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EARCH LABORATORY

Special Operations Command and Control

Element (SOCCE) Preliminary Analysis of

Equipment and Personnel Requirements

for the Digitized Battlefield

Frank J. Malkin

Stephen Graybill

ARL-TN-136 APRIL 1999

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an offkial Department of the Army position

unless so designated by other authorized documents.

Citation of manufacturer’s or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of

the use thereof.

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator.
Army Research Laboratory

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2 1005-5425

ARL-TN-136 April 1999

Special Operations Command and Control

Element (SOCCE) Preliminary Analysis of

Equipment and Personnel Requirements for

the Digitized Battlefield

Frank J. Malkin

Human Research & Engineering Directorate, ARL

Stephen Graybill

Deputy Chief of Staff Requirements Integration

U.S. Army Special Operations Command

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

i
Abstract

When Army special operations forces (SOF) operate in conjunction

with or close to conventional Army forces, a special operations

command and control element (SOCCE) is established to synchronize

operations and harmonize actions between the SOF and conventional

force elements. A SOCCE is usually co-located with an Army corps

tactical operations center (TOC). On the emerging digitized battlefield,

the corps TOC will be equipped with the Army Tactical Command

and Control System (ATCCS) to provide a seamless flow of tactical

information to commanders, corps, and below. A SOCCE will also

require an ATCCS capability in order to exchange information with the

conventional force and successfully perform its mission. A

preliminary mission and task analysis was conducted to assist in

identifying initial equipment and personnel requirements for a digitized

SOCCE employing ATCCS. The outcome of the analysis indicates

that if assumptions regarding SOF message format compatibility with

ATCCS software are met, the SOCCE will be able to operate with two

maneuver control systems (MCS), which is the integration component

of ATCCS. The analysis also indicates that, in addition to the existing

operations center, the SOCCE will require a signal center to link the

operations center with other headquarters within the electronic

battlefield command and control architecture. Personnel augmentation

will be necessary to fully staff the SOCCE operations center S2

(intelligence) and S3 (operations) functions for 24-hour operations.

Recommendations are that the equipment and personnel requirements

identified by this analysis be verified during field training exercises and

by simulation and modeling, a van or vehicular mounted shelter

configuration be considered to house a SOCCE, and documentation be

initiated to establish requirements for a system acquisition program.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CPT John Downey and SFC Danny Lynch, U.S. Army Special Operations Command

(USASOC), spent numerous laborious hours with the authors conducting the task analysis

leading to the findings of this report. Dave Durbin and Kate Dettmann, U.S. Army Research

Laboratory (ARL), George Person and James Reale, USASOC, provided insightful reviews of the

report. Nancy Nicholas (ARL) technically edited and enhanced the quality of the manuscript to

meet publication standards.

CONTENTS

BACKGROUND................................................. 3

PURPOSE...................................................... 3

SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND AND CONTROL ELEMENT (SOCCE) . . . . 3

ARMY TACTICAL COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM (ATCCS) . . . . . . . . . 5

ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Assumptions ............................................... 7

Operations Center Analysis ..................................... 8

Signal Center Analysis. ........................................ 12

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

REFERENCES................................................... 17

APPENDICES

A. SOCCE Operations Center Tasks, Equipment, and Personnel. ........... 19

B. SOCCE Signal Center Tasks and Personnel ........................ 35

C. AcronymList ............................................ 41

DISTRIBUTION LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

FIGURE

1. Analytical Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

TABLES

1. Operational Detachment B (ODB) .............................. 4

2. SOCCE Daily Recurring MCWP Tasks ........................... 10

3. Mission-Dependent Non-Recurring MCS/P Tasks ................... 10

SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND AND CONTROL ELEMENT (SOCCE)

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DIGITIZED BATTLEFIELD

BACKGROUND

When Army special operations forces (SOF) operate in conjunction with or close to

conventional Army forces, a special operations command and control element (SOCCE) is

established to synchronize operations and harmonize actions between the SOF and conventional

force elements. Most commonly, a SOCCE is established to support an Army corps and is COlocated with the corps tactical operations center (TOC). On the emerging digitized battlefield,

Corps TOCs will be equipped with the Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS)

to electronically provide a seamless flow of battlefield information to tactical commanders, corps,

and below. To provide timely and effective coordination of operations between SOF and

conventional forces, a SOCCE requires command, control, and communications systems and

digital message formats that are compatible with ATCCS. This is currently not the case. In

response to this need, the U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) has initiated a

cooperative effort with the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and acquisition

program managers to work toward SOF compatibility with ATCCS. In conjunction with this

effort, USASOC requested the Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army

Research Laboratory (ARL) to assist in identifying the equipment and personnel requirements

for a SOCCE employed on the digitized battlefield.

PURPOSE

This report describes a preliminary mission and task analysis conducted to assist in

identifying equipment and personnel requirements for a SOCCE using ATCCS on the digitized

battlefield. The outcome of the analysis is discussed and recommendations are provided. The

outcome of the analysis will provide initial data to support the development of concept of

operations and operational requirements document (ORD) for a digitized SOCCE.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND AND CONTROL ELEMENT (SOCCE)

A SOCCE is a command and control element that operates in a manner similar to a TOC

(U.S. Army JFK Special Warfare Center and School, 1994). A SOCCE does not perform mission

planning for SOF operational elements, nor does it launch or recover operational elements. These

are functions performed by either a forward operational base (FOB) or a special forces operational

3
base (SFOB), depending on the tactical situation. A SOCCE does, however, coordinate these

special forces operational base activities as part of its mission to synchronize and harmonize

operations between SOF and conventional forces. SOCCE functions include

1. Keeping higher SOF commander and conventional force commander informed of each

other’s current and future operations, intelligence data, fire support coordination measures, unit

locations, communications procedures, and situation status;

2. Planning and coordinating linkup between SOF and the conventional force;

3. Exercising operational control or tactical control of deployed SOF, when tasked by

higher headquarters; and

4. Advising the conventional force commander and staff of the mission capabilities,

limitations, and employment of SOF.

