391 3,046,058 135,333

New Mexico 464,750 444,980 19,770

New York 8,912,639 8,533,506 379,134

North Carolina 8,589,090 8,223,719 365,370

North Dakota 2,251,974 2,156,177 95,796

Ohio 5,838,959 5,590,576 248,383

Oklahoma 4,544,759 4,351,431 193,329

Oregon 2,219,493 2,125,078 94,415

Pennsylvania 6,992,546 6,695,091 297,455

Rhode Island 510,779 489,052 21,728

South Carolina 1,467,965 1,405,520 62,446

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 3,925,513 3,758,526 166,987

Texas 9,281,124 8,886,316 394,809

Utah 1,711,069 1,638,282 72,787

Vermont 427,894 409,691 18,202

Virginia 3,626,787 3,472,507 154,279

Washington 7,241,793 6,933,735 308,058

West Virginia 749,087 717,222 31,865

Wisconsin 5,055,791 4,840,724 215,068

Wyoming 793,433 759,682 33,752

Puerto Rico 2,806,763 2,687,366 119,397

Other 124,716,289 0 124,716,289

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per UTS applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N UTS trained

for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Sup-04; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs
NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value)

283,727,314 152,885,126 130,842,188

U.S. (annualized value)

32,292,715 17,400,777 14,891,938

Per UTS applicator 

incremental cost

3.1.3.2 Comm Sup-05: Non-Certified Applicators must have method of immediate 

Communication with Commercial Applicator

Based on the EPA's poll of 5 states (NC, CA, IN, FL, & WY), EPA assumes that in the baseline, 

in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other, noncertified applicators applying RUPs under the 

supervision of a commercial applicator currently use existing cell phones to communicate with 

that supervisor. Therefore, the immediate communication requirement of Comm Sup-05 is 

already being met, and there is zero incremental cost imposed by this requirement.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3.2 Private Applicators

3.2.1 Competency Requirements

The baseline (Step 1) is the same for Private Sup-01 and Private Sup-02, and is shown once 

below, followed by Steps 2-6 for Private Sup-01, then Steps 2-6 for Private Sup-02

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a 

Private Applicator

There is currently no federal competency requirement for non-certified applicators applying 

RUPs under the supervision (UTS) of a private applicator. These potential requirements are

intended to address applicator competency before they are permitted to apply RUPs UTS of a

private applicator. Some states (29) currently have requirements (training and/or exam) that 

meet or exceed the proposed training content, as specified below.

The remaining 21 states, Puerto Rico, and Other Jurisdictions, do not require noncertified 

applicator training or other demonstration of competency, so have zero baseline cost and would 

bear the full impact of these potential requirements as incremental cost.

29 States Currently in Compliance With Potential Competency Requirements
Competency Requirements:

 12 states require training only: CO, ID, KS, MD, MO, NE, NJ, NC, OH, PA, TX, WV

 10 states require passing the commercial core exam only: CT, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, MA, 

NV, NM, OR

 7 states require both training and passing the core exam: FL, MI, MS, MT, NH, NY, VA

Assumptions:

 Training required by states is equivalent to, or in excess of, training in the potential 

requirements

 UTS applicators in these states meet or exceed the potential competency requirements, so 

are already in full compliance

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings in Step 3, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements meet or exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the 

option.

 A private applicator trains one UTS applicator at a time (and typically employs only one), 

so the frequency of a private applicator’s provision of training, per UTS applicator, is one 

(see EA chapter 3.3.4).

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators applying RUPs under the supervision (UTS) 

of a private applicator is $21.49 per hour [insert source and year].

 The wage rate for private applicators is $51.96 per hour [insert source and year].

Table: Private Sup-01 and -02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost of Meeting Competency Requirements, per Non-Certified Applicator 

Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a Private Applicator; 

29 States in Compliance With Competency Requirement for UTS Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

UTS applicator Receives training 21.49 1 1 21.49

Private applicator Trains UTS 

applicator

51.96 1 1 51.96

Total 73.45

21 States, Puerto Rico, and “Other” Currently With No Competency Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Competency Requirement:

 None (for all states & jurisdictions not listed in the group of 29, above)

Assumption:

 In the baseline for these jurisdictions, there is no requirement, so there is no time or cost 

for this activity.
Table: Private Sup-01 and -02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost of Meeting Competency Requirements, per Non-Certified Applicator 

Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a Private Applicator; 

21 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently With No Competency Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no competency

requirement

21.49 0 0 0

Total 0

3.2.1.1 Private Sup-01: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training, including Handler 

Training under the Worker Protection Standard

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Under the 

Supervision of a Private Applicator

Competency Requirement:

 UTS applicators must complete rule-specified training, or complete WPS handler 

training, annually

Assumptions:

 All UTS applicators would use the option of annual WPS handler training to satisfy the 

requirement

 WPS handler training takes 1 hour to complete, based on EPA experience

 A private applicator trains one UTS applicator at a time (and typically employs only one), 

so the frequency of a private applicator’s provision of training, per UTS applicator, is one 

(see EA chapter 3.3.4).

Table: Private Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 2; 

Annual Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Applying RUPs Under 

the Supervision of a Private Applicator

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

UTS applicator Receive WPS handler 

training

21.49 1 1 21.49

Private applicator Train UTS applicator 51.96 1 1 51.96

Total 73.45

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

private applicator

 N UTS Pvt non-crop is the number of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the 

supervision of existing private applicators on non-crop agricultural establishments

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Three (IA, MN, SD) of the 21 states with no competency requirements specifically 

disallow application of RUPs by non-certified applicators. EPA assumes that they would 

continue this prohibition if the potential requirements became effective. If so, there 

would continue to be no UTS applicators in those states, so no cost of the potential 

requirements.

 In all jurisdictions, including the 21 states with no competency requirements for UTS 

applicators, all applicators on crop farms are required by the Worker Protection Standard 

to take WPS handler training. Since WPS handler training is one of the options to satisfy

the potential competency requirement, UTS applicators on crop farms are already in 

compliance, so only UTS applicators on animal agriculture establishments are impacted. 

 Family members of agricultural establishment owner/operators are exempt from the 

handler training requirement under the WPS. Those family members that are UTS 

applicators would, however, be subject to the competency requirements of this potential 

requirement under the Certification of Pesticide Applicators rule, so would bear the full 

impact.

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline cost, per noncertified 

applicator applying RUPs UTS of a private applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid the 

appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or 

exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual cost under the

potential requirement, per noncertified applicator applying RUPs under the supervision of 

a private applicator, presented in Step 2

 There are no data on the number of UTS applicators. EPA has estimated the number in 

each jurisdiction (see EA chapter 3.3.4)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of private applicators

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost under the potential requirement for noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of 

private applicators

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N UTS Pvt non-crop

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N UTS Pvt non-crop

Values are presented in the table below.
Table: Private Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Applicators UTS of Private Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N UTS Pvt non-crop RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 73 285 0 20,933 

Alaska 0 73 10 0 735 

Arizona 0 73 13 0 955 

Arkansas 0 73 1,354 0 99,452 

California 0 73 1,672 0 122,809 

Colorado 73 73 311 22,843 22,843 

Connecticut 73 73 18 1,322 1,322 

Delaware 0 73 98 0 7,198 

Florida 73 73 161 11,826 11,826 

Georgia 0 73 1,289 0 94,678 

Hawaii 0 73 11 0 808 

Idaho 73 73 247 18,142 18,142 

Illinois 73 73 1,525 112,012 112,012 

Indiana 73 73 932 68,456 68,456 

Iowa 73 73 0 - - 

Kansas 73 73 1,072 78,739 78,739 

Kentucky 73 73 325 23,871 23,871 

Louisiana 73 73 368 27,030 27,030 

Maine 0 73 40 0 2,938 

Maryland 73 73 257 18,877 18,877 

Massachusetts 73 73 37 2,718 2,718 

Michigan 73 73 444 32,612 32,612 

Minnesota 0 73 0 0 - 

Mississippi 73 73 760 55,822 55,822 

Missouri 73 73 895 65,738 65,738 

Montana 73 73 525 38,562 38,562 

Nebraska 73 73 2,539 186,491 186,491 

Nevada 73 73 23 1,689 1,689 

New Hampshire 73 73 11 808 808 

New Jersey 73 73 74 5,435 5,435 

New Mexico 73 73 96 7,051 7,051 

New York 73 73 464 34,081 34,081 

North Carolina 73 73 1,405 103,198 103,198 

North Dakota 0 73 1,213 0 89,096 

Ohio 73 73 951 69,852 69,852 

Oklahoma 0 73 590 0 43,336 
Oregon 73 73 208 15,278 15,278 

Pennsylvania 73 73 1,183 86,892 86,892 

Rhode Island 0 73 6 0 441 

South Carolina 0 73 257 0 18,877 

South Dakota 0 73 0 0 - 

Tennessee 0 73 260 0 19,097 

Texas 73 73 1,636 120,165 120,165 

Utah 0 73 59 0 4,334 

Vermont 0 73 29 0 2,130 

Virginia 73 73 222 16,306 16,306 

Washington 0 73 912 0 66,987 

West Virginia 73 73 28 2,057 2,057 

Wisconsin 0 73 998 0 73,304 

Wyoming 0 73 487 0 35,770 

Puerto Rico 0 73 1,615 0 118,623

Other 0 73 15 0 1,102 

Total 27,930 1,227,874 2,051,476

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a private applicator will need to receive annual training. Costs would 

remain constant in subsequent years. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, 

is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
 In this case, the number of UTS applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 143 0 143

Alaska 5 0 5

Arizona 7 0 7

Arkansas 678 0 678

California 837 0 837

Colorado 201 201 0

Connecticut 12 12 0

Delaware 49 0 49

Florida 104 104 0

Georgia 645 0 645

Hawaii 6 0 6

Idaho 159 159 0

Illinois 984 984 0

Indiana 601 601 0

Iowa 0 - 0

Kansas 692 692 0

Kentucky 210 210 0

Louisiana 237 237 0

Maine 20 0 20

Maryland 166 166 0

Massachusetts 24 24 0

Michigan 287 287 0

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 490 490 0

Missouri 578 578 0

Montana 339 339 0

Nebraska 1,639 1,639 0

Nevada 15 15 0

New Hampshire 7 7 0

New Jersey 48 48 0
New Mexico 62 62 0

New York 299 299 0

North Carolina 907 907 0

North Dakota 607 0 607

Ohio 614 614 0

Oklahoma 295 0 295

Oregon 134 134 0

Pennsylvania 763 763 0

Rhode Island 3 0 3

South Carolina 129 0 129

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 130 0 130

Texas 1,056 1,056 0

Utah 30 0 30

Vermont 15 0 15

Virginia 143 143 0

Washington 457 0 457

West Virginia 18 18 0

Wisconsin 500 0 500

Wyoming 244 0 244

Puerto Rico 808 0 808

Other 8 0 8

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per UTS applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N UTS Pvt 

non-crop for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Sup-01; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 16,401 10,788 5,613
U.S. (annualized value) 1,867 1,228 639

Per UTS applicator 

incremental cost 0.023

3.2.1.2 Private Sup-02: Non-certified Applicators Complete Training, including Handler 

Training under the Worker Protection Standard or Pass Core Commercial 

Certification Exam

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Under the 

Supervision of a Private Applicator

Competency Requirement:

 UTS applicators must complete rule-specified training annually, or complete WPS 

handler training annually, or pass the commercial certification core exam once every

three years

Assumptions:

 All UTS applicators would use the option of annual WPS handler training to satisfy the 

requirement

 WPS handler training takes 1 hour to complete, based on EPA experience

 A private applicator trains one UTS applicator at a time (and typically employs only one), 

so the frequency of a private applicator’s provision of training, per UTS applicator, is one 

(see EA chapter 3.3.4).

Table: Private Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 2; 

Annual Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-Certified Applicator Applying RUPs Under 

the Supervision of a Private Applicator

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

UTS applicator Receive WPS handler 

training

21.49 1 1 21.49

Private applicator Train UTS applicator 51.96 1 1 51.96

Total 73.45

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

private applicator

 N UTS Pvt non-crop is the number of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the 

supervision of existing private applicators on non-crop agricultural establishments
Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 Three (IA, MN, SD) of the 21 states with no competency requirements specifically 

disallow application of RUPs by non-certified applicators. EPA assumes that they would 

continue this prohibition if the potential requirements became effective. If so, there 

would continue to be no UTS applicators in those states, so no cost of the potential 

requirements.

 In all jurisdictions, including the 21 states with no competency requirements for UTS 

applicators, all applicators on crop farms are required by the Worker Protection Standard 

to take WPS handler training. Since WPS handler training is one of the options to satisfy

the potential competency requirement, UTS applicators on crop farms are already in 

compliance, so only UTS applicators on animal agriculture establishments are impacted. 

 Family members of agricultural establishment owner/operators are exempt from the 

handler training requirement under the WPS. Those family members that are UTS 

applicators would, however, be subject to the competency requirements of this potential 

requirement under the Certification of Pesticide Applicators rule, so would bear the full 

impact.

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline cost, per noncertified 

applicator applying RUPs UTS of a private applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid the 

appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or 

exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual cost under the

potential requirement, per noncertified applicator applying RUPs under the supervision of 

a private applicator, presented in Step 2

 There are no data on the number of UTS applicators. EPA has estimated the number in 

each jurisdiction (see EA chapter 3.3.4)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of private applicators

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost under the potential requirement for noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of 

private applicators

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N UTS Pvt non-crop

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N UTS Pvt non-crop

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Applicators UTS of Private Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Region UC B UC P N UTS Pvt non-crop RC B RC P
($) ($) ($) ($)

Alabama0 73 2850 20,933 

Alaska0 73 100 735 

Arizona0 73 130 955 

Arkansas0 73 1,3540 99,452 

California0 73 1,6720 122,809 

Colorado 73 73 311 22,843 22,843 

Connecticut 73 73 18 1,322 1,322 

Delaware0 73 980 7,198 

Florida 73 73 161 11,826 11,826 

Georgia0 73 1,2890 94,678 

Hawaii0 73 110 808 

Idaho 73 73 247 18,142 18,142 

Illinois 73 73 1,525 112,012 112,012 

Indiana 73 73 932 68,456 68,456 

Iowa 73 730- - 

Kansas 73 73 1,072 78,739 78,739 

Kentucky 73 73 325 23,871 23,871 

Louisiana 73 73 368 27,030 27,030 

Maine0 73 400 2,938 

Maryland 73 73 257 18,877 18,877 

Massachusetts 73 73 37 2,718 2,718 

Michigan 73 73 444 32,612 32,612 

Minnesota0 7300- 

Mississippi 73 73 760 55,822 55,822 

Missouri 73 73 895 65,738 65,738 

Montana 73 73 525 38,562 38,562 

Nebraska 73 73 2,539 186,491 186,491 

Nevada 73 73 23 1,689 1,689 

New Hampshire 73 73 11 808 808 

New Jersey 73 73 74 5,435 5,435 

New Mexico 73 73 96 7,051 7,051 

New York 73 73 464 34,081 34,081 

North Carolina 73 73 1,405 103,198 103,198 

North Dakota0 73 1,2130 89,096 

Ohio 73 73 951 69,852 69,852 

Oklahoma0 73 5900 43,336 

Oregon 73 73 208 15,278 15,278 

Pennsylvania 73 73 1,183 86,892 86,892 

Rhode Island0 7360 441 

South Carolina0 73 2570 18,877 
South Dakota 0 73 0 0 - 

Tennessee 0 73 260 0 19,097 

Texas 73 73 1,636 120,165 120,165 

Utah 0 73 59 0 4,334 

Vermont 0 73 29 0 2,130 

Virginia 73 73 222 16,306 16,306 

Washington 0 73 912 0 66,987 

West Virginia 73 73 28 2,057 2,057 

Wisconsin 0 73 998 0 73,304 

Wyoming 0 73 487 0 35,770 

Puerto Rico 0 73 1,615 0 118,623

Other 0 73 15 0 1,102 

Total 27,930 1,227,874 2,051,476

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a private applicator will need to receive annual training. Costs would 

remain constant in subsequent years. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, 

is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of UTS applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement
 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 143 0 143

Alaska 5 0 5

Arizona 7 0 7

Arkansas 678 0 678

California 837 0 837

Colorado 201 201 0

Connecticut 12 12 0

Delaware 49 0 49

Florida 104 104 0

Georgia 645 0 645

Hawaii 6 0 6

Idaho 159 159 0

Illinois 984 984 0

Indiana 601 601 0

Iowa 0 - 0

Kansas 692 692 0

Kentucky 210 210 0

Louisiana 237 237 0

Maine 20 0 20

Maryland 166 166 0

Massachusetts 24 24 0

Michigan 287 287 0

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 490 490 0

Missouri 578 578 0

Montana 339 339 0

Nebraska 1,639 1,639 0

Nevada 15 15 0

New Hampshire 7 7 0

New Jersey 48 48 0

New Mexico 62 62 0

New York 299 299 0

North Carolina 907 907 0

North Dakota 607 0 607
Ohio 614 614 0

Oklahoma 295 0 295

Oregon 134 134 0

Pennsylvania 763 763 0

Rhode Island 3 0 3

South Carolina 129 0 129

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 130 0 130

Texas 1,056 1,056 0

Utah 30 0 30

Vermont 15 0 15

Virginia 143 143 0

Washington 457 0 457

West Virginia 18 18 0

Wisconsin 500 0 500

Wyoming 244 0 244

Puerto Rico 808 0 808

Other 8 0 8

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per UTS applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of N UTS Pvt 

non-crop for all regions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Sup-02; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 16,401 10,788 5,613

U.S. (annualized value) 1,867 1,228 639

Per UTS applicator 

incremental cost 0.023
3.2.2 Communication Requirements

3.2.2.1 Private Sup-04: Non-Certified Applicators must be within line of sight of Private 

Applicator

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision of a 

Private Applicator

While current federal regulations allow non-certified applicators to apply RUPs “under the 

supervision” of a certified applicator, they do not specify what conditions provide for acceptable 

communication between supervisee and supervisor in order to satisfy the supervision 

requirement. Potential requirements would specify those conditions, in order that the required 

supervision provides the intended effects.

In the baseline, three states (CA, CO, IA) require that non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision (UTS) of a private applicator must be within the line of sight of the private 

applicator during the application. These three states are assumed to be in full compliance with 

Private Sup-04, incurring zero incremental cost. The baseline cost (Step 1) for these 3 states is 

assumed to equal the potential requirement cost shown in Step 2, with zero incremental cost.

The remaining 47 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not have a line-of-sight requirement, and 

would be impacted by this potential requirement. In these jurisdictions, EPA assumes that each 

agricultural establishment that has a private applicator (often the owner/operator) on average 

hires one part time noncertified applicator to help with seasonal work on the farm. In the 

baseline, in states where there is no "line of sight" requirement, this noncertified applicator may

work "out of sight" of the private applicator. The baseline cost is the noncertified applicator 

wage. 

If the line of sight requirement became effective, EPA assumes that the agricultural 

establishment would replace the noncertified applicator labor with that of a private applicator. 

Thus, the incremental cost of Private Sup-04 would derive from the establishment having to pay

the higher certified applicator wage instead of a noncertified applicator wage for the part time 

labor.

47 States, Puerto Rico, and Other, Currently With No Line of Sight with Private 

Applicator Requirement for UTS Applicators

Applicable Requirement:

 None 

Assumptions:
 A non-certified applicator works an average of 56 hours per year, UTS of a private 

applicator

 The wage rate for non-certified applicators under the supervision of a private applicator is 

$21.49 per hour [insert source and year].

Table: Private Sup-04; Step 1; 

Baseline Labor Cost per Non-Certified Applicator Applying RUPs Under the Supervision 

of a Private Applicator; 

47 States, Puerto Rico, and Other Currently With No Line-of-Sight Requirement for UTS 

Applicators

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

Labor, non-certified applicator 21.49 56 1.0 1,204

Total 1,204

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Applicator Applying RUPs Under the 

Supervision of a Private Applicator

Private Sup-04 would require that non-certified applicators be within line of sight of a 

supervising private applicator, while applying RUPs. As explained under Step 1, above, EPA 

assumes that the labor of noncertified applicators who currently work UTS of a private applicator 

would be replaced by private applicator labor if Private Sup-04 became a requirement. The cost 

under this potential requirement, which would replace the labor cost of a non-certified applicator 

working UTS of a private applicator in the baseline, is the cost of private applicator labor for 

those hours.

Communication Requirement:

 During RUP applications, UTS applicators must be within the line of sight of a 

supervising private applicator

Assumptions:

 On average, there is currently 1 non-certified applicator (who applies RUPs UTS of a 

private applicator) per private applicator

 Under this potential requirement, UTS applicator labor would be replaced by private 

applicator labor (at a higher wage rate)

 The wage rate for a private applicator is $51.96 per hour [insert source and year]

Table: Private Sup-04; Step 2; 

Labor Cost of Potential Requirement, per Non-Certified Applicator UTS of a Private

Applicator; All Jurisdictions

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year, 

per UTS)

Cost

($)

Labor, private applicator 51.96 56 1 2,910
Total 2,910

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

Terms and Definitions:

 UTS applicator: noncertified applicator who applies RUPs under the supervision of a 

private applicator

 N UTS Xst Pvt is the number of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the 

supervision of existing private applicators

Assumptions:

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline unit cost (UC B, or, costr,i,a

B

) is the annual baseline cost, per noncertified 

applicator applying RUPs UTS of a private applicator, presented in Step 1. To avoid the 

appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or 

exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option

 The potential requirement unit cost (UC P, or, costr,i,a

P

) is the annual cost under the 

potential requirement, per noncertified applicator applying RUPs under the supervision of 

a private applicator, presented in Step 2

 There are no data on the number of UTS applicators. EPA has estimated the number in 

each jurisdiction (see EA chapter 3.3.4)

 The baseline jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost to firms 

employing noncertified applicators who apply RUPs UTS of private applicators

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost under the potential requirement to firms employing noncertified applicators who 

apply RUPs UTS of private applicators

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N UTS Xst Pvt

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x N UTS Xst Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Sup-04; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Applicators UTS of Private Applicators; All Jurisdictions

Region UC B

($)

UC P

($)

N UTS Xst Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 1,204 2,910 827 995,309 2,406,337 

Alaska 1,204 2,910 10 12,035 29,097 

Arizona 1,204 2,910 44 52,955 128,028 

Arkansas 1,204 2,910 4,512 5,430,271 13,128,650 

California 2,910 2,910 4,790 13,937,552 13,937,552 
Colorado 2,910 2,910 1,029 2,994,100 2,994,100 

Connecticut 1,204 2,910 56 67,397 162,944 

Delaware 1,204 2,910 279 335,781 811,811 

Florida 1,204 2,910 526 633,050 1,530,512 

Georgia 1,204 2,910 4,040 4,862,210 11,755,263 

Hawaii 1,204 2,910 35 42,123 101,840 

Idaho 1,204 2,910 801 964,017 2,330,685 

Illinois 1,204 2,910 5,007 6,026,012 14,568,961 

Indiana 1,204 2,910 3,105 3,736,922 9,034,676 

Iowa 2,910 2,910 0.000 0 0 

Kansas 1,204 2,910 3,367 4,052,243 9,797,022 

Kentucky 1,204 2,910 1,083 1,303,409 3,151,225 

Louisiana 1,204 2,910 1,226 1,475,512 3,567,315 

Maine 1,204 2,910 128 154,050 372,444 

Maryland 1,204 2,910 750 902,638 2,182,289 

Massachusetts 1,204 2,910 124 149,236 360,805 

Michigan 1,204 2,910 1,446 1,740,286 4,207,453 

Minnesota 1,204 2,910 0.000 0 0 

Mississippi 1,204 2,910 1,729 2,080,882 5,030,903 

Missouri 1,204 2,910 2,680 3,225,427 7,798,046 

Montana 1,204 2,910 1,484 1,786,020 4,318,022 

Nebraska 1,204 2,910 7,685 9,249,031 22,361,187 

Nevada 1,204 2,910 56 67,397 162,944 

New Hampshire 1,204 2,910 36 43,327 104,750 

New Jersey 1,204 2,910 238 286,437 692,513 

New Mexico 1,204 2,910 253 304,490 736,159 

New York 1,204 2,910 1,389 1,671,686 4,041,599 

North Carolina 1,204 2,910 3,685 4,434,962 10,722,313 

North Dakota 1,204 2,910 4,043 4,865,821 11,763,992 

Ohio 1,204 2,910 3,028 3,644,251 8,810,628 

Oklahoma 1,204 2,910 1,437 1,729,455 4,181,266 

Oregon 1,204 2,910 669 805,153 1,946,602 

Pennsylvania 1,204 2,910 3,451 4,153,339 10,041,439 

Rhode Island 1,204 2,910 17 20,460 49,465 

South Carolina 1,204 2,910 783 942,354 2,278,310 

South Dakota 1,204 2,910 0.000 0 0 

Tennessee 1,204 2,910 865 1,041,043 2,516,907 

Texas 1,204 2,910 3,846 4,628,728 11,190,778 

Utah 1,204 2,910 178 214,226 517,930 

Vermont 1,204 2,910 89 107,113 258,965 

Virginia 1,204 2,910 668 803,950 1,943,692 

Washington 1,204 2,910 2,733 3,289,213 7,952,261 

West Virginia 1,204 2,910 69 83,043 200,771 

Wisconsin 1,204 2,910 3,045 3,664,711 8,860,093 
Wyoming 1,204 2,910 964 1,160,191 2,804,969 

Puerto Rico 1,204 2,910 3,324 4,000,492 9,671,905

Other 1,204 2,910 49 58,972 142,576 

Total 81,678 108,229,281 237,659,995

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a private applicator would need to need to do so within the direct line of 

sight of a supervising private applicator. Costs would remain constant in subsequent years. The 

PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 In this case, the number of UTS applicators is assumed to remain constant. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Sup-04; Employers of UTS Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 16,400 8,745 7,655

Alaska 198 106 93
Arizona 873 465 407

Arkansas 89,475 47,711 41,764

California 122,457 122,457

0

Colorado 26,306 26,306

0

Connecticut 1,111 592 518

Delaware 5,533 2,950 2,582

Florida 10,431 5,562 4,869

Georgia 80,115 42,720 37,395

Hawaii 694 370 324

Idaho 15,884 8,470 7,414

Illinois 99,291 52,945 46,346

Indiana 61,573 32,833 28,740

Iowa

000

Kansas 66,769 35,603 31,166

Kentucky 21,476 11,452 10,024

Louisiana 24,312 12,964 11,348

Maine 2,538 1,354 1,185

Maryland 14,873 7,931 6,942

Massachusetts 2,459 1,311 1,148

Michigan 28,675 15,290 13,384

Minnesota

000

Mississippi 34,287 18,283 16,004

Missouri 53,146 28,339 24,807

Montana 29,428 15,692 13,736

Nebraska 152,397 81,263 71,134

Nevada 1,111 592 518

New Hampshire 714 381 333

New Jersey 4,720 2,517 2,203

New Mexico 5,017 2,675 2,342

New York 27,544 14,688 12,857

North Carolina 73,075 38,966 34,109

North Dakota 80,174 42,752 37,423

Ohio 60,047 32,019 28,028

Oklahoma 28,496 15,195 13,301

Oregon 13,267 7,074 6,192

Pennsylvania 68,435 36,492 31,943

Rhode Island 337 180 157

South Carolina 15,527 8,280 7,248

South Dakota

000

Tennessee 17,153 9,147 8,007

Texas 76,268 40,669 35,599

Utah 3,530 1,882 1,648

Vermont 1,765 941 824

Virginia 13,247 7,064 6,183
Washington 54,197 28,899 25,297

West Virginia 1,368 730 639

Wisconsin 60,384 32,199 28,185

Wyoming 19,117 10,194 8,923

Puerto Rico 65,916 35,149 30,768

Other 972 518 454

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per private applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (sum of private 

applicators for all jurisdictions)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Sup-04; Employers of UTS Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value)

1,653,079 950,914 702,165

U.S. (annualized value)

188,147 108,229 79,918

Cost per private applicator 0.176

3.2.2.2 Private Sup-05: Non-Certified Applicators must have method of immediate 

Communication with Certified Private Applicator

Based on the EPA's poll of 5 states (NC, CA, IN, FL, & WY), EPA assumes that in the baseline, 

in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other, noncertified applicators applying RUPs under the 

supervision of a private applicator currently use existing cell phones to communicate with that 

supervisor. Therefore, the immediate communication requirement of Private Sup-05 is already 

being met, and there is zero incremental cost imposed by this requirement.
4 Minimum Age

4.1 Commercial Applicators

4.1.1 Certified Applicators

Step 1 - Calculate Labor Baseline Costs per Adolescent Certified Commercial Applicator

There are 31 states that currently have a minimum age requirement of 18. In those states that 

currently have no minimum age requirement, and therefore have some commercial applicators 

under 18, employers under this potential requirement would have to pay adult commercial 

applicators for the hours currently spent by adolescents working with RUPs. The difference 

between the cost of paying adult commercial applicators for this time, and the cost for 

adolescents at a lower average wage rate, is the cost of this requirement. The baseline cost per 

commercial applicator currently under 18, to employers of paying their wages while working 

with RUPs, is calculated using the national average wage rate.

Baseline Age Eligibility Requirement for Commercial Certification:

 31 states require commercial applicators to be 18 or older; 16 states require commercial 

applicators to be 16 or have no minimum age requirement

Assumptions:

 EPA assumes there are no commercial applicators under age 16 due to various 

restrictions including age requirements for driving a vehicle, requirements to attend 

school, and general liability concerns.

 The numbers of adolescent commercial applicators are estimated by in Chapter 3.3.1. 

See Table 3.3-2.

 Adolescent applicators are assumed to receive a wage rate that is 75% of their adult 

counterparts; the loaded wage rate is calculated to be $16.12 per hour. See Chapter 3.3.5.

 Commercial applicators age 16 and 17 work on average 448 hours per year as 

commercial applicators. This is estimated assuming that they work an average of 40 

hours per week for 16 weeks, with 70% of their time working with RUPs (40 x 16 x 0.7 = 

448).

Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator Under Age 18

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 16.12 448 1 7,221 

4.1.1.1 Comm Age-01: Minimum Age of 16

No impact.
4.1.1.2 Comm Age-02: Minimum Age of 18

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Current Commercial Applicator Under 

Age 18

Age Eligibility Requirement for Commercial Certification:

 Commercial applicators must be 18 or older, starting in year 3 under a final rule. 

Applicators aged 16 or 17 at the time of the final rule would keep their certification, but 

would be 18 by year 4.

Assumptions/Data:

 Employers would no longer employ adolescents as certified applicators to apply RUPs, 

but would replace that labor using commercial applicators that are 18 or older (adults).

 The amount of time that adult commercial applicators would work in place of the 

adolescent commercial applicators would be the same applicable time that the 

adolescents had previously worked applying RUPs (448 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult commercial applicators is $21.49 [insert source and year]

Table: Comm Age-02; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Current Commercial Applicator under Age 18

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 21.49 448 1 9,628 

Total

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA assumes that 0.2% of commercial applicators are age 16 and 0.3% are age 17; 90% 

of commercial applicators certified at age 16 return to work at age 17. See Chapter 3.3.1.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for commercial applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult commercial applicators for hours worked replacing a commercial applicator age 16 

or 17 that these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 At implementation (EPA assumes in Year 3), adolescents who would normally be 

certified must be replaced by adults. Adolescents already certified (age 17) may continue 

to apply RUPs). In Year 4, all adolescents would be replaced by adults.

Given the above:
RC B 

= costr,i,a

B

x (N 1st Com 16-17 + N Xst Com 16-17)

RCt=3

P 

= costr,i,a

B

x (N Xst Com 16-17) + costr,i,a

P

x (N 16-17 1st Com)

RCt>3

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 16-17 1st Com + N 16-17 Xst Com)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Age-02; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs to Employers

for Adult Commercial Applicators Replacing Adolescent Commercial Applicators

costr,i,a

B

7,221 7,221

RC B

($)

RC t=3

P

($)

RC t>3

P

($)

costr,i,a

P

9,628 9,628

Region N 1st Com 16-17 N Xst Com 17

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Arizona 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

California 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Colorado 3.5 1.3 34,659 43,083 46,212

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Florida 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Georgia 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Illinois 16.4 5.9 161,020 200,493 214,694

Indiana 5.9 2.2 58,487 72,688 77,983

Iowa 7.5 2.7 73,651 91,702 98,201

Kansas 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Kentucky 14.5 5.2 142,247 177,146 189,662

Louisiana 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Maine 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Minnesota 9.3 3.3 90,980 113,364 121,307

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Montana 1.4 0.5 13,719 17,089 18,292

Nebraska 5.5 2.0 54,155 67,393 72,206

Nevada 1.5 0.5 14,441 18,052 19,255

New Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

New Mexico 3.3 1.2 32,493 40,436 43,324

New York 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

North Carolina 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Ohio 7.0 2.5 68,596 85,444 91,461

Oklahoma 7.7 2.8 75,817 94,350 101,089
Oregon 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0.3 0.1 2,888 3,610 3,851

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

South Dakota 4.0 1.4 38,991 48,619 51,989

Tennessee 6.7 2.4 65,708 81,834 87,610

Texas 8.5 3.1 83,759 104,218 111,679

Utah 4.7 1.7 46,212 57,524 61,616

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Virginia 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Washington 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

West Virginia 1.2 0.5 12,275 15,163 16,367

Wisconsin 8.1 2.9 79,427 98,923 105,903

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 1.7 0.6 16,607 20,699 22,143

Other 1.2 0.5 12,275 15,163 16,367

Total 120 43 1,178,408 1,466,993 1,571,211

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements and one year for previously certified adolescents to reach the age 

requirement. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
 Under this provision, first-time adolescent applicators would have to be replaced by

adults the year the rule is implemented, which EPA assumes will be in Year 3 of the time 

horizon to allow states to revise their regulations. Certifications of adolescents at that 

time will not be revoked; they will be replaced by adults in Year 4 of the time horizon.

 NPV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 NPV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 NPV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 NPV IC = NPV RC P - NPV RC B

Table: Comm Age-02; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 0 0

California 0 0 0

Colorado 380 305 76

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 0 0 0

Georgia 0 0 0

Hawaii 0 0 0

Idaho 0 0 0

Illinois 1,767 1,415 352

Indiana 642 514 128

Iowa 808 647 161

Kansas 0 0 0

Kentucky 1,561 1,250 311

Louisiana 0 0 0

Maine 0 0 0

Maryland 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 0 0 0

Minnesota 999 799 199

Mississippi 0 0 0

Missouri 0 0 0

Montana 151 121 30

Nebraska 594 476 118

Nevada 159 127 32

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 357 285 71

New York 0 0 0
North Carolina 0 0 0

North Dakota 0 0 0

Ohio 753 603 150

Oklahoma 832 666 166

Oregon 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 0 0 0

Rhode Island 32 25 6

South Carolina 0 0 0

South Dakota 428 343 85

Tennessee 721 577 144

Texas 919 736 183

Utah 507 406 101

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 0 0 0

Washington 0 0 0

West Virginia 135 108 27

Wisconsin 872 698 174

Wyoming 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 182 146 36

Other 135 108 27

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of NPV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions

 NC B= the sum of NPV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of NPV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per applicable applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Com 16-17)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Age-02; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 12,932 10,354 2,579

U.S. (annualized value) 1,472 1,178 294

Per applicable applicator incremental 

cost 1.798
4.1.2 Non-certified Applicators

Step 1 - Calculate Labor Baseline Costs per Adolescent Non-certified Applicator

Four states – Iowa, Minnesota, New Hamphshire, and South Dakota – do not allow non-certified 

applicators to apply RUPs under the supervision of a commercial applicator. Six states –

Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia – have a minimum 

age requirement of 18 for non-certified applicators. In other states, which currently have no 

minimum age requirement, under this potential requirement would require commercial 

applicators to replace any adolescents working with RUPs under their supervision with adults. 

The difference between the cost of paying adult applicator for this time and the cost for 

adolescents is the cost of this requirement.

Baseline Age Eligibility Requirement for Commercial Certification:

 Ten states have a minimum age requirement for non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a commercial applicator or do not allow non-certified applicators

to apply RUPs

Assumptions:

 EPA assumes there are no pesticide applicators under age 16 due to various restrictions 

including age requirements for driving a vehicle, requirements to attend school, and 

general liability concerns.

 The numbers of adolescent non-certified applicators applying RUPs under the 

supervision of commercial applicators are estimated in Chapter 3.3.2. See Table 3.3-5.

 Adolescent applicators are assumed to receive a wage rate that is 75% of their adult 

counterparts; the loaded wage rate is calculated to be $13.76 ($13.755) per hour. See 

Chapter 3.3.5.

 Pesticide applicators age 16 and 17 work, on average, 320 hours per year applying RUPs. 

This is estimated assuming that they work an average of 40 hours per week for 16 weeks, 

with 50% of their time working with RUPs (40 x 16 x 0.5 = 320).

Baseline Cost per Non-certified Pesticide Applicator Under Age 18 Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 13.76 320 1 4,401.60

4.1.2.1 Comm Age-03: Minimum Age of 16

No impact. EPA assumes that no commercial enterprise employs pesticide applicators under the 

age of 16.

4.1.2.2 Comm Age-04: Minimum Age of 18
Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Current Non-certified Applicator Under 

Age 18 under the supervision of a Commercial Applicator

Age Eligibility Requirement:

 Non-certified pesticide applicators must be 18 or older to apply RUPs, starting in year 3 

under a final rule.

Assumptions/Data:

 Employers would no longer employ adolescents to apply RUPs, but would replace that 

labor time using pesticide applicators that are 18 or older (adults).

 The amount of time that adult commercial applicators would work in place of the 

adolescent commercial applicators would be the same applicable time that the 

adolescents had previously worked applying RUPs (320 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult commercial applicators is $18.34 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 

2013b)

Table: Comm Age-04; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-certified Applicator under Age 18 Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 18.34 320 1 5,868.60

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA assumes that 1.3% of non-certified pesticide applicators are age 16 to 17. See 

Chapter 3.3.2.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for commercially employed non-certified pesticide applicators under age 18 for hours 

spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

commercially employed adult non-certified pesticide applicators for hours worked 

replacing a commercial applicator age 16 or 17 that these adolescents currently spend 

working with RUPs.

 At implementation (EPA assumes in Year 3), adolescents who would normally apply 

RUPs under the supervision of a commercial applicator would be replaced by adults.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N Com UTS 16-17)

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x (N Com UTS 16-17)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Age-04; Step 3
Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs to Commercial 

Employers for Adult Non-certified Applicators Replacing Adolescent Non-certified 

Applicators

costr,i,a

B

4,402

RC B

($)

RC P

($)

costr,i,a

P

5,869

Jurisdiction N Com UTS <18

Alabama 117 514,987 686,650

Alaska 16 70,426 93,901

Arizona 174 765,878 1,021,171

Arkansas 93 409,349 545,798

California 958 4,216,733 5,622,310

Colorado 187 823,099 1,097,466

Connecticut 131 576,610 768,813

Delaware 71 312,514 416,685

Florida 848 3,732,557 4,976,742

Georgia 225 990,360 1,320,480

Hawaii 48 211,277 281,702

Idaho 140 616,224 821,632

Illinois 237 1,043,179 1,390,906

Indiana 345 1,518,552 2,024,736

Iowa 0 0 0

Kansas 201 884,722 1,179,629

Kentucky 363 1,597,781 2,130,374

Louisiana 115 506,184 674,912

Maine 37 162,859 217,146

Maryland 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 499 2,196,398 2,928,531

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 74 325,718 434,291

Missouri 260 1,144,416 1,525,888

Montana 48 211,277 281,702

Nebraska 299 1,316,078 1,754,771

Nevada 99 435,758 581,011

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 36 158,458 211,277

New York 688 3,028,301 4,037,734

North Carolina 663 2,918,261 3,891,014

North Dakota 174 765,878 1,021,171

Ohio 451 1,985,122 2,646,829

Oklahoma 351 1,544,962 2,059,949

Oregon 171 752,674 1,003,565

Pennsylvania 540 2,376,864 3,169,152

Rhode Island 39 171,662 228,883
South Carolina 113 497,381 663,174

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 303 1,333,685 1,778,246

Texas 717 3,155,947 4,207,930

Utah 132 581,011 774,682

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 0 0 0

Washington 559 2,460,494 3,280,659

West Virginia 0 0 0

Wisconsin 391 1,721,026 2,294,701

Wyoming 61 268,498 357,997

Puerto Rico 217 955,147 1,273,530

Other 46 202,474 269,965

Total 11,237 49,460,779 65,947,706

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs 

under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 
Table: Comm Age-04; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 5,695 4,525 1,170

Alaska 779 619 160

Arizona 8,469 6,729 1,740

Arkansas 4,527 3,597 930

California 46,628 37,049 9,579

Colorado 9,102 7,232 1,870

Connecticut 6,376 5,066 1,310

Delaware 3,456 2,746 710

Florida 41,274 32,795 8,479

Georgia 10,951 8,701 2,250

Hawaii 2,336 1,856 480

Idaho 6,814 5,414 1,400

Illinois 11,535 9,165 2,370

Indiana 16,792 13,342 3,450

Iowa 0 0 0

Kansas 9,783 7,773 2,010

Kentucky 17,668 14,038 3,630

Louisiana 5,597 4,447 1,150

Maine 1,801 1,431 370

Maryland 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 24,287 19,298 4,990

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 3,602 2,862 740

Missouri 12,655 10,055 2,600

Montana 2,336 1,856 480

Nebraska 14,553 11,563 2,990

Nevada 4,819 3,829 990

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 1,752 1,392 360

New York 33,487 26,607 6,880

North Carolina 32,270 25,640 6,630

North Dakota 8,469 6,729 1,740

Ohio 21,951 17,441 4,510

Oklahoma 17,084 13,574 3,510

Oregon 8,323 6,613 1,710

Pennsylvania 26,283 20,883 5,400

Rhode Island 1,898 1,508 390

South Carolina 5,500 4,370 1,130
South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 14,748 11,718 3,030

Texas 34,898 27,728 7,170

Utah 6,425 5,105 1,320

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 0 0 0

Washington 27,208 21,618 5,590

West Virginia 0 0 0

Wisconsin 19,031 15,121 3,910

Wyoming 2,969 2,359 610

Puerto Rico 10,562 8,392 2,170

Other 2,239 1,779 460

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Com UTS 16-17)

 7% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Age-04; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 546,930 434,568 112,362

U.S. (annualized value) 62,249 49,461 12,789

Per applicator incremental cost 1.138

4.2 Private Applicators

4.2.1 Certified Applicators

Step 1 - Calculate Labor Baseline Costs per Adolescent Certified Private Applicator

There are 16 states that currently have a minimum age requirement of 18 for certified private 

applicators. One state has a minimum age of 17 and 17 others have a minimum age of 16. 

Under this potential requirement, agricultural establishments in jurisdictions with a minimum age 
less than 18 would have to pay (either directly or by foregoing other tasks) an adult certified 

applicator for the hours currently spent by adolescents who are certified to apply RUPs. The 

difference between the cost of paying adult private applicators for this time, and the cost for 

adolescents at a lower average wage rate, is the cost of this requirement.

Baseline Age Eligibility Requirement for Commercial Certification:

 Sixteen states require commercial applicators to be 18 or older; 16 states or jurisdictions 

have no minimum age requirement

Assumptions:

 The numbers of adolescent private applicators are estimated in Chapter 3.3.3. See Table 

3.3-7. EPA estimates that most adolescent private applicators are members of the 

owner/operator’s family (or is the owner/operator), but a few adolescent private 

applicators are employed from outside the family.

 Adolescent applicators between 16 and 17 are assumed to receive a wage rate 

(opportunity cost of time) that is 60% of their adult counterparts; the loaded wage rate is 

calculated to be $31.18 per hour. Adolescent applicators under 16 receive a wage rate 

(opportunity cost of time) that is 50% of their adult counterparts; the loaded wage rate is 

calculated to be $25.98 per hour. See Chapter 3.3.5.

 Adolescent private applicators spend, on average, 56 hours per year applying RUPs. This 

is estimated assuming that an on-farm applicator makes 20 pesticide applications per 

year, averaging 4 hours per application, of which 70% are RUPs (20 x 4 x 0.7 = 56).

Baseline Cost per Private Applicator Under Age 18

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

RUP applications by 14-

15 year old certified 

private applicator

25.98 56 1 1,454.85

RUP applications by 16-

17 year old certified 

private applicator

31.18 56 1 1,745.82

4.2.1.1 Private Age-01: Minimum Age of 16

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator Under Age 16

Age Eligibility Requirement for Private Certification:

 New private applicators must be 16 or older to apply RUPs, starting in year 3 under a 

final rule. Anyone already certified may continue to apply RUPs.

Assumptions/Data:

 Certified applicators over 18 years of age would replace the labor time of certified 

adolescents under 16 years of age.
 The amount of time that adult private applicators would work in place of the adolescent 

private applicators would be the same applicable time that the adolescents had previously 

worked applying RUPs (56 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult private applicators is $51.96 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 2013b)

 Private applicators must be 16 or older, starting in year 3 under a final rule. Applicators 

aged 14 or 15 at the time of the final rule would keep their certification.

Table: Private Age-01; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator under Age 16 Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

RUP applications by

adult certified private 

applicator

51.96 56 1 2,909.70

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA estimates the number of private applicators under 16 based to the proportion of 

farms with principle operators under 25 in each state (NASS, 2014c). See Chapter 3.3.3.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for private applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult private applicators for hours worked replacing a private applicator under 16 that 

these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 At implementation (EPA assumes in Year 3), adolescents who would normally be 

certified must be replaced by adults. Adolescents already certified (age 15) may continue 

to apply RUPs). In Year 4, all adolescents under 16 would be replaced by adults.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,14-15

B

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 14-15) + costr,i,16-17

B

x (N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

RCt=3

P 

= costr,i,a

B

x (N Xst Pvt 14-15) + costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15) + 

costr,i,16-17

B

x (N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

RCt>3

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 14-15) + costr,i,16-17

B

x (N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Age-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators Replacing 

Adolescent Private Applicators under 16 years of Age

N 1st Pvt 

14-15

N Xst Pvt 

14-15

N 1st Pvt 

16-17

N Xst Pvt 

16

N Xst Pvt 17 N 1st Pvt 17 

Hired RC B

costr,i,a ($) B1,455 1,746
Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 175

Arizona 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.1 6,693

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

California 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.7 0.2 12,397

Colorado 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.1 7,333

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Georgia 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.1 4,714

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Illinois 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 3.5 0.4 16,588

Indiana 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.2 0.3 10,302

Iowa 4.7 2.6 2.4 4.0 4.1 0.5 29,828

Kansas 2.8 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 0.3 17,431

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 2.7 0.4 13,096

Louisiana 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.1 4,714

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 1,921

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2,619

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Minnesota 3.3 1.8 1.7 2.8 2.8 0.4 20,865

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Montana 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.1 6,024

Nebraska 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 3.1 0.4 14,667

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 349

New 

Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

New Mexico 1.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.2 10,767

New York 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 4,191

North Carolina 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.5 0.2 7,159

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Ohio 3.6 2.0 1.8 3.1 3.1 0.4 22,814

Oklahoma 3.4 1.9 1.8 2.9 3.0 0.4 21,854

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 2.9 0.4 13,794

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 349

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

South Dakota 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.2 12,717

Tennessee 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.2 12,717

Texas 6.3 3.5 3.2 5.3 5.3 0.7 39,576

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2,619

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 698

Virginia 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.2 0.2 5,762
Washington 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.3 0.1 5,762

West Virginia 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 2,939

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.3 0.3 11,175

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.1 1,921

Puerto Rico 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 669

Other 1.3 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.2 8,177

Total 37 20 61 31 57 8 335,375

Table: Private Age-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Potential Requirement Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators 

Replacing Adolescent Private Applicators under 16 years of Age

N 1st Pvt 14-15 N Xst Pvt 14-15 N Pvt 16-17

RCt=3

P

($)

RCt>3

P

($)

costr,i,a

B

2,910 1,746

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.1 175 175

Arizona 1.1 0.5 2.5 8,293 9,021

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

California 1.9 1.1 4.6 15,161 16,761

Colorado 1.2 0.6 2.7 9,079 9,952

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Georgia 0.0 0.0 2.7 4,714 4,714

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Illinois 0.0 0.0 9.5 16,588 16,588

Indiana 0.0 0.0 5.9 10,302 10,302

Iowa 4.7 2.6 11.0 36,665 40,448

Kansas 2.8 1.5 6.4 21,505 23,687

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 7.5 13,096 13,096

Louisiana 0.0 0.0 2.7 4,714 4,714

Maine 0.0 0.0 1.1 1,921 1,921

Maryland 0.0 0.0 1.5 2,619 2,619

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Minnesota 3.3 1.8 7.7 25,666 28,285

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Montana 1.0 0.5 2.2 7,479 8,206

Nebraska 0.0 0.0 8.4 14,667 14,667

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.2 349 349

New Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

New Mexico 1.7 0.9 4.0 13,240 14,550

New York 0.0 0.0 2.4 4,191 4,191

North Carolina 0.0 0.0 4.1 7,159 7,159
North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Ohio 3.6 2.0 8.4 28,052 30,962

Oklahoma 3.4 1.9 8.1 26,801 29,565

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 7.9 13,794 13,794

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.2 349 349

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

South Dakota 2.0 1.1 4.7 15,626 17,227

Tennessee 2.0 1.1 4.7 15,626 17,227

Texas 6.3 3.5 14.5 48,742 53,834

Utah 0.0 0.0 1.5 2,619 2,619

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.4 698 698

Virginia 0.0 0.0 3.3 5,762 5,762

Washington 0.0 0.0 3.3 5,762 5,762

West Virginia 0.4 0.3 1.1 3,521 3,958

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 6.4 11,175 11,175

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 1.1 1,921 1,921

Puerto Rico 0.1 0.0 0.3 815 815

Other 1.3 0.6 3.1 10,068 10,941

Total 37 20 156 408,914 438,012

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements and one year for previously certified adolescents to reach the age 

requirement. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 =

,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Age-01; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 2 2 0

Arizona 74 59 15

Arkansas 0 0 0

California 137 109 28

Colorado 81 64 17

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 0 0 0

Georgia 41 41 0

Hawaii 0 0 0

Idaho 0 0 0

Illinois 146 146 0

Indiana 91 91 0

Iowa 331 262 69

Kansas 194 153 41

Kentucky 115 115 0

Louisiana 41 41 0

Maine 17 17 0

Maryland 23 23 0

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 0 0 0

Minnesota 231 183 48

Mississippi 0 0 0

Missouri 0 0 0

Montana 67 53 14

Nebraska 129 129 0

Nevada 3 3 0

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 119 95 25

New York 37 37 0
North Carolina 63 63 0

North Dakota 0 0 0

Ohio 253 200 53

Oklahoma 242 192 50

Oregon 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 121 121 0

Rhode Island 3 3 0

South Carolina 0 0 0

South Dakota 141 112 29

Tennessee 141 112 29

Texas 440 348 92

Utah 23 23 0

Vermont 6 6 0

Virginia 51 51 0

Washington 51 51 0

West Virginia 32 26 7

Wisconsin 98 98 0

Wyoming 17 17 0

Puerto Rico 7 6 1

Other 90 72 18

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Pvt 14-15)

 7% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Age-01; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 3,658 3,122 536

U.S. (annualized value) 416 355 61

Per applicator incremental cost 0.410
4.2.1.2 Private Age-02: Minimum Age of 18

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator Under Age 18

Age Eligibility Requirement for Private Certification:

 New private applicators must be 18 or older to apply RUPs, starting in year 3 under a 

final rule. Anyone already certified may continue to apply RUPs.

