# RITA Bureau of Transportation Statistics



# N ational

T ransportation

S tatistics

# National Transportation Statistics


# 20 11

Bureau of

Transportation

Statistics

U.S. Department of Transportation

# Acknowledgments

U.S. Department of Transportation

Ray LaHood Secretary

John D. Porcari Deputy Secretary



# Research and Innovative Technology Administration

Peter H. Appel

Administrator



# Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Patricia S. Hu

Directo r

Steven K. Smith, Ph.D. Deputy D irecto r



# Produced under the direction of:

Deborah D. Johnson

A ssistant Director

, Office of Transportation Analysis



# Project Manager

Long X. Nguyen



# Data Collection

MacroSys:

David Chesser , Ph.D.
Xiaoli Han, Ph.D. Adam Mengesha Hilary Ross Gang Shao, Ph.D. Michael Spencer Lei Tang Jie Zhang



# Contributors

Steven Beningo

Matthew Chambers

Chester Ford

Kenneth Notis

# Editor

William H. Moore



# Cover Design

Alpha Glass Wingfield

Our mission: To lead in developing transportation data and information of high quality and to advance their effective use in both public and private transportation decisionmaking.

Our vision for the future: Data and information of high quality supporting every signifi cant transportation policy decision, thus advancing the quality of life and the economic well

- being of all Americans.

All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; source citation is required.

Recommended citation

U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration Bureau of Transportation Statistics National Transportation Statistics http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/

NTS is a web

- only report; however print copies of other BTS products may be obtained via the following contacts:

Product Orders U.S. Department of Transportation

Research and Innovative Technology Administration

Bureau of T ransportation Statistics 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Room E36

- 109 Washington, DC 20590 www.orders@bts.gov

Information Service answers@bts.gov

1- 800

- 853

- 1351

# Introduction

Compiled and published by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), National Transportation Statistics presents information on the U.S. transportation system, including its physical components, safety record, economic performance, energy use, and environmental impacts. National Transportation Statistics is a companion document to the Transportation Statistics Annual Report

, which analyzes some of the data presented here, and State Transportation Statistics , which presents state

level data on many of the same topics presented here.

The report has four chapters:



# • Chapter 1 provides data on the extent, condition, use, and performance of the physical transportation network.



# • Chapter 2 details transportation's safety record, giving data on accidents, crashes, fatalities, and injuries for each transportation mode and hazardous materials.



# • Chapter 3 focuses on the relationship between transportation and the economy, presenting data on transportation's contribution to the gross domestic product, employment by industry and occupation, and transportation

- related consumer and government expenditures.



# • Chapter 4 presents data on transportation energy use and transportation

- related environmental impacts.

Appendix A contains metric conversions of select tables. BTS obtained the data in this report from many sources, including federal government agencies, private industry, and associations. Documents cite d as sources for the tables provide detailed information about definitions, methodologies, and statistical reliability. Some of the data are based on samples and are subject to sampling variability. National Transportation

Statistics is updated quarterly a t www.bts.gov

.

# Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

Table A

- Social and Economic Characteristics of the United States (Updated April 2008)

Chapter 1. The Transportation System

SECTION A. PHYSICAL EXTENT

1

- 1 System Mileage Within the United States (Updated April 2010)

1

- 2 Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Vessel Operators, and Pipeline Operators (Updated April 2010)

1-3 Number of U.S. Airports (Updated July 2010)

1-4 Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface (Updated April 2010)

1

- 5 U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System (Updated April 2011)

1

- 6 Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane

- Miles by Functional System (Updated April 2011)

1-7 Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year (Updated January 2010)

1

- 8 ADA Lift

- or Ramp

- Equipped Transit Buses (Updated April 2008)

1

- 9 ADA

- Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency (Updated April 2010)

1

- 10 U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage (Updated July 2010)

SECTION B. VEHICLE, AIRCRAFT, AND VESSEL INVENTORY

1- 11 Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances (Updated July 2010)

1

- 12 U.S. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances (Updated April 2011)

1- 13 Active U.S. Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft (Updated July 2010)

1

- 14 U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use (Updated April 2007)

1

- 15 Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales (Updated April 2011)

1- 16 Retail New Passenger Car Sales (Updated April 2011)

1- 17 New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases (Updated October 2010 )

1- 18 Retail Sales and Lease of New Cars by Sector (Updated October 2010 )

1- 19 Sales of Hybrid Vehicles in the United States (Updated April 2011)

1- 20 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales

- Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Automobiles (Updated April 2010)

1

- 21 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales

- Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Light Trucks (Updated April 2010)

1- 22 Number of Trucks by Weight

1- 23 World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Updated April 2010)

# 1

- 24 Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet (Updated April 2011)

SECTION C. CONDITION

1- 25 U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions (Updated January 2010)

1- 26 Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United States (Updated January 2010)

1

- 27 Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System (Updated October 2010)

1

- 28 Condition of U.S. Bridges (Updated July 2010)

1

- 29 Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles (Updated April 2010)

1

- 30 Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities (Updated July 2010)

1- 31 Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure (Updated July 2010)

1- 32 Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built (Updated July 2010)

1- 33 Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets (Updated October 2010)

1

- 34 U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Updated October 2010)

SECTION D. TRAVEL AND GOODS MOVEMENT

1- 35 U.S. Vehicle

- Miles (Updated July 2010)

1- 36 Roadway Vehicle

- Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane

- Mile by Functional Class (Updated April 2010)

1

- 37 U.S. Air Carrier Aircraft Departures, Enplaned Revenue Passengers, and Enplaned

Revenue Tons (Updated April 2011)

1- 38 Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Updated April 2010)

1

- 39 Worldwide Commercial Space Launches (Updated Jul y 2010)

1

- 40 U.S. Passenger

- Miles (Updated April 2010)

1

- 41 Principal Means of Transportation to Work (Updated January 2010)

1

- 42 Long

- Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 2001

1

- 43 Long

- Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics:

2001

1

- 44 Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports (Updated July 2010)

1

- 45 Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States (Updated July 2010)

1

- 46 Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States (Updated July 2010)

1

- 47 U.S.

- Canadian Border Land

- Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States (Updated October 2010)

1

- 48 U.S.

- Mexican Border Land

- Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States (Updated October 2010)

1

- 49 U.S. Ton

- Miles of Freight (Updated April 2010)

1

- 50 U.S. Ton

- Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Updated September 2009)

1

- 51 Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments (Updated April 2010)

1

- 52 U.S.

- Canadian Border Land

- Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail Container Crossings (Updated April 2011)

1

- 53 U.S.

- Canadian Border Land

- Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Train Crossings (Updated October 2010)

# 1

- 54 U.S.

- Mexican Bo rder Land

- Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail Container Crossings (Updated October 2010)

1

- 55 U.S.

- Mexican Border Land

- Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck and Train Crossings (Updated October 2010)

1

- 56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Upda ted April 2010)

1- 57 Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons (Updated October 2010)

1

- 58 Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997, and 2002 (Updated January 2010)

1

- 59 Value, Tons, and Ton

- Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic Establishments, 2002P (Updated January 2010)

1

- 60 Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode (Updated October 2010)

1

- 61 Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode (Updated April 2011)

1

- 62 U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2007 (Updated April 2011)

1

- 63 U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2002 (Updated January 2010)

SECTION E. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

1

- 64 Passengers Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers (Updated July 2010)

1

- 65 Mishandled

- Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air

Carriers (Updated April 2011)

1

- 66 Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers (Updated April 2011)

1

- 67 FAA

- Cited Causes of Departure and En route Delays (Updated April 2011)

1

- 68 Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions (Updated January 2010)

1

- 69 Annual Person

- Hours of Highway Traffic Delay per Person (Updated April 2011)

1

- 70 Travel Time Index (Updated April 2011)

1

- 71 Annual Roadway Congestion Index (Updated April 2011)

1

- 72 Annual Highway Congestion Cost (Updated April 2011)

1

- 73 Amtrak On

- Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause (Updated April 2011)

Chapter 2. Transportation Safety

SECTION A. MULTIMODAL

2

- 1 Transportation Fatalities by Mode (Updated January 2010)

2

- 2 Injured Persons by Transportation Mode (Updated April 2010)

2

- 3 Transportation Accidents by Mode (Updated January 2010)

2

- 4 Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode (Updated January 2010)

2

- 5 Highway

- Rail Grade

- Crossing Safety and Property Damage Data (Updated July 2010)

2-6 Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data (Updated January 2010)

2

- 7 Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities (Updated April 2011)

# 2

- 8 Reporting Thresholds for Property Damage by U.S. Department of Transportation Modal (Updated December 2007)

SECTION B. AIR

2-9 U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data (Updated July 2010)

2- 10 U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data (Updated July 2010)

2- 11 U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation (Updated April 2011)

2

- 12 U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation (Updated April 2011)

2

- 13 U.S. On

- Demand Air Taxi Safety Data (Updated October 2010 )

2

- 14 U.S. General Aviation Safety Data (Updated October 2010 )

2

- 15 Number of Pilot

- Reported Near Midair Collisions (NMAC) by Degree of Hazard (Updated September 2009)

2

- 16 Prohibited Items Intercepted at Airport Screening Checkpoints (Updated April 2010)

SECTION C. HIGHWAY

2

- 17 Motor Vehicle Safety Data (Updated April 2010)

2

- 18 Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle

- Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System (Updated July 2010)

2- 19 Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities (Updated April 2011)

2

- 20 Occupant and Non

- Motorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and Alcohol Involvement (Updated April 2010)

2

- 21 Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data (Updated October 2010 )

2

- 22 Motorcycle Rider Safety Data (Updated April 2010)

2- 23 Truck Occupant Safety Data (Updated October 2010 )

2

- 24 Bus Occupant Safety Data (Updated October 2010 )

2

- 25 State Laws on Distracted Driving (Updated April 2011)

2- 26 Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in Highway Crashes (Updated April 2011)

2

- 27 Number of States with Different Types of Anti

- DUI/DWI Legislation in Effect as of January 1 of the Listed Year (Updated October 2007)

2

- 28 Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions (Updated September 2009)

2

- 29 Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit (Updated September 2009)

2

- 30 Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use (Updated October 2010)

2

- 31 Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints (Updated October 2010)

SECTION D. TRANSIT

2

- 32 Transit Safety and Property Damage Data (Updated July 2010)

2

- 33 Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents (Updated October 2010)

2

- 34 Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents (Updated October 2010)

2

- 35 Transit and Grade

- Crossing Fatalities by Rail Transit Mode (Updated October 2010)

2

- 36 Transit and Grade

- Crossing Injuries by Rail Transit Mode (Updated October 2010)

2

- 37 Transit and Grade

- Crossing Fatalities by Rail Transit Mode (Updated October 2010)

# 2

- 38 Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode (Updated January 2010)

SECTION E. RAILROAD

2

- 39 Railroad and Grade

- Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class (Updated July 2010)

2

- 40 Railroad and Grade

- Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class (Updated July 2010)

2

- 41 Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident (Updated July 2010)

2

- 42 Railroad Passenger Safety Data (Updated October 2010)

2

- 43 Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data (Updated October 2010)

2

- 44 Fatalities and Injuries of On

- Duty Railroad Employees (Updated July 2010)

SECTION F. WATER

2

- 45 Waterborne Transportation Safety and Property Damage Data Related to Vessel Casualties (Updated April 2010)

2

- 46 Waterborne Transportation Safety Data not Related to Vessel Casualties (Updated April 2010)

2

- 47 Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and P roperty Damage Data (Updated April 2011)

2

- 48 Personal Watercraft Safety Data (Updated January 2010)

2

- 49 U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Year (Updated October 2010)

SECTION G. PIPELINE

2

- 50 Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety (Updated April 2011)

Chapter 3. Transportation and the Economy

SECTION A. TRANSPORTATION AND THE TOTAL ECONOMY

3

- 1 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For

- Hire Transportation Services (Updated March 2009)

3

- 2 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For

- Hire Transportation Services

2005 chained dollars (Updated April 2010)

3

- 3 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation

- Related Final

Demand (Updated December 2008)

3

- 4 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation

- Related Final

Demand

- 2005 chained dollars (Updated April 2010)

3

- 5 U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation

- Related Final

Demand (Updated Apr il 2011)

3

- 6 U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation

- Related Final

Demand

- 2005 chained dollars (Updated April 2011)

3

- 7 Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Updated April 2011)

3

- 8 Contributions to Gr oss Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries

- 2005 chained

dollars (Updated April 2010)

3

- 9 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Major Social Function (Updated April 2011)

3

- 10 National Transportation and Economic Trends (Updated April 2010)

# SECTION B. TRANSPORTATION AND CONSUMER EXPENDITURES

3- 11 Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End

- Users (Updated January 2010)

3- 12 Price Trends of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and Services (Updated October 2007)

3- 13 Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services and Warehousing Services (NAICS) (Updated July 2010)

3

- 14 Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment, NAICS Basis ( (Updated April 2011)

3- 15 Personal Expenditures by Category (Updated April 2011)

3

- 16 Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory (Updated March 2009)

3

- 17 Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile (Updated April 2011)

3

- 18 Average Passenger Fares (Current $) (Updated April 2011)

3

- 19 Average Passenger Fares (Chained 2000 $) (Updated July 2010)

SECTION C. TRANSPORTATION REVENUES, EMPLOYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY

3

- 20 Average Passenger Revenue per Passenger

- Mile (Updated July 2010)

3

- 21 Average Freight Revenue per Ton

- Mile (Updated October 2010 )

3

- 22 Total Operating Revenues (Updated April 2008)

3- 23 Employment in For

- Hire Transportation and Selected Transportation

- Related Industries (NAICS) (Updated January 2010)

3- 24 Employment in Transportation and Transportation

- Related Occupations (Updated

October 2010 )

3- 25 Average Wage and Salary Accruals per Full

- Time Equivalent Employee by Transportation Industry (NAICS) (Updated July 2010)

3- 26 Median Weekly Earnings of Full

- Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation by Detailed Occupation (1998 Standard Occupational Classification [SOC] basis) (Updated July 2010)

3

- 27 Total Wage and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (NAICS) (Upd ated

October 2010 )

3

- 28 Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (NAICS) (Updated July 2010)

SECTION D. GOVERNMENT FINANCE

3

- 29 Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation

- Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3

- 30 Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation

- Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $) (Updated April 2010)

3

- 31 Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User (Updated April 2010)

3- 32 Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Current $
millions) (Updated December 2008)

3

- 33 Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) (Updated December 2008)

3

- 34 Cash Balances of the Transportation

- Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year (Updated December 2007)

# 3

- 35 Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government From Own Funds, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3

- 36 Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government From Own Funds, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3

- 37 Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

3

- 38 Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) (Updated April 2010)

Chapter 4. Transportation, Energy, and the Environment

SECTION A. U.S. AND TRANSPORTATION SECTION ENERGY CONSUMPTION

4-1 Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption (Updated October 2010 )

4

- 2 U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector (Updated October

2010 )

4-3 Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Updated July 2010)

SECTION B. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE

4

- 4 U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector (Updated October 2010 )

4

- 5 Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated July 2010)

4

- 6 Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated April 2010)

4

- 7 Domestic Demand for Gasoline by Mode (Updated October 2010 )

4

- 8 Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 9 Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2010)

4

- 10 Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles (Updated October 2010 )

4

- 11 Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 12 Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 13 Single

- Unit 2

- Axle 6

- Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated

October 2010 )

4- 14 Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 15 Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 16 Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2010)

4

- 17 Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 18 Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2011)

4

- 19 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Updated September 2009)

SECTION C. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY INTENSITY AND FUEL EFFICIENCY

4

- 20 Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Updated April 2010)

4

- 21 Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services (Updated January 2010)

4- 22 Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles (Updated April 2010)

# 4

- 23 Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Updated October

2010 )

4

- 24 Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses (Updated October 2010 )

4

- 25 Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service (Updated July 2010)

4

- 26 Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (Updated April 2008)

4

- 27 Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (Loss

- adjusted conversion factors) (Updated April 2010)

4

- 28 Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion (Updated April 2010)

4- 29 Annual Wasted Fuel per Person (Updated April 2011)

SECTION D. AIR POLLUTION

4

- 30 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline

and Diesel

- Powered Light

- Duty Vehicles (Updated April 2011)

4- 31 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline
and Diesel

- Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT1) (Grams per mile)

4

- 32 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline

and Diesel

- Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT2) (Grams per mile)

4

- 33 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline

and Diesel

- Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT3) (Grams per mile)

4

- 34 Federal Exh aust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline

and Diesel

- Powered Light Duty Trucks (Category LDT4) (Grams per mile)

4

- 35 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline

and Diesel

- Powered Medium

- Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV)

4- 36 Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured

Gasoline
- and Diesel

- Powered Light Heavy

- Duty Trucks (Grams per brake
horsepower

- hour)

4

- 37 Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standa rds for Newly Manufactured

Gasoline
- and Diesel

- Powered Heavy Heavy

- Duty Trucks (Grams per brake horsepower

- hour)

4

- 38 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Motorcycles

4- 39 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured and In

- Use Aircraft Engines

4

- 40 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Locomotives

4

- 41 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Marine Spark

Ignition Outboard, Personal Watercraft, and Jet

- Boat Engines

4- 42 Tier 2 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Commercial Marine Compression

- Ignition Engines (Updated January 2010)

4

- 43 Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type Using Gasoline and Diesel (Updated July 2010)

4- 44 Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline and Diesel (Updated January 2010)

4

- 45 Estimated National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide (Updated April 2010)

4

- 46 Estimated National Emissions of Ni trogen Oxides (Updated April 2011)

4

- 47 Estimated National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (Updated April 2011)

4

- 48 Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM

- 10) (Updated April 2011)

4

- 49 Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM

- 2.5) (Updated April 2011)

4

- 50 Estimated National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (Updated April 2011)

4- 51 Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (Updated April 2011)

# 4

- 52 Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants (Updated April 2007)

4

- 53 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector (Updated July 2010)

SECTION E. WATER POLLUTION, NOISE, AND SOLID WASTE

4

- 54 Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting Navigable U.S. Waters (Updated October 2007)

4

- 55 Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups (Updated April 2010)

4

- 56 Highway Noise Barrier Construction (Updated April 2011)

4

- 57 Number of People Residing in High Noise Areas around U.S. Airports (Updated July 2010)

4

- 58 Motor Vehicles Scrapped (Updated April 2011)

Appendix A. Metric Conversion Tables

1

- 1M System Kilometers Within the United States (Updated April 2010)

1

- 4M Kilometers of Public Roads and Streets in the United States by Type of Surface (Updated April 2010)

1

- 6M Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane

- Kilometers by Functional System (Updated April 2011)

1

- 3 6 M Roadway Vehicle

- Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane

- Kil ometers by Functional Class (Updated April 2011)

1

- 3 8 M Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Updated April 2010)

1

- 40 M U.S. Passenger

- Kilometers (Updated April 2010)

1

- 49 M U.S. Tonne

- Kilometers of Freight (Updated April 2010)

1- 50 M U.S. Tonne

- Kilometers of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Updated April 2010)

1

- 56 M U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updated September 2009)

1- 61 M Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode (Updated April 2011)

4

- 3M Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Updated July 2010)

4- 5M Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated July 2010)

4- 6M Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Updated April 2010)

4- 7M Domestic Demand for Gasoline by Mode (Updated October 2010 )

4- 8M Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 9M Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2008)

4

- 11M Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 12M Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 13M Single

- Unit 2

- Axle 6

- Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated

October 2010 )

4

- 14M Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 15M Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 16M Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2010)

4

- 17M Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated July 2010)

4

- 18M Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel (Updated April 2011)

4

- 19M U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Updated September 2009)

4

- 20M Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Updated April 2010)

# 4

- 21M Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services (Updated January 2010)

4

- 22M Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles (Updated April 2010)

4- 23M Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Updated October

2010 )

4- 24M Energy Intensiveness of Transit Motor Buses (Updated October 2010 )

4

- 25M Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service (Updated April 2008)

Appendix B. Glossary

Appendix C. List of Acronyms and Initialisms

Appendix D. Modal Profiles

Air Carrier Profile (Updated April 2008)

General Aviation Profile (Updated July 2010)

Highway Profile (Updated September 2009)

Automobile Profile (Updated September 2009)

Truck Profile (Updated January 2010)

Bus Profile (Updated October 2010 )

Transit Profile (Updated October 2010 )

Rail Profile (Updated April 2011)

Water Transport Profile (Updated December 2007)

Oil Pipeline Profile (Updated October 2010 )

Natural Gas Pipeline Profile (Updated April 2010)