When a decision is made to establish a SOCCE, a special forces Operational Detachment B

(ODB) is tasked to organize and operate the SOCCE. The ODB consists of the personnel shown

in Table 1.

Table 1

Operational Detachment B (ODB)

Grade MOSa

Commander

Executive officer

Warrant officer

Detachment NCOb

Operations NC0

Communications NC0

Assistant operations NC0

Medical NC0

Communications NC0

Supply sergeant

0 4

0 3

w 4

E9

E8

E7

E6

E6

E6

E6

18AOO

18AOO

180AO

18250

18250

18E40

18B30

18D3D

18E30

92Y3S

aMOS = military occupational specialty

bNCO = noncommissioned officer

4
When tasked to operate a SOCCE, the ODB may be augmented with an enhanced

communications capability.

ARMY TACTICAL COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM (ATCCS)

As mentioned previously, ATCCS will provide a seamless flow of information to Army

tactical commanders on the digitized battlefield (U.S. Army TRADOC Program Integration

Office, Army Battle Command System, 1 July 1996). Common hardware is used to share data

pertaining to plans, troop movements, re-supply points, and other battlefield information.

ATCCS is comprised of six battlefield automated system products:

1. All-Source Analysis System (ASAS) - The intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW)

component used to plan and analyze intelligence operations and to process intelligence messages

and reports.

2. Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control Communications, and Intelligence

(FAADC31) - Integrates air defense, fire units, sensors, and C2 centers to defeat low altitude air

threats.

3. Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS) - The logistics component.

4. Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) - The fire support

component, which coordinates fire support and processes call for fire messages.

5. Maneuver Control System (MCS) - The integration component of ATCCS, which

provides a mapping capability and the common battlefield picture depicting friendly and threat

locations and situational awareness to commanders. Provides a message-handling capability as

well as commercial office tools software.

6. Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2) - Distributes information

from above Corps level down to the platform and provides feedback up the chain of command.

An issue for SOF is that in the current stage of development, message formats for one

ATCCS product may not be compatible with another. Among the messages that deployed SOF

commonly sends are intelligence spot reports, calls for fire, and situation reports. The result is

that a SOCCE could conceivably need an ASAS, AFATDS, and MCS to receive and pass SOF

messages to the Corps. The typical SOCCE has neither the physical space nor personnel to

support all three systems.

5
USASOC intends to develop software that will allow deployed SOF to send digital

messages in a format that is compatible with MCS. Also, the Army is initiating efforts toward

compatibility of message formats among all ATCCS products. This will permit a SOCCE to

receive and forward digitized messages with only one type system, the MCS.

ANALYSIS

In order to identify the equipment and personnel needed to operate a SOCCE on the

digitized battlefield, a mission and task analysis was conducted using the process represented in

Figure 1 and described in the following paragraphs.

Fipure 1. Analytical process.

Specifically, the analysis addressed the following issues for a digitized SOCCE:

1. How many MCS are required?

2. Is ASAS required for intelligence tasks?

3. What type of command, control, communications, and computers are required?

4. What ancillary equipment is required?

5. What is the MOS and quantity of personnel required?

To answer these questions, the SOCCE was divided into two sections: An operations

center staffed by the ODB, which is responsible for performing the SOCCE mission, and a signal

center responsible for providing the communications link for SOCCE. A list of tasks performed

6
within each of the sections was developed for the analysis. Three special forces subject matter

experts (SMEs) (one captain, 18AOO; one CW4, 180AO; and one sergeant first class, 18E)

participated in the analysis. The analysis was accomplished by answering the following questions

for each task:

1. What is the purpose of the task?

2. How is the task accomplished (process, equipment)?

3. If information is passed, to whom and how is it passed?

4. How often is the task performed?

5. How much time is required to perform the task?

6. Who accomplishes the task?

7. Is the MOS appropriate?

8. Is the number of assigned personnel adequate?

Assumptions

The following assumptions were made in order to conduct the analysis:

1. The SOCCE is co-located with an Army corps TOC equipped with ATCCS.

2. SOCCE operates 24 hours per day and employs two 12-hour shifts.

3. All messages arriving at a SOCCE from deployed SOF can be reviewed and then, if

required, can be passed to the corps via the MCS.

4. The deployed SOF supported by the SOCCE consists of six special forces

Operational Detachments A (ODA).

5. The FOB or SFOB launches the six ODAs. The ODAs conduct a special reconnaissance

mission and are re-tasked to conduct an ensuing direct action mission. SOCCE coordinates ODA

linkups with conventional forces and at the completion of the mission, coordinates ODA

exfiltration.
Operations Center Analysis

Operations Center Tasks

The list of tasks for the operations center was derived from the draft SOCCE

handbook and a set of SOCCE critical tasks provided by the JFK Special Warfare Center and

School. The list includes tasks performed during mission planning before deployment, during

deployment, and during operation of the SOCCE. The analysis encompassed the complete list of

tasks. The focus and emphasis of the analysis and this report, however, are the tasks performed

by the SOCCE once it is established and operating with the corps TOC.