Assumptions/Data:

 Certified applicators over 18 years of age would replace the labor time of certified 

adolescents under 18 years of age.

 The amount of time that adult private applicators would work in place of the adolescent 

private applicators would be the same applicable time that the adolescents had previously 

worked applying RUPs (56 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult private applicators is $51.96 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 2013b)

 Private applicators must be 16 or older, starting in year 3 under a final rule. Applicators 

aged 14 or 15 at the time of the final rule would keep their certification.

Table: Private Age-02; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator under Age 18 Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

RUP applications by

adult certified private 

applicator

51.96 56 1 2,909.70

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA estimates the number of private applicators under 18 based to the proportion of 

farms with principle operators under 25 in each state (NASS, 2014c). See Chapter 3.3.3.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for private applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult private applicators for hours worked replacing a private applicator under 18 that 

these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 At implementation (EPA assumes in Year 3), adolescents who would normally be 

certified must be replaced by adults. Adolescents already certified (ages 15-17) may

continue to apply RUPs). In Year 4, all adolescents under 16 would be replaced by

adults. In Year 5, all adolescents under 17 would be replaced by adults and by Year 6, all 

private certified applicators will be at least 18 years of age.

Given the above:
RC B 

= costr,i,14-15

B

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 14-15) + costr,i,16-17

B

x (N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

RCt=3

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt 16-17) + costr,i,a

B

x (N Xst Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

RCt=4

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 14-15) + costr,i,16-17

B

x (N Xst Pvt 16-17)

RCt=5

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 14-16) + costr,i,16-17

B

x (N Xst Pvt 17)

RCt>5

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Age-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators Replacing 

Adolescent Private Applicators under 18 years of Age

N 1st Pvt 

14-15

N Xst Pvt 

14-15

N 1st Pvt 

16-17

N Xst Pvt 

16

N Xst Pvt 17 N 1st Pvt 17 

Hired

RC B

($)

costr,i,a

B

1,455 1,746

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 175

Arizona 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.1 6,693

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

California 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.7 0.2 12,397

Colorado 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.1 7,333

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Georgia 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.1 4,714

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Illinois 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 3.5 0.4 16,588

Indiana 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.2 0.3 10,302

Iowa 4.7 2.6 2.4 4.0 4.1 0.5 29,828

Kansas 2.8 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 0.3 17,431

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 2.7 0.4 13,096

Louisiana 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.1 4,714

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 1,921

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2,619

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Minnesota 3.3 1.8 1.7 2.8 2.8 0.4 20,865

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Montana 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.1 6,024

Nebraska 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 3.1 0.4 14,667

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 349

New 

Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

New Mexico 1.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.2 10,767

New York 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 4,191
North Carolina 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.5 0.2 7,159

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Ohio 3.6 2.0 1.8 3.1 3.1 0.4 22,814

Oklahoma 3.4 1.9 1.8 2.9 3.0 0.4 21,854

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 2.9 0.4 13,794

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 349

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

South Dakota 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.2 12,717

Tennessee 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.2 12,717

Texas 6.3 3.5 3.2 5.3 5.3 0.7 39,576

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2,619

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 698

Virginia 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.2 0.2 5,762

Washington 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.3 0.1 5,762

West Virginia 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 2,939

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.3 0.3 11,175

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.1 1,921

Puerto Rico 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 669

Other 1.3 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.2 8,177

Total 37 20 61 31 57 8 335,375

Table: Private Age-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Potential Requirement Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators 

Replacing Adolescent Private Applicators under 18 years of Age, Years 3 and 4

N 1st Pvt 

14-15

N Xst Pvt 

14-15

N 1st Pvt 

16-17

N Xst Pvt 

16-17

RCt=3

P

($)

RCt=4

P

($)

costr,i,a

B

2,910 1,455/2,910 2,910 1,746

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 291 291

Arizona 1.1 0.5 0.7 1.8 9,108 9,835

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

California 1.9 1.1 1.3 3.3 16,674 18,274

Colorado 1.2 0.6 0.7 2.0 9,894 10,767

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Georgia 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.0 6,693 6,693

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Illinois 0.0 0.0 6.0 3.5 23,570 23,570

Indiana 0.0 0.0 3.7 2.2 14,607 14,607

Iowa 4.7 2.6 2.9 8.1 40,040 43,823

Kansas 2.8 1.5 1.8 4.6 23,599 25,782

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 4.8 2.7 18,681 18,681

Louisiana 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.0 6,693 6,693
Maine 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 2,619 2,619

Maryland 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 3,783 3,783

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Minnesota 3.3 1.8 2.1 5.6 28,110 30,728

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Montana 1.0 0.5 0.6 1.6 8,177 8904

Nebraska 0.0 0.0 5.3 3.1 20,835 20,835

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 466 466

New 

Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

New Mexico 1.7 0.9 1.2 2.8 14,637 15,946

New York 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 6,983 6,983

North 

Carolina 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.5 10,184 10,184

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Ohio 3.6 2.0 2.2 6.2 30,612 33,522

Oklahoma 3.4 1.9 2.2 5.9 29,361 32,125

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.9 19,612 19,612

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 466 466

South 

Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

South Dakota 2.0 1.1 1.3 3.4 17,139 18,740

Tennessee 2.0 1.1 1.3 3.4 17,139 18,740

Texas 6.3 3.5 3.9 10.6 53,280 58,372

Utah 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 3,783 3,783

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 931 931

Virginia 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.2 8,206 8,206

Washington 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.3 8,089 8,089

West Virginia 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.9 3,754 4,190

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 4.1 2.3 15,946 15,946

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 2,735 2,735

Puerto Rico 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 931 931

Other 1.3 0.6 0.9 2.2 11,116 11,989

Total 37 20 69 88 488,743 517,841

Table: Private Age-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Potential Requirement Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators 

Replacing Adolescent Private Applicators under 18 years of Age, Years 5 and over

N Pvt 14-15 N 1st Pvt 16-17

N Xst Pvt 16

N Xst Pvt 17

RCt=5

P

($)

RCt>5

P

($)

costr,i,a

B

2,910 1,746

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.1 0.0 291 291
Arizona 1.6 1.6 0.9 10,883 11,930

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.000

California 3.0 2.9 1.7 20,136 22,114

Colorado 1.8 1.7 1.0 11,930 13.094

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.000

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.000

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.000

Georgia 0.0 1.7 1.0 6,693 7,856

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.000

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.000

Illinois 0.0 6.0 3.5 23,570 27,643

Indiana 0.0 3.7 2.2 14,607 17,168

Iowa 7.3 6.9 4.1 48,478 53,249

Kansas 4.3 4.1 2.3 28,458 31,134

Kentucky 0.0 4.8 2.7 18,681 21,823

Louisiana 0.0 1.7 1.0 6,693 7,856

Maine 0.0 0.6 0.5 2,619 3,201

Maryland 0.0 1.0 0.5 3,783 4,365

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.000

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.000

Minnesota 5.1 4.9 2.8 33,987 37,245

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.000

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.000

Montana 1.5 1.4 0.8 9,835 10,766

Nebraska 0.0 5.3 3.1 20,835 24,442

Nevada 0.0 0.1 0.1 466 582

New 

Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.000

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.000

New Mexico 2.6 2.6 1.4 17,575 19,204

New York 0.0 2.4 0.0 6,983 6,983

North Carolina 0.0 2.6 1.5 10,184 11,930

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.000

Ohio 5.6 5.3 3.1 37,129 40,737

Oklahoma 5.3 5.1 3.0 35,500 38.991

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.000

Pennsylvania 0.0 5.0 2.9 19,612 22,987

Rhode Island 0.0 0.1 0.1 466 582

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.000

South Dakota 3.1 3.0 1.7 20,178 22,696

Tennessee 3.1 3.0 1.7 20,178 22,696

Texas 9.8 9.2 5.3 64,540 70,707

Utah 0.0 1.0 0.5 3,783 4,365

Vermont 0.0 0.2 0.2 931 1,164

Virginia 0.0 2.1 1.2 8,206 9,602

Washington 0.0 2.0 1.3 8,089 9,602

West Virginia 0.7 0.6 0.5 4,656 5,238

Wisconsin 0.0 4.1 2.3 15,946 18,622

Wyoming 0.0 0.7 0.4 2,735 3,201
Puerto Rico 0.1 0.2 0.1 1,048 1,164

Other 1.9 2.0 1.1 13,269 14,549

Total 57 100 57 554,031 619,779

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements and three years for previously certified adolescents to reach the age 

requirement. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 =

,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 +

,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)







=

,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 0.92 + ,





∙ 0.89 + ,





∙ 4.07

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Under this provision, first-time adolescent applicators would have to be replaced by

adults the year the rule is implemented, which EPA assumes will be in Year 3 of the time 

horizon to allow states to revise their regulations. Certifications of adolescents at that 

time will not be revoked; they will be replaced by adults in Years 4-6 of the time horizon.

 NPV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 NPV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 NPV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 NPV IC = NPV RC P - NPV RC B
Table: Private Age-02; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 2 2 1

Arizona 89 59 30

Arkansas 0 0 0

California 165 109 56

Colorado 98 64 33

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 0 0 0

Georgia 60 41 18

Hawaii 0 0 0

Idaho 0 0 0

Illinois 210 146 64

Indiana 130 91 40

Iowa 396 262 134

Kansas 232 153 79

Kentucky 166 115 51

Louisiana 60 41 18

Maine 24 17 7

Maryland 33 23 10

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 0 0 0

Minnesota 277 183 94

Mississippi 0 0 0

Missouri 0 0 0

Montana 80 53 27

Nebraska 186 129 57

Nevada 4 3 1

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 143 95 49

New York 56 37 19

North Carolina 91 63 28

North Dakota 0 0 0

Ohio 303 200 103

Oklahoma 290 192 98

Oregon 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 175 121 53

Rhode Island 4 3 1

South Carolina 0 0 0
South Dakota 169 112 57

Tennessee 169 112 57

Texas 527 348 179

Utah 33 23 10

Vermont 9 6 3

Virginia 73 51 22

Washington 73 51 22

West Virginia 39 26 13

Wisconsin 142 98 43

Wyoming 24 17 7

Puerto Rico 9 6 3

Other 109 72 37

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of NPV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions

 NC B= the sum of NPV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of NPV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per applicable applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Pvt 14-17)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Age-02; Employers of Commercial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 4,649 3,122 1,527

U.S. (annualized value) 529 355 174

Per applicable applicator incremental cost 1.168

4.2.1.3 Private Age-03: Minimum Age of 18; Minimum Age of 16 for Family Members

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator Under Age 18; 16 for 

Family Members

Age Eligibility Requirement for Private Certification:

 New private applicators must be 18 or older to apply RUPs, unless a member of the 

family operating the farm, starting in year 3 under a final rule. Anyone already certified 

may continue to apply RUPs.
Assumptions/Data:

 Certified applicators over 18 years of age would replace the labor time of certified 

adolescents under 18 (16) years of age.

 The amount of time that adult private applicators would work in place of the adolescent 

private applicators would be the same applicable time that the adolescents had previously 

worked applying RUPs (56 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult private applicators is $51.96 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 2013b)

 Private applicators must be 16 or older, starting in year 3 under a final rule. Applicators 

aged 14 or 15 at the time of the final rule would keep their certification.

Table: Private Age-03; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Private Applicator under Age 18 (16 Family) Applying 

RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

RUP applications by

adult certified private 

applicator

51.96 56 1 2,909.70

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA estimates the number of private applicators under 18, who are members of the 

family, based to the proportion of farms with principle operators under 25 in each state 

(NASS, 2014c). Hired private applicators under 18 are assumed to number 25% of the 

number of family members obtaining certification at age 17. See Chapter 3.3.3.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for private applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult private applicators for hours worked replacing a private applicator under 18 that 

these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 At implementation (EPA assumes in Year 3), adolescents who would normally be 

certified must be replaced by adults. Adolescents already certified (ages 15-17) may

continue to apply RUPs). In Year 4, all adolescents under 16 would be replaced by

adults. In Year 5, all adolescents under 17 would be replaced by adults and by Year 6, all 

private certified applicators will be at least 18 years of age.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,14-15

B

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 14-15) + costr,i,16-17

B

x

(N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17 + N 1st Pvt Hired 17)

RCt=3

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt Hired 17) + costr,i,a

B

x 

(N Xst Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)

RCt>3

P 

= costr,i,a

P

x (N 1st Pvt 14-15 + N Xst Pvt 14-15 + N 1st Pvt Hired 17) + costr,i,16-17

B

x 

(N 1st Pvt 16-17 + N Xst Pvt 16-17)
Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Age-03; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators Replacing 

Adolescent Private Applicators under 18 (16 Family) Years of Age

N 1st Pvt 

14-15

N Xst Pvt 

14-15

N 1st Pvt 

16-17

N Xst Pvt 

16

N Xst Pvt 17 N 1st Pvt 17 

Hired

RC B

($)

costr,i,a

B

1,455 1,746

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 175

Arizona 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.1 6,693

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

California 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.7 0.2 12,397

Colorado 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.1 7,333

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Georgia 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.1 4,714

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Illinois 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 3.5 0.4 16,588

Indiana 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.2 0.3 10,302

Iowa 4.7 2.6 2.4 4.0 4.1 0.5 29,828

Kansas 2.8 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 0.3 17,431

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 2.7 0.4 13,096

Louisiana 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.1 4,714

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 1,921

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2,619

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Minnesota 3.3 1.8 1.7 2.8 2.8 0.4 20,865

Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Montana 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.1 6,024

Nebraska 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 3.1 0.4 14,667

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 349

New 

Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

New Mexico 1.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.2 10,767

New York 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 4,191

North Carolina 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.5 0.2 7,159

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Ohio 3.6 2.0 1.8 3.1 3.1 0.4 22,814

Oklahoma 3.4 1.9 1.8 2.9 3.0 0.4 21,854

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 2.9 0.4 13,794

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 349

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

South Dakota 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.2 12,717

Tennessee 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.2 12,717

Texas 6.3 3.5 3.2 5.3 5.3 0.7 39,576

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2,619

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 698

Virginia 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.2 0.2 5,762

Washington 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.3 0.1 5,762

West Virginia 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 2,939

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.3 0.3 11,175

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.1 1,921

Puerto Rico 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 669

Other 1.3 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.2 8,177

Total 37 20 61 31 57 8 335,375

Table: Private Age-03; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Potential Requirement Labor Costs for Adult Private Applicators 

Replacing Adolescent Private Applicators under 18 (16 Family) years of Age, Years 3 and 

over

N 1st Pvt 

14-15

N 1st Pvt 17 

Hired

N Xst Pvt 

14-15

N Pvt 

16-17

RCt=3

P

($)

RCt>3

P

($)

costr,i,a

B

2,910 2,910 1,455/2,910 1,746

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 175 175

Arizona 1.1 0.1 0.5 2.4 8,410 9,137

Arkansas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

California 1.9 0.2 1.1 4.4 15,394 16,994

Colorado 1.2 0.1 0.6 2.6 9,195 10,068

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Florida 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Georgia 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.6 4,831 4,831

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Illinois 0.0 0.4 0.0 9.1 17,053 17,053

Indiana 0.0 0.3 0.0 5.6 10,651 10,651

Iowa 4.7 0.5 2.6 10.5 37,247 41,030

Kansas 2.8 0.3 1.5 6.1 21,854 24,036

Kentucky 0.0 0.4 0.0 7.1 13,561 13,561

Louisiana 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.6 4,831 4,831

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1,921 1,921

Maryland 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.4 2,735 2,735

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Minnesota 3.3 0.4 1.8 7.3 26,131 28,750
Mississippi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Missouri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Montana 1.0 0.1 0.5 2.1 7,595 8,322

Nebraska 0.0 0.4 0.0 8.0 15,133 15,133

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 349 349

New 

Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

New Mexico 1.7 0.2 0.9 3.8 13,473 14,782

New York 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.9 4,772 4,772

North 

Carolina 0.0 0.2 0.0 3.9 7,392 7,392

North Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Ohio 3.6 0.4 2.0 8.0 28,517 31,427

Oklahoma 3.4 0.4 1.9 7.7 27,266 30,030

Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.4 0.0 7.5 14,260 14,260

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 349 349

South 

Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

South Dakota 2.0 0.2 1.1 4.5 15,859 17,460

Tennessee 2.0 0.2 1.1 4.5 15,859 17,460

Texas 6.3 0.7 3.5 13.8 49,556 54,648

Utah 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.4 2,735 2,735

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 698 698

Virginia 0.0 0.2 0.0 3.1 5,995 5,995

Washington 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.2 5,878 5,878

West Virginia 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.1 3,521 3,958

Wisconsin 0.0 0.3 0.0 6.1 11,524 11,524

Wyoming 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 2,037 2,037

Puerto Rico 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 815 815

Other 1.3 0.2 0.6 2.9 10,301 11,174

Total 37 8 20 149 417,875 446,972

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79
EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements and one year for previously certified adolescents to reach the age 

requirement. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs under the 

proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 =

,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙

1

(1 + 0.03)

 + ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 0.94 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Regional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Under this provision, first-time adolescent applicators would have to be replaced by

adults the year the rule is implemented, which EPA assumes will be in Year 3 of the time 

horizon to allow states to revise their regulations. Certifications of adolescents at that 

time will not be revoked; they will be replaced by adults in Years 4-6 of the time horizon.

 NPV RC P = Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 NPV RC B = Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 NPV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 NPV IC = NPV RC P - NPV RC B

Table: Private Age-03; Steps 4 & 5;

Regional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 2 2 0

Arizona 75 59 16

Arkansas 0 0 0

California 139 109 30

Colorado 82 64 18

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 0 0 0

Georgia 42 41 1

Hawaii 0 0 0

Idaho 0 0 0

Illinois 149 146 3

Indiana 93 91 2

Iowa 335 262 73

Kansas 196 153 43

Kentucky 118 115 3
Louisiana 42 41 1

Maine 17 17 0

Maryland 24 23 1

Massachusetts 0 0 0

Michigan 0 0 0

Minnesota 235 183 51

Mississippi 0 0 0

Missouri 0 0 0

Montana 68 53 15

Nebraska 132 129 3

Nevada 3 3 0

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 121 95 26

New York 41 37 4

North Carolina 64 63 2

North Dakota 0 0 0

Ohio 256 200 56

Oklahoma 245 192 53

Oregon 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 124 121 3

Rhode Island 3 3 0

South Carolina 0 0 0

South Dakota 143 112 31

Tennessee 143 112 31

Texas 446 348 98

Utah 24 23 1

Vermont 6 6 0

Virginia 52 51 2

Washington 51 51 1

West Virginia 32 26 7

Wisconsin 101 98 2

Wyoming 18 17 1

Puerto Rico 7 6 1

Other 91 72 20

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of NPV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions

 NC B= the sum of NPV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 
 NIC = the sum of NPV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per applicable applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Pvt Fam 14-15

+ N Pvt Hired 14-17)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Age-03; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 3,719 3,122 597

U.S. (annualized value) 423 355 68

Per applicable applicator incremental 

cost 0.457

4.2.2 Non-certified Applicators

Step 1 - Calculate Labor Baseline Costs per Adolescent Non-certified Applicator under the 

supervision of a Private Applicator

Three states – Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota – do not allow non-certified applicators to 

apply RUPs under the supervision of private applicators. Three states – Alaska, Nebrask, and 

Vermont – have a minimum age requirement of 16 for non-certified applicators and four states –

Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, and New Jersey – have a minimum age requirement of 18 for 

non-certified applicators. In other states, which currently have no minimum age requirement, 

under this potential requirement would require commercial applicators to replace any adolescents 

working with RUPs under their supervision with adults. The difference between the cost of 

paying adult applicator for this time and the cost for adolescents is the cost of this requirement.

Baseline Age Eligibility Requirement for Commercial Certification:

 Ten states have a minimum age requirement for non-certified applicators applying RUPs 

under the supervision of a commercial applicator or do not allow non-certified applicators

to apply RUPs

Assumptions:

 The numbers of adolescent non-certified applicators applying RUPs under the 

supervision of private applicators are estimated in Chapter 3.3.4. See Table 3.3-10.

 Adolescent applicators under 16 are assumed to receive a wage rate that is 50% of their 

adult counterparts and the loaded wage rate is calculated to be $10.75 per hour; for those 

16-17 years old, the wage rate is assumed to be 60% of the adult wage or $12.89 per 

hour. See Chapter 3.3.5.

 Pesticide applicators under 18 work, on average, 56 hours per year applying RUPs as 

with certified adolescent applicators
Baseline Cost per Non-certified Pesticide Applicator Under Age 18 Applying RUPs under 

the Supervision of a Private Applicator

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

RUP applications by 14-

15 year old certified 

private applicator

10.75 56 1 601.72

RUP applications by 16-

17 year old certified 

private applicator

12.89 56 1 722.06

4.2.2.1 Private Age-04: Minimum Age of 16

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Current Non-certified Applicator Under 

Age 16 under the supervision of a Private Applicator

Age Eligibility Requirement:

 Non-certified pesticide applicators must be 16 or older to apply RUPs, starting in year 3 

under a final rule.

Assumptions/Data:

 Labor time adolescents under 16 spend to apply RUPs would be replaced by labor time 

using pesticide applicators that are 18 or older (adults).

 The amount of time that adult commercial applicators would work in place of the 

adolescent pesticide applicators would be the same applicable time that the adolescents 

had previously worked applying RUPs (56 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult commercial applicators is $21.49 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 

2013b)

Table: Private Age-04; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-certified Applicator under Age 16 Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 12.89 56 1 722

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA estimates the number of pesticide applicators under 18 based on the proportion of 

farms with second and third operators under 25 in each state (NASS, 2014c). See 

Chapter 3.3.3.
 The baseline regional cost (RC B

) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for private applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult private applicators for hours worked replacing a private applicator under 18 that 

these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 EPA assumes the rule is implemented in Year 3, after states have revised regulations in 

keeping with the proposal.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N Pvt UTS 14-15)

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x (N Pvt UTS 14-15)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Age-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Adult Non-certified 

Applicators to Replace Non-certified Applicators under 16 Years of Age

N Pvt UTS 14-15 N Pvt UTS Hired 

16-17

N Pvt UTS Family 

16-17

RC B

($)

RC P

($)

costr,i,a

B

602 722 722

costr,i,a

P

722 722 722

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska

0.0 0.2 0.2

289 289

Arizona

7.4 10.2 0.8

12,395 13,282

Arkansas

29.2 15.8 85.7

90,845 94,344

California

32.0 18.2 91.0

98,089 101,924

Colorado

11.4 10.3 19.6

28,446 29,812

Connecticut

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Delaware

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Florida

12.1 14.1 10.0

24,681 26,131

Georgia

24.4 11.6 76.8

78,499 81,424

Hawaii

0.8 1.1 0.7

1,781 1,877

Idaho

9.5 8.9 15.2

23,115 24,254

Illinois

31.6 16.3 95.1

99,436 103,223

Indiana

29.0 23.3 59.0

76,865 80,341

Iowa

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Kansas

23.8 14.5 64.0

70,992 73,844

Kentucky

21.4 24.0 20.6

45,077 47,641
Louisiana

9.9 7.0 23.3

27,832 29,018

Maine

2.1 2.4 2.4

4,729 4,981

Maryland

6.8 5.4 14.3

18,314 19,129

Massachusetts

2.8 3.4 2.4

5,872 6,208

Michigan

18.5 18.0 27.5

43,981 46,198

Minnesota

0.0 0.0 0.0

00

Mississippi

13.4 9.3 32.9

38,528 40,134

Missouri

32.7 30.9 50.9

78,732 82,651

Montana

10.6 6.7 28.2

31,573 32,844

Nebraska

0.0 12.6 146.0

114,484 114,484

Nevada

1.2 1.4 1.1

2,527 2,671

New 

Hampshire 1.6 2.3 0.7

3,129 3,320

New Jersey

0.0 0.0 0.0

00

New Mexico

6.5 7.8 4.8

13,008 13,787

New York

16.7 15.6 26.4

40,371 42,372

North Carolina

24.5 13.8 70.0

75,239 78,175

North Dakota

21.3 7.3 76.8

73,529 76,082

Ohio

35.8 33.3 57.5

87,095 91,385

Oklahoma

23.2 24.7 27.3

51,502 54,282

Oregon

10.7 11.4 12.7

23,838 25,120

Pennsylvania

37.8 33.8 65.6

94,506 99,036

Rhode Island 

0.6 0.7 0.3

1,083 1,155

South Carolina

8.1 7.0 14.9

20,684 21,655

South Dakota 

0.0 0.0 0.0

00

Tennessee

18.8 21.7 16.4

38,820 41,073

Texas

57.4 58.9 73.1

129,838 136,716

Utah

5.5 6.8 3.4

10,674 11,333

Vermont

0.0 2.3 1.7

2,887 2,887

Virginia

13.2 14.7 12.7

27,725 29,307

Washington

18.0 10.1 51.9

55,590 57,747
West Virginia

5.3 7.1 1.3

9,254 9,889

Wisconsin

31.0 26.6 57.9

79,657 83,373

Wyoming

5.9 3.0 18.3

18,927 19,634

Puerto Rico 14.3 1.4 63.2 55,239 56,953

Other 6.2 8.6 0.9 10,590 11,333

Total 693 585 1,526 1,940,268 2,023,318

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs 

under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Age-04; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RCP

PV RCBPV IC

($1,000) ($1,000) ($1,000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 3 3 0
Arizona 117 109

8

Arkansas 829 798 31

California 896 862 34

Colorado 262 250 12

Connecticut000

Delaware 000

Florida 230 217 13

Georgia 715 690 26

Hawaii 16 161

Idaho 213 203 10

Illinois 907 874 33

Indiana 706 675 31

Iowa000

Kansas 649 624 25

Kentucky 419 396 23

Louisiana 255 245 10

Maine 44 422

Maryland 168 1617

Massachusetts 55 523

Michigan 406 386 19

Minnesota000

Mississippi 353 339 14

Missouri 726 692 34

Montana 289 277 11

Nebraska 1,006 1,0060

Nevada 23 221

New Hampshire 29 272

New Jersey000

New Mexico 121 1147

New York 372 355 18

North Carolina 687 661 26

North Dakota 668 646 22

Ohio 803 765 38

Oklahoma 477 453 24

Oregon 221 209 11

Pennsylvania 870 830 40

Rhode Island 10 101

South Carolina 190 1829

South Dakota 000
Tennessee 361 341 20

Texas 1,201 1,141 60

Utah 100 94 6

Vermont 25 25 0

Virginia 257 244 14

Washington 507 488 19

West Virginia 87 81 6

Wisconsin 733 700 33

Wyoming 173 166 6

Puerto Rico 500 485 15

Other 100 93 7

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of NPV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions

 NC B= the sum of NPV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of NPV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per applicable applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Pvt UTS 14-

15)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Age-04; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 17,777 17,047 730

U.S. (annualized value) 2,023 1,940 83

Per applicable applicator incremental 

cost 0.030

4.2.2.2 Private Age-05: Minimum Age of 18

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Current Non-certified Applicator Under 

Age 18 under the supervision of a Private Applicator

Age Eligibility Requirement:
 Non-certified pesticide applicators must be 18 or older to apply RUPs, starting in year 3 

under a final rule.

Assumptions/Data:

 Labor time adolescents under 18 spend to apply RUPs would be replaced by labor time 

using pesticide applicators that are 18 or older (adults).

 The amount of time that adult commercial applicators would work in place of the 

adolescent pesticide applicators would be the same applicable time that the adolescents 

had previously worked applying RUPs (56 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult commercial applicators is $21.49 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 

2013b)

Table: Private Age-05; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-certified Applicator under Age 18 Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 21.49 56 1 1,203.44

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.

 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA estimates the number of pesticide applicators under 18 based on the proportion of 

farms with second and third operators under 25 in each state (NASS, 2014c). See 

Chapter 3.3.3.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for private applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult private applicators for hours worked replacing a private applicator under 18 that 

these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 EPA assumes the rule is implemented in Year 3, after states have revised regulations in 

keeping with the proposal.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N Pvt UTS 14-15)

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x (N Pvt UTS 14-15)

Values are presented in the table below.
Table: Private Age-05; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Adult Non-certified 

Applicators to Replace Non-certified Applicators under 18 Years of Age

N Pvt UTS 14-

15

N Pvt UTS Hired 

16-17

N Pvt UTS Family 

16-17

RC B

($)

RC P

($)

costr,i,a

B

602 722 722

costr,i,a

P

1,203 1,203 1,203

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska

0.0 0.2 0.2

289 

481

Arizona 7.4 10.2 0.8 12,395 22,143

Arkansas

29.2 15.8 85.7

90,845 

157,290

California

32.0 18.2 91.0

98,089 

169,926

Colorado

11.4 10.3 19.6

28,446 

49,702

Connecticut

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 

0

Delaware

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 

0

Florida

12.1 14.1 10.0

24,681 

43,565

Georgia

24.4 11.6 76.8

78,499 

135,748

Hawaii

0.8 1.1 0.7

1,781 

3,129

Idaho

9.5 8.9 15.2

23,115 

40,436

Illinois

31.6 16.3 95.1

99,436 

172,092

Indiana

29.0 23.3 59.0

76,865 

133,943

Iowa

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 

0

Kansas

23.8 14.5 64.0

70,992 

123,112

Kentucky

21.4 24.0 20.6

45,077 

79,427

Louisiana

9.9 7.0 23.3

27,832 

48,378

Maine

2.1 2.4 2.4

4,729 

8,304

Maryland

6.8 5.4 14.3

18,314 

31,891

Massachusetts

2.8 3.4 2.4

5,872 

10,350

Michigan

18.5 18.0 27.5

43,981 

77,020

Minnesota

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 

0

Mississippi

13.4 9.3 32.9

38,528 

66,911

Missouri

32.7 30.9 50.9

78,732 

137,794

Montana

10.6 6.7 28.2

31,573 

54,757
Nebraska

0.0 12.6 146.0

114,484 

190,866

Nevada

1.2 1.4 1.1

2,527 

4,453

New Hampshire

1.6 2.3 0.7

3,129 

5,536

New Jersey

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 

0

New Mexico

6.5 7.8 4.8

13,008 

22,986

New York

16.7 15.6 26.4

40,371 

70,642

North Carolina

24.5 13.8 70.0

75,239 

130,333

North Dakota

21.3 7.3 76.8

73,529 

126,843

Ohio

35.8 33.3 57.5

87,095 

152,356

Oklahoma

23.2 24.7 27.3

51,502 

90,499

Oregon

10.7 11.4 12.7

23,838 

41,880

Pennsylvania

37.8 33.8 65.6

94,506 

165,112

Rhode Island 

0.6 0.7 0.3

1,083 

1,926

South Carolina

8.1 7.0 14.9

20,684 

36,103

South Dakota 

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 

0

Tennessee

18.8 21.7 16.4

38,820 

68,476

Texas

57.4 58.9 73.1

129,838 

227,932

Utah

5.5 6.8 3.4

10,674 

18,894

Vermont

0.0 2.3 1.7

2,887 

4,814

Virginia

13.2 14.7 12.7

27,725 

48,860

Washington

18.0 10.1 51.9

55,590 

96,275

West Virginia

5.3 7.1 1.3

9,254 

16,487

Wisconsin

31.0 26.6 57.9

79,657 

138,997

Wyoming

5.9 3.0 18.3

18,927 

32,734

Puerto Rico 14.3 1.4 63.2 55,239 94,951

Other 6.2 8.6 0.9 10,590 18,894

Total 693 585 1,526 1,940,268 3,373,242

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs 

under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Age-05; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Region PV RC P

($1000)

PV RC B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 4 3 1

Arizona 175 109 66

Arkansas 1,251 798 453

California 1,351 862 490

Colorado 395 250 145

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 346 217 129

Georgia 1,080 690 390

Hawaii 25 16 9

Idaho 321 203 118

Illinois 1,369 874 495

Indiana 1,064 675 389

Iowa 0 0 0

Kansas 979 624 355

Kentucky 630 396 234
Louisiana 385 245 140

Maine 66 42 24

Maryland 253 161 93

Massachusetts 82 52 31

Michigan 612 386 225

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 532 339 193

Missouri 1,094 692 403

Montana 435 277 158

Nebraska 1,526 1,006 521

Nevada 35 22 13

New Hampshire 44 27 16

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 182 114 68

New York 561 355 206

North Carolina 1,037 661 375

North Dakota 1,009 646 363

Ohio 1,210 765 445

Oklahoma 718 453 266

Oregon 332 209 123

Pennsylvania 1,312 830 481

Rhode Island 15 10 6

South Carolina 287 182 105

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 543 341 202

Texas 1,809 1,141 669

Utah 150 94 56

Vermont 38 25 13

Virginia 388 244 144

Washington 766 488 277

West Virginia 131 81 49

Wisconsin 1,104 700 404

Wyoming 260 166 94

Puerto Rico 756 485 271

Other 150 93 57

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of NPV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions

 NC B= the sum of NPV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 
 NIC = the sum of NPV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per applicable applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Pvt UTS 14-

17)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Age-05; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 26,813 17,047 9,766

U.S. (annualized value) 3,052 1,940 1,112

Per applicable applicator incremental 

cost 0.397

4.2.2.3 Private Age-06: Minimum Age of 18; Minimum Age of 16 for Family Members

Step 2 - Calculate Costs of Potential Requirement per Current Non-certified Applicator Under 

Age 18 under the supervision of a Private Applicator

Age Eligibility Requirement:

 Non-certified pesticide applicators must be 18 (16 if family member of farm operator) or 

older to apply RUPs, starting in year 3 under a final rule.

Assumptions/Data:

 Labor time adolescents under 18 (16) spend to apply RUPs would be replaced by labor 

time using pesticide applicators that are 18 or older (adults).

 The amount of time that adult commercial applicators would work in place of the 

adolescent pesticide applicators would be the same applicable time that the adolescents 

had previously worked applying RUPs (56 hours per year).

 The wage rate for adult commercial applicators is $21.49 per hour (BLS, 2013a and 

2013b)

Table: Private Age-06; Step 2

Cost of Potential Requirement per Non-certified Applicator under Age 18 (16 if Family 

Member) Applying RUPs

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per commercial <18, per year)

Cost

($)

Labor 21.49 56 1 1,203.44

Step 3 – Estimate Regional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline labor cost (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1.
 The labor cost under the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is shown in Step 2.

 EPA estimates the number of pesticide applicators under 18 based on the proportion of 

farms with second and third operators under 25 in each state (NASS, 2014c). See 

Chapter 3.3.3.

 The baseline regional cost (RC B) is the total annual regional cost of wages currently paid 

for private applicators under age 18 for hours spent working with RUPs.

 The regional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual regional cost for 

adult private applicators for hours worked replacing a private applicator under 18 that 

these adolescents currently spend working with RUPs.

 EPA assumes the rule is implemented in Year 3, after states have revised regulations in 

keeping with the proposal.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x (N Pvt UTS 14-15)

RC P = costr,i,a

P

x (N Pvt UTS 14-15)

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Age-06; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Adult Non-certified 

Applicators to Replace Non-certified Applicators under 18 (16) Years of Age

N Pvt UTS 14-15 N Pvt UTS Hired 

16-17

N Pvt UTS Family 

16-17

RC B

($)

RC P

($)

costr,i,a

B

602 722 722

costr,i,a

P

1,203 1,203 722

Region

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Alaska

0.0 0.2 0.2

289 385

Arizona

7.4 10.2 0.8

12,395 13,667

Arkansas

29.2 15.8 85.7

90,845 135,618

California

32.0 18.2 91.0

98,089 145,749

Colorado

11.4 10.3 19.6

28,446 39,251

Connecticut

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Delaware

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Florida

12.1 14.1 10.0

24,681 30,947

Georgia

24.4 11.6 76.8

78,499 118,410

Hawaii

0.8 1.1 0.7

1,781 2,214

Idaho

9.5 8.9 15.2

23,115 31,574

Illinois

31.6 16.3 95.1

99,436 149,023
Indiana

29.0 23.3 59.0

76,865 108,755

Iowa

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Kansas

23.8 14.5 64.0

70,992 104,667

Kentucky

21.4 24.0 20.6

45,077 57,562

Louisiana

9.9 7.0 23.3

27,832 40,239

Maine

2.1 2.4 2.4

4,729 6,137

Maryland

6.8 5.4 14.3

18,314 26,016

Massachusetts

2.8 3.4 2.4

5,872 7,364

Michigan

18.5 18.0 27.5

43,981 59,442

Minnesota

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Mississippi

13.4 9.3 32.9

38,528 55,979

Missouri

32.7 30.9 50.9

78,732 107,164

Montana

10.6 6.7 28.2

31,573 46,425

Nebraska

0.0 12.6 146.0

114,484 184,797

Nevada

1.2 1.4 1.1

2,527 3,201

New 

Hampshire 1.6 2.3 0.7

3,129 3,658

New Jersey

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

New Mexico

6.5 7.8 4.8

13,008 16,099

New York

16.7 15.6 26.4

40,371 55,086

North Carolina

24.5 13.8 70.0

75,239 111,887

North Dakota

21.3 7.3 76.8

73,529 113,069

Ohio

35.8 33.3 57.5

87,095 119,077

Oklahoma

23.2 24.7 27.3

51,502 67,430

Oregon

10.7 11.4 12.7

23,838 31,236

Pennsylvania

37.8 33.8 65.6

94,506 130,629

Rhode Island 

0.6 0.7 0.3

1,083 1,299

South Carolina

8.1 7.0 14.9

20,684 28,831

South Dakota 

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0

Tennessee

18.8 21.7 16.4

38,820 48,971

Texas

57.4 58.9 73.1

129,838 171,921
Utah

5.5 6.8 3.4

10,674 12,970

Vermont

0.0 2.3 1.7

2,887 3,706

Virginia

13.2 14.7 12.7

27,725 35,423

Washington

18.0 10.1 51.9

55,590 82,742

West Virginia

5.3 7.1 1.3

9,254 10,515

Wisconsin

31.0 26.6 57.9

79,657 111,257

Wyoming

5.9 3.0 18.3

18,927 28,447

Puerto Rico 14.3 1.4 63.2 55,239 87,390

Other 6.2 8.6 0.9 10,590 11,766

Total 693 585 1,526 1,940,268 2,757,998

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of labor would remain constant thereafter. The PV of costs 

under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 
Table: Private Age-06; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Region PV RCP

PV RCBPV IC

($1,000) ($1,000) ($1,000)

Alabama 0 0 0

Alaska 3 3 1

Arizona 118 109 9

Arkansas 1,103 798 305

California 1,187 862 325

Colorado 324 250 74

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 0 0 0

Florida 260 217 43

Georgia 962 690 272

Hawaii 19 16 3

Idaho 261 203 58

Illinois 1,212 874 338

Indiana 893 675 217

Iowa 0 0 0

Kansas 853 624 230

Kentucky 481 396 85

Louisiana 329 245 85

Maine 51 42 10

Maryland 213 161 52

Massachusetts 62 52 10

Michigan 492 386 105

Minnesota 0 0 0

Mississippi 457 339 119

Missouri 886 692 194

Montana 379 277 101

Nebraska 1,485 1,006 479

Nevada 27 22 5

New Hampshire 31 27 4

New Jersey 0 0 0

New Mexico 135 114 21

New York 455 355 100

North Carolina 911 661 250

North Dakota 916 646 269

Ohio 983 765 218
Oklahoma 561 453 109

Oregon 260 209 50

Pennsylvania 1,077 830 246

Rhode Island 11 10 1

South Carolina 237 182 56

South Dakota 0 0 0

Tennessee 410 341 69

Texas 1,428 1,141 287

Utah 109 94 16

Vermont 31 25 6

Virginia 296 244 52

Washington 673 488 185

West Virginia 90 81 9

Wisconsin 915 700 215

Wyoming 231 166 65

Puerto Rico 704 485 219

Other 101 93 8

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of NPV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions

 NC B= the sum of NPV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 NIC = the sum of NPV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all regions 

 Per applicable applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N Pvt Fam UTS 

14-15+ N Pvt Hired UTS 14-17)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Age-06; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 22,620 17,047 5,573

U.S. (annualized value) 2,575 1,940 634

Per applicable applicator incremental 

cost 0.226
5 Standards for Recertification

The options analyzed here address the requirements for recertification of commercial and private 

applicators.

5.1 Commercial Applicators

5.1.1 Core and Existing Categories

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Commercial Applicator

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for all options pertaining to the recertification of 

the commercial core and existing categories Comm Recert-01, 02, -04, and -05.

State Baseline Requirements:

Every jurisdiction’s commercial applicator recertification requirements differ in some way from 

all others. Therefore, each state has a separate entry below with the summary of their 

recertification requirements, as well as the assumptions for, and calculation of, the cost estimate.

The cost estimate for each state is the expected annual cost per commercial applicator in the 

state, for recertification. The estimate is calculated as

,,

 = COM ∙ ,,



∙ ,∙ 



where cost r,i,COM

B

is the baseline cost (B) per commercial applicator (COM) for the 

recertification requirement (r) in jurisdiction (i), w COM is the hourly wage rate (opportunity cost) 

for a commercial applicator; H r,i,COM

B

is the time, in hours, required to meet the recertification 

requirement; freq i,t is the reciprocal of the recertification time period and represents either the 

fraction of commercial applicators obtaining recertification (if, for example, by examination) or 

the fraction of Cumulative Education Units (CEUs) an applicator obtains each year to meet the 

total number required; and 

 is the average number of category certification held by

commercial applicators in jurisdiction i. Most states require commercial applicators to recertify

by category, so applicators with multiple certifications must meet multiple requirements. Note 

that, in the baseline, states may have differing requirements for different categories.

 The national average wage rate for commercial applicators is used for all states (BLS, 

2013a and 2013b). See Chapter 3.3.5

 Frequency: Most states have a recertification period longer than one year, and the time 

requirement applies to the entire period. States either require a certain number of CEUs, 

or a one-time requirement (training session or exam), per recertification period. In states 

requiring CEUs, all commercial applicators incur a portion of the time requirement each 
year; in states requiring a one-time action, a portion of the private applicators incur the 

entire time requirement each year:

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator: Only a portion of 

commercial applicators are certified in, and thus require recertification in, any given 

category offered. The factor that would apply the time/cost of the category-specific 

recertification action to the applicable applicators, is the average number of category

certifications per commercial applicator in the state (or, ratio of the number of category

certifications to total commercial applicators in the state). Where the same recertification 

requirements apply to multiple categories (appear in a single table row for cost 

calculation), the applicable ratio is the cumulative number of certifications in those 

categories, divided by the total number of commercial applicators.

 The data on the number of commercial applicators and the number of category

certifications, by state, is the average of 2008-2013 data (CPARD, 2014). EPA has 

established 11 federal categories, which are used in this estimation. Some states do not 

certify in all categories, if there is no need for a particular area (e.g., seed treatments). 

Some states have divided a federal category into multiple areas (e.g., industrial/ 

institutional/structural category). The data was used to calculate the average number of 

applicable category certifications per commercial applicator in each state includes 

multiple certifications within a single federal category.

Private applicator core recertification requirements are shown below, by state. States are divided 

into three groups, by type of requirement: 

 training by CEUs, or, passing an exam (34 states)

 single-session training, or, passing an exam (12 states, although one, Tennessee, does not 

offer exam option)

 must pass an exam (4 states)

Within each group, states vary in the length of training required (length or number of CEUs, or 

length of single training sessions), and/or the recertification period. There is one table below for 

each of the three groups of states, with each state’s specific requirements presented. 

