The Honorable Samuel H. Mays, Jr., United States District Judge for the Western District *

of Tennessee, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 10a0571n.06

No. 09-1159

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

KEVIN STEPHENS

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE EASTERN

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: COLE and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; MAYS, District Judge.*

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Following investigations of drug trafficking by the Sunnyside

Gang in Saginaw, Michigan, prosecutors obtained guilty pleas from and convictions against

numerous gang members. Kevin Stephens pled guilty to distribution of crack cocaine and was

sentenced to 262 months imprisonment. He now appeals, arguing that the district court incorrectly

characterized him as a career offender for the purposes of sentencing and failed to take into account

pertinent sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We find that the district court correctly

categorized Stephens as a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) and did

not err in sentencing Stephens. Accordingly, we affirm the sentence. 

I. 

Over the course of several years the Sunnyside Gang sold crack cocaine on the South Side

(or “Sunnyside” area) of Saginaw, Michigan. In 2005, the government arrested, indicted, and
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

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convicted several gang members, and in 2007 launched a second wave of investigations. During the

course of this second investigation, Stephens – who apparently joined the gang sometime that year

– was twice involved in controlled purchases of crack cocaine. Following the second purchase,

police stopped the car in which Stephens was a passenger, and, upon transporting Stephens to jail,

discovered that Stephens was concealing just over 8 grams of crack cocaine in a body cavity. At the

time he was arrested, Stephens – who as both a juvenile and an adult had been convicted of

numerous crimes, including arson, possession of a loaded handgun in public, possession of cocaine,

attempted delivery of a controlled substance, unlawful use of a motor vehicle, and fleeing and

eluding the police – was on parole from both felony and misdemeanor convictions.

In November of 2007, the government indicted Stephens, along with nine other gang

members, on various drug charges. Stephens himself was charged with conspiring to distribute and

distributing crack cocaine. On July 21, 2008, Stephens pled guilty to count 22 of the first

superceding indictment: possession with intent to distribute 5 or more (in this case 11) grams of

cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). As part of the plea agreement, the government

recommended that the court calculate Stephens’s Guidelines sentencing range as between 120 and

150 months. The agreement also stated that if the court determined instead that Stephens was a

career offender and accordingly impose a higher sentence, then Stephens would be permitted to

withdraw his guilty plea and proceed to trial. Following the court’s acceptance of Stephens’s guilty

plea, the United States Probation Officer prepared the Presentencing Investigation Report (PSR), in

which she concluded that Stephens in fact qualified as a career offender under the Guidelines, and

that the Guidelines sentencing range should thus be between 262 and 327 months. After adopting
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

Stephens repeatedly and erroneously maintains that he was sentenced under the Armed 2

Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). In fact, Stephens was sentenced as a career

offender under the Sentencing Guidelines, U.S.S.G. §4B1.1. 

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this recommendation, the district court offered Stephens an opportunity to withdraw his guilty plea;

Stephens declined, and instead stated that he was “going to go with the career offender.” At a

hearing on January 29, 2009, the district court sentenced Stephens to serve 262 months in prison.

This appeal followed.

II.

Stephens’s first argument in this appeal is that the district court erred by sentencing him as

a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines. “Legal conclusions regarding application of the 2

United States Sentencing Guidelines are reviewed de novo.” United States v. Bass, 315 F.3d 561,

564-65 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting United States v. Hover, 293 F.3d 930, 933 (6th Cir. 2002)). As we

have repeatedly considered and rejected Stephens’s exact argument, we find that the district court

did not err in categorizing Stephens as a career offender under the Guidelines. 

Under the Guidelines, a defendant qualifies as a career offender if: “(1) the defendant was

at least eighteen years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2)

the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled

substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime

of violence or a controlled substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). Following the recommendation

of the PSR, the district court concluded that Stephens qualified as a career offender on the basis of

prior convictions in 2002 for attempted delivery of cocaine and in 2003 for the Michigan crime of
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

Stephens apparently believes that he was sentenced under the provision of the ACCA 3

enhancing sentences for those previously convicted of “violent felonies,” see 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).