The matrix in Appendix A was developed to assist in the process of assigning

equipment and staff positions to each task. Blocks with an “X” indicate the corresponding

equipment or staff position assigned each task. Some tasks are performed using multiple items of

equipment or by multiple staff positions. Certain tasks do not require the use of any equipment

and are performed by thought processes, face-to-face conversations, or other means.

Operations Center Equipment

The SOCCE equipment requirements were identified by addressing the questions

in the analytical process described earlier. The outcome of the analysis indicates that the SOCCE

operations center will require the following types of equipment to perform its mission on the

digitized battlefield:

1. Office automation hardware and software, for example, a laptop computer with

standard commercial software.

2. Mission planning hardware and software.

3. MCS-message handling, tactical situation awareness map with threat and

friendly force information, Microsoft (MS) Office@ software.

4. E-mail capability

5. Secure wide area network (WAN)-wire link between SOCCE and other

elements on the digitized battlefield.

6. Secure local area network (LAN )-wire link inside SOCCE.

7. SOCCE communications-radio links.

8
8. Projection TV

9. Copy machine

10. Facsimile machine

11. Printer

12. Telephones- including secure line capability.

As mentioned earlier, one of the issues addressed by the analysis is whether

ASAS is required to accomplish intelligence tasks. The analysis indicates that an ASAS is not

required in the SOCCE operations center. ASAS is used to conduct intelligence analysis and

planning at the FOB or SFOB or supported conventional force intelligence assets. A SOCCE

does not plan operations to the extent that would justify a need for ASAS. The level of

intelligence information needed at a SOCCE is primarily battlefield situational awareness,

including the status and location of friendly and enemy forces. This information can be obtained

using MCS. Again, the mission of a SOCCE is only to provide command and control to

deployed elements and to synchronize and coordinate SOF operations.

An MCS capability is required for a SOCCE to synchronize and coordinate SOF

and conventional force operations on the digitized battlefield. The analysis identified 32 tasks

requiring the use of MCS, once a SOCCE is established and operating with the corps TOC (see

Appendix A, page 29, Operate SOCCE). In order to determine the number of MCS required, the

frequency of tasks and the time to perform MCS tasks were assessed. Of the 32 tasks, 27 are

recurring and are performed on a daily basis. The five remaining tasks are non-recurring and are

accomplished only during particular phases of the mission. The five non-recurring tasks are (a)

coordinate exfiltration operations, (b) issue fragmentary orders, (c) plan and coordinate link

operations, (d) prepare a synchronization matrix, and (e) coordinate maps.

The three special forces SMEs categorized tasks by staff position and then

estimated the time required to perform each MCS task. The time each staff position performs

daily, recurring MCS tasks during a 12-hour shift, is shown in Table 2. For example, during a

typical 12-hour shift, the S2 spends 8.5 hours on tasks using MCS.

The estimated time to complete each non-recurring task is shown in Table 3. For

example, the time to perform the task of planning and coordinating one linkup operation is 6

hours. With six ODAs deployed, it is conceivable that over the course of the SOCCE mission,

9
six separate linkup operations could be coordinated. It is important to note, though, that nonrecurring tasks are not normally accomplished within the confines of one 12-hour shift. As

shown in Table 3, the S3 is the primary staff element responsible for performing the nonrecurring tasks.

Table 2

SOCCE Daily Recurring MCS Tasks

Position Hours per 12-hour shift

Commander 1

XO/shift leader 1.5

Sl 2.5

s2 8.5

s3 3.5

S4 0.1

Total 17.1

Table 3

Mission-Dependent Non-Recurring MCS Tasks

Position and task Hours per one event

s3:

S3 and CMDR:

s3:

s3:

S2 andS3:

Coordinate exfiltration

Issue fragmentary orders

Plan and coordinate linkup

Prepare synchronization matrix

Coordinate maps, charts, imagery

3

2

6

1

0.2

Total 12.2

As indicated in Tables 2 and 3, the time spent by the S2 and S3 in performing

MCS tasks justifies each having an MCS. Other staff positions occasionally use MCS. These

positions could share the S2 and S3 systems when needed while relying primarily on laptop

computers to conduct most of their tasks.

10
Operations Center Personnel

As mentioned earlier, a SOCCE is staffed by the ODB. In order to identify who

performs each task, it was useful to categorize staff positions by function as well as MOS. Tasks

were assigned to the following staff positions or functions, as appropriate:

Command Group-Commander and Executive Officer

Shift Leaders-Executive Officer and Warrant officer

Sergeant Major-Detachment NC0

S l-Medical NC0

S2-Operations NC0

S3-Operations NC0 and Assistant Operations NC0

S4-Supply Sergeant

Communications-Senior Communications NC0 and Junior Communications NCO.

The analysis indicates that the ODB does not have sufficient personnel with the

necessary qualifications to staff the S2 and S3 functions for 24-hour SOCCE operations. The S3

function can be performed by either the Operations NC0 or the assistant Operations NCO. The

S2 function requires someone who has completed operations and intelligence training that is

currently obtained by attending the Advanced Noncommissioned Officers’ Course. Referring to

Table 1, only the detachment NC0 and the Operations NC0 are qualified to perform S2 functions.

The detachment NC0 normally is not available to perform dedicated S2 or S3 functions because of

other responsibilities. The Operations NC0 is qualified to perfom both S3 an S2 functions.