Alabama

Recertification Requirements:

 30 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 25 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 3 years, so frequency is 1/3 (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.113
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Alabama 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 25 0.333 1.113 199.32

Alaska

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.357

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Alaska

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.333 1.357 116.65

Arizona

Recertification Requirements:

 6 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 5 hours, for each category of certification held (option to retake 

initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 1 year (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.287

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Arizona

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 5 1.0 2.287 246.74

Arkansas

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 240 minutes, or 4 hours, for each category of certification held 

(option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.385
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Arkansas

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 4 0.333 1.385 39.68

California

Recertification requirements:

 No core-specific requirements to recertify for most categories; exceptions noted below

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ag Animal, Forest, Ornamental/Turf, Aquatic, Right-of-Way, Public 

Health, Regulatory, Demonstration/Research:

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify (option to retake initial exams for core and specific category)

 Public Health category requires 12 core-specific CEUs and 8 categoryspecific CEUs, for a total of 20, but cost calculation is the same

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

o Seed Treatment:

 4 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 4 hours, to recertify (option to retake initial 

exams for core and seed treatment category)

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

o Industrial/Institutional: 

 24 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 24 hours, to recertify (option to retake initial 

exams for core and industrial/institutional category)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.942 

o Seed Treatment: 0.029 

o Industrial/ Institutional: 0.558 

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – California

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 20 0.5 0.942 202.43

Recert – Seed 

Treatment

21.49 4 0.5 0.029 1.24

Recert –

Industrial/Institutional

21.49 24 0.333 0.558 95.93

Total 299.61

Colorado
Recertification Requirements: 

 7 core-specific CEUs of 30 minutes, or 3.5 hours, (option to retake core exam)

 1 category-specific CEU of 30 minutes per category of certification (option to retake 

category exam(s))

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Each applicator recertifies in the core requirements (freq i,t =1); Average number of 

category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.682

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Colorado 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Core Recert 21.49 3.5 0.333 1.0 25.07

Category Recert 21.49 0.5 0.333 2.682 9.61

Total 34.68

Connecticut

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification; EPA assumes the two 

options are equivalent in terms of effort)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.547

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Connecticut 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 1.547 79.79

Delaware

Recertification requirements:

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Demonstration/Research: 

 8 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 6.7 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify (option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

o Ag Animal, Forest, Aquatic, Right-of-Way, Public Health, Regulatory: 

 4 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 3.3 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify (option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

o Seed Treatment: 
 2 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 1.7 hours, to recertify (option to retake initial 

exam for seed treatment category)

o Industrial/Institutional: 

 18 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 15 hours, to recertify (option to retake initial 

exam for industrial/institutional category)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.632

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.279

o Seed Treatment: 0.011

o Industrial/Institutional: 0.682

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Delaware

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs per 

applicator

Cost

($)

Recert - Ag Plant, etc 21.49 6.7 1 0.632 90.54

Recert - Ag Animal, etc 21.49 3.3 1 0.279 19.99

Recert - Seed 

Treatment

21.49 1.7 1 0.011 0.39

Recert -

Industrial/Institutional

21.49 15 1 0.682 219.84

Total 330.77

Florida

Recertification requirements:

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ag Animal, Seed Treatment: 

 8 CEUs (4 core & 4 cat) of 50 minutes, or 6.7 hours, per category of 

certification to recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake 

initial exams for core and specific categories)

o Forest, Right-of-Way: 

 12 CEUs (4 Core & 8 Cat) of 50 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of 

certification to recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake 

initial exams for core and specific categories)

o Ornamental/Turf, Public Health, Regulatory: 

 16 CEUs (4 Core & 12 Cat for Ornamental/Turf and Regulatory; 16 cat 

for Public Health) of 50 minutes, or 13.3 hours, per category of 

certification to recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake 

initial exams for core and specific categories)

o Aquatic: 
 20 CEUs (4 core, 16 cat) of 50 minutes, or 16.7 hours, (option to retake 

initial exams for core and category)

o Demonstration/Research: 

 4 CEUs (no core, 4 cat) of 50 minutes, or 3.3 hours, (option to retake 

initial category exam)

o Industrial/Institutional: 

 4 CEUs (2 core & 2 cat) of 50 minutes, or 3.3 hours, (option to retake 

initial exams for core and category)

 Core requirements could be spread across multiple categories. Given the low number of 

certifications per applicator in each category (with the exception of Industrial/

Institutional), EPA assumes each applicator takes the total number of CEUs in every

category

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 4 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.25), except Industrial/Institutional is 1 year

(freq i,t = 1.0)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.087

o Forest, etc: 0.170

o Ornamental, etc: 0.886

o Aquatic: 0.143

o Demo/Research: 0.017

o Industrial/Institutional: 1.301

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Florida 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert - Ag 

Plant/Animal, Seed

21.49 6.7 0.25 0.087 3.13

Recert - Forest, Rightof-Way21.49 10 0.25 0.170 9.16

Recert - Ornamental, 

Public Health 

Regulatory

21.49 13.3 0.25 0.886 63.28

Recert – Aquatic 21.49 16.7 0.25 0.143 12.79

Recert –

Demo/Research 

21.49 3.3 0.25 0.017 0.31

Recert –

Industrial/Institutional 

21.49 3.3 1.0 1.301 92.26

Total 180.93

Georgia

Recertification requirements: 
 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Public Health: 

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Ag Animal, Forest, Seed Treatment, Aquatic, Right-of-Way, 

Industrial/Institutional, Regulatory: 

 6 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories)

o NOTE: Demonstration/Research category not offered separately; applicators 

must get certification in whatever category they want to do demonstration and 

research in 

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.756

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.567

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Georgia 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 10 0.20 0.756 32.50

Recert – Ag Animal, etc 21.49 6 0.20 0.567 14.61

Total 47.11

Hawaii

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Aquatic: 

 25 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 25 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Ag Animal, Regulatory: 

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Forest, Ornamental/Turf, Right-of-Way, Industrial/Institutional, 

Demonstration/Research:
 30 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 30 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Public Health:

 24 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 24 hours, to recertify for core and the specific 

category (option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

o Seed Treatment category is not offered.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.030

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.007

o Forest, etc: 1.236

o Public Health: 0.023

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 25 0.20 0.030 3.22

Recert – Ag Animal, 

etc

21.49 20 0.20 0.007 0.60

Recert – Forest, etc 21.49 30 0.20 1.236 159.44

Recert – Public Health 21.49 24 0.20 0.023 2.42

Total 165.68

Idaho

Recertification Requirements:

 15 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 12.5 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 3.01

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Idaho 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12.5 0.5 3.01 404.36

Illinois

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial core exam, which takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of prep time, or 8 

hours as per the certification requirements (Appendix A.1)
 6 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, for each category of certification 

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.501

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Illinois 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency 

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs per 

applicator

Cost

($)

Core recertification 21.49 8 0.333 1.0 57.31

Category recertification 21.49 6 0.333 1.501 64.52

Total 121.84

Indiana

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Industrial/Institutional: 

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Forest, Seed Treatment, Regulatory:

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Aquatic, Right-of-Way, Public Health:

 15 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 15 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 2 years for all categories years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 1.141

o Forest, etc: 0.047

o Aquatic, etc: 0.323

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Indiana 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 20 0.50 1.1 245.22

Recert – Forest, etc 21.49 10 0.50 0.05 5.10

Recert – Aquatic, etc 21.49 15 0.50 0.32 51.99

Total 302.31
Iowa

Recertification Requirements: 

 6 category-specific CEUs of 120 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification 

(option to retake category exam(s))

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.286

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Iowa 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.333 2.286 196.54

Kansas

Recertification requirements:

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Right-of-Way, Industrial/Institutional, Public Health, 

Regulatory, Demonstration/Research:

 8 CEUs (1 core & 7 cat) of 60 minutes, or 8 hours, per category of 

certification to recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake 

initial exams for core and specific categories)

o Ag Animal, Forest, Aquatic: 

 6 CEUs (1 Core & 5 Cat) of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, per category of 

certification to recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake 

initial exams for core and specific categories)

o Seed Treatment: 

 4 CEUs (1 Core & 3 Cat) of 60 minutes, or 4 hours, to recertify for core 

and category (option to retake initial exams for core and category)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 1.681

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.030

o Seed Treatment: 0.017

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Kansas 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 8 0.5 1.681 144.54

Recert – Ag Animal, etc 21.49 6 0.5 0.030 1.94

Recert – Seed Treatment 21.49 4 0.5 0.017 0.71
Total 147.19

Kentucky

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs (9 core & 3 cat) of 50 minutes, or 10 hours, regardless of number of categories 

of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.43; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Kentucky 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.333 1.0 71.64

Louisiana

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 390 minutes, or 6.5 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for core and 

each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.73

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Louisiana

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6.5 0.333 1.73 80.79

Maine

Recertification Requirements:

 18 total CEUs of 60 minutes, or 18 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held, but 3 CEUs must be for each category in which a certification is held 

(option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification).

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 6 years (freq i,t = 0.167)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.247; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific
Annual Baseline Cost for Recertification – Maine

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 18 0.167 1.0 64.47

Maryland

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held :

o Ag Plant, Ag Animal, Ornamental/Turf, Industrial/Institutional, Public Health, 

Regulatory, Demonstration/Research: 

 8 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 4 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories)

o Forest, Seed Treatment, Aquatic, Right-of-Way:

 6 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 3 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories) 

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.989

o Forest, etc: 0.377

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Maryland

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 4 1 0.989 85.03

Recert – Forest, etc 21.49 3 1 0.377 24.28

Total 109.31

Massachusetts

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 50 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of certification 

(option to retake category exam(s))

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.451
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Massachusetts 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.333 1.451 103.95

Michigan

Recertification Requirements:

 16 CEUs (8 core & 8 cat) of 60 minutes, or 16 hours, for each category certification held 

(option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.258

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Michigan

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 16 0.333 2.258 258.84

Minnesota

Recertification Requirements:

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Seed Treatment, Aquatic, Right-of-Way: 

 Single training session of 6 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for core 

and each category of certification)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

o Ag Animal, Forest, Ornamental/Turf, Public Health, Regulatory:

 Single training session of 5 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for core 

and each category of certification)

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

o Industrial/Institutional:

 Single training session of 20 hours, to recertify for core and this category

(option to retake initial exams for core and category certification)

 Period is 1 year (freq i,t = 1.0)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.660

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.592

o Industrial/ Institutional: 0.162
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Minnesota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 6 0.333 0.660 28.35

Recert – Ag Animal, etc 21.49 5 0.50 0.592 31.80

Recert –

Industrial/Institutional 

21.49 20 1.0 0.162 69.72

Total 129.87

Mississippi

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 300 minutes, or 5 hours, recertifies for core and all categories, 

regardless of number of category certifications held (option to retake initial exams for 

core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.346; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Mississippi

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 5 0.333 1.0 35.82

Missouri

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 360 minutes, or 6 hours, recertifies for core and all categories, 

regardless of number of category certifications held (option to retake initial exams for 

core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.637; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Missouri 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98
Montana

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification 

(option to retake category exam(s)); no additional core requirements

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 4 years (freq i,t = 0.25)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.327

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Montana

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.25 1.3 85.57

Nebraska

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 360 minutes, or 6 hours, recertifies for core and all categories, 

regardless of number of category certifications held (option to retake initial exams for 

core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.419; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Nebraska

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Nevada

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs (at least 2 core) of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, regardless of number of categories 

of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 4 years (freq i,t = 0.25)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.203; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Nevada

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.25 1.0 64.47
New Hampshire

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification 

(option to retake category exam(s)); no seed treatment category

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.944

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – New Hampshire

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 1.944 100.26

New Jersey

Recertification Requirements:

 24 CEUs (8 core & 16 cat) of 30 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category certification 

held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.561

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – New Jersey 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 1.561 80.51

New Mexico

Recertification Requirements: 

 4 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 4 hours, per category of certification (option 

to retake category exam(s))

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.273

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – New Mexico 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 4 1 2.273 586.24
New York

Recertification requirements:

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Industrial/Institutional: 

 12 CEUs (at least 3 cat, 9 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, to 

recertify for core and this category (option to retake initial exams for core 

and specific category)

o Ornamental/Turf:

 10 CEUs (at least 3 cat, 7 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 10 hours, to 

recertify for core and this category (option to retake initial exams for core 

and specific category)

o Ag Plant, Aquatic, Right-of-Way, Public Health:

 8 CEUs (at least 2 cat, 6 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 8 hours, per 

category of certification to recertify for core and the specific category

(option to retake initial exams for core and specific category)

o Ag Animal, Forest:

 6 CEUs (at least 2 cat, 4 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, per 

category of certification to recertify for core and the specific category

(option to retake initial exams for core and specific category)

o Seed Treatment, Regulatory, Demonstration/Research:

 5 CEUs (at least 2 cat, 3 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 5 hours, per 

category of certification to recertify for core and the specific category

(option to retake initial exams for core and specific category)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Industrial/ Institutional: 0.699

o Ornamental/Turf: 0.508

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.218

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.007

o Seed Treatment, etc: 0.019

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – New York 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert –

Industrial/Institutional

21.49 12 0.333 0.699 60.06

Recert – Ornamental/Turf 21.49 10 0.333 0.058 36.38

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 8 0.333 0.218 12.50

Recert – Ag Animal, etc 21.49 6 0.333 0.007 0.31

Recert – Seed Treatment, 21.49 5 0.333 0.019 0.69
etc

Total 109.94

North Carolina

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Industrial/Institutional, Demonstration/Research: 

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Ag Animal, Forest, Aquatic, Public Health, Regulatory:

 6 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories)

o Right-of-Way:

 4 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 4 hours, to recertify for core and this category

(option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

o Seed Treatment:

 3 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 3 hours, to recertify for core and this category

(option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 1.109

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.198

o Right-of-Way: 0.149

o Seed Treatment: 0.005

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – North Carolina

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 10 0.20 1.109 47.69

Recert – Ag Animal, etc 21.49 6 0.20 0.198 5.09

Recert – Right-of-Way 21.49 4 0.20 0.149 2.56

Recert – Seed 

Treatment, etc

21.49 3 0.20 0.005 0.06

Total 55.40

North Dakota

Recertification Requirements:
 Single training session per category, or group of categories (grouped for training 

purposes). Single session recertifies for core and the specific category, or, if category is 

in a training session group, for one or more categories included in the group (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 Length of training session, and whether a category has a separate training session or is 

included in a group session, varies depending on category:

o Ag Plant, Seed Treatment, Right-of-Way, Demonstration/Research: single 

session of 420 minutes, or 7 hours, recertifies for core and for one or more 

categories that are included in this training session group

o Ornamental/Turf: Single session of 420 minutes, or 7 hours, recertifies for core 

and this category

o Industrial/Institutional/Public Health (NOTE: ND lumps Industrial/Institutional 

and Public Health together in single category): Single session of 360 minutes, or 

6 hours, recertifies for core and this category

o NOTE: North Dakota does not offer Ag Animal, Forest, Aquatic, or Regulatory

certification categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is three years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.850

o Ornamental/Turf: 0.175

o Industrial/Institutional/Public Health: 0.110

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – North Dakota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 7 0.333 0.850 42.63

Recert – Ornamental/Turf 21.49 7 0.333 0.175 8.80

Recert – Industrial/

Institutional/Public Health 

21.49 6 0.333 0.110 4.74

Total 56.17

Ohio

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 5 CEUs (1 core + 1⁄2 cat-specific per category certification held + balance in any

category) of 60 minutes, or 5 hours, regardless of number of categories of certification 

held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.294; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Ohio 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 5 0.333 1.0 35.82

Oklahoma

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Industrial/Institutional, Demonstration/Research: 

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Right-of-Way, Public Health:

 15 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 15 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for core and the specific category (option to retake initial exams 

for specific categories)

o Forest:

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours, to recertify for core and this category

(option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

o Ag Animal, Seed Treatment, Aquatic:

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours, to recertify for core and this category

(option to retake initial exams for specific categories)

o NOTE: Oklahoma does not offer Regulatory category

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 1.763

o Right-of-Way, etc: 0.805

o Forest: 0.034

o Ag Animal, etc: 0.177

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Oklahoma

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 20 0.20 1.763 151.54

Recert – Right-of-Way, etc 21.49 15 0.20 0.805 51.92

Recert – Forest 21.49 10 0.20 0.034 1.47

Recert – Ag Animal, etc 21.49 5 0.20 0.177 3.80

Total 208.73

Oregon
Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 40 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 40 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). Not necessary to be either core- or category-specific CEUs.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.215; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Oregon

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 40 0.2 1.0 171.93

Pennsylvania

Recertification requirements: 

 All commercial applicators must take 6 core-specific CEUs of 30 minutes, or 3 hours, 

plus category requirements (below)

 Category requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete 

requirements for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Industrial/Institutional, Regulatory, 

Demonstration/Research: 

 10 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 5 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories)

o Forest, Right-of-Way, Public Health:

 8 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 4 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for the specific category (option to retake initial exams for specific 

categories)

o Ag Animal:

 6 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 3 hours, to recertify for this category (option to 

retake initial exam for category)

o Seed Treatment, Aquatic:

 4 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 2 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for the specific category (option to retake initial exams for specific 

categories)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 1.165

o Forest, etc: 0.376

o Ag Animal: 0.002
o Seed Treatment, etc: 0.270

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Pennsylvania

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Core 21.49 3 0.333 1.0 21.49

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 5 0.333 1.165 41.72

Recert – Forest, etc 21.49 4 0.333 0.376 10.78

Recert – Ag Animal 21.49 3 0.333 0.002 0.05

Recert – Seed Treatment, etc 21.49 2 0.333 0.270 3.87

Total 77.91

Rhode Island

Recertification Requirements: 

 8 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 8 hours, per category of certification (option 

to retake category exam(s))

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.876

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Rhode Island 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.2 1.876 64.50

Total 64.50

South Carolina

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). Not necessary to be either core- or category-specific CEUs.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.562; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – South Carolina

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.2 1.0 42.98

South Dakota
Recertification Requirements:

 Single category-specific training session of 480 minutes, or 8 hours, for each category

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.689

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – South Dakota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.5 1.7 145.20

Tennessee

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held :

o Industrial/Institutional:

 30 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 30 hours, to recertify for this category (option 

to retake initial exam for this category)

o Ag Plant, Ornamental/Turf, Right-of-Way, Public Health, 

Demonstration/Research: 

 18 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 18 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories)

o Forest, Seed Treatment, Aquatic:

 12 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification to 

recertify for the specific category (option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories)

o NOTE: Tennessee does not offer Ag Animal or Regulatory categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Industrial/ Institutional: 0.535

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.472

o Forest, etc: 0.042
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Tennessee

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Industrial/Institutional 21.49 30 0.333 0.535 114.88

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 18 0.333 0.472 60.89

Recert – Forest, etc 21.49 12 0.333 0.042 3.62

Total 179.39

Texas

Recertification requirements: 

 Requirement varies depending on category of certification; must complete requirements 

for each category certification held:

o Ag Plant, Ag Animal, Forest, Seed Treatment, Aquatic, Right-of-Way, Public 

Health, Regulatory, Demonstration/Research:

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours, per category of certification to recertify

for the specific category (option to retake initial exam for each category)

o Ornamental/Turf, Industrial/Institutional: 

 3 CEUs (2 core + 1 cat) of 60 minutes, or 3 hours, per category of 

certification to recertify for the specific category (option to retake initial 

exams for specific categories)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state:

o Ag Plant, etc: 0.803

o Ornamental/Turf, etc: 1.207

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Texas

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – Ag Plant, etc 21.49 5 1 0.803 86.33

Recert – Ornamental/Turf, etc 21.49 3 1 1.207 77.80

Total 164.13

Utah

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 24 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 24 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). 

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.085; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Utah

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 24 0.333 1.0 171.93

Vermont

Recertification Requirements: 

 16 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 16 hours, per category of certification 

(option to retake category exam(s))

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.657

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Vermont

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 16 0.2 1.657 113.96

Virginia

Recertification Requirements:

 Single category-specific training session of 180 minutes, or 3 hours, for each category

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to taking the training

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.955

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Virginia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 3 0.5 1.955 63.02

Washington

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 40 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 33.33 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). Not necessary to be either core- or category-specific CEUs.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 2.451; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Washington 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 33.33 0.2 1.0 143.26

West Virginia

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 20 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 10 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). Not necessary to be either core- or category-specific CEUs.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.484; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – West Virginia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.333 1.0 71.64

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification (no core)

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 7 hours of prep time, or 8 hours, as per initial 

certification (see Appendix A.1)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.242

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.2 1.2 42.70

Wyoming

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 24 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 24 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). Not necessary to be either core- or category-specific CEUs.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)
 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 3.583; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Wyoming

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 24 0.333 1.0 171.93

Puerto Rico 

Recertification Requirements:

 Total of 8 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 8 hours, regardless of number of categories of 

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification). Not necessary to be either core- or category-specific CEUs.

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 4 years (freq i,t = 0.25)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator in state: 1.525; but 

recertification requirements are not category specific

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Puerto Rico 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.250 1.0 42.98

Other Tribes/Territories 

Recertification Requirements: 

 EPA applies Puerto Rico’s requirements to the other tribes and territories.

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Other 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.250 1.0 42.98

5.1.1.1 Comm Recert-01: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for core and each category 

recertification every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Commercial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)
 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator nationally: 1.778, 

but number will vary by state as given above

Alabama

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Alabama 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.113 47.84

Total 90.83

Alaska

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Alaska 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.357 58.32

Total 101.30

Arizona 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Arizona 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.287 98.29

Total 141.27

Arkansas

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Arkansas 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.385 59.54

Total 102.53
California 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; California 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.529 65.71

Total 108.70

Colorado 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Colorado 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.682 115.28

Total 158.27

Connecticut 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Connecticut 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.547 66.48

Total 109.47

Delaware 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Delaware

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.604 68.96

Total 111.94

Florida 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Florida 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.604 111.92

Total 154.90
Georgia 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Georgia 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.324 56.91

Total 99.89

Hawaii 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.297 55.74

Total 98.72

Idaho 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Idaho 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 3.010 129.40

Total 172.38

Illinois 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Illinois 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.501 64.52

Total 107.51

Indiana

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Indiana 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

(per applicator)

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.511 64.95

Total 107.93
Iowa 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Iowa 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.286 98.27

Total 141.25

Kansas

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Kansas 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.728 74.28

Total 117.26

Kentucky

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Kentucky 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.435 61.66

Total 104.65

Louisiana 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Louisiana 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.735 74.57

Total 117.55

Maine

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Maine 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.247 96.57

Total 139.56
Maryland

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Maryland 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.366 58.70

Total 101.69

Massachusetts 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Massachusetts 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.451 62.37

Total 105.35

Michigan 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Michigan 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.258 97.07

Total 140.05

Minnesota 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Minnesota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.414 60.77

Total 103.75

Mississippi 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Mississippi 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.346 57.86

Total 100.85
Missouri 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Missouri 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.637 70.36

Total 113.34

Montana 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Montana 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.327 57.04

Total 100.03

Nebraska 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Nebraska 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.419 60.98

Total 103.96

Nevada

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Nevada 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.203 94.68

Total 137.67 

New Hampshire 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; New 

Hampshire 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.944 83.55

Total 126.53
New Jersey 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; New Jersey 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.561 67.09

Total 110.07

New Mexico 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; New Mexico 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.273 97.71

Total 140.69

New York 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; New York 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.451 62.37

Total 105.35

North Carolina 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; North Carolina 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.461 62.78

Total 105.77

North Dakota 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; North Dakota 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.660 71.35

Total 114.33
Ohio 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Ohio 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.294 98.58

Total 141.57

Oklahoma

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Oklahoma 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.779 119.45

Total 162.44

Oregon 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Oregon 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.215 95.20

Total 138.19

Pennsylvania 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Pennsylvania 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.813 77.95

Total 120.93

Rhode Island 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Rhode Island 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.876 80.63

Total 123.61
South Carolina

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; South Carolina 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.562 67.16

Total 110.14

South Dakota 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; South Dakota 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 N/A (or 1.0) 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.689 72.60

Total 115.58

Tennessee 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Tennessee 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.049 45.08

Total 88.07

Texas

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Texas 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.010 86.40

Total 129.38

Utah 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Utah 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.085 89.62

Total 132.60
Vermont 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Vermont

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.657 71.22

Total 114.21

Virginia 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Virginia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.955 84.02

Total 127.01

Washington 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Washington 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 2.451 105.34

Total 148.32

West Virginia

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; West Virginia 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.484 63.78

Total 106.76

Wisconsin 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Wisconsin 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.242 53.38

Total 96.36
Wyoming 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Wyoming 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 3.583 153.99

Total 196.97

Puerto Rico 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Puerto Rico 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.525 65.54

Total 108.52

Other tribes and territories 

Comm Recert-01, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; Other 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.333 1.000 42.98

Total 85.97

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdiction Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per first-time private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per first-time private applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial applicators (N Xst Com) per year in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3.3.1)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

initial certification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for initial certification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame or not 
delineated between core and category certification. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions 

will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the 

number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Recert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 199 91 3,772 752,001 752,001

Alaska 117 101 560 65,276 65,276

Arizona 246 141 6,240 1,533,383 1,533,383

Arkansas 40 103 3,893 154,552 399,174

California 300 109 32,546 9,749,114 9,749,114

Colorado 35 158 3,209 111,278 507,827

Connecticut 80 109 2,686 214,278 294,009

Delaware 331 112 1,812 599,829 599,829

Florida 181 155 15,303 2,768,686 2,768,686

Georgia 47 100 9,700 456,951 968,925

Hawaii 166 99 1,151 190,695 190,695

Idaho 404 172 3,578 1,446,885 1,446,885

Illinois 122 108 12,053 1,468,478 1,468,478

Indiana 302 108 8,945 2,704,153 2,704,153

Iowa 197 141 11,904 2,339,566 2,339,566

Kansas 147 117 5,148 757,679 757,679

Kentucky 72 105 10,022 717,932 1,048,722

Louisiana 81 118 3,907 315,646 459,307

Maine 64 140 1,437 92,660 200,565

Maryland 109 102 4,084 446,444 446,444

Massachusetts 104 105 1,986 206,425 209,211

Michigan 259 140 12,803 3,314,048 3,314,048

Minnesota 130 104 8,375 1,087,648 1,087,648

Mississippi 36 101 2,742 98,210 276,501

Missouri 43 113 6,814 292,863 772,243

Montana 86 100 2,133 182,483 213,323

Nebraska 43 104 8,609 370,024 894,980

Nevada 64 138 1,390 89,641 191,402

New Hampshire 100 127 949 95,164 120,101

New Jersey 81 110 8,452 680,426 930,305
New Mexico 195 141 1,723 336,634 336,634

New York 110 105 17,653 1,940,669 1,940,669

North Carolina 55 106 17,012 942,524 1,799,266

North Dakota 56 114 4,889 274,568 558,926

Ohio 36 142 11,565 414,240 1,637,185

Oklahoma 209 162 9,002 1,878,895 1,878,895

Oregon 172 138 4,396 755,809 755,809

Pennsylvania 78 121 13,850 1,079,009 1,674,831

Rhode Island 65 124 606 39,109 74,948

South Carolina 43 110 5,009 215,294 551,662

South Dakota 145 116 4,943 717,669 717,669

Tennessee 179 88 13,051 2,341,228 2,341,228

Texas 164 129 17,478 2,868,702 2,868,702

Utah 172 133 3,389 582,674 582,674

Vermont 114 114 848 96,579 96,790

Virginia 63 127 6,325 398,552 803,248

Washington 143 148 14,343 2,054,848 2,127,403

West Virginia 72 107 1,747 125,163 186,524

Wisconsin 43 96 11,287 481,957 1,087,571

Wyoming 172 197 1,572 270,190 309,540

Puerto Rico 43 109 5,559 238,948 603,299

Other Jurisdictions 43 86 2,134 91,711 183,422

Total, U.S. 364,579 52,120,660 60,500,645

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of initial certification would remain constant thereafter. The 

PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.83
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Recert-01; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 6,607 6,607 0

Alaska 574 574 0

Arizona 13,472 13,472 0

Arkansas 3,025 1,358 1,667

California 85,657 85,657 0

Colorado 3,680 978 2,703

Connecticut 2,426 1,883 543

Delaware 5,270 5,270 0

Florida 24,326 24,326 0

Georgia 7,504 4,015 3,489

Hawaii 1,675 1,675 0

Idaho 12,712 12,712 0

Illinois 12,902 12,902 0

Indiana 23,759 23,759 0

Iowa 20,556 20,556 0

Kansas 6,657 6,657 0

Kentucky 8,562 6,308 2,254

Louisiana 3,752 2,773 979

Maine 1,550 814 735

Maryland 3,923 3,923 0

Massachusetts 1,833 1,814 19

Michigan 29,118 29,118 0

Minnesota 9,556 9,556 0

Mississippi 2,078 863 1,215

Missouri 5,840 2,573 3,267

Montana 1,814 1,603 210

Nebraska 6,829 3,251 3,578

Nevada 1,481 788 694

New Hampshire 1,006 836 170
New Jersey 7,681 5,978 1,703

New Mexico 2,958 2,958 0

New York 17,051 17,051 0

North Carolina 14,120 8,281 5,839

North Dakota 4,350 2,412 1,938

Ohio 11,974 3,640 8,335

Oklahoma 16,508 16,508 0

Oregon 6,641 6,641 0

Pennsylvania 13,541 9,480 4,061

Rhode Island 588 344 244

South Carolina 4,184 1,892 2,292

South Dakota 6,306 6,306 0

Tennessee 20,570 20,570 0

Texas 25,205 25,205 0

Utah 5,119 5,119 0

Vermont 850 849 1

Virginia 6,260 3,502 2,758

Washington 18,549 18,054 494

West Virginia 1,518 1,100 418

Wisconsin 8,362 4,235 4,127

Wyoming 2,642 2,374 268

Puerto Rico 4,583 2,099 2,483

Other Jurisdictions 1,431 806 625

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Recert-01; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 509,134 452,022 57,112

U.S. (annualized value) 57,948 51,447 6,500

Per applicator incremental cost 0.018

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of commercial applicators require states to

have process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process 

or frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.1.2 Comm Recert-01: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Commercial Core and 

Category Recertification: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

 To be certified for general competency, commercial applicators must pass core exam and 

be certified in at least one existing EPA categories – Agricultural Plant category, Public 

Health category, etc

 All jurisdictions recertify their commercial applicators by exam in the baseline.

 All jurisdictions except 4 states (CO, FL, SC, & SD) proctor the recertification exam, and 

therefore, only these 4 states would be impacted by Comm Recert-01

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5
Table: Comm Recert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Competency Recertification 

Exam or Training

Jurisdictions Wage ($/hour) Recertificationcycle Frequency Cost ($)

Alabama 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Alaska 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Arizona 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Arkansas 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

California 39.44 0.44 0.01 0.35

Colorado 0.33 0.01 0.00

Connecticut 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Delaware 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Florida 0.62 0.01 0.00

Georgia 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Hawaii 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Idaho 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Illinois 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Indiana 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Iowa 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Kansas 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Kentucky 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Louisiana 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Maine 39.44 0.17 0.00 0.13

Maryland 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Massachusetts 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Michigan 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Minnesota 39.44 0.48 0.01 0.38

Mississippi 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Missouri 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Montana 39.44 0.25 0.01 0.20

Nebraska 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Nevada 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

New Hampshire 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

New Jersey 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

New Mexico 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

New York 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

North Carolina 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

North Dakota 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26
Ohio 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Oklahoma 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Oregon 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Pennsylvania 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Rhode Island 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

South Carolina 0.20 0.00 0.00

South Dakota 0.50 0.01 0.00

Tennessee 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Texas 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Utah 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Vermont 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Virginia 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Washington 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

West Virginia 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Wisconsin 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Wyoming 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Puerto Rico 39.44 0.25 0.01 0.20

Other 39.44 0.25 0.01 0.20

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Recert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Competency Recertification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.
 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Recert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Competency Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction

costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,

P

($) NExist Core NExist Category NSum RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.26 0.26 3,772 4,199 7,971 2,096 2,096

Alaska 0.26 0.26 560 759 1,319 347 347

Arizona 0.79 0.26 6,240 14,270 20,510 16,178 16,178

Arkansas 0.26 0.26 3,893 5,394 9,287 2,442 2,442

California 0.35 0.26 32,546 49,759 82,305 28,515 28,515

Colorado 0.00 0.26 3,209 8,606 11,815 0 3,106

Connecticut 0.16 0.26 2,686 4,154 6,840 1,079 1,799

Delaware 0.79 0.26 1,812 2,908 4,720 3,723 3,723

Florida 0.00 0.26 15,303 39,845 55,148 0 14,500

Georgia 0.16 0.26 9,700 12,842 22,542 3,556 5,927

Hawaii 0.16 0.26 1,151 1,493 2,644 417 695

Idaho 0.39 0.26 3,578 10,772 14,350 5,660 5,660

Illinois 0.26 0.26 12,053 18,094 30,147 7,927 7,927

Indiana 0.39 0.26 8,945 13,516 22,461 8,859 8,859

Iowa 0.26 0.26 11,904 27,215 39,119 10,286 10,286

Kansas 0.39 0.26 5,148 8,895 14,043 5,538 5,538

Kentucky 0.26 0.26 10,022 14,377 24,399 6,415 6,415

Louisiana 0.26 0.26 3,907 6,779 10,686 2,810 2,810

Maine 0.13 0.26 1,437 3,229 4,666 613 1,227

Maryland 0.79 0.26 4,084 5,578 9,662 7,621 7,621

Massachusetts 0.26 0.26 1,986 2,882 4,867 1,280 1,280

Michigan 0.26 0.26 12,803 28,913 41,717 10,969 10,969

Minnesota 0.38 0.26 8,375 11,840 20,215 7,647 7,647
Mississippi 0.26 0.26 2,742 3,691 6,433 1,691 1,691

Missouri 0.26 0.26 6,814 11,153 17,966 4,724 4,724

Montana 0.20 0.26 2,133 2,830 4,963 979 1,305

Nebraska 0.26 0.26 8,609 12,213 20,822 5,475 5,475

Nevada 0.26 0.26 1,390 3,063 4,453 1,171 1,171

New Hampshire 0.16 0.26 949 1,845 2,794 441 735

New Jersey 0.16 0.26 8,452 13,192 21,644 3,415 5,691

New Mexico 0.26 0.26 1,723 3,916 5,639 1,483 1,483

New York 0.26 0.26 17,653 25,615 43,268 11,377 11,377

North Carolina 0.16 0.26 17,012 24,848 41,860 6,604 11,006

North Dakota 0.26 0.26 4,889 8,115 13,004 3,419 3,419

Ohio 0.26 0.26 11,565 26,525 38,089 10,015 10,015

Oklahoma 0.16 0.26 9,002 25,016 34,018 5,367 8,944

Oregon 0.16 0.26 4,396 9,737 14,133 2,230 3,716

Pennsylvania 0.26 0.26 13,850 25,116 38,965 10,245 10,245

Rhode Island 0.16 0.26 606 1,137 1,744 275 458

South Carolina 0.00 0.26 5,009 7,826 12,835 0 3,375

South Dakota 0.00 0.26 4,943 8,348 13,291 0 3,495

Tennessee 0.26 0.26 13,051 13,688 26,739 7,031 7,031

Texas 0.79 0.26 17,478 35,133 52,611 41,500 41,500

Utah 0.26 0.26 3,389 7,066 10,455 2,749 2,749

Vermont 0.16 0.26 848 1,404 2,252 355 592

Virginia 0.39 0.26 6,325 12,363 18,688 7,370 7,370

Washington 0.16 0.26 14,343 35,151 49,494 7,808 13,014

West Virginia 0.26 0.26 1,747 2,592 4,340 1,141 1,141

Wisconsin 0.16 0.26 11,287 14,016 25,303 3,992 6,653

Wyoming 0.26 0.26 1,572 5,630 7,202 1,894 1,894

Puerto Rico 0.20 0.26 5,559 8,477 14,036 2,768 3,690

Other 0.20 0.26 2,134 2,134 4,267 842 1,122

Total, U.S. 1,012,735 280,335 330,646

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Recert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 18 18 0

Alaska 3 3 0

Arizona 142 142 0

Arkansas 21 21 0

California 251 251 0

Colorado 21 0 21

Connecticut 14 9 5

Delaware 33 33 0

Florida 99 0 99

Georgia 47 31 16

Hawaii 6 4 2

Idaho 50 50 0
Illinois 70 70

0

Indiana 78 780

Iowa 90 900

Kansas 49 490

Kentucky 56 560

Louisiana 25 250

Maine 1054

Maryland 67 670

Massachusetts 11 110

Michigan 96 960

Minnesota 67 670

Mississippi 15 150

Missouri 42 420

Montana 1192

Nebraska 48 480

Nevada 10 100

New Hampshire642

New Jersey 46 30 16

New Mexico 13 130

New York 100 1000

North Carolina 88 58 30

North Dakota 30 300

Ohio 88 880

Oklahoma 72 47 24

Oregon 30 20 10

Pennsylvania 90 900

Rhode Island421

South Carolina 230 23

South Dakota 240 24

Tennessee 62 620

Texas 365 3650

Utah 24 240

Vermont532

Virginia 65 650

Washington 104 69 35

West Virginia 10 100

Wisconsin 53 35 18

Wyoming 17 170

Puerto Rico 31 246
Other 9 7 2

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Commercial Recert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 2,806 2,463 343

U.S. (annualized value) 319 280 39

5.1.1.3 Comm Recert-02: Exam for Commercial Core and Category Recertification: Every 3 

Years

The costs are identical to those of Comm Recert-01.

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of commercial applicators require states to

have process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process 

or frequency of recertification.
States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.1.4 Comm Recert-02: Administer Exam for Commercial Core and Category 

Recertification: Every 3 Years

Comm Recert-02 is a less flexible version of Comm Recert-01, requiring recertification only by

exams. Since both proctoring one hour exam for 50 applicators and verifying training 

requirements for 50 applicators take one hour of a Jr technician’s time, the costs of Comm 

Recert-02 are identical to those of Comm Recert-01. 

5.1.1.5 Comm Recert-04: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for core and each category 

recertification every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Commercial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Certification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Average number of category certifications per commercial applicator nationally: 1.778, 

but number will vary by state as given above (see baseline description)

National Average

Comm Recert-04, Potential Requirement Cost per Commercial Applicator; National 

Average

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs 

per applicator

Cost

($)

Recert – core 21.49 6 0.20 1.0 25.79

Recert – categories 21.49 6 0.20 1.778 45.85

Total 71.64

Average cost per applicator would vary from a low of $51.58 in the small jurisdiction combined 

into the “Other Jurisdiction” region where there is approximately one category certification per 
applicator to a high of $118.18 in Wyoming where there is an average of 3.6 category

certifications per applicator.

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per first-time private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per first-time private applicator, shown below.

 The number of existing commercial applicators (N Xst Com) per year in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database (see Chapter 3.3.1)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

initial certification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for initial certification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame or not 

delineated between core and category certification. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions 

will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the 

number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Recert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 199 54 3,772 752,001 752,001

Alaska 117 61 560 65,276 65,276

Arizona 246 85 6,240 1,533,383 1,533,383

Arkansas 40 62 3,893 154,552 239,504

California 300 65 32,546 9,749,114 9,749,114

Colorado 35 95 3,209 111,278 304,696

Connecticut 80 66 2,686 214,278 214,278

Delaware 331 67 1,812 599,829 599,829
Florida 181 93 15,303 2,768,686 2,768,686

Georgia 47 60 9,700 456,951 581,355

Hawaii 166 59 1,151 190,695 190,695

Idaho 404 103 3,578 1,446,885 1,446,885

Illinois 122 65 12,053 1,468,478 1,468,478

Indiana 302 65 8,945 2,704,153 2,704,153

Iowa 197 85 11,904 2,339,566 2,339,566

Kansas 147 70 5,148 757,679 757,679

Kentucky 72 63 10,022 717,932 717,932

Louisiana 81 71 3,907 315,646 315,646

Maine 64 84 1,437 92,660 120,339

Maryland 109 61 4,084 446,444 446,444

Massachusetts 104 63 1,986 206,425 206,425

Michigan 259 84 12,803 3,314,048 3,314,048

Minnesota 130 62 8,375 1,087,648 1,087,648

Mississippi 36 61 2,742 98,210 165,901

Missouri 43 68 6,814 292,863 463,346

Montana 86 60 2,133 182,483 182,483

Nebraska 43 62 8,609 370,024 536,988

Nevada 64 83 1,390 89,641 114,841

New Hampshire 100 76 949 95,164 95,164

New Jersey 81 66 8,452 680,426 680,426

New Mexico 195 84 1,723 336,634 336,634

New York 110 63 17,653 1,940,669 1,940,669

North Carolina 55 63 17,012 942,524 1,079,559

North Dakota 56 69 4,889 274,568 335,356

Ohio 36 85 11,565 414,240 982,311

Oklahoma 209 97 9,002 1,878,895 1,878,895

Oregon 172 83 4,396 755,809 755,809

Pennsylvania 78 73 13,850 1,079,009 1,079,009

Rhode Island 65 74 606 39,109 44,969

South Carolina 43 66 5,009 215,294 330,997

South Dakota 145 69 4,943 717,669 717,669

Tennessee 179 53 13,051 2,341,228 2,341,228

Texas 164 78 17,478 2,868,702 2,868,702

Utah 172 80 3,389 582,674 582,674

Vermont 114 69 848 96,579 96,579

Virginia 63 76 6,325 398,552 481,949

Washington 143 89 14,343 2,054,848 2,054,848

West Virginia 72 64 1,747 125,163 125,163

Wisconsin 43 58 11,287 481,957 652,543

Wyoming 172 118 1,572 270,190 270,190

Puerto Rico 43 65 5,559 238,948 361,979

Other Jurisdictions 43 52 2,134 91,711 110,053

Total, U.S. 364,579 52,120,660 54,264,264
Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Recert-04; Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 6,607 6,607 0

Alaska 574 574 0

Arizona 13,472 13,472 0

Arkansas 1,937 1,358 579

California 85,657 85,657 0

Colorado 2,296 978 1,318

Connecticut 1,883 1,883 0

Delaware 5,270 5,270 0
Florida 24,326 24,326

0

Georgia 4,863 4,015 848

Hawaii 1,675 1,6750

Idaho 12,712 12,7120

Illinois 12,902 12,9020

Indiana 23,759 23,7590

Iowa 20,556 20,5560

Kansas 6,657 6,6570

Kentucky 6,308 6,3080

Louisiana 2,773 2,7730

Maine 1,003 814 189

Maryland 3,923 3,9230

Massachusetts 1,814 1,8140

Michigan 29,118 29,1180

Minnesota 9,556 9,5560

Mississippi 1,324 863 461

Missouri 3,735 2,573 1,162

Montana 1,603 1,6030

Nebraska 4,389 3,251 1,138

Nevada 959 788 172

New Hampshire 836 8360

New Jersey 5,978 5,9780

New Mexico 2,958 2,9580

New York 17,051 17,0510

North Carolina 9,215 8,281 934

North Dakota 2,827 2,412 414

Ohio 7,511 3,640 3,872

Oklahoma 16,508 16,5080

Oregon 6,641 6,6410

Pennsylvania 9,480 9,4800

Rhode Island 384 344 40

South Carolina 2,680 1,892 789

South Dakota 6,306 6,3060

Tennessee 20,570 20,5700

Texas 25,205 25,2050

Utah 5,119 5,1190

Vermont 849 8490

Virginia 4,070 3,502 568

Washington 18,054 18,0540

West Virginia 1,100 1,1000

Wisconsin 5,397 4,235 1,163

Wyoming 2,374 2,3740
Puerto Rico 2,938 2,099 838

Other Jurisdictions 931 806 125

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Recert-04; Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 466,632 452,022 14,609

U.S. (annualized value) 53,110 51,447 1,663

Per applicator incremental cost 0.005

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of commercial applicators require states to

have process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process 

or frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 
it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.1.6 Comm Recert-04: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Commercial Core and 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

 To be certified for general competency, commercial applicators must pass core exam and 

be certified in at least one existing EPA categories – Agricultural Plant category, Public 

Health category, etc

 All jurisdictions recertify their commercial applicators by exam in the baseline.

 All jurisdictions except 4 states (CO, FL, SC, & SD) proctor the recertification exam, and 

therefore, only these 4 states would be impacted by Comm Recert-04

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Recert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Competency Recertification 

Exam or Training

Jurisdictions Wage ($/hour) Recertificationcycle Frequency Cost ($)

Alabama 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Alaska 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Arizona 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Arkansas 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

California 39.44 0.44 0.01 0.35

Colorado 0.33 0.01 0.00

Connecticut 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Delaware 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Florida 0.62 0.01 0.00

Georgia 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Hawaii 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Idaho 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Illinois 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Indiana 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Iowa 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Kansas 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Kentucky 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Louisiana 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Maine 39.44 0.17 0.00 0.13
Maryland 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Massachusetts 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Michigan 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Minnesota 39.44 0.48 0.01 0.38

Mississippi 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Missouri 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Montana 39.44 0.25 0.01 0.20

Nebraska 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Nevada 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

New Hampshire 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

New Jersey 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

New Mexico 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

New York 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

North Carolina 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

North Dakota 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Ohio 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Oklahoma 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Oregon 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Pennsylvania 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Rhode Island 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

South Carolina 0.20 0.00 0.00

South Dakota 0.50 0.01 0.00

Tennessee 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Texas 39.44 1.00 0.02 0.79

Utah 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Vermont 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Virginia 39.44 0.50 0.01 0.39

Washington 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

West Virginia 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Wisconsin 39.44 0.20 0.00 0.16

Wyoming 39.44 0.33 0.01 0.26

Puerto Rico 39.44 0.25 0.01 0.20

Other 39.44 0.25 0.01 0.20

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:
 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Recert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Competency Recertification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Recert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Competency Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction

costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,

P

($) NExist Core NExist Category NSum

RC B 

($)

RCt=3

P 

($)

Alabama 0.26 0.16 3,772 4,199 7,971 2,096 2,096

Alaska 0.26 0.16 560 759 1,319 347 347

Arizona 0.79 0.16 6,240 14,270 20,510 16,178 16,178

Arkansas 0.26 0.16 3,893 5,394 9,287 2,442 2,442

California 0.35 0.16 32,546 49,759 82,305 28,515 28,515

Colorado 0.00 0.16 3,209 8,606 11,815 0 1,864

Connecticut 0.16 0.16 2,686 4,154 6,840 1,079 1,079
Delaware 0.79 0.16 1,812 2,908 4,720 3,723 3,723

Florida 0.00 0.16 15,303 39,845 55,148 0 8,700

Georgia 0.16 0.16 9,700 12,842 22,542 3,556 3,556

Hawaii 0.16 0.16 1,151 1,493 2,644 417 417

Idaho 0.39 0.16 3,578 10,772 14,350 5,660 5,660

Illinois 0.26 0.16 12,053 18,094 30,147 7,927 7,927

Indiana 0.39 0.16 8,945 13,516 22,461 8,859 8,859

Iowa 0.26 0.16 11,904 27,215 39,119 10,286 10,286

Kansas 0.39 0.16 5,148 8,895 14,043 5,538 5,538

Kentucky 0.26 0.16 10,022 14,377 24,399 6,415 6,415

Louisiana 0.26 0.16 3,907 6,779 10,686 2,810 2,810

Maine 0.13 0.16 1,437 3,229 4,666 613 736

Maryland 0.79 0.16 4,084 5,578 9,662 7,621 7,621

Massachusetts 0.26 0.16 1,986 2,882 4,867 1,280 1,280

Michigan 0.26 0.16 12,803 28,913 41,717 10,969 10,969

Minnesota 0.38 0.16 8,375 11,840 20,215 7,647 7,647

Mississippi 0.26 0.16 2,742 3,691 6,433 1,691 1,691

Missouri 0.26 0.16 6,814 11,153 17,966 4,724 4,724

Montana 0.20 0.16 2,133 2,830 4,963 979 979

Nebraska 0.26 0.16 8,609 12,213 20,822 5,475 5,475

Nevada 0.26 0.16 1,390 3,063 4,453 1,171 1,171

New Hampshire 0.16 0.16 949 1,845 2,794 441 441

New Jersey 0.16 0.16 8,452 13,192 21,644 3,415 3,415

New Mexico 0.26 0.16 1,723 3,916 5,639 1,483 1,483

New York 0.26 0.16 17,653 25,615 43,268 11,377 11,377

North Carolina 0.16 0.16 17,012 24,848 41,860 6,604 6,604

North Dakota 0.26 0.16 4,889 8,115 13,004 3,419 3,419

Ohio 0.26 0.16 11,565 26,525 38,089 10,015 10,015

Oklahoma 0.16 0.16 9,002 25,016 34,018 5,367 5,367

Oregon 0.16 0.16 4,396 9,737 14,133 2,230 2,230

Pennsylvania 0.26 0.16 13,850 25,116 38,965 10,245 10,245

Rhode Island 0.16 0.16 606 1,137 1,744 275 275

South Carolina 0.00 0.16 5,009 7,826 12,835 0 2,025

South Dakota 0.00 0.16 4,943 8,348 13,291 0 2,097

Tennessee 0.26 0.16 13,051 13,688 26,739 7,031 7,031

Texas 0.79 0.16 17,478 35,133 52,611 41,500 41,500

Utah 0.26 0.16 3,389 7,066 10,455 2,749 2,749

Vermont 0.16 0.16 848 1,404 2,252 355 355

Virginia 0.39 0.16 6,325 12,363 18,688 7,370 7,370
Washington 0.16 0.16 14,343 35,151 49,494 7,808 7,808

West Virginia 0.26 0.16 1,747 2,592 4,340 1,141 1,141

Wisconsin 0.16 0.16 11,287 14,016 25,303 3,992 3,992

Wyoming 0.26 0.16 1,572 5,630 7,202 1,894 1,894

Puerto Rico 0.20 0.16 5,559 8,477 14,036 2,768 2,768

Other 0.20 0.16 2,134 2,134 4,267 842 842

Total, U.S.