Appendix E. Data Source and Accuracy Statements(R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL U.S. resident populationa(thousands)227,225 237,924 249,464 262,803 265,229 267,784 270,248 272,691 282,172 285,082 287,804 290,326 293,046 295,753 298,593 301,580 304,375 307,007Population by Age (thousands)Under 1863,683 62,624 64,177 68,555 69,109 69,603 69,903 70,199 72,385 72,736 73,049 73,258 73,493 73,749 74,010 74,340 74,430 74,54818-24 years30,103 28,902 26,835 25,112 24,843 24,980 25,476 26,011 27,317 28,001 28,489 28,912 29,286 29,405 29,541 29,734 30,090 30,41225-3437,429 41,697 43,148 40,730 40,246 39,559 38,743 37,936 39,826 39,584 39,546 39,523 39,632 39,713 39,944 40,371 40,958 41,56635-4425,805 31,691 37,777 42,555 43,365 44,014 44,498 44,813 45,169 45,065 44,664 44,187 43,839 43,544 43,279 42,851 42,241 41,53045-5422,743 22,459 25,194 31,100 32,358 33,625 34,575 35,802 37,989 39,343 39,917 40,717 41,501 42,342 43,104 43,749 44,234 44,59255-6421,754 22,135 21,093 21,132 21,353 21,816 22,666 23,389 24,413 25,031 26,568 27,806 29,033 30,296 31,510 32,668 33,623 34,78765 and over25,707 28,416 31,241 33,619 33,957 34,185 34,385 34,540 35,074 35,320 35,571 35,923 36,263 36,704 37,206 37,867 38,800 39,571Population by Sexa(thousands)Male 110,399 115,730 121,626 128,294 129,504 130,783 132,030 133,277 138,459 139,999 141,414 142,677 144,138 145,561 147,061 148,612 150,074 151,449Female116,826 122,194 127,838 134,510 135,724 137,001 138,218 139,414 143,713 145,083 146,390 147,649 148,908 150,192 151,533 152,968 154,301 155,557Population in Metropolitan areasb,c(thousands)177,000 U 198,000 210,000 212,000 214,000 216,417 218,607 233,791 236,676 239,295 241,702 244,265 246,815 249,394 252,181 254,813 257,355Large (over 1 million)119,000U 139,000 147,000 149,000 151,000 153,143 155,905 149,757 151,843 154,596 156,164 157,802 159,424 159,921 163,742 166,565 168,350Medium (250,000-999,999)41,000U 41,000 44,000 44,000 43,000 43,366 42,680 56,190 57,034 56,643 56,979 58,123 58,780 61,057 60,481 60,034 61,063Small (less than 250,000)17,000U 18,000 19,000 19,000 20,000 19,908 20,022 27,843 27,799 28,055 28,559 28,341 28,611 28,416 27,958 28,214 27,942Population in Micropolitan areasb(thousands)NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 29,189 29,261 29,374 29,488 29,634 29,784 30,010 30,186 30,339 30,450Population in Rural / Urbandareas (thousands)Rural59,495U 61,656UUUUU59,061UUUUUUUUUUrban167,051U 187,053UUUUU222,361UUUUUUUUUPopulation in Regionsa(thousands)Northeast 49,183.0 49,869.0 50,875.6 51,443.9 51,520.3 51,591.3 51,685.7 51,830.0 53,667.5 53,930.0 54,167.7 54,364.5 54,514.3 54,598.2 54,710.0 54,879.4 55,060.2 55,283.7South75,721.0 81,409.0 85,731.7 91,777.7 92,947.2 94,176.8 95,348.8 96,468.5 100,559.9 101,868.6 103,185.0 104,431.6 105,874.0 107,411.0 108,930.8 110,573.4 112,021.0 113,317.9Midwest58,901.2 58,820.0 59,765.4 61,991.9 62,371.5 62,675.5 62,950.5 63,242.3 64,494.0 64,815.4 65,074.7 65,319.0 65,587.7 65,806.4 66,082.1 66,359.2 66,595.6 66,836.9West43,419.4 47,827.0 53,091.6 57,589.7 58,389.6 59,340.0 60,263.0 61,150.1 63,450.6 64,467.5 65,376.4 66,211.3 67,069.7 67,937.5 68,870.3 69,767.9 70,698.0 71,568.1Number of Immigrants admittede524,295 568,149 1,535,872 720,177 915,560 797,847 653,206 644,787 841,002 1,058,902 1,059,356 703,542 957,883 1,122,257 1,266,129 1,052,415 1,107,126 1,130,818Total areaf(square miles)3,618,770 U 3,717,796UUUUU3,794,083UUUUUUUUUGross domestic product(chained $ 2005 billions)g5,839.0 6,849.3 8,033.9 9,093.7 9,433.9 9,854.3 10,283.5 10,779.9 11,226.0 11,347.1 11,553.0 11,840.6 12,263.8 12,638.4 12,976.2 13,254.1 13,312.1 12,987.4Government, totalUUUUUU1,461.8 1,479.4 1,507.1 1,519.8 1,549.3 1,564.8 1,576.3 1,585.9 1,593.2 1,614.1 1,647.1 1,677.6Private industry, totalUUUUUU8,885.9 9,354.9 9,785.6 9,911.3 10,079.1 10,315.7 10,713.8 11,052.5 11,385.5 11,633.4 11,619.6 11,313.9Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and huntingUUUUUU88.8 92.8 103.7 100.2 104.3 115.2 122.7 127.1 128.1 120.8 132.3 138.4MiningUUUUUU285.9 264.8 232.5 262.7 265.9 231.3 229.3 192.0 207.6 198.3 199.0 206.3UtilitiesUUUUUU195.6 215.5 222.9 193.2 200.4 207.6 215.8 205.7 207.1 214.3 221.2 228.1ConstructionUUUUUU601.6 634.4 655.0 640.2 617.9 619.4 619.9 611.7 593.8 570.9 551.8 497.2ManufacturingUUUUUU1245.8 1312.7 1396.5 1332.1 1365.3 1404.8 1517.9 1568.0 1636.6 1709.8 1647.4 1550.6Wholesale tradeUUUUUU537.9 566.3 606.0 636.4 642.4 681.2 717.8 725.3 747.5 766.5 761.9 754.2Retail tradeUUUUUU703.0 723.3 751.4 774.9 800.4 818.5 818.8 838.8 854.2 867.7 822.6 785.7Transportation and warehousingUUUUUU288.2 298.3 318.2 306.8 302.6 317.9 346.8 369.7 386.1 397.7 388.0 377.1InformationUUUUUU363.3 412.6 396.9 426.4 473.7 485.8 549.5 592.6 598.3 633.9 642.6 653.0Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasingUUUUUU1991.5 2122.1 2261.9 2399.4 2394.4 2429.9 2465.5 2606.5 2716.2 2775.5 2821.1 2752.0Professional and business servicesUUUUUU1158.4 1209.7 1269.8 1300.8 1310.5 1346.9 1393.1 1461.8 1511.0 1551.3 1574.6 1526.9Educational services, health care, and social assistanceUUUUUU784.5 805.4 824.2 845.0 880.4 909.4 937.3 953.4 985.2 1005.3 1037.5 1051.7Arts, entertainment, recreation, accomodation, and food servicesUUUUUU400.8 425.5 442.8 436.0 444.0 454.1 472.5 481.6 496.1 503.1 496.5 481.3Other services, except governmentUUUUUU338.4 341.3 346.6 310.4 320.1 314.9 317.3 318.5 318.8 325.9 325.0 310.3Total civilian labor force (thousands)106,940 115,461 125,840 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 142,583 143,734 144,863 146,510 147,401 149,320 151,428 153,124 154,287 154,142Participation rate of men (percent)77.4 76.3 76.4 75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3 73.3 73.5 73.2 73.0 72.0Participation rate of women (percent)51.5 54.5 57.5 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0 59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.3 59.5 59.2Number of households (thousands)80,776 86,789 93,347 98,990 99,627 101,018 102,528 103,874 104,705 108,209 109,297 111,278 112,000 113,343 114,384 116,011 116,783 117,181Average size of households2.76 2.69 2.63 2.65 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.62 2.58 2.58 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.56 2.56 2.57Median household incomeh(constant $ 2005)39,949 40,865 43,357 43,343 43,974 44,879 46,510 47,681 47,602 46,564 46,021 45,980 45,820 46,326 46,671 47,297 45,610 45,305Mean household incomeh(constant $ 2005)47,512 50,291 54,159 57,159 58,384 60,265 62,023 64,132 64,771 64,186 62,779 62,697 62,493 63,344 64,457 63,657 62,040 61,869Average household expendituresh(constant$2005)U 40,643 41,095 41,039 41,874 42,228 42,503 43,345 43,130 43,576 44,141 43,326 44,850 46,409 46,862 46,736 45,776 44,659fThe Census Bureau calculates square mileage comprising land and water area for the decennial census years. Data for 1980 comprises land and inland water. Datafor 1990 comprises land, Great Lakes, inland water, and coastal water. Data for 2000 comprises land, Great Lakes, inland water, territorial water, and coastal water.gSums of chained-dollar estimates for individual industries do not add to national totals because the chain-type indices used to derive them are based on weights ofmore than one period.hConverted to constant 2005 dollars bythe Bureau of Transportation Statistics usingthe CPI-U-RSprice index.cNumbers prior to 1999 are estimated to the nearest million.Table A: Social and Economic Characteristics of the United StatesKEY:NA = not applicable; R = revised; U = data are not available.aEstimates are as of July1 for eachyear. The numbers for each sub-categoryin eachyear maynot add upto the totalpopulation due to rounding.bNew metropolitan area definitions were published by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 2003. These definitions were applied to population data by theCensus Bureau beginning with the data from the 2000 Census. A new term, core based statistical areas (CBSAs), collectively refers to metropolitan and micropolitanstatistical areas. A metropolitan statistical area is defined as having at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants. A micropolitan statistical area isdefined as having at least one urban cluster of more than 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhabitants.dAs of April 1 ofyear indicated. The Census Bureau onlytabulates urban / rural numbers for the decennial censusyears.eFiscalyear endingSeptember 30.Gross domestic product:1980-97: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Economic Accounts, National Income and Product Accounts Table, table 1.1.6,available at http://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm as of Aug. 30, 2010.U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Consumer Expenditure Survey,Average Annual Expenditures, All Consumer Units, available athttp://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm as of Oct. 29, 2010.Average household expenditures:U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Current Population Survey, Table HH-6, Average Populaton Per Household and Family: 1940 to Present,available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html#ht as of Aug. 27, 2010.Participation rates:U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Current Population Survey,Historical Income Tables,table H-6. Regions--All Races by Median and MeanIncome: 1975 to 2009,available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/index.html as of Oct. 30, 2010.Mean and Median household income:U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division,Population Estimates, available at http://www.census.gov/popest/estbygeo.html as of Aug. 27, 2010.Rural / urban:1998-2009: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts, Gross-Domestic-Product-by-Industry Accounts, Real ValueAdded by Industry, available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/index.htm as of Aug. 30, 2010.Civilian labor force:1980-90: Ibid.,Statistical Abstract of the United States 2000(Washington, DC: 2001), table 37.2000-06: Ibid.,Statistical Abstract of the United States 2008(Washington, DC: 2008), table 29.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Statistical Abstract of the United States 2002(Washington, DC:2003), table 1.Immigrants:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,Yearbook of Immigration Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1,available at http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/ as of Dec. 29, 2009.Total area:SOURCESU.S. resident population, age, sex, region, metropolitan areas, micropolitan areas:U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Current Population Survey,Table 2, Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population 16 yearsand Over by Sex, 1971 to Date, available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat2.pdf as of Aug. 27, 2010.Number of households and average size of households:U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Current Population Survey, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, available athttp://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat1.pdf as of Aug. 27, 2010.