However, in view of the workload associated with these staff positions as indicated in Tables 2

and 3, time may not always permit the Operations NC0 to perform both functions. Therefore,

additional personnel qualified to perform either the S2 or S3 functions are required in order to

provide adequate staffing for 24-hour operations. For example, if we assume that the Operations

NC0 and the assistant Operations NC0 split the S3 responsibility for each 12-hour shift, then the

ODB will require augmentation of two additional personnel to fulfill the S2 responsibility for each

shift. Personnel augmentation is not a new issue resulting from digitizing the SOCCE. Currently,

when non-digitized SOCCEs are established, the ODB is usually assigned personnel on a

temporary basis to assist in operating a SOCCE. Some units augment the ODB with personnel

from the Military Intelligence Detachment to fulfill the S2 function.

ODB appears to have sufficient personnel to fill the other SOCCE staff positions

for 24-hour operations.
Signal Center Analysis

Signal Center Tasks

The tasks performed in the signal center were developed by analyzing the mission

command, control, and communications requirements. This analysis began with defining the type

of information flowing in and out of a SOCCE and identifying the communication nets needed to

provide this information flow on the digitized battlefield.

It was determined that the communication nets and peripheral equipment needed

for a SOCCE are similar to those in the joint base station (JBS) recently developed for SOF. JBS

is a communications shelter designed to serve as a signal center for FOBS and SFOBs (Malkin,

Allender, Kelley, O’Brien, & Graybill, 1997). The list of tasks used in the development of JBS

was adapted and tailored for use in the SOCCE analysis. SOCCE signal center tasks and the

MOSS of the personnel identified to perform those tasks are listed in Appendix B.

Signal Center Equipment

When an ODB is tasked to establish a SOCCE, it is supported with communications

systems and personnel to operate the systems. A SOCCE normally shares information and

maintains communications links with deployed SOF, FOBS, or SFOBs, the joint task force, and

conventional forces, To link with these headquarters on the digitized battlefield, the following

communications and computer nets are needed.

1. To net with deployed operational elements, the SOCCE will need the following

communications systems.

a. Two high frequency (HF) nets (secure voice, data, International Morse Code)

b. Two ultra high frequency (UHF) nets (one voice, one data)

c. One very high frequency-frequency modulated (VHF-FM) net (single

channel ground and airborne radio system [SINCGARS])

d. Lightweight video reconnaissance system (LVRS) base station (could be

located either in the signal center or the operations center)

e. One HF low probability of interception/low probability of detection

(LPI/LPD) net

12
2. The special operations communications assemblage (SOCA) is currently

provided to a SOCCE for communications with the FOB or SFOB. The improved SOCA will be

fielded soon and consists of (a) one HF radio net, and (b) one UHF radio net.

3. The following connectivity is required for a SOCCE to digitally link with the

Army corps TOC and other headquarters within the seamless electronic command and control

architecture:

a. Automation system -joint base station type capability (communication

gateway system [CGS] 100, automated message system [AMS], matrix switch)

b. LAN

c. WAN (access provided by corps TOC)

d. Router-route messages by IP address.

e. Four wires-secure telephone, multiple subscriber equipment (MSE)

Signal Center Personnel

Operators, identified by MOS, were assigned to perform each of the signal center

tasks as shown in Appendix B. SOF has previously identified three radio operator-maintainer 3 1 Cs

to operate the SOCA kit on a 24-hour basis. In addition to the 3 1 Cs who operate the SOCA kit,

one 3 1 C and one 18E per 12-hour shift will be needed to operate the other SOCCE communications

systems. One information system operator-analyst, 74B, per 12-hour shift will be needed to

perform the automation and network management tasks. Therefore, two 18Es, two 3 1 Cs, and two

74Bs are needed for 24-hour operations employing two 12-hour shifts, not including the SOCA kit

operators. This number of personnel will require supervision. One solution would be for the ODB

communication NCOs to provide staff supervision for the signal center.

A SOCCE signal center of the size and with the equipment proposed in this

analysis does not currently exist. Except for the three 3 1 Cs for the SOCA, there is no

organization in place to provide the personnel needed to operate this proposed signal center.

18E, 3 1 C, and 74B personnel are assigned to special forces group headquarters signal

detachments. These personnel are identified to operate the JBS. However, as a result of funding

shortages, the JBS will not be fielded at the group headquarters level. If a decision is made to

develop and field a digitized SOCCE system, group headquarters personnel may be available to

staff the SOCCE signal center.

13
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Army corps TOCs soon will be equipped with ATCCS. SOCCEs that coordinate

battlefield information with Army corps require ATCCS-compatible hardware and software. A

preliminary analysis was conducted to identify initial equipment and personnel requirements for

a future SOCCE using ATCCS on the digitized battlefield.

The outcome of the analysis indicates that if assumptions regarding SOF message format

compatibility with ATCCS software are met, the SOCCE can operate with two MCS systems

and an ASAS will not be needed. The MCS systems will be used primarily to support S2 and S3

coordination functions. Using MCS to perform these functions will provide timely and effective

synchronization of SOF and conventional force operations with the goal of harmonizing actions

and avoiding fratricide. ASAS is not needed because a SOCCE does not normally conduct a level

of tactical mission planning and intelligence analysis that requires a capability beyond that

provided by the MCS.

As with current, non-digitized SOCCEs, the ODB will have to be augmented with

additional personnel when tasked to operate the digitized SOCCE to staff both the S2 and S3

functions for 24-hour operations.