1,012,7

35 280,335 295,143

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost
 PV IC

= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Recert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 18 18 0

Alaska 3 3 0

Arizona 142 142 0

Arkansas 21 21 0

California 251 251 0

Colorado 13 0 13

Connecticut 9 9 0

Delaware 33 33 0

Florida 59 0 59

Georgia 31 31 0

Hawaii 4 4 0

Idaho 50 50 0

Illinois 70 70 0

Indiana 78 78 0

Iowa 90 90 0

Kansas 49 49 0

Kentucky 56 56 0

Louisiana 25 25 0

Maine 6 5 1

Maryland 67 67 0

Massachusetts 11 11 0

Michigan 96 96 0

Minnesota 67 67 0

Mississippi 15 15 0

Missouri 42 42 0

Montana 9 9 0

Nebraska 48 48 0

Nevada 10 10 0

New Hampshire 4 4 0

New Jersey 30 30 0

New Mexico 13 13 0

New York 100 100 0

North Carolina 58 58 0

North Dakota 30 30 0
Ohio 88 88 0

Oklahoma 47 47 0

Oregon 20 20 0

Pennsylvania 90 90 0

Rhode Island 2 2 0

South Carolina 14 0 14

South Dakota 14 0 14

Tennessee 62 62 0

Texas 365 365 0

Utah 24 24 0

Vermont 3 3 0

Virginia 65 65 0

Washington 69 69 0

West Virginia 10 10 0

Wisconsin 35 35 0

Wyoming 17 17 0

Puerto Rico 24 24 0

Other 7 7 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Recert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 2,564 2,463 101

U.S. (annualized value) 292 280 11
5.1.1.7 Comm Recert-05: Exam for core and each category recertification every five years

The costs of this alternative is identical to those of Comm Recert-04.

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of commercial applicators require states to

have process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process 

or frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.1.8 Comm Recert-05: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Commercial Core and 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years

Comm Recert-05 is a less flexible version of Comm Recert-04, requiring recertification only by

exam. Since both proctoring one hour exam for 50 applicators and verifying training 

requirements for 50 applicators take one hour of a Jr technician’s time, the costs of Comm 

Recert-05 are identical to those of Comm Recert-04. 

5.1.2 Potential New Categories

Aerial Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Commercial Applicator, Aerial Applications
Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for both options pertaining to the recertification 

of the aerial category (implied under option Comm Cert-01).

Nineteen jurisdictions and those aggregated under ‘Other Jurisdiction’ do not have an aerial 

certification requirement and thus no recertification requirements. Baseline cost is zero for the 

following jurisdictions:

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

Colorado

Delaware

Idaho

Kansas

Missouri

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina

Oklahoma

Oregon

Rhode Island

South Dakota

Tennessee

Washington

West Virginia

Puerto Rico

Other Jurisdictions

Ten other jurisdictions require an aerial certification do not have specific category recertification 

requirements. Baseline cost for recertification in aerial applications is zero in the following 

jurisdictions:

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Mississippi

Nebraska

North Dakota

Ohio

South Carolina

Utah

Wyoming

The cost estimate for other jurisdictions is the expected annual cost per commercial applicator in 

the state, for recertification. The estimate is calculated as

,,

 = COM ∙ ,,



∙ freq,

where cost r,i,COM

B

is the baseline cost (B) per commercial applicator (COM) for the 

recertification requirement (r) in jurisdiction (i), w COM is the hourly wage rate (opportunity cost) 

for a commercial applicator; and freq i,t is the reciprocal of the recertification time period and 

represents either the fraction of commercial applicators obtaining recertification (if, for example, 

by examination) or the fraction of Cumulative Education Units (CEUs) an applicator obtains 

each year to meet the total number required.

Alaska

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Alaska

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 12 0.333 85.97

California

Recertification requirements:

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours (see Ag Plant category), with option to retake initial 

exam

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – California

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 20 0.5 214.91

Connecticut

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – Connecticut 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 51.58

Florida

Recertification requirements:

 8 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 6.7 hours (see Ag Plant category), with option to retake initial 

exam

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 4 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.25)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Florida

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6.7 0.25 35.82

Georgia
Recertification requirements: 

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours (see Ag Plant category) (option to retake initial 

exam)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Georgia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 10 0.20 42.98

Hawaii

Recertification requirements: 

 25 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 25 hours (see Ag Plant category) (option to retake initial 

exams for specific categories)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 25 0.20 107.46

Illinois

Recertification Requirements:

 6 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, for each category of certification 

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Illinois 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency (per 

year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 42.98

Indiana

Recertification requirements: 

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours (see Ag Plant), option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 2 years for all categories years (freq i,t = 0.50)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Indiana 

Action Wage Time Frequency Cost
($) (hours) (per year) ($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 20 0.50 214.91

Iowa

Recertification Requirements: 

 6 category-specific CEUs of 120 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Iowa 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 12 0.333 85.97

Maryland

Recertification requirements: 

 8 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 4 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Maryland

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 4 1 85.97

Massachusetts

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 50 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification –

Massachusetts 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 10 0.333 71.64

Michigan

Recertification Requirements:
 16 CEUs (8 core & 8 cat) of 60 minutes, or 16 hours, for each category certification held 

(option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Michigan

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 16 0.333 114.62

Minnesota

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 6 hours, (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for core 

and each category of certification

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Minnesota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 42.98

Montana

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 4 years (freq i,t = 0.25)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification –Montana

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 12 0.25 64.47

New Hampshire

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – New 

Hampshire

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 51.58

New Jersey

Recertification Requirements:

 24 CEUs (8 core & 16 cat) of 30 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category certification 

held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – New Jersey 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 51.58

New York

Recertification requirements:

 8 CEUs (at least 2 cat, 6 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 8 hours (see Ag Plant); option to 

retake initial exam

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – New York 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 8 0.333 57.31

Pennsylvania

Recertification requirements: 

 10 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 5 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Pennsylvania

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 5 0.333 35.82
Texas

Recertification requirements: 

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exam for each 

category

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Texas

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 5 1 107.46

Vermont

Recertification Requirements: 

 16 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 16 hours, per category of certification; 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Vermont

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 16 0.2 68.77

Virginia

Recertification Requirements:

 Single category-specific training session of 180 minutes, or 3 hours, for each category

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to taking the training

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Virginia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.5 64.47

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification (no core)

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)
 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.2 25.79

5.1.2.1 Comm Cert-01: Establish commercial aerial category, Recertification by Exam or 6

hour CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Comm Cert-01; Recertification every three years; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 42.98

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing commercial 

aerial applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing commercial aerial applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial aerial applicators (N Xst Com Air) in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.1)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of commercial aerial private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of commercial aerial applicators under the potential requirement.
 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame or not 

delineated between core and category certification. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions 

will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the 

number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com Air

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Cert-01, Recertification of Aerial Certification; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Aerial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 43 20 0 860 

Alaska 86 43 5 444 444 

Arizona 0 43 71 0 3,043 

Arkansas 0 43 264 0 11,366 

California 215 43 448 96,246 96,246 

Colorado 0 43 199 0 8,545 

Connecticut 52 43 2 103 103 

Delaware 0 43 41 0 1,763 

Florida 36 43 318 11,378 13,654 

Georgia 43 43 285 12,250 12,250 

Hawaii 107 43 8 878 878 

Idaho 0 43 216 0 9,285 

Illinois 43 43 271 11,641 11,641 

Indiana 215 43 267 57,310 57,310 

Iowa 86 43 749 64,345 64,345 

Kansas 0 43 337 0 14,491 

Kentucky 0 43 71 0 3,030 

Louisiana 0 43 381 0 16,391 

Maine 0 43 27 0 1,168 

Maryland 86 43 46 3,954 3,954 

Massachusetts 72 43 16 1,134 1,134 

Michigan 115 43 80 9,189 9,189 

Minnesota 43 43 383 16,441 16,441 

Mississippi 0 43 238 0 10,237 

Missouri 0 43 237 0 10,186 

Montana 64 43 13 827 827 
Nebraska 0 43 525 0 22,544 

Nevada 0 43 80 0 3,428 

New Hampshire 52 43 15 794 794 

New Jersey 52 43 81 4,178 4,178 

New Mexico 0 43 6 0 256 

New York 57 43 50 2,885 2,885 

North Carolina 0 43 170 0 7,288 

North Dakota 0 43 357 0 15,323 

Ohio 0 43 92 0 3,947 

Oklahoma 0 43 408 0 17,534 

Oregon 0 43 210 0 9,018 

Pennsylvania 36 43 71 2,531 3,037 

Rhode Island 0 43 15 0 633 

South Carolina 0 43 85 0 3,668 

South Dakota 0 43 389 0 16,711 

Tennessee 0 43 86 0 3,697 

Texas 107 43 533 57,275 57,275 

Utah 0 43 48 0 2,056 

Vermont 69 43 8 562 562 

Virginia 64 43 84 5,405 5,405 

Washington 0 43 459 0 19,743 

West Virginia 0 43 31 0 1,337 

Wisconsin 26 43 68 1,741 2,901 

Wyoming 0 43 43 0 1,848 

Puerto Rico 0 43 46 0 1,985

Other Jurisdictions 0 43 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 8,950 361,511 586,834

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Cert-01, Recertification of Aerial Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 5 0 5

Alaska 4 4 0

Arizona 18 0 18

Arkansas 67 0 67

California 846 846 0

Colorado 50 0 50

Connecticut 1 1 0

Delaware 10 0 10

Florida 113 100 13

Georgia 108 108 0

Hawaii 8 8 0

Idaho 55 0 55

Illinois 102 102 0

Indiana 504 504 0

Iowa 565 565 0

Kansas 85 0 85

Kentucky 18 0 18

Louisiana 96 0 96

Maine 7 0 7

Maryland 35 35 0

Massachusetts 10 10 0

Michigan 81 81 0

Minnesota 144 144 0

Mississippi 60 0 60

Missouri 60 0 60
Montana 7 7 0

Nebraska 132 0 132

Nevada 20 0 20

New Hampshire 7 7 0

New Jersey 37 37 0

New Mexico 2 0 2

New York 25 25 0

North Carolina 43 0 43

North Dakota 90 0 90

Ohio 23 0 23

Oklahoma 103 0 103

Oregon 53 0 53

Pennsylvania 25 22 3

Rhode Island 4 0 4

South Carolina 22 0 22

South Dakota 98 0 98

Tennessee 22 0 22

Texas 503 503 0

Utah 12 0 12

Vermont 5 5 0

Virginia 47 47 0

Washington 116 0 116

West Virginia 8 0 8

Wisconsin 22 15 7

Wyoming 11 0 11

Puerto Rico 12 0 12

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-01, Recertification of Aerial Certification; Step 6;
National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 4,500 3,176 1,323

U.S. (annualized value) 512 362 151

Per applicator incremental cost 0.017

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

general fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 

that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that 

require a given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these 

recertification requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For commercial applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application methodspecific categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the 

required training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a 

written exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.2.2 Comm Cert-01: Administer New Commercial Aerial Category Exam or Training: 

Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs
Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

Thirty two (32) states require aerial recertification in the baseline. However, of these states, 

Florida and South Carolina do not proctor their recertification exam and thus there is no 

proctoring cost for these two states in the baseline.

Assumptions:

 Currently, these states except Florida and South Carolina are in compliance with Comm 

Cert-01, proctoring the recertification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of recertification exam is done every 3 years for the 10-year horizon for all 

certified applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Recertification 

Exam; States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Aerial Category Recertification Exam 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

The 18 states (AL, AZ, AR, CO, DE, ID, KS, MO, NV, NM, NC, OK, OR, RI, SD, TN, WA, & 

WV), Puerto Rico, and Other do not require aerial recertification in the baseline. 

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Recertification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5
Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Aerial Category 

Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0 0.26 22.4 0.0 5.9

Alaska 0.26 0.26 5.8 1.5 1.5

Arizona 0 0.26 79.3 0.0 20.8

Arkansas 0 0.26 296.2 0.0 77.9

California 0.26 0.26 501.6 131.9 131.9

Colorado 0 0.26 222.7 0.0 58.5

Connecticut 0.26 0.26 2.2 0.6 0.6

Delaware 0 0.26 45.9 0.0 12.1

Florida 0 0.26 355.8 0.0 93.5

Georgia 0.26 0.26 319.2 83.9 83.9

Hawaii 0.26 0.26 9.1 2.4 2.4

Idaho 0 0.26 241.9 0.0 63.6
Illinois 0.26 0.26 303.3 79.8 79.8

Indiana 0.26 0.26 298.7 78.5 78.5

Iowa 0.26 0.26 838.3 220.4 220.4

Kansas

0 0.26 377.6 0.0 99.3

Kentucky 0.26 0.26 79.0 20.8 20.8

Louisiana 0.26 0.26 427.1 112.3 112.3

Maine 0.26 0.26 30.4 8.0 8.0

Maryland 0.26 0.26 51.5 13.5 13.5

Massachusetts 0.26 0.26 17.7 4.7 4.7

Michigan 0.26 0.26 89.8 23.6 23.6

Minnesota 0.26 0.26 428.4 112.6 112.6

Mississippi 0.26 0.26 266.7 70.1 70.1

Missouri

0 0.26 265.4 0.0 69.8

Montana 0.26 0.26 14.4 3.8 3.8

Nebraska 0.26 0.26 587.4 154.5 154.5

Nevada

0 0.26 89.3 0.0 23.5

New Hampshire 0.26 0.26 17.2 4.5 4.5

New Jersey 0.26 0.26 90.7 23.9 23.9

New Mexico

0 0.26 6.7 0.0 1.8

New York 0.26 0.26 56.4 14.8 14.8

North Carolina

0 0.26 189.9 0.0 49.9

North Dakota 0.26 0.26 399.3 105.0 105.0

Ohio 0.26 0.26 102.9 27.0 27.0

Oklahoma

0 0.26 456.9 0.0 120.1

Oregon

0 0.26 235.0 0.0 61.8

Pennsylvania 0.26 0.26 79.1 20.8 20.8

Rhode Island

0 0.26 16.5 0.0 4.3

South Carolina

0 0.26 95.6 0.0 25.1

South Dakota

0 0.26 435.4 0.0 114.5

Tennessee

0 0.26 96.3 0.0 25.3

Texas 0.26 0.26 597.0 157.0 157.0

Utah 0.26 0.26 53.6 14.1 14.1

Vermont 0.26 0.26 9.1 2.4 2.4

Virginia 0.26 0.26 93.9 24.7 24.7

Washington

0 0.26 514.4 0.0 135.3

West Virginia

0 0.26 34.9 0.0 9.2

Wisconsin 0.26 0.26 75.6 19.9 19.9

Wyoming 0.26 0.26 48.2 12.7 12.7

Puerto Rico

0 0.26 52.0 0.0 14.0
Other 0 0.26 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total, U.S. 10,024 1,550 2,636

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B ($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.04 0.00 0.04 
Alaska 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Arizona 0.14 0.00 0.14 

Arkansas 0.53 0.00 0.53 

California 1.16 1.16 0.00 

Colorado 0.40 0.00 0.40 

Connecticut 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Delaware 0.08 0.00 0.08 

Florida 0.64 0.00 0.64 

Georgia 0.74 0.74 0.00 

Hawaii 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Idaho 0.43 0.00 0.43 

Illinois 0.70 0.70 0.00 

Indiana 0.69 0.69 0.00 

Iowa 1.94 1.94 0.00 

Kansas 0.68 0.00 0.68 

Kentucky 0.18 0.18 0.00 

Louisiana 0.99 0.99 0.00 

Maine 0.07 0.07 0.00 

Maryland 0.12 0.12 0.00 

Massachusetts 0.04 0.04 0.00 

Michigan 0.21 0.21 0.00 

Minnesota 0.99 0.99 0.00 

Mississippi 0.62 0.62 0.00 

Missouri 0.48 0.00 0.48 

Montana 0.03 0.03 0.00 

Nebraska 1.36 1.36 0.00 

Nevada 0.16 0.00 0.16 

New Hampshire 0.04 0.04 0.00 

New Jersey 0.21 0.21 0.00 

New Mexico 0.01 0.00 0.01 

New York 0.13 0.13 0.00 

North Carolina 0.34 0.00 0.34 

North Dakota 0.92 0.92 0.00 

Ohio 0.24 0.24 0.00 

Oklahoma 0.82 0.00 0.82 

Oregon 0.42 0.00 0.42 

Pennsylvania 0.18 0.18 0.00 

Rhode Island 0.03 0.00 0.03 

South Carolina 0.17 0.00 0.17 
South Dakota 0.78 0.00 0.78 

Tennessee 0.17 0.00 0.17 

Texas 1.38 1.38 0.00 

Utah 0.12 0.12 0.00 

Vermont 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Virginia 0.22 0.22 0.00 

Washington 0.92 0.00 0.92 

West Virginia 0.06 0.00 0.06 

Wisconsin 0.17 0.17 0.00 

Wyoming 0.11 0.11 0.00 

Puerto Rico 0.09 0.00 0.09 

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 21 14 7

U.S. (annualized value) 2.39 1.55 0.84

********************************************************************

5.1.2.3 Comm Cert-01: Establish commercial aerial category, Recertification by Exam or 6

hour CEUs/training every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 
 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Comm Cert-01; Recertification every five years; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.20 25.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing commercial 

aerial applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing commercial aerial applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial aerial applicators (N Xst Com Air) in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.1)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of commercial aerial applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of commercial aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame or not 

delineated between core and category certification. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions 

will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the 

number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com Air

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Cert-01, Recertification of Aerial Certification; Step 3;
Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Aerial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 26 20 0 516 

Alaska 86 26 5 444 444 

Arizona 0 26 71 0 1,826 

Arkansas 0 26 264 0 6,819 

California 215 26 448 96,246 96,246 

Colorado 0 26 199 0 5,127 

Connecticut 52 26 2 103 103 

Delaware 0 26 41 0 1,058 

Florida 36 26 318 11,378 11,378 

Georgia 43 26 285 12,250 12,250 

Hawaii 107 26 8 878 878 

Idaho 0 26 216 0 5,571 

Illinois 43 26 271 11,641 11,641 

Indiana 215 26 267 57,310 57,310 

Iowa 86 26 749 64,345 64,345 

Kansas 0 26 337 0 8,695 

Kentucky 0 26 71 0 1,818 

Louisiana 0 26 381 0 9,834 

Maine 0 26 27 0 701 

Maryland 86 26 46 3,954 3,954 

Massachusetts 72 26 16 1,134 1,134 

Michigan 115 26 80 9,189 9,189 

Minnesota 43 26 383 16,441 16,441 

Mississippi 0 26 238 0 6,142 

Missouri 0 26 237 0 6,111 

Montana 64 26 13 827 827 

Nebraska 0 26 525 0 13,527 

Nevada 0 26 80 0 2,057 

New Hampshire 52 26 15 794 794 

New Jersey 52 26 81 4,178 4,178 

New Mexico 0 26 6 0 154 

New York 57 26 50 2,885 2,885 

North Carolina 0 26 170 0 4,373 

North Dakota 0 26 357 0 9,194 

Ohio 0 26 92 0 2,368 

Oklahoma 0 26 408 0 10,520 

Oregon 0 26 210 0 5,411 

Pennsylvania 36 26 71 2,531 2,531 

Rhode Island 0 26 15 0 380 

South Carolina 0 26 85 0 2,201 

South Dakota 0 26 389 0 10,027 
Tennessee 0 26 86 0 2,218 

Texas 107 26 533 57,275 57,275 

Utah 0 26 48 0 1,234 

Vermont 69 26 8 562 562 

Virginia 64 26 84 5,405 5,405 

Washington 0 26 459 0 11,846 

West Virginia 0 26 31 0 802 

Wisconsin 26 26 68 1,741 1,741 

Wyoming 0 26 43 0 1,109 

Puerto Rico 0 26 46 0 1,191

Other Jurisdictions 0 26 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 8,950 361,511 494,339

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Cert-01, Recertification of Aerial Certification; Steps 4 & 5
Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 3 0 3

Alaska 4 4 0

Arizona 11 0 11

Arkansas 40 0 40

California 846 846 0

Colorado 30 0 30

Connecticut 1 1 0

Delaware 6 0 6

Florida 100 100 0

Georgia 108 108 0

Hawaii 8 8 0

Idaho 33 0 33

Illinois 102 102 0

Indiana 504 504 0

Iowa 565 565 0

Kansas 51 0 51

Kentucky 11 0 11

Louisiana 58 0 58

Maine 4 0 4

Maryland 35 35 0

Massachusetts 10 10 0

Michigan 81 81 0

Minnesota 144 144 0

Mississippi 36 0 36

Missouri 36 0 36

Montana 7 7 0

Nebraska 79 0 79

Nevada 12 0 12

New Hampshire 7 7 0

New Jersey 37 37 0

New Mexico 1 0 1

New York 25 25 0

North Carolina 26 0 26

North Dakota 54 0 54

Ohio 14 0 14

Oklahoma 62 0 62

Oregon 32 0 32

Pennsylvania 22 22 0

Rhode Island 2 0 2
South Carolina 13 0 13

South Dakota 59 0 59

Tennessee 13 0 13

Texas 503 503 0

Utah 7 0 7

Vermont 5 5 0

Virginia 47 47 0

Washington 70 0 70

West Virginia 5 0 5

Wisconsin 15 15 0

Wyoming 7 0 7

Puerto Rico 7 0 7

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-01, Recertification of Aerial Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 3,956 3,176 780

U.S. (annualized value) 450 362 89

Per applicator incremental cost 0.010

5.1.2.4 Comm Cert-01: Administer New Commercial Aerial Category: Every 5 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline
Thirty two (32) states require aerial recertification in the baseline. However, of these states, 

Florida and South Carolina do not proctor their recertification exam and thus there is no 

proctoring cost for these two states in the baseline.

Assumptions:

 Currently, these states except Florida and South Carolina are in compliance with Comm 

Cert-01, proctoring the recertification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of recertification exam is done every 3 years for the 10-year horizon for all 

certified applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Recertification 

Exam; States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Aerial Category Recertification Exam 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

The 18 states (AL, AZ, AR, CO, DE, ID, KS, MO, NV, NM, NC, OK, OR, RI, SD, TN, WA, & 

WV), Puerto Rico, and Other do not require aerial recertification in the baseline. 

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Recertification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Aerial Category Certification Exam;
Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Aerial Category 

Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0 0.16 22.4 0.0 3.5

Alaska 0.26 0.16 5.8 1.5 1.5

Arizona 0 0.16 79.3 0.0 12.5

Arkansas 0 0.16 296.2 0.0 46.7

California 0.26 0.16 501.6 131.9 131.9

Colorado 0 0.16 222.7 0.0 35.1

Connecticut 0.26 0.16 2.2 0.6 0.6

Delaware 0 0.16 45.9 0.0 7.2

Florida 0 0.16 355.8 0.0 56.1

Georgia 0.26 0.16 319.2 83.9 83.9

Hawaii 0.26 0.16 9.1 2.4 2.4

Idaho 0 0.16 241.9 0.0 38.2

Illinois 0.26 0.16 303.3 79.8 79.8
Indiana 0.26 0.16 298.7 78.5 78.5

Iowa 0.26 0.16 838.3 220.4 220.4

Kansas

0 0.16 377.6 0.0 59.6

Kentucky 0.26 0.16 79.0 20.8 20.8

Louisiana 0.26 0.16 427.1 112.3 112.3

Maine 0.26 0.16 30.4 8.0 8.0

Maryland 0.26 0.16 51.5 13.5 13.5

Massachusetts 0.26 0.16 17.7 4.7 4.7

Michigan 0.26 0.16 89.8 23.6 23.6

Minnesota 0.26 0.16 428.4 112.6 112.6

Mississippi 0.26 0.16 266.7 70.1 70.1

Missouri

0 0.16 265.4 0.0 41.9

Montana 0.26 0.16 14.4 3.8 3.8

Nebraska 0.26 0.16 587.4 154.5 154.5

Nevada

0 0.16 89.3 0.0 14.1

New Hampshire 0.26 0.16 17.2 4.5 4.5

New Jersey 0.26 0.16 90.7 23.9 23.9

New Mexico

0 0.16 6.7 0.0 1.1

New York 0.26 0.16 56.4 14.8 14.8

North Carolina

0 0.16 189.9 0.0 30.0

North Dakota 0.26 0.16 399.3 105.0 105.0

Ohio 0.26 0.16 102.9 27.0 27.0

Oklahoma

0 0.16 456.9 0.0 72.1

Oregon

0 0.16 235.0 0.0 37.1

Pennsylvania 0.26 0.16 79.1 20.8 20.8

Rhode Island

0 0.16 16.5 0.0 2.6

South Carolina

0 0.16 95.6 0.0 15.1

South Dakota

0 0.16 435.4 0.0 68.7

Tennessee

0 0.16 96.3 0.0 15.2

Texas 0.26 0.16 597.0 157.0 157.0

Utah 0.26 0.16 53.6 14.1 14.1

Vermont 0.26 0.16 9.1 2.4 2.4

Virginia 0.26 0.16 93.9 24.7 24.7

Washington

0 0.16 514.4 0.0 81.2

West Virginia

0 0.16 34.9 0.0 5.5

Wisconsin 0.26 0.16 75.6 19.9 19.9

Wyoming 0.26 0.16 48.2 12.7 12.7

Puerto Rico

0 0.16 52.0 0.0 8.2

Other 

0 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total, U.S. 10,024 1,550 2,201

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B ($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.02 0.00 0.02 
Alaska 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Arizona 0.09 0.00 0.09 

Arkansas 0.32 0.00 0.32 

California 1.16 1.16 0.00 

Colorado 0.24 0.00 0.24 

Connecticut 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Delaware 0.05 0.00 0.05 

Florida 0.38 0.00 0.38 

Georgia 0.74 0.74 0.00 

Hawaii 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Idaho 0.26 0.00 0.26 

Illinois 0.70 0.70 0.00 

Indiana 0.69 0.69 0.00 

Iowa 1.94 1.94 0.00 

Kansas 0.41 0.00 0.41 

Kentucky 0.18 0.18 0.00 

Louisiana 0.99 0.987 0.00 

Maine 0.07 0.07 0.00 

Maryland 0.12 0.12 0.00 

Massachusetts 0.04 0.04 0.00 

Michigan 0.21 0.21 0.00 

Minnesota 0.99 0.99 0.00 

Mississippi 0.62 0.62 0.00 

Missouri 0.29 0.00 0.29 

Montana 0.03 0.03 0.00 

Nebraska 1.36 1.36 0.00 

Nevada 0.10 0.00 0.10 

New Hampshire 0.04 0.04 0.00 

New Jersey 0.21 0.21 0.00 

New Mexico 0.01 0.00 0.01 

New York 0.13 0.13 0.00 

North Carolina 0.20 0.00 0.20 

North Dakota 0.92 0.92 0.00 

Ohio 0.24 0.24 0.00 

Oklahoma 0.49 0.00 0.49 

Oregon 0.25 0.00 0.25 

Pennsylvania 0.18 0.18 0.00 

Rhode Island 0.02 0.00 0.02 

South Carolina 0.10 0.00 0.10 
South Dakota 0.47 0.00 0.47 

Tennessee 0.10 0.00 0.10 

Texas 1.38 1.38 0.00 

Utah 0.12 0.12 0.00 

Vermont 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Virginia 0.22 0.22 0.00 

Washington 0.55 0.00 0.55 

West Virginia 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Wisconsin 0.17 0.17 0.00 

Wyoming 0.11 0.11 0.00 

Puerto Rico 0.06 0.00 0.06 

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 18 14 4

U.S. (annualized value) 2.06 1.55 0.51

Chemigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Commercial Applicator, Chemigation

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for both options pertaining to the recertification 

of the chemigation category (implied under option Comm Cert-02).
Forty-four jurisdictions and those aggregated under ‘Other Jurisdiction’ do not have a 

chemigation certification requirement and thus no recertification requirements. Baseline cost is 

zero for the following jurisdictions:

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Utah

Vermont

Washington

West Virginia

Puerto Rico

Other Jurisdictions

Three other jurisdictions require a chemigation certification but do not have specific category

recertification requirements. Baseline cost for recertification in chemigation is zero in the 

following jurisdictions:

Maine Nevada Wyoming

The cost estimate for other jurisdictions is the expected annual cost per commercial applicator in 

the state, for recertification. The estimate is calculated as

,,

 = COM ∙ ,,



∙ freq,

where cost r,i,COM

B

is the baseline cost (B) per commercial applicator (COM) for the 

recertification requirement (r) in jurisdiction (i), w COM is the hourly wage rate (opportunity cost) 

for a commercial applicator; and freq i,t is the reciprocal of the recertification time period and 

represents either the fraction of commercial applicators obtaining recertification (if, for example, 

by examination) or the fraction of Cumulative Education Units (CEUs) an applicator obtains 

each year to meet the total number required.

Hawaii

Recertification requirements: 

 25 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 25 hours (see Ag Plant category) (option to retake initial 

exams for specific categories; EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of 

effort)
 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Chemigation Recertification –

Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Recertification 21.49 25 0.20 107.46

Texas

Recertification requirements: 

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exam for each 

category; EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Chemigation Recertification – Texas

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Recertification 21.49 5 1 107.46

Virginia

Recertification Requirements:

 Single category-specific training session of 180 minutes, or 3 hours, for each category

certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to taking the training

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Chemigation Recertification –

Virginia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Recertification 21.49 6 0.5 64.47

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification (no core)

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Chemigation Recertification –

Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Recertification 21.49 6 0.2 25.79

5.1.2.5 Comm Cert-02: Establish commercial chemigation category, Recertification by Exam 

or 6 hour CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Chemigation Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Comm Cert-02; Recertification every three years; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 42.98

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing chemigation 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing chemigation applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial chemigation applicators (N Xst Com Air) in each 

jurisdiction is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see 

Chapter 3.3.1)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of commercial chemigation applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of commercial chemigation applicators under the potential 

requirement.
 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame or not 

delineated between core and category certification. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions 

will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the 

number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com Chem

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com Chem

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Cert-02, Recertification of Chemigation Certification; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Chemigation Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com Chem RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 43 21 0 922 

Alaska 0 43 0 0 0 

Arizona 0 43 9 0 405 

Arkansas 0 43 17 0 750 

California 0 43 57 0 2,470 

Colorado 0 43 15 0 634 

Connecticut 0 43 0 0 0 

Delaware 0 43 22 0 933 

Florida 0 43 30 0 1,280 

Georgia 0 43 31 0 1,334 

Hawaii 107 43 6 681 681 

Idaho 0 43 29 0 1,236 

Illinois 0 43 6 0 261 

Indiana 0 43 6 0 243 

Iowa 0 43 19 0 797 

Kansas 0 43 8 0 355 

Kentucky 0 43 10 0 410 

Louisiana 0 43 12 0 527 

Maine 0 43 0 0 0 

Maryland 0 43 20 0 854 

Massachusetts 0 43 8 0 357 

Michigan 0 43 9 0 390 

Minnesota 0 43 4 0 165 

Mississippi 0 43 18 0 764 

Missouri 0 43 7 0 319 

Montana 0 43 10 0 437 
Nebraska 0 43 6 0 263 

Nevada 0 43 8 0 337 

New Hampshire 0 43 0 0 0 

New Jersey 0 43 22 0 930 

New Mexico 0 43 12 0 507 

New York 0 43 12 0 529 

North Carolina 0 43 33 0 1,404 

North Dakota 0 43 15 0 664 

Ohio 0 43 17 0 737 

Oklahoma 0 43 31 0 1,320 

Oregon 0 43 24 0 1,012 

Pennsylvania 0 43 10 0 419 

Rhode Island 0 43 0 0 0 

South Carolina 0 43 22 0 955 

South Dakota 0 43 13 0 543 

Tennessee 0 43 24 0 1,033 

Texas 107 43 28 2,973 2,973 

Utah 0 43 12 0 517 

Vermont 0 43 0 0 0 

Virginia 64 43 37 2,396 2,396 

Washington 0 43 71 0 3,056 

West Virginia 0 43 9 0 369 

Wisconsin 26 43 4 103 172 

Wyoming 0 43 30 0 1,268 

Puerto Rico 0 43 5 0 197

Other Jurisdictions 0 43 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 817 6,153 38,124

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Cert-02, Recertification of Chemigation Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 5 0 5

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 2 0 2

Arkansas 4 0 4

California 15 0 15

Colorado 4 0 4

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 5 0 5

Florida 8 0 8

Georgia 8 0 8

Hawaii 6 6 0

Idaho 7 0 7

Illinois 2 0 2

Indiana 1 0 1

Iowa 5 0 5

Kansas 2 0 2

Kentucky 2 0 2

Louisiana 3 0 3

Maine 0 0 0

Maryland 5 0 5

Massachusetts 2 0 2

Michigan 2 0 2

Minnesota 1 0 1

Mississippi 4 0 4

Missouri 2 0 2
Montana 3 0 3

Nebraska 2 0 2

Nevada 2 0 2

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 5 0 5

New Mexico 3 0 3

New York 3 0 3

North Carolina 8 0 8

North Dakota 4 0 4

Ohio 4 0 4

Oklahoma 8 0 8

Oregon 6 0 6

Pennsylvania 2 0 2

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 6 0 6

South Dakota 3 0 3

Tennessee 6 0 6

Texas 26 26 0

Utah 3 0 3

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 21 21 0

Washington 18 0 18

West Virginia 2 0 2

Wisconsin 1 1 0

Wyoming 7 0 7

Puerto Rico 1 0 1

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-02, Recertification of Chemigation Certification; Step 6;
National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 242 54 188

U.S. (annualized value) 28 6 21

Per applicator incremental cost 0.026

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

general fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 

that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that 

require a given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these 

recertification requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For commercial applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application methodspecific categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the 

required training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a 

written exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.2.6 Comm cert-02: Administer New Commercial Chemigation Category Exam or 

Training: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs
Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

7 states – Hawaii, Maine, Nevada, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, & Wyoming currently require an 

exam for chemigation recertification. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, these states are in compliance with Comm Cert-02, proctoring the 

recertification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 Proctoring of recertification exam is done every 3 years for the 10-year horizon for all 

certified applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Chemigation Category Recertification

Exam 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

The remaining 43 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require chemigation recertification in the 

baseline. 

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5
Table: Comm cert-02; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in chemigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Chemigation 

Category Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.0 0.26 22.9 0.0 6.0

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.0 0.26 10.1 0.0 2.7

Arkansas 0.0 0.26 18.7 0.0 4.9

California 0.0 0.26 61.5 0.0 16.2

Colorado 0.0 0.26 15.8 0.0 4.1

Connecticut n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Delaware 0.0 0.26 23.2 0.0 6.1

Florida 0.0 0.26 31.9 0.0 8.4

Georgia 0.0 0.26 33.2 0.0 8.7

Hawaii 0.26 0.26 6.8 1.8 1.8

Idaho 0.0 0.26 30.8 0.0 8.1
Illinois 0.0 0.26 6.5 0.0 1.7

Indiana 0.0 0.26 6.1 0.0 1.6

Iowa 0.0 0.26 19.8 0.0 5.2

Kansas 0.0 0.26 8.8 0.0 2.3

Kentucky 0.0 0.26 10.2 0.0 2.7

Louisiana 0.0 0.26 13.1 0.0 3.4

Maine 0.26 0.26 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0.0 0.26 21.3 0.0 5.6

Massachusetts 0.0 0.26 8.9 0.0 2.3

Michigan 0.0 0.26 9.7 0.0 2.6

Minnesota 0.0 0.26 4.1 0.0 1.1

Mississippi 0.0 0.26 19.0 0.0 5.0

Missouri 0.0 0.26 7.9 0.0 2.1

Montana 0.0 0.26 10.9 0.0 2.9

Nebraska 0.0 0.26 6.5 0.0 1.7

Nevada 0.26 0.26 8.4 2.2 2.2

New Hampshire n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

New Jersey 0.0 0.26 23.2 0.0 6.1

New Mexico 0.0 0.26 12.6 0.0 3.3

New York 0.0 0.26 13.2 0.0 3.5

North Carolina 0.0 0.26 34.9 0.0 9.2

North Dakota 0.0 0.26 16.5 0.0 4.3

Ohio 0.0 0.26 18.4 0.0 4.8

Oklahoma 0.0 0.26 32.8 0.0 8.6

Oregon 0.0 0.26 25.2 0.0 6.6

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.26 10.4 0.0 2.7

Rhode Island n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South Carolina 0.0 0.26 23.8 0.0 6.2

South Dakota 0.0 0.26 13.5 0.0 3.6

Tennessee 0.0 0.26 25.7 0.0 6.8

Texas 0.26 0.26 29.6 7.8 7.8

Utah 0.0 0.26 12.9 0.0 3.4

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.26 0.26 39.8 10.5 10.5

Washington 0.0 0.26 76.1 0.0 20.0

West Virginia 0.0 0.26 9.2 0.0 2.4

Wisconsin 0.26 0.26 4.3 1.1 1.1

Wyoming 0.26 0.26 31.6 8.3 8.3

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.26 4.9 0.0 1.3
Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 875 32 230

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator number data 

and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with chemigation 

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm cert-02; Steps 4 & 5;
Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Arizona 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Arkansas 0.03 0.00 0.03 

California 0.11 0.00 0.11 

Colorado 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Delaware 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Florida 0.06 0.00 0.06 

Georgia 0.06 0.00 0.06 

Hawaii 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Idaho 0.06 0.00 0.06 

Illinois 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Indiana 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Iowa 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Kansas 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Kentucky 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Louisiana 0.02 0.000 0.02 

Maine 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Maryland 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Massachusetts 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Michigan 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Minnesota 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Mississippi 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Missouri 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Montana 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Nebraska 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Nevada 0.02 0.02 0.00 

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00 

New Jersey 0.04 0.00 0.04 

New Mexico 0.02 0.00 0.02 

New York 0.02 0.00 0.02 

North Carolina 0.06 0.00 0.06 

North Dakota 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Ohio 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Oklahoma 0.06 0.00 0.06 

Oregon 0.05 0.00 0.05 
Pennsylvania 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Rhode Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 

South Carolina 0.04 0.00 0.04 

South Dakota 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Tennessee 0.05 0.00 0.05 

Texas 0.07 0.07 0.00 

Utah 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Virginia 0.09 0.09 0.00 

Washington 0.14 0.00 0.14 

West Virginia 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Wisconsin 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Wyoming 0.07 0.07 0.00 

Puerto Rico 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1.630 0.278 1.352

U.S. (annualized value) 0.185 0.032 0.154

****************************************************************
5.1.2.7 Comm Cert-02: Establish commercial chemigation category, Recertification by Exam 

or 6 hour CEUs/training every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Chemigation Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Comm Cert-02; Recertification every five years; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.2 25.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing chemigation 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing chemigation applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial chemigation applicators (N Xst Com Air) in each 

jurisdiction is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see 

Chapter 3.3.1)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of commercial chemigation applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of commercial chemigation applicators under the potential 

requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame or not 

delineated between core and category certification. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions 

will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the 

number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com Chem
RC P 

= max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com Chem

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Cert-02, Recertification of Chemigation Certification; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Chemigation Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com Chem RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 26 21 0 553 

Alaska 0 26 0 0 0 

Arizona 0 26 9 0 243 

Arkansas 0 26 17 0 450 

California 0 26 57 0 1,482 

Colorado 0 26 15 0 380 

Connecticut 0 26 0 0 0 

Delaware 0 26 22 0 560 

Florida 0 26 30 0 768 

Georgia 0 26 31 0 800 

Hawaii 107 26 6 681 681 

Idaho 0 26 29 0 742 

Illinois 0 26 6 0 157 

Indiana 0 26 6 0 146 

Iowa 0 26 19 0 478 

Kansas 0 26 8 0 213 

Kentucky 0 26 10 0 246 

Louisiana 0 26 12 0 316 

Maine 0 26 0 0 0 

Maryland 0 26 20 0 513 

Massachusetts 0 26 8 0 214 

Michigan 0 26 9 0 234 

Minnesota 0 26 4 0 99 

Mississippi 0 26 18 0 458 

Missouri 0 26 7 0 192 

Montana 0 26 10 0 262 

Nebraska 0 26 6 0 158 

Nevada 0 26 8 0 202 

New Hampshire 0 26 0 0 0 

New Jersey 0 26 22 0 558 

New Mexico 0 26 12 0 304 

New York 0 26 12 0 317 

North Carolina 0 26 33 0 842 

North Dakota 0 26 15 0 398 

Ohio 0 26 17 0 442 

Oklahoma 0 26 31 0 792 
Oregon 0 26 24 0 607 

Pennsylvania 0 26 10 0 252 

Rhode Island 0 26 0 0 0 

South Carolina 0 26 22 0 573 

South Dakota 0 26 13 0 326 

Tennessee 0 26 24 0 620 

Texas 107 26 28 2,973 2,973 

Utah 0 26 12 0 310 

Vermont 0 26 0 0 0 

Virginia 64 26 37 2,396 2,396 

Washington 0 26 71 0 1,833 

West Virginia 0 26 9 0 222 

Wisconsin 26 26 4 103 103 

Wyoming 0 26 30 0 761 

Puerto Rico 0 26 5 0 118

Other Jurisdictions 0 26 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 817 6,153 25,294

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 
 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Cert-02, Recertification of Chemigation Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 3 0 3

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 1 0 1

Arkansas 3 0 3

California 9 0 9

Colorado 2 0 2

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 3 0 3

Florida 5 0 5

Georgia 5 0 5

Hawaii 6 6 0

Idaho 4 0 4

Illinois 1 0 1

Indiana 1 0 1

Iowa 3 0 3

Kansas 1 0 1

Kentucky 1 0 1

Louisiana 2 0 2

Maine 0 0 0

Maryland 3 0 3

Massachusetts 1 0 1

Michigan 1 0 1

Minnesota 1 0 1

Mississippi 3 0 3

Missouri 1 0 1

Montana 2 0 2

Nebraska 1 0 1

Nevada 1 0 1

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 3 0 3

New Mexico 2 0 2

New York 2 0 2

North Carolina 5 0 5

North Dakota 2 0 2

Ohio 3 0 3
Oklahoma 5 0 5

Oregon 4 0 4

Pennsylvania 1 0 1

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 3 0 3

South Dakota 2 0 2

Tennessee 4 0 4

Texas 26 26 0

Utah 2 0 2

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 21 21 0

Washington 11 0 11

West Virginia 1 0 1

Wisconsin 1 1 0

Wyoming 4 0 4

Puerto Rico 1 0 1

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-02, Recertification of Chemigation Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 166 54 112

U.S. (annualized value) 19 6 13

Per applicator incremental cost 0.016

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 
The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

general fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 

that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that 

require a given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these 

recertification requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For commercial applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application methodspecific categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the 

required training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a 

written exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.2.8 Comm cert-02: Administer New Commercial Chemigation Category Exam or 

Training: Every 5 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

7 states – Hawaii, Maine, Nevada, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, & Wyoming currently require an 

exam for chemigation recertification. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, these states are in compliance with Comm Cert-02, proctoring the 

recertification exam in the baseline

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees
 Proctoring of recertification exam is done every 3 years for the 10-year horizon for all 

certified applicators

 The wage rate for a Junior Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Chemigation Category Recertification

Exam 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

The remaining 43 states, Puerto Rico, and Other do not require chemigation recertification in the 

baseline. 

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial Chemigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in chemigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm cert-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Chemigation 

Category Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.0 0.16 22.9 0.0 3.6

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.0 0.16 10.1 0.0 1.6

Arkansas 0.0 0.16 18.7 0.0 2.9

California 0.0 0.16 61.5 0.0 9.7

Colorado 0.0 0.16 15.8 0.0 2.5

Connecticut n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Delaware 0.0 0.16 23.2 0.0 3.7

Florida 0.0 0.16 31.9 0.0 5.0

Georgia 0.0 0.16 33.2 0.0 5.2

Hawaii 0.26 0.16 6.8 1.8 1.8

Idaho 0.0 0.16 30.8 0.0 4.9

Illinois 0.0 0.16 6.5 0.0 1.0

Indiana 0.0 0.16 6.1 0.0 1.0

Iowa 0.0 0.16 19.8 0.0 3.1

Kansas 0.0 0.16 8.8 0.0 1.4

Kentucky 0.0 0.16 10.2 0.0 1.6

Louisiana 0.0 0.16 13.1 0.0 2.1

Maine 0.26 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0.0 0.16 21.3 0.0 3.4
Massachusetts 0.0 0.16 8.9 0.0 1.4

Michigan 0.0 0.16 9.7 0.0 1.5

Minnesota 0.0 0.16 4.1 0.0 0.6

Mississippi 0.0 0.16 19.0 0.0 3.0

Missouri 0.0 0.16 7.9 0.0 1.3

Montana 0.0 0.16 10.9 0.0 1.7

Nebraska 0.0 0.16 6.5 0.0 1.0

Nevada 0.26 0.16 8.4 2.2 2.2

New Hampshire n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

New Jersey 0.0 0.16 23.2 0.0 3.7

New Mexico 0.0 0.16 12.6 0.0 2.0

New York 0.0 0.16 13.2 0.0 2.1

North Carolina 0.0 0.16 34.9 0.0 5.5

North Dakota 0.0 0.16 16.5 0.0 2.6

Ohio 0.0 0.16 18.4 0.0 2.9

Oklahoma 0.0 0.16 32.8 0.0 5.2

Oregon 0.0 0.16 25.2 0.0 4.0

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.16 10.4 0.0 1.6

Rhode Island n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South Carolina 0.0 0.16 23.8 0.0 3.7

South Dakota 0.0 0.16 13.5 0.0 2.1

Tennessee 0.0 0.16 25.7 0.0 4.1

Texas 0.26 0.16 29.6 7.8 7.8

Utah 0.0 0.16 12.9 0.0 2.0

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.26 0.16 39.8 10.5 10.5

Washington 0.0 0.16 76.1 0.0 12.0

West Virginia 0.0 0.16 9.2 0.0 1.5

Wisconsin 0.26 0.16 4.3 1.1 1.1

Wyoming 0.26 0.16 31.6 8.3 8.3

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.16 4.9 0.0 0.8

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 875 32 151

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator number data 

and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs
Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with chemigation 

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm cert-02; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Arizona 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Arkansas 0.02 0.00 0.02 

California 0.07 0.00 0.07 

Colorado 0.02 0.00 0.02 
Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Delaware 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Florida 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Georgia 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Hawaii 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Idaho 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Illinois 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Indiana 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Iowa 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Kansas 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Kentucky 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Louisiana 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Maine 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Maryland 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Massachusetts 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Michigan 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Minnesota 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Mississippi 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Missouri 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Montana 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Nebraska 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Nevada 0.02 0.02 0.00 

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00 

New Jersey 0.02 0.00 0.02 

New Mexico 0.01 0.00 0.01 

New York 0.01 0.00 0.01 

North Carolina 0.04 0.00 0.04 

North Dakota 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Ohio 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Oklahoma 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Oregon 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Pennsylvania 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Rhode Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 

South Carolina 0.03 0.00 0.03 

South Dakota 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Tennessee 0.03 0.00 0.03 

Texas 0.07 0.07 0.00 

Utah 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00 
Virginia 0.09 0.09 0.00 

Washington 0.08 0.00 0.08 

West Virginia 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Wisconsin 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Wyoming 0.07 0.07 0.00 

Puerto Rico 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-02; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1.089 0.278 0.811

U.S. (annualized value) 0.124 0.032 0.092

General Fumigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Commercial Applicator, General Fumigation

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for both options pertaining to the recertification 

of the chemigation category (implied under option Comm Cert-03).

Eight jurisdictions and those aggregated under ‘Other Jurisdiction’ do not have a fumigation 

certification requirement and thus no recertification requirements. Baseline cost is zero for the 

following jurisdictions:

Alaska

Kansas

Louisiana

Michigan

Montana

Tennessee
Vermont Puerto Rico Other Jurisdictions

Ten other jurisdictions require a fumigation certification but do not have specific category

recertification requirements. Baseline cost for recertification in aerial applications is zero in the 

following jurisdictions:

Kentucky

Maine

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

North Dakota

Ohio

Oregon

South Carolina

Utah

Washington

West Virginia

Wyoming

The cost estimate for other jurisdictions is the expected annual cost per commercial applicator in 

the state, for recertification. The estimate is calculated as

,,

 = COM ∙ ,,



∙ ,∙ %

where cost r,i,COM

B

is the baseline cost (B) per commercial applicator (COM) for the 

recertification requirement (r) in jurisdiction (i), w COM is the hourly wage rate (opportunity cost) 

for a commercial applicator; freq i,t is the reciprocal of the recertification time period and 

represents either the fraction of commercial applicators obtaining recertification (if, for example, 

by examination) or the fraction of Cumulative Education Units (CEUs) an applicator obtains 

each year to meet the total number required; and %cert i is the proportion of fumigators in 

jurisdiction i with certification in a fumigation category, since some states have a soil fumigation 

category, some have a non-soil fumigation category, and some states have both.