# Chapter 1

The Transportation System

Section A Physical Extent1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Highwaya3,545,693 3,689,666 3,730,082 3,838,146 3,859,837 3,863,912 3,866,926 3,883,920 3,901,081 3,905,211 3,906,595 3,912,226 3,919,652 3,945,872 3,906,290 3,917,243 3,936,222 3,948,335 3,966,485 3,974,107 3,981,512 3,995,635 4,016,741 4,032,126 4,042,778UClass I railb,c207,334 199,798 196,479 191,520 164,822 145,764 119,758 116,626 113,056 110,425 109,332 108,264 105,779 102,128 100,570 99,430 99,250 97,817 100,125 99,126 97,662 95,664 94,801 94,313 94,082 93,921AmtrakcNNNN24,000 24,000 24,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 24,000 25,000 25,000 22,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 22,675 22,256 22,007 21,708 21,708 21,178 21,178TransitdCommuter railcNNNNN3,574 4,132 4,038 4,013 4,090 4,090 4,160 3,682 4,417 5,172 5,191 5,209 5,209 6,831 6,809 6,875 7,118 6,972 7,1357,261 7,561Heavy railNNNNN1,293 1,351 1,369 1,403 1,452 1,455 1,458 1,478 1,527 1,527 1,540 1,558 1,572 1,572 1,597 1,596 1,622 1,623 1,623 1,623 1,623Light railN N N N N 384 483 551 558 537 562 568 638 659 676 802 834 897 960 9961,187 1,188 1,280 1,3411,397 1,477Navigable channelse25,000 25,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 25,320 25,320 25,320Oil pipelinef,g190,944 210,867 218,671 225,889 218,393 213,605 208,752 203,828 196,545 193,980 190,350 181,912 177,535 179,873 178,648 177,463 176,996 158,248 160,990 159,889 (R) 163,469 (R) 162,919 (R) 162,887 (R) 166,256 (R) 169,586 172,048Gas pipelineh630,950 767,520 913,267 979,263 1,051,774 1,110,785 1,270,374 1,217,451 1,216,081 1,277,069 1,335,530 1,331,676 1,314,663 1,331,775 1,372,644 1,364,336 1,377,320 1,413,555 1,462,579 1,432,144 1,484,813 (R) 1,484,374 (R) 1,503,791 (R) 1,523,411 (R) 1,532,713 1,539,9111985-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Nov. 16, 2009.Navigable channels:1960-96: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ohio River Division, Huntington District,Ohio River Navigation System Report, 1996, Commerce on theOhio River and its Tributaries(FortBelvoir, VA: 1996), page 2.1997-99: Ibid.,Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center Databases, personal communication, Aug. 3, 2001.2000-04: Ibid., personal communication, Apr. 21, 2006.1996-2009: Ibid.,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 23 and similar tables in earlier edition, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Dec.21, 2010.1985-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as ofNov. 30, 2010.2004-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as ofNov. 30, 2010.2005-06: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, Dec. 12, 2006.1960-80: American Gas Association,Gas Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5-1 and similar tables in earlier editions, personal communication, May 07, 2009.Oil pipeline:1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), page 58.2001-03: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as ofMay 22, 2009.Gas pipeline:2007-08: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, May 13, 2009 and Dec. 15, 2009.Class I rail:1960-2009: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 3, and similar tables in earlier editions.Amtrak:1980: Amtrak,Corporate Planning and Development, personal communication (Washington, DC).Highway:1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-212.1996-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, table HM-20, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Dec. 21, 2010.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.eThese are estimated sums of all domestic waterways which include rivers, bays, channels, and the inner route of the Southeast Alaskan Islands, but does not include the Great Lakes ordeep ocean traffic. The Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center monitored 12,612 miles as commercially significant inland shallow-draft waterways in 2001. Beginning in 2007, waterwaysconnecting lakes and the St. Lawrence seaway inside the U.S. are included.aAll public road and street mileage in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For years prior to 1980, some miles of nonpublic roadways are included. No consistent data on private roadmileage are available. Beginning in 1998, approximately 43,000 miles of Bureau of Land Management Roads are excluded.bData represent miles of road owned (aggregate length of road, excluding yard tracks, sidings, and parallel lines).cPortions ofClass I freight railroads,Amtrak, andCommuter railnetworks share common trackage.Amtrakdata represent miles of road operated.Table 1-1: System Mileage Within the United States (Statute miles)Transit:1985-2001: Amtrak, Corporate Planning and Development,Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-09: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77, and similar tables in earlier editions.dTransitsystem length is measured in directional route-miles. Directional route-miles are the distance in each direction over which public transportation vehicles travel while in revenueservice. Directional route-miles are computed with regard to direction of service, but without regard to the number of traffic lanes or rail tracks existing in the right-of-way. Beginning in 2002,directional route-mileage data for theCommuterandLight railmodes include purchased transportation. 2005 and later years directional route-mileage data for theHeavy railmode includepurchased transportation.SOURCESfThe large drop in mileage between 2000 and 2001 is due to a change in the source of the data. CO2 or other is excluded for 2004 to 2008.gIncludes trunk and gathering lines for crude-oil pipeline.hExcludes service pipelines. Data not adjusted to common diameter equivalent. Mileage as of the end of each year. Data includes gathering, transmission, and distribution mains. Prior to1985 data also include field lines. See table 1-10 for a more detailed breakout ofOil and Gas pipelinemileage. Length data reported inGas Factsprior to 1985 was taken from theAmerican Gas Association's member survey, the Uniform Statistical Report, supplemented with estimates for companies that did not participate.Gas Factslength data is now based oninformation reported to the U.S. Department of Transportation on Form 7100. Since data for 1985 and later years are obtained from the Pipeline and Hazardous Material SafetyAdministration, data for these years are not comparable with prior years or with numbers published in the previous NTS reports.Table 1-2: Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Vessel Operators, and Pipeline Operators1960196519701975198019851990199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Air carriersaNN39366310270969696969491878380838298Major air carriersNNNNN1314111213131315151514141721Other air carriersNNNNN8956858483838176726866696577Railroads607568517477480500530541553550559555560571552549556560559Class I railroads10676717339251411109998877777Other railroads501492446404441475516530543541550546552563545542549553552Interstate motor carriersbUUUUUU216,000346,000379,000417,000477,486517,297560,393592,909600,104674,314677,317679,744UMarine vessel operatorscUUUUUUU1,3811,3481,3111,2351,1741,1141,063877798767733682Pipeline operatorsdNN1,1231,6822,243(R) 2,163(R) 2,198(R) 2,367(R) 2,327(R) 2,281(R) 2,236(R) 2,238(R) 2,157(R) 2,135(R) 2,186(R) 2,2162,2402,1662,297Hazardous liquidNNNNN(R) 171(R) 171(R) 197(R) 205(R) 216(R) 219(R) 215(R) 220(R) 220(R) 218(R) 235(R) 278(R) 302324Natural gas transmissionNN420432474724866975971957889885844(R) 837(R) 919(R) 947(R) 941(R) 968992Natural gas distributioneNN9381,5001,9321,4851,3821,4441,3971,3651,3751,3931,3631,3411,331(R) 1,311(R) 1,344(R) 1,3521,325KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.aCarrier groups are categorized based on their annual operating revenues as major, national, large regional, and medium regional. The thresholds were last adjusted July1, 1999, and the threshold for major air carriers is currently $1 billion. The other air carrier category contains all national, large regional, and medium regional air carriers.Beginning in 2003, regional air carriers are not required to report financial data which may result in under reporting of "Other carriers" in this table.bFigures are for the fiscal year, October through September. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration deletes motor carriers from the Motor Carrier ManagementInformation System (MCMIS) when they receive an official notice of a change in status. This most often occurs when a safety audit or compliance review is attempted. As aresult, inactive carriers may be included in the MCMIS.cThe printed source materials do not contain totals for the number of operators and data files from which the figures can be determined are not available prior to 1993.dThere is some overlap among the operators for the pipeline modes. Therefore the total number of pipeline operators is lower than the sum for the three pipeline modes.eIn 1975 and 1980, natural gas distribution includes master meter and mobile home park natural gas distribution operators. A master meter system is a pipeline system fordistributing gas within, but not limited to, a definable area, such as a mobile home park, housing project, or apartment complex, where the operator purchases metered gasfrom an outside source for resale through a gas distribution pipeline system. The gas distribution pipeline system supplies theultimate consumer who either purchases thegas directly through a meter or by other means, such as by rents.SOURCESAir carriers:1960-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly(Washington, DC:Fourth quarter issues), "Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by Carrier Group ...".2003: Ibid., personal communication, Oct. 5, 2004.2004-06: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly(Washington, DC:Fourth quarter issues), "Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by Carrier Group ".Railroads:1960-85: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Ten-Year Trends, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC), table I-2.1990-98: Ibid., Vol. 16 (Washington, DC: 1999), p. 10.1999-2006: Ibid.,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual issues), p. 3.Interstate motor carriers:1990-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration,Motor Carrier Management Information System, and personal communication,Nov. 6, 2001.2002-05: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Analysis and Information Online, available at http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/mcspa.asp asof June 4, 2004, and personal communication, January 2007.Marine vessel operators:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, Volume 1, National Summaries(New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), table 13.Pipeline Operators:U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Pipeline Safety,Gas Distribution Systems,Gas Transmission & Gathering Systems and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline SystemsAnnual Reporting, andpersonal communication, as of September 2008.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL airportsb15,161 16,319 17,490 17,581 17,846 18,317 18,343 18,224 18,292 18,345 18,770 19,098 19,281 19,356 19,572 19,581 19,820 19,854 19,983 20,341 19,930 19,750Public use, total4,814 5,858 5,589 5,551 5,545 5,538 5,474 5,415 5,389 5,357 5,352 5,324 5,317 5,294 5,286 5,286 5,288 5,270 5,233 5,221 5,202 5,178Lighted runways, percent 66.2 68.1 71.4 71.9 72.3 72.8 73.5 74.3 74.5 74.6 74.8 76.1 75.9 76.2 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.8 77.2 U U UPaved runways, percent 72.3 66.7 70.7 71.5 71.6 72.2 72.9 73.3 73.7 74.0 74.2 74.2 74.3 74.6 74.5 74.5 74.5 74.8 75.3 U U UPrivate use, total10,347 10,461 11,901 12,030 12,301 12,779 12,869 12,809 12,903 12,988 13,418 13,774 13,964 14,062 14,286 14,295 14,532 14,584 14,757 14,839 14,451 14,298Lighted runways, percent 15.2 9.1 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.7 7.2 8.0 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.5 U U UPaved runways, percent 13.3 17.4 31.5 32.0 32.2 32.7 33.0 33.0 32.9 33.0 33.2 31.8 32.0 32.4 32.4 32.7 32.8 33.2 33.3 U U UMilitaryUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU281 277 274TOTAL civil airports15,161 16,319 17,490 17,581 17,846 18,317 18,343 18,224 18,292 18,345 18,770 19,098 19,281 19,356 19,572 19,581 19,820 19,854 19,983 20,341 19,930 19,750Certificatedc, total730 700 680 669 664 670 672 667 671 660 660 655 651 635 633 628 599 575 604 565 (R) 560 559CivilU U U U U U 577 572 577 566 566 565 563 560 558 555 542 U U U U UMilitaryU U U U U U 95 95 94 94 94 90 88 75 75 73 57 U U U U UGeneral aviation, total 14,431 15,619 16,810 16,912 17,182 17,647 17,671 17,557 17,621 17,685 18,110 18,443 18,630 18,721 18,939 18,953 19,221 19,279 19,379 (R) 19,776 (R) 19,370 19,191Table 1-3: Number of U.S. AirportsaSOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,Administrator's Fact Book(Washington, DC), available athttp://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aba/admin_factbook/ as of Apr. 28, 2010.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aIncludes civil and joint-use civil-military airports, heliports, STOL (short takeoff and landing) ports, and seaplane bases inthe United States and its territories. Sole-usemilitary airports are included beginning in 2007.cCertificated airports serve air-carrier operations with aircraft seating more than 9 passengers. As of 2005, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) no longer certificatesmilitary airports.bTotal airports in 2006 does not sum from Public and Private based on the source data.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006TOTAL paved and unpaved 3,546 3,690 3,730 3,838 3,860 3,864 3,867 3,884 3,901 3,905 3,907 3,912 3,934 3,958 3,949 3,930 3,950 3,962 3,981 3,988 3,995 4,010 4,031Pavedb, total1,230 1,455 1,658 1,855 2,073 2,114 2,255 2,280 2,303 2,278 2,342 2,378 2,381 2,410 2,420 2,451 2,504 2,523 2,578 2,612 2,578 2,601 2,630Low and intermediate type 672 758 897 967 1,041 1,015 1,025 1,030 1,026 1,010 1,043 1,062 1,066dNdNdNdNdNdNdNdNdNdNHigh-type558 696 762 888 1,032 1,099 1,230 1,250 1,277 1,268 1,299 1,316 1,314dNdNdNdNdNdNdNdNdNdNUnpavedc,total2,315 2,235 2,072 1,983 1,787 1,750 1,612 1,604 1,598 1,628 1,564 1,534 1,554 1,548 1,529 1,479 1,446 1,439 1,403 1,376 1,418 1,409 1,402NOTESSOURCESKEY:N = data do not exist.bPaved mileage includes the following categories: low type (an earth, gravel, or stone roadway that has a bituminous surface course less than 1" thick); intermediate type (a mixedbituminous or bituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of less than 7");high-type flexible (a mixed bituminous or bituminouspenetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type composite (a mixedbituminous or bituminous penetration roadway ofmore than 1" compacted material on a rigid base with a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type rigid (Portland cement concrete roadway with or without abituminous wearing surface of less than 1").a1960-95 data include the 50 states and the District of Columbia; 1996-2007 data include the 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.Table 1-4: Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surfacea(Thousands of miles)1996-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.dData no longer available for paved minor collectors and local public roads.A public road is any road under the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public authority (federal, state, county, town or township, local government or instrumentality thereof) and opento public travel. No consistent data on private road mileage are available (although prior to 1980 some nonpublic roadway mileage are included). Most data are provided by the statesto the US DOT Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Some years contain FHWA estimates for some states.cUnpaved mileage includes the following categories: unimproved roadways using the natural surface and maintained to permit passability; graded and drained roadways of naturalearth aligned and graded to permit reasonably convenient use by motor vehicles, and that have adequate drainage to prevent serious impairment of the road by normal surfacewater–surface may be stabilized; and soil, gravel, or stone roadways drained and graded with a surface of mixed soil, gravel, crushed stone, slag, shell, etc.–surface may bestabilized. The percentage of unpaved roads that are nonsurfaced dropped from approximately42% in the 1960s to about 37% in the first half of the 1970s, to about 32% in 1980 andhas held at about 22% since 1985.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995(Washington, DC), table HM-212, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997b19981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006TOTAL urban and rural mileage 3,866,926 3,883,920 3,901,081 3,905,211 3,906,595 3,912,226 3,919,652 3,945,872 3,906,290 3,917,243 3,936,222 3,948,335 3,966,485 3,974,107 3,981,512 3,995,635 4,016,741Urban mileage, total744,644 749,862 785,066 805,877 813,785 819,706 826,765 836,740 841,642 846,085 852,243 877,004 894,724 940,969 981,276 1,009,839 1,029,366Principal arterials, Interstates11,527 11,602 12,516 12,877 13,126 13,164 13,217 13,247 13,312 13,343 13,379 13,40613,491 14,460 15,129 15,703 16,044Principal arterials, other freeways,and expressways7,668 7,709 8,491 8,841 8,994 8,970 9,027 9,063 9,127 9,132 9,140 9,126 9,323 9,870 10,246 10,560 10,748Principal arterials, other51,968 52,515 51,900 52,708 53,110 52,796 52,983 53,223 53,132 53,199 53,314 53,05653,439 56,870 59,695 61,803 62,830Minor arterials74,659 74,795 80,815 86,821 87,857 88,510 89,020 89,185 89,496 89,432 89,789 89,962 90,411 93,888 97,433 101,673 102,975Collectors78,254 77,102 82,784 84,854 86,089 87,331 87,790 88,049 88,071 88,005 88,200 88,713 89,247 97,114 102,150 106,109 108,833Local520,568 526,139 548,560 559,776 564,609 568,935 574,728 583,973 588,504 592,974 598,421 622,741 638,813 668,767 696,623 713,991 727,936Rural mileage, total3,122,282 3,134,058 3,116,015 3,099,334 3,092,810 3,092,520 3,092,887 3,109,132 3,064,648 3,071,158 3,083,979 3,071,331 3,071,761 3,033,138 3,000,236 2,985,796 2,987,375Principal arterials, Interstates33,547 33,677 32,951 32,631 32,457 32,580 32,820 32,817 32,813 32,974 33,048 33,061 32,992 32,048 31,443 30,905 30,586Principal arterials, other83,802 86,747 94,947 96,770 97,175 97,948 98,131 98,257 98,852 98,838 98,919 99,185 98,853 97,038 95,946 95,156 94,937Minor arterials144,774 141,795 137,685 137,577 138,120 137,151 137,359 137,497 137,308 137,462 137,575 137,587 137,568 135,596 135,449 135,408 135,386Major collectors436,352 436,746 434,072 432,222 431,115 431,712 432,117 432,714 432,408 432,934 433,121 433,284 430,946 424,288 420,046 419,999 419,117Minor collectors293,922 293,511 284,504 282,182 282,011 274,081 273,198 272,362 272,140 271,676 271,803 271,377 270,700 267,524 267,842 264,387 262,841Local2,129,885 2,141,582 2,131,856 2,117,952 2,111,932 2,119,048 2,119,262 2,135,485 2,091,127 2,097,274 2,109,513 2,096,837 2,100,702 2,076,644 2,049,510 2,039,941 2,044,508Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional Systema1996-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues),table HM-20, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.A public road is any road under the ownership of and maintained by a public authority (federal, state, county, town or township, localgovernment or instrumentality thereof) and open to public travel. No consistent data on private road mileage are available. For moredetailed information, including breakouts of mileage by ownership and type of surface, see the source document.SOURCES1990-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995(Washington, DC),table HM-220, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.aIncludes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. When states did not submit reports, data were estimated by the U.S. Departmentof Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.bBeginning in 1998, approximately 43,000 miles of Bureau of Land Management roads are excluded.NOTES1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997d19981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL lane-miles7,922,174 8,017,994 8,051,081 8,087,793 8,124,090 8,132,196 8,143,014 8,158,253 8,178,654 8,242,437 8,160,858 8,177,983 8,224,245 8,251,847 8,295,171 8,315,121 8,338,821 8,371,718 8,420,589 8,457,353Urban, total1,395,245 1,542,339 1,670,496 1,682,752 1,758,731 1,803,775 1,825,877 1,840,107 1,857,649 1,882,676 1,891,608 1,895,986 1,915,503 1,967,047 2,006,436 2,108,650 2,199,155 2,263,360 2,308,602 2,343,858Interstates48,458 57,295 62,214 62,826 67,266 69,184 70,832 71,377 71,790 72,257 73,006 73,293 73,912 74,463 75,107 79,591 82,926 85,986 87,944 89,270Other arterialsb333,673 371,649 399,376 402,360 418,208 435,386 442,474 445,828 449,480453,623454,060 450,411 456,181 457,567 462,855 484,171 505,328 523,838 532,933 540,189Collectors145,128 162,377 167,770 165,288 176,137 179,653 183,353 185,032 186,923 188,850 187,533 186,334 188,570 189,538 190,843 207,356 217,650 225,548 231,853 233,853Local867,986 951,018 1,041,136 1,052,278 1,097,120 1,119,552 1,129,218 1,137,870 1,149,456 1,167,946 1,177,009 1,185,948 1,196,840 1,245,479 1,277,631 1,337,532 1,393,251 1,427,988 1,455,872 1,480,546Rural, total6,526,929 6,475,655 6,380,585 6,405,041 6,365,359 6,328,421 6,317,137 6,318,146 6,321,0056,359,7616,269,250 6,281,997 6,308,742 6,284,800 6,288,735 6,206,471 6,139,666 6,108,358 6,111,987 6,113,495Interstates130,980 131,907 135,871 136,503 133,467 132,138 131,266 131,916 132,963 133,165 133,231 134,198 134,587 134,638 134,570 130,384 127,889 125,564 124,380 123,512Other arterialsb507,098 510,005 517,342 517,813 526,714 525,906 529,818 530,706 532,856536,989537,993 539,293 540,457 542,337 544,011 534,278 532,045 529,555 525,686 530,476Collectorsc1,431,267 1,466,789 1,467,602 1,467,561 1,441,466 1,434,473 1,432,189 1,417,428 1,416,6621,418,6371,415,774 1,413,953 1,414,667 1,414,155 1,408,752 1,388,515 1,380,712 1,373,348 1,372,906 1,369,500Local4,457,584 4,366,954 4,259,770 4,283,164 4,263,712 4,235,904 4,223,864 4,238,096 4,238,5244,270,9704,182,252 4,194,553 4,219,031 4,193,670 4,201,402 4,153,294 4,099,020 4,079,891 4,089,015 4,090,0071996-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-60, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.In estimating rural and urban lane mileage, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration assumes thatrural minor collectors and urban/rural local roads are twolanes wide.SOURCES1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995(Washington, DC),tableHM-260, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.cIncludes minor and major collectors.dBeginning in 1998, approximately 138,400 lane-miles of Bureau of Land Management roads are excluded.NOTEaIncludes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.bFor urban: the sum of other freeways and expressways, other principal arterials, and minor arterials. For rural: the sum of other principal arterials and minor arterials.Table 1-6: Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional Systema1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Amtrak510 503 491 487 498 504 516 523 524 535 540 530 542 516 508 510 515 512 515 514 517 518 503 497 (R) 527 527Rail transit1,822 1,895 1,920 2,164 2,027 2,143 2,169 2,192 2,240 2,286 2,376 2,382 2,325 2,391 2,524 2,567 2,595 2,621 2,784 2,797 2,909 2,946 2,985 2,997 3,027 3,101Rail transit:Amtrak:SOURCESKEY:R = revised.NOTESTable 1-7: Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal YearU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 20 and 21, and similartables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Nov. 22, 2010.Rail transit is the sum of commuter rail, heavy rail, and light rail. In several large urban areas, Amtrak and commuter rail stations are shared. Starting in 2001,stations serving the Alaska Railroad are included in the rail transit total.Rail transit data for 2002 and later years include both directly operated and purchased transit services. Prior to 2002, data include directly operated servicesonly.1984-98: Amtrak,Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).1999-2009: Amtrak,Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 61 and similar pages in previous editions, available athttp://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1241245669222 as of Nov. 22, 2010.Year NumberADAEquippedPercent NumberADAEquippedPercent NumberADAEquippedPercent NumberADAEquippedPercent NumberADAEquippedPercent1993 3,964 3,146 79.4 3,542 1,911 54.0 46,413 23,338 50.3 1,807 693 38.4 55,726 29,088 52.21994 4,738 3,795 80.1 3,693 2,153 58.3 46,979 24,398 51.9 1,613 719 44.6 57,023 31,065 54.51995 5,372 4,539 84.5 3,879 2,561 66.0 46,355 27,420 59.2 1,716 861 50.2 57,322 35,381 61.71996 5,998 5,269 87.8 4,233 3,081 72.8 45,587 29,073 63.8 1,551 893 57.6 57,369 38,316 66.81997 6,853 6,194 90.4 5,136 4,143 80.7 45,502 29,684 65.2 1,484 911 61.4 58,975 40,932 69.41998 7,147 6,545 91.6 5,929 5,150 86.9 46,188 33,512 72.6 1,566 1,071 68.4 60,830 46,278 76.11999 8,265 7,722 93.4 6,613 5,959 90.1 46,891 36,029 76.8 1,849 1,503 81.3 63,618 51,213 80.52000 8,850 8,366 94.5 7,455 6,926 92.9 47,017 37,581 79.9 2,002 1,712 85.5 65,324 54,585 83.62001 9,622 9,176 95.4 7,830 7,337 93.7 47,925 40,501 84.5 2,002 1,771 88.5 67,379 58,785 87.22002 9,822 9,743 99.2 8,693 8,550 98.4 47,764 44,035 92.2 2,139 2,079 97.2 68,418 64,407 94.12003 10,084 10,002 99.2 9,346 9,127 97.7 46,608 43,780 93.9 2,558 2,466 96.4 68,596 65,375 95.32004 10,248 10,098 98.5 10,031 10,031 100.0 45,919 44,739 97.4 2,591 2,586 99.8 68,789 67,454 98.12005 11,118 10,846 97.6 10,631 10,499 98.8 45,524 43,479 95.5 2,231 2,225 99.7 69,504 67,049 96.52006 11,537 11,315 98.1 10,993 10,891 99.1 45,403 44,385 97.8 2,294 2,289 99.8 70,227 68,880 98.1KEY: ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992.SOURCETotal busesIncludes buses of transit agencies receiving federal funding for bus purchases, and buses of agencies not receiving federal funds that voluntarily report data to theFederal Transit Administration.Large buses have more than 35 seats; medium buses have 25-35 seats; small buses have less than 25 seats; articulated buses areextra-long buses that measurebetween 54 and 60 feet.Table 1-8: ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses1993-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,2005 National Transit Summaries and Trends(Washington, DC: 2007), p. 57 andsimilar tables in earlier editions, Internet website http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/pubs/NTST/2006/2006_NTST.pdf as of Feb. 11, 2008.Small busesMedium busesLarge busesArticulated busesNOTESType of rail transit / agencyPrimary city served1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Heavy railSan Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit DistrictSan Francisco, CA36 39 39 39 39 39 39 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Los Angeles, CA5 8 8 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Washington Metropolitan Area Transit AuthorityWashington, DC74 75 75 76 78 83 83 83 83 86 86 86 86 86 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Miami-Dade TransitMiami, FL21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 20 22 22 22 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Atlanta, GA 36 36 36 36 36 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Chicago Transit Authority Chicago, IL 140 141 141 142 142 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 143 143 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 62.0 55.6 55.6 54.2 50.0 50.0 47.9 44.4 39.9 37.8Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Boston, MA 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 37.7 37.7 37.7 30.2 30.2 28.3 24.5 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 7.5 7.5 7.5Maryland Transit Administration Baltimore, MD 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City Transit New York, NY 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 468 94.0 93.6 93.6 93.4 91.2 91.2 90.6 89.3 88.5 86.1 85.3 84.0 82.9 82.3Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation New York, NY 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 53.8 53.8 53.8 53.8 53.8 53.8 54.5 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2 46.2Metropolitan Transportation Authority Staten Island Railway New York, NY 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 87.0 82.6 82.6 82.6 78.3 78.3 78.3 78.3 78.3The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority Cleveland, OH 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 77.8 66.7 66.7 61.1 55.6 55.6 50.0 50.0 44.4 44.4 33.3 27.8 27.8 27.8Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Philadelphia, PA 76 76 76 76 76 76 53 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 75.5 77.3 76.0 76.0 76.0 68.0 62.7 61.3Port Authority Transit Corporation Philadelphia, PA 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 76.9 76.9 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5Commuter railAltamont Commuter Express San Jose, CAU U U U U U 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0North San Diego County Transit District San Diego, CAUUUUUU8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board San Francisco, CAU U U U U U 34 34 34 33 32 32 32 32 NA NA NA NA NA NA35.3 29.4 29.4 27.3 28.1 25.0 21.9 18.8Southern California Regional Rail Authority Los Angeles, CA U 45 46 46 47 49 51 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Connecticut Department of Transportation New Haven, CTUUUUUU8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.011.1Virginia Railway Express Washington, DCU U U U U U 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0South Florida Regional Transportation Authority Miami, FLU U U U U U 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation Chicago, IL 226 226 226 227 227 227 227 227 230 231 238 239 239 240 59.7 54.0 54.0 51.1 49.3 44.9 42.3 41.0 39.6 37.2 33.2 31.8 31.0 30.0Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District Chicago, IL 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 45.0 45.0 40.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Boston, MA U U 117 119 120 121 124 125 126 126 126 126 133 133 NA NA 42.7 (R) 42.0 38.3 38.0 37.1 35.2 34.9 34.9 33.3 30.2 28.6 28.6Maryland Transit Administration Baltimore, MDU U U U U U 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 NA NA NA NA NA NA47.6 47.6 47.6 47.6 47.6 42.9 42.9 42.9Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority (NNEPRA) Portland, ME NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 10 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0Metro Transit Minneapolis/St. Cloud, MN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0Rio Metro Regional Transit District Albuquerque/Santa Fe, NM NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0New Jersey Transit Corporation New York, NY 158 158 158 162 162 162 167 168 167 167 162 162 164 164 86.1 86.1 74.1 71.6 71.6 71.6 69.5 69.0 59.3 59.3 58.6 58.6 57.3 57.3Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road New York, NY 134 134 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 88.8 88.8 29.0 21.8 21.8 21.8 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 19.4 16.1Metropolitan Transportation Authority Metro-North Railroad New York, NY 106 106 106 106 108 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 110 84.0 82.1 81.1 81.1 81.5 74.1 73.4 70.6 70.6 70.6 65.1 65.1 61.5 60.9Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Pennslyvania, PAU U U U U U 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA71.4 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Philadelphia, PA 181 177 177 177 177 177 153 156 156 156 156 156 154 154 86.2 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 68.6 67.3 67.3 65.4 64.7 64.7 64.3 64.3Regional Transity Authority (RTA) Nashville, TN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 6 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0Dallas Area Rapid Transit Dallas, TXUUUUUU4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Fort Worth Transportation Authority Fort Worth,TXUUUUUU5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Utah Transit Authority Salt Lake City, UT NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority Seattle, WAUUUUUU7 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Light railLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Los Angeles, CA 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 49 49 49 49 49 49 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0San Francisco Municipal Railway San Francisco, CA 11 11 11 11 11 1199999999100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sacramento Regional Transit District Sacramento, CA 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 31 41 41 41 48 48 48 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1San Diego Trolley, Inc. San Diego, CA 38 41 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 53 53 53 53 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority San Jose, CA 33 34 34 34 47 49 44 44 57 57 65 65 65 65 84.8 85.3 85.3 85.3 55.3 53.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Denver Regional Transportation DistrictDenver, CO15 15 15 15 20 20 20 24 23 23 36 36 36 36 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Hillsborough Area Regional Transit AuthorityTampa-St. Petersburg, FLNA NA NA NA NA NA NA8 8 8 8 8 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0New Orleans Regional Transit AuthorityNew Orleans, LA2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 NA 9 9 9 9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Massachusetts Bay Transportation AuthorityBoston, MA95 95 95 95 95 78 78 70 70 70 70 74 74 74 90.5 90.5 90.5 87.4 87.4 79.5 79.5 64.3 64.3 64.3 64.3 62.2 62.2 52.7Maryland Transit AdministrationBaltimore, MD24 24 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0City of Detroit Department of TransportationDetroit, MINA NA NA NA NA 8 8 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA NA NA NA NAMetro TransitMinneapolis, MNNA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17 17 19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 47.1 0.0 0.0Bi-State Development AgencySt. Louis, MO18 18 18 18 18 26 26 28 28 28 28 37 37 37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0New Jersey Transit CorporationNewark, NJ11 11 11 11 11 11 26 27 49 52 52 60 60 60 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 42.3 44.4 14.3 13.5 13.5 10.0 10.0 10.0Niagara Frontier Transportation AuthorityBuffalo, NY14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3 0.0 0.0The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit AuthorityCleveland, OH33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 93.9 84.8 84.8 79.4 79.4 76.5 76.5 76.5 76.5 76.5 76.5 73.5 73.5 73.5Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon Portland, OR27 27 29 47 47 47 52 52 62 63 63 63 30 30 3.7 3.7 3.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Port Authority of Allegheny CountyPittsburgh, PA13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 25 25 25 25 27 23 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation AuthorityPhiladelphia, PA64 64 64 64 64 64 68 46 46 46 46 45 45 45 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.6 100.0 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 95.6 95.6Memphis Area Transit AuthorityMemphis, TN20 20 27 28 28 28 281 7 7 7 7 7 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Dallas Area Rapid TransitDallas, TX14 20 20 20 20 22 29 34 34 34 34 34 34 39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Island TransitGalveston, TX3 3 3 U U U3 3 3 3 3 3 U U 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 U UMetropolitan Transit Authority of Harris CountyHouston, TXNA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 16 16 16 16 16 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Utah Transit AuthoritySalt Lake City, UTNA NA NA 16 16 20 20 23 23 24 25 25 28 28 NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Central Puget Sound Regional Transit AuthoritySeattle, WANA NA NA NA NA NA NA6 6 6 6 6 6 19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0King County Department of TransportationSeattle, WA14 14 149 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 NA 11 11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA 0.0 0.0Kenosha TransitKenosha, WINA NA NA NA1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA100.0100.050.050.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Transit Stations by AgencyPercent of Stations Not ADA-AccessibleNumber of stationsU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 21, available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov as of Dec. 8, 2010.KEY: ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992; NA = not applicable; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Rail transit data for 2002 and beyond include both directly operated and purchased transportation. Prior to 2002, the data include directly operated service only.Stations for U.S. territories are excluded.NOTESSOURCE1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Oil pipeline, totala190,944 210,867 218,671 225,889 218,393 213,605 208,752 203,828 196,545 193,980 190,350 181,912 177,535 179,873 178,648 177,463 176,996 154,877 149,619 139,901 142,200 131,348 140,861 147,235 146,822 148,622Crude lines141,085 149,424 146,275 145,679 129,831 117,812 118,805 115,860 110,651 107,246 103,277 97,029 92,610 91,523 87,663 86,369 85,480 52,386 52,854 50,149 50,749 46,234 47,617 46,658 50,214 50,214Product lines49,859 61,443 72,396 80,210 88,562 95,793 89,947 87,968 85,894 86,734 87,073 84,883 84,925 88,350 90,985 91,094 91,516 85,214 80,551 75,565 76,258 71,310 81,103 85,666 84,914 84,914Gas pipelineb, total630,900 767,500 913,300 979,300 1,051,800 1,110,785 1,270,374 1,217,451 1,216,081 1,277,069 1,335,530 1,331,676 1,314,663 1,331,775 1,372,644 1,364,336 1,377,320 1,413,555 1,462,579 1,432,144 1,484,813 (R) 1,484,374 (R) 1,503,791 1,523,411 1,532,713 1,539,911Distribution mains 391,400 494,500 594,800 648,200 701,800 784,852 945,964 890,876 891,984 951,750 1,002,669 1,003,798 992,860 1,002,942 1,040,765 1,035,946 1,050,802 1,101,485 1,136,479 1,107,559 1,156,863 (R) 1,160,312 (R) 1,182,906 1,202,515 1,208,986 1,217,967Transmission pipelines183,700 211,300 252,200 262,600 266,500 290,464 291,990 293,862 291,468 293,263 301,545 296,947 292,186 294,370 302,714 296,114 298,957 290,456 303,541 301,827 303,216 300,663 300,458 301,185 303,401 301,896Gathering linesc55,800 61,700 66,300 68,500 83,500 35,469 32,420 32,713 32,629 32,056 31,316 30,931 29,617 34,463 29,165 32,276 27,561 21,614 22,559 22,758 24,734 23,399 (R) 20,427 19,711 20,326 20,048Gas pipeline:Table 1-10: U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage1960-75: American Gas Association,Gas Facts, 1979(Arlington, VA: 1980), table 44. 1980: Ibid.,Gas Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issue), tables 5-1and 5-3.1985-2009:U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Natural GasTransmission, Gas Distribution, and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Annual Mileage, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Dec. 2, 2010.NOTEMileage data reported inGas Facts,prior to 1985, is taken from the American Gas Association's member survey, the Uniform Statistical Report,supplemented with estimates for companies that did not participate.SOURCESOil pipeline:1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation In America 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 58 and 59, and similar tables in earliereditions.2001-09: PennWell Corporation,Oil and Gas Journal: Transportation Special Report(Houston, TX), pp. 76 and 120, and similar tables in earlier editions.KEY:R = revised.cBefore 1985, data include field line mileage.bExcludes service pipeline. Data are not adjusted to common diameter equivalent. Mileage as of the end of each year.aMileages ofOil pipelinefor years 1960-2000 include regulated and unregulated trunk and gatheringCrude lines, as well as refined oil trunk lines.Beginning in 2001, data include information for Federal Energy Regulatory Comission-regulated oil pipeline companies only. For years 2001 and after, totalmiles of pipeline include both trunk andGathering lines, whereas the individual components, namely, crude and product lines, include the mileages of trunklines only. Thus, details do not add to the total for this period.