In order for a SOCCE to link with other headquarters in the command and control

architecture of the electronic battlefield, a signal center similar to that of JBS will be required.

Staffing for the signal center needs to be resolved. It is suggested that individuals with the

appropriate MOS, who are currently assigned to SF group headquarters, be employed to operate

the signal center.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommend that the preliminary requirements for equipment and personnel identified in

this analysis be validated during SOCCE field training exercises using MCS and through simulation

and modeling. During training exercises, data should be collected about how frequently tasks are

performed, the time to perform tasks, the quantity and MOSS of personnel who perform the tasks,

and the workload associated with each task. These data could then be placed in a model such as the

improved performance research integration tool (IMPRINT) designed to assess levels of soldier

and system performance. The model can assist in verifying the appropriateness of assigned

personnel and predicting workload associated with operating or maintaining SOCCE equipment.

14
An analysis of how the equipment should be packaged must be completed. The Army is

developing a command and control vehicle for use by the corps TOC. As a result, the corps will be

highly mobile. The SOCCE will need to be equally mobile. Recommend that vehicular options such

as vans or vehicular mounted shelters be investigated for effective packaging and configuration of ,me

SOCCE operations and signal centers.

An ORD for a digitized SOCCE system needs to be developed as soon as practical. If SOF

and conventional forces are to support each other on the future electronic battlefield, then SOCCE

technology must keep pace and be compatible with that of the conventional Army corps TOC.

15

REFERENCES

Malkin, F.J., Allender, L.E., Kelley, T.D., O’Brien, P., & Graybill, S.( 1997). Joint base station

variant 1 MOS-workload-skill reauirements analvsis (ARL-TR- 144 1). Aberdeen Proving

Ground, MD: U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

U.S. Army JFK SpeciaI Warfare Center and School (1 February 1994). Draft snecial onerations

command and control element (SOCCE) handbook. Fort Bragg, NC: Author.

U.S. Army TRADOC Program Integration Office, Army Battle Command System (1 July 1996).

Draft Armv tactical command and control svstem staff users guide. Fort Leavenworth, KS:

Author.

17

APPENDIX A

SOCCE OPERATIONS CENTER TASKS, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL

19













**Acronym List

BN

CCIR

CMDR

COIN

COMMSTAT

CP

c s

css

Exfil

FRAGO

GP

GPF

HQ

IAW

ICW

Infil

Intel

IPB

IR

JSOA

LAN

LNO

LOGSTAT

OPLAN

OPSEC

PERSTAT

PIR

POV

SITREP

sot

SOCOORD

TASOSC

WAN

battalion

commander’s critical intelligence requirements

commander

counter insurgency

communications status

command post

combat support

combat service support

exfiltration

fragmentary order

group

general purpose force

headquarters

in accordance with

in coordination with

infiltration

Intelligence

intelligence preparation of the battlefield

intelligence requirements

Joint Special Operations Area

local area network

liaison officer

logistics status

operation order

operations security

personnel status

priority intelligence requirements

privately owned vehicle

situation report

Special Operations Command

Special Operations Coordination Element

Theater Army Special Operations support Command

wide area network

33

APPENDIX B

SOCCE SIGNAL CENTER TASKS AND PERSONNEL

35

SOCCE SIGNAL CENTER TASKS AND PERSONNEL

Function ! Task MOS(s) I

Setup Tasks

Shelter Setup Position shelter on site 18E

Set up/install ISOCA radios ISOCA Tm

Ground system 18E

31c

18E,31C,&74B

18E, 74C, & 74B

31c

31c

31c

74B

Connect power cables

Set up tent extension

Set up camouflage nets

Run pre-op checks on ECU and generator

Power up generator

Power up ECU

Remote terminal equipment into tent

IPerform shelter power-up procedures 31c

General System Setup IRemote & power up RCCs 74B

Erect HF antenna #1 (ISOCA) ISOCA Tm

Erect HF antenna #2

Erect HF antenna #3

18E & 31c

18E & 31c

I

Erect HF LPI/D antenna

Erect UHF TACSAT antenna #l (ISOCA)

Erect UHF TACSAT antenna #2

Erect UHF TACSAT antenna #3

18E & 31c

ISOCA Tm

18E & 31c

18E & 31c

t

Erect VHF/FM antenna

Install SOCCE LAN

18E & 31c

74B

37
I Function Task I MOS(sl I

Programming Tasks

Configure CGS 100 Perform station setup

Create a configuration set

Select routing methods & devices

Create RI routing tables

Create PLA/RI database

74B

74B

74B *

74B

74B

ISetup networking 74B 1

ICreate user accounts 74B 1

Configure Matrix Switch Select input/output connections 74B

Program COMSEC

,

ILoad keying material

I

18E I

ISelect mode of operation I18E

I

lConfigure Audio ISelect audio or data mode of operation I 18E I

Monitoring System

Program RCCs

Enable/disable RCC functions

Configure RCC data port

18E

18E

18E

1 Program Radio 1 Program HF radios I 31c I

Parameters

Prorrram UHF TACSAT radios 31c

Program VHF/FM radio

Program HF LPI/D radio

31c

31C

Program Data Configure input/output ports 74B

Controllers

Set configuration parameters 74B

Program Ethernet router Configure input/output ports 74B

Program TCP/IP protocols 74B

Program MCS

workstations

Tasks TBD 74B

1

I I

38
Function 1 MOS(s) 1

Operations

Checks & Services Perform PMCS shelter 18E

Perform PMCS ECU and generator 31c

Perform PMCS on communications eauiument 18E & 31C

IPerform PMCS on automation eauinment 74B 1

Radio Communications Monitor power 31c

Listen for incoming voice 31c

Respond to incoming voice 31c

Route incoming voice traffic 31c

Initiate voice call 31c

/Listen for incoming IMC traffic I 31c I

Recognize incoming IMC traffic

Copy incoming IMC traffic

Respond to incoming IMC traffic

Troubleshoot radio communications

31c

18E

18E

18E

I

Digital Message

I

Processing.