Alabama

Recertification Requirements:

 30 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 25 hours (option to retake initial exams for core and each 

category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Alabama has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 50.2 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 17.9 commercial soil 

fumigators in Alabama; %cert AL = 50.2/(50.2+17.9) = 0.737

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Alabama 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 25 0.333 0.737 131.99

Arizona
Recertification Requirements:

 6 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 5 hours (option to retake initial exams for core and each 

category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 1 year (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Arizona has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 220.7 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 38.0 commercial soil 

fumigators in Arizona; %cert AL = 220.7/(220.7+38.0) = 0.853

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Arizona

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 5 1.0 0.853 91.65

Arkansas

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 240 minutes, or 4 hours, for each category of certification held 

(option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Arkansas has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL

= 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Arkansas

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 4 0.333 1.0 28.66

California

Recertification requirements:

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours (see Ag Plant category), with option to retake initial 

exam

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 California has a soil fumigation category. The average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 431.4 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 3,751 commercial 

non-soil fumigators in California; %cert AL = 431.4/(431.4+3,751) = 0.103

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– California
Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 20 0.5 0.103 22.17

Colorado

Recertification Requirements: 

 1 category-specific CEU of 30 minutes per category of certification with option to retake 

category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Colorado has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 106.8 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are no 

commercial soil fumigators in Colorado. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL

= 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Colorado

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 0.5 0.333 1.0 3.58

Connecticut

Recertification Requirements:

 12 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Connecticut has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert

AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Connecticut

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 1.0 51.58

Delaware

Recertification requirements:

 8 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 6.7 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)
 Delaware has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL

= 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Delaware

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

frequency

(per year)

Avg # cat. certs per 

applicator

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6.7 1 1.0 143.99

Florida

Recertification requirements:

 8 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 6.7 hours (see Ag Plant category), with option to retake initial 

exam

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 4 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.25)

 Florida has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL =

1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification, General 

Fumigation – Florida

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6.7 0.25 1.0 36.00

Georgia

Recertification requirements: 

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours (see Ag Plant category) with option to retake initial 

exam

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Georgia has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 284.7 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 89.9 commercial soil 

fumigators in Georgia; %cert AL = 284.7/(284.7+89.9) = 0.760

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Georgia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.20 0.760 32.67

Hawaii

Recertification requirements: 
 25 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 25 hours (see Ag Plant category) with option to retake initial 

exams for specific categories

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Hawaii has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 232.7 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 49.5 commercial soil 

fumigators in Georgia; %cert AL = 232.7/(232.7+49.5) = 0.825

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 25 0.20 0.825 88.61

Idaho

Recertification Requirements:

 15 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 12.5 hours, for each category of certification held (option to 

retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the two options are equivalent in terms of effort

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Idaho has a soil fumigation category. The average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 222.7 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 181.4 commercial 

non-soil fumigators in Idaho; %cert AL = 222.7/(222.7+181.4) = 0.551

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Idaho

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12.5 0.5 0.551 74.02

Illinois

Recertification Requirements:

 6 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 6 hours, for each category of certification 

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Illinois has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL =

1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Illinois

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98
Indiana

Recertification requirements: 

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 2 years for all categories years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Indiana has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 373.5 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 73.6 commercial soil 

fumigators in Indiana; %cert AL = 373.5/(373.5+73.6) = 0.835

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Indiana

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 20 0.50 0.835 179.52

Iowa

Recertification Requirements: 

 6 category-specific CEUs of 120 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Iowa has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 602.3 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 478.3 commercial 

soil fumigators in Iowa; %cert AL = 602.3/(602.3+478.3) = 0.557

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Iowa

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.333 0.557 47.91

Maryland

Recertification requirements: 

 8 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 4 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Maryland has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 1,387 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are no 
commercial soil fumigators in Maryland. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL

= 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Maryland

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 4 1 1.0 85.97

Massachusetts

Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 50 minutes, or 10 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Massachusetts has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 38.3 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are no 

commercial soil fumigators in Massachusetts. Therefore all fumigators are certified; 

%cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Massachusetts 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.333 1.0 71.64

Minnesota

Recertification Requirements:

 Single training session of 6 hours, (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for core 

and each category of certification

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Minnesota has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert

AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– Minnesota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 1.0 42.98

New Hampshire
Recertification Requirements: 

 12 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 New Hampshire has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 8.0 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are no 

commercial soil fumigators in New Hampshire. Therefore all fumigators are certified; 

%cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– New Hampshire

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 1.0 51.58

New Jersey

Recertification Requirements:

 24 CEUs (8 core & 16 cat) of 30 minutes, or 12 hours, for each category certification 

held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 New Jersey has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 125.8 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 17.1 

commercial soil fumigators in New Jersey; %cert AL = 125.8/(125.8+17.1) = 0.880

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– New Jersey

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 0.2 0.880 45.40

New Mexico

Recertification Requirements: 

 4 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 12 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs)

 Period is 1 year (freq i,t = 1.0)

 New Mexico has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 63.3 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 11.2 

commercial soil fumigators in New Mexico; %cert AL = 125.8/(125.8+17.1) = 0.880
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification – New Mexico 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 12 1 0.880 219.20

New York

Recertification requirements:

 8 CEUs (at least 2 cat, 6 cat or core) of 60 minutes, or 8 hours (see Ag Plant); option to 

retake initial exam

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

 New York has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert

AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation 

– New York

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.333 1.0 57.31

North Carolina

Recertification requirements: 

 10 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 10 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.20)

 North Carolina has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; 

%cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– North Carolina

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 10 0.20 1.0 42.98

Oklahoma

Recertification requirements: 

 20 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 20 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.50)
 Oklahoma has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 756.0 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 112.3 

commercial soil fumigators in Oklahoma; %cert AL = 756.0/(756.0+112.3) = 0.871

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Oklahoma

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 20 0.20 0.871 74.84

Pennsylvania

Recertification requirements: 

 10 CEUs of 30 minutes, or 5 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exams for 

specific categories

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years for all categories (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Pennsylvania has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; 

%cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Pennsylvania

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 5 0.333 1.0 35.82

Rhode Island

Recertification Requirements: 

 8 category-specific CEUs of 60 minutes, or 8 hours, per category of certification with 

option to retake category exam(s)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Rhode Island has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 8.0 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are no 

commercial soil fumigators in Rhode Island. Therefore all fumigators are certified; 

%cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Rhode Island 

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.2 1.0 34.39
South Dakota

Recertification Requirements:

 Single category-specific training session of 480 minutes, or 8 hours, for each category

certification held with option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to taking the training)

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 South Dakota has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 218.7 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 4.8 

commercial soil fumigators in South Dakota; %cert AL = 218.7/(218.7+4.8) = 0.979

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– South Dakota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 8 0.5 0.979 84.14

Texas

Recertification requirements: 

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours (see Ag Plant); option to retake initial exam for each 

category

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 1 year for all categories (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Texas has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 1,045 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 175.1 commercial 

soil fumigators in Texas; %cert AL = 1,045/(1,045+175.1) = 0.857

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Texas

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 5 1 0.857 92.04

Virginia

Recertification Requirements:

 Single category-specific training session of 180 minutes, or 3 hours, for each category

certification held with option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to taking the training

 Period is 2 years (freq i,t = 0.50)

 Virginia has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert AL

= 1.0
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Virginia

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6 0.5 1.0 32.24

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification (no core)

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Wisconsin has both fumigation categories. Therefore all fumigators are certified; %cert

AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation

– Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 21.49 6 0.2 1.0 34.39

5.1.2.9 Comm Cert-03: Establish commercial general fumigation category, Recertification by 

Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Comm Cert-03; Recertification every three years; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.333 42.98
Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing commercial 

fumigator, both soil and non-soil fumigation, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing commercial fumigator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial soil and non-soil fumigant applicators (N Xst Com Fum) 

in each jurisdiction is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states 

(see Chapter 3.3.1)

 EPA assumes that commercial applicators do not engage in both soil and non-soil 

fumigation, given the differences in chemicals used and application methods. To the 

extent that some applicators engage in both activities, this implies that estimates of the 

baseline cost and the cost under the potential requirement are biased upward. The greater 

bias would in the estimate of the cost under the potential requirement because it includes 

all applicators whereas the baseline includes only the subset of applicators in jurisdictions 

with current fumigation categories. As a result, the estimate of incremental cost is also 

biased upward.

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of commercial fumigant applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of commercial aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame. EPA 

acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the 

potential changes, but that the number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com Fum

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Cert-03, Recertification of General Fumigation Certification; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Fumigators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com Fum RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 132 43 68 8,985 8,985 

Alaska 0 43 0 0 0 

Arizona 92 43 259 23,712 23,712 
Arkansas 29 43 178 5,101 7,651 

California 22 43 4,183 92,714 179,786 

Colorado4 43 107 383 4,592 

Connecticut 52 43 21 1,066 1,066 

Delaware 144 43 166 23,879 23,879 

Florida 36 43 6,564 236,279 282,125 

Georgia 33 43 375 12,236 16,100 

Hawaii 89 43 282 25,002 25,002 

Idaho 74 43 404 29,909 29,909 

Illinois 43 43 234 10,051 10,051 

Indiana 180 43 447 80,270 80,270 

Iowa 48 43 1,081 51,780 51,780 

Kansas0 43 7080 30,414 

Kentucky0 43 5860 25,202 

Louisiana0 43 1940 8,327 

Maine0 43 870 3,754 

Maryland 86 43 1,387 119,220 119,220 

Massachusetts 72 43 38 2,746 2,746 

Michigan0 43 4550 19,562 

Minnesota 43 43 348 14,951 14,951 

Mississippi0 43 770 3,307 

Missouri0 43 4890 21,028 

Montana0 4300 0 

Nebraska0 43 4710 20,245 

Nevada0 43 420 1,798 

New Hampshire 52 438 413 413 

New Jersey 45 43 143 6,490 6,490 

New Mexico 219 43 75 16,333 16,333 

New York 57 43 887 50,825 50,825 

North Carolina 43 43 211 9,069 9,069 

North Dakota0 43 5160 22,186 

Ohio0 43 3860 16,577 

Oklahoma 75 43 868 64,990 64,990 

Oregon0 43 3790 16,290 

Pennsylvania 36 43 511 18,303 21,964 

Rhode Island 34 43 10 350 437 

South Carolina0 43 2010 8,645 

South Dakota 84 43 223 18,798 18,798 

Tennessee0 43 3020 12,997 

Texas 92 43 1,220 112,328 112,328 

Utah0 43 1110 4,780 

Vermont0 4300 0 

Virginia 32 43 257 8,296 11,061 

Washington0 43 7740 33,247 

West Virginia0 43 390 1,655 
Wisconsin 34 43 263 9,049 11,312 

Wyoming 0 43 72 0 3,099 

Puerto Rico 0 43 12 0 500

Other Jurisdictions 0 43 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 26,718 1,053,527 1,459,456

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Cert-03, Recertification of General Fumigation Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 79 79 0

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 208 208 0

Arkansas 60 45 15
California 1,326 815 511

Colorado 283 25

Connecticut990

Delaware 210 2100

Florida 2,345 2,076 269

Georgia 130 108 23

Hawaii 220 2200

Idaho 263 2630

Illinois 88 880

Indiana 705 7050

Iowa 455 4550

Kansas 1790 179

Kentucky 1480 148

Louisiana 490 49

Maine 220 22

Maryland 1,047 1,0470

Massachusetts 24 240

Michigan 1150 115

Minnesota 131 1310

Mississippi 190 19

Missouri 1230 123

Montana000

Nebraska 1190 119

Nevada 110 11

New Hampshire440

New Jersey 57 570

New Mexico 144 1440

New York 447 4470

North Carolina 80 800

North Dakota 1300 130

Ohio 970 97

Oklahoma 571 5710

Oregon 960 96

Pennsylvania 182 161 21

Rhode Island 431

South Carolina 510 51

South Dakota 165 1650

Tennessee 760 76

Texas 987 9870

Utah 280 28

Vermont000

Virginia 89 73 16
Washington 195 0 195

West Virginia 10 0 10

Wisconsin 93 80 13

Wyoming 18 0 18

Puerto Rico 3 0 3

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-03, Recertification of General Fumigation Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 11,640 9,256 2,384

U.S. (annualized value) 1,325 1,054 271

Per applicator incremental cost 0.010

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

general fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 
that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that 

require a given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these 

recertification requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For commercial applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application methodspecific categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the 

required training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a 

written exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.2.10 Comm Cert-03: Administer New Commercial General Fumigation Category Exam or 

Training: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in General Fumigation Category in the Baseline

No jurisdiction currently requires certification or recertification in general fumigation. 

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

 It takes a Jr. technician one hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees taking recertification 

exam

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Fumigation Category Certification 

Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26
Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in general fumigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Fumigation Category Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.0 0.26 74 0.0 19.5

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.0 0.26 281 0.0 73.8

Arkansas 0.0 0.26 193 0.0 50.9

California 0.0 0.26 4,530 0.0 1191.2

Colorado 0.0 0.26 115 0.0 30.3

Connecticut 0.0 0.26 22 0.0 5.9

Delaware 0.0 0.26 181 0.0 47.7

Florida 0.0 0.26 7,092 0.0 1864.8

Georgia 0.0 0.26 407 0.0 107.1

Hawaii 0.0 0.26 306 0.0 80.5

Idaho 0.0 0.26 443 0.0 116.5

Illinois 0.0 0.26 253 0.0 66.5

Indiana 0.0 0.26 485 0.0 127.6

Iowa 0.0 0.26 1,181 0.0 310.6

Kansas 0.0 0.26 766 0.0 201.4

Kentucky 0.0 0.26 634 0.0 166.7

Louisiana 0.0 0.26 210 0.0 55.2
Maine 0.0 0.26 94 0.0 24.8

Maryland 0.0 0.26 1,498 0.0 393.8

Massachusetts 0.0 0.26 41 0.0 10.9

Michigan 0.0 0.26 496 0.0 130.4

Minnesota 0.0 0.26 376 0.0 98.9

Mississippi 0.0 0.26 83 0.0 22.0

Missouri 0.0 0.26 530 0.0 139.4

Montana n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.0 0.26 509 0.0 133.8

Nevada 0.0 0.26 45 0.0 11.9

New Hampshire 0.0 0.26 9 0.0 2.3

New Jersey 0.0 0.26 155 0.0 40.7

New Mexico 0.0 0.26 81 0.0 21.2

New York 0.0 0.26 979 0.0 257.4

North Carolina 0.0 0.26 229 0.0 60.2

North Dakota 0.0 0.26 558 0.0 146.6

Ohio 0.0 0.26 418 0.0 109.9

Oklahoma 0.0 0.26 941 0.0 247.5

Oregon 0.0 0.26 415 0.0 109.2

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.26 552 0.0 145.2

Rhode Island 0.0 0.26 11 0.0 2.9

South Carolina 0.0 0.26 218 0.0 57.2

South Dakota 0.0 0.26 241 0.0 63.5

Tennessee 0.0 0.26 327 0.0 85.9

Texas 0.0 0.26 1,323 0.0 348.0

Utah 0.0 0.26 120 0.0 31.6

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.0 0.26 280 0.0 73.7

Washington 0.0 0.26 854 0.0 224.6

West Virginia 0.0 0.26 42 0.0 10.9

Wisconsin 0.0 0.26 286 0.0 75.3

Wyoming 0.0 0.26 79 0.0 20.7

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.26 13 0.0 3.4

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 28,9800 7,620
1The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the applicator number 

data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with general 

fumigation certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will 

recertify in each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time general fumigation applicators in the regions

is assumed to be constant over time, existing general fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-03; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)
Alabama 0.13 0.00 0.13 

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Arizona 0.50 0.00 0.50 

Arkansas 0.35 0.00 0.35 

California 8.12 0.00 8.12 

Colorado 0.21 0.00 0.21 

Connecticut 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Delaware 0.33 0.00 0.33 

Florida 12.71 0.00 12.71 

Georgia 0.73 0.00 0.73 

Hawaii 0.55 0.00 0.55 

Idaho 0.79 0.00 0.79 

Illinois 0.45 0.00 0.45 

Indiana 0.87 0.00 0.87 

Iowa 2.12 0.00 2.12 

Kansas 1.37 0.00 1.37 

Kentucky 1.14 0.00 1.14 

Louisiana 0.38 0.000 0.38 

Maine 0.17 0.00 0.17 

Maryland 2.68 0.00 2.68 

Massachusetts 0.07 0.00 0.07 

Michigan 0.89 0.00 0.89 

Minnesota 0.67 0.00 0.67 

Mississippi 0.15 0.00 0.15 

Missouri 0.95 0.00 0.95 

Montana 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Nebraska 0.91 0.00 0.91 

Nevada 0.08 0.00 0.08 

New Hampshire 0.02 0.00 0.02 

New Jersey 0.28 0.00 0.28 

New Mexico 0.14 0.00 0.14 

New York 1.75 0.00 1.75 

North Carolina 0.41 0.00 0.41 

North Dakota 1.00 0.00 1.00 

Ohio 0.75 0.00 0.75 

Oklahoma 1.69 0.00 1.69 

Oregon 0.74 0.00 0.74 

Pennsylvania 0.99 0.00 0.99 

Rhode Island 0.02 0.00 0.02 
South Carolina 0.39 0.00 0.39 

South Dakota 0.43 0.00 0.43 

Tennessee 0.59 0.00 0.59 

Texas 2.37 0.00 2.37 

Utah 0.22 0.00 0.22 

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Virginia 0.50 0.00 0.50 

Washington 1.53 0.00 1.53 

West Virginia 0.07 0.00 0.07 

Wisconsin 0.51 0.00 0.51 

Wyoming 0.14 0.00 0.14 

Puerto Rico 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 51.9 0.0 51.9

U.S. (annualized value) 5.9 0.0 5.9

*******************************************************************

5.1.2.11 Comm Cert-03: Establish commercial general fumigation category, Recertification by 

Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every five years
Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All commercial applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs, plus 6 category-specific CEUs per 

category of certification held (option to retake initial exams for core and each category of 

certification)

 EPA assumes the option of exam is equivalent in effort to obtaining CEUs

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Comm Cert-03; Recertification every five years; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 21.49 6 0.20 25.79

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing commercial 

fumigator, both soil and non-soil fumigation, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing commercial fumigator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing commercial soil and non-soil fumigant applicators (N Xst Com Fum) 

in each jurisdiction is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states 

(see Chapter 3.3.1)

 EPA assumes that commercial applicators do not engage in both soil and non-soil 

fumigation, given the differences in chemicals used and application methods. To the 

extent that some applicators engage in both activities, this implies that estimates of the 

baseline cost and the cost under the potential requirement are biased upward. The greater 

bias would in the estimate of the cost under the potential requirement because it includes 

all applicators whereas the baseline includes only the subset of applicators in jurisdictions 

with current fumigation categories. As a result, the estimate of incremental cost is also 

biased upward.

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of commercial fumigant applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of commercial aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis, but distributed over different time frame. EPA 
acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to revise their regulations to accommodate the 

potential changes, but that the number of CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Com Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Com Fum

Values are presented in the table below.

Comm Cert-03, Recertification of General Fumigation Certification; Step 3;

Total Annual Jurisdictional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification 

of Commercial Fumigators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Com Fum RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 132 26 68 8,985 8,985 

Alaska 0 26 0 0 0 

Arizona 92 26 259 23,712 23,712 

Arkansas 29 26 178 5,101 5,101 

California 22 26 4,183 92,714 107,872 

Colorado 4 26 107 383 2,755 

Connecticut 52 26 21 1,066 1,066 

Delaware 144 26 166 23,879 23,879 

Florida 36 26 6,564 236,279 236,279 

Georgia 33 26 375 12,236 12,236 

Hawaii 89 26 282 25,002 25,002 

Idaho 74 26 404 29,909 29,909 

Illinois 43 26 234 10,051 10,051 

Indiana 180 26 447 80,270 80,270 

Iowa 48 26 1,081 51,780 51,780 

Kansas 0 26 708 0 18,248 

Kentucky 0 26 586 0 15,121 

Louisiana 0 26 194 0 4,996 

Maine 0 26 87 0 2,252 

Maryland 86 26 1,387 119,220 119,220 

Massachusetts 72 26 38 2,746 2,746 

Michigan 0 26 455 0 11,737 

Minnesota 43 26 348 14,951 14,951 

Mississippi 0 26 77 0 1,984 

Missouri 0 26 489 0 12,617 

Montana 0 26 0 0 0 

Nebraska 0 26 471 0 12,147 

Nevada 0 26 42 0 1,079 

New Hampshire 52 26 8 413 413 

New Jersey 45 26 143 6,490 6,490 

New Mexico 219 26 75 16,333 16,333 
New York 57 26 887 50,825 50,825 

North Carolina 43 26 211 9,069 9,069 

North Dakota 0 26 516 0 13,312 

Ohio 0 26 386 0 9,946 

Oklahoma 75 26 868 64,990 64,990 

Oregon 0 26 379 0 9,774 

Pennsylvania 36 26 511 18,303 18,303 

Rhode Island 34 26 10 350 350 

South Carolina 0 26 201 0 5,187 

South Dakota 84 26 223 18,798 18,798 

Tennessee 0 26 302 0 7,798 

Texas 92 26 1,220 112,328 112,328 

Utah 0 26 111 0 2,868 

Vermont 0 26 0 0 0 

Virginia 32 26 257 8,296 8,296 

Washington 0 26 774 0 19,948 

West Virginia 0 26 39 0 993 

Wisconsin 34 26 263 9,049 9,049 

Wyoming 0 26 72 0 1,859 

Puerto Rico 0 26 12 0 300

Other Jurisdictions 0 26 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 26,718 1,053,527 1,223,224

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Comm Cert-03, Recertification of General Fumigation Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 79 79 0

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 208 208 0

Arkansas 45 45 0

California 904 815 89

Colorado 17 3 14

Connecticut 9 9 0

Delaware 210 210 0

Florida 2,076 2,076 0

Georgia 108 108 0

Hawaii 220 220 0

Idaho 263 263 0

Illinois 88 88 0

Indiana 705 705 0

Iowa 455 455 0

Kansas 107 0 107

Kentucky 89 0 89

Louisiana 29 0 29

Maine 13 0 13

Maryland 1,047 1,047 0

Massachusetts 24 24 0

Michigan 69 0 69

Minnesota 131 131 0

Mississippi 12 0 12

Missouri 74 0 74

Montana 0 0 0

Nebraska 71 0 71

Nevada 6 0 6

New Hampshire 4 4 0

New Jersey 57 57 0
New Mexico 144 144 0

New York 447 447 0

North Carolina 80 80 0

North Dakota 78 0 78

Ohio 58 0 58

Oklahoma 571 571 0

Oregon 57 0 57

Pennsylvania 161 161 0

Rhode Island 3 3 0

South Carolina 30 0 30

South Dakota 165 165 0

Tennessee 46 0 46

Texas 987 987 0

Utah 17 0 17

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 73 73 0

Washington 117 0 117

West Virginia 6 0 6

Wisconsin 80 80 0

Wyoming 11 0 11

Puerto Rico 2 0 2

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Comm Cert-03, Recertification of General Fumigation Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 10,253 9,256 997

U.S. (annualized value) 1,167 1,054 113

Per applicator incremental cost 0.004

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Commercial Applicator

Although there are currently no federal commercial applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For 

commercial certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, 

general fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions 

that currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero 

baseline cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that 

require a given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these 

recertification requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For commercial applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application methodspecific categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the 

required training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a 

written exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that commercial applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that 

it takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 

commercial applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost 

of administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 commercial applicators. 

5.1.2.12 Comm Cert-03: Administer New Commercial General Fumigation Category Exam or 

Training: Every 5 Years
Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in General Fumigation Category in the Baseline

No jurisdiction currently requires certification or recertification in general fumigation. 

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

 It takes a Jr. technician one hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees taking recertification 

exam

Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Commercial General Fumigation Category Certification 

Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of commercial applicators certified in general fumigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.
Table: Comm Cert-03; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Fumigation Category Recertification Exam for Commercial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.0 0.16 74 0.0 12

Alaska n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Arizona 0.0 0.16 281 0.0 44

Arkansas 0.0 0.16 193 0.0 31

California 0.0 0.16 4,530 0.0 715

Colorado 0.0 0.16 115 0.0 18

Connecticut 0.0 0.16 22 0.0 4

Delaware 0.0 0.16 181 0.0 29

Florida 0.0 0.16 7,092 0.0 1119

Georgia 0.0 0.16 407 0.0 64

Hawaii 0.0 0.16 306 0.0 48

Idaho 0.0 0.16 443 0.0 70

Illinois 0.0 0.16 253 0.0 40

Indiana 0.0 0.16 485 0.0 77

Iowa 0.0 0.16 1,181 0.0 186

Kansas 0.0 0.16 766 0.0 121

Kentucky 0.0 0.16 634 0.0 100

Louisiana 0.0 0.16 210 0.0 33

Maine 0.0 0.16 94 0.0 15

Maryland 0.0 0.16 1,498 0.0 236

Massachusetts 0.0 0.16 41 0.0 7

Michigan 0.0 0.16 496 0.0 78

Minnesota 0.0 0.16 376 0.0 59

Mississippi 0.0 0.16 83 0.0 13

Missouri 0.0 0.16 530 0.0 84

Montana n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.0 0.16 509 0.0 80

Nevada 0.0 0.16 45 0.0 7

New Hampshire 0.0 0.16 9 0.0 1

New Jersey 0.0 0.16 155 0.0 24

New Mexico 0.0 0.16 81 0.0 13

New York 0.0 0.16 979 0.0 154

North Carolina 0.0 0.16 229 0.0 36

North Dakota 0.0 0.16 558 0.0 88

Ohio 0.0 0.16 418 0.0 66
Oklahoma 0.0 0.16 941 0.0 148

Oregon 0.0 0.16 415 0.0 66

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.16 552 0.0 87

Rhode Island 0.0 0.16 11 0.0 2

South Carolina 0.0 0.16 218 0.0 34

South Dakota 0.0 0.16 241 0.0 38

Tennessee 0.0 0.16 327 0.0 52

Texas 0.0 0.16 1,323 0.0 209

Utah 0.0 0.16 120 0.0 19

Vermont n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.0 0.16 280 0.0 44

Washington 0.0 0.16 854 0.0 135

West Virginia 0.0 0.16 42 0.0 7

Wisconsin 0.0 0.16 286 0.0 45

Wyoming 0.0 0.16 79 0.0 12

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.16 13 0.0 2

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Total, U.S. 28,980 0 4,572

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the applicator number 

data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all commercial applicators with general 

fumigation certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will 

recertify in each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time general fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing general fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Comm Cert-03; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.08 0.00 0.08 

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a

Arizona 0.30 0.00 0.30 

Arkansas 0.21 0.00 0.21 

California 4.87 0.00 4.87 

Colorado 0.12 0.00 0.12 

Connecticut 0.02 0.00 0.02 

Delaware 0.20 0.00 0.20 

Florida 7.63 0.00 7.63 

Georgia 0.44 0.00 0.44 

Hawaii 0.33 0.00 0.33 

Idaho 0.48 0.00 0.48 

Illinois 0.27 0.00 0.27 

Indiana 0.52 0.00 0.52 

Iowa 1.27 0.00 1.27 

Kansas 0.82 0.00 0.82 

Kentucky 0.68 0.00 0.68 

Louisiana 0.23 0.00 0.23 

Maine 0.10 0.00 0.10 
Maryland 1.61 0.00 1.61 

Massachusetts 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Michigan 0.53 0.00 0.53 

Minnesota 0.40 0.00 0.40 

Mississippi 0.09 0.00 0.09 

Missouri 0.57 0.00 0.57 

Montana n/a n/a n/a

Nebraska 0.55 0.00 0.55 

Nevada 0.05 0.00 0.05 

New Hampshire 0.01 0.00 0.01 

New Jersey 0.17 0.00 0.17 

New Mexico 0.09 0.00 0.09 

New York 1.05 0.00 1.05 

North Carolina 0.25 0.00 0.25 

North Dakota 0.60 0.00 0.60 

Ohio 0.45 0.00 0.45 

Oklahoma 1.01 0.00 1.01 

Oregon 0.45 0.00 0.45 

Pennsylvania 0.59 0.00 0.59 

Rhode Island 0.01 0.00 0.01 

South Carolina 0.23 0.00 0.23 

South Dakota 0.26 0.00 0.26 

Tennessee 0.35 0.00 0.35 

Texas 1.42 0.00 1.42 

Utah 0.13 0.00 0.13 

Vermont n/a n/a n/a

Virginia 0.30 0.00 0.30 

Washington 0.92 0.00 0.92 

West Virginia 0.04 0.00 0.04 

Wisconsin 0.31 0.00 0.31 

Wyoming 0.08 0.00 0.08 

Puerto Rico 0.01 0.00 0.01 

Other n/a n/a n/a

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a general fumigation category, and based on the applicator number 

data and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

general fumigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:
 NC P

= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Comm Cert-03; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 31.2 0.0 31.2

U.S. (annualized value) 3.5 0.0 3.5

5.1.2.13 Comm Cert-04: Establish commercial fumigation categories for Soil and for Non-soil 

fumigation, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every three years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for Comm Cert-03, general fumigation category, exam 

or 6 hours CEU every three years.

Data from CPARD (2014) provide the number of certifications issued in different fumigation 

categories and EPA used that data to estimate the number of certifications that would be issued 

in jurisdictions that do not currently require certification in fumigant applications. Whereas the 

cost estimates for recertification in a general fumigation category may be biased upward to the 

extent that an individual applicator might conduct both soil and non-soil fumigations with one 

certification, the costs estimated above are unbiased for this option which requires separate 

certifications for the two categories. However, the estimated cost per applicator may be biased 

downward since a single applicator may want to obtain two certifications.

5.1.2.14 Comm Cert-04: Administer commercial fumigation categories for Soil and for Nonsoil fumigation, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every three years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for Comm Cert-03, general fumigation category, exam 

or 6 hours CEU every three years.

5.1.2.15 Comm Cert-04: Establish commercial fumigation categories for Soil and for Non-soil 

fumigation, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every five years
Cost estimates are identical to estimates for Comm Cert-03, general fumigation category, exam 

or 6 hours CEU every five years.

Data from CPARD (2014) provide the number of certifications issued in different fumigation 

categories and EPA used that data to estimate the number of certifications that would be issued 

in jurisdictions that do not currently require certification in fumigant applications. Whereas the 

cost estimates for recertification in a general fumigation category may be biased upward to the 

extent that an individual applicator might conduct both soil and non-soil fumigations with one 

certification, the costs estimated above are unbiased for this option which requires separate 

certifications for the two categories. However, the estimated cost per applicator may be biased 

downward since a single applicator may want to obtain two certifications.

5.1.2.16 Comm Cert-04: Administer commercial fumigation categories for Soil and for Nonsoil fumigation, Recertification by Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training every five years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for Comm Cert-03, general fumigation category, exam 

or 6 hours CEU every five years.

5.2 Private Applicators

5.2.1 General Competency

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Private Applicator

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for all options pertaining to the recertification of 

the commercial core and existing categories Private Recert-01, 02, -04, and -05.

State Baseline Requirements:

Private applicator core recertification requirements are shown below, by state. States are divided 

into three groups, by type of requirement: 

 training by CEUs or passing an exam (34 states)

 single-session training or passing an exam (12 states, although one, Tennessee, does not 

offer exam option)

 passing an exam (4 states)

The cost estimate for each state is the expected annual cost per commercial applicator in the 

state, for recertification. The estimate is calculated as

,,

 = PVT ∙ ,,



∙ ,

where cost r,i,PVT

B

is the baseline cost (B) per private applicator (PVT) for the recertification 

requirement (r) in jurisdiction (i), w PVT is the hourly wage rate (opportunity cost) for a 
commercial applicator; H r,i,PVT

B

is the time, in hours, required to meet the recertification 

requirement; and freq i,t is the reciprocal of the recertification time period and represents either 

the fraction of private applicators obtaining recertification (if, for example, by examination) or 

the fraction of Cumulative Education Units (CEUs) an applicator obtains each year to meet the 

total number required.

 The national average wage rate for private applicators is used for all states (BLS, 2013a 

and 2013b). See Chapter 3.3.5

 Hours are based on state requirements, detailed below

 Frequency is the reciprocal of the recertification time period.

States with training requirements (CEUs) with option of examination.

 EPA assumes that the effort to prepare for and take an exam is equivalent to the effort in 

time spent in training. 

Table: Step 1; Private Recertification Requirements for 34 States Requiring Training by 

CEUs, or, Exam

State CEUs 

Required

Length of 

CEU

Time (minutes) Time 

(hours)

Hr,i,PVT

B

Recertification 

Period (years)

1/ freq i,t

Alaska 12 60 720 12 3

Arizona 3 50 150 2.5 1

California 6 60 360 6 2

Colorado 7 30 210 3.5 3

Connecticut 12 60 720 12 5

Delaware 3 50 150 2.5 3

Florida 8 50 400 6.7 4

Georgia 3 60 180 3 5

Hawaii 20 60 1200 20 5

Idaho 6 50 300 5 2

Indiana 3 120 360 6 5

Iowa 3 120 360 6 3

Maine 6 60 360 6 3

Maryland 4 30 120 2 3

Massachusetts 12 50 600 10 3

Michigan 16 60 960 16 3

Montana 3 120 360 6 5

Nevada 12 60 720 12 4

New Hampshire 15 60 900 15 5

New Jersey 16 30 480 8 5

New Mexico 5 60 300 5 5

New York 10 60 600 10 5

North Carolina 4 60 240 4 3

Ohio 5 60 300 5 3
Oregon 16 60 960 16 5

Pennsylvania 6 30 180 3 3

Rhode Island 3 120 360 6 5

South Carolina 5 60 300 5 5

Texas 15 60 900 15 5

Utah 6 60 360 6 3

Vermont 8 60 480 8 5

Washington 10 50 500 8.3 5

West Virginia 10 30 300 5 3

Wyoming 8 60 480 8 5

Jurisdictions requiring a single-session training with option of examination.

 EPA assumes that the effort to prepare for and take an exam is equivalent to the effort in 

time spent in training.

Table: Step 1; Private Recertification Requirements for 13 Jurisdictions Requiring 

Training by Single Training Session

State Length of Training 

Session 

(minutes)

Time 

(hours)

Hr,i,PVT

B

Recertification Period 

(years)

1/ freq i,t

Alabama 240 4 3

Arkansas 180 3 5

Kentucky 120 2 3

Louisiana 90 1.5 3

Minnesota 210 3.5 3

Mississippi 180 3 5

Missouri 180 3 5

Nebraska 150 2.5 3

North Dakota 240 4 3

South Dakota 180 3 5

Tennessee 1120 2 3

Virginia 240 4 2

Puerto Rico 180 3 4

Other Jurisdictions 290 1.5 5

1

Tennessee has no exam option.

2 Requirements vary. As a conservative estimate, we take the least number of hours and the longest 

recertification period.

States requiring an examination.

 EPA assumes that a practicing certified applicator will spend, on average, 7 hours 

preparing for an exam (in contrast to a new applicator who would spend 11 hours 

preparing) and one hour taking the exam, for a total of 8 hours to obtain recertification.
Table: Step 1; Private Recertification Requirements for 4 States Requiring Exam Only

State Preparation time 

(hours)

Exam time 

(hours)

Time 

(hours)

Hr,i,PVT

B

Recertification 

Period (years)

1/ freq i,t

Illinois 7 1 8 3

Kansas 7 1 8 5

Oklahoma 7 1 8 5

Wisconsin 7 1 8 5

Given this information, EPA estimates average annual per-applicator baseline cost for the 

recertification of private applicators as shown below.

Table: Step 1; Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Core Recertification

State Wage

($/hour)

Time 

(hours)

Hr,i,PVT

B

Frequency

(per year)

freq i,t

Cost

($)

costr,i,a

B

Alabama 51.96 4 0.333 69.28

Alaska 51.96 12 0.333 207.84

Arizona 51.96 2.5 1.0 129.90

Arkansas 51.96 3 0.200 31.18

California 51.96 6 0.500 155.88

Colorado 51.96 3.5 0.333 60.62

Connecticut 51.96 12 0.200 124.70

Delaware 51.96 2.5 0.333 43.30

Florida 51.96 6.7 0.250 86.60

Georgia 51.96 3 0.200 31.18

Hawaii 51.96 20 0.200 207.84

Idaho 51.96 5 0.5 129.90

Illinois 51.96 8 0.333 138.56

Indiana 51.96 6 0.200 62.35

Iowa 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Kansas 51.96 8 0.200 83.13

Kentucky 51.96 2 0.333 34.64

Louisiana 51.96 1.5 0.333 25.98

Maine 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Maryland 51.96 2 0.333 34.64

Massachusetts 51.96 10 0.333 173.20

Michigan 51.96 16 0.333 277.12

Minnesota 51.96 3.5 0.333 60.62

Mississippi 51.96 3 0.200 31.18

Missouri 51.96 3 0.200 31.18

Montana 51.96 6 0.200 62.35
Nebraska 51.96 2.5 0.333 43.30

Nevada 51.96 12 0.250 155.88

New Hampshire 51.96 15 0.200 155.88

New Jersey 51.96 8 0.200 83.13

New Mexico 51.96 5 0.200 51.96

New York 51.96 10 0.200 103.92

North Carolina 51.96 4 0.333 69.28

North Dakota 51.96 4 0.333 69.28

Ohio 51.96 5 0.333 86.60

Oklahoma 51.96 8 0.200 83.13

Oregon 51.96 16 0.200 166.27

Pennsylvania 51.96 3 0.333 51.96

Rhode Island 51.96 6 0.200 62.35

South Carolina 51.96 5 0.200 51.96

South Dakota 51.96 3 0.200 31.18

Tennessee 51.96 2 0.333 34.64

Texas 51.96 15 0.200 155.88

Utah 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Vermont 51.96 8 0.200 83.13

Virginia 51.96 4 0.500 103.92

Washington 51.96 8.3 0.200 86.60

West Virginia 51.96 5 0.333 86.60

Wisconsin 51.96 8 0.200 83.13

Wyoming 51.96 8 0.200 83.13

Puerto Rico 51.96 3 0.250 38.97

Other Jurisdictions 51.96 1.5 0.200 15.59

5.2.1.1 Private Recert-01: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for recertification every three 

years

Step 2 - Calculate Potential Requirement Costs per Private Applicator

Recertification requirement: 

 All private applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs; option to retake initial exam/training

 EPA assumes that a practicing certified applicator will spend, on average, 7 hours 

preparing for an exam (in contrast to a new applicator who would spend 11 hours 

preparing) and one hour taking the exam, for a total of 8 hours to obtain recertification.

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)
Table: Private Recert-01; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, CEU or training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.81

Table: Private Recert-01; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 8 0.333 138.56

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained from 

the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change. For example, Nevada has established 

several categories for private applicators. Nevada recertification requirements include 12 

CEUs (60 minute), of which 2 CEUs must be cover core pesticide safety, over a period of 

four years, for an average of 3 CEUs per year. Nevada could revise requirements for 

recertification to require 9 CEUs over a period of three years, still averaging 3 CEUs per 

year. Over the three years, 6 CEUs could be designated to cover core materials, leaving 

three CEUs to meet the requirements for recertification in a category. The time required 

of the applicator is essentially unchanged.

Given the above:
RC B 

= costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Core Recertification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 69 104 5,402 374,257 561,385

Alaska 208 208 80 16,696 16,696

Arizona 130 130 389 50,487 50,487

Arkansas 31 104 19,512 608,308 2,027,693

California 156 156 16,979 2,646,649 2,646,649

Colorado 61 104 5,656 342,882 587,798

Connecticut 125 125 543 67,713 67,713

Delaware 43 104 676 29,285 70,284

Florida 87 104 3,704 320,719 384,862

Georgia 31 104 18,010 561,472 1,871,573

Hawaii 208 208 413 85,871 85,871

Idaho 130 130 3,474 451,309 451,309

Illinois 139 139 16,223 2,247,850 2,247,850

Indiana 62 104 12,208 761,182 1,268,637

Iowa 104 104 22,104 2,297,050 2,297,050

Kansas 83 139 13,833 1,149,976 1,916,627

Kentucky 35 104 10,733 371,769 1,115,306

Louisiana 26 104 7,241 188,127 752,509

Maine 104 104 1,099 114,241 114,241

Maryland 35 104 3,212 111,274 333,821

Massachusetts 173 173 1,045 181,049 181,049

Michigan 277 277 7,165 1,985,629 1,985,629

Minnesota 61 104 16,690 1,011,733 1,734,400

Mississippi 31 104 9,597 299,181 997,271

Missouri 31 104 19,499 607,877 2,026,255

Montana 62 104 6,033 376,154 626,923

Nebraska 43 104 21,052 911,517 2,187,641

Nevada 156 156 248 38,684 38,684

New Hampshire 156 156 469 73,107 73,107

New Jersey 83 104 1,569 130,397 162,996

New Mexico 52 104 2,478 128,729 257,458

New York 104 104 6,805 707,200 707,200

North Carolina 69 104 15,781 1,093,292 1,639,938

North Dakota 69 104 10,757 745,257 1,117,886

Ohio 87 104 14,524 1,257,775 1,509,330
Oklahoma 83 139 12,295 1,022,170 1,703,617

Oregon 166 166 4,093 680,542 680,542

Pennsylvania 52 104 17,441 906,230 1,812,460

Rhode Island 62 104 180 11,223 18,705

South Carolina 52 104 5,745 298,506 597,012

South Dakota 31 104 14,543 453,391 1,511,304

Tennessee 35 104 10,522 364,488 1,093,465

Texas 156 156 40,170 6,261,662 6,261,662

Utah 104 104 1,384 143,823 143,823

Vermont 83 104 520 43,244 54,055

Virginia 104 104 5,531 574,808 574,808

Washington 87 104 13,148 1,138,572 1,366,286

West Virginia 87 104 1,198 103,745 124,494

Wisconsin 83 139 12,816 1,065,428 1,775,713

Wyoming 83 104 4,267 354,736 443,420

Puerto Rico 39 104 15,982 622,823 1,660,860

Other Jurisdictions 16 104 238 3,705 24,698

Total, U.S. 455,278 36,393,795 53,961,056

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement
 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 4,564 3,288 1,275

Alaska 147 147 0

Arizona 444 444 0

Arkansas 15,018 5,345 9,673

California 23,254 23,254 0

Colorado 4,682 3,013 1,669

Connecticut 595 595 0

Delaware 537 257 279

Florida 3,255 2,818 437

Georgia 13,862 4,933 8,929

Hawaii 754 754 0

Idaho 3,965 3,965 0

Illinois 19,750 19,750 0

Indiana 10,146 6,688 3,458

Iowa 20,182 20,182 0

Kansas 15,329 10,104 5,225

Kentucky 8,334 3,266 5,067

Louisiana 5,499 1,653 3,846

Maine 1,004 1,004 0

Maryland 2,494 978 1,517

Massachusetts 1,591 1,591 0

Michigan 17,446 17,446 0

Minnesota 13,814 8,889 4,925

Mississippi 7,386 2,629 4,758

Missouri 15,007 5,341 9,667

Montana 5,014 3,305 1,709

Nebraska 16,706 8,009 8,697

Nevada 340 340 0

New Hampshire 642 642 0

New Jersey 1,368 1,146 222

New Mexico 2,008 1,131 877

New York 6,214 6,214 0

North Carolina 13,331 9,606 3,726

North Dakota 9,087 6,548 2,540
Ohio 12,765 11,051 1,714

Oklahoma 13,625 8,981 4,644

Oregon 5,979 5,979 0

Pennsylvania 14,138 7,962 6,176

Rhode Island 150 99 51

South Carolina 4,657 2,623 2,034

South Dakota 11,193 3,984 7,210

Tennessee 8,171 3,202 4,968

Texas 55,016 55,016 0

Utah 1,264 1,264 0

Vermont 454 380 74

Virginia 5,050 5,050 0

Washington 11,556 10,004 1,552

West Virginia 1,053 912 141

Wisconsin 14,202 9,361 4,841

Wyoming 3,721 3,117 604

Puerto Rico 12,547 5,472 7,074

Other Jurisdictions 176 33 143

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 439,485 319,760 119,725

U.S. (annualized value) 50,020 36,394 13,627

Per applicator incremental cost 0.030
State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of private applicators require states to have 

process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process or 

frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.1.2 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

 In the baseline, 4 states (IL, WI, KS, & OK) recertify by exam. Of these, KS & OK do 

not proctor recertification exam and the other two states (IL & WI) proctor their 

recertification exam.

 The remaining 46 states, Puerto Rico, & Other recertify by CEU training.