“[W]e treat a ‘crime of violence’ under § 4B1.1(a) of the guidelines the same as a ‘violent felony’

under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) . . . because both laws share essentially

the same definitions (if not the same titles).” United States v. Ford, 560 F.3d 420, 421 (6th Cir.

2009) (citation omitted). Under the ACCA:

[T]he term “violent felony” means any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term

exceeding one year, or any act of juvenile delinquency involving the use or carrying

of a firearm, knife, or destructive device that would be punishable by imprisonment

for such term if committed by an adult, that—

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against the person of another; or

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fleeing and eluding police in the third degree under MCL § 750.479a. Stephens does not dispute that

he was at least eighteen years old at the time of the instant offense and that both his prior conviction

for attempted delivery of cocaine and his present conviction for possession with intent to distribute

cocaine base constitute controlled substance offenses. He does, however, object to the

characterization of fleeing and eluding in the third degree – one of his two predicate felonies – as a

“crime of violence.”

Under the Sentencing Guidelines:

[T]he term “crime of violence” means any offense under federal or state law,

punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that --

(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against the person of another, or

(2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of

explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious

potential risk of physical injury to another.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). Fleeing and eluding is defined under Michigan law as follows: 3
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or

otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of

physical injury to another;

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).

The PSR described Stephens’ violation of MCL § 750.479a as follows: 4

This incident took place on February 27, 2003, when Saginaw police officers were

dispatched to an area in response to shots being fired. When officers arrived in that

area, they noticed a burgundy four-door vehicle which was also suspected in a

shooting that had occurred several days earlier. Officers followed the vehicle and

noticed it was occupied by four subjects. When officers attempted to stop the

vehicle, the vehicle sped up and attempted to make a turn. Subsequently, the vehicle

hit two trees prior to the driver exiting the vehicle and beginning to run. Although

officers lost [Stephens] while in pursuit, they found him hiding under a van after

backtracking. One of the passengers in the vehicle was Dominique Phillips who was

eight months pregnant with the defendant’s baby.

(PSR at 14.)

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A driver of a motor vehicle who is given by hand, voice, emergency light, or siren a

visual or audible signal by a police or conservation officer, acting in the lawful

performance of his or her duty, directing the driver to bring his or her motor vehicle

to a stop shall not willfully fail to obey that direction by increasing the speed of the

vehicle, extinguishing the lights of the vehicle, or otherwise attempting to flee or

elude the police or conservation officer. 

MCL § 750.479a(1). A driver commits the offense in the third-degree if the violation “results in a

collision or accident,” if the violation “occurred in an area where the speed limit is 35 miles an hour

or less,” or if the driver has a previous conviction for actual or attempted fourth-degree fleeing and

eluding or similar misconduct. MCL § 750.479a(3).

4

This is not the first time that we have addressed the question of whether fleeing and eluding

in the third degree under MCL § 750.479a constitutes a crime of violence or violent felony. In 2004,
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

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we concluded that it does for purposes of the Sentencing Guidelines. See United States v. Martin,

378 F.3d 578, 580 (6th Cir. 2004). We then determined that the reasoning in Martin applied to the

analogous career criminal provisions of the ACCA, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). United States v. LaCasse,

253 F. App’x 553, 556 (6th Cir. Nov. 6, 2007). In 2009, however, the Supreme Court vacated and

remanded our holding in LaCasse “for further consideration in light of” Begay v. United States, 553

U.S. 137 (2008) (holding that the New Mexico offense of driving under the influence of alcohol was

not a violent felonywithin the meaning of the ACCA) and Chambers v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 687

(2009) (holding that the Illinois offense of failure-to-report was not a violent felony within the

meaning of the ACCA). LaCasse v. United States 129 S. Ct. 992 (2009). On remand in LaCasse,

we concluded “that neither Begay nor Chambers alters our earlier holding that Michigan’s ‘fleeing

and eluding’ statute . . . qualifies as a violent felony” under the ACCA. United States v. LaCasse,

567 F.3d 763, 764 (6th Cir. 2009). LaCasse sought panel rehearing and en banc review, both to no

avail, and then again petitioned the Supreme Court to grant certiorari – which the Court declined to

do on January 25, 2010. LaCasse v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 1311 (2010).