Monitor incoming message traffic

I

IRespond to incoming message errors

Print incoming message traffic

Deliver incoming message traffic

Archive incoming message traffic

Log outgoing messages

Prepare/load outgoing messages

Troubleshoot digital message nrocessing

74B

74B

74B

18E

74B

74B

18E&74B

74B

Automation & Network Back up system logs and files 74B

Management

IAdd new hosts/addresses I 74B

74B

74B

74B

Establish user privileges

Change user privileges

Troubleshoot automation & networking

39
Shelter Svstem Teardown

CGS

COMSEC

ECU

HF

IMC

ISOCA

LAN

LPI/D

MCS

PLA/RI

PMCS

RCC

TACSAT

TCP/IP

UHF

VHF/FM

Task I MOS(sl I

Zeroize COMSEC equipment 18E

Print logs and archive files, as required

Power down subsystems

Power down ECU & generator

Disconnect antenna & power cables

Remove ISOCA radios

Disassemble antennas & stow

Disconnect & package RCCs

Disconnect & stow terminal and MCS equipment

Dismantle & stow camouflage nets

Dismantle & stow tent extension

Disconnect & stow power cables

Remove & stow grounding equipment

74B

lSE,31C,&74B t

31c

18E

ISOCA Tm

18E& 31c

74B

74B

18E&3lC

18E, 31C & 74B

31c

18E

communications gateway system

communications security

environmental control unit

high frequency

international morse code

improved special operations communications assemblage

local area network

low probability of interception/deception

maneuver control system

plain language address/routing indicators

preventive maintenance checks and services

remote control console

tactical satellite

transport control protocol/intemet protocol

ultra high frequency

very high frequency/frequency modulation

40
APPENDIX C

ACRONYM LIST

41

ACRONYM LIST

AFATDS

AMS

ASAS

ATCCS

CGS

csscs

FAADC31

FBCB2

FOB

IEW

IMC

IMPRINT

JBS

LAN

LPI/LPD

LVRS

MCS

MOS

MSE

NC0

ODA

ODB

ORD

SFOB

SINCGARS

SME

SOCA

SOCCE

SOF

TOC

TRADOC

USASOC

WAN

advanced field artillery tactical data system

automated message system

all-source analysis system

Army Tactical Command and Control System

communications gateway system

combat service support control system

forward area air defense command, control communications, and intelligence

Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below

forward operational base

intelligence and electronic warfare

International Morse Code

improved performance research integration tool

joint base station

local area network

low probability of interception/low probability of detection

lightweight video reconnaissance system

maneuver control system

military occupational specialty

multiple subscriber equipment

noncommissioned officer

Operational Detachment A

Operational Detachment B

operational requirements document

special forces operational base

single channel ground and airborne radio system

subject matter expert

special operations communications assemblage

special operations command and control element

special operations forces

tactical operations center

Training and Doctrine Command

U.S. Army Special Operations Command

wide area network

43

NO. OF

COPIES ORGANIZATION

2 ADMINISTRATOR

DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFO CENTER

ATTN DTIC OCP

8725 JOHN J KINGMAN RD STE 0944

FT BELVOIR VA 22060-62 18

1 DIRECTOR

US ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY

ATTN AMSRL CS AL TA REC MGMT

2800 POWDER MILL RD

ADELPHI MD 20783-l 197

1 DIRECTOR

US ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY

AT-I-N AMSRL CI LL TECH LIB

2800 POWDER MILL RD

ADELPHI MD 207830-l 197

1 DIR FOR PERSONNEL TECHNOLOGIES

DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF PERSONNEL

300 ARMY PENTAGON 2C733

WASHINGTON DC 203 IO-0300

1 OUSD(A)/DDDR&E(R&A)/&LS

PENTAGON ROOM 3D129

WASHINGTON DC 2030 l-3080

1 CODE 1142PS

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

800 N QUINCY STREET

ARLINGTON VA 222 17-5000

1 COMMANDER

US ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

ATTN PERI ZT (DR E M JOHNSON)

500 1 EISENHOWER AVENUE

ALEXANDRIA VA 22333-5600

1 DEFENSE LOGISTICS STUDIES

INFORMATION EXCHANGE

ATTN DIRECTOR DLSIE ATSZ DL

BLDG 12500

2401 QUARTERS ROAD

FORT LEE VA 23801-1705

1 DEPUTY COMMANDTNG GENERAL

ATTN EXS (Q)