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Core Recertification Exam or Training

Proctored 

exam

Recertify 

by 

training

Wage 

($/hour)

Time 

(hours)

Recert 

cycle frequency Cost ($)

Alabama N/A Y 39.44 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 

Alaska N/A Y 39.44 12.0 0.3 0.0 3.2 

Arizona N/A Y 39.44 2.5 1.0 0.0 2.0 

Arkansas N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 
California N/A

Y 39.44 6.0 0.5 0.0 2.4 

Colorado N/AY 39.44 3.5 0.3 0.0 0.9 

Connecticut N/AY 39.44 12.0 0.2 0.0 1.9 

Delaware N/AY 39.44 2.5 0.3 0.0 0.7 

Florida N/AY 39.44 6.7 0.3 0.0 1.3 

Georgia N/AY 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Hawaii N/AY 39.44 20.0 0.2 0.0 3.2 

Idaho N/AY 39.44 5.0 0.5 0.0 2.0 

IllinoisYN 39.44 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 

Indiana N/AY 39.44 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 

Iowa N/AY 39.44 6.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 

KansasNN 0.0 0.0 

Kentucky N/AY 39.44 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 

Louisiana N/AY 39.44 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.4 

Maine N/AY 39.44 6.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 

Maryland N/AY 39.44 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 

Massachusetts N/AY 39.44 10.0 0.3 0.0 2.6 

Michigan N/AY 39.44 16.0 0.3 0.0 4.2 

Minnesota N/AY 39.44 3.5 0.3 0.0 0.9 

Mississippi N/AY 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Missouri N/AY 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Montana N/AY 39.44 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 

Nebraska N/AY 39.44 2.5 0.3 0.0 0.7 

Nevada N/AY 39.44 12.0 0.3 0.0 2.4 

New Hampshire N/AY 39.44 15.0 0.2 0.0 2.4 

New Jersey N/AY 39.44 8.0 0.2 0.0 1.3 

New Mexico N/AY 39.44 5.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 

New York N/AY 39.44 10.0 0.2 0.0 1.6 

North Carolina N/AY 39.44 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 

North Dakota N/AY 39.44 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 

Ohio N/AY 39.44 5.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 

OklahomaNN 0.0 0.0 

Oregon N/AY 39.44 16.0 0.2 0.0 2.5 

Pennsylvania N/AY 39.44 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.8 

Rhode Island N/AY 39.44 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 

South Carolina N/AY 39.44 5.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 

South Dakota N/AY 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Tennessee N/AY 39.44 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 

Texas N/AY 39.44 15.0 0.2 0.0 2.4 
Utah N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 

Vermont N/A Y 39.44 8.0 0.2 0.0 1.3 

Virginia N/A Y 39.44 4.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 

Washington State N/A Y 39.44 8.3 0.2 0.0 1.3 

West Virginia N/A Y 39.44 5.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 

Wisconsin Y N 39.44 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 

Wyoming N/A Y 39.44 8.0 0.2 0.0 1.3 

Puerto Rico N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 

Other N/A Y 39.44 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Core Recertification Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 
Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Private Core 

Recertification Exam 

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 1.05 0.26 5,963 6,271 6,271

Alaska 3.16 0.26 89 281 281

Arizona 1.97 0.26 473 932 932

Arkansas 0.47 0.26 20,997 9,938 9,938

California 2.37 0.26 18,601 44,018 44,018

Colorado 0.92 0.26 6,049 5,567 5,567

Connecticut 1.89 0.26 564 1,067 1,067

Delaware 0.66 0.26 746 491 491

Florida 1.31 0.26 4,044 5,316 5,316

Georgia 0.47 0.26 19,679 9,314 9,314

Hawaii 3.16 0.26 444 1,401 1,401

Idaho 1.97 0.26 3,613 7,125 7,125

Illinois 0.26 0.26 17,297 4,548 4,548

Indiana 0.95 0.26 13,004 12,309 12,309

Iowa 1.58 0.26 22,977 36,249 36,249

Kansas 0.00 0.26 14,939 0 3,928

Kentucky 0.53 0.26 13,304 6,996 6,996

Louisiana 0.39 0.26 7,616 3,004 3,004

Maine 1.58 0.26 1,175 1,854 1,854

Maryland 0.53 0.26 3,320 1,746 1,746

Massachusetts 2.63 0.26 1,130 2,970 2,970

Michigan 4.21 0.26 7,662 32,233 32,233

Minnesota 0.92 0.26 17,359 15,975 15,975

Mississippi 0.47 0.26 10,941 5,178 5,178

Missouri 0.47 0.26 21,127 9,999 9,999

Montana 0.95 0.26 6,291 5,955 5,955

Nebraska 0.66 0.26 21,818 14,342 14,342

Nevada 2.37 0.26 296 701 701

New Hampshire 2.37 0.26 502 1,187 1,187

New Jersey 1.26 0.26 1,768 2,231 2,231

New Mexico 0.79 0.26 2,702 2,132 2,132

New York 1.58 0.26 7,051 11,124 11,124

North Carolina 1.05 0.26 16,251 17,091 17,091

North Dakota 1.05 0.26 11,680 12,285 12,285
Ohio 1.31 0.26 14,803 19,461 19,461

Oklahoma 0.00 0.26 13,858 0 3,644

Oregon 2.52 0.26 4,278 10,799 10,799

Pennsylvania 0.79 0.26 18,107 14,282 14,282

Rhode Island 0.95 0.26 186 176 176

South Carolina 0.79 0.26 6,477 5,109 5,109

South Dakota 0.47 0.26 16,694 7,901 7,901

Tennessee 0.53 0.26 10,927 5,746 5,746

Texas 2.37 0.26 43,201 102,231 102,231

Utah 1.58 0.26 1,663 2,624 2,624

Vermont 1.26 0.26 562 709 709

Virginia 1.58 0.26 6,395 10,088 10,088

Washington 1.31 0.26 13,817 18,165 18,165

West Virginia 1.31 0.26 1,277 1,679 1,679

Wisconsin 0.16 0.26 13,886 2,191 3,651

Wyoming 1.26 0.26 4,655 5,875 5,875

Puerto Rico 0.59 0.26 16,728 9,896 9,896

Other 0.24 0.26 333 79 88

Total, U.S. 489,317 508,838 517,879

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 55 55 0

Alaska 2 2 0

Arizona 8 8 0

Arkansas 87 87 0

California 387 387 0

Colorado 49 49 0

Connecticut 9 9 0

Delaware 4 4 0

Florida 47 47 0

Georgia 82 82 0

Hawaii 12 12 0

Idaho 63 63 0

Illinois 40 40 0

Indiana 108 108 0

Iowa 318 318 0

Kansas 27 0 27

Kentucky 61 61 0

Louisiana 26 26 0

Maine 16 16 0

Maryland 15 15 0
Massachusetts 26 26 0

Michigan 283 283 0

Minnesota 140 140 0

Mississippi 45 45 0

Missouri 88 88 0

Montana 52 52 0

Nebraska 126 126 0

Nevada 6 6 0

New Hampshire 10 10 0

New Jersey 20 20 0

New Mexico 19 19 0

New York 98 98 0

North Carolina 150 150 0

North Dakota 108 108 0

Ohio 171 171 0

Oklahoma 25 0 25

Oregon 95 95 0

Pennsylvania 125 125 0

Rhode Island 2 2 0

South Carolina 45 45 0

South Dakota 69 69 0

Tennessee 50 50 0

Texas 898 898 0

Utah 23 23 0

Vermont 6 6 0

Virginia 89 89 0

Washington 160 160 0

West Virginia 15 15 0

Wisconsin 29 19 10

Wyoming 52 52 0

Puerto Rico 87 87 0

Other 1 1 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 
Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 4,532 4,471 62

U.S. (annualized value) 516 509 7

5.2.1.3 Private Recert-02: Exam or 8 hour CEUs/training for recertification every three 

years

Step 2 - Calculate Potential Requirement Costs per Private Applicator

Recertification requirement: 

 All private applicators take 8 core-specific CEUs; option to retake initial exam/training

 EPA assumes that a practicing certified applicator will spend, on average, 7 hours 

preparing for an exam (in contrast to a new applicator who would spend 11 hours 

preparing) and one hour taking the exam, for a total of 8 hours to obtain recertification.

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-02; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, CEU or training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 8 0.333 138.56

Table: Private Recert-02; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 8 0.333 138.56

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained from 

the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-02; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Core Recertification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 69 139 5,402 374,257 748,514

Alaska 208 139 80 16,696 16,696

Arizona 130 139 389 50,487 53,853

Arkansas 31 139 19,512 608,308 2,703,590

California 156 139 16,979 2,646,649 2,646,649

Colorado 61 139 5,656 342,882 783,730

Connecticut 125 139 543 67,713 75,237

Delaware 43 139 676 29,285 93,711

Florida 87 139 3,704 320,719 513,150

Georgia 31 139 18,010 561,472 2,495,430

Hawaii 208 139 413 85,871 85,871

Idaho 130 139 3,474 451,309 481,397
Illinois 139 139 16,223 2,247,850 2,247,850

Indiana 62 139 12,208 761,182 1,691,516

Iowa 104 139 22,104 2,297,050 3,062,733

Kansas 83 139 13,833 1,149,976 1,916,627

Kentucky 35 139 10,733 371,769 1,487,074

Louisiana 26 139 7,241 188,127 1,003,345

Maine 104 139 1,099 114,241 152,321

Maryland 35 139 3,212 111,274 445,095

Massachusetts 173 139 1,045 181,049 181,049

Michigan 277 139 7,165 1,985,629 1,985,629

Minnesota 61 139 16,690 1,011,733 2,312,533

Mississippi 31 139 9,597 299,181 1,329,695

Missouri 31 139 19,499 607,877 2,701,674

Montana 62 139 6,033 376,154 835,897

Nebraska 43 139 21,052 911,517 2,916,854

Nevada 156 139 248 38,684 38,684

New Hampshire 156 139 469 73,107 73,107

New Jersey 83 139 1,569 130,397 217,328

New Mexico 52 139 2,478 128,729 343,278

New York 104 139 6,805 707,200 942,934

North Carolina 69 139 15,781 1,093,292 2,186,584

North Dakota 69 139 10,757 745,257 1,490,515

Ohio 87 139 14,524 1,257,775 2,012,440

Oklahoma 83 139 12,295 1,022,170 1,703,617

Oregon 166 139 4,093 680,542 680,542

Pennsylvania 52 139 17,441 906,230 2,416,614

Rhode Island 62 139 180 11,223 24,940

South Carolina 52 139 5,745 298,506 796,016

South Dakota 31 139 14,543 453,391 2,015,072

Tennessee 35 139 10,522 364,488 1,457,954

Texas 156 139 40,170 6,261,662 6,261,662

Utah 104 139 1,384 143,823 191,764

Vermont 83 139 520 43,244 72,073

Virginia 104 139 5,531 574,808 766,411

Washington 87 139 13,148 1,138,572 1,821,715

West Virginia 87 139 1,198 103,745 165,993

Wisconsin 83 139 12,816 1,065,428 1,775,713

Wyoming 83 139 4,267 354,736 591,227

Puerto Rico 39 139 15,982 622,823 2,214,481

Other Jurisdictions 16 139 238 3,705 32,931

Total, U.S. 455,278 36,393,795 65,261,316

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs
Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 5,839 3,288 2,551

Alaska 147 147 0

Arizona 467 444 23

Arkansas 19,625 5,345 14,280

California 23,254 23,254 0

Colorado 6,017 3,013 3,004

Connecticut 646 595 51

Delaware 696 257 439

Florida 4,129 2,818 1,311

Georgia 18,114 4,933 13,180

Hawaii 754 754 0
Idaho 4,170 3,965 205

Illinois 19,750 19,7500

Indiana 13,028 6,688 6,340

Iowa 25,400 20,182 5,218

Kansas 15,329 10,104 5,225

Kentucky 10,867 3,266 7,601

Louisiana 7,209 1,653 5,556

Maine 1,263 1,004 260

Maryland 3,253 978 2,275

Massachusetts 1,591 1,5910

Michigan 17,446 17,4460

Minnesota 17,754 8,889 8,865

Mississippi 9,652 2,629 7,023

Missouri 19,611 5,341 14,270

Montana 6,438 3,305 3,133

Nebraska 21,676 8,009 13,667

Nevada 340 3400

New Hampshire 642 6420

New Jersey 1,738 1,146 592

New Mexico 2,593 1,131 1,462

New York 7,820 6,214 1,607

North Carolina 17,057 9,606 7,451

North Dakota 11,627 6,548 5,079

Ohio 16,194 11,051 5,143

Oklahoma 13,625 8,981 4,644

Oregon 5,979 5,9790

Pennsylvania 18,256 7,962 10,294

Rhode Island 192 99 93

South Carolina 6,013 2,623 3,391

South Dakota 14,627 3,984 10,643

Tennessee 10,655 3,202 7,452

Texas 55,016 55,0160

Utah 1,590 1,264 327

Vermont 576 380 196

Virginia 6,356 5,050 1,306

Washington 14,659 10,004 4,656

West Virginia 1,336 912 424

Wisconsin 14,202 9,361 4,841

Wyoming 4,728 3,117 1,612

Puerto Rico 16,320 5,472 10,848

Other Jurisdictions 232 33 199
Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 516,499 319,760 196,739

U.S. (annualized value) 58,786 36,394 22,392

Per applicator incremental cost 0.049

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of private applicators require states to have 

process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process or 

frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 
applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.1.4 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 8-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 3 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-01 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 6-hour or 8-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 6-hour or 

8-hour training. 

5.2.1.5 Private Recert-04: Exam or 6 hour CEUs/training for recertification every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Potential Requirement Costs per Private Applicator

Recertification requirement: 

 All private applicators take 6 core-specific CEUs; option to retake initial exam/training

 EPA assumes that a practicing certified applicator will spend, on average, 7 hours 

preparing for an exam (in contrast to a new applicator who would spend 11 hours 

preparing) and one hour taking the exam, for a total of 8 hours to obtain recertification.

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-04; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, CEU or training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Table: Private Recert-04; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 8 0.20 83.13

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.
 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained from 

the CPARD database (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Core Recertification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($) N Xst Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 69 62 5,402 374,257 374,257

Alaska 208 62 80 16,696 16,696

Arizona 130 62 389 50,487 50,487

Arkansas 31 62 19,512 608,308 1,216,616

California 156 62 16,979 2,646,649 2,646,649

Colorado 61 62 5,656 342,882 352,679

Connecticut 125 62 543 67,713 67,713

Delaware 43 62 676 29,285 42,170

Florida 87 62 3,704 320,719 320,719

Georgia 31 62 18,010 561,472 1,122,944

Hawaii 208 62 413 85,871 85,871

Idaho 130 62 3,474 451,309 451,309

Illinois 139 83 16,223 2,247,850 2,247,850

Indiana 62 62 12,208 761,182 761,182

Iowa 104 62 22,104 2,297,050 2,297,050

Kansas 83 83 13,833 1,149,976 1,149,976
Kentucky 35 62 10,733 371,769 669,183

Louisiana 26 62 7,241 188,127 451,505

Maine 104 62 1,099 114,241 114,241

Maryland 35 62 3,212 111,274 200,293

Massachusetts 173 62 1,045 181,049 181,049

Michigan 277 62 7,165 1,985,629 1,985,629

Minnesota 61 62 16,690 1,011,733 1,040,640

Mississippi 31 62 9,597 299,181 598,363

Missouri 31 62 19,499 607,877 1,215,753

Montana 62 62 6,033 376,154 376,154

Nebraska 43 62 21,052 911,517 1,312,584

Nevada 156 62 248 38,684 38,684

New Hampshire 156 62 469 73,107 73,107

New Jersey 83 62 1,569 130,397 130,397

New Mexico 52 62 2,478 128,729 154,475

New York 104 62 6,805 707,200 707,200

North Carolina 69 62 15,781 1,093,292 1,093,292

North Dakota 69 62 10,757 745,257 745,257

Ohio 87 62 14,524 1,257,775 1,257,775

Oklahoma 83 83 12,295 1,022,170 1,022,170

Oregon 166 62 4,093 680,542 680,542

Pennsylvania 52 62 17,441 906,230 1,087,476

Rhode Island 62 62 180 11,223 11,223

South Carolina 52 62 5,745 298,506 358,207

South Dakota 31 62 14,543 453,391 906,783

Tennessee 35 62 10,522 364,488 656,079

Texas 156 62 40,170 6,261,662 6,261,662

Utah 104 62 1,384 143,823 143,823

Vermont 83 62 520 43,244 43,244

Virginia 104 62 5,531 574,808 574,808

Washington 87 62 13,148 1,138,572 1,138,572

West Virginia 87 62 1,198 103,745 103,745

Wisconsin 83 83 12,816 1,065,428 1,065,428

Wyoming 83 62 4,267 354,736 354,736

Puerto Rico 39 62 15,982 622,823 996,516

Other Jurisdictions 16 62 238 3,705 14,819

Total, U.S. 455,278 36,393,795 40,969,584

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 3,288 3,288 0

Alaska 147 147 0

Arizona 444 444 0

Arkansas 9,490 5,345 4,146

California 23,254 23,254 0

Colorado 3,079 3,013 67

Connecticut 595 595 0

Delaware 345 257 88

Florida 2,818 2,818 0

Georgia 8,760 4,933 3,827

Hawaii 754 754 0

Idaho 3,965 3,965 0

Illinois 19,750 19,750 0

Indiana 6,688 6,688 0

Iowa 20,182 20,182 0

Kansas 10,104 10,104 0
Kentucky 5,293 3,266 2,027

Louisiana 3,448 1,653 1,795

Maine 1,004 1,004 0

Maryland 1,584 978 607

Massachusetts 1,591 1,591 0

Michigan 17,446 17,446 0

Minnesota 9,086 8,889 197

Mississippi 4,668 2,629 2,039

Missouri 9,484 5,341 4,143

Montana 3,305 3,305 0

Nebraska 10,742 8,009 2,733

Nevada 340 340 0

New Hampshire 642 642 0

New Jersey 1,146 1,146 0

New Mexico 1,306 1,131 175

New York 6,214 6,214 0

North Carolina 9,606 9,606 0

North Dakota 6,548 6,548 0

Ohio 11,051 11,051 0

Oklahoma 8,981 8,981 0

Oregon 5,979 5,979 0

Pennsylvania 9,197 7,962 1,235

Rhode Island 99 99 0

South Carolina 3,030 2,623 407

South Dakota 7,074 3,984 3,090

Tennessee 5,190 3,202 1,987

Texas 55,016 55,016 0

Utah 1,264 1,264 0

Vermont 380 380 0

Virginia 5,050 5,050 0

Washington 10,004 10,004 0

West Virginia 912 912 0

Wisconsin 9,361 9,361 0

Wyoming 3,117 3,117 0

Puerto Rico 8,019 5,472 2,547

Other Jurisdictions 108 33 76

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost
 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 350,945 319,760 31,185

U.S. (annualized value) 39,943 36,394 3,549

Per applicator incremental cost 0.008

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of private applicators require states to have 

process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process or 

frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.1.6 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 6-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 5 Years
Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

 In the baseline, 4 states (IL, WI, KS, & OK) recertify by exam. Of these, KS & OK do 

not proctor recertification exam and the other two states (IL & WI) proctor their 

recertification exam.

 The remaining 46 states, Puerto Rico, & Other recertify by CEU training.

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Core Recertification Exam or Training

Proctored 

exam

Recertify 

by 

training

Wage 

($/hour)

Time 

(hours)

Recert 

cycle frequency Cost ($)

Alabama N/A Y 39.44 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 

Alaska N/A Y 39.44 12.0 0.3 0.0 3.2 

Arizona N/A Y 39.44 2.5 1.0 0.0 2.0 

Arkansas N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

California N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.5 0.0 2.4 

Colorado N/A Y 39.44 3.5 0.3 0.0 0.9 

Connecticut N/A Y 39.44 12.0 0.2 0.0 1.9 

Delaware N/A Y 39.44 2.5 0.3 0.0 0.7 

Florida N/A Y 39.44 6.7 0.3 0.0 1.3 

Georgia N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Hawaii N/A Y 39.44 20.0 0.2 0.0 3.2 

Idaho N/A Y 39.44 5.0 0.5 0.0 2.0 

Illinois Y N 39.44 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 

Indiana N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 

Iowa N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 

Kansas N N 0.0 0.0 

Kentucky N/A Y 39.44 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 

Louisiana N/A Y 39.44 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.4 

Maine N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 

Maryland N/A Y 39.44 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 

Massachusetts N/A Y 39.44 10.0 0.3 0.0 2.6 

Michigan N/A Y 39.44 16.0 0.3 0.0 4.2 

Minnesota N/A Y 39.44 3.5 0.3 0.0 0.9 

Mississippi N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Missouri N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Montana N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 

Nebraska N/A Y 39.44 2.5 0.3 0.0 0.7 
Nevada N/A Y 39.44 12.0 0.3 0.0 2.4 

New Hampshire N/A Y 39.44 15.0 0.2 0.0 2.4 

New Jersey N/A Y 39.44 8.0 0.2 0.0 1.3 

New Mexico N/A Y 39.44 5.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 

New York N/A Y 39.44 10.0 0.2 0.0 1.6 

North Carolina N/A Y 39.44 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 

North Dakota N/A Y 39.44 4.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 

Ohio N/A Y 39.44 5.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 

Oklahoma N N 0.0 0.0 

Oregon N/A Y 39.44 16.0 0.2 0.0 2.5 

Pennsylvania N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.8 

Rhode Island N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 

South Carolina N/A Y 39.44 5.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 

South Dakota N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 

Tennessee N/A Y 39.44 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 

Texas N/A Y 39.44 15.0 0.2 0.0 2.4 

Utah N/A Y 39.44 6.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 

Vermont N/A Y 39.44 8.0 0.2 0.0 1.3 

Virginia N/A Y 39.44 4.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 

Washington State N/A Y 39.44 8.3 0.2 0.0 1.3 

West Virginia N/A Y 39.44 5.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 

Wisconsin Y N 39.44 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 

Wyoming N/A Y 39.44 8.0 0.2 0.0 1.3 

Puerto Rico N/A Y 39.44 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 

Other N/A Y 39.44 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Core Recertification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16
Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Private Core 

Recertification Exam

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 1.05 0.16 5,963 6,271 6,271

Alaska 3.16 0.16 89 281 281

Arizona 1.97 0.16 473 932 932

Arkansas 0.47 0.16 20,997 9,938 9,938

California 2.37 0.16 18,601 44,018 44,018

Colorado 0.92 0.16 6,049 5,567 5,567

Connecticut 1.89 0.16 564 1,067 1,067

Delaware 0.66 0.16 746 491 491

Florida 1.31 0.16 4,044 5,316 5,316

Georgia 0.47 0.16 19,679 9,314 9,314

Hawaii 3.16 0.16 444 1,401 1,401

Idaho 1.97 0.16 3,613 7,125 7,125

Illinois 0.26 0.16 17,297 4,548 4,548

Indiana 0.95 0.16 13,004 12,309 12,309

Iowa 1.58 0.16 22,977 36,249 36,249

Kansas 0.00 0.16 14,939 0 2,357

Kentucky 0.53 0.16 13,304 6,996 6,996
Louisiana 0.39 0.16 7,616 3,004 3,004

Maine 1.58 0.16 1,175 1,854 1,854

Maryland 0.53 0.16 3,320 1,746 1,746

Massachusetts 2.63 0.16 1,130 2,970 2,970

Michigan 4.21 0.16 7,662 32,233 32,233

Minnesota 0.92 0.16 17,359 15,975 15,975

Mississippi 0.47 0.16 10,941 5,178 5,178

Missouri 0.47 0.16 21,127 9,999 9,999

Montana 0.95 0.16 6,291 5,955 5,955

Nebraska 0.66 0.16 21,818 14,342 14,342

Nevada 2.37 0.16 296 701 701

New Hampshire 2.37 0.16 502 1,187 1,187

New Jersey 1.26 0.16 1,768 2,231 2,231

New Mexico 0.79 0.16 2,702 2,132 2,132

New York 1.58 0.16 7,051 11,124 11,124

North Carolina 1.05 0.16 16,251 17,091 17,091

North Dakota 1.05 0.16 11,680 12,285 12,285

Ohio 1.31 0.16 14,803 19,461 19,461

Oklahoma 0.00 0.16 13,858 0 2,186

Oregon 2.52 0.16 4,278 10,799 10,799

Pennsylvania 0.79 0.16 18,107 14,282 14,282

Rhode Island 0.95 0.16 186 176 176

South Carolina 0.79 0.16 6,477 5,109 5,109

South Dakota 0.47 0.16 16,694 7,901 7,901

Tennessee 0.53 0.16 10,927 5,746 5,746

Texas 2.37 0.16 43,201 102,231 102,231

Utah 1.58 0.16 1,663 2,624 2,624

Vermont 1.26 0.16 562 709 709

Virginia 1.58 0.16 6,395 10,088 10,088

Washington 1.31 0.16 13,817 18,165 18,165

West Virginia 1.31 0.16 1,277 1,679 1,679

Wisconsin 0.16 0.16 13,886 2,191 2,191

Wyoming 1.26 0.16 4,655 5,875 5,875

Puerto Rico 0.59 0.16 16,728 9,896 9,896

Other 0.24 0.16 333 79 79

Total, U.S. 489,317 508,838 513,381

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs
Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 55 55 0

Alaska 2 2 0

Arizona 8 8 0

Arkansas 87 87 0

California 387 387 0

Colorado 49 49 0
Connecticut

990

Delaware440

Florida 47 470

Georgia 82 820

Hawaii 12 120

Idaho 63 630

Illinois 40 400

Indiana 108 1080

Iowa 318 3180

Kansas 160 16

Kentucky 61 610

Louisiana 26 260

Maine 16 160

Maryland 15 150

Massachusetts 26 260

Michigan 283 2830

Minnesota 140 1400

Mississippi 45 450

Missouri 88 880

Montana 52 520

Nebraska 126 1260

Nevada660

New Hampshire 10 100

New Jersey 20 200

New Mexico 19 190

New York 98 980

North Carolina 150 1500

North Dakota 108 1080

Ohio 171 1710

Oklahoma 150 15

Oregon 95 950

Pennsylvania 125 1250

Rhode Island220

South Carolina 45 450

South Dakota 69 690

Tennessee 50 500

Texas 898 8980

Utah 23 230

Vermont660
Virginia 89 89 0

Washington 160 160 0

West Virginia 15 15 0

Wisconsin 19 19 0

Wyoming 52 52 0

Puerto Rico 87 87 0

Other 1 1 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 4,502 4,471 31

U.S. (annualized value) 512 509 4

5.2.1.7 Private Recert-05: Exam or 8 hour CEUs/training for recertification every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Potential Requirement Costs per Private Applicator

Recertification requirement: 

 All private applicators take 8 core-specific CEUs; option to retake initial exam/training

 EPA assumes that a practicing certified applicator will spend, on average, 7 hours 

preparing for an exam (in contrast to a new applicator who would spend 11 hours 

preparing) and one hour taking the exam, for a total of 8 hours to obtain recertification.

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)
Table: Private Recert-05; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, CEU or training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 8 0.20 83.13

Table: Private Recert-05; Applicators; Step 2;

Potential Requirement Cost per Private Applicator; Core Recertification, Exam

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency / probability

(per applicator, per year)

Cost

($)

Core recertification 51.96 8 0.20 83.13

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained from 

the CPARD database (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt

Values are presented in the table below.
Table: Private Recert-05; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs

for Core Recertification of Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 69 83 5,402 374,257 449,108

Alaska 208 83 80 16,696 16,696

Arizona 130 83 389 50,487 50,487

Arkansas 31 83 19,512 608,308 1,622,154

California 156 83 16,979 2,646,649 2,646,649

Colorado 61 83 5,656 342,882 470,238

Connecticut 125 83 543 67,713 67,713

Delaware 43 83 676 29,285 56,227

Florida 87 83 3,704 320,719 320,719

Georgia 31 83 18,010 561,472 1,497,258

Hawaii 208 83 413 85,871 85,871

Idaho 130 83 3,474 451,309 451,309

Illinois 139 83 16,223 2,247,850 2,247,850

Indiana 62 83 12,208 761,182 1,014,910

Iowa 104 83 22,104 2,297,050 2,297,050

Kansas 83 83 13,833 1,149,976 1,149,976

Kentucky 35 83 10,733 371,769 892,244

Louisiana 26 83 7,241 188,127 602,007

Maine 104 83 1,099 114,241 114,241

Maryland 35 83 3,212 111,274 267,057

Massachusetts 173 83 1,045 181,049 181,049

Michigan 277 83 7,165 1,985,629 1,985,629

Minnesota 61 83 16,690 1,011,733 1,387,520

Mississippi 31 83 9,597 299,181 797,817

Missouri 31 83 19,499 607,877 1,621,004

Montana 62 83 6,033 376,154 501,538

Nebraska 43 83 21,052 911,517 1,750,113

Nevada 156 83 248 38,684 38,684

New Hampshire 156 83 469 73,107 73,107

New Jersey 83 83 1,569 130,397 130,397

New Mexico 52 83 2,478 128,729 205,967

New York 104 83 6,805 707,200 707,200

North Carolina 69 83 15,781 1,093,292 1,311,951

North Dakota 69 83 10,757 745,257 894,309

Ohio 87 83 14,524 1,257,775 1,257,775

Oklahoma 83 83 12,295 1,022,170 1,022,170

Oregon 166 83 4,093 680,542 680,542

Pennsylvania 52 83 17,441 906,230 1,449,968

Rhode Island 62 83 180 11,223 14,964

South Carolina 52 83 5,745 298,506 477,610
South Dakota 31 83 14,543 453,391 1,209,043

Tennessee 35 83 10,522 364,488 874,772

Texas 156 83 40,170 6,261,662 6,261,662

Utah 104 83 1,384 143,823 143,823

Vermont 83 83 520 43,244 43,244

Virginia 104 83 5,531 574,808 574,808

Washington 87 83 13,148 1,138,572 1,138,572

West Virginia 87 83 1,198 103,745 103,745

Wisconsin 83 83 12,816 1,065,428 1,065,428

Wyoming 83 83 4,267 354,736 354,736

Puerto Rico 39 83 15,982 622,823 1,328,688

Other Jurisdictions 16 83 238 3,705 19,758

Total, U.S. 455,278 36,393,795 45,927,360

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. The cost of recertification would remain constant thereafter. The PV of 

costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 
Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Certification; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 3,798 3,288 510

Alaska 147 147 0

Arizona 444 444 0

Arkansas 12,254 5,345 6,910

California 23,254 23,254 0

Colorado 3,881 3,013 868

Connecticut 595 595 0

Delaware 441 257 184

Florida 2,818 2,818 0

Georgia 11,311 4,933 6,378

Hawaii 754 754 0

Idaho 3,965 3,965 0

Illinois 19,750 19,750 0

Indiana 8,417 6,688 1,729

Iowa 20,182 20,182 0

Kansas 10,104 10,104 0

Kentucky 6,814 3,266 3,547

Louisiana 4,474 1,653 2,821

Maine 1,004 1,004 0

Maryland 2,039 978 1,062

Massachusetts 1,591 1,591 0

Michigan 17,446 17,446 0

Minnesota 11,450 8,889 2,561

Mississippi 6,027 2,629 3,398

Missouri 12,246 5,341 6,905

Montana 4,159 3,305 855

Nebraska 13,724 8,009 5,715

Nevada 340 340 0

New Hampshire 642 642 0

New Jersey 1,146 1,146 0

New Mexico 1,657 1,131 526

New York 6,214 6,214 0

North Carolina 11,096 9,606 1,490

North Dakota 7,564 6,548 1,016

Ohio 11,051 11,051 0

Oklahoma 8,981 8,981 0

Oregon 5,979 5,979 0

Pennsylvania 11,668 7,962 3,706
Rhode Island 124 99 25

South Carolina 3,843 2,623 1,221

South Dakota 9,133 3,984 5,150

Tennessee 6,680 3,202 3,478

Texas 55,016 55,016 0

Utah 1,264 1,264 0

Vermont 380 380 0

Virginia 5,050 5,050 0

Washington 10,004 10,004 0

West Virginia 912 912 0

Wisconsin 9,361 9,361 0

Wyoming 3,117 3,117 0

Puerto Rico 10,283 5,472 4,811

Other Jurisdictions 142 33 109

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Certification; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 384,733 319,760 64,973

U.S. (annualized value) 43,789 36,394 7,395

Per applicator incremental cost 0.016

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Recertification 

Training for General Competency 
The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the core competency as they apply to the administration of recertification exam or verifying 

completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Currently, federal standards regarding recertification of private applicators require states to have 

process to assure continued competency. However, there are no standards for the process or 

frequency of recertification.

States currently have a variety of options for recertification, with recertification period ranging

from 1-6 years. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.1.8 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 8-hour Training for Private Core Competency 

Recertification: Every 5 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-04 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 6-hour or 8-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 6-hour or 

8-hour training. 

5.2.2 Potential New Categories, Private Applicators

Some states may require private applicators to certify and recertify in specific categories. 

Potential requirements for recertification in the potential new categories would also apply to 

existing state categories. Because it is not clear how states will revise their certification plans, 

especially whether they will retain categories not required by EPA, the Agency has not tried to 

account for those costs.

Aerial Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Private Applicator, Aerial Applications

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for four options pertaining to the recertification 

of the aerial category (under options Private Recert-01, 02, 04, and 05).
According to information on recertification, 4 jurisdictions (Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and 

Wisconsin) require exams, all others require training or provide for the option of training or 

exam. EPA assumes that trainings are typically the preferred option even where the level of 

effort would be similar.

Only Wisconsin has an aerial certification requirement. 

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification (no core)

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

All other jurisdictions do not have a category and thus no recertification requirements. Baseline 

costs are zero.

5.2.2.1 Private Recert-01: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour CEUs/training 

every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private aerial applicators take 3 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-01; Aerial Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 3 0.333 51.96

Table: Private Recert-01; Aerial Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.92
Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private aerial 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private aerial applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private aerial applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained 

from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private aerial applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Air

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Aerial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Air RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 52 0 0 0

Alaska 0 52 0 0 0

Arizona 0 52 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 52 2 0 104

California 0 52 4 0 208

Colorado 0 52 1 0 52

Connecticut 0 52 0 0 0

Delaware 0 52 0 0 0

Florida 0 52 3 0 156
Georgia

0 5220 104

Hawaii0 52000

Idaho0 5220 104

Illinois0 10420 208

Indiana0 5220 104

Iowa0 5270 364

Kansas0 10430 312

Kentucky0 52000

Louisiana0 5230 156

Maine0 52000

Maryland0 52000

Massachusetts0 52000

Michigan0 52000

Minnesota0 5230 156

Mississippi0 5220 104

Missouri0 5220 104

Montana0 52000

Nebraska0 5250 260

Nevada0 52000

New Hampshire0 52000

New Jersey0 52000

New Mexico0 52000

New York0 52000

North Carolina0 5210 52

North Dakota0 5230 156

Ohio0 52000

Oklahoma0 10440 416

Oregon0 5220 104

Pennsylvania0 52000

Rhode Island 0 52000

South Carolina0 52000

South Dakota 0 5230 156

Tennessee0 52000

Texas0 5250 260

Utah0 52000

Vermont0 52000

Virginia0 52000

Washington0 5240 208

West Virginia0 52000

Wisconsin 62 104000

Wyoming0 52000

Puerto Rico 0 52000

Other Jurisdictions0 52000

Total, U.S. 650 3,845
Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing aerial applicators not included in the baseline 

regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost of 

recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arkansas 0.6 0.0 0.6

California 1.2 0.0 1.2

Colorado 0.3 0.0 0.3

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0
Florida 0.9 0.0 0.9

Georgia 0.6 0.0 0.6

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0

Idaho 0.6 0.0 0.6

Illinois 1.2 0.0 1.2

Indiana 0.6 0.0 0.6

Iowa 2.1 0.0 2.1

Kansas 1.8 0.0 1.8

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 0.0

Louisiana 0.9 0.0 0.9

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.0

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0

Minnesota 0.9 0.0 0.9

Mississippi 0.6 0.0 0.6

Missouri 0.6 0.0 0.6

Montana 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 1.5 0.0 1.5

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0

New York 0.0 0.0 0.0

North Carolina 0.3 0.0 0.3

North Dakota 0.9 0.0 0.9

Ohio 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oklahoma 2.4 0.0 2.4

Oregon 0.6 0.0 0.6

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Dakota 0.9 0.0 0.9

Tennessee 0.0 0.0 0.0

Texas 1.5 0.0 1.5

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.0

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Washington 1.2 0.0 1.2

West Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.0
Puerto Rico 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Jurisdictions 0.0 0.0 0.0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 22.3 0.0 22.6

U.S. (annualized value) 2.6 0.0 2.6

Per applicator incremental cost 0.040

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.
For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.2.2 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

Only Wisconsin requires aerial certification and recertification in the baseline. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, Wisconsin requires aerial recertification every 5 years

 Wisconsin proctors their recertification exam.

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Recertification Exam; 

States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Aerial Category Recertification Exam 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

No jurisdiction, with the exception of Wisconsin, requires aerial certification/recertification in 

the baseline. 
Table: Private Recert-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Recertification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.
Table: Private Recert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Aerial Category 

Recertification Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Alaska 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Arkansas 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

California 0.00 0.26 4.5 0.00 1.18

Colorado 0.00 0.26 1.1 0.00 0.29

Connecticut 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Florida 0.00 0.26 3.4 0.00 0.88

Georgia 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Hawaii 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Idaho 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Illinois 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Indiana 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Iowa 0.00 0.26 7.8 0.00 2.06

Kansas 0.00 0.26 3.4 0.00 0.88

Kentucky 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Louisiana 0.00 0.26 3.4 0.00 0.88

Maine 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Maryland 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Massachusetts 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Michigan 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Minnesota 0.00 0.26 3.4 0.00 0.88

Mississippi 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Missouri 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Montana 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Nebraska 0.00 0.26 5.6 0.00 1.47

Nevada 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

New Hampshire 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

New Mexico 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

New York 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

North Carolina 0.00 0.26 1.1 0.00 0.29

North Dakota 0.00 0.26 3.4 0.00 0.88

Ohio 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00
Oklahoma 0.00 0.26 4.5 0.00 1.18

Oregon 0.00 0.26 2.2 0.00 0.59

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Rhode Island 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

South Carolina 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

South Dakota 0.00 0.26 3.4 0.00 0.88

Tennessee 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Texas 0.00 0.26 5.6 0.00 1.47

Utah 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Vermont 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Virginia 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Washington 0.00 0.26 4.5 0.00 1.18

West Virginia 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Wisconsin 0.16 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Wyoming 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Other 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.00 0.00

Total, U.S. 73 0 19

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.00 0.00 0.00

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arkansas 0.00 0.00 0.00

California 0.01 0.00 0.01

Colorado 0.00 0.00 0.00

Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.00 0.00 0.00

Florida 0.01 0.00 0.01

Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hawaii 0.00 0.00 0.00

Idaho 0.00 0.00 0.00

Illinois 0.00 0.00 0.00

Indiana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Iowa 0.01 0.00 0.01

Kansas 0.01 0.00 0.01

Kentucky 0.00 0.00 0.00

Louisiana 0.01 0.00 0.01

Maine 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maryland 0.00 0.00 0.00

Massachusetts 0.00 0.00 0.00

Michigan 0.00 0.00 0.00

Minnesota 0.01 0.00 0.01

Mississippi 0.00 0.00 0.00

Missouri 0.00 0.00 0.00
Montana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nebraska 0.01 0.00 0.01

Nevada 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Mexico 0.00 0.00 0.00

New York 0.00 0.00 0.00

North Carolina 0.00 0.00 0.00

North Dakota 0.01 0.00 0.01

Ohio 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oklahoma 0.01 0.00 0.01

Oregon 0.00 0.00 0.00

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rhode Island 0.00 0.00 0.00

South Carolina 0.00 0.00 0.00

South Dakota 0.01 0.00 0.01

Tennessee 0.00 0.00 0.00

Texas 0.01 0.00 0.01

Utah 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00

Virginia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Washington 0.01 0.00 0.01

West Virginia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wisconsin 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wyoming 0.00 0.00 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Recert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 0.13 0 0.13

U.S. (annualized value) 0.015 0 0.015

5.2.2.3 Private Recert-02: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour CEUs/training 

every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private aerial applicators take 4 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-02; Aerial Application Recertification by 4 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 4 0.333 69.28

Table: Private Recert-02; Aerial Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private aerial 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private aerial applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private aerial applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained 

from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private aerial applicators in the region.
 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P

) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Air

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-02; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Aerial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Air RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 69 0 0 0

Alaska 0 69 0 0 0

Arizona 0 69 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 69 2 0 139

California 0 69 4 0 277

Colorado 0 69 1 0 69

Connecticut 0 69 0 0 0

Delaware 0 69 0 0 0

Florida 0 69 3 0 208

Georgia 0 69 2 0 139

Hawaii 0 69 0 0 0

Idaho 0 69 2 0 139

Illinois 0 104 2 0 208

Indiana 0 69 2 0 139

Iowa 0 69 7 0 485

Kansas 0 104 3 0 312

Kentucky 0 69 0 0 0

Louisiana 0 69 3 0 208

Maine 0 69 0 0 0

Maryland 0 69 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 69 0 0 0

Michigan 0 69 0 0 0

Minnesota 0 69 3 0 208
Mississippi 0 69 2 0 139

Missouri 0 69 2 0 139

Montana 0 69 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 69 5 0 346

Nevada 0 69 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 69 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 69 0 0 0

New Mexico 0 69 0 0 0

New York 0 69 0 0 0

North Carolina 0 69 1 0 69

North Dakota 0 69 3 0 208

Ohio 0 69 0 0 0

Oklahoma 0 104 4 0 416

Oregon 0 69 2 0 139

Pennsylvania 0 69 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0 69 0 0 0

South Carolina 0 69 0 0 0

South Dakota 0 69 3 0 208

Tennessee 0 69 0 0 0

Texas 0 69 5 0 346

Utah 0 69 0 0 0

Vermont 0 69 0 0 0

Virginia 0 69 0 0 0

Washington 0 69 4 0 277

West Virginia 0 69 0 0 0

Wisconsin 62 104 0 0 0

Wyoming 0 69 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 69 0 0 0

Other Jurisdictions 0 69 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 65 0 4,815

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing aerial applicators not included in the baseline 
regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost of 

recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arkansas 0.8 0.0 0.6

California 1.6 0.0 1.2

Colorado 0.4 0.0 0.3

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0

Florida 1.2 0.0 0.9

Georgia 0.8 0.0 0.6

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0

Idaho 0.8 0.0 0.6

Illinois 1.2 0.0 0.6

Indiana 0.8 0.0 0.6

Iowa 2.8 0.0 2.1

Kansas 1.8 0.0 0.9

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 0.0

Louisiana 1.2 0.0 0.9

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.0

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0
Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0

Minnesota 1.2 0.0 0.9

Mississippi 0.8 0.0 0.6

Missouri 0.8 0.0 0.6

Montana 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 2.0 0.0 1.5

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0

New York 0.0 0.0 0.0

North Carolina 0.4 0.0 0.3

North Dakota 1.2 0.0 0.9

Ohio 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oklahoma 2.4 0.0 1.2

Oregon 0.8 0.0 0.6

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Dakota 1.2 0.0 0.9

Tennessee 0.0 0.0 0.0

Texas 2.0 0.0 1.5

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.0

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Washington 1.6 0.0 1.2

West Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.0

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Jurisdictions 0.0 0.0 0.0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 
 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 28.3 0.0 28.3

U.S. (annualized value) 3.2 0.0 3.2

Per applicator incremental cost 0.050

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 
5.2.2.4 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 3 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-01 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 3-hour or 4-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 3-hour or 

4-hour training. 

5.2.2.5 Private Recert-04: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour CEUs/training 

every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private aerial applicators take 3 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-04; Aerial Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 3 0.20 31.18

Table: Private Recert-04; Aerial Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private aerial 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private aerial applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private aerial applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained 

from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private aerial applicators in the region.
 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P

) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Air

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Aerial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Air RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 31 0 0 0

Alaska 0 31 0 0 0

Arizona 0 31 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 31 2 0 62

California 0 31 4 0 125

Colorado 0 31 1 0 31

Connecticut 0 31 0 0 0

Delaware 0 31 0 0 0

Florida 0 31 3 0 94

Georgia 0 31 2 0 62

Hawaii 0 31 0 0 0

Idaho 0 31 2 0 62

Illinois 0 62 2 0 125

Indiana 0 31 2 0 62

Iowa 0 31 7 0 218

Kansas 0 62 3 0 187

Kentucky 0 31 0 0 0

Louisiana 0 31 3 0 94

Maine 0 31 0 0 0

Maryland 0 31 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 31 0 0 0

Michigan 0 31 0 0 0

Minnesota 0 31 3 0 94
Mississippi 0 31 2 0 62

Missouri 0 31 2 0 62

Montana 0 31 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 31 5 0 156

Nevada 0 31 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 31 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 31 0 0 0

New Mexico 0 31 0 0 0

New York 0 31 0 0 0

North Carolina 0 31 1 0 31

North Dakota 0 31 3 0 94

Ohio 0 31 0 0 0

Oklahoma 0 62 4 0 249

Oregon 0 31 2 0 62

Pennsylvania 0 31 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0 31 0 0 0

South Carolina 0 31 0 0 0

South Dakota 0 31 3 0 94

Tennessee 0 31 0 0 0

Texas 0 31 5 0 156

Utah 0 31 0 0 0

Vermont 0 31 0 0 0

Virginia 0 31 0 0 0

Washington 0 31 4 0 125

West Virginia 0 31 0 0 0

Wisconsin 62 62 0 0 0

Wyoming 0 31 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 31 0 0 0

Other Jurisdictions 0 31 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 65 0 2,307

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing aerial applicators not included in the baseline 
regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost of 

recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arkansas 0.4 0.0 0.4

California 0.7 0.0 0.7

Colorado 0.2 0.0 0.2

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0

Florida 0.5 0.0 0.5

Georgia 0.4 0.0 0.4

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0

Idaho 0.4 0.0 0.4

Illinois 0.7 0.0 0.7

Indiana 0.4 0.0 0.4

Iowa 1.3 0.0 1.3

Kansas 1.1 0.0 1.1

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 0.0

Louisiana 0.5 0.0 0.5

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.0

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0
Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0

Minnesota 0.5 0.0 0.5

Mississippi 0.4 0.0 0.4

Missouri 0.4 0.0 0.4

Montana 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 0.9 0.0 0.9

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0

New York 0.0 0.0 0.0

North Carolina 0.2 0.0 0.2

North Dakota 0.5 0.0 0.5

Ohio 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oklahoma 1.5 0.0 1.5

Oregon 0.4 0.0 0.4

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Dakota 0.5 0.0 0.5

Tennessee 0.0 0.0 0.0

Texas 0.9 0.0 0.9

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.0

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Washington 0.7 0.0 0.7

West Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.0

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Jurisdictions 0.0 0.0 0.0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 
 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 13.5 0.0 13.5

U.S. (annualized value) 1.5 0.0 1.5

Per applicator incremental cost 0.024

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 
5.2.2.6 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 5 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

Only Wisconsin requires aerial certification and recertification in the baseline. 

Assumptions:

 Currently, Wisconsin requires aerial recertification every 5 years

 Wisconsin proctors their recertification exam.

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Recertification Exam; 

States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Aerial Category Recertification Exam 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Aerial Category in the Baseline

No jurisdiction, with the exception of Wisconsin, requires aerial certification/recertification in 

the baseline. 

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Recertification Exam; 

Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:
 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Aerial Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in aerial category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Aerial Category 

Recertification Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Alaska 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Arkansas 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

California 0.00 0.16 4.5 0.00 0.71

Colorado 0.00 0.16 1.1 0.00 0.18

Connecticut 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00
Florida 0.00 0.16 3.4 0.00 0.53

Georgia 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Hawaii 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Idaho 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Illinois 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Indiana 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Iowa 0.00 0.16 7.8 0.00 1.24

Kansas 0.00 0.16 3.4 0.00 0.53

Kentucky 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Louisiana 0.00 0.16 3.4 0.00 0.53

Maine 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Maryland 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Massachusetts 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Michigan 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Minnesota 0.00 0.16 3.4 0.00 0.53

Mississippi 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Missouri 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Montana 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Nebraska 0.00 0.16 5.6 0.00 0.88

Nevada 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

New Hampshire 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

New Mexico 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

New York 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

North Carolina 0.00 0.16 1.1 0.00 0.18

North Dakota 0.00 0.16 3.4 0.00 0.53

Ohio 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Oklahoma 0.00 0.16 4.5 0.00 0.71

Oregon 0.00 0.16 2.2 0.00 0.35

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Rhode Island 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

South Carolina 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

South Dakota 0.00 0.16 3.4 0.00 0.53

Tennessee 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Texas 0.00 0.16 5.6 0.00 0.88

Utah 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Vermont 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Virginia 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Washington 0.00 0.16 4.5 0.00 0.71
West Virginia 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Wisconsin 0.16 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Wyoming 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Other 0.00 0.16 0.0 0.00 0.00

Total, U.S. 73 0 11.5

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with aerial

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time aerial applicators in the regions is assumed to 

be constant over time, existing aerial applicators in jurisdictions without a category will 

only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is implemented. EPA assumes 

implementation will occur in the third year of the time horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B
Table: Private Recert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.00 0.00 0.00

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arkansas 0.00 0.00 0.00

California 0.00 0.00 0.00

Colorado 0.00 0.00 0.00

Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.00 0.00 0.00

Florida 0.00 0.00 0.00

Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hawaii 0.00 0.00 0.00

Idaho 0.00 0.00 0.00

Illinois 0.00 0.00 0.00

Indiana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Iowa 0.01 0.00 0.01

Kansas 0.00 0.00 0.00

Kentucky 0.00 0.00 0.00

Louisiana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maine 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maryland 0.00 0.00 0.00

Massachusetts 0.00 0.00 0.00

Michigan 0.00 0.00 0.00

Minnesota 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mississippi 0.00 0.00 0.00

Missouri 0.00 0.00 0.00

Montana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nebraska 0.01 0.00 0.01

Nevada 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Mexico 0.00 0.00 0.00

New York 0.00 0.00 0.00

North Carolina 0.00 0.00 0.00

North Dakota 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ohio 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oklahoma 0.00 0.00 0.00
Oregon 0.00 0.00 0.00

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rhode Island 0.00 0.00 0.00

South Carolina 0.00 0.00 0.00

South Dakota 0.00 0.00 0.00

Tennessee 0.00 0.00 0.00

Texas 0.01 0.00 0.01

Utah 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00

Virginia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Washington 0.00 0.00 0.00

West Virginia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wisconsin 0.00 0.00 0.00

Wyoming 0.00 0.00 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 0.08 0 0.08

U.S. (annualized value) 0.009 0 0.009
5.2.2.7 Private Recert-05: Aerial Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour CEUs/training 

every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Aerial Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private aerial applicators take 4 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-05; Aerial Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 4 0.20 41.57

Table: Private Recert-05; Aerial Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Aerial Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private aerial 

applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private aerial applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private aerial applicators (N Xst Pvt) in each jurisdiction is obtained 

from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private aerial applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private aerial applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.
Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Air

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Air

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-05; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Aerial Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Air RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 42 0 0 0

Alaska 0 42 0 0 0

Arizona 0 42 0 0 0

Arkansas 0 42 2 0 83

California 0 42 4 0 166

Colorado 0 42 1 0 42

Connecticut 0 42 0 0 0

Delaware 0 42 0 0 0

Florida 0 42 3 0 125

Georgia 0 42 2 0 83

Hawaii 0 42 0 0 0

Idaho 0 42 2 0 83

Illinois 0 62 2 0 125

Indiana 0 42 2 0 83

Iowa 0 42 7 0 291

Kansas 0 62 3 0 187

Kentucky 0 42 0 0 0

Louisiana 0 42 3 0 125

Maine 0 42 0 0 0

Maryland 0 42 0 0 0

Massachusetts 0 42 0 0 0

Michigan 0 42 0 0 0

Minnesota 0 42 3 0 125

Mississippi 0 42 2 0 83

Missouri 0 42 2 0 83

Montana 0 42 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 42 5 0 208

Nevada 0 42 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 42 0 0 0

New Jersey 0 42 0 0 0

New Mexico 0 42 0 0 0

New York 0 42 0 0 0

North Carolina 0 42 1 0 42
North Dakota 0 42 3 0 125

Ohio 0 42 0 0 0

Oklahoma 0 62 4 0 249

Oregon 0 42 2 0 83

Pennsylvania 0 42 0 0 0

Rhode Island 0 42 0 0 0

South Carolina 0 42 0 0 0

South Dakota 0 42 3 0 125

Tennessee 0 42 0 0 0

Texas 0 42 5 0 208

Utah 0 42 0 0 0

Vermont 0 42 0 0 0

Virginia 0 42 0 0 0

Washington 0 42 4 0 166

West Virginia 0 42 0 0 0

Wisconsin 62 62 0 0 0

Wyoming 0 42 0 0 0

Puerto Rico 0 42 0 0 0

Other Jurisdictions 0 42 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 65 0 2,8898

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing aerial applicators not included in the baseline 

regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost of 

recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant thereafter. 