In Martin, which governs the question of whether the Michigan offense of fleeing and

eluding in the third degree constitutes a crime of violence under the Guidelines, we wrote:

In deciding whether an offense amounts to a “crime of violence” under these two

tests, we have applied a “categorical approach,” which is to say we have looked at

“the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the predicate offense,” not the

“underlying facts regarding the offense,” to determine whether either test is satisfied.

. . . Because fleeing and eluding does not have as an element “the use, attempted use,

or threatened use of physical force against the person of another,” the pertinent

question is whether the offense “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious

potential risk of physical injury to another.” We believe that it does.
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

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Martin, 378 F.3d at 581-82 (numerous citations omitted). Endorsing this categorical approach, the

LaCasse court added (in the terms applied in Begay and Chambers) that the “statute at issue here

involves ‘aggressive’ conduct that ‘presents a serious potential risk of physical injury’ to another.”

567 F.3d at 767. In short, after considering under the categorical approach the factors that make up

the Michigan offense of fleeing and eluding in the third degree, we have repeatedly and consistently

held that this offense is always a crime of violence or a violent felony.

Perhaps because he erroneously believes that he was sentenced under the ACCA, Stephens

focuses in this appeal on attacking our post-remand holding (concerning the ACCA) in LaCasse, 567

F.3d at 764, rather than on attacking our earlier holding (concerning the Guidelines) in Martin, 378

F.3d at 580. Stephens rests his challenge to LaCasse on two points or arguments: first, that our postremand LaCasse decision conflicts with Begay and Chambers; and second, that the Eighth Circuit

in a recent case specifically has repudiated the LaCasse reasoning. As to the first point, Stephens

argues that when the Supreme Court vacated the original panel decision in LaCasse, the court was

“sending a message . . . that LaCasse was out of alignment” with Begay and Chambers. Even if

Stephens is correctly interpreting the Supreme Court’s decision to vacate and remand, our postremand LaCasse decision clearly represents binding authority in this circuit holding that Begay and

Chambers had no effect on the conclusion that fleeing and eluding in the third degree under

Michigan law constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA. See LaCasse, 567 F.3d at 764. More

recently, moreover, we have found that even fleeing and evading in the fourth degree under

Michigan law also constitutes a crime of violence under the ACCA. See United States v. Young, 580
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

This all said, we do wish to express that we are somewhat concerned with the direction our 5

case law has been taking by expanding, where the Supreme Court in Chambers and Begay instead

appears to be moving toward narrowing, the definition of “crime of violence” or “violent felonies”

within the meaning of the Guidelines or the ACCA.

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F.3d 373, 379 (6th Cir. 2009) (overturning United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638 (6th Cir. 2006)),

cert denied by Young v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 1723 (2010).5

As to his second point, while Stephens is correct that the Eighth Circuit has reached a

different conclusion in considering whether a similar offense in Minnesota constitutes a crime of

violence, see United States v. Tyler, 580 F.3d 722, 726 (8th Cir. 2009), the fact that a sister circuit

disagrees with our case law does not demonstrate that our law is wrong, or that we are free to ignore

circuit precedent. See, e.g., Bonner v. Perry, 564 F.3d 424, 430 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Darrah v.