MARINE CORPS RD&A COMMAND

QUANTICO VA 22134

1 HEADQUARTERS USATRADOC

ATTN ATCD SP

FORT MONROE VA 23651

NO. OF

COPIES ORGANIZATION

1 DIRECTOR TDAD DCST

ATTN ATTG C

BLDG 161

FORT MONROE VA 2365 I-5000

1 COMMANDER

USA OPERATIONAL TEST & EVAL AGENCY

ATTN CSTE TSM

4501 FORD AVE

ALEXANDRIA VA 22302-1458

1 US ARMY SAFETY CENTER

ATTN CSSC SE

FORT RUCKER AL 36362

1. US ARMY NATICK RD&E CENTER

ATTN STRNC YBA

NATICK MA 01760-5020

1 US ARMY TROOP SUPPORT CMD

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NATICK RD&E CENTER

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ATTN AMXLS AE

REDSTONE ARSENAL AL 35898-7466

1 ARI FIELD UNIT FORT KNOX

BUILDING 2423 PER1 IK

FORT KNOX KY 40121-5620

1 COMMANDANT

USA ARTILLERY & MISSILE SCHOOL

ATTN USAAMS TECH LIBRARY

FORT SILL OK 73503

1 COMMANDER

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE

ATTN STEWS TE RE

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM

88002

45
NO. OF

COPIES ORGANIZATION

1 COMMANDER

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE

ATTN TECHNICAL LIBRARY

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM

88002

1 USA TRADOC ANALYSIS COMMAND

ATTN ATRC WSR (D ANGUIANO)

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM

88002-5502

1 STRICOM

12350 RESEARCH PARKWAY

ORLANDO FL 32826-3276

1 COMMANDER

USA COLD REGIONS TEST CENTER

ATTN STECR TS A

APO AI’ 96508-7850

1 PURDUE UNIVERSITY

SERIALS UNIT

CDM KARDEX

1535 STEWART CENTER

WEST LAFAYETTE IN 47907-1535

1 GOVT PUBLICATIONS LIBRARY

409 WILSON M

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

MINNEAPOLIS MN 55455

1 DR RICHARD PEW

BBN SYSTEMS AND TECH CORP

10 MOULTON STREET

CAMBRIDGE MA 02138

1 DR ROBERT C SUGARMAN

132 SEABROOK DRIVE

BUFFALO NY 14221

1 DR ANTHONY DEBONS

IDIS UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

PITTSBURGH PA 15260

1 DR ROBERT KENNEDY

ESSEX CORPORATION SUITE 227

1040 WOODCOCK ROAD

ORLANDO FL 32803

1 DR ARTHUR S KAMLET

BELL LABORATORIES

6200 EAST BROAD STREET

COLUMBUS OH 43213

NO. OF

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1 GENERAL DYNAMICS

LAND SYSTEMS DIV LIBRARY

PO BOX 1901

WARREN MI 48090

1 DR MM AYOUB DIRECTOR

INST FOR ERGONOMICS RESEARCH

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

LUBBOCK TX 79409

1 MR KENNETH C CROMBIE

TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN El04

DELCO SYSTEMS OPERATIONS

6767 HOLLISTER AVENUE

GOLETA CA 93 117

1 DR NORMAN BADLER

DEPT OF COMPUTER & INFORMATION

SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHILADELPHIA PA 19104-6389

1 HQDA (DAPE ZXO)

AT-I-N DR FISCHL

WASHINGTON DC 203 10-0300

1 PEO STANDARD ARMY MGMT

INFORMATION SYSTEM

ATTN AS PES STOP C-3

FT BELVOIR VA 22060-5456

1 PEO ARMORED SYS MODERNIZATION

US ARMY TANK-AUTOMOTIVE CMD

AT-IN SFAE ASM S

WARREN MI 48397-5000

1 PEO COMBAT SUPPORT

ATTN AMCPEO CS

US ARMY TANK AUTOMOTIVE CMD

WARREN MI 48397-5000

1 PEO INTELLIGENCE & ELECTRONIC

WARFARE

ATTN AMCPEO IEW

VINT HILL FARMS STATION BLDG 197

WARRENTON VA 22186-5115

1 PEO COMMUNICATIONS

ATT-N SFAE CM RE

FT MONMOUTH NJ 07703-5000

1 PEO AIR DEFENSE

ATTN SFAE AD S

US ARMY MISSILE COMMAND

REDSTONE ARSENAL AL 35898-5750

46
NO. OF NO. OF

COPIES ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION COPIES

1 PEO STRATEGIC DEFENSE 1 HQ III CORPS & FORT HOOD

PO BOX 15280 ATTN DASD ZA OFFICE OF THE SCIENCE ADVISER

US ARMY STRATEGIC DEFENSE CMD ATTN AFZF CS SA

ARLINGTON VA 222 15-0280 FORT HOOD TX 76544-5056

1 JOHN B SHAFER

250 MAIN STREET

OWEGO NY 13827

1 OASD (FM&P)

WASHINGTON DC 2030 l-4000

1

1 COMMANDANT

US ARMY ARMOR SCHOOL

ATTN ATSB CDS (MR LIPSCOMB)

FT KNOX KY 40121-5215

1 COMMANDER

US ARMY AVIATION CENTER

ATTN ATZQ CDM S (MR MCCRACKEN)