The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 0.0 0.0 0.0

Alaska 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arkansas 0.5 0.0 0.5

California 1.0 0.0 1.0

Colorado 0.2 0.0 0.2

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delaware 0.0 0.0 0.0

Florida 0.7 0.0 0.7

Georgia 0.5 0.0 0.5

Hawaii 0.0 0.0 0.0

Idaho 0.5 0.0 0.5

Illinois 0.7 0.0 0.7

Indiana 0.5 0.0 0.5

Iowa 1.7 0.0 1.7

Kansas 1.1 0.0 1.1

Kentucky 0.0 0.0 0.0

Louisiana 0.7 0.0 0.7

Maine 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 0.0 0.0 0.0

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 0.0

Michigan 0.0 0.0 0.0

Minnesota 0.7 0.0 0.7

Mississippi 0.5 0.0 0.5

Missouri 0.5 0.0 0.5

Montana 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 1.2 0.0 1.2

Nevada 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Hampshire 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Jersey 0.0 0.0 0.0
New Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0

New York 0.0 0.0 0.0

North Carolina 0.2 0.0 0.2

North Dakota 0.7 0.0 0.7

Ohio 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oklahoma 1.5 0.0 1.5

Oregon 0.5 0.0 0.5

Pennsylvania 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rhode Island 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Carolina 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Dakota 0.7 0.0 0.7

Tennessee 0.0 0.0 0.0

Texas 1.2 0.0 1.2

Utah 0.0 0.0 0.0

Vermont 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Washington 1.0 0.0 1.0

West Virginia 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wisconsin 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wyoming 0.0 0.0 0.0

Puerto Rico 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Jurisdictions 0.0 0.0 0.0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 
Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Aerial Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 17.0 0.0 17.0

U.S. (annualized value) 1.9 0.0 1.9

Per applicator incremental cost 0.030

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

5.2.2.8 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Aerial Category 

Recertification: Every 5 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-04 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 3-hour or 4-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 3-hour or 

4-hour training. 

Chemigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Private Applicator, Chemigation Applications

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for four options pertaining to the recertification 

of the chemigation category (under options Private Recert-01, 02, 04, and 05).

According to information on recertification, 4 jurisdictions (Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and 

Wisconsin) require exams, all others require training or provide for the option of training or 

exam. EPA assumes that trainings are typically the preferred option even where the level of 

effort would be similar.

Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Wisconsin, and Wyoming have established chemigation certification 

requirements.

Hawaii

Recertification Requirements:

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 5 0.20 51.96

Idaho

Recertification Requirements:

 No category-specific requirements for recertification. Baseline costs are zero.

Nevada

Recertification Requirements:

 Nevada requires 12 CEUs of 60 minutes for recertification, of which 2 must be in core 

material. EPA assumes, therefore, that 3 CEUs would be applicable to chemigation 

recertification.

 Period is 4 years (freq i,t = 0.25)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Nevada

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 3 0.25 38.97

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Wyoming

Recertification Requirements:

 8 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 8 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)
Annual Baseline Cost per Commercial Applicator for Aerial Recertification – Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 8 0.20 83.13

All other jurisdictions do not have a category and thus no recertification requirements. Baseline 

costs are zero.

5.2.2.9 Private Recert-01: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Chemigation Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private chemigation applicators take 3 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-01; Chemigation Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Recertification 51.96 3 0.333 51.96

Table: Private Recert-01; Chemigation Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Chemigation Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

chemigation applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private chemigation applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private chemigation applicators (N Xst Pvt Chem) in each jurisdiction 

is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private chemigation applicators in the region.
 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P

) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private chemigation applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Chem

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Chem

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Chemigation Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Chem RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 52 605 0 31,435

Alaska 0 52 0 0 0

Arizona 0 52 135 0 7,015

Arkansas 0 52 80 0 4,157

California 0 52 115 0 5,975

Colorado 0 52 68 0 3,533

Connecticut 0 52 13 0 675

Delaware 0 52 69 0 3,585

Florida 0 52 173 0 8,989

Georgia 0 52 1,478 0 76,796

Hawaii 52 52 14 727 727

Idaho 0 52 1,053 0 54,713

Illinois 0 104 9 0 935

Indiana 0 52 15 0 779

Iowa 0 52 31 0 1,611

Kansas 0 104 24 0 2,494

Kentucky 0 52 28 0 1,455

Louisiana 0 52 80 0 4,157

Maine 0 52 15 0 779

Maryland 0 52 40 0 2,078

Massachusetts 0 52 17 0 883

Michigan 0 52 31 0 1,611

Minnesota 0 52 11 0 572
Mississippi 0 52 136 0 7,066

Missouri 0 52 16 0 831

Montana 0 52 179 0 9,301

Nebraska 0 52 11 0 572

Nevada 39 52 66 2,580 3,440

New Hampshire 0 52 12 0 624

New Jersey 0 52 44 0 2,286

New Mexico 0 52 45 0 2,338

New York 0 52 41 0 2,130

North Carolina 0 52 485 0 25,200

North Dakota 0 52 128 0 6,651

Ohio 0 52 31 0 1,611

Oklahoma 0 104 96 0 9,976

Oregon 0 52 177 0 9,197

Pennsylvania 0 52 51 0 2,650

Rhode Island 0 52 10 0 520

South Carolina 0 52 528 0 27,434

South Dakota 0 52 32 0 1,663

Tennessee 0 52 323 0 16,783

Texas 0 52 174 0 9,041

Utah 0 52 25 0 1,299

Vermont 0 52 13 0 675

Virginia 0 52 155 0 8,054

Washington 0 52 340 0 17,666

West Virginia 0 52 23 0 1,195

Wisconsin 62 104 79 4,926 8,210

Wyoming 83 52 57 4,739 2,962

Puerto Rico 0 52 34 0 1,767

Other Jurisdictions 0 52 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 7,415 12,972 396,096

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators not included 
in the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The 

cost of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 185 0 185

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 41 0 41

Arkansas 24 0 24

California 35 0 35

Colorado 21 0 21

Connecticut 4 0 4

Delaware 21 0 21

Florida 53 0 53

Georgia 451 0 451

Hawaii 6 6 0

Idaho 321 0 321

Illinois 5 0 5

Indiana 5 0 5

Iowa 9 0 9

Kansas 15 0 15

Kentucky 9 0 9

Louisiana 24 0 24

Maine 5 0 5

Maryland 12 0 12

Massachusetts 5 0 5
Michigan 9 0 9

Minnesota 3 0 3

Mississippi 41 0 41

Missouri 5 0 5

Montana 55 0 55

Nebraska 3 0 3

Nevada 28 23 5

New Hampshire 4 0 4

New Jersey 13 0 13

New Mexico 14 0 14

New York 13 0 13

North Carolina 148 0 148

North Dakota 39 0 39

Ohio 9 0 9

Oklahoma 59 0 59

Oregon 54 0 54

Pennsylvania 16 0 16

Rhode Island 3 0 3

South Carolina 161 0 161

South Dakota 10 0 10

Tennessee 99 0 99

Texas 53 0 53

Utah 8 0 8

Vermont 4 0 4

Virginia 47 0 47

Washington 104 0 104

West Virginia 7 0 7

Wisconsin 63 43 19

Wyoming 42 42 0

Puerto Rico 10 0 10

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 
 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 2,374 114 2,260

U.S. (annualized value) 270 13 257

Per applicator incremental cost 0.035

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 
5.2.2.10 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

In the baseline, 4 states (HI, ID, NV, & WY) recertify by training and WI by exam. 

Assumptions:

 The baseline training requirements for the 4 states all exceed the proposed requirement

 These 4 states verify the completion of training requirements by their applicators

 Wisconsin requires chemigation recertification every 5 years and proctors the exam 

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Chemigation Category Recertification

Exam or Training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

WI proctors recert exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

HI, ID, NV, & WY verify training 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

The remaining 45 states, Puerto Rico, & Other do not have chemigation category in the baseline. 

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:
 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category recertification 

exam or verify training

39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in chemigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Chemigation 

Category Recertification Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.00 0.26 647 0 170

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a 

Arizona 0.00 0.26 144 0 38

Arkansas 0.00 0.26 86 0 23

California 0.00 0.26 123 0 32

Colorado 0.00 0.26 73 0 19

Connecticut 0.00 0.26 14 0 4
Delaware 0.00 0.26 74 

0 19

Florida 0.00 0.26 185 0 49

Georgia 0.00 0.26 1,581 0 416

Hawaii 0.26 0.26 15 44

Idaho 0.26 0.26 1,127 296 296

Illinois 0.00 0.26 10 03

Indiana 0.00 0.26 16 04

Iowa 0.00 0.26 33 09

Kansas 0.00 0.26 26 07

Kentucky 0.00 0.26 30 08

Louisiana 0.00 0.26 86 0 23

Maine 0.00 0.26 16 04

Maryland 0.00 0.26 43 0 11

Massachusetts 0.00 0.26 18 05

Michigan 0.00 0.26 33 09

Minnesota 0.00 0.26 12 03

Mississippi 0.00 0.26 146 0 38

Missouri 0.00 0.26 17 05

Montana 0.00 0.26 192 0 50

Nebraska 0.00 0.26 12 03

Nevada 0.26 0.26 71 19 19

New Hampshire 0.00 0.26 13 03

New Jersey 0.00 0.26 47 0 12

New Mexico 0.00 0.26 48 0 13

New York 0.00 0.26 44 0 12

North Carolina 0.00 0.26 519 0 136

North Dakota 0.00 0.26 137 0 36

Ohio 0.00 0.26 33 09

Oklahoma 0.00 0.26 103 0 27

Oregon 0.00 0.26 189 0 50

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.26 55 0 14

Rhode Island 0.00 0.26 11 03

South Carolina 0.00 0.26 565 0 149

South Dakota 0.00 0.26 34 09

Tennessee 0.00 0.26 346 0 91

Texas 0.00 0.26 186 0 49

Utah 0.00 0.26 27 07

Vermont 0.00 0.26 14 04

Virginia 0.00 0.26 166 0 44
Washington 0.00 0.26 364 0 96

West Virginia 0.00 0.26 25 0 6

Wisconsin 0.16 0.26 85 13 22

Wyoming 0.26 0.26 61 16 16

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.26 36 0 10

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 

Total, U.S. 7,934 348 2,086

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator number data 

and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with chemigation

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 

implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement
 PV RC B

= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 1.16 0.00 1.16

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.26 0.00 0.26

Arkansas 0.15 0.00 0.15

California 0.22 0.00 0.22

Colorado 0.13 0.00 0.13

Connecticut 0.02 0.00 0.02

Delaware 0.13 0.00 0.13

Florida 0.33 0.00 0.33

Georgia 2.83 0.00 2.83

Hawaii 0.03 0.03 0.00

Idaho 2.60 2.60 0.00

Illinois 0.02 0.00 0.02

Indiana 0.03 0.00 0.03

Iowa 0.06 0.00 0.06

Kansas 0.05 0.00 0.05

Kentucky 0.05 0.00 0.05

Louisiana 0.15 0.00 0.15

Maine 0.03 0.00 0.03

Maryland 0.08 0.00 0.08

Massachusetts 0.03 0.00 0.03

Michigan 0.06 0.00 0.06

Minnesota 0.02 0.00 0.02

Mississippi 0.26 0.00 0.26

Missouri 0.03 0.00 0.03

Montana 0.34 0.00 0.34

Nebraska 0.02 0.00 0.02

Nevada 0.16 0.16 0.00

New Hampshire 0.02 0.00 0.02

New Jersey 0.08 0.00 0.08

New Mexico 0.09 0.00 0.09

New York 0.08 0.00 0.08

North Carolina 0.93 0.00 0.93
North Dakota 0.25 0.00 0.25

Ohio 0.06 0.00 0.06

Oklahoma 0.18 0.00 0.18

Oregon 0.34 0.00 0.34

Pennsylvania 0.10 0.00 0.10

Rhode Island 0.02 0.00 0.02

South Carolina 1.01 0.00 1.01

South Dakota 0.06 0.00 0.06

Tennessee 0.62 0.00 0.62

Texas 0.33 0.00 0.33

Utah 0.05 0.00 0.05

Vermont 0.02 0.00 0.02

Virginia 0.30 0.00 0.30

Washington 0.65 0.00 0.65

West Virginia 0.04 0.00 0.04

Wisconsin 0.18 0.12 0.06

Wyoming 0.14 0.14 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.07 0.00 0.07

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 15 3 12

U.S. (annualized value) 1.7 0.3 1.3
5.2.2.11 Private Recert-02: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Chemigation Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private chemigation applicators take 4 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-02; Chemigation Application Recertification by 4 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 4 0.333 69.28

Table: Private Recert-02; Chemigation Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

chemigation applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private chemigation applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private chemigation applicators (N Xst Pvt Chem) in each jurisdiction 

is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private chemigation applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private chemigation applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.
Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Chem

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Chem

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-02; Chemigation Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Chemigation Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Chem RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 69 605 0 41,914

Alaska 0 69 0 0 0

Arizona 0 69 135 0 9,353

Arkansas 0 69 80 0 5,542

California 0 69 115 0 7,967

Colorado 0 69 68 0 4,711

Connecticut 0 69 13 0 901

Delaware 0 69 69 0 4,780

Florida 0 69 173 0 11,985

Georgia 0 69 1,478 0 102,394

Hawaii 52 69 14 727 970

Idaho 0 69 1,053 0 72,951

Illinois 0 104 9 0 935

Indiana 0 69 15 0 1,039

Iowa 0 69 31 0 2,148

Kansas 0 104 24 0 2,494

Kentucky 0 69 28 0 1,940

Louisiana 0 69 80 0 5,542

Maine 0 69 15 0 1,039

Maryland 0 69 40 0 2,771

Massachusetts 0 69 17 0 1,178

Michigan 0 69 31 0 2,148

Minnesota 0 69 11 0 762

Mississippi 0 69 136 0 9,422

Missouri 0 69 16 0 1,108

Montana 0 69 179 0 12,401

Nebraska 0 69 11 0 762

Nevada 39 69 66 2,580 4,586

New Hampshire 0 69 12 0 831

New Jersey 0 69 44 0 3,048

New Mexico 0 69 45 0 3,118

New York 0 69 41 0 2,840

North Carolina 0 69 485 0 33,600
North Dakota 0 69 128 0 8,868

Ohio 0 69 31 0 2,148

Oklahoma 0 104 96 0 9,976

Oregon 0 69 177 0 12,262

Pennsylvania 0 69 51 0 3,533

Rhode Island 0 69 10 0 693

South Carolina 0 69 528 0 36,579

South Dakota 0 69 32 0 2,217

Tennessee 0 69 323 0 22,377

Texas 0 69 174 0 12,055

Utah 0 69 25 0 1,732

Vermont 0 69 13 0 901

Virginia 0 69 155 0 10,738

Washington 0 69 340 0 23,555

West Virginia 0 69 23 0 1,593

Wisconsin 62 104 79 4,926 8,210

Wyoming 83 69 57 4,739 4,739

Puerto Rico 0 69 34 0 2,355

Other Jurisdictions 0 69 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 7,415 12,972 521,713

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators not included 

in the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The 

cost of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87
Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 246 0 246

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 55 0 55

Arkansas 33 0 33

California 47 0 47

Colorado 28 0 28

Connecticut 5 0 5

Delaware 28 0 28

Florida 70 0 70

Georgia 601 0 601

Hawaii 8 6 1

Idaho 428 0 428

Illinois 5 0 5

Indiana 6 0 6

Iowa 13 0 13

Kansas 15 0 15

Kentucky 11 0 11

Louisiana 33 0 33

Maine 6 0 6

Maryland 16 0 16

Massachusetts 7 0 7

Michigan 13 0 13

Minnesota 4 0 4

Mississippi 55 0 55

Missouri 7 0 7

Montana 73 0 73

Nebraska 4 0 4

Nevada 34 23 12

New Hampshire 5 0 5

New Jersey 18 0 18
New Mexico 18 0 18

New York 17 0 17

North Carolina 197 0 197

North Dakota 52 0 52

Ohio 13 0 13

Oklahoma 59 0 59

Oregon 72 0 72

Pennsylvania 21 0 21

Rhode Island 4 0 4

South Carolina 215 0 215

South Dakota 13 0 13

Tennessee 131 0 131

Texas 71 0 71

Utah 10 0 10

Vermont 5 0 5

Virginia 63 0 63

Washington 138 0 138

West Virginia 9 0 9

Wisconsin 63 43 19

Wyoming 42 42 0

Puerto Rico 14 0 14

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 3,102 114 2,988

U.S. (annualized value) 353 13 340
Per applicator incremental cost 0.046

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

5.2.2.12 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 3 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-01 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 3-hour or 4-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 3-hour or 

4-hour training. 

5.2.2.13 Private Recert-04: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Chemigation Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private chemigation applicators take 3 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-04; Chemigation Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 3 0.20 31.18

Table: Private Recert-04; Chemigation Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

chemigation applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private chemigation applicator, presented in Step 2.
 The number of existing private chemigation applicators (N Xst Pvt Chem) in each jurisdiction 

is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private chemigation applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private chemigation applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Chem

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Chem

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Chemigation Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Chemigation Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Chem RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 31 605 0 18,861

Alaska 0 31 0 0 0

Arizona 0 31 135 0 4,209

Arkansas 0 31 80 0 2,494

California 0 31 115 0 3,585

Colorado 0 31 68 0 2,120

Connecticut 0 31 13 0 405

Delaware 0 31 69 0 2,151

Florida 0 31 173 0 5,393

Georgia 0 31 1,478 0 46,077

Hawaii 52 31 14 727 727

Idaho 0 31 1,053 0 32,828

Illinois 0 62 9 0 561

Indiana 0 31 15 0 468

Iowa 0 31 31 0 966

Kansas 0 62 24 0 1,496

Kentucky 0 31 28 0 873

Louisiana 0 31 80 0 2,494

Maine 0 31 15 0 468
Maryland 0 31 40 0 1,247

Massachusetts 0 31 17 0 530

Michigan 0 31 31 0 966

Minnesota 0 31 11 0 343

Mississippi 0 31 136 0 4,240

Missouri 0 31 16 0 499

Montana 0 31 179 0 5,580

Nebraska 0 31 11 0 343

Nevada 39 31 66 2,580 2,580

New Hampshire 0 31 12 0 374

New Jersey 0 31 44 0 1,372

New Mexico 0 31 45 0 1,403

New York 0 31 41 0 1,278

North Carolina 0 31 485 0 15,120

North Dakota 0 31 128 0 3,990

Ohio 0 31 31 0 966

Oklahoma 0 62 96 0 5,986

Oregon 0 31 177 0 5,518

Pennsylvania 0 31 51 0 1,590

Rhode Island 0 31 10 0 312

South Carolina 0 31 528 0 16,461

South Dakota 0 31 32 0 998

Tennessee 0 31 323 0 10,070

Texas 0 31 174 0 5,425

Utah 0 31 25 0 779

Vermont 0 31 13 0 405

Virginia 0 31 155 0 4,832

Washington 0 31 340 0 10,600

West Virginia 0 31 23 0 717

Wisconsin 62 62 79 4,926 4,926

Wyoming 83 31 57 4,739 4,739

Puerto Rico 0 31 34 0 1,060

Other Jurisdictions 0 31 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 7,415 12,972 241,426

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators not included 

in the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The 

cost of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 111 0 111

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 25 0 25

Arkansas 15 0 15

California 21 0 21

Colorado 12 0 12

Connecticut 2 0 2

Delaware 13 0 13

Florida 32 0 32

Georgia 271 0 271

Hawaii 6 6 0

Idaho 193 0 193

Illinois 3 0 3

Indiana 3 0 3

Iowa 6 0 6
Kansas 9 0 9

Kentucky 5 0 5

Louisiana 15 0 15

Maine 3 0 3

Maryland 7 0 7

Massachusetts 3 0 3

Michigan 6 0 6

Minnesota 2 0 2

Mississippi 25 0 25

Missouri 3 0 3

Montana 33 0 33

Nebraska 2 0 2

Nevada 23 23 0

New Hampshire 2 0 2

New Jersey 8 0 8

New Mexico 8 0 8

New York 8 0 8

North Carolina 89 0 89

North Dakota 23 0 23

Ohio 6 0 6

Oklahoma 35 0 35

Oregon 32 0 32

Pennsylvania 9 0 9

Rhode Island 2 0 2

South Carolina 97 0 97

South Dakota 6 0 6

Tennessee 59 0 59

Texas 32 0 32

Utah 5 0 5

Vermont 2 0 2

Virginia 28 0 28

Washington 62 0 62

West Virginia 4 0 4

Wisconsin 43 43 0

Wyoming 42 42 0

Puerto Rico 6 0 6

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement
 NC B

= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,456 114 1,342

U.S. (annualized value) 166 13 153

Per applicator incremental cost 0.021

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 
takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.2.14 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

In the baseline, 4 states (HI, ID, NV, & WY) recertify by training and WI by exam. 

Assumptions:

 The baseline training requirements for the 4 states all exceed the proposed requirement

 These 4 states verify the completion of training requirements by their applicators

 Wisconsin requires chemigation recertification every 5 years and proctors the exam 

 It takes a Jr. Technician 1 hour to proctor a group of 50 examinees

 The wage rate for a Jr Technician is $39.44 (BLS, 2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; States Currently Requiring Proctoring of Chemigation Category Recertification

Exam or Training

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

WI proctors recert exam 39.44 1 0.004 0.16

HI, ID, NV, & WY verify training 39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Jurisdictions that do Not Require Recertification in Chemigation Category in the Baseline

The remaining 45 states, Puerto Rico, & Other do not have chemigation category in the baseline. 

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 1; 

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Recertification 

Exam; Jurisdictions Currently Not Requiring Category Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

None – no category certification 

requirement

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00
Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private Chemigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category recertification 

exam or verify training

39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in chemigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring Chemigation 

Category Recertification Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.00 0.16 647 0 102

Alaska n/a1n/a n/a n/a n/a 

Arizona 0.00 0.16 144 0 23

Arkansas 0.00 0.16 86 0 14
California 0.00 0.16 123 

0 19

Colorado 0.00 0.16 73 0 11

Connecticut 0.00 0.16 14 02

Delaware 0.00 0.16 74 0 12

Florida 0.00 0.16 185 0 29

Georgia 0.00 0.16 1,581 0 249

Hawaii 0.26 0.16 15 42

Idaho 0.26 0.16 1,127 296 178

Illinois 0.00 0.16 10 02

Indiana 0.00 0.16 16 03

Iowa 0.00 0.16 33 05

Kansas 0.00 0.16 26 04

Kentucky 0.00 0.16 30 05

Louisiana 0.00 0.16 86 0 14

Maine 0.00 0.16 16 03

Maryland 0.00 0.16 43 07

Massachusetts 0.00 0.16 18 03

Michigan 0.00 0.16 33 05

Minnesota 0.00 0.16 12 02

Mississippi 0.00 0.16 146 0 23

Missouri 0.00 0.16 17 03

Montana 0.00 0.16 192 0 30

Nebraska 0.00 0.16 12 02

Nevada 0.26 0.16 71 19 11

New Hampshire 0.00 0.16 13 02

New Jersey 0.00 0.16 47 07

New Mexico 0.00 0.16 48 08

New York 0.00 0.16 44 07

North Carolina 0.00 0.16 519 0 82

North Dakota 0.00 0.16 137 0 22

Ohio 0.00 0.16 33 05

Oklahoma 0.00 0.16 103 0 16

Oregon 0.00 0.16 189 0 30

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.16 55 09

Rhode Island 0.00 0.16 11 02

South Carolina 0.00 0.16 565 0 89

South Dakota 0.00 0.16 34 05

Tennessee 0.00 0.16 346 0 55

Texas 0.00 0.16 186 0 29
Utah 0.00 0.16 27 0 4

Vermont 0.00 0.16 14 0 2

Virginia 0.00 0.16 166 0 26

Washington 0.00 0.16 364 0 57

West Virginia 0.00 0.16 25 0 4

Wisconsin 0.16 0.16 85 13 13

Wyoming 0.26 0.16 61 16 10

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.16 36 0 6

Other n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 

Total, U.S. 7,934 348 1,252

1The "n/a" states currently do not have a chemigation category, and based on the applicator number data 

and trends in recent years (CPARD, 2013), EPA assumes that these states are not likely to create a 

chemigation category under the proposed rule.

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with chemigation

certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will recertify in 

each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time chemigation applicators in the regions is 

assumed to be constant over time, existing chemigation applicators in jurisdictions 

without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule is 
implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.70 0.00 0.70

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.16 0.00 0.16

Arkansas 0.09 0.00 0.09

California 0.13 0.00 0.13

Colorado 0.08 0.00 0.08

Connecticut 0.01 0.00 0.01

Delaware 0.08 0.00 0.08

Florida 0.20 0.00 0.20

Georgia 1.70 0.00 1.70

Hawaii 0.02 0.02 0.00

Idaho 1.56 1.56 0.00

Illinois 0.01 0.00 0.01

Indiana 0.02 0.00 0.02

Iowa 0.04 0.00 0.04

Kansas 0.03 0.00 0.03

Kentucky 0.03 0.00 0.03

Louisiana 0.09 0.00 0.09

Maine 0.02 0.00 0.02

Maryland 0.05 0.00 0.05

Massachusetts 0.02 0.00 0.02

Michigan 0.04 0.00 0.04

Minnesota 0.01 0.00 0.01

Mississippi 0.16 0.00 0.16

Missouri 0.02 0.00 0.02

Montana 0.21 0.00 0.21

Nebraska 0.01 0.00 0.01

Nevada 0.10 0.10 0.00

New Hampshire 0.01 0.00 0.01

New Jersey 0.05 0.00 0.05
New Mexico 0.05 0.00 0.05

New York 0.05 0.00 0.05

North Carolina 0.56 0.00 0.56

North Dakota 0.15 0.00 0.15

Ohio 0.04 0.00 0.04

Oklahoma 0.11 0.00 0.11

Oregon 0.20 0.00 0.20

Pennsylvania 0.06 0.00 0.06

Rhode Island 0.01 0.00 0.01

South Carolina 0.61 0.00 0.61

South Dakota 0.04 0.00 0.04

Tennessee 0.37 0.00 0.37

Texas 0.20 0.00 0.20

Utah 0.03 0.00 0.03

Vermont 0.01 0.00 0.01

Virginia 0.18 0.00 0.18

Washington 0.39 0.00 0.39

West Virginia 0.03 0.00 0.03

Wisconsin 0.12 0.12 0.00

Wyoming 0.08 0.08 0.00

Puerto Rico 0.04 0.00 0.04

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 10 3 7

U.S. (annualized value) 1.2 0.3 0.8
5.2.2.15 Private Recert-05: Chemigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Chemigation Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private chemigation applicators take 4 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-05; Chemigation Application Recertification by 4 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 4 0.20 41.57

Table: Private Recert-05; Chemigation Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Chemigation Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Aerial Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

chemigation applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private chemigation applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private chemigation applicators (N Xst Pvt Chem) in each jurisdiction 

is obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private chemigation applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private chemigation applicators under the potential requirement.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 
revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Chem

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Chem

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-05; Chemigation Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Chemigation Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Chem RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 42 605 0 25,148

Alaska 0 42 0 0 0

Arizona 0 42 135 0 5,612

Arkansas 0 42 80 0 3,325

California 0 42 115 0 4,780

Colorado 0 42 68 0 2,827

Connecticut 0 42 13 0 540

Delaware 0 42 69 0 2,868

Florida 0 42 173 0 7,191

Georgia 0 42 1,478 0 61,437

Hawaii 52 42 14 727 727

Idaho 0 42 1,053 0 43,770

Illinois 0 62 9 0 561

Indiana 0 42 15 0 624

Iowa 0 42 31 0 1,289

Kansas 0 62 24 0 1,496

Kentucky 0 42 28 0 1,164

Louisiana 0 42 80 0 3,325

Maine 0 42 15 0 624

Maryland 0 42 40 0 1,663

Massachusetts 0 42 17 0 707

Michigan 0 42 31 0 1,289

Minnesota 0 42 11 0 457

Mississippi 0 42 136 0 5,653

Missouri 0 42 16 0 665

Montana 0 42 179 0 7,441

Nebraska 0 42 11 0 457

Nevada 39 42 66 2,580 2,752

New Hampshire 0 42 12 0 499

New Jersey 0 42 44 0 1,829
New Mexico 0 42 45 0 1,871

New York 0 42 41 0 1,704

North Carolina 0 42 485 0 20,160

North Dakota 0 42 128 0 5,321

Ohio 0 42 31 0 1,289

Oklahoma 0 62 96 0 5,986

Oregon 0 42 177 0 7,357

Pennsylvania 0 42 51 0 2,120

Rhode Island 0 42 10 0 416

South Carolina 0 42 528 0 21,948

South Dakota 0 42 32 0 1,330

Tennessee 0 42 323 0 13,426

Texas 0 42 174 0 7,233

Utah 0 42 25 0 1,039

Vermont 0 42 13 0 540

Virginia 0 42 155 0 6,443

Washington 0 42 340 0 14,133

West Virginia 0 42 23 0 956

Wisconsin 62 62 79 4,926 4,926

Wyoming 83 42 57 4,739 4,739

Puerto Rico 0 42 34 0 1,413

Other Jurisdictions 0 42 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 7,415 12,972 315,068

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private chemigation applicators not included 

in the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The 

cost of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is
,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 148 0 148

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 33 0 33

Arkansas 20 0 20

California 28 0 28

Colorado 17 0 17

Connecticut 3 0 3

Delaware 17 0 17

Florida 42 0 42

Georgia 361 0 361

Hawaii 6 6 0

Idaho 257 0 257

Illinois 3 0 3

Indiana 4 0 4

Iowa 8 0 8

Kansas 9 0 9

Kentucky 7 0 7

Louisiana 20 0 20

Maine 4 0 4

Maryland 10 0 10

Massachusetts 4 0 4

Michigan 8 0 8

Minnesota 3 0 3

Mississippi 33 0 33

Missouri 4 0 4
Montana 44 0 44

Nebraska 3 0 3

Nevada 24 23 1

New Hampshire 3 0 3

New Jersey 11 0 11

New Mexico 11 0 11

New York 10 0 10

North Carolina 118 0 118

North Dakota 31 0 31

Ohio 8 0 8

Oklahoma 35 0 35

Oregon 43 0 43

Pennsylvania 12 0 12

Rhode Island 2 0 2

South Carolina 129 0 129

South Dakota 8 0 8

Tennessee 79 0 79

Texas 42 0 42

Utah 6 0 6

Vermont 3 0 3

Virginia 38 0 38

Washington 83 0 83

West Virginia 6 0 6

Wisconsin 43 43 0

Wyoming 42 42 0

Puerto Rico 8 0 8

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Chemigation Applicators; Step 6;
National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,888 114 1,774

U.S. (annualized value) 215 13 202

Per applicator incremental cost 0.027

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

5.2.2.16 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private Chemigation 

Category Recertification: Every 5 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-04 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 3-hour or 4-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 3-hour or 

4-hour training. 

General Fumigation Applications

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs per Existing Private Applicator, General Fumigation

Note that the baseline cost estimate is identical for all options pertaining to the recertification of 

the fumigation category (under options Private Recert-01, 02, 04, and 05).

According to information on recertification, 4 jurisdictions (Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and 

Wisconsin) require exams, all others require training or provide for the option of training or 

exam. EPA assumes that trainings are typically the preferred option even where the level of 

effort would be similar.

40 jurisdictions and those aggregated under ‘Other Jurisdiction’ do not have a fumigation 

certification requirement and thus no recertification requirements. Baseline cost is zero for the 

following jurisdictions:

Alabama

Alaska

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Massachusetts

Michigan

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina
Oklahoma

Oregon

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wyoming

Puerto Rico

Other Jurisdictions
5-608

The cost estimate for other jurisdictions is the expected annual cost per commercial applicator in 

the state, for recertification. The estimate is calculated as

,,

 = COM ∙ ,,



∙ ,∙ %

where cost r,i,COM

B

is the baseline cost (B) per private applicator (COM) for the recertification 

requirement (r) in jurisdiction (i), w COM is the hourly wage rate (opportunity cost) for a 

commercial applicator; freq i,t is the reciprocal of the recertification time period and represents 

either the fraction of private applicators obtaining recertification (if, for example, by

examination) or the fraction of Cumulative Education Units (CEUs) an applicator obtains each 

year to meet the total number required; and %cert i is the proportion of fumigators in jurisdiction 

i with certification in a fumigation category, since some states have a soil fumigation category, 

some have a non-soil fumigation category, and some states have both.

Arizona

Recertification Requirements:

 3 CEUs of 50 minutes, or 2.5 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 1 year (freq i,t = 1.0)

 Arizona has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 28.5 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 46.6 private soil 

fumigators in Arizona; %cert AL = 28.5/(28.5+48.6) = 0.380

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Arizona

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 5 1.0 0.080 49.30

Hawaii

Recertification Requirements:

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Hawaii has a soil fumigation category. The average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 26.7 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 21.0 private non-soil 

fumigators in Hawaii; %cert AL = 26.7/(26.7+21.0) = 0.559
5-609

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Hawaii

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 5 0.20 0.559 29.07

Iowa

Recertification Requirements:

 3 CEUs of 120 minutes, or 6 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Iowa has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 53.3 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 734 private soil 

fumigators in Iowa; %cert AL = 53.3/(53.3+734) = 0.068

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Iowa

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 0.068 7.04

Minnesota

Recertification Requirements:

 Exam, with EPA assumes requires 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as 

per general recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Minnesota has a both a soil and a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of 

non-soil fumigation certifications is 39.0 and the average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 8.0 (CPARD, 2014); %cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Minnesota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 1.0 103.92

Nevada

Recertification Requirements:

 Nevada requires 12 CEUs of 60 minutes for recertification, of which 2 must be in core 

material. EPA assumes, therefore, that 3 CEUs would be applicable to fumigation 

recertification.
5-610

 Period is 4 years (freq i,t = 0.25)

 Nevada has a both a soil and a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of 

non-soil fumigation certifications is 59.7 and the average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 21.3 (CPARD, 2014); %cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Nevada

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 3 0.25 1.0 38.97

North Dakota

Recertification Requirements:

 1 CEU of 240 minutes, or 4 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 North Dakota has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil 

fumigation certifications is 1,005 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 347 

private soil fumigators in North Dakota; %cert AL = 1,005/(1,005+347) = 0.743

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

North Dakota

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 4 0.333 0.743 51.51

Ohio

Recertification Requirements:

 5 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 5 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Ohio has a soil fumigation category. The average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 475 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 29.0 private non-soil 

fumigators in Ohio; %cert AL = 475/(475+29.0) = 0.943

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Ohio

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 5 0.333 0.943 81.62
5-611

Pennsylvania

Recertification Requirements:

 Pennsylvania requires 2 CEUs of 30 minutes, or one hour; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Pennsylvania has a both a soil and a non-soil fumigation category. The average number 

of non-soil fumigation certifications is 165 and the average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 79.2 (CPARD, 2014); %cert AL = 1.0

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Pennsylvania

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 1 0.333 1.0 17.32

Utah

Recertification Requirements:

 6 CEUs of 60 minutes, or 6 hours; option to retake initial exam

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

 Utah has a non-soil fumigation category. The average number of non-soil fumigation 

certifications is 59.8 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 32.4 private soil 

fumigators in Utah; %cert AL = 59.8/(59.8+32.4) = 0.649

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Utah

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 0.649 67.45

Wisconsin

Recertification Requirements:

 Must retake initial exam for each category of certification

 Each exam takes 1 hour to take plus 5 hours of prep time, or 6 hours, as per general 

recertification (see Appendix A.5.a.i)

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

 Wisconsin has a soil fumigation category. The average number of soil fumigation 

certifications is 42.3 (CPARD, 2014) and EPA estimates there are 23.0 private non-soil 

fumigators in Wisconsin; %cert AL = 42.3/(42.3+23.0) = 0.648
5-612

Annual Baseline Cost per Private Applicator for Recertification, General Fumigation –

Wisconsin

Action Wage

($)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

% with 

certification

Cost

($)

Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 0.648 40.40

5.2.2.17 Private Recert-01: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Fumigant Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private fumigant applicators take 3 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-01; Fumigant Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 3 0.333 51.96

Table: Private Recert-01; Fumigant Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

fumigant applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private fumigant applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private fumigant applicators (N Xst Pvt Fum) in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private fumigant applicators in the region.
5-613

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private fumigant applicators under the potential requirement.

 EPA assumes that private applicators do not engage in both soil and non-soil fumigation, 

given the differences in chemicals used and application methods. To the extent that some 

applicators engage in both activities, this implies that estimates of the baseline cost and 

the cost under the potential requirement are biased upward. The greater bias would in the 

estimate of the cost under the potential requirement because it includes all applicators 

whereas the baseline includes only the subset of applicators in jurisdictions with current 

fumigation categories. As a result, the estimate of incremental cost is also biased 

upward.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Fum

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Fum

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Fumigant Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Fum RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 52 194 0 10,104

Alaska 0 52 0 0 0

Arizona 49 52 75 3,702 3,901

Arkansas 0 52 771 0 40,086

California 0 52 1,255 0 65,204

Colorado 0 52 244 0 12,684

Connecticut 0 52 2 0 104

Delaware 0 52 11 0 593

Florida 0 52 886 0 46,011

Georgia 0 52 808 0 41,982

Hawaii 29 52 48 1,386 2,477

Idaho 0 52 227 0 11,812

Illinois 0 104 553 0 57,506

Indiana 0 52 429 0 22,310
5-614

Iowa 7 52 787 5,542 40,911

Kansas 0 104 514 0 53,452

Kentucky 0 52 396 0 20,556

Louisiana 0 52 282 0 14,664

Maine 0 52 24 0 1,232

Maryland 0 52 215 0 11,177

Massachusetts 0 52 17 0 877

Michigan 0 52 283 0 14,703

Minnesota 104 104 47 4,884 4,884

Mississippi 0 52 346 0 17,956

Missouri 0 52 704 0 36,595

Montana 0 52 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 52 745 0 38,692

Nevada 39 52 81 3,157 4,209

New Hampshire 0 52 1 0 52

New Jersey 0 52 75 0 3,894

New Mexico 0 52 155 0 8,073

New York 0 52 272 0 14,136

North Carolina 0 52 838 0 43,528

North Dakota 52 52 1,352 69,946 70,260

Ohio 82 52 504 41,169 41,169

Oklahoma 0 104 472 0 49,040

Oregon 0 52 220 0 11,425

Pennsylvania 17 52 244 4,229 12,687

Rhode Island 0 52 1 0 52

South Carolina 0 52 326 0 16,916

South Dakota 0 52 501 0 26,015

Tennessee 0 52 366 0 18,998

Texas 0 52 1,448 0 75,213

Utah 67 52 92 6,218 6,218

Vermont 0 52 0 0 0

Virginia 0 52 288 0 14,985

Washington 0 52 728 0 37,831

West Virginia 0 52 43 0 2,239

Wisconsin 40 104 65 2,640 6,789

Wyoming 0 52 130 0 6,778

Puerto Rico 0 52 524 0 27,201

Other Jurisdictions 0 52 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 18,591 123,904 1,068,180

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.
5-615

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigant applicators not included in 

the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost 

of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 59 0 59

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 34 33 1

Arkansas 235 0 235

California 383 0 383

Colorado 74 0 74

Connecticut 1 0 1

Delaware 3 0 3

Florida 270 0 270

Georgia 247 0 247

Hawaii 19 12 6

Idaho 69 0 69
5-616

Illinois 338 0 338

Indiana 131 0 131

Iowa 256 49 208

Kansas 314 0 314

Kentucky 121 0 121

Louisiana 86 0 86

Maine 7 0 7

Maryland 66 0 66

Massachusetts 5 0 5

Michigan 86 0 86

Minnesota 43 43 0

Mississippi 105 0 105

Missouri 215 0 215

Montana 0 0 0

Nebraska 227 0 227

Nevada 34 28 6

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 23 0 23

New Mexico 47 0 47

New York 83 0 83

North Carolina 256 0 256

North Dakota 616 612 4

Ohio 362 362 0

Oklahoma 288 0 288

Oregon 67 0 67

Pennsylvania 87 37 50

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 99 0 99

South Dakota 153 0 153

Tennessee 112 0 112

Texas 442 0 442

Utah 55 55 0

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 88 0 88

Washington 222 0 222

West Virginia 13 0 13

Wisconsin 48 23 24

Wyoming 40 0 40

Puerto Rico 160 0 160

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
5-617

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 6,688 1,253 5,436

U.S. (annualized value) 761 143 619

Per applicator incremental cost 0.033

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 
5-618

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.2.18 Private Recert-01: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 3 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in General Fumigation Category in the Baseline

In the baseline, no jurisdiction requires certification in general fumigation category. 

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General Fumigation Category 

Recertification Exam; No Jurisdiction Requires General Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

No jurisdiction requires

certification

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General Fumigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category recertification 

exam or verify training

39.44 1 0.007 0.26

Total 0.26
5-619

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in general fumigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-01; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Fumigation Category Recertification Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.00 0.26 215 0 57

Alaska 0.00 0.26 0 0 0

Arizona 0.00 0.26 82 0 22

Arkansas 0.00 0.26 854 0 224

California 0.00 0.26 1,383 0 364

Colorado 0.00 0.26 269 0 71

Connecticut 0.00 0.26 2 0 1

Delaware 0.00 0.26 12 0 3

Florida 0.00 0.26 966 0 254

Georgia 0.00 0.26 896 0 236

Hawaii 0.00 0.26 52 0 14

Idaho 0.00 0.26 252 0 66

Illinois 0.00 0.26 614 0 161

Indiana 0.00 0.26 476 0 125

Iowa 0.00 0.26 872 0 229

Kansas 0.00 0.26 569 0 150

Kentucky 0.00 0.26 438 0 115

Louisiana 0.00 0.26 312 0 82
5-620

Maine 0.00 0.26 26 0 7

Maryland 0.00 0.26 235 0 62

Massachusetts 0.00 0.26 19 0 5

Michigan 0.00 0.26 313 0 82

Minnesota 0.00 0.26 51 0 13

Mississippi 0.00 0.26 382 0 101

Missouri 0.00 0.26 781 0 205

Montana 0.00 0.26 0 0 0

Nebraska 0.00 0.26 825 0 217

Nevada 0.00 0.26 88 0 23

New Hampshire 0.00 0.26 1 0 0

New Jersey 0.00 0.26 82 0 22

New Mexico 0.00 0.26 170 0 45

New York 0.00 0.26 300 0 79

North Carolina 0.00 0.26 927 0 244

North Dakota 0.00 0.26 1,471 0 387

Ohio 0.00 0.26 559 0 147

Oklahoma 0.00 0.26 522 0 137

Oregon 0.00 0.26 242 0 64

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.26 266 0 70

Rhode Island 0.00 0.26 1 0 0

South Carolina 0.00 0.26 358 0 94

South Dakota 0.00 0.26 555 0 146

Tennessee 0.00 0.26 405 0 107

Texas 0.00 0.26 1,604 0 422

Utah 0.00 0.26 101 0 26

Vermont 0.00 0.26 0 0 0

Virginia 0.00 0.26 317 0 83

Washington 0.00 0.26 805 0 212

West Virginia 0.00 0.26 47 0 12

Wisconsin 0.00 0.26 72 0 19

Wyoming 0.00 0.26 145 0 38

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.26 581 0 153

Other 0.00 0.26 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 20,514 0 5,394

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs
5-621

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with general 

fumigation certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will 

recertify in each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time general fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing general fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-01; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.39 0.00 0.39

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.15 0.00 0.15

Arkansas 1.53 0.00 1.53

California 2.48 0.00 2.48

Colorado 0.48 0.00 0.48
5

-622

Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.02 0.00 0.02

Florida 1.73 0.00 1.73

Georgia 1.61 0.00 1.61

Hawaii 0.09 0.00 0.09

Idaho 0.45 0.00 0.45

Illinois 1.10 0.00 1.10

Indiana 0.85 0.00 0.85

Iowa 1.56 0.00 1.56

Kansas 1.02 0.00 1.02

Kentucky 0.78 0.00 0.78

Louisiana 0.56 0.00 0.56

Maine 0.05 0.00 0.05

Maryland 0.42 0.00 0.42

Massachusetts 0.03 0.00 0.03

Michigan 0.56 0.00 0.56

Minnesota 0.09 0.00 0.09

Mississippi 0.69 0.00 0.69

Missouri 1.40 0.00 1.40

Montana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nebraska 1.48 0.00 1.48

Nevada 0.16 0.00 0.16

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.15 0.00 0.15

New Mexico 0.30 0.00 0.30

New York 0.54 0.00 0.54

North Carolina 1.66 0.00 1.66

North Dakota 2.64 0.00 2.64

Ohio 1.00 0.00 1.00

Oklahoma 0.94 0.00 0.94

Oregon 0.43 0.00 0.43

Pennsylvania 0.48 0.00 0.48

Rhode Island 0.00 0.00 0.00

South Carolina 0.64 0.00 0.64

South Dakota 0.99 0.00 0.99

Tennessee 0.73 0.00 0.73

Texas 2.87 0.00 2.87

Utah 0.18 0.00 0.18

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00
5-623

Virginia 0.57 0.00 0.57

Washington 1.44 0.00 1.44

West Virginia 0.08 0.00 0.08

Wisconsin 0.13 0.00 0.13

Wyoming 0.26 0.00 0.26

Puerto Rico 1.04 0.00 1.04

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-01; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 37 0 37

U.S. (annualized value) 4.2 0 4.2

5.2.2.19 Private Recert-02: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every three years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Fumigant Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private fumigant applicators take 4 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 3 years (freq i,t = 0.333)

Table: Private Recert-02; Fumigant Application Recertification by 4 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 4 0.333 69.28
5-624

Table: Private Recert-02; Fumigant Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 6 0.333 103.92

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

fumigant applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private fumigant applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private fumigant applicators (N Xst Pvt Fum) in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private fumigant applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private fumigant applicators under the potential requirement.