# Section B Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008AirAir carriera2,135 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,808 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 8,186 8,225 8,089 8,044 7,856General aviationb(active fleet)76,549 95,442 131,743 168,475 211,045 210,654 198,000 196,874 185,650 177,120 172,935 188,089 191,129 192,414 204,710 219,464 217,533 211,446 211,244 209,708 219,426 224,352 221,943 231,607 228,663Highway, total (registered vehicles)74,431,800 91,739,623 111,242,295 137,912,779 161,490,159 177,133,282 193,057,376 192,313,834 194,427,346 198,041,338 201,801,921 205,427,212 210,441,249 211,580,033 215,496,003 220,461,056 225,821,241 235,331,382 234,624,135 236,760,033 243,010,549 247,421,120 250,844,644 (R) 254,403,081 255,917,664Passenger car61,671,390 75,257,588 89,243,557 106,705,934 121,600,843 127,885,193 133,700,496 128,299,601 126,581,148 127,327,189 127,883,469 128,386,775 129,728,341 129,748,704 131,838,538 132,432,044 133,621,420 137,633,467 135,920,677 135,669,897 136,430,651 136,568,083 135,399,945 135,932,930 137,079,843Motorcycle574,032 1,381,956 2,824,098 4,964,070 5,693,940 5,444,404 4,259,462 4,177,365 4,065,118 3,977,856 3,756,555 3,897,191 3,871,599 3,826,373 3,879,450 4,152,433 4,346,068 4,903,056 5,004,156 5,370,035 5,767,934 6,227,146 6,678,958 (R) 7,138,476 7,752,926Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec, dUU 14,210,591 20,418,250 27,875,934 37,213,863 48,274,555 53,033,443 57,091,143 59,993,706 62,903,589 65,738,322 69,133,913 70,224,082 71,330,205 75,356,376 79,084,979 84,187,636 85,011,305 87,186,663 91,845,327 95,336,839 99,124,775 (R) 101,469,615 101,234,849Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or morec, dU 13,999,285 3,681,405 4,231,622 4,373,784 4,593,071 4,486,981 4,480,815 4,369,842 4,407,850 4,906,385 5,023,670 5,266,029 5,293,358 5,734,925 5,762,864 5,926,030 5,703,501 5,650,619 5,848,523 6,161,028 6,395,240 6,649,337 (R) 6,806,630 6,790,882Truck, combinationc, d11,914,249 786,510 905,082 1,130,747 1,416,869 1,403,266 1,708,895 1,691,331 1,675,363 1,680,305 1,681,500 1,695,751 1,746,586 1,789,968 1,997,345 2,028,562 2,096,619 2,154,174 2,276,661 1,908,365 2,010,335 2,086,759 2,169,670 (R) 2,220,995 2,215,856Bus272,129 314,284 377,562 462,156 528,789 593,485 626,987 631,279 644,732 654,432 670,423 685,503 694,781 697,548 715,540 728,777 746,125 749,548 760,717 776,550 795,274 807,053 821,959 834,436 843,308TransiteMotor bus49,600 49,600 49,700 50,822 59,411 64,258 58,714 60,377 63,080 64,850 68,123 67,107 (R) 53,339 (R) 54,946 (R) 55,661 (R) 57,352 (R) 58,578 (R) 60,256 (R) 60,719 (R) 61,659 (R) 61,318 (R) 62,284 (R) 64,025 (R) 63,359 63,151Light rail cars 2,856 1,549 1,262 1,061 1,013 717 910 1,092 1,055 1,001 1,051 1,048 (R) 1,097 (R) 1,062 (R) 1,061 (R) 1,160 (R) 1,306 (R) 1,359 (R) 1,448 (R) 1,482 (R) 1,622 (R) 1,645 (R) 1,801 (R) 1,802 1,948Heavy rail cars 9,010 9,115 9,338 9,608 9,641 9,326 10,567 10,478 10,391 10,282 10,282 10,166 (R) 10,243 (R) 10,228 (R) 10,296 (R) 10,362 (R) 10,311 (R) 10,718 (R) 10,849 (R) 10,754 (R) 10,858 (R) 11,110 (R) 11,052 (R) 11,222 11,377Trolley bus 3,826 1,453 1,050 703 823 676 610 551 665 635 643 695 (R) 675 (R) 655 (R) 646 (R) 657 (R) 652 (R) 600 (R) 616 (R) 672 (R) 597 (R) 615 (R) 609 (R) 559 590Commuter rail cars and locomotivesUUUU4,500 4,035 4,982 5,126 5,164 4,982 5,126 5,164 (R) 5,239 (R) 5,425 (R) 5,535 (R) 5,549 (R) 5,497 (R) 5,528 (R) 5,631 (R) 5,866 (R) 6,130 (R) 6,290 (R) 6,300 (R) 6,279 6,494Demand responseUUUUU14,490 16,471 17,879 20,695 23,527 28,729 29,352 (R) 17,738 (R) 19,820 (R) 20,042 (R) 20,761 (R) 22,087 (R) 24,668 (R) 24,808 (R) 25,873 (R) 26,333 (R) 28,346 (R) 29,406 (R) 29,433 30,773OtherfU U U U U8671,176 1,568 1,821 2,268 2,462 2,809 (R) 5,344 (R) 6,245 (R) 7,105 (R) 7,467 (R) 7,705 (R) 8,137 (R) 8,033 (R) 8,626 (R) 10,544 (R) 11,622 (R) 12,454 (R) 12,953 14,953RailClass I, freight cars1,658,292 1,478,005 1,423,921 1,359,459 1,168,114 867,070 658,902 633,489 605,189 587,033 590,930 583,486 570,865 568,493 575,604 579,140 560,154 499,860 477,751 467,063 473,773 474,839 475,415 460,172 450,297Class I, locomotive29,031 27,780 27,077 27,846 28,094 22,548 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 22,015 22,779 23,732 24,143 24,003Nonclass I freight cars32,104 37,164 29,787 29,407 102,161 111,086 103,527 97,492 90,064 88,513 86,120 84,724 87,364 116,108 121,659 126,762 132,448 125,470 130,590 124,580 120,169 120,195 120,688 120,463 109,487Car companies and shippers freight cars275,090 285,493 330,473 334,739 440,552 443,530 449,832 458,679 477,883 497,586 515,362 550,717 582,344 585,818 618,404 662,934 688,194 688,806 691,329 687,337 693,978 717,211 750,404 805,074 833,188Amtrak, passenger train carUUU 1,913 2,128 1,854 1,863 1,786 1,796 1,853 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 1,211 1,186 1,191 1,164 1,177Amtrak, locomotiveUUU 355 419 291 318 316 336 360 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 276 258 319 270 278WaterNonself-propelled vesselsg, h16,777 17,033 19,377 25,515 31,662 33,597 31,209U 30,899 30,785 30,730 31,360 32,811 33,011 33,509 33,387 33,152 33,042 32,381 31,335 31,296 32,052 32,211 31,654 31,238Self-propelled vesselsh, i6,543 6,083 6,455 6,144 7,126 7,522 8,236U 8,311 8,323 8,334 8,281 8,293 8,408 8,523 8,379 8,202 8,546 8,621 8,648 8,994 8,976 8,898 9,041 9,063Oceangoing self-propelled vessels (1,000 gross tons and over)j(R) 2,926 (R) 2,376 1,579 (R) 857 (R) 864 (R) 737 (R) 636 (R) 619 (R) 603 (R) 565 (R) 543 (R) 509 (R) 495 (R) 477 (R) 470 (R) 463 (R) 454 (R) 443 (R) 426 (R) 418 (R) 423 (R) 366 (R) 344 275 272Recreational boatsk2,450,484 4,138,140 5,128,345 7,303,286 8,577,857 9,589,483 10,996,253 11,068,440 11,132,386 11,282,736 11,429,585 11,734,710 11,877,938 12,312,982 12,565,930 12,738,271 12,782,143 12,876,346 12,854,054 12,794,616 12,781,476 12,942,414 12,746,126 12,875,568 12,692,892hData for Jan. 1, 1991-June 30, 1991 included in 1990 figure.NOTESBusandDemand responsivein these tables refer to a mode of service, not to a specific vehicle type.Demand responsiveservice, defined as roadway service directly from an origin to adestination determined by the rider and not following a fixed-route, is usually provided by vans, small buses and in a limitednumber of cases by large buses.Busservice is a variety ofroadway services that share the characteristic of being entirely or partially fixed routes.Busservice includes local service, express service, subscription service, diversionary routeservice, loop service, and other types. AlthoughBusservice is normally provided by buses, it can be provided by smaller vehicles that may be considered large vans.KEY:U = data are unavailable; R = revised.aAir carrieraircraft are those carrying passengers or cargo for hire under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. Beginning in 1990, the number of aircraft is the monthly average of the number ofaircraft reported in use for the last three months of the year. Prior to 1990, it was the number of aircraft reported in use during December of a given year.b1991-94 data revised to reflect changes in adjustment for nonresponse bias with 1996 telephone survey factors; 1995-97 data may not be comparable to 1994 and earlier years due tochanges in methodology. Includes air taxi aircraft. Beginning in 2004, commuter activity is excluded from all estimates. Commuter activity was included in the air taxi use category in 2003and prior.ePrior to 1984, excludes most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)(2), Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, as amended. Also prior to 1984, includes totalvehicles owned and leased.cIn 1960, this category includes allTrucksandOther 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.d1965Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicledata included in allTrucks.Air:TransitMotor busfigure is also included as part of bus in theHighwaycategory.fOtherincludes aerial tramway, automatedguidewaytransit, cable car, ferryboat, inclinedplane, monorail, and vanpool.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1969(Washington, DC: 1969), table 9.10.SOURCES1990-94: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1997(Washington, DC: unpublished), table 5.1, personal communication, Mar. 19, 1999.For more detail on oceangoing vessels, see table 1-23.1995-2008: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Facts and Figures(Washington, DC), p. 94 and similar tables in earlier editions.General aviation:1960-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 31, available athttp://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of May 3, 2010.1985-2000: Ibid.,Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues),p. 47.2001-08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar tables in earlier editions.Water transportation:Nonself-propelled vessels and self-propelled vessels:1960-2008: U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Transportation Lines of The United States, Volume 1, National Summaries(New Orleans, LA : Annual Issues), table 1, availableat http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/veslchar/veslchar.htm as of May 3, 2010.Oceangoing self-propelled vessels:1960-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.Recreational boats:1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1960-2008: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), pp. 52 and 69.Amtrak:1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.Transit:1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.Single-unit and combination trucks, and buses:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database,Annual Data Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of May 13, 2010.1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-201.Air carrier:1970-75: Ibid.,1979 edition(Washington, DC: 1979), table 5.1.1980-85: Ibid., Calendar Year 1986(Washington, DC: 1986), table 5.1.Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-201.1970-75: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1976(Washington, DC: 1976), table 8-6.1980: Ibid.,General Aviation Activity Survey, Calendar Year 1980(Washington, DC: 1981), table 1-3.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1970(Washington, DC: 1970), table 5.3.1960-1995: American Public Transit Association,Public Transportation Fact Book, Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC), table 17 available at:http://www.apta.com/RESOURCES/STATISTICS/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of May 3, 2010.Rail (all categories, except Amtrak):2001-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of Janurary 2008 and June 2010.Passenger train-cars and locomotives:1975-80: Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.Transitdata for 1996 and later years are obtained from the National Transit Database and cannot be compared with data for earlier years.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles:1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 3, 2010.1985: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1985(Washington, DC: 1987), table 2-9.1990-2008: Ibid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey(Annual Issues), table 1.2, available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/ as ofMay 3, 2010.Highway:Motorcycle:Table 1-11:Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other ConveyancesgNonself-propelled vesselsinclude dry-cargo barges, tank barges, and railroad-car floats.iSelf-propelled vesselsinclude dry-cargo and/orpassenger, offshore supplyvessels, railroad-car ferries, tankers, and towboats.j1960-2006 data includes private and government owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. Beginning in 2007, data are reportedonly for privately-owned vessels of 1,000 gross tonsand over. All the data are year end data.kRecreational vesselsthat are required to be numbered in accordance with Chapter 123 of Title 46 U.S.C.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Number of civilian aircraft (shipments)Transporta245 233 311 315 387 278 521 589 567 408 309 256 269 374 559 620 485 526 379 281 (R) 285 (R) 290 398 441HelicoptersN 598 482 864 1,366 384 603 571 324 258 308 292 278 346 363 361 493 415 318 517 805 947 898 1,009General aviation7,588 11,852 7,283 14,072 11,881 2,029 1,144 1,021 899 964 928 1,077 1,115 1,549 2,193 2,475 2,802 2,618 2,196 2,130 (R) 2,344 (R) 2,850 3,147 3,279HighwayPassenger car (new retail sales)6,641,000 9,332,000 8,399,000 8,624,000 8,979,000 11,043,000 9,300,000 8,175,000 8,214,000 8,518,000 8,990,000 8,635,000 8,526,000 8,272,000 8,141,721 8,698,284 8,846,625 8,422,625 8,103,229 7,610,481 (R) 7,545,149 (R) 7,719,553 7,820,854 7,618,413Motorcycle (new retail sales)bN N 1,125,000 940,000 1,070,000 710,000 303,000 280,000 278,000 293,000 306,000 309,000 330,000 356,000 432,000 546,000 710,000 850,000 936,000 1,001,000 1,063,000 1,149,000 1,190,000 1,124,000Truck (factory sales)c1,194,475 1,716,564 1,660,446 2,231,630 1,667,283 3,464,327 3,725,205 3,387,503 4,062,002 4,895,224 5,640,275 5,713,469 5,775,730 6,152,817 6,435,185 7,345,019 7,022,478 6,223,586 6,963,720 7,143,429 7,466,739 (R) 7,246,737 6,442,831 6,200,712Bus; includes school bus (factory sales)U 35,241 31,994 40,530 34,385 33,533 32,731 24,058 22,484 24,549 22,409 23,918 27,583 26,882 27,483U UUUU U UUURecreational vehicle (shipments)N 192,830 380,300 339,600 178,500 351,700 347,300 293,700 382,700 420,200 518,800 475,200 466,800 438,800 441,300 481,200 418,300 321,000 378,700 377,800 412,100 419,500 416,800 353,500BicycledNNNN9,000,000 11,400,000 10,800,000 11,600,000 11,600,000 13,000,000 12,500,000 12,000,000 10,900,000 11,000,000 11,100,000 11,600,000 11,900,000 11,300,000 13,600,000 12,900,000 13,000,000 14,000,000 12,700,000 12,800,000Transit cars (deliveries)Motor buse(R) 2,806 3,000 1,424 5,261 4,572 (R) 5,390 (R) 5,728 (R) 5,961 (R) 4,668 (R) 6,524 (R) 9,740 (R) 9,317 (R) 9,328 (R) 10,529 (R) 9,970 (R) 11,331 (R) 11,916 (R) 15,958 (R) 10,600 (R) 11,754 (R) 9,373 (R) 10,394 (P) 10,944 ULight rail0 0 0 0 32 63 55 17 35 54 72 38 39 76 80 123 136 111 107 169 127 129(P) 102 UHeavy rail416 580 308 127 130 441 10 6 163 260 55 72 10 34 120 122 204 751 828 4707650 (P) 462 UTrolley bus0 0 0 1 98 0 118 149 0 24 36 3 3 0 54 0 0 149 88 103 31 23(P) 6 UCommuter rail214 666 302 2,165 152 179 83 187 110 8 47 38 111 198 122 132 116 54 166 338 571 476 (P) 137 UClass I rail (deliveries)Freight carf57,047 77,822 66,185 72,392 85,920 12,080 32,063 24,678 25,761 35,239 48,819 60,853 57,877 50,396 75,685 74,223 55,791 34,260 17,714 32,184 46,871 68,612 74,729 ULocomotive389 1,387 1,029 772 1,480 522 530 472 321 504 821 928 761 743 889 709 640 710 745 587 1,121 827 922 UAmtrak (deliveries)Passenger train carN N N 109 109 N 58 0 0 0 64 76 92 10 00 26 U U UUU U ULocomotiveN N N 30 17 10 0 0 20 26 18 10 0 111 350 4 U U UUU U UWater transportMerchant vesselg20 13 13 15 23 14 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 4 2 0 2 2 6(R) 5 7 U URecreational boathNNNN569,700 636,800 494,700 448,000 466,750 498,775 576,200 663,760 634,750 610,100 (R) 571,400 (R) 582,500 576,800 880,300 844,100 837,900 870,100 (R) 864,450 912,130 841,820bIncludes domestic and imported vehicles. Prior to 1985, all terrain vehicles (ATVs) were included in the motorcycle total. In1995, the Motorcycle Industry Counrevised its data for the years 1985 to present to exclude ATVs from its totals.KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are not availabldIncludes domestic and imported vehicles, wheel sizes 20 inches and over. Data from 1997 onwards are projectioncIncludes large passenger or utility vehicles that may be considered cars in other tables, and starting in 1999 includes buseTable 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances2003-05: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.,Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Climb for 14th Consecutive Year, media release, Feb. 16, 2007, available athttp://www.motorcycles.org as of Apr. 23, 2007.1995-2007: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Statistics,Group 1: General Statistics, Series 02 Year-End Review and Forecast, Year-End Data Tabletable 5, available at http://www.aia-aerospace.org/industry_information/economics/aerospace_statistics/ as of March 17, 2009.fIncludes all railroads and private car owners.aU.S.-manufactured fixed-wing aircraft over 33,000 pounds empty weight, including all jet transports plus the 4-engine turboprop-powered Lockheed L-100.gSelf-propelled, 1,000 or more gross tons.eBuses or bus-type vehicles only. Includes demand response beginning from 1985. Excludes vanpool vans and most rural and smallersystems prior to 1984.Motor bus numbers in this table are not comparable to the numbers reported in earlier editions due to changes in the methodology by the American Public TransitAssociation. Transit motor bus figure is also included as part of the bus total in the highway category.Motorcycles:Civilian aircraft:hRetail unit estimates. Includes outboard, inboard, and sterndrive boats, jet boats (since 1995), personal watercraft (since 1991), sailboats, canoes, and kayaks(since 2001). Also includes inflatable boats (except 1992 to 2002) and sailboards (until 1990).1965-75: Ibid.,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1998(Detroit, MI: 1998), p. 12 and similar tables in earlier editions.1980-2007: Ward's Communications,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures,2008(Detroit, MI: 2008), p. 13.SOURCES1960-1994: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Facts and Figures(Washington, DC: Annual issues), Civil Aircraft ShipmentsHighway:Passenger cars and trucks:2006-07: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.,Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Top One Million for Record Sixth Consecutive Year, media release, Feb. 13, 2009,available at http://www.motorcycles.org as of March 2009.1960-80: American Automobile Manufacturers Association,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1998(Southfield, MI: 1999), p. 21 (passenger car) and p. 6 (truck).1985-2007: Ward's Communications,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures,2008(Detroit, MI: 2008), p. 21 (passenger car) and p. 8 (truck).Buses:1965-97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1998(Detroit, MI: 1998), p. 6 and similar tables in earlier editions.1998: Ward's Communications,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 1999(Detroit, MI: 1999), p. 6 and similar tables in earlier editions.1980-2005: National Bicycle Dealers Association,Industry Overview, available at http://www.nbda.com as of Apr. 23, 2007, and personal communication Sept. 24,1996.Bicycles:Recreational vehicles:2006-07: National Bicycle Dealers Association,A Look at the Bicycle Industry's Vital Statistics, available at http://www.nbda.com as of March 2009.Truck sales for 1960 and for 1999 and later includes buses.NOTE1970-2000: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.,Motorcycle Statistical Annual, 2001(Irvine, CA: 2002), p. 8 and similar tables in earlier editions.2001-02: Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.,Motorcycle Sales Rev Up for 11th Straight Year,media release, Feb. 13, 2004, available at http://www.mic.org as ofJune 24, 2004.Class I rail:1998-2007: National Marine Manufacturers Association2007 Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract(Chicago, IL: 2007), available at http://www.nmma.org asof March 17, 2009.1980-1997: National Marine Manufacturers Association,Boating 2004(Chicago, IL: 2005), annual retail unit estimates, available at http://www.nmma.org as of Fe7, 2006.2003-05: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communications, June 21, 2001975-80: Ibid.,Railroad Facts 1997(Washington, DC: 1997), p. 17 and similar pages in earlier editions1985-2000: Amtrak,Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual issues).Water:Merchant vessel:Transit:Recreational boat:1960-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues) and personalcommunications Sept. 2, 2003, Mar. 1, 2005, and Jan. 9, 2006.Amtrak:Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2007(Washington, DC: 2006), p. 55 and similar pages in earlier editionsAmerican Public Transit Association,Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at http://www.apta.com as of March 17, 2009.1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008AIR CARRIERa2,125 2,679 2,495 3,805 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 8,186 8,225 8,089 8,044 7,856Fixed Wing, total 2,104 2,663 2,488 3,803 4,673 6,072 6,048 7,187 7,173 7,242 7,293 7,357 7,482 7,994 8,106 8,010 8,370 8,161 8,144 8,150 8,182 8,042 7,998 7,808Turbojet, total 725 2,136 2,114 2,526 3,164 4,148 4,167 4,446 4,584 4,636 4,832 4,922 5,108 5,411 5,630 5,956 6,296 6,383 6,523 6,691 6,839 6,784 6,784 6,670Four engine511 931 602 436 322 432 410 389 410 420 435 440 450 447 441 432 419 365 337 305 310 272 263 237Three engine173 659 994 1,347 1,488 1,438 1,376 1,381 1,292 1,236 1,210 1,212 1,224 1,238 1,181 1,061 996 790 602 519 540 523 416 373Two engine41 546 518 743 1,354 2,278 2,381 2,676 2,882 2,980 3,187 3,270 3,434 3,726 4,008 4,463 4,881 5,228 5,584 5,867 5,989 5,989 6,105 6,060Turboprop, total312 374 260 682 1,073 1,595 1,598 1,894 1,868 1,782 1,713 1,696 1,646 1,832 1,788 1,469 1,494 1,250 1,123 989 889 803 761 701Four engine215 110 68 92 108 88 75 107 102 87 81 56 45 39 28 29 24 17 16 177777Two engine89 259 192 590 965 1,507 1,523 1,787 1,751 1,695 1,632 1,635 1,596 1,789 1,759 1,440 1,470 1,233 1,107 968 880 791 750 685One engine8 5U U U U U U 15005541000042549Piston, total1,067 153 114 595 436 329 283 847 721 824 748 739 728 751 688 585 580 528 498 470 454 455 453 437Four engine447 34 37 73 38 31 26 20 22 19 15 18 19 17 19 17 16 12 13 20 20 18 18 18Three engine590 110 69 U4 6 5 5 0 5 1 7 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 14 15 14Two engine30 9 8 522 394 292 252 415 293 335 333 317 298 391 292 255 173 154 143 125 126 184 181 176One engineU U U U U U U 407 406 465 399 397 407 340 374 310 388 359 339 323 306 239 239 229Helicopter21 16 7 2 5 11 6 133 124 128 118 121 134 117 122 39 127 33 32 36 43 47 46 48GENERAL AVIATION (GENERAL FLEET)b,f95,442 161,743 168,475 211,043 196,500 198,000 196,874 185,650 177,120 172,935 188,089 191,129 192,414 204,710 219,464 217,533 211,446 211,244 209,708 219,426 224,352 221,943 231,607 228,663Fixed Wing, totalc93,130 127,934 161,570 200,094 184,700 184,500 182,585 171,671 156,936 150,158 162,342 163,691 166,854 175,203 184,723 183,276 177,697 176,283 176,624 182,867 185,373 182,186 186,806 182,961Turbojet, total U 950 1,776 2,992 4,100 4,100 4,126 4,004 3,663 3,914 4,559 4,424 5,178 6,066 7,120 7,001 7,787 8,355 7,997 9,298 9,823 10,379 10,385 11,042Two enginedU 822 1,742 2,551 3,600 3,700 3,863 3,738 3,426 3,652 4,071 4,077 4,638 5,513 6,387 6,215 5,643 7,655 7,465 8,649 9,097 10,379 U UOthereU 128 34 441 50 400 263 266 237 262 488 347 539 552 733 786 831 701 532 650 727 U U UTurboprop, total U 1,458 2,519 4,089 5,000 5,300 4,941 4,786 4,116 4,092 4,995 5,716 5,619 6,174 5,679 5,762 6,596 6,841 7,689 8,379 7,942 8,063 9,514 8,906Two enginedU 1,287 2,486 3,966 4,900 4,900 4,415 4,187 3,443 3,605 4,295 4,917 4,939 5,076 4,641 5,040 5,643 5,703 5,790 5,858 5,307 5,487 5,456 5,456One engine U 138 33U U U U U 650 481 668 719 6501,033 1,018 678 915 1,108 1,821 2,468 2,595 2,576 4,059 3,450Other U 33 U 123 100 400 526 599 24 7 32 80 29 65 21 45 38 30 78 54 40 U U UPiston, total 92,556 125,526 157,275 193,013 175,600 175,200 173,518 162,881 149,156 142,152 152,788 153,551 156,056 162,963 171,923 170,513 163,314 161,087 160,938 165,189 167,608 163,743 166,907 163,013Two engined11,422 15,835 20,331 24,366 22,100 21,100 20,551 17,966 15,626 14,750 15,706 16,082 15,938 18,659 20,930 20,951 18,192 17,483 17,491 18,469 19,412 18,708 19,337 17,515One engine 81,134 109,492 136,944 168,435 153,400 154,000 152,836 144,837 133,516 127,351 137,049 137,401 140,038 144,234 150,886 149,422 145,034 143,503 143,265 146,613 148,101 145,036 147,569 145,497Other U 199 U 212 100 100 131 77 14 51 33 68 79 70 108 140 89 101 182 107 95 U U URotorcraft, total 1,503 2,255 4,073 6,001 6,000 6,900 6,238 5,979 4,721 4,728 5,830 6,570 6,786 7,425 7,448 7,150 6,783 6,648 6,525 7,821 8,728 9,159 9,567 9,876PistonU 1,666 2,499 2,794 2,700 3,200 2,390 2,348 1,846 1,627 1,863 2,507 2,259 2,545 2,564 2,680 2,292 2,351 2,123 2,315 3,039 3,264 2,769 3,498Turbine, totalU 589 1,574 3,207 3,300 3,700 3,848 3,631 2,875 3,101 3,967 4,063 4,527 4,881 4,884 4,470 4,491 4,297 4,403 5,506 5,689 5,895 6,798 6,378MultiengineU U U U U U U U 629 616 733 643 764 843 839 694 884 686 8531,130 1,151 1,268 1,367 1,371One engineU 589UUUUUU2,246 2,485 3,234 3,420 3,762 4,038 4,045 3,776 3,607 3,611 3,550 4,376 4,537 4,627 5,431 5,007Other Aircraft, total809 1,554 2,832 4,945 5,800 6,600 8,051 8,000 5,037 5,906 4,741 4,244 4,092 5,580 6,765 6,700 6,545 6,377 6,008 5,939 6,454 6,277 5,940 5,652GlidersUUUUUUUU1,814 2,976 2,182 1,934 2,016 2,105 2,041 2,041 1,904 1,951 2,002 2,116 2,074 1,975 1,947 1,914Lighter-than-AirUUUUUUUU3,223 2,931 2,559 2,310 2,075 3,475 4,725 4,660 4,641 4,426 4,006 3,823 4,380 4,303 3,993 3,738Experimental, totalUUUUUUUU10,426 12,144 15,176 16,625 14,680 16,502 20,528 20,407 20,421 21,936 20,550 22,800 23,627 23,047 23,228 23,364Amateur BuiltUUUUUUUU6,171 8,833 9,328 11,566 10,261 13,189 16,858 16,739 16,736 18,168 17,028 19,165 19,817 19,316 19,538 19,657ExhibitionUUUUUUUU1,868 637 2,245 2,094 1,798 1,630 1,999 1,973 2,052 2,190 2,031 2,070 2,120 2,103 2,101 2,096OtherUUUUUUUU2,387 2,674 3,603 2,965 2,620 1,684 1,671 1,694 1,633 1,578 1,491 1,565 1,691 1,629 1,589 1,501KEY:U = data are unavailable.Table 1-13: Active U.S. Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft (Number of carriers)SOURCESAir carriers:1965: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1966 Edition.(Washington, DC: 1966), table 7.5.dFor 1965-1975 this category includes multiengine aircraft.eFor 1975, this category includes single-engine aircraft.fSource reported rounded data for general aviation for 1985 and 1990.aAir carrieraircraft are aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for hire under 14 CFR 121 (large aircraft-more than 30 seats) and 14 CFR 135 (small aircraft-30 seats or less). This definition ismore encompassing than that in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Forecast- jet aircraft, 60 seats or more carrying passengers or cargo for hire. Beginning in 1990, thenumber of aircraft is the monthly average reported in use for the last three months of the year. Prior to 1990, it was the number of aircraft reported in use during December of a given year.bDetails may not add to totals due to estimation procedures and rounding. Beginning in 1993, excludes commuters. Prior to 1993,single-engine turboprops were included inTurboprop,Other; single and multiengine turbine rotorcraft were not shown separately;GlidersandLighter-than-airaircraft were combined into theOthercategory; andExperimentalaircraft wereincluded in the appropriate aircraft type; for example, prior to 1993, thePiston, One engineaircraft type included both experimental and nonexperimental aircraft. Starting in 1993, thataircraft type only includes nonexperimental aircraft. Due to changes in methodology beginning in 1995, estimates may not be comparable to those for 1994 and earlier years.cFor 1965, total includes 574 turbine aircraft of unspecified subtype.1970: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1971.(Washington, DC: 1972), table 5.5.NOTESPrior to 1970, aircraft counts included aircraft retained in FAA data systems until the owners requested that they be deregistered. As a result, thousands of aircraft that had been destroyedover the years remained in the system. Since 1970, annual verification of aircraft registrations is required. Failure to comply with this requirement leads to revocation of the registrationcertificate and exclusion of the aircraft from the official count of the following year. Listed engine configurations (e.g.,two-, three-, multi-) represent all applicable combinations for eachaircraft type. Totals may not agree with those in other tables as revisions to prior year data are reported at the aggregate level only.1995-2008: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Facts and Figures(Washington DC: Annual Issues), "Active U.S. Air Carrier Fleet," and similar tables in earlier editions.General aviation:1965: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1966 Edition.(Washington, DC: 1966), table 5.1.1970: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1971.(Washington, DC: 1972), table 8.3.1975: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1975.(Washington, DC: Dec. 31, 1975), table 5.3.1980: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1980.(Washington, DC: Dec. 31, 1980), table 5.2.1985: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1993.FAA-APO-95-5 (Washington, DC: 1995), table 5.2.1990-94: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1996, available athttp://www.api.faa.gov/handbook96/toc96.htm as of Mar. 31, 2000, table 5.2.1975: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1975.(Washington, DC: Dec. 31, 1975), table 8.4.1992-2008: lbid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, Calendar Year 2008(Washington, DC: 2009), table 1.2, available athttp://www.faa.gov/data_statistics/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/ as of Apr. 23, 2010.1980: Ibid.,General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey, Annual Report Calendar Year 1980,FAA-MS-81-5 (Washington, DC: December 1985), table 2-6.1985: Ibid.,Annual Summary Report 1994 Data,FAA-APO-95-10 (Washington, DC: 1996), table 1.2.1990: Ibid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, Calendar Year 1999(Washington, DC: 2001), table 1.2.1991: Ibid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, Calendar Year 2002(Washington, DC: 2004), table 1.2.ffffffffTable 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use (Thousands)199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001e2002e2003e2004e2005eTOTAL automobiles and trucks in fleetsUUUUU15,25715,57015,86916,87915,53015,19613,64211,98512,12811,88412,274Automobiles in fleets, totalUUUUU9,0429,1249,2259,5507,7427,3466,6405,6005,6475,5145,621Automobiles in fleets of 25 or more (10 or more cars for 1999-2001 and 15 ormore cars for 2002-04)aBusinessb2,8892,6282,4921,7511,7221,3261,2951,1881,1593,1952,9502,620930929873877Governmentc5385045164014281,2141,2091,2181,0308858837341,3601,4201,2001,200Utilities551544548386382376376377359320317UUUUUfPolice249250264264266269274280289302306312317317402412Taxi (includes vans)141141140140141139130181190135136142148148156162Rental (includes vans and SUVs)9901,1601,4481,5011,4731,5181,5901,6081,6021,7331,5811,5421,5551,5201,5701,620Automobiles in fleets of 4 to 24 (4 to 9 cars for 1999-2001 and 5 to 14 cars for2002-05)aUUUUU4,2004,2504,3734,9211,1721,1731,2901,2901,3131,3131,350Trucks in fleets, totalUUUUU6,2156,4466,6447,3297,7887,8507,0026,3856,4816,3706,653Trucks in fleets of 25 or more (10 or more trucks for 1999-2001 and 15 or morecars for 2002-05)aBusinessdUU1,0801,3781,3751,2051,2751,3321,3603,0163,0262,8202,1802,1812,3372,370GovernmentcUU2976326462,2212,2152,2232,0102,4002,4082,0522,0702,1021,6151,615UtilitiesUU593493487480482483459499498UUUUUfOther (police, taxi, etc.)UU7777778889992637Rental trucks (not including vans and SUVs)UU304308363202197179181213248246251289492521Trucks in fleets of 4 to 24 (4 to 9 trucks for 1999-2001 and 5 to 14 cars from2002-05)aUUUUU2,1002,2702,4203,3111,6521,6621,8751,8751,9001,9002,110KEY: SUV = sport utility vehicle; U = data are not available.aThe data source, Bobit Publishing, changed data collection categories in 1999 and again in 2002.bIncludes driver schools.cIncludes military vehicles and federal, state, county, and local government vehicles.dBusinesses with Class 1-5 trucks may include leasing, construction, plumbing, heating, food distribution, pest control,cable TV, etc.e2001-2005 data do not include employee-owned fleet information as the source has stopped publishing the data.fBusiness and utility data have been combined in the 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 issues of theAutomotive Fleet FactBook.SOURCEBobit Publishing Co.,Automotive Fleet Fact Book,annual issues.1960196519701975198019851990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Production, total7,90511,1208,2848,9878,01011,6389,7678,7909,69110,85512,23911,99511,83012,13112,00313,02512,77411,42512,28012,08711,96011,94711,26010,7528,673Passenger cars6,7039,3356,5506,7176,3768,1866,0785,4405,6675,9826,6016,3406,0835,9345,5545,6385,5424,8795,0194,5104,2304,3214,3673,9243,777Commercial vehiclesa1,2021,7851,7342,2701,6343,4523,6903,3504,0254,8735,6385,6555,7476,1976,4487,3877,2316,5467,2617,5777,7317,6256,8936,8284,896Factory (wholesale) sales, total7,86911,0578,2398,9858,06711,4679,7758,7959,74710,85712,18912,02311,91612,22312,11212,12712,52711,108UUUUUUUPassenger cars6,6759,3066,5476,7136,4008,0026,0505,4075,6855,9626,5496,3106,1406,0705,6775,4285,5044,884UUUUUUUCommercialvehiclesa1,1941,7521,6922,2721,6673,4643,7253,3884,0624,8955,6405,7135,7766,1536,4356,6997,0226,2247,2867,6067,8467,7987,0596,9465,105Ward's stopped collecting sales data forPassenger carsafter 2001 because sales data are very close to production data.KEY:U = data are unavailable.Table 1-15: Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales (Thousands of units)Ward's,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures,U.S. Production and Factory Sales of Cars, Trucks and Buses(Southfield, MI: AnnualIssues).aIncludes trucks under 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), such as compact and conventional pickups, sport utilityvehicles, minivans, and vans, and trucks and buses over 10,000 pounds GVWR.NOTESFactory sales can be greater than production total because of sales from previous year's inventory.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE19701975198019851990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Total new passenger car sales8,4008,6248,94910,9799,3038,1898,2138,5188,9918,6358,5268,2728,1428,6988,8478,4238,1037,6107,5457,7207,8217,6186,813Domesticb7,1197,0536,5808,2056,9196,1626,2866,7427,2557,1297,2556,9176,7626,9796,8316,3255,8785,5275,3965,5335,4765,2534,535Imports1,2801,5722,3692,7752,3842,0281,9271,7761,7351,5061,2711,3551,3801,7192,0162,0982,2262,0832,1492,1872,3452,3652,278Japan3138081,8942,1711,7191,5051,4521,3281,2399827267266917588638379308308109231,1541,1831,142Germany750493292408263193201186192207237297367467517523547544542534561567507Other217271184196402330275262303317308332322494637738749709797729630615630NOTE1980-2008: Ward's,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures(Southfield, MI: Annual Issues).Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1970: American Automobile Manufacturers Association,Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures 1992(Detroit, MI: 1992), p. 16.SOURCESaRetail new car sales include both sales to individuals and to corporate fleets. It also includes leased cars.bIncludes cars produced in Canada and Mexico.Table 1-16: RetailaNew Passenger Car Sales (Thousands of units)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009Total, vehicle sales and leases(R) 51,667 (R) 49,820 (R) 50,057 (R) 52,243 (R) 55,539 (R) 56,864 (R) 56,250 (R) 56,727 (R) 56,799 (R) 58,140 (R) 59,426 (R) 60,092 (R) 60,164 (R) 60,539 (R) 59,844 (R) 61,583 (R) 59,614 (R) 57,879 50,024 46,093New vehicle sales and leases(R) 14,137 (R) 12,530 (R) 13,107 (R) 14,186 (R) 15,398 (R) 15,106 (R) 15,449 (R) 15,490 (R) 15,958 (R) 17,401 (R) 17,806 (R) 17,468 (R) 17,139 (R) 16,967 (R) 17,299 (R) 17,445 (R) 17,049 (R) 16,460 13,493 10,601Passenger cars9,300 8,175 8,214 8,518 8,990 8,636 8,527 8,273 8,142 8,697 8,852 8,422 (R) 8,103 (R) 7,611 (R) 7,545 (R) 7,720 (R) 7,821 (R) 7,618 6,814 5,456Light Trucks(R) 4,837 (R) 4,355 (R) 4,892 (R) 5,668 (R) 6,407 (R) 6,470 (R) 6,922 (R) 7,218 (R) 7,816 (R) 8,704 (R) 8,954 (R) 9,046 (R) 9,035 (R) 9,357 (R) 9,753 (R) 9,725 (R) 9,228 (R) 8,842 6,680 5,145New vehicle salesa(R) 13,562 (R) 11,787 (R) 11,904 (R) 12,334 (R) 12,879 (R) 12,458 (R) 12,486 (R) 12,066 (R) 12,371 (R) 12,990 (R) 13,644 (R) 13,861 (R) 13,967 (R) 13,919 (R) 14,042 (R) 14,047 (R) 13,816 (R) 13,002 11,232 8,893Passenger cars8,766 7,508 7,332 7,321 7,275 6,841 6,721 6,211 (R) 5,968 6,395 6,581 6,407 6,371 (R) 5,928 (R) 5,777 (R) 5,859 (R) 6,128 (R) 5,875 5,649 4,581Light Trucks(R) 4,796 (R) 4,279 (R) 4,571 (R) 5,013 (R) 5,603 (R) 5,617 (R) 5,765 (R) 5,856 (R) 6,403 (R) 6,595 (R) 7,063 (R) 7,454 (R) 7,596 (R) 7,991 (R) 8,264 (R) 8,188 (R) 7,688 (R) 7,127 5,582 4,313New vehicle leasesb575 743 1,203 1,852 2,519 2,648 2,963 3,424 3,587 4,411 4,162 3,607 (R) 3,172 (R) 3,048 3,257 3,397 3,233 3,458 2,262 1,708Passenger cars534 667 882 1,197 1,715 1,795 1,806 2,062 2,174 2,301 2,272 2,015 1,732 1,683 1,768 1,861 1,693 1,743 1,164 876Light Trucks41 76 321 655 804 853 1,157 1,362 1,413 2,110 1,891 1,593 1,439 1,366 1,489 1,536 1,540 1,715 1,098 833Used vehicle salesc37,530 37,290 36,950 38,057 40,141 41,758 40,801 41,237 40,841 40,739 41,620 42,624 43,025 43,572 42,545 44,138 42,566 (R) 41,419 36,530 35,492Value ($ in billions)dTotal, new and used vehicle sales447 437 486 524 582 611 627 642 651 698 736 737 721 738 765 776 786 774 643 575New vehicle sales227 208 240 267 291 292 298 306 316 348 380 369 371 382 407 421 445 435 351 274Used vehicle sales220 229 246 257 291 319 329 336 335 350 356 367 350 356 358 355 341 339 292 301Average Price (current $)dNew and used vehicle sales(R) 8,691 (R) 8,813 9,759 10,078 10,543 10,818 11,221 11,385 11,545 12,098 12,469 12,321 12,034 12,253 12,868 12,695 (R) 13,287 13,451 12,909 12,519New vehicle sales16,350 16,880 18,655 19,200 19,335 19,819 19,727 20,214 20,276 20,534 21,850 21,507 22,005 22,894 24,082 24,796 26,854 26,950 26,477 26,249Used vehicle sales5,857 6,143 6,656 6,742 7,245 7,644 8,073 8,139 8,211 8,587 8,547 8,619 8,130 8,180 8,410 8,036 8,009 8,186 7,986 8,483New vehicle sales and leases:New vehicle sales:New vehicle leases:Used vehicle sales, value, and average price:Components may not add to totals due to rounding.Calculated by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.aNew vehicle sales data is calculated by subtracting CNW Marketing's vehicle leasing data from BEA's data which combines sales and leases(see below for sources).cUsed car sales include sales from franchised dealers, independent dealers, and casual sales.KEY:R = revised.Manheim Consulting, personal communication, Aug. 27, 2010.NOTESAverage price cannot be calculated from the data presented in this table because the vehicle sales and value of sales are from different sources.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,Underlying Detail for the National Income and Product Account Tables, Table7.2.5S, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Sept. 1, 2010.CNW Marketing / Research, personal communication, Aug. 30, 2010.dIncludes leased vehicles.bConsumer leases only.SOURCESTable 1-17: New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases (Thousands of vehicles)New vehicle sales and leasesreported in this table are not seasonally adjusted. These data are not comparable to the data reported in table 1-18due to differences that arise from the seasonal adjustment.1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Total sales and leases of new cars 9,333 (R) 8,403 8,538 8,982 10,978 9,300 8,175 8,214 8,518 8,990 8,637 8,527 8,273 (R) 8,143 8,697 8,852 8,422 8,102 7,615 7,545 (R) 7,720 7,821 7,618 6,813 5,456Consumer7,103 6,252 5,907 6,100 7,092 5,677 4,424 4,566 4,656 4,600 4,326 4,079 3,907 (R) 3,981 (R) 4,388 (R) 4,678 (R) 4,629 (R) 4,523 4,341 4,275 (R) 4,335 4,330 4,113 3,759 3,228Business2,140 2,056 2,508 2,758 3,754 3,477 3,648 3,529 3,672 4,183 4,070 4,223 4,166 3,943 4,076 (R) 3,950 (R) 3,570 (R) 3,374 3,074 3,078 (R) 3,169 3,239 3,255 2,820 2,041Government90 94 123 124 132 (R) 147 103 119 190 207 241 225 199 219 232 224 223 205 (R) 200 192 216 252 (R) 251 234 187Percentage of total sales and leasesConsumer76.1 74.4 69.2 67.9 64.6 61.0 54.1 55.6 54.7 51.2 50.1 47.8 47.2 48.9 50.5 (R) 52.8 55.0 55.8 57.0 56.7 56.2 55.4 54.0 55.2 59.2Business22.9 24.5 29.4 30.7 34.2 37.4 44.6 43.0 43.1 46.5 47.1 49.5 50.4 48.4 46.9 44.6 42.4 41.6 40.4 40.8 41.0 41.4 42.7 41.4 37.4Government1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.41970-2009: Ibid.,Underlying Detail for the National Income and Product Account Tables, table 7.2.5S, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Sept. 2, 2010.1965: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Wealth Division, unpublished data.KEY:R = revised.Annual numbers are calculated by averaging monthly data.SOURCESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Government sales are determined by subtracting the consumer and business sales from total sales.The data is seasonally adjusted at annual rates. These data are not comparable to the data reported in table 1-17 due to differences that arise from the seasonal adjustment.Table 1-18: Retail Sales and Leases of New Cars by Sector (Thousands of vehicles)NOTESThis table includes imported cars, but not vans, trucks, or sport utility vehicles.1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Total U.S. salesaof hybrid vehicles17 9,350 20,282 22,335 47,566 84,199 205,828 253,518 352,862 315,688 290,740 274,421Domesticb00 0 0 02,993 15,960 24,198 77,629 86,082 81,882 64,893Imports 17 9,350 20,282 22,335 47,566 81,206 189,868 229,320 275,233 229,606 208,858 209,528SOURCEWardsAuto.com, Ward's Automotive Group, personal communication, Mar. 18, 2011.Table 1-19: Sales of Hybrid Vehicles in the United StatesaSalesincludes leased vehicles and fleet sales.bIncludes cars produced in Canada and Mexico.NOTEThe first domestic hybrid vehicle was not introduced in the U.S. market until 2004. Ahybrid vehicleis a vehicle powered by a combination of battery-electric motor(s) and an internal combustion engine.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009SalesTOTAL units 9,443 10,791 8,810 8,524 8,108 8,456 8,415 9,396 7,890 8,335 7,972 8,379 9,128 8,408 8,304 7,951 7,538 8,027 7,993 8,029 8,537 8,200Small Cars4,825 5,519 4,999 5,032 4,440 4,537 4,720 5,190 4,197 4,443 3,839 3,919 4,266 4,065 3,801 3,698 3,275 3,185 3,196 3,143 3,175 3,040Midsize Cars2,987 2,777 2,342 2,114 2,120 2,330 2,057 2,515 2,359 2,399 2,968 3,141 2,894 2,480 2,807 2,483 2,522 2,886 2,413 3,084 2,911 2,606Large Cars963 1,512 1,092 1,012 1,240 1,103 1,277 1,306 1,066 1,195 913 1,059 1,665 1,416 1,252 1,261 1,185 1,234 1,570 1,162 1,646 1,875Small Wagons310 496 160 209 143 301 206 198 90 149 99 78 68 212 236 338 300 365 493 393 556 549Midsize Wagons257 341 184 122 137 166 138 176 169 149 153 181 234 236 208 171 158 238 220 173 173 122Large Wagons102 145 31 34 27 19 16 10 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 118 102 74 74 77Market share, percentSmall Cars 51.1 51.1 56.7 59.0 54.8 53.7 56.1 55.2 53.2 53.3 48.2 46.8 46.7 48.3 45.8 46.5 43.4 39.7 40.0 39.1 37.2 37.1Midsize Cars 31.6 25.7 26.6 24.8 26.1 27.6 24.4 26.8 29.9 28.8 37.2 37.5 31.7 29.5 33.8 31.2 33.5 36.0 30.2 38.4 34.1 31.8Large Cars 10.2 14.0 12.4 11.9 15.3 13.0 15.2 13.9 13.5 14.3 11.5 12.6 18.2 16.8 15.1 15.9 15.7 15.4 19.6 14.5 19.3 22.9Small Wagons 3.3 4.6 1.8 2.5 1.8 3.6 2.4 2.1 1.1 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.7 2.5 2.8 4.3 4.0 4.5 6.2 4.9 6.5 6.7Midsize Wagons 2.7 3.2 2.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.1 3.0 2.8 2.2 2.0 1.5Large Wagons 1.1 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9Fuel economy, mpgFleet 23.5 27.0 27.8 28.0 27.6 28.2 28.0 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.9 28.9 29.5 29.2 30.3 30.3 30.9Small Cars 26.1 29.8 29.8 30.0 30.0 30.5 30.4 30.7 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.3 30.3 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.5 31.1 31.1 31.7 31.6 32.6Midsize Cars 21.6 24.9 26.2 26.0 25.8 26.1 25.9 26.1 26.5 26.5 27.1 27.1 27.0 27.2 27.7 28.3 28.7 29.8 29.6 31.2 31.5 31.7Large Cars 19.1 22.3 23.7 23.6 23.8 24.2 24.1 24.5 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.8 25.6 25.4 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.4 26.0 26.1 26.8 27.5Small Wagons 28.6 32.5 29.6 30.6 30.2 32.5 32.9 33.3 31.6 32.2 32.1 31.5 29.2 27.3 26.1 30.2 31.4 32.4 31.4 31.6 32.1 32.6Midsize Wagons 21.1 25.2 25.3 25.9 26.2 26.2 26.0 26.6 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.3 27.3 26.6 27.4 27.2 26.4 26.0 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.7Large Wagons 19.1 20.9 22.7 22.9 22.7 22.5 22.9 22.8 23.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.0 22.2 21.9 21.6 22.0 21.8Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Automobiles (Thousands of vehicles)SOURCEU.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 29, table 4.7 (Oak Ridge, TN),available at http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml as of Nov. 19, 2010.KEY:mpg = miles per gallon; NA = not applicable.NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009SalesaTOTAL units1,863 3,669 3,805 4,049 4,064 4,754 5,710 5,749 5,254 6,124 6,485 6,839 7,447 7,202 7,815 7,824 8,173 7,866 7,111 7,257 7,871 7,797Small Pickups452 497 289 309 252 263 358 298 221 131 260 213 101 81 197 194 161 8 7 Z Z ZMidsize Pickups98 616 600 873 716 743 1,040 700 698 690 829 761 766 545 466 527 378 216 274 261 255 326Large Pickups887 964 945 738 872 996 1,271 1,273 1,036 1,587 1,326 1,571 1,746 1,893 1,717 1,753 1,967 2,076 1,906 1,845 1,860 1,616Small Vans16 93 30 15 40 12 11 6 2 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZMidsize Vans130 600 1,124 943 1,088 1,323 1,295 1,552 1,298 1,126 1,357 1,292 1,522 938 1,131 1,121 893 1,425 1,096 845 862 696Large Vans96 162 107 76 93 106 112 104 109 139 132 171 170 294 112 111 60 55 70 32 30 29Small SUV60 115 189 136 129 144 188 189 120 489 316 314 400 390 354 264 256 215 132 162 143 191Midsize SUV100 563 447 904 799 1,038 1,265 1,397 1,528 1,401 1,623 1,762 1,863 1,944 1,802 2,093 2,502 2,079 2,117 2,142 2,701 2,463Large SUV23 57 72 54 75 129 169 230 241 560 642 754 879 1,115 2,034 1,760 1,955 1,790 1,508 1,970 2,020 2,476Market share, percentSmall Pickups24.3 13.5 7.6 7.6 6.2 5.5 6.3 5.2 4.2 2.1 4.0 3.1 1.4 1.1 2.5 2.5 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Midsize Pickups5.3 16.8 15.8 21.6 17.6 15.6 18.2 12.2 13.3 11.3 12.8 11.1 10.3 7.6 6.0 6.7 4.6 2.7 3.9 3.6 3.2 4.2Large Pickups47.6 26.3 24.8 18.2 21.5 21.0 22.3 22.1 19.7 25.9 20.4 23.0 23.4 26.3 22.0 22.4 24.1 26.4 26.8 25.4 23.6 20.7Small Vans0.9 2.5 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Midsize Vans7.0 16.4 29.5 23.3 26.8 27.8 22.7 27.0 24.7 18.4 20.9 18.9 20.4 13.0 14.5 14.3 10.9 18.1 15.4 11.6 11.0 8.9Large Vans5.2 4.4 2.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.3 4.1 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.4Small SUV3.2 3.1 5.0 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.3 8.0 4.9 4.6 5.4 5.4 4.5 3.4 3.1 2.7 1.9 2.2 1.8 2.4Midsize SUV5.4 15.3 11.7 22.3 19.7 21.8 22.2 24.3 29.1 22.9 25.0 25.8 25.0 27.0 23.1 26.8 30.6 26.4 29.8 29.5 34.3 31.6Large SUV1.2 1.6 1.9 1.3 1.8 2.7 3.0 4.0 4.6 9.1 9.9 11.0 11.8 15.5 26.0 22.5 23.9 22.8 21.2 27.1 25.7 31.8Fuel Economy, mpgFleet18.6 20.6 20.7 21.3 20.8 21.0 20.8 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.9 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.6 20.9 20.8 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.5 22.9Small Pickups24.3 26.7 24.8 25.0 24.6 26.3 24.9 24.4 24.6 24.9 24.5 23.2 26.3 26.5 23.2 23.2 22.6 25.8 26.9 NA NA NAMidsize Pickups25.9 25.7 24.7 24.6 23.8 23.7 24.0 24.7 24.8 24.2 23.9 22.5 22.8 21.8 21.1 22.8 21.8 23.6 24.1 23.4 24.0 24.6Large Pickups17.2 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.3 18.7 18.4 18.0 18.2 18.9 18.6 18.5 19.3 18.9 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.8 20.1Small Vans19.0 25.5 23.9 24.0 27.0 28.2 27.0 26.5 26.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMidsize Vans16.9 19.8 21.8 21.9 21.8 22.3 22.0 22.2 22.8 22.6 23.3 23.0 23.5 24.0 23.7 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.7 24.5 24.7 24.9Large Vans16.0 16.1 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.1 18.6 18.3 17.9 18.0 17.7 17.9 18.7 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.8 20.0 19.7Small SUV18.8 22.1 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.2 24.1 24.2 28.5 22.8 23.8 24.1 22.5 24.9 24.7 25.2 24.7 24.3 21.5 22.4 22.9 23.5Midsize SUV14.3 19.7 19.1 20.2 19.9 20.0 19.8 19.6 20.0 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.0 21.7 21.8 22.4 22.5 23.0 23.6 24.7 25.2 25.3Large SUV14.3 16.9 16.7 16.2 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.6 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.2 17.6 18.5 19.1 18.8 18.9 19.9 20.4 20.9 21.2 22.2Table 1-21: Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Light Trucks (Thousands of vehicles)U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 29, table4.9 (Oak Ridge, TN), available at http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml as of Nov. 22, 2010.KEY:mpg = miles per gallon; NA = not applicable; SUV = sport utility vehicle; Z = value of zero.NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.aSalesperiod is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year. These figures represent only those salesthat could be matched to corresponding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy values.SOURCE