FT RUCKER AL 36362-5 163

COMMANDER

HQ XVIII ABN CORPS & FORT BRAGG

OFFICE OF THE SC1 ADV BLDG 1-162 1

ATTN AFZA GD FAST

FORT BRAGG NC 28307-5000

SOUTHCOM WASHINGTON FIELD OFC

1919 SOUTH EADS ST SUITE LO9

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

ARLINGTON VA 22202

HQ US SPECIAL OPERATIONS CMD

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

ATTN SOSD

MACDILL AIR FORCE BASE

TAMPA FL 33608-0442

1 COMMANDER 1 HQ US ARMY EUROPE AND 7TH ARMY

US ARMY SIGNAL CTR & FT GORDON ATTN AEAGX SA

ATTN ATZH CDM OFFICE OF THE SCIENCE ADVISER

FT GORDON GA 30905-5090 APO AE 09014

1 PROJECT MANAGER SIGNALS WARFARE 1 COMMANDER

AT-l-N SFAE IEW SG (ALAN LINDLEY) HQ 2 1 ST THEATER ARMY AREA CMD

BLDG P-181 AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

VINT HILL FARMS STATION ATTN AERSA

WARRENTON VA 22186-5116 APO AE 09263

1 COMMANDER 1

MARINE CORPS SYSTEMS COMMAND

ATTN CBGT

QUANTICO VA 22 134-5080

1 DIRECTOR AMC-FIELD ASSIST IN

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1

ATTN AMC-FAST (RICHARD FRANSEEN)

FT BELVOIR VA 22060-5606

1 COMMANDER

US ARMY FORCES COMMAND

AT-l-N FCDJ SA BLDG 600 1

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

FT MCPHERSON GA 30330-6000

1 COMMANDER

I CORPS AND FORT LEWIS

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER 1

ATTN AFZH CSS

FORT LEWIS WA 98433-5000

COMMANDER

HEADQUARTERS USEUCOM

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

UNIT 30400 BOX 138

APO AE 09128

HQ 7TH ARMY TRAINING COMMAND

UNIT #28130

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

ATTN AETT SA

APO AE 09114

COMMANDER

HHC SOUTHERN EUROPEAN TASK FORCE

ATTN AESE SA BUILDING 98

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

APO AE 09630

COMMANDER US ARMY PACIFIC

AMC FAST SCIENCE ADVISER

ATTN APSA

FT SHAFTER HI 9685%5LO0

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1 ARL HRED USAIC FIELD ELEMENT

ATTN AMSRL HR MW (E REDDEN)

BLDG 4 ROOM 332

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5 ARL HRED USASOC FIELD ELEMENT

ATTN AMSRL HR MN (F MALKIN)

HQ USASOC BLDG E2929

FORT BRAGG NC 28307-5000

1 US ARMY RSCH DEV STDZN GP-UK

ATTN DR MICHAEL H STRUB

PSC 802 BOX 15

FPO AE 09499- 1500

5 COMMANDER USASOC

ATTN AORI SI (MR PERSON)

BLDG E2929

FORT BRAGG NC 28307-5000

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND

2 DIRECTOR

US ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY

ATTN AMSRL CI LP (TECH LIB)

BLDG 305 APG AA

1 LIBRARY

AFU BLDG 459

APG-AA

1 ARL HRED ERDEC FIELD ELEMENT

AT-IN AMSRL HR MM (R MCMAHON)

BLDG 459

APG-AA

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RYAN BUILDING

APG-AA

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AT-I-N AMSTE CL

TECOM HQ

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ABSTRACT ONLY

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ATTN AMSRL CS AL TP TECH PUB BR

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ADELPHI MD 20783- 1197

49

REPORT DOCUMENTATION I

Form Approved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Publrc reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the bme for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathenng and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of infomlation. Send comments re arding this burden estimate or any other aspect Of this

collection of information, mctudmg suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate or Information Operations and 9 Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188). Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

2. REPORT DATE

April 1999

3. REPORT NPE AND DATES COVERED

Final

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Special Operations Command and Control Element (SOCCE) Preliminary Analysis of

Equipment and Personnel Requirements for the Digitized Battlefield

6. AUTHOR(S)

Malkin, F.J. (ARL) ; Graybill, S. (USASOC)

AMS: 622716.H700011

PR: lL161102B74A

PE: 6.11.02

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSIES)

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (HRED)

ATTN AMSRL HR MN

HQ USASOC Bldg E2929

Fort Bragg NC 28307-5000

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Human Research & Engineering Directorate

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2 1005-5425

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

ARL-l-N-136

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

When Army special operations forces (SOF) operate in conjunction with or close to conventional Army forces, a special

operations command and control element (SOCCE) is established to synchronize operations and harmonize actions between the

SOF and conventional force elements. A SOCCE is usually co-located with an Army corps tactical operations center (TOC). On

the emerging digitized battlefield, the corps TOC will be equipped with the Army Tactical Command and Control System

(ATCCS) to provide a seamless flow of tactical information to commanders, corps, and below. A SOCCE will also require an

ATCCS capability in order to exchange information with the conventional force and successfully perform its mission. A

preliminary mission and task analysis was conducted to assist in identifying initial equipment and personnel requirements for a

digitized SOCCE employing ATCCS. The outcome of the analysis indicates that if assumptions regarding SOF message format

compatibility with ATCCS software are met, the SOCCE will be able to operate with two maneuver control systems (MCS),

which is the integration component of ATCCS. The analysis also indicates that, in addition to the existing operations center, the

SOCCE will require a signal center to link the operations center with other headquarters within the electronic battlefield

command and control architecture. Personnel augmentation will be necessary to fully staff the SOCCE operations center S2

(intelligence) and S3 (operations) functions for 24-hour operations. Recommendations are that the equipment and personnel

requirements identified by this analysis be verified during field training exercises and by simulation and modeling, a van or

vehicular mounted shelter configuration be considered to house a SOCCE, and documentation be initiated to establish

requirements for a system acquisition program.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

command and control

digitized battlefield

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

personnel

special forces

18. SECURIN CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

55

16. PRICE CODE

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified 1 Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298

51

(Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18

298-102