 EPA assumes that private applicators do not engage in both soil and non-soil fumigation, 

given the differences in chemicals used and application methods. To the extent that some 

applicators engage in both activities, this implies that estimates of the baseline cost and 

the cost under the potential requirement are biased upward. The greater bias would in the 

estimate of the cost under the potential requirement because it includes all applicators 

whereas the baseline includes only the subset of applicators in jurisdictions with current 

fumigation categories. As a result, the estimate of incremental cost is also biased 

upward.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Fum

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Fum

Values are presented in the table below.
5-625

Table: Private Recert-02; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Fumigant Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Fum RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 69 194 0 13,472

Alaska 0 69 0 0 0

Arizona 49 69 75 3,702 5,202

Arkansas 0 69 771 0 53,448

California 0 69 1,255 0 86,938

Colorado 0 69 244 0 16,912

Connecticut 0 69 2 0 139

Delaware 0 69 11 0 791

Florida 0 69 886 0 61,348

Georgia 0 69 808 0 55,976

Hawaii 29 69 48 1,386 3,302

Idaho 0 69 227 0 15,749

Illinois 0 104 553 0 57,506

Indiana 0 69 429 0 29,747

Iowa 7 69 787 5,542 54,548

Kansas 0 104 514 0 53,452

Kentucky 0 69 396 0 27,408

Louisiana 0 69 282 0 19,552

Maine 0 69 24 0 1,643

Maryland 0 69 215 0 14,903

Massachusetts 0 69 17 0 1,169

Michigan 0 69 283 0 19,603

Minnesota 104 104 47 4,884 4,884

Mississippi 0 69 346 0 23,941

Missouri 0 69 704 0 48,793

Montana 0 69 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 69 745 0 51,589

Nevada 39 69 81 3,157 5,612

New Hampshire 0 69 1 0 69

New Jersey 0 69 75 0 5,192

New Mexico 0 69 155 0 10,764

New York 0 69 272 0 18,848

North Carolina 0 69 838 0 58,038

North Dakota 52 69 1,352 69,946 93,680

Ohio 82 69 504 41,169 41,169

Oklahoma 0 104 472 0 49,040

Oregon 0 69 220 0 15,233

Pennsylvania 17 69 244 4,229 16,916

Rhode Island 0 69 1 0 69
5-626

South Carolina 0 69 326 0 22,554

South Dakota 0 69 501 0 34,687

Tennessee 0 69 366 0 25,331

Texas 0 69 1,448 0 100,284

Utah 67 69 92 6,218 6,386

Vermont 0 69 0 0 0

Virginia 0 69 288 0 19,981

Washington 0 69 728 0 50,441

West Virginia 0 69 43 0 2,985

Wisconsin 40 104 65 2,640 6,789

Wyoming 0 69 130 0 9,037

Puerto Rico 0 69 524 0 36,268

Other Jurisdictions 0 69 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 18,591 123,904 1,351,389

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigant applicators not included in 

the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost 

of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 
5-627

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 79 0 79

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 41 33 9

Arkansas 314 0 314

California 511 0 511

Colorado 99 0 99

Connecticut 1 0 1

Delaware 5 0 5

Florida 360 0 360

Georgia 329 0 329

Hawaii 23 12 11

Idaho 92 0 92

Illinois 338 0 338

Indiana 175 0 175

Iowa 336 49 288

Kansas 314 0 314

Kentucky 161 0 161

Louisiana 115 0 115

Maine 10 0 10

Maryland 88 0 88

Massachusetts 7 0 7

Michigan 115 0 115

Minnesota 43 43 0

Mississippi 141 0 141

Missouri 287 0 287

Montana 0 0 0

Nebraska 303 0 303

Nevada 42 28 14

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 30 0 30

New Mexico 63 0 63

New York 111 0 111

North Carolina 341 0 341

North Dakota 753 612 141

Ohio 362 362 0
5-628

Oklahoma 288 0 288

Oregon 89 0 89

Pennsylvania 112 37 75

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 132 0 132

South Dakota 204 0 204

Tennessee 149 0 149

Texas 589 0 589

Utah 56 55 1

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 117 0 117

Washington 296 0 296

West Virginia 18 0 18

Wisconsin 48 23 24

Wyoming 53 0 53

Puerto Rico 213 0 213

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-02, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 8,352 1,253 7,099

U.S. (annualized value) 951 143 808

Per applicator incremental cost 0.043

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 
5-629

5.2.2.20 Private Recert-02: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 3 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-01 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 3-hour or 4-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 3-hour or 

4-hour training. 

5.2.2.21 Private Recert-04: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 3 hour 

CEUs/training every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Fumigant Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private fumigant applicators take 3 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-04; Fumigant Application Recertification by 3 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 3 0.20 31.18

Table: Private Recert-04; Fumigant Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

fumigant applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private fumigant applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private fumigant applicators (N Xst Pvt Fum) in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private fumigant applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private fumigant applicators under the potential requirement.
5-630

 EPA assumes that private applicators do not engage in both soil and non-soil fumigation, 

given the differences in chemicals used and application methods. To the extent that some 

applicators engage in both activities, this implies that estimates of the baseline cost and 

the cost under the potential requirement are biased upward. The greater bias would in the 

estimate of the cost under the potential requirement because it includes all applicators 

whereas the baseline includes only the subset of applicators in jurisdictions with current 

fumigation categories. As a result, the estimate of incremental cost is also biased 

upward.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Fum

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Fum

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Applicators; Step 3;

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Fumigant Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Fum RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 31 194 0 6,063

Alaska 0 31 0 0 0

Arizona 49 31 75 3,702 3,702

Arkansas 0 31 771 0 24,052

California 0 31 1,255 0 39,122

Colorado 0 31 244 0 7,611

Connecticut 0 31 2 0 62

Delaware 0 31 11 0 356

Florida 0 31 886 0 27,607

Georgia 0 31 808 0 25,189

Hawaii 29 31 48 1,386 1,486

Idaho 0 31 227 0 7,087

Illinois 0 104 553 0 34,503

Indiana 0 31 429 0 13,386

Iowa 7 31 787 5,542 24,547

Kansas 0 104 514 0 32,071

Kentucky 0 31 396 0 12,334
5-631

Louisiana 0 31 282 0 8,798

Maine 0 31 24 0 739

Maryland 0 31 215 0 6,706

Massachusetts 0 31 17 0 526

Michigan 0 31 283 0 8,822

Minnesota 104 104 47 4,884 4,884

Mississippi 0 31 346 0 10,774

Missouri 0 31 704 0 21,957

Montana 0 31 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 31 745 0 23,215

Nevada 39 31 81 3,157 3,157

New Hampshire 0 31 1 0 31

New Jersey 0 31 75 0 2,336

New Mexico 0 31 155 0 4,844

New York 0 31 272 0 8,482

North Carolina 0 31 838 0 26,117

North Dakota 52 31 1,352 69,946 69,649

Ohio 82 31 504 41,169 41,169

Oklahoma 0 104 472 0 29,424

Oregon 0 31 220 0 6,855

Pennsylvania 17 31 244 4,229 7,612

Rhode Island 0 31 1 0 31

South Carolina 0 31 326 0 10,149

South Dakota 0 31 501 0 15,609

Tennessee 0 31 366 0 11,399

Texas 0 31 1,448 0 45,128

Utah 67 31 92 6,218 6,218

Vermont 0 31 0 0 0

Virginia 0 31 288 0 8,991

Washington 0 31 728 0 22,698

West Virginia 0 31 43 0 1,343

Wisconsin 40 104 65 2,640 4,074

Wyoming 0 31 130 0 4,067

Puerto Rico 0 31 524 0 16,321

Other Jurisdictions 0 31 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 18,591 123,904 691,301

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
5-632

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigant applicators not included in 

the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost 

of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 36 0 36

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 33 33 0

Arkansas 141 0 141

California 230 0 230

Colorado 45 0 45

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 2 0 2

Florida 162 0 162

Georgia 148 0 148

Hawaii 13 12 1

Idaho 42 0 42

Illinois 203 0 203

Indiana 79 0 79

Iowa 160 49 112
5-633

Kansas 188 0 188

Kentucky 72 0 72

Louisiana 52 0 52

Maine 4 0 4

Maryland 39 0 39

Massachusetts 3 0 3

Michigan 52 0 52

Minnesota 43 43 0

Mississippi 63 0 63

Missouri 129 0 129

Montana 0 0 0

Nebraska 136 0 136

Nevada 28 28 0

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 14 0 14

New Mexico 28 0 28

New York 50 0 50

North Carolina 153 0 153

North Dakota 612 612 0

Ohio 362 362 0

Oklahoma 173 0 173

Oregon 40 0 40

Pennsylvania 57 37 20

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 60 0 60

South Dakota 92 0 92

Tennessee 67 0 67

Texas 265 0 265

Utah 55 55 0

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 53 0 53

Washington 133 0 133

West Virginia 8 0 8

Wisconsin 32 23 8

Wyoming 24 0 24

Puerto Rico 96 0 96

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement
5-634

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 4,475 1,253 3,222

U.S. (annualized value) 509 143 367

Per applicator incremental cost 0.020

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 

The options analyzed in this section address the requirements for recertification of applicators in 

the application method-specific categories as they apply to the administration of recertification 

exam or verifying completion of required training for recertification. 

Private Applicator

Although there are currently no federal private applicator certification categories based on 

application method, some states do require certification in one or more of the application 

method-specific categories among those considered in the potential requirements. For private 

certification categories considered as potential requirements (aerial, chemigation, general 

fumigation, soil fumigation, and non-soil fumigation), there are different jurisdictions that 

currently require each. Jurisdictions that do not require a particular category have zero baseline 

cost for certification or recertification for that category. Most of the jurisdictions that require a 

given category in the baseline also require recertification. EPA considers these recertification 

requirements in compliance with the proposed requirements.

For private applicators, the jurisdictions that have one or more of the application method-specific 

categories require recertification by passing a written exam or by completing the required 

training. The proposed rule also requires recertification in these categories by passing a written 

exam or by completing the required training. 

EPA assumes that recertification by exam takes one hour of a state official’s time to proctor a 

group of 50 examinees in a room. For recertification by training, EPA assumes that a state 

official verifies that private applicators completed the required training. EPA assumes that it 
5-635

takes a state official one hour to conduct verification of the training requirements for 50 private 

applicators. Therefore, whether a jurisdiction recertifies by exam or training, its cost of 

administration is the same – one hour of a state official’s time for 50 private applicators. 

5.2.2.22 Private Recert-04: Administer Exam or 3-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 5 Years

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Jurisdictions that Require Recertification in General Fumigation Category in the Baseline

In the baseline, no jurisdiction requires certification in general fumigation category. 

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 1;

Baseline Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General Fumigation Category 

Recertification Exam; No Jurisdiction Requires General Fumigation Category 

Certification

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

No jurisdiction requires

certification

39.44 0 0 0.00

Total 0.00

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff (Jr. technician) is $39.44 per hour (BLS, 

2013c); see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 2; 

Cost per Applicator to Proctor Private General Fumigation Category Certification Exam;

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Proctor category recertification 

exam or verify training

39.44 1 0.004 0.16

Total 0.16

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.
5-636

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction for proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

B

) is presented 

in Step 1. To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the baseline cost in jurisdictions 

whose requirements exceed the option are constrained to equal the cost of the option.

 The cost per jurisdiction of proctoring the category exam (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost of proctoring the 

exam

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement

 N = number of private applicators certified in general fumigation category. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x N 

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-04; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Proctoring General 

Fumigation Category Recertification Exam for Private Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($) costr,i,

P

($) N RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 0.00 0.16 215 0 34

Alaska 0.00 0.16 0 0 0

Arizona 0.00 0.16 82 0 13

Arkansas 0.00 0.16 854 0 135

California 0.00 0.16 1,383 0 218

Colorado 0.00 0.16 269 0 42

Connecticut 0.00 0.16 2 0 0

Delaware 0.00 0.16 12 0 2

Florida 0.00 0.16 966 0 152

Georgia 0.00 0.16 896 0 141

Hawaii 0.00 0.16 52 0 8

Idaho 0.00 0.16 252 0 40

Illinois 0.00 0.16 614 0 97

Indiana 0.00 0.16 476 0 75

Iowa 0.00 0.16 872 0 138

Kansas 0.00 0.16 569 0 90

Kentucky 0.00 0.16 438 0 69

Louisiana 0.00 0.16 312 0 49

Maine 0.00 0.16 26 0 4

Maryland 0.00 0.16 235 0 37

Massachusetts 0.00 0.16 19 0 3

Michigan 0.00 0.16 313 0 49
5-637

Minnesota 0.00 0.16 51 0 8

Mississippi 0.00 0.16 382 0 60

Missouri 0.00 0.16 781 0 123

Montana 0.00 0.16 0 0 0

Nebraska 0.00 0.16 825 0 130

Nevada 0.00 0.16 88 0 14

New Hampshire 0.00 0.16 1 0 0

New Jersey 0.00 0.16 82 0 13

New Mexico 0.00 0.16 170 0 27

New York 0.00 0.16 300 0 47

North Carolina 0.00 0.16 927 0 146

North Dakota 0.00 0.16 1,471 0 232

Ohio 0.00 0.16 559 0 88

Oklahoma 0.00 0.16 522 0 82

Oregon 0.00 0.16 242 0 38

Pennsylvania 0.00 0.16 266 0 42

Rhode Island 0.00 0.16 1 0 0

South Carolina 0.00 0.16 358 0 56

South Dakota 0.00 0.16 555 0 88

Tennessee 0.00 0.16 405 0 64

Texas 0.00 0.16 1,604 0 253

Utah 0.00 0.16 101 0 16

Vermont 0.00 0.16 0 0 0

Virginia 0.00 0.16 317 0 50

Washington 0.00 0.16 805 0 127

West Virginia 0.00 0.16 47 0 7

Wisconsin 0.00 0.16 72 0 11

Wyoming 0.00 0.16 145 0 23

Puerto Rico 0.00 0.16 581 0 92

Other 0.00 0.16 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 20,514 0 3,236

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 
5-638

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. Beginning in the third year, all private applicators with general 

fumigation certification must be recertified. EPA assumes that one-third of these applicators will 

recertify in each year. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97 + ,





∙ 6.82

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, while the number of first-time general fumigation applicators in the regions 

is assumed to be constant over time, existing general fumigation applicators in 

jurisdictions without a category will only need to obtain certification once, when the rule 

is implemented. EPA assumes implementation will occur in the third year of the time 

horizon.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Private Recert-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.23 0.00 0.23

Alaska 0.00 0.00 0.00

Arizona 0.09 0.00 0.09

Arkansas 0.92 0.00 0.92

California 1.49 0.00 1.49

Colorado 0.29 0.00 0.29

Connecticut 0.00 0.00 0.00

Delaware 0.01 0.00 0.01

Florida 1.04 0.00 1.04

Georgia 0.96 0.00 0.96
5

-639

Hawaii 0.06 0.00 0.06

Idaho 0.27 0.00 0.27

Illinois 0.66 0.00 0.66

Indiana 0.51 0.00 0.51

Iowa 0.94 0.00 0.94

Kansas 0.61 0.00 0.61

Kentucky 0.47 0.00 0.47

Louisiana 0.34 0.00 0.34

Maine 0.03 0.00 0.03

Maryland 0.25 0.00 0.25

Massachusetts 0.02 0.00 0.02

Michigan 0.34 0.00 0.34

Minnesota 0.05 0.00 0.05

Mississippi 0.41 0.00 0.41

Missouri 0.84 0.00 0.84

Montana 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nebraska 0.89 0.00 0.89

Nevada 0.09 0.00 0.09

New Hampshire 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Jersey 0.09 0.00 0.09

New Mexico 0.18 0.00 0.18

New York 0.32 0.00 0.32

North Carolina 1.00 0.00 1.00

North Dakota 1.58 0.00 1.58

Ohio 0.60 0.00 0.60

Oklahoma 0.56 0.00 0.56

Oregon 0.26 0.00 0.26

Pennsylvania 0.29 0.00 0.29

Rhode Island 0.00 0.00 0.00

South Carolina 0.38 0.00 0.38

South Dakota 0.60 0.00 0.60

Tennessee 0.44 0.00 0.44

Texas 1.72 0.00 1.72

Utah 0.11 0.00 0.11

Vermont 0.00 0.00 0.00

Virginia 0.34 0.00 0.34

Washington 0.87 0.00 0.87

West Virginia 0.05 0.00 0.05

Wisconsin 0.08 0.00 0.08
5-640

Wyoming 0.16 0.00 0.16

Puerto Rico 0.62 0.00 0.62

Other 0.00 0.00 0.00

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 22 0 22

U.S. (annualized value) 2.5 0 2.5

5.2.2.23 Private Recert-05: General Fumigation Category Recertification by Exam or 4 hour 

CEUs/training every five years

Step 2 - Calculate Costs per Existing Fumigant Applicator of Potential Requirement

Recertification requirement: 

 All private fumigant applicators take 4 category-specific CEUs; option to retake initial

 Period is 5 years (freq i,t = 0.20)

Table: Private Recert-05; Fumigant Application Recertification by 4 CEU; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 4 0.20 41.57

Table: Private Recert-05; Fumigant Application Recertification by Exam; Step 2; 

Cost of Potential Requirement per Existing Fumigant Applicator – U.S.
5-641

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency

(per year)

Cost

($)

Fumigation Recertification 51.96 6 0.20 62.35

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) regions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Other 

Jurisdictions, which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per applicator (costr,i,a

B

) is the baseline cost per existing private 

fumigant applicator, presented in Step 1.

 The cost per applicator of the potential requirement (costr,i,a

P

) is the cost under the 

potential requirement per existing private fumigant applicator, presented in Step 2.

 The number of existing private fumigant applicators (N Xst Pvt Fum) in each jurisdiction is 

obtained from the CPARD database or extrapolated to other states (see Chapter 3.3.3)

 The baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B) is the total annual jurisdictional cost for 

recertification of private fumigant applicators in the region.

 The jurisdictional cost of the potential requirement (RC P) is the total annual jurisdictional 

cost for recertification of private fumigant applicators under the potential requirement.

 EPA assumes that private applicators do not engage in both soil and non-soil fumigation, 

given the differences in chemicals used and application methods. To the extent that some 

applicators engage in both activities, this implies that estimates of the baseline cost and 

the cost under the potential requirement are biased upward. The greater bias would in the 

estimate of the cost under the potential requirement because it includes all applicators 

whereas the baseline includes only the subset of applicators in jurisdictions with current 

fumigation categories. As a result, the estimate of incremental cost is also biased 

upward.

 To avoid the appearance of cost-savings, the jurisdictional cost of the potential 

requirement (RC P) in jurisdictions whose requirements meet or exceed the option are set 

equal to the baseline regional jurisdictional cost (RC B). Note that many states require as 

many or more CEUs on an annual basis as would be required under this option, but 

distributed over different time frame. EPA acknowledges that jurisdictions will have to 

revise their regulations to accommodate the potential changes, but that the number of 

CEUs required of an applicator may not change.

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x N Xst Pvt Fum

RC P = max(costr,i,a

B

, costr,i,a

P

) x N Xst Pvt Fum

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Private Recert-05; Applicators; Step 3;
5-642

Total Annual Regional Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Recertification of 

Private Fumigant Applicators

Jurisdiction costr,i,a

B

($)

costr,i,a

P

($)

N Xst Pvt Fum RC B

($)

RC P

($)

Alabama 0 42 194 0 8,083

Alaska 0 42 0 0 0

Arizona 49 42 75 3,702 3,702

Arkansas 0 42 771 0 32,069

California 0 42 1,255 0 52,163

Colorado 0 42 244 0 10,147

Connecticut 0 42 2 0 83

Delaware 0 42 11 0 474

Florida 0 42 886 0 36,809

Georgia 0 42 808 0 33,586

Hawaii 29 42 48 1,386 1,981

Idaho 0 42 227 0 9,450

Illinois 0 104 553 0 34,503

Indiana 0 42 429 0 17,848

Iowa 7 42 787 5,542 32,729

Kansas 0 104 514 0 32,071

Kentucky 0 42 396 0 16,445

Louisiana 0 42 282 0 11,731

Maine 0 42 24 0 986

Maryland 0 42 215 0 8,942

Massachusetts 0 42 17 0 701

Michigan 0 42 283 0 11,762

Minnesota 104 104 47 4,884 4,884

Mississippi 0 42 346 0 14,365

Missouri 0 42 704 0 29,276

Montana 0 42 0 0 0

Nebraska 0 42 745 0 30,954

Nevada 39 42 81 3,157 3,367

New Hampshire 0 42 1 0 42

New Jersey 0 42 75 0 3,115

New Mexico 0 42 155 0 6,458

New York 0 42 272 0 11,309

North Carolina 0 42 838 0 34,823

North Dakota 52 42 1,352 69,946 69,649

Ohio 82 42 504 41,169 41,169

Oklahoma 0 104 472 0 29,424

Oregon 0 42 220 0 9,140

Pennsylvania 17 42 244 4,229 10,149

Rhode Island 0 42 1 0 42

South Carolina 0 42 326 0 13,533

South Dakota 0 42 501 0 20,812
5-643

Tennessee 0 42 366 0 15,198

Texas 0 42 1,448 0 60,170

Utah 67 42 92 6,218 6,218

Vermont 0 42 0 0 0

Virginia 0 42 288 0 11,988

Washington 0 42 728 0 30,264

West Virginia 0 42 43 0 1,791

Wisconsin 40 104 65 2,640 4,074

Wyoming 0 42 130 0 5,422

Puerto Rico 0 42 524 0 21,761

Other Jurisdictions 0 42 0 0 0

Total, U.S. 18,591 123,904 845,662

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. The present value (PV) of the baseline cost over 10 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 8.79

EPA assumes that it would take two years for states to revise regulations in line with the 

proposed requirements. In the third year, existing private fumigant applicators not included in 

the baseline regional costs (not certified) obtain initial certification (see Appendix A2). The cost 

of recertification under the proposal begins in the fourth year and would remain constant 

thereafter. The PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







+ ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 2.91 + ,





∙ 5.87

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 PV P = Present Value of the Potential requirement

 PV B = Present Value of the Baseline 

 PV IC = Present Value of the Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV P- PV B 
5-644

Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Steps 4 & 5

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs 

Jurisdiction PV P

($1000)

PV B

($1000)

PV IC

($1000)

Alabama 47 0 47

Alaska 0 0 0

Arizona 33 33 0

Arkansas 188 0 188

California 306 0 306

Colorado 60 0 60

Connecticut 0 0 0

Delaware 3 0 3

Florida 216 0 216

Georgia 197 0 197

Hawaii 16 12 3

Idaho 55 0 55

Illinois 203 0 203

Indiana 105 0 105

Iowa 208 49 160

Kansas 188 0 188

Kentucky 97 0 97

Louisiana 69 0 69

Maine 6 0 6

Maryland 53 0 53

Massachusetts 4 0 4

Michigan 69 0 69

Minnesota 43 43 0

Mississippi 84 0 84

Missouri 172 0 172

Montana 0 0 0

Nebraska 182 0 182

Nevada 29 28 1

New Hampshire 0 0 0

New Jersey 18 0 18

New Mexico 38 0 38

New York 66 0 66

North Carolina 205 0 205

North Dakota 612 612 0

Ohio 362 362 0

Oklahoma 173 0 173

Oregon 54 0 54
5-645

Pennsylvania 72 37 35

Rhode Island 0 0 0

South Carolina 79 0 79

South Dakota 122 0 122

Tennessee 89 0 89

Texas 353 0 353

Utah 55 55 0

Vermont 0 0 0

Virginia 70 0 70

Washington 178 0 178

West Virginia 11 0 11

Wisconsin 32 23 8

Wyoming 32 0 32

Puerto Rico 128 0 128

Other Jurisdictions 0 0 0

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 Per applicator incremental cost = NIC (U.S., annualized value) ÷ (N 1st Pvt)

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Private Recert-05, Recertification of Private Fumigant Applicators; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 5,382 1,253 4,129

U.S. (annualized value) 613 143 470

Per applicator incremental cost 0.025

State Costs of Administering Recertification Exam or Verifying Completion of Training for 

Application Method-Specific Categories 
5-646

5.2.2.24 Private Recert-05: Administer Exam or 4-hour Training for Private General 

Fumigation Category Recertification: Every 5 Years

The costs are identical to Private Recert-04 because proctoring a group of 50 examinees takes 

one hour of Jr technician’s time whether it is a 3-hour or 4-hour exam. Similarly, it takes a Jr 

technician one hour to verify completion of training for 50 applicators whether it is a 3-hour or 

4-hour training. 

Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Applications

5.2.2.25 Private Recert-01: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 3 hour CEUs/training every three years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for recertification in the General Fumigation category, 

exam or 3 hours CEU every three years.

Data from CPARD (2014) provide the number of certifications issued in different fumigation 

categories and EPA used that data to estimate the number of certifications that would be issued 

in jurisdictions that do not currently require certification in fumigant applications. Whereas the 

cost estimates for recertification in a general fumigation category may be biased upward to the 

extent that an individual applicator might conduct both soil and non-soil fumigations with one 

certification, the estimated costs are unbiased for this option which requires separate 

certifications for the two categories. However, the estimated cost per applicator may be biased

downward since a single applicator may want to obtain two certifications.

5.2.2.26 Private Recert-01: Administer Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category 

Recertifications by Exam or 3 hour CEUs/training every three years

State costs of administering recertification exam or training are also identical to estimates for the 

corresponding General Fumigation category.

5.2.2.27 Private Recert-02: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 4 hour CEUs/training every three years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for recertification in the General Fumigation category, 

exam or 4 hours CEU every three years.

Data from CPARD (2014) provide the number of certifications issued in different fumigation 

categories and EPA used that data to estimate the number of certifications that would be issued 

in jurisdictions that do not currently require certification in fumigant applications. Whereas the 

cost estimates for recertification in a general fumigation category may be biased upward to the 

extent that an individual applicator might conduct both soil and non-soil fumigations with one 

certification, the estimated costs are unbiased for this option which requires separate 
5-647

certifications for the two categories. However, the estimated cost per applicator may be biased 

downward since a single applicator may want to obtain two certifications.

5.2.2.28 Private Recert-02: Administer Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category 

Recertifications by Exam or 4 hour CEUs/training every three years

State costs of administering recertification exam or training are also identical to estimates for the 

corresponding General Fumigation category.

5.2.2.29 Private Recert-04: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 3 hour CEUs/training every five years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for recertification in the General Fumigation category, 

exam or 3 hours CEU every five years.

Data from CPARD (2014) provide the number of certifications issued in different fumigation 

categories and EPA used that data to estimate the number of certifications that would be issued 

in jurisdictions that do not currently require certification in fumigant applications. Whereas the 

cost estimates for recertification in a general fumigation category may be biased upward to the 

extent that an individual applicator might conduct both soil and non-soil fumigations with one 

certification, the estimated costs are unbiased for this option which requires separate 

certifications for the two categories. However, the estimated cost per applicator may be biased 

downward since a single applicator may want to obtain two certifications.

5.2.2.30 Private Recert-04: Administer Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category 

Recertifications by Exam or 3 hour CEUs/training every five years

State costs of administering recertification exam or training are also identical to estimates for the 

corresponding General Fumigation category.

5.2.2.31 Private Recert-05: Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category Recertifications by Exam 

or 4 hour CEUs/training every five years

Cost estimates are identical to estimates for recertification in the General Fumigation category, 

exam or 4 hours CEU every five years.

Data from CPARD (2014) provide the number of certifications issued in different fumigation 

categories and EPA used that data to estimate the number of certifications that would be issued 

in jurisdictions that do not currently require certification in fumigant applications. Whereas the 

cost estimates for recertification in a general fumigation category may be biased upward to the 

extent that an individual applicator might conduct both soil and non-soil fumigations with one 

certification, the estimated costs are unbiased for this option which requires separate 
5-648

certifications for the two categories. However, the estimated cost per applicator may be biased 

downward since a single applicator may want to obtain two certifications.

5.2.2.32 Private Recert-05: Administer Soil and Non-Soil Fumigation Category 

Recertifications by Exam or 4 hour CEUs/training every five years

State costs of administering recertification exam or training are also identical to estimates for the 

corresponding General Fumigation category.
6-649

6 Requirements for General Administration 

There are several proposed new requirements that are administrative in nature, which would 

include recordkeeping requirements for industry, and requirements for state and federal 

governments to implement the changes in the rule. 

6.1 Dealer Recordkeeping

The Agency is proposing new recordkeeping requirements for dealers of restricted use 

pesticides. Under the proposal, dealers selling RUPs to both private and commercial applicators 

would be required to keep records of RUP sales, including information on what RUP was 

purchased and the date, the identity of the purchaser, as well as information verifying the 

applicator is certified. 

6.1.1.1 Admin-01: Dealers Maintain Records of Restricted Use Pesticide Sales

Currently, pesticide dealers already keep records of RUP sales, and all other information that is 

required by the proposal, and therefore, they are in compliance with Admin-01, thus zero 

incremental cost.

6.2 Administration Costs for Jurisdiction (Admin-02 and -03)

The EPA proposal Admin-02 would require all jurisdictions to rewrite their laws and regulations, 

and to update plans as necessary to meet or exceed the potential Federal requirements. EPA 

assumes that all jurisdictions would need to revise their laws and plans. EPA estimates a total 

cost of $119 thousand to rewrite jurisdiction regulations. Since the potential regulatory

requirement would allow jurisdictions two years to revise their laws, regulations, and plans, EPA 

assumes that jurisdictions would expend one-half of the cost in each of the two years. 

Another EPA proposal, Admin-03, would require jurisdictions to submit the revised plans to 

EPA. EPA estimates a total incremental cost at $4 thousand for this requirement.

Estimation of costs for these two proposals are presented below.

6.2.1.1 Admin-02. Revise Jurisdiction Regulations

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs
6-650

Table: Admin-02; Step 1; Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

0

Total 0

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 EPA assumes that all jurisdictions would need to revise their laws and plans.

 The opportunity costs of the responsible staff are shown in the table below (BLS, 2013c); 

see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Admin-02; Step 2; 

Cost per Jurisdiction to Revise Regulations and Certification Plans

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Sr. Technician 57.69 100 0.5 2,884.50

Jr. Technician 39.44 300 0.5 5,916.00

Clerical Staff 27.21 100 0.5 1,360.50

Total 10,161.00

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. 

 The cost per jurisdiction of revising regulations (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost, which is the same 

as costr,i,a

B

in Step 1 because there is one jurisdiction in a region.

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement, which is the same as 

costr,i,a

P

in Step 2 because there is one jurisdiction in a region

 N = Number of jurisdictions, which is always 1. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x 1

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x 1

Values are presented in the table below.
6-651

Table: Admin-02; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Revising Regulations and 

Certification Plans

Jurisdiction NJurisdiction RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 1 0 10,161

Alaska 1 0 10,161

Arizona 1 0 10,161

Arkansas 1 0 10,161

California 1 0 10,161

Colorado 1 0 10,161

Connecticut 1 0 10,161

Delaware 1 0 10,161

Florida 1 0 10,161

Georgia 1 0 10,161

Hawaii 1 0 10,161

Idaho 1 0 10,161

Illinois 1 0 10,161

Indiana 1 0 10,161

Iowa 1 0 10,161

Kansas 1 0 10,161

Kentucky 1 0 10,161

Louisiana 1 0 10,161

Maine 1 0 10,161

Maryland 1 0 10,161

Massachusetts 1 0 10,161

Michigan 1 0 10,161

Minnesota 1 0 10,161

Mississippi 1 0 10,161

Missouri 1 0 10,161

Montana 1 0 10,161

Nebraska 1 0 10,161

Nevada 1 0 10,161

New Hampshire 1 0 10,161

New Jersey 1 0 10,161

New Mexico 1 0 10,161

New York 1 0 10,161

North Carolina 1 0 10,161

North Dakota 1 0 10,161

Ohio 1 0 10,161
6-652

Oklahoma 1 0 10,161

Oregon 1 0 10,161

Pennsylvania 1 0 10,161

Rhode Island 1 0 10,161

South Carolina 1 0 10,161

South Dakota 1 0 10,161

Tennessee 1 0 10,161

Texas 1 0 10,161

Utah 1 0 10,161

Vermont 1 0 10,161

Virginia 1 0 10,161

Washington 1 0 10,161

West Virginia 1 0 10,161

Wisconsin 1 0 10,161

Wyoming 1 0 10,161

Puerto Rico 1 0 10,161

Other 1 0 10,161

Total, U.S. 52 0 528,372

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. However, the relevant period for discounting is over the first two years of the time 

horizon because EPA assumes that the current state regulations will be revised to comply with 

the proposed rule within two years from the rule publication. The present value (PV) of the 

baseline cost over 2 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Similarly, the PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
6-653

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, the present value (PV) is computed over the first two year period as 

explained in Step 4 above.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Admin-02; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 20 0 20

Alaska 20 0 20

Arizona 20 0 20

Arkansas 20 0 20

California 20 0 20

Colorado 20 0 20

Connecticut 20 0 20

Delaware 20 0 20

Florida 20 0 20

Georgia 20 0 20

Hawaii 20 0 20

Idaho 20 0 20

Illinois 20 0 20

Indiana 20 0 20

Iowa 20 0 20

Kansas 20 0 20

Kentucky 20 0 20

Louisiana 20 0 20

Maine 20 0 20

Maryland 20 0 20

Massachusetts 20 0 20

Michigan 20 0 20

Minnesota 20 0 20

Mississippi 20 0 20

Missouri 20 0 20

Montana 20 0 20

Nebraska 20 0 20
6-654

Nevada 20 0 20

New Hampshire 20 0 20

New Jersey 20 0 20

New Mexico 20 0 20

New York 20 0 20

North Carolina 20 0 20

North Dakota 20 0 20

Ohio 20 0 20

Oklahoma 20 0 20

Oregon 20 0 20

Pennsylvania 20 0 20

Rhode Island 20 0 20

South Carolina 20 0 20

South Dakota 20 0 20

Tennessee 20 0 20

Texas 20 0 20

Utah 20 0 20

Vermont 20 0 20

Virginia 20 0 20

Washington 20 0 20

West Virginia 20 0 20

Wisconsin 20 0 20

Wyoming 20 0 20

Puerto Rico 20 0 20

Other 20 0 20

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Admin-02; Jurisdictions; Step 6;
6-655

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 1,041 0 1,041

U.S. (annualized value) 119 0 119

6.2.1.2 Admin-03. Submit State Plans and Report Certified Applicator Data

This proposal would require jurisdictions to submit the revised plans (Admin-02) to EPA, along 

with a report of certified applicator data.

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Table: Admin-03; Step 1; Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction or per Federal Agency

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

0

Total 0

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 EPA assumes that all jurisdictions would need to submit their revised plans.

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is shown in the table below (BLS, 2013c); 

see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Admin-03; Step 2; 

Cost per Jurisdiction to Submit Revised Plans

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Jr. Technician 39.44 8 1 315.52

Total 315.52

This proposal includes 5 federal agencies, each at the half of the state cost.

Table: Admin-03; Step 2; 

Cost per Federal Agency to Submit Revised Plans

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Jr. Technician 39.44 4 1 157.76

Total 157.76
6-656

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico (“Other” in this 

proposal includes 4 entities). In addition, this proposal includes 5 federal agencies, each 

at the half of the state cost.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. 

 The cost per jurisdiction of submitting a revised plan (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost, which is the same 

as costr,i,a

B

in Step 1 because there is one jurisdiction in a region.

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement, which is the same as 

costr,i,a

P

in Step 2 because there is one jurisdiction in a region

 N = Number of jurisdictions, which is always 1. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x 1

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x 1

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Admin-03; Step 3; Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for 

Revising Regulations and Certification Plans

Jurisdiction NJurisdiction RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 1 0 316

Alaska 1 0 316

Arizona 1 0 316

Arkansas 1 0 316

California 1 0 316

Colorado 1 0 316

Connecticut 1 0 316

Delaware 1 0 316

Florida 1 0 316

Georgia 1 0 316

Hawaii 1 0 316

Idaho 1 0 316

Illinois 1 0 316

Indiana 1 0 316

Iowa 1 0 316

Kansas 1 0 316
6

-657

Kentucky 1 0 316

Louisiana 1 0 316

Maine 1 0 316

Maryland 1 0 316

Massachusetts 1 0 316

Michigan 1 0 316

Minnesota 1 0 316

Mississippi 1 0 316

Missouri 1 0 316

Montana 1 0 316

Nebraska 1 0 316

Nevada 1 0 316

New Hampshire 1 0 316

New Jersey 1 0 316

New Mexico 1 0 316

New York 1 0 316

North Carolina 1 0 316

North Dakota 1 0 316

Ohio 1 0 316

Oklahoma 1 0 316

Oregon 1 0 316

Pennsylvania 1 0 316

Rhode Island 1 0 316

South Carolina 1 0 316

South Dakota 1 0 316

Tennessee 1 0 316

Texas 1 0 316

Utah 1 0 316

Vermont 1 0 316

Virginia 1 0 316

Washington 1 0 316

West Virginia 1 0 316

Wisconsin 1 0 316

Wyoming 1 0 316

Puerto Rico 1 0 316

Other 4 0 1,262

Federal Agencies 5 0 789

Total, U.S. 600 18,142
6-658

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. However, the relevant period for discounting is over the first two years of the time 

horizon because EPA assumes that the current state regulations will be revised to comply with 

the proposed rule within two years from the rule publication. The present value (PV) of the 

baseline cost over 2 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Similarly, the PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, the present value (PV) is computed over the first two year period as 

explained in Step 4 above.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Admin-03; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 0.6 0.0 0.6

Alaska 0.6 0.0 0.6

Arizona 0.6 0.0 0.6

Arkansas 0.6 0.0 0.6

California 0.6 0.0 0.6
6

-659

Colorado 0.6 0.0 0.6

Connecticut 0.6 0.0 0.6

Delaware 0.6 0.0 0.6

Florida 0.6 0.0 0.6

Georgia 0.6 0.0 0.6

Hawaii 0.6 0.0 0.6

Idaho 0.6 0.0 0.6

Illinois 0.6 0.0 0.6

Indiana 0.6 0.0 0.6

Iowa 0.6 0.0 0.6

Kansas 0.6 0.0 0.6

Kentucky 0.6 0.0 0.6

Louisiana 0.6 0.0 0.6

Maine 0.6 0.0 0.6

Maryland 0.6 0.0 0.6

Massachusetts 0.6 0.0 0.6

Michigan 0.6 0.0 0.6

Minnesota 0.6 0.0 0.6

Mississippi 0.6 0.0 0.6

Missouri 0.6 0.0 0.6

Montana 0.6 0.0 0.6

Nebraska 0.6 0.0 0.6

Nevada 0.6 0.0 0.6

New Hampshire 0.6 0.0 0.6

New Jersey 0.6 0.0 0.6

New Mexico 0.6 0.0 0.6

New York 0.6 0.0 0.6

North Carolina 0.6 0.0 0.6

North Dakota 0.6 0.0 0.6

Ohio 0.6 0.0 0.6

Oklahoma 0.6 0.0 0.6

Oregon 0.6 0.0 0.6

Pennsylvania 0.6 0.0 0.6

Rhode Island 0.6 0.0 0.6

South Carolina 0.6 0.0 0.6

South Dakota 0.6 0.0 0.6

Tennessee 0.6 0.0 0.6

Texas 0.6 0.0 0.6

Utah 0.6 0.0 0.6
6-660

Vermont 0.6 0.0 0.6

Virginia 0.6 0.0 0.6

Washington 0.6 0.0 0.6

West Virginia 0.6 0.0 0.6

Wisconsin 0.6 0.0 0.6

Wyoming 0.6 0.0 0.6

Puerto Rico 0.6 0.0 0.6

Other 2.5 0.0 2.5

Federal Agencies 1.6 0.0 1.6

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Admin-03; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 36 0 36

U.S. (annualized value) 4 0 4

6.3 Federal Administration (Admin-04 and -06)

This category includes the potential requirements for EPA for reviewing the plans or programs of 

jurisdictions and federal agencies, and for revising EPA-administered tribal plans.

6.3.1.1 Admin-04. EPA Review of Jurisdiction and Federal Agency Plans & Programs

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Table: Admin-04; Step 1; Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction or per Federal Agency

Action Wage Time Frequency Cost
6-661

($/hour) (hours) ($)

0

Total 0

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 Assume it takes EPA 80 hours to review a jurisdiction’s plan or program.

 This proposal include 5 federal agencies, each at the half of the cost of reviewing a 

jurisdiction plan.

 This proposal includes 4 plans in Other.

 The opportunity cost of the responsible staff is shown in the table below (BLS, 2013c); 

see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Admin-04; Step 2; EPA Review Cost per Jurisdiction Plan or Program

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

EPA review of a plan or 

program (Jr. Technician)

39.44 80 1 3,155

Total 3,155

Table: Admin-04; Step 2; EPA Review Cost per Federal Agency Plan or Program

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

EPA review of a federal 

agency plan (Jr. Technician)

39.44 40 1 1,578

Total 1,578

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs

 For the analysis, EPA identifies fifty two (52) jurisdictions – 50 states, Puerto Rico, and 

“Other,” which includes all the territories and tribes except Puerto Rico (in this proposal, 

“Other” includes 4 entities). In addition, this proposal includes 5 federal agencies, each 

at the half of the cost of reviewing a jurisdiction plan.

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. 

 The cost per jurisdiction of reviewing a certification plan or program (costr,i,a

P

) is 

presented in Step 2.

 The baseline regional cost (RCB) is the current jurisdictional level cost, which is the same 

as costr,i,a

B

in Step 1 because there is one jurisdiction in a region.

 RC Pis the jurisdictional level cost of the potential requirement, which is the same as 

costr,i,a

P

in Step 2 because there is one jurisdiction in a region
6-662

 N = Number of jurisdictions, which is always 1. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x 1

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x 1

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Admin-04; Step 3; Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for 

EPA Review of Jurisdiction and Federal Agency Plan or Program

Jurisdiction NJurisdiction RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Alabama 1 0 3,155

Alaska 1 0 3,155

Arizona 1 0 3,155

Arkansas 1 0 3,155

California 1 0 3,155

Colorado 1 0 3,155

Connecticut 1 0 3,155

Delaware 1 0 3,155

Florida 1 0 3,155

Georgia 1 0 3,155

Hawaii 1 0 3,155

Idaho 1 0 3,155

Illinois 1 0 3,155

Indiana 1 0 3,155

Iowa 1 0 3,155

Kansas 1 0 3,155

Kentucky 1 0 3,155

Louisiana 1 0 3,155

Maine 1 0 3,155

Maryland 1 0 3,155

Massachusetts 1 0 3,155

Michigan 1 0 3,155

Minnesota 1 0 3,155

Mississippi 1 0 3,155

Missouri 1 0 3,155

Montana 1 0 3,155

Nebraska 1 0 3,155

Nevada 1 0 3,155

New Hampshire 1 0 3,155
6-663

New Jersey 1 0 3,155

New Mexico 1 0 3,155

New York 1 0 3,155

North Carolina 1 0 3,155

North Dakota 1 0 3,155

Ohio 1 0 3,155

Oklahoma 1 0 3,155

Oregon 1 0 3,155

Pennsylvania 1 0 3,155

Rhode Island 1 0 3,155

South Carolina 1 0 3,155

South Dakota 1 0 3,155

Tennessee 1 0 3,155

Texas 1 0 3,155

Utah 1 0 3,155

Vermont 1 0 3,155

Virginia 1 0 3,155

Washington 1 0 3,155

West Virginia 1 0 3,155

Wisconsin 1 0 3,155

Wyoming 1 0 3,155

Puerto Rico 1 0 3,155

Other 4 0 12,621

Federal Agencies 5 0 7,888

Total, U.S. 60 0 181,424

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. However, the relevant period for discounting is over the first two years of the time 

horizon because EPA assumes that the current state regulations will be revised to comply with 

the proposed rule within two years from the rule publication. The present value (PV) of the 

baseline cost over 2 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97
6-664

Similarly, the PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, the present value (PV) is computed over the first two year period as 

explained in Step 4 above.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Admin-04; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Alabama 6.2 0.0 6.2

Alaska 6.2 0.0 6.2

Arizona 6.2 0.0 6.2

Arkansas 6.2 0.0 6.2

California 6.2 0.0 6.2

Colorado 6.2 0.0 6.2

Connecticut 6.2 0.0 6.2

Delaware 6.2 0.0 6.2

Florida 6.2 0.0 6.2

Georgia 6.2 0.0 6.2

Hawaii 6.2 0.0 6.2

Idaho 6.2 0.0 6.2

Illinois 6.2 0.0 6.2

Indiana 6.2 0.0 6.2

Iowa 6.2 0.0 6.2

Kansas 6.2 0.0 6.2

Kentucky 6.2 0.0 6.2

Louisiana 6.2 0.0 6.2

Maine 6.2 0.0 6.2

Maryland 6.2 0.0 6.2
6-665

Massachusetts 6.2 0.0 6.2

Michigan 6.2 0.0 6.2

Minnesota 6.2 0.0 6.2

Mississippi 6.2 0.0 6.2

Missouri 6.2 0.0 6.2

Montana 6.2 0.0 6.2

Nebraska 6.2 0.0 6.2

Nevada 6.2 0.0 6.2

New Hampshire 6.2 0.0 6.2

New Jersey 6.2 0.0 6.2

New Mexico 6.2 0.0 6.2

New York 6.2 0.0 6.2

North Carolina 6.2 0.0 6.2

North Dakota 6.2 0.0 6.2

Ohio 6.2 0.0 6.2

Oklahoma 6.2 0.0 6.2

Oregon 6.2 0.0 6.2

Pennsylvania 6.2 0.0 6.2

Rhode Island 6.2 0.0 6.2

South Carolina 6.2 0.0 6.2

South Dakota 6.2 0.0 6.2

Tennessee 6.2 0.0 6.2

Texas 6.2 0.0 6.2

Utah 6.2 0.0 6.2

Vermont 6.2 0.0 6.2

Virginia 6.2 0.0 6.2

Washington 6.2 0.0 6.2

West Virginia 6.2 0.0 6.2

Wisconsin 6.2 0.0 6.2

Wyoming 6.2 0.0 6.2

Puerto Rico 6.2 0.0 6.2

Other 24.9 0.0 24.9

Federal Agencies 15.5 0.0 15.5

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost
6-666

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Admin-04; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 358 0 358

U.S. (annualized value) 41 0 41

6.3.1.2 Admin-06: Revise EPA-Administered Tribal Plans

Step 1 - Calculate Baseline Costs

Table: Admin-06; Step 1; Baseline Cost per Jurisdiction 

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

0

Total 0

Step 2 - Calculate Cost per Applicator of Potential Requirement

Assumptions:

 EPA assumes that all jurisdictions would need to revise their laws and plans.

 The opportunity costs of the responsible staff are shown in the table below (BLS, 2013c); 

see Chapter 3.3.5

Table: Admin-06; Step 2; 

Cost per Jurisdiction to Review EPA-Administered Tribal Plan

Action Wage

($/hour)

Time

(hours)

Frequency Cost

($)

Review EPA-administered 

tribal plan (Jr. Technician)

39.44 100 1 3,944

Total 3,944

Step 3 – Estimate Jurisdictional Level Baseline and Compliance Costs
6-667

 For this proposal, EPA identifies 4 jurisdictions in “Other.”

 The baseline cost per jurisdiction (costr,i,a

B

) is presented in Step 1. 

 The cost per jurisdiction of reviewing EPA-administered plan (costr,i,a

P

) is presented in 

Step 2.

 N = Number of jurisdictions. 

Given the above:

RC B = costr,i,a

B

x 4

RCt=3

P

= costr,i,

P

x 4

Values are presented in the table below.

Table: Admin-06; Step 3;

Total Annual Baseline and Potential Requirement Costs for Reviewing EPA-Administered 

Tribal Plans

Jurisdiction NJurisdiction RC B ($) RCt=3

P ($)

Other 4 0 15,776

Total, U.S. 4 0 15,776

Step 4 - Calculate the PV of Costs

Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis.

Baseline cost is expected to remain constant in the absence of changes in the certification 

requirements. However, the relevant period for discounting is over the first two years of the time 

horizon because EPA assumes that the current state regulations will be revised to comply with 

the proposed rule within two years from the rule publication. The present value (PV) of the 

baseline cost over 2 years at a 3% discount rate is 

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Similarly, the PV of costs under the proposal, at a 3% discount rate, is

,



 = ,





∙ 

1

(1 + 0.03)







= ,





∙ 1.97

Step 5 - Estimate the Jurisdictional Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement
6-668

 Calculating the present value (PV) of the baseline and potential cost streams follows the 

methodology presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.2 of the Economic Analysis. 

 In this case, the present value (PV) is computed over the first two year period as 

explained in Step 4 above.

 PV RC P= Present Value of the Regional Cost of the Potential requirement

 PV RC B= Present Value of the Baseline Regional Cost

 PV IC = Present Value of the Regional Incremental Cost

 PV IC= PV RC P- PV RC B

Table: Admin-06; Steps 4 & 5;

Jurisdictional Present Values of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

Jurisdiction PV RC P ($1,000) PV RC B($1,000) PV IC ($1,000)

Other 31 0 31

Step 6 - Estimate the National Level Incremental Cost of the Potential Requirement

Definitions:

 NC P= National Cost of Potential requirement

 NC B= National Baseline Cost

 NIC = National Incremental Cost 

Calculations:

 NC P= the sum of PV RC P(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions

 NC B= the sum of PV RC B(see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 NIC = the sum of PV IC (see Steps 4 & 5) for all jurisdictions 

 3% discount rate used for PV and annualized value 

Table: Admin-06; Jurisdictions; Step 6;

National Costs of Potential Requirement, Baseline, and Incremental Costs

NC P

($1,000)

NC B

($1,000)

NIC

($1,000)

U.S. (present value) 31 0 31

U.S. (annualized value) 4 0 4