# 1992 1997 2002

ALL trucks 59,200.8 72,800.3 85,174.8 23.0% 43.9%

Light Trucks

Less than 6,001 lb 50,545.7 62,798.4 62,617.3 24.2% 23.9%

6,001 to 10,000 lb 4,647.5 5,301.5 17,142.3 14.1% 268.8%

Medium Trucks

10,001 to 14,000 lb 694.3 818.9 1,142.1 17.9% 64.5%

14,001 to 16,000 lb 282.4 315.9 395.9 11.9% 40.2%

16,001 to 19,500 lb 282.3 300.8 376.1 6.6% 33.2%

Light-heavy Trucks

19,501 to 26,000 lb 732.0 729.3 910.3 -0.4% 24.4%

Heavy Trucks

26,001 to 33,000 lb 387.3 427.7 436.8 10.4% 12.8%

33,001 to 40,000 lb 232.6 256.7 228.8 10.4% -1.6%

40,001 to 50,000 lb 338.6 399.9 318.4 18.1% -6.0%

50,001 to 60,000 lb 226.7 311.4 326.6 37.4% 44.1%

60,001 to 80,000 lb 781.1 1,069.8 1,178.7 37.0% 50.9%

80,001 to 100,000 lb 33.3 46.3 68.9 39.0% 106.9%

100,001 to 130,000 lb 12.3 17.9 26.4 45.5% 114.6%

130,000 lb or more 4.6 5.9 6.3 28.3% 37.0%

Not reported <50 <50 N N N

Average vehicle weight is the empty weight of the vehicle plus the average load of the vehicle.

Excludes vehicles owned by Federal, state, or local governments; ambulances; buses; motor homes; farm tractors;
unpowered trailer units; and trucks reported to have been sold, junked, or wrecked prior to July 1 of the year
preceding the 1992 and 1997 surveys and January 1, 2002 for the 2002 survey.

SOURCES

1992, 1997: U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census: Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey: United States

, EC97TV-US (Washington, DC: 1999).

2002: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census: Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey: United States , EC02TV-US
(Washington, DC: 2004). 

# Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Weight

Percent
change 1992-

2002 Percent
change 1992-

1997 Thousands of trucks

KEY : lb = pound; N = data do not exist.

NOTES

# 1961 1971 1981 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total world 11,391 26,453 27,407 35,288 35,717 36,100 37,318 38,481 37,286 38,816 40,732 40,144 41,215 41,782 42,832 44,113 46,512 49,175 50,025 43,451

U.S. percent of world 48.5 32.5 22.8 15.4 18.5 17.6 16.3 15.4 14.9 14.5 13.6 12.2 12.2 10.8 9.9 9.8 9.4 8.0 7.5 5.2

Argentina 78 193 139 114 338 227 269 366 353 225 239 170 111 110 171 183 263 351 400 380

Australia 182 393 352 269 323 314 303 320 350 294 324 286 307 366 341 320 298 306 286 188

Austria 8 1 7 14 45 59 97 98 91 124 116 131 131 119 227 231 248 200 125 57

Belgium U 279 216 253 409 386 368 356 319 218 912 1,059 937 792 852 895 882 790 680 510

Brazil 98 342 406 705 1,248 1,297 1,459 1,680 1,244 1,102 1,348 1,482 1,521 1,505 1,756 2,009 2,092 2,388 2,561 2,578

Canada 328 1,083 803 1,060 1,214 1,337 1,279 1,374 1,122 1,626 1,551 1,275 1,369 1,340 1,336 1,356 1,390 1,342 1,195 822

China U U U 81 250 321 382 482 507 570 620 704 1,091 2,019 2,316 3,118 3,869 4,798 6,341 8,509

Czech Republic b 

# 59 149 181 173 174 208 263 321 368 348 428 457 441 436 443 599 850 926 933 968

France 988 2,694 2,612 3,188 3,175 3,051 3,148 2,259 2,603 2,676 2,883 3,182 3,284 3,220 2,913 3,113 2,728 2,551 2,145 1,815

Germany 1,802 3,829 3,758 4,677 4,094 4,360 4,540 4,678 5,348 5,310 4,803 5,301 4,799 5,145 5,192 5,350 5,399 5,709 5,532 4,965

India 22 42 42 179 237 330 396 410 384 519 514 548 706 907 940 999 1,186 1,377 1,507 1,781

Italy 694 1,701 1,257 1,633 1,341 1,422 1,318 1,563 1,402 1,410 1,422 1,272 1,126 1,026 834 726 893 911 659 661

Japan 250 3,718 6,974 9,753 7,802 7,611 7,864 8,491 8,056 8,100 8,363 8,118 8,619 8,478 8,720 9,017 9,757 9,945 9,916 6,862

South Korea U U 69 1,158 1,806 2,003 2,265 2,308 1,625 2,362 2,602 2,471 2,651 2,768 2,054 2,195 2,298 2,509 2,436 2,375

Malaysia U U U 102 137 164 176 280 126 200 280 345 UUUUUUUU

Mexico U 154 355 720 857 699 798 855 953 994 1,130 1,001 960 774 782 846 1,098 1,209 1,217 943

Netherlands 13 78 78 85 92 100 145 197 243 262 215 189 182 163 188 115 87 62 59 51

Poland 14 86 248 168 349 347 353 295 460 651 533 367 287 285 516 527 609 695 840 833

Portugal U U U U 38 41 119 186 181 187 191 177 183 166 151 138 143 134 132 102

Romania U U U 84 85 71 76 108 104 88 58 57 UUUUUUUU

Russia 149 518 1,324 1,308 796 838 868 982 U 946 966 1,022 981 1,010 1,110 1,068 1,174 1,289 1,469 596

Spain 55 453 855 1,943 1,974 2,131 2,213 2,342 2,217 2,029 2,445 2,211 2,267 2,399 2,403 2,098 2,079 2,196 2,014 1,827

Sweden 110 287 258 269 353 388 368 376 368 385 260 248 238 280 290 289 289 317 252 129

Taiwan U U U 266 291 282 265 268 293 255 265 195 245 265 300 324 211 213 139 184

Turkey U 13 25 196 213 233 208 243 U U 297 175 204 294 447 454 546 635 622 511

United Kingdom 1,004 1,742 955 1,237 1,467 1,532 1,686 1,698 1,748 1,787 1,629 1,492 1,628 1,658 1,647 1,596 1,442 1,535 1,448 91

United States 5,522 8,584 6,253 5,440 6,601 6,340 6,083 5,934 5,554 5,638 5,542 4,879 5,019 4,510 4,230 4,321 4,367 3,924 3,777 2,246 Yugoslavia, Federal

Republic of c 

# 1 5 1 1 4 2 4 0 2 1 3 8 8 91 1UUUUUUUUUUUU

1961 1971 1981 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total world 3,809 6,948 9,729 11,974 13,941 13,946 14,178 14,993 14,807 16,132 16,799 16,181 17,757 18,549 21,131 21,607 22,049 22,889 (R) 19,374 16,638

U.S. percent of world 29.7 30.1 17.4 28.0 40.4 40.6 40.5 41.3 43.5 45.8 43.0 40.5 40.9 40.8 36.6 35.3 31.3 29.8 25.3 20.8

Argentina 58 60 33 25 70 59 44 80 105 80 101 66 48 60 89 137 169 194 198 133

Australia 49 77 40 15 31 17 19 29 34 17 25 34 37 48 64 69 20 26 39 35

Austria 5 6 8 6 3 9 91 0 1 2 1 6 2 5 2 4 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 7 2 8 2 5 1 6

Belgium 1 17 41 84 70 82 69 74 87 74 121 129 119 113 43 31 36 45 44 13

Brazil 47 174 374 255 334 332 346 388 329 242 323 316 271 322 454 519 519 582 659 608

Canada 63 277 520 829 1,106 1,071 1,118 1,198 1,050 1,430 1,411 1,258 1,260 1,213 1,376 1,332 1,182 1,237 887 668

China U U U 628 1,103 1,114 1,084 1,096 1,121 1,235 1,389 1,628 2,160 2,425 2,754 2,590 3,410 4,085 3,166 5,137

Czech Republic b 

# 1 7 2 8 4 9 2 9 6 8 94 7 4 2 2 7 2 7 8 6 5 5 5 51 3 1 3 7

France 217 316 408 423 383 424 443 322 351 357 469 447 409 400 439 386 446 465 423 228

Germany 411 312 358 358 262 307 303 345 379 378 395 390 346 361 378 408 421 504 514 245

India 32 47 107 176 238 306 366 336 129 261 282 277 186 254 571 643 772 873 809 861

Italy 65 116 176 245 194 245 227 254 290 291 316 308 301 295 308 313 319 373 365 182

Japan 789 2,093 4,206 3,492 2,752 2,585 2,482 2,484 1,994 1,805 1,781 1,660 1,639 1,808 1,791 1,783 1,728 1,652 1,647 1,072

South Korea U U 65 340 506 523 548 510 329 471 513 475 496 410 1,416 1,505 1,542 1,577 1,391 1,138

Malaysia U U U 0 0 0 0 0 7 51 5 1 4 UUUUUUUU

Mexico U 57 242 269 266 236 422 503 500 540 792 856 845 801 771 838 948 886 950 618

Netherlands 6 13 12 26 23 32 19 20 28 25 52 50 49 56 60 65 72 77 73 26

Poland 22 60 60 25 16 34 48 27 39 44 24 20 23 14 76 85 106 90 105 74

Portugal U U U 26 87 16 13 81 90 65 56 62 68 74 76 82 84 42 43 24

Romania U U U 10 5 22 23 21 23 19 14 12 UUUUUUU

Russia 406 612 874 744 206 156 136 192 U 226 237 228 239 269 275 285 328 377 326 127

Spain 20 79 132 139 168 203 199 220 609 644 587 639 588 630 610 654 699 694 528 337

Sweden 22 30 55 75 82 102 95 104 114 109 36 38 38 43 48 35 39 44 46 23

Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 112 95 100 77 92 122 131 123 92 71 44 43

Turkey U 12 22 46 31 49 69 102 U U 133 95 142 240 376 426 442 465 526 359

United Kingdom 443 456 230 217 228 233 238 238 233 186 189 193 193 189 209 207 208 216 202 999

United States 1,131 2,088 1,690 3,350 5,638 5,655 5,747 6,197 6,448 7,387 7,231 6,546 7,261 7,577 7,731 7,625 6,893 6,828 (R) 4,896 3,463 Yugoslavia, Federal

Republic of c 

# 5 1 8 2 7 2 62212 UUUUUUUUUUUU

1961 1971 1981 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total world 15,200 33,401 37,136 47,262 49,658 50,046 51,496 53,474 52,093 54,948 57,531 56,325 58,973 60,331 63,963 65,720 68,561 72,064 (R) 69,399 60,089

U.S. percent of world 43.8 32.0 21.4 18.6 24.6 24.0 23.0 22.7 23.0 23.7 22.2 20.3 20.8 20.0 18.7 18.2 16.4 14.9 12.5 9.5

Argentina 136 253 172 139 409 286 313 446 458 305 340 236 159 170 260 320 432 545 597 513

Australia 231 470 392 284 354 331 322 349 384 311 348 319 344 413 405 389 318 332 324 223

Austria 13 7 15 20 48 68 106 108 103 139 141 155 151 140 249 253 275 228 151 72

Belgium 1 296 257 337 479 468 437 430 406 291 1,033 1,187 1,056 904 895 927 918 834 725 523

Brazil 145 516 780 960 1,582 1,629 1,805 2,067 1,573 1,344 1,671 1,798 1,793 1,827 2,210 2,528 2,611 2,971 3,220 3,185

Canada 391 1,360 1,323 1,889 2,321 2,408 2,397 2,571 2,173 3,057 2,962 2,532 2,629 2,553 2,712 2,688 2,571 2,579 2,082 1,490

China U U U 709 1,353 1,435 1,466 1,578 1,628 1,805 2,009 2,332 3,251 4,444 5,071 5,708 7,280 8,882 9,507 13,646

Czech Republic b 

# 76 177 230 202 180 216 272 369 411 376 455 465 447 442 448 605 855 939 946 975

France 1,205 3,010 3,020 3,611 3,558 3,475 3,591 2,581 2,954 3,033 3,352 3,628 3,693 3,620 3,352 3,499 3,174 3,016 2,568 2,043

Germany 2,213 4,141 4,116 5,035 4,356 4,667 4,843 5,023 5,727 5,688 5,198 5,692 5,145 5,507 5,570 5,758 5,820 6,213 6,046 5,210

India 54 89 149 355 475 636 762 746 513 780 796 825 892 1,161 1,511 1,642 1,958 2,250 2,316 2,642

Italy 759 1,817 1,433 1,878 1,534 1,667 1,545 1,817 1,693 1,701 1,738 1,580 1,427 1,322 1,142 1,038 1,212 1,284 1,024 843

Japan 1,039 5,811 11,180 13,245 10,554 10,196 10,346 10,975 10,050 9,905 10,145 9,777 10,258 10,286 10,512 10,800 11,484 11,596 11,564 7,935

South Korea U U 134 1,498 2,312 2,526 2,813 2,818 1,954 2,832 3,115 2,946 3,148 3,178 3,469 3,699 3,840 4,086 3,827 3,513

Malaysia U U U 102 137 164 176 280 134 205 295 359 UUUUUUUU

Mexico U 211 597 989 1,123 935 1,220 1,358 1,453 1,534 1,923 1,857 1,805 1,575 1,553 1,684 2,046 2,095 2,168 1,561

Netherlands 19 91 90 111 115 132 164 218 271 287 267 239 231 219 248 181 159 139 132 77

Poland 36 146 308 193 365 381 401 322 499 695 556 387 310 300 592 612 715 785 945 907

Portugal U U U 26 125 57 132 267 271 252 247 240 251 239 227 219 227 176 175 126

Romania U U U 94 90 93 99 129 127 107 72 69 UUUUUUUU

Russia 555 1,130 2,198 2,052 1,002 994 1,004 1,174 U 1,172 1,203 1,250 1,220 1,280 1,385 1,353 1,502 1,665 1,794 722

Spain 75 532 987 2,082 2,142 2,334 2,412 2,562 2,826 2,672 3,033 2,850 2,855 3,030 3,012 2,753 2,777 2,890 2,542 2,164

Sweden 132 317 313 344 435 490 463 480 483 494 296 286 276 323 339 324 327 361 299 152

Taiwan U U U 382 423 406 366 381 405 350 365 272 337 387 431 446 303 283 183 226

Turkey U 25 47 242 244 282 277 344 U U 431 271 347 534 823 879 988 1,099 1,147 870

United Kingdom 1,447 2,198 1,185 1,454 1,695 1,765 1,924 1,936 1,981 1,973 1,817 1,685 1,821 1,846 1,856 1,803 1,650 1,750 1,649 1,090

United States 6,653 10,672 7,943 8,790 12,239 11,995 11,830 12,131 12,003 13,025 12,774 11,425 12,280 12,087 11,960 11,947 11,260 10,752 (R) 8,672 5,709 Yugoslavia, Federal

Republic of c 

# 2 0 1 3 2 2 6 7 2 3 9 91 0 1 0 1 4UUUUUUUUUUUU

Ward's, Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures (Southfield, MI: Annual Issues), p. 14 and similar pages in earlier editions. a 

# Does not include minivans, pickups, and sport utility vehicles.

b 

# Formerly Czechoslovakia and Ward's does not report a number for Slovakia.

d 

# Includes all trucks and buses. Light trucks, such as pickups, sport utility vehicles, and minivans are included under Commercial vehicles

.

NOTES

Prior to 2000, the country of manufacture was recognized as the producing country. To conform with current OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers) practices, starting in 2000, the country of final assembly was recognized as the producing country. This explains the sudden change in trends across some

countries from 1999 to 2000.

Beginning in 1998, some smaller countries not listed in this table are included in the world totals.

SOURCE 

# Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)

Passenger cars a

c 

# Yugoslavia no longer exists and Ward's does not report numbers for countries that were previously a part of Yugoslavia

.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. Also numbers may not add to totals due to the inclusion of small countries in the total. KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable. 