City of Oak Park, 255 F.3d 301, 309 (6th Cir. 2001)) (“A panel of this Court cannot overrule the

decision of another panel. The prior decision remains controlling authority unless an inconsistent

decision of the United States Supreme Court requires modification of the decision or this Court

sitting en banc overrules the prior decision.”). Both the Seventh Circuit and the Tenth Circuit,

moreover, have in turn explicitly declined to follow the Eight Circuit’slead and instead agreed with

our reasoning in LaCasse and Young. See United States v. Dismuke, 593 F.3d 582, 592 n.3, 596 (7th

Cir. 2010) (“Although . . . the Eighth and the Eleventh Circuits have reached the opposite conclusion

. . . we think our colleagues in the Fifth, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits have the better of the argument.”);

United States v. McConnell, 605 F.3d 822, 829-30 (10th Cir. 2010). 

Stephens, understandably, would prefer that Martin, LaCasse, and Young had not been

decided; that he disagrees with our previous holdings, however, surely does not prove that he should
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

Stephens also erroneously argues the district court’s sentence of Stephens as a career 6

offender constitutes a “substantial deviation from the guideline range,” and that the district court

needed to “explain how this case is sufficiently compelling to support a variance of this magnitude.”

In fact, a defendant’s career offender qualification is factored into the Guidelines range. See

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)-(c). As the district court correctly noted at sentencing, given that Stephens

qualifies as a career offender, “[t]he resulting guideline range . . . would come to 262 to 327

months.” (R. 223 (1/27/09 Sentencing Tr.) at 8.) In other words, the district court did not deviate

from the Guidelines range at all, but instead sentenced at the low end of that range.

Stephens concedes that the district court asked his trial attorney whether there were any 7

objections, and that the trial attorney responded that there were none. Nonetheless, Stephens argues

that we should review for abuse of discretion rather than plain error because the district court did not

ask Stephens himself whether Stephens had any objections, and so Stephens did not have an

opportunity to object. Stephens cites no authority for the proposition that a defendant’s attorney does

not represent the defendant for the purpose of making objections. In this instance, moreover, the

district court actually asked whether there were “[a]ny questions or objections to the sentence from

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prevail in this case. Accordingly, we find that the district court did not err in concluding that the

Michigan offense of third-degree fleeing and eluding constitutes a “crime a violence” within the

meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, and therefore correctly categorized Stephens as a career offender

under the Sentencing Guidelines.

III.

Stephens next argues that the district court erred by failing to take into account his age,

absence of previous gun charges, and minor roles in previous crimes when considering sentencing

factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and that as a result his sentence is procedurally unreasonable.6

Ordinarily, we review sentences under a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall v. United

States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). As Stephens failed to object on these grounds before the district

court, however, we review Stephens’s sentence for plain error. See United States v. Vonner, 516

F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Plain error review involves four prongs: 7
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

the defendant.” (1/29/09 Sentencing Tr. at 14 (emphasis added).) Stephens, in other words, did have

the opportunity to object, but chose not to do so.

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First, there must be an error or defect – some sort of “[d]eviation from a legal rule”

– that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned . . . . Second, the legal

error must be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the

error must have affected the appellant's substantial rights, which in the ordinary case

means he must demonstrate that it “affected the outcome of the district court

proceedings.” 

Puckett v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 129 S.Ct. 1423, 1429 (2009). Fourth, if these three prongs are

satisfied, then the court “has the discretion to remedy the error – discretion which ought to be

exercised only if the error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.’” Id. (emphasis in original). 

In reviewing a court’s sentencing decision, we look to whether the sentence was both

procedurally and substantively reasonable. See United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir.

2007). As a within-the-Guidelines sentence, Stephens’s sentence “enjoys a rebuttable presumption

of reasonableness.” See United States v. Lay, 583 F.3d 436, 449 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Vonner, 516

F.3d at 389-90); see also Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 347 (2007). As the Supreme Court has

explained, in reviewing a sentence, we:

must first ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error,

such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating

the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a

sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen

sentence – including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.

Gall, 552 U.S. at 50-51 (citation omitted). 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) “tells the sentencing judge to

consider (1) offense and offender characteristics; (2) the need for a sentence to reflect the basic aims
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

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of sentencing, namely (a) ‘just punishment’ (retribution), (b) deterrence, (c) incapacitation, (d)

rehabilitation; (3) the sentences legally available; (4) the Sentencing Guidelines; (5) Sentencing

Commission policy statements; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted disparities; and (7) the need for

restitution.” Rita, 551 U.S. at 347-48. “The district court is not required to refer explicitly to each

of the statutory sentencing factors when imposing a sentence.” United States v. Simmons, 587 F.3d

348, 358 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing United States v. Morris, 448 F.3d 929, 932 (6th Cir. 2006)). That

said, the district judge “must ‘make an individualized assessment based on the facts presented,’ and

must discuss all relevant statutory factors to facilitate ‘reasonable appellate review.’” Id. (citing

Gall, 552 U.S. 38; Morris, 448 F.3d at 932). 

During the sentencing hearing, the district court had this to say regarding the 3553(a) factors:

As counsel have both indicated, the guidelines that we have spent a good deal of time

with are, indeed, advisory. They’re a factor to be considered by the court.

We have also considered each of the 3553(a) factors, particularly the gravity of the

offense; clearly in this instance, the gentleman’s personal criminal history weighs

heavily in the balance. And the sentence is also significantly affected by the court’s

consideration of the necessity for protection of the public. 

This gentleman has been involved in criminal misconduct, bymy view, since he was

13 years of age. Despite significant run-ins with the criminal justice system, little has

affected his behavior.

This gentleman, on the other hand, during his tenure with the bureau is in need of

both educational and vocational training. Indeed, that will be a recommendation that

is made to the bureau.

Pursuant to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, and in consideration of each of the

3553(a) factors, the gentleman will be committed to the custody of the United States

Bureau of Prisons for a term of 262 months.

(R. 224 (1/29/09 Sentencing Tr.) at 12.) 
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

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The district court’s explanation of the 3553(a) factors, while brief, is legally sufficient. As

the Supreme Court explained in Rita, 551 U.S. at 356-57, 

The sentencing judge should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he .

. . has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority. . . .

Unless a party contests the Guidelines sentence generally under § 3553(a) – that is

argues that the Guidelines reflect an unsound judgment, or, for example, that they do

not generally treat certain defendant characteristics in the proper way – or argues for

departure, the judge normally need say no more.

We have in the past found no abuse of discretion where a trial judge addressed the 3553(a) factors

in a “terse” manner, used “generic language to describe the defendant’s crimes,” and “without

elaboration characterize[d] the ‘nature and circumstances’ of the offenses as ‘serious.’” See

Simmons, 587 F.3d at 359 (citing Vonner, 516 F.3d at 392). As we explained in Simmons, “[i]n light

of the judge’s brevity, such analysis is short of ideal in assuring this court that the trial judge in fact

did his full duty. On its own, however, it surely does not overcome the deference we must accord

lower courts in sentencing criminal defendants.” Id. Here, facing no objection from Stephens, the

district court in sentencing Stephens explicitly mentioned that it was considering Stephens’ criminal

history, “each of the 3553(a) factors, particularly the gravity of the offense,” the failure of past runins with the law to rehabilitate Stephens, and Stephens’s need for “educational and vocational

training”. While it could have addressed the 3553(a) factors at greater length, the district court

simply did not “devia[te] from a legal rule,” and so did not commit any error – much less plain error.

See Puckett, 129 S. Ct. at 1429. 
No. 09-1159

USA v. Stephens

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IV.

As we have consistently rejected Stephens’s argument that the Michigan crime of fleeing and

eluding in the third degree is not a “crime of violence” within the meaning of the Guidelines, we find

that the district court did not err in characterizing Stephens as a career offender. As the district

court’s analysis of the 3553(a) factors, while brief, was sufficient, we also find that the district court

did not err in sentencing Stephens and that Stephens’s sentence was not procedurally unreasonable.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.