# Commercial vehicles d



# Total passenger cars a 

# and commercial vehicles d1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008World fleet 17,317 18,329 19,980 22,872 24,867 25,555 23,596 23,943 23,753 24,331 25,092 25,608 26,858 27,557 (R) 27,828 28,259 28,318 (R) 25,847 (R) 26,782 (R) 27,694 28,988 30,071 31,507 33,035 34,750U.S. fleet2,926 2,376 1,579 857 864 737 636 619 603 565 543 509 495 477 470 463 454 443 426 418 423 366 344 275 272U.S. Percentage of the world fleet16.9 13.0 7.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 (R) 1.7 1.6 1.6 (R) 1.7 (R) 1.6 (R) 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8Freighters, total2,138 1,747 1,076 511 471 417 367 359 349 322 308 295 292 288 289 284 286 283 276 274 276 235 219 128 133DWT (thousands)21,877 18,127 11,733 7,051 6,885 7,353 7,265 7,156 7,211 7,040 6,866 6,517 6,419 6,458 6,732 6,696 6,680 6,635 (R) 6,402 (R) 6,521 6,817 5,769 5,417 4,099 4,122General cargoaN N N 356 259 209 166 165 182 169 152 142 146 142 140 137 136 132 126 123 119 123 97 25 25DWT (thousands)aN N N 4,640 3,329 2,980 2,605 2,592 2,973 2,913 2,677 2,472 2,467 2,420 2,400 2,404 2,362 2,162 (R) 1,838 (R) 1,810 1,755 1,805 1,389 280 285Containership N N N 109 121 104 92 92 83 87 86 81 83 85 91 89 90 91 90 86 92 81 76 82 77DWT (thousands) N N N 1,773 2,289 2,651 2,856 2,856 2,722 2,812 2,802 2,600 2,639 2,743 3,096 3,056 3,058 3,200 (R) 3,290 (R) 3,281 3,631 3,318 3,102 3,426 3,240Partial containershipsN N N 37 68 63 59 52 3033311NNNNNNNNNNNDWT (thousands)N N N 510 940 904 836 741 456 57 57 57 17 17NNNNNNNNNNNRO/RoN N N 9 23 41 50 50 54 63 67 69 62 60 58 58 60 60 60 65 65 31 46 21 31DWT (thousands)N N N 128 327 818 968 967 1,060 1,258 1,330 1,388 1,296 1,278 1,236 1,236 1,260 1,273 1,273 1,431 1,431 646 926 393 598Tankers, total422 341 294 267 308 258 233 226 220 210 200 181 173 161 154 154 142 130 120 109 108 94 89 62 57DWT (thousands)7,815 7,561 7,739 9,711 16,152 15,534 15,641 14,993 14,180 13,048 11,945 11,028 10,378 9,696 9,289 9,373 8,447 7,532 (R) 6,531 (R) 5,771 6,035 5,098 4,974 3,842 3,864Petroleum/chemicalbshipsN N N N N 244 219 212 206 196 186 167 159 148 145 146 142 130 U U U U U U UDWT (thousands)bNNNNN14,574 14,681 14,033 13,279 12,143 11,040 10,123 9,473 8,857 8,737 8,845 8,447 7,532UUUUUUULiquefied petroleum/natural gas shipsN N N N N 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 9 8 N N N N N N N N NDWT (thousands)N N N N N 960 960 960 901 905 905 905 905 839 552 528 N N N N N N N N NCombination/passenger and cargo, total 309 227 171 60 65 37 10 10 11 12 13 13 15 14 12 11 11 13 12 15 18 19 18 14 11DWT (thousands) 2,070 1,488 1,107 388 446 299 91 92 97 104 115 115 139 136 116 99 99 105 (R) 100 (R) 91 108 100 98 46 9Bulk carriers, total 57 61 38 19 20 25 26 24 23 21 22 20 15 14 15 14 15 17 18 20 21 18 18 71 71DWT (thousands) 805 1,107 767 544 607 1,152 1,270 1,014 991 949 1,042 925 575 321 604 579 604 706 (R) 797 (R) 837 889 543 543 2,340 2,242SOURCES1960-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.2001-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of Janurary 2008 and June 2010.NOTESExcludes non-merchant type and/or U.S. Navy-owned vessels currently in the National Defense Reserve Fleet.All data are year-end data, except that 2004 data forFreigherare as of July 1, 2004..1994: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.World fleet:All other years: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of June 2010.All other categories:Table 1-23: Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet(Oceangoing ships of 1,000 gross tons and over)1960-2006 data includes private and government owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. Beginning in 2007, data are reportedonly for privately-owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over.aIncludes barge carriers.bIncludes integrated tug/barges.Excludes ships operating exclusively on the Great Lakes and inland waterways and special types such as: channel ships, icebreakers, cable ships, and merchant ships owned by military forces.KEY:DWT = deadweight tons; N = data do not exist; R = revised; RO/RO = roll-on/roll-off vessels; U = data are unavailable.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008World fleet 17,317 18,329 19,980 22,872 24,867 25,555 23,596 23,943 23,753 24,331 25,092 25,608 26,858 27,557 (R) 27,828 28,259 28,318 (R) 25,847 (R) 26,782 (R) 27,694 28,988 30,071 31,507 33,035 34,750U.S. fleet2,926 2,376 1,579 857 864 737 636 619 603 565 543 509 495 477 470 463 454 443 426 418 423 366 344 275 272U.S. Percentage of the world fleet16.9 13.0 7.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 (R) 1.7 1.6 1.6 (R) 1.7 (R) 1.6 (R) 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8Freighters, total2,138 1,747 1,076 511 471 417 367 359 349 322 308 295 292 288 289 284 286 283 276 274 276 235 219 128 133DWT (thousands)21,877 18,127 11,733 7,051 6,885 7,353 7,265 7,156 7,211 7,040 6,866 6,517 6,419 6,458 6,732 6,696 6,680 6,635 (R) 6,402 (R) 6,521 6,817 5,769 5,417 4,099 4,122General cargoaN N N 356 259 209 166 165 182 169 152 142 146 142 140 137 136 132 126 123 119 123 97 25 25DWT (thousands)aN N N 4,640 3,329 2,980 2,605 2,592 2,973 2,913 2,677 2,472 2,467 2,420 2,400 2,404 2,362 2,162 (R) 1,838 (R) 1,810 1,755 1,805 1,389 280 285Containership N N N 109 121 104 92 92 83 87 86 81 83 85 91 89 90 91 90 86 92 81 76 82 77DWT (thousands) N N N 1,773 2,289 2,651 2,856 2,856 2,722 2,812 2,802 2,600 2,639 2,743 3,096 3,056 3,058 3,200 (R) 3,290 (R) 3,281 3,631 3,318 3,102 3,426 3,240Partial containershipsN N N 37 68 63 59 52 3033311NNNNNNNNNNNDWT (thousands)N N N 510 940 904 836 741 456 57 57 57 17 17NNNNNNNNNNNRO/RoN N N 9 23 41 50 50 54 63 67 69 62 60 58 58 60 60 60 65 65 31 46 21 31DWT (thousands)N N N 128 327 818 968 967 1,060 1,258 1,330 1,388 1,296 1,278 1,236 1,236 1,260 1,273 1,273 1,431 1,431 646 926 393 598Tankers, total422 341 294 267 308 258 233 226 220 210 200 181 173 161 154 154 142 130 120 109 108 94 89 62 57DWT (thousands)7,815 7,561 7,739 9,711 16,152 15,534 15,641 14,993 14,180 13,048 11,945 11,028 10,378 9,696 9,289 9,373 8,447 7,532 (R) 6,531 (R) 5,771 6,035 5,098 4,974 3,842 3,864Petroleum/chemicalbshipsN N N N N 244 219 212 206 196 186 167 159 148 145 146 142 130 U U U U U U UDWT (thousands)bNNNNN14,574 14,681 14,033 13,279 12,143 11,040 10,123 9,473 8,857 8,737 8,845 8,447 7,532UUUUUUULiquefied petroleum/natural gas shipsN N N N N 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 9 8 N N N N N N N N NDWT (thousands)N N N N N 960 960 960 901 905 905 905 905 839 552 528 N N N N N N N N NCombination/passenger and cargo, total 309 227 171 60 65 37 10 10 11 12 13 13 15 14 12 11 11 13 12 15 18 19 18 14 11DWT (thousands) 2,070 1,488 1,107 388 446 299 91 92 97 104 115 115 139 136 116 99 99 105 (R) 100 (R) 91 108 100 98 46 9Bulk carriers, total 57 61 38 19 20 25 26 24 23 21 22 20 15 14 15 14 15 17 18 20 21 18 18 71 71DWT (thousands) 805 1,107 767 544 607 1,152 1,270 1,014 991 949 1,042 925 575 321 604 579 604 706 (R) 797 (R) 837 889 543 543 2,340 2,242SOURCES1960-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.2001-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of Janurary 2008 and June 2010.NOTESExcludes non-merchant type and/or U.S. Navy-owned vessels currently in the National Defense Reserve Fleet.All data are year-end data, except that 2004 data forFreigherare as of July 1, 2004..1994: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues), and unpublished revisions.World fleet:All other years: U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, personal communication as of June 2010.All other categories:Table 1-24: Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet(Oceangoing ships of 1,000 gross tons and over)1960-2006 data includes private and government owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over. Beginning in 2007, data are reported only for privately-owned vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over.aIncludes barge carriers.bIncludes integrated tug/barges.Excludes ships operating exclusively on the Great Lakes and inland waterways and special types such as: channel ships, icebreakers, cable ships, and merchant ships owned by military forces.KEY:DWT = deadweight tons; N = data do not exist; R = revised; RO/RO = roll-on/roll-off vessels; U = data are unavailable.

# Section C

Condition

# 1986 1990 1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

NPIAS a 

# airports, numbe r 3,243 3,285 3,294 3,331 3,344 3,361 3,364 3,358 3,346 3,356 3,357 3,365 3,372 3,356 3,345 3,332

Good condition (percent) 61 61 68 72 72 73 73 71 75 75 75 77 78 79 78 79

Fair condition (percent) 28 29 25 23 23 22 22 24 21 21 21 19 19 18 19 18

Poor condition (percent) 11 10 75555544443333

Commercial service airports b 

# , number 550 568 554 566 547 546 546 536 510 513 517 517 514 522 528 503

Good condition (percent) 78 78 79 79 78 79 79 79 80 82 79 79 80 81 82 82

Fair condition (percent) 15 17 18 19 20 19 19 19 18 16 19 18 18 17 16 16

Poor condition (percent) 7532 2 22222232222

Total number of airports: 1997, 1999-2010: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Airport Planning and Programming, National Planning Division,

personal communication, Dec. 22, 2009, and Dec. 7, 2010. b 

# Commercial service airports are defined as public airports receiving scheduled passenger service, and having at least 2,500 enplaned passengers per year.

NOTES

Data are as of January 1 of each year. Runway pavement condition is classified by the FAA as follows: KEY: NPIAS = National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems.

a 

# The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems is composed of all commercial

service airports, all reliever airports, and selected general aviation airports. It does not include over 1,000 publicly owned public-use landing areas, privately
owned public-use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports account for almost all enplanements. In 2005, there were
approximately 16,500 non-NPIAS airports. See table 1-3 for more detail on airports. 

# Table 1-25: U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions

Ibid., personal communication, Dec. 22, 2009, and Dec. 7, 2010. Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.

Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.

Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints.

SOURCES

Condition:

1986, 1990: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (Washington DC: 1991).

1993: Ibid., National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (Washington DC: 1995).

# Year Automobiles Light trucks a 

# All trucks b



# 1990 6.5 U 6.5

1991 6.7 U 6.8

1992 7.0 U 7.2

1993 7.3 7.1 7.5

1994 7.5 7.2 7.5

1995 7.7 7.4 7.6

1996 7.9 7.5 7.7

1997 8.1 7.3 7.8

1998 8.3 7.1 7.6

1999 8.3 6.9 7.2

2000 8.3 6.7 6.9

2001 8.3 6.1 6.8

2002 8.4 6.6 6.8

2003 8.6 6.5 6.7

2004 8.9 6.4 6.6

2005 9.0 6.6 6.8

2006 9.2 6.8 6.9

2007 9.2 7.1 7.3

2008 9.4 7.5 7.6

Mean age of household vehicles for several years c



# Automobile Van Sport utility Pickup Other truck RV/motor home

1969 5

. 1UUUUU

1977 5.5 6.4 U 7.3 11.6 4.5

1983 7.2 8.5 U 8.5 12.4 10.7

1990 7.6 5.9 U 8.4 14.5 10.4

1995 8.2 6.7 6.6 9.7 14.9 13.2

2001 8.5 7.0 6.1 9.4 16.8 12.5

NOTE

Data for median age of automobiles are as of July 1 of each year.

SOURCES 

# Median age of automobiles:

Mean age of household vehicles: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Summary

of Travel Trends (Washington, DC: 1999); U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of
Transportation Statistics, 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) Data , available at http://nhts.ornl.gov as of September,

2009. 

# Table 1-26: Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in
Operation in the United States

The R.L. Polk Co., News, Latest News

, U.S. Vehicle Median Age Increased in 2008, According To Polk, available at
http://usa.polk.com/News/LatestNews/ as of July 29, 2009. C 

# The 1969, 1977, 1983, and 1990 surveys do not include a separate category for sports utility vehicles (SUV), while the 1995 and 2001 surveys do.

In 1990, most SUVs were classified as automobiles. KEY: U = data are unavailable.

a 

# Gross vehicle weight 1-3.

b 

# Gross vehicle weight 1-8.

# 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

RURAL

Interstates miles reported 33,547 33,677 33,027 29,089 31,502 31,254 31,312 31,431 30,498 32,820 32,888 32,951 32,907 31,956 31,341 30,802 30,512 30,040 30,076

Poor, percent 8.7 7.6 5.2 7.0 6.5 6.3 3.9 3.6 4.1 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 14.1 27.7 26.5 20.7 19.1 19.1 16.5 14.0 12.2 11.7 10.2 9.8 10.4 9.5 8.0 7.9 7.7

Fair, percent 31.9 31.7 17.4 20.9 23.9 22.3 21.7 20.7 17.8 18.1 16.9 15.4 15.5 15.4 14.5 13.6 12.8 12.5 12.1

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 27.6 36.1 33.2 36.9 38.8 41.0 42.6 44.0 44.8 43.3 44.0 43.9 46.9 47.0 46.5 46.8 46.9

Very good, percent 59.5 60.7 35.6 8.3 9.9 13.9 16.6 15.7 19.0 21.5 23.9 27.7 28.2 29.3 26.2 28.2 30.7 30.9 31.4

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N 3,563 955 1,326 1,508 1,382 2,313 153 162 109 84 87 103 92 71 311 117

Other principal arterials miles reported 83,802 85,729 94,798 78,296 89,506 89,265 92,103 92,170 93,333 97,247 97,297 97,946 97,854 96,656 95,390 94,216 94,500 94,396 94,367

Poor, percent 3.4 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.4 4.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 5.9 9.2 8.2 7.6 5.8 4.9 4.6 3.7 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.4

Fair, percent 42.6 44.5 34.6 54.8 57.4 51.1 49.1 47.7 43.3 41.5 38.7 37.3 35.6 35.5 35.9 33.5 31.3 30.9 30.5

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 28.5 26.7 26.6 27.9 34.4 37.2 38.3 40.5 42.9 42.5 44.2 44.6 44.9 45.8 46.5 46.5 47.5

Very good, percent 53.8 51.9 27.6 6.4 5.4 9.0 9.3 8.6 12.3 13.5 14.4 16.5 16.7 16.4 14.9 17.1 18.9 19.5 19.1

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N 17,905 7,489 8,683 6,028 6,083 5,524 1,587 1,619 1,247 1,009 386 552 946 430 377 579

Minor arterials miles reported 144,735 142,866 137,637 134,837 124,877 121,443 126,381 126,525 130,591 135,192 136,096 134,706 136,955 134,984 134,884 134,358 134,914 134,798 134,386

Poor, percent 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.3

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 7.1 9.1 10.5 9.0 8.2 6.7 6.0 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.5 4.8 5.1 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.5

Fair, percent 48.2 47.3 36.4 53.5 57.9 54.7 50.7 50.4 47.2 47.3 46.2 44.9 43.6 43.0 44.3 42.0 40.7 40.9 40.8

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 25.3 25.0 23.6 23.9 31.0 33.6 34.3 34.4 35.6 36.9 39.1 41.2 39.5 41.6 41.5 40.3 40.4

Very good, percent 47.2 48.4 26.8 8.5 4.5 8.7 7.7 7.0 10.6 11.4 11.2 11.3 11.6 9.7 9.6 11.0 11.8 13.0 13.1

Unpaved, percent Z Z NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N 12,740 13,294 15,708 10,978 10,978 6,664 1,968 1,436 2,874 606 607 573 1,049 455 497 616

Major collectors miles reported 436,365 436,737 434,175 432,223 431,111 431,712 432,117 386,122 388,498 389,134 388,488 389,579 389,125 383,414 379,061 378,722 378,753 378,451 380,297

Poor, percent 8.9 7.7 7.8 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.7 7.8 7.4 9.0 8.5 7.7 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.2 5.7 5.3

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 11.0 12.4 11.3 11.4 10.3 12.3 11.9 12.1 12.7 12.8 11.8 11.7 11.9 12.0 11.7 12.1 12.4

Fair, percent 43.8 45.2 32.3 37.7 33.5 30.8 34.4 37.6 39.0 44.8 43.7 43.7 43.4 44.3 46.5 46.3 47.0 48.6 48.3

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 17.7 16.3 16.1 17.4 20.0 23.0 23.4 20.9 22.0 23.4 24.9 25.1 23.5 24.2 23.4 23.0 22.8

Very good, percent 36.2 36.1 20.4 15.9 21.9 23.7 18.4 19.3 18.3 13.1 13.2 12.5 12.2 11.4 11.1 11.0 11.7 10.7 11.2

Unpaved, percent 11.1 11.0 10.7 10.9 10.7 10.2 10.1 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# NNNNNNN 2,402 NNNNNNNNNNN

URBAN

Interstates miles reported 11,527 11,603 12,466 10,738 12,338 12,307 12,430 12,477 12,231 13,109 13,139 13,256 13,367 14,331 14,984 15,544 15,899 16,035 16,348

Poor, percent 8.6 7.7 7.1 10.6 13.0 10.4 8.6 9.0 9.4 7.3 6.5 7.4 7.7 7.7 7.2 6.0 5.2 5.9 5.4

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 13.2 30.9 29.9 26.8 28.3 27.0 25.5 23.1 21.7 20.8 20.6 19.1 17.7 16.8 16.3 16.0 15.2

Fair, percent 32.2 32.3 17.0 23.6 24.2 23.8 24.7 24.4 21.8 22.6 21.4 20.9 20.3 18.8 19.5 18.6 18.4 18.1 17.3

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 28.0 28.3 26.7 27.5 30.7 32.9 32.0 34.9 37.1 35.9 36.0 36.6 38.2 42.0 41.4 41.3 42.9

Very good, percent 59.1 60.0 34.7 6.5 6.2 11.4 7.6 6.7 11.4 12.0 13.3 14.9 15.4 17.9 17.4 16.6 18.7 18.8 19.2

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N 2,140 788 857 787 771 1,040 230 226 156 123 131 140 157 139 271 193

Other freeways and expressway miles reported 7,670 7,714 8,465 7,011 7,618 7,804 8,410 8,480 8,772 8,860 8,796 8,959 9,242 9,786 10,143 10,443 10,659 10,832 11,175

Poor, percent 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.8 5.3 4.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.4

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 5.9 9.4 12.7 9.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.1 8.1 7.1 7.6 8.3 7.6 6.0 5.0 5.5 5.1

Fair, percent 43.9 44.2 32.4 60.6 58.1 54.7 54.7 58.5 54.3 53.6 50.7 50.5 48.6 45.7 45.5 44.7 43.0 42.3 42.5

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 28.1 22.7 20.9 20.4 26.3 25.2 27.1 29.0 31.6 31.5 33.3 35.0 37.4 39.6 40.1 40.5 40.6

Very good, percent 53.9 53.5 31.0 3.5 2.9 10.3 6.8 4.2 6.6 6.8 6.8 7.7 7.9 8.6 7.4 7.9 10.3 10.0 10.3

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N 1,846 1,377 1,166 617 579 397 281 353 167 82 81 98 108 84 78 152

Other principal arterials miles reported 51,987 52,349 52,165 30,337 38,598 41,444 44,498 45,009 44,886 48,045 47,890 48,931 50,016 53,431 56,831 59,743 61,064 61,259 62,584

Poor, percent 5.9 6.6 6.8 9.2 12.5 12.4 11.8 12.1 12.9 12.5 13.2 12.9 13.3 12.7 12.2 11.8 11.1 11.4 11.6

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 11.5 13.3 16.3 14.7 14.1 14.6 18.5 18.1 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.4 15.5 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.2

Fair, percent 49.0 49.1 34.8 55.0 50.8 47.2 48.9 49.5 45.3 45.2 45.1 45.7 46.1 46.7 46.8 47.2 44.9 45.8 45.8

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 21.4 19.3 16.6 15.9 17.5 17.8 17.6 18.8 19.4 19.5 19.4 19.5 20.0 20.1 21.4 21.7 21.8

Very good, percent 45.1 44.3 25.3 3.3 3.8 9.7 7.7 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.5 4.9 4.7 5.5 5.3 8.2 5.6 5.5

Unpaved, percent NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N 22,498 14,492 11,352 8,485 8,209 8,246 5,154 5,426 4,126 3,422 3,440 2,863 2,064 1,765 2,030 1,975

Minor arterials miles reported 74,656 74,979 80,368 86,819 87,852 88,510 89,020 88,484 88,667 88,663 88,338 88,250 89,559 92,527 96,170 100,290 101,637 102,786 104,883

Poor, percent 8.9 7.4 7.9 7.9 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.3 9.1 10.0 10.5 10.5 11.4 13.0 12.3 12.2 13.2 12.6

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 14.3 13.8 12.3 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.2 13.2 16.0 15.9 16.1 16.5 15.8 15.2 14.6 14.7 14.6

Fair, percent 48.5 49.9 34.1 40.2 38.1 36.9 37.9 37.9 39.5 40.7 39.8 41.1 40.7 41.6 40.8 40.7 40.1 39.3 40.5

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 19.2 18.4 20.5 20.4 20.7 21.4 21.1 18.5 16.9 16.8 17.4 16.7 15.9 16.4 16.2 16.5 16.3

Very good, percent 42.1 42.1 24.0 19.4 22.1 22.1 21.1 20.6 19.9 18.6 17.3 15.7 15.3 13.8 14.5 15.4 16.9 16.3 16.0

Unpaved, percent 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Miles not reported a 

# N N N N N N N 374 N N N N N N N N N N N

Collectors miles reported 78,248 77,097 82,657 84,856 86,098 87,331 87,790 86,666 86,705 86,821 86,030 86,265 87,754 94,939 99,675 103,979 106,843 107,336 111,655

Poor, percent 16.5 11.2 10.5 10.6 9.8 9.7 9.7 10.6 10.4 13.4 14.7 14.6 15.4 16.5 18.1 16.9 18.8 19.8 18.6

Mediocre, percent b 

# NR NR 16.9 16.8 16.2 16.8 16.6 16.0 15.0 14.9 17.4 17.3 17.4 17.5 16.7 16.6 16.1 16.6 16.6

Fair, percent 50.4 53.5 35.2 40.0 40.0 39.0 39.2 39.0 39.9 37.7 35.7 36.6 36.8 36.0 34.3 35.8 35.1 34.5 36.5

Good, percent b 

# NR NR 17.3 16.1 17.0 17.2 18.2 18.4 17.6 15.4 14.2 13.4 13.7 13.4 13.2 14.4 12.9 12.7 12.2

Very good, percent 31.7 34.2 19.1 15.5 16.0 16.6 15.4 15.9 17.1 18.6 18.0 18.1 16.7 16.6 17.7 16.3 17.1 16.4 16.1

Unpaved, percent 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 NNNNNNNNNNNN

Mil es no t repor t e d a 

# N N N N N N N 663 N N N N N N N N N N N 

# Table 1-27: Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. NOTES

Data are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The terms Poor and Mediocre refer to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)'s pavement
condition criteria categories for quantitative International Roughness Index and Present Serviceability Ratings. For further information, refer to the U.S.

Department of Transportation, FHWA, Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: 2002 Conditions and Performance Report , Exhibit 3-3,
available at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy, as of January 2010.



# Data prior to 1993 are not comparable with later years because of differences in pavement condition indicators used for the two periods. F

additional information, refer to the accuracy profile in the appendix of the Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: 2002

Conditions and Performance Report . Total mileage in this table will not match that in table 1-5 due to a change in the method of preparing
mileage data derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System, beginning with the 1997 issue of FHWA's Highway Statistics. KEY: N = data do not exist; NR = not reported; Z = value too small to report.

1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-63,
available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Aug. 18, 2010.

1993-2008: Ibid., table HM-64, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Aug. 18, 2010. a 

# Historical differences in Miles not reported result from the transition from the Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) to the International Roughness

Indicator (IRI).

b 

# For 1990 and 1991, this cate g or y is Included in row below.

Interstates have stricter roughness standards than other roads and its roughness classifications are not comparable with the other categories.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-63, available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Aug. 18, 2010. Rural major collector, urban minor arterial, and urban collector:

All other categories except rural major collector, urban minor arterial, and urban collector: SOURCES1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL all bridges 572,205 574,036 572,197 573,716 576,460 581,135 581,863 582,751 582,976 585,542 589,674 589,685 590,887 591,940 593,813 595,363 597,340 599,766 601,396 603,259Urban108,770 112,363 115,312 117,488 121,141 122,537 124,950 127,633 128,312 130,339 133,384 133,401 135,339 135,415 137,598 142,408 146,041 151,171 153,407 156,305Rural463,435 461,673 456,885 456,228 455,319 458,598 456,913 455,118 454,664 455,203 456,290 456,284 455,548 456,525 456,215 452,955 451,299 448,595 447,989 446,954Structurally deficient bridges, total 137,865 134,534 118,698 111,980 107,683 104,317 101,518 98,475 93,072 88,150 86,678 83,595 81,261 79,775 77,752 75,923 73,784 72,520 71,461 71,177Urban16,847 17,032 16,323 15,932 15,692 15,205 15,094 14,846 14,073 12,967 13,079 12,705 12,503 12,316 12,175 12,600 12,585 12,951 12,896 12,828Rural121,018 117,502 102,375 96,048 91,991 89,112 86,424 83,629 78,999 75,183 73,599 70,890 68,758 67,459 65,577 63,323 61,199 59,569 58,565 58,349Functionally obsolete bridges, total 100,355 97,593 80,393 80,000 79,832 80,950 81,208 77,410 79,500 81,900 81,510 81,439 81,537 80,990 80,567 80,412 80,317 79,804 79,933 78,477Urban30,266 30,842 26,243 26,511 27,024 27,487 28,087 26,865 27,588 29,065 29,398 29,383 29,675 29,886 30,298 31,391 32,292 33,139 33,691 33,743Rural70,089 66,751 54,150 53,489 52,808 53,463 53,121 50,545 51,912 52,835 52,112 52,056 51,862 51,104 50,269 49,021 48,025 46,665 46,242 44,734Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highway BridgesTable includes: Rural–Interstate, principal arterial, minor arterial, major collector, minor collector and local roads; Urban–Interstate, other freeways or expressways,other principal arterial, minor arterial, collector, and local roads.Data for 1990, 1992, 1997-99, 2000, and 2007-09 are as of December of those years; data for 1991 and 1994-96 are as of June of those years; data for 1993 are as ofSeptember of that year; data for 2000 are as of August of that year; and data for 2002-06 are as of July of those years.2001-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology,National Bridge Inventory (NBI),Count of Bridges byHighway System,available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/britab.htm as of Apr. 23, 2010.NOTESExplanations for the termsStructurally DeficientandFunctionally Obsoletecan be found on pages 14 and 15 in Chapter 3 of the Federal Highway Administration,2006 Conditions and Performance Report, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/pdfs/chap3.pdf.U.S. totals include the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.SOURCES1990-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics; based on data from FederalHighway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology,National Bridge Inventory (NBI), personal communication, Aug. 14, 2001 and Apr. 24, 2008.1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Transit railCommuter rail locomotivesa16.3 15.7 15.3 15.8 15.6 15.3 15.9 17.6 17.0 14.7 13.2 13.4 14.2 16.0 16.6 16.0 16.5 16.9 18.4 18.6 18.3Commuter rail passenger coaches 19.1 17.6 17.3 19.3 18.6 20.1 21.4 24.1 21.6 19.4 17.5 16.9 18.1 20.1 20.5 17.9 18.6 18.6 18.9 18.7 18.3Commuter rail self-propelled passenger cars 12.3 15.9 16.5 17.6 18.2 16.0 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.2 27.1 25.4 23.6 19.4 15.9 16.9 17.9 18.5Heavy-rail passenger cars 17.1 16.2 16.9 17.7 17.8 15.8 19.3 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.5 22.9 21.7 20.0 19.0 19.8 20.8 21.6 21.6 20.7 19.0Light rail vehicles (streetcars) 20.6 15.2 16.6 17.0 14.9 16.7 16.8 16.0 15.9 15.7 15.7 16.1 16.4 16.3 15.6 15.5 14.5 15.3 16.1 16.4 16.4Transit busbArticulated3.4 7.6 8.2 9.1 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.3 11.7 11.2 8.5 6.6 5.9 5.8 5.8 4.6 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.9 6.6Full-size8.1 8.2 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.6 7.4 6.2 7.7 7.8Mid-size 5.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.2Small 4.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3Trolley U 10.9 10.3 11.2 12.0 11.1 13.1 14.0 14.7 14.6 15.6 16.4 20.4 15.4 11.6 8.5 9.4 9.0 8.5 9.0 9.4OtherVans3.8 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.3 4.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.2Ferry boatsU 21.7 19.6 22.7 24.7 23.5 23.4 25.3 25.4 25.8 25.1 25.6 24.7 26.8 27.1 25.6 25.6 21.7 20.3 20.1 19.3Table 1-29: Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles (Years)aLocomotives used in Amtrak intercity passenger services are not included.bFull-sizebuses have more than 35 seats;Mid-sizebuses have 25-35 seats;Smallbuses have fewer than 25 seats.KEY:U = data are unavailable.SOURCES1992-2009: Ibid.,National Transit Summaries and Trends(Washington, DC: Annual reports), available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/ as of Nov. 23, 2010.All data, except full-size, mid-size, small, and articulated transit bus:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annualreports), table 25 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/ as of Nov. 23,2010.Full-size, mid-size, small, and articulated transit bus:1985-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database 1991(Washington,DC: 1993), table 29 and similar tables in earlier editions.

# 1995 1997 2000 2002 2004 (R) 2006

Bus, number of facilities a 

# 484 503 497 1,219 1,207 1,280

Excellent 102 13 46 83 208 210

Good 257 86 41 68 62 69

Adequate 34 285 266 672 551 536

Substandard 29 93 121 387 379 344

Poor 63 26 23 10 6 121

Rail, number of facilities U U 150 152 152 201

Excellent U U 0 27 40 42

Good U U 32 18 26 19

Adequate U U 64 76 74 87

Substandard U U 36 27 10 51

Poor U U 18 3 2 2

SOURCES

1995-2004: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Economic Requirements Model, as of Feb.

12, 2008.

2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges and Transit:

Conditions and Performance (Washington, DC: Biennial Issues), tables 3-31 and 3-34, available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pubstats.html as of June 25, 2010. 

# Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilitie s

a 

# These data are derived from the Transit Economic Requirements Model (TERM). TERM uses statistically determined decay
curves to simulate the deterioration of the Nation's transit vehicles, facilities, and other infrastructure components. National Transit
Database (NTD) data are applied to these decay curves to estimate conditions. Only the condition of directly operated facilities are
provided for 1995, 1997 and 2000. The NTD began gathering information on facilities owned by bus systems providing services
under contract in 1999 (known as purchased transportation), however, TERM did not base condition estimates on this full set of

facilities until 2002.

NOTE

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

# 1995 1997 2000 (R) 2002 (R) 2004 (R) 2006

Stations

Excellent 14.0 11.0 1.0 3.0 7.0 12.7

Good 47.0 46.0 33.0 22.0 28.0 12.2

Adequate 12.0 15.0 50.0 18.0 14.0 40.8

Substandard 12.0 13.0 16.0 26.0 51.0 31.3

Poor 15.0 15.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 3.0

Communication Systems

Excellent N 0.0 0.0 7.4 12.1 14.0

Good N 61.0 62.0 68.6 62.7 30.5

Adequate N 16.0 12.1 9.7 25.2 54.8

Substandard N 12.0 14.0 6.0 0.0 0.6

Poor N 10.0 11.9 8.3 0.0 0.0

Train Control Systems

Excellent N 9.0 7.2 5.5 0.3 2.2

Good N 52.0 56.0 65.9 44.6 37.0

Adequate N 16.0 16.9 11.1 29.0 41.0

Substandard N 11.0 10.3 9.7 14.1 14.4

Poor N 13.0 9.5 7.8 12.0 5.5

Traction Power Systems

Excellent N 25.0 20.7 37.0 7.6 7.0

Good N 44.0 54.5 45.0 46.5 35.0

Adequate N 10.0 10.6 10.8 44.5 46.5

Substandard N 7.0 6.9 2.9 1.4 7.2

Poor N 14.0 7.3 4.2 0.0 4.2

Revenue Collection Systems

Excellent N 27.0 29.5 33.5 25.8 28.9

Good N 33.0 31.0 56.4 53.7 30.0

Adequate N 18.0 17.6 2.4 9.5 10.7

Substandard N 10.0 18.1 6.9 8.0 8.8

Poor N 12.0 3.8 0.8 3.0 21.5

Elevated structures

Excellent 1.0 0.0 2.0 5.1 3.1 4.6

Good 56.0 59.0 59.0 82.8 77.2 68.5

Adequate 16.0 12.0 16.0 2.5 4.1 11.7

Substandard 20.0 29.0 22.0 7.3 13.9 7.9

Poor 7.0 1.0 2.0 2.3 1.7 7.3

Underground tunnels

Excellent 9.0 7.0 12.0 34.2 26.4 18.2

Good 59.0 47.0 46.0 36.7 48.2 41.1

Adequate 13.0 18.0 19.0 13.0 12.4 10.5

Substandard 11.0 19.0 11.0 8.6 5.6 15.4

Poor 7.0 9.0 12.0 7.5 7.4 14.8

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges and Transit: Conditions and

Performance (Washington, DC: Biennial Issues), tables 3-35 and 3-36, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pubstats.html as of June 25,

2010. 

# Table 1-31: Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure (Percent)

KEY : N = data do not exist; R = revised.

Percents may not add to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE NOTEYear builta1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Total 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 22,015 22,779 23,732 24,143 24,003 24,045Before 1970 5,117 4,353 4,038 3,766 3,535bbbbbfffffjjjjj1970-74 3,852 3,617 3,384 3,248 3,184c6,048c5,783c5,529c5,565c5196fffffjjjjj1975-79 4,432 4,375 4,292 4,352 4,275 4,254 4,274 4,219 4,116 4,000g8,541g7,862g7,133g6,889g7,056jjjjj1980-84 2,837 2,826 2,784 2,730 2,625 2,754 2,735 2,728 2,723 2,581 2,411 2,153 1,790 1,655 1,585k8,705k8,237k7,907k7,297k7,0541985-89 1,989 1,985 1,970 1,968 1,971 1,890 1,866 1,829 1,830 1,779 1,775 1,672 1,807 1,791 1,799 1,786 1,735 1,695 1,604 1,5581990 608 605 604 604 599d2,965d2,959d2,958d2,736d2,688d2,648d2,667d2,702d2,700d2,715d2,783d2,740d2,718d2,494d2,4641991 583 595 595 594eeeeeeeeeeeeeee1992 337 340 339eeeeeeeeeeeeeee1993 558 602eeeeeeeeeeeeeee1994 781eeeeeeeeeeeeeee1995 901 945 983 953 951 973h4,020h4,582h4,673h4,672h4,348h4,535h4,300h4,146h4,1731996707 696 708 706 697 i i i i i i i i i1997742 741 743 745 i i i i i i i i i1998889 890 890 i i i i i i i i i1999722 713 i i i i i i i i i2000635 691 987 863 863l4,350l4,673l4,618l4,777l4,6502001680 810 891 891 m m m m m2002695 725 722 m m m m m2003587 591 m m m m m20041,121mmmmm2005807 881 876 876 8752006931 1,097 1,145 1,1222007932 907 9112008757 7772009461aDisregards year of rebuilding.dIncludes locomotives built between 1990-94.Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: 2010), p. 50 and similar pages in earlier editions.SOURCEmIncluded in 2000 category.lIncludes locomotives built between 2000-04.Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built (Locomotive Units)fIncluded in 1975-79 category.eIncluded in 1990 category.kIncludes all locomotives built before 1985.jIncluded in 1980-84 category.iIncluded in 1995 category.hIncludes locomotives built between 1995-99.gIncludes all locomotives built before 1980.cIncludes all locomotives built before 1975.bIncluded in 1970-74 category.1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009LocomotivesPercent available for serviceaU 87 83 93 84 86 83 84 85 88 88 88 88 90 89 U U 87 82 83 83 84 82 82Average age (years)b22.3 14.4 7.4 7 12 13 13 13.2 13.4 13.9 14.4 12.0 12.6 12.8 11.2 13.9 13.7 14.8 15.7 16.4 17.5 (R) 18.6 (R) 19.6 20.6Passenger and other train carsPercent available for serviceaU 82 77 90 90 92 90 89 88 90 90 91 93 91 91 U U 83 84 84 85 85 86 86Average age (years)b22.0 24.7 14.3 14.2 20.0 21.0 21.5 22.6 22.4 21.8 20.7 19.8 21.1 22.2 19.4 18.5 20.4 21.4 22.4 23.3 22.5 (R) 23.5 (R) 24.5 25.5NOTES1972 was Amtrak's first full fiscal year of operation.KEY:R = revised; U = data are not available.aYear-end daily average. Active units less backshop units undergoing heavy maintenance less back-ordered units undergoing progressivemaintenance and running repairs.Table 1-33: Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car FleetsbFiscal Year-end average. Fiscal Year ends Sept. 30th of stated year.2001-09: Amtrak,Amtrak Active Fleet, personal communications, Aug. 20, 2009, and July 1, 2010.Roadrailers are not considered train cars for the purpose of our calculations.SOURCES1972-80: Amtrak,Amtrak Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).1985-2000: Ibid.,Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).

# Age a 

# Dry cargo Tanker Towboat Passenger b 

# Offshore

support /

crewboats c 

# Dry barge Tank / liquid

barge d 

# Total

1990–91, total 900 257 5,210 721 1,168 27,110 3,874 39,342

<6 80 6 132 151 85 2,335 162 2,951

6–10 161 38 706 120 318 4,570 316 6,229

11–15 212 50 1,029 110 474 7,639 829 10,343

16–20 141 35 844 80 144 6,374 750 8,368

21–25 82 38 750 65 84 2,607 759 4,385

>25 196 86 1,718 188 51 3,372 1,049 6,660

1992, total 497 249 5,203 1,201 1,205 26,981 3,864 39,313

<6 36 5 134 219 93 3,224 296 4,012

6–10 73 28 398 198 208 1,783 121 2,829

11–15 135 54 1,137 203 567 9,114 902 12,150

16–20 73 33 926 169 189 6,696 740 8,853

21–25 31 42 716 122 91 2,475 677 4,167

>25 124 82 1,874 287 53 3,496 1,123 7,049

1993, total 470 205 5,219 1,243 1,197 26,982 3,970 39,306

<6 25 3 135 207 103 3,558 325 4,356

6–10 67 22 205 221 107 1,070 68 1,764

11–15 135 43 1,221 211 597 8,810 869 11,894

16–20 70 33 968 164 218 6,772 791 9,019

21–25 41 31 674 129 106 2,904 655 4,543

>25 128 73 2,008 311 64 3,713 1,256 7,555

1994, total 778 202 5,179 928 1,236 26,757 3,966 39,064

<6 46 4 146 157 107 3,630 399 4,489

6–10 103 12 151 185 61 1,171 36 1,719

11–15 200 36 1,135 123 540 7,903 754 10,691

16–20 130 44 966 122 309 6,314 799 8,684

21–25 90 32 664 82 130 3,873 638 5,509

>25 206 74 2,107 259 86 3,706 1,327 7,765

1995, total 726 178 5,127 954 1,288 27,375 3,985 39,641

<6 38 5 168 149 119 3,975 489 4,943

6–10 90 8 134 195 58 1,483 46 2,014

11–15 168 34 959 133 463 6,387 611 8,760

16–20 135 38 988 121 412 6,507 736 8,939

21–25 80 29 726 91 141 4,897 697 6,661

>25 213 64 2,146 263 92 3,966 1,403 8,148

1996, total 713 161 5,177 967 1,274 28,775 4,036 41,104

<6 43 7 205 153 123 5,189 573 6,293

6–10 74 8 118 188 61 2,041 87 2,577

11–15 141 29 715 142 351 4,505 346 6,229

16–20 155 36 1,036 119 460 7,234 840 9,881

21–25 79 23 842 87 155 5,416 723 7,325

>25 229 62 2,386 290 144 4,766 1,576 9,453

1997, total 692 147 5,173 1,025 1,369 29,040 3,971 41,419

<6 52 8 227 150 122 5,515 519 6,593

6–10 66 2 118 187 94 2,582 181 3,230

11–15 96 27 396 152 223 1,800 137 2,831

16–20 183 36 1,173 131 588 8,943 928 11,982

21–25 84 21 918 102 177 5,772 727 7,801

>25 209 53 2,332 302 159 4,284 1,477 8,816

1998, total 714 135 5,237 1,011 1,423 29,557 3,952 42,032

<6 56 12 247 150 163 5,877 485 6,991

6–10 55 3 124 168 105 3,117 267 3,839

11–15 105 19 196 166 111 1,113 72 1,782

16–20 179 31 1,198 129 634 8,591 865 11,626

21–25 88 22 979 106 211 5,909 763 8,076

>25 230 48 2,487 292 195 4,817 1,499 9,573

1999, total 695 142 5,098 970 1,470 29,414 3,973 41,766

<6 60 12 302 144 245 6,640 565 7,968

6–10 49 3 140 146 114 3,192 298 3,943

11–15 97 12 146 183 61 1,231 39 1,769

16–20 146 35 1,101 120 571 7,414 742 10,129

21–25 99 30 953 95 283 5,302 760 7,522

>25 243 50 2,447 282 191 5,491 1,560 10,267

2000, total 737 135 4,995 918 1,414 29,141 4,011 41,354

<6 66 11 325 134 246 6,721 582 8,085

6–10 50 4 143 118 106 3,051 329 3,802

11–15 113 8 142 178 58 1,565 48 2,112

16–20 136 34 929 124 454 5,846 602 8,125

21–25 105 30 954 90 332 5,365 712 7,588

>25 263 48 2,497 271 214 6,461 1,714 11,470

2001, total 966 120 5,150 733 1,573 28,920 4,122 41,588 

# TABLE 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Number of vessels )

Vessel type

# Age a 

# Dry cargo Tanker Towboat Passenger b 

# Offshore

support /

crewboats c 

# Dry barge Tank / liquid

barge d 

# Total Vessel type

<6 114 12 369 84 305 6,830 623 8,337

6–10 76 3 167 81 111 2,815 388 3,641

11–15 132 5 125 138 68 2,043 85 2,596

16–20 139 32 692 110 372 4,241 329 5,916

21–25 154 28 972 77 452 6,126 805 8,614

>25 347 40 2,818 240 262 6,712 1,884 12,306

2002, total 989 108 5,180 750 1,591 28,313 4,068 41,002

<6 113 13 369 70 322 6,117 595 7,599

6–10 86 3 185 92 96 3,416 419 4,298

11–15 130 2 142 136 89 2,499 172 3,170

16–20 114 22 381 117 228 1,669 134 2,665

21–25 175 35 1,091 75 547 7,702 843 10,468

>25 368 33 3,004 256 305 6,731 1,904 12,603

2003, total 969 104 5,172 789 1,609 27,304 4,031 39,983

<6 114 9 362 69 314 4,909 604 6,381

6–10 93 7 217 89 126 4,155 396 5,085

11–15 110 3 148 122 93 2,976 260 3,712

16–20 127 15 198 133 111 1,054 71 1,709

21–25 168 32 1,135 84 584 7,135 774 9,912

>25 354 38 3,105 287 378 6,884 1,923 12,972

2004, total 987 103 5,314 834 1,746 27,227 4,069 40,290

<6 126 11 367 72 279 4,556 676 6,087

6–10 112 10 272 97 198 4,840 453 5,983

11–15 95 3 166 119 109 3,057 296 3,846

16–20 132 8 157 144 64 1,169 35 1,709

21–25 130 31 1,083 92 580 6,240 639 8,795

>25 390 40 3,262 308 512 7,152 1,970 13,642

2005, total 969 100 5,290 841 1,768 27,901 4,151 41,028

<6 115 11 336 62 244 4,140 743 5,651

6–10 106 13 321 96 262 5,611 512 6,921

11–15 74 4 157 114 107 3,120 333 3,911

16–20 137 3 155 150 59 1,507 43 2,054

21–25 116 30 907 98 464 5,174 535 7,324

>25 419 39 3,406 321 629 8,113 1,985 14,918

2006, total 946 90 5,285 828 1,721 27,961 4,250 41,109

<6 123 14 362 53 237 3,955 833 5,577

6–10 103 10 336 88 277 6,006 496 7,316

11–15 75 2 172 101 103 2,913 386 3,752

16–20 127 3 132 148 55 1,949 84 2,498

21–25 96 21 690 110 359 3,629 293 5,198

>25 421 40 3,581 328 685 9,204 2,155 16,414

2007, total 931 80 5,356 833 1,810 27,187 4,467 40,695

<6 100 8 411 46 258 4,340 1,005 6,169

6–10 102 10 355 79 288 5,508 481 6,827

11–15 90 3 191 106 104 3,537 418 4,451

16–20 117 2 144 142 87 2,080 172 2,744

21–25 86 15 380 123 213 1,482 123 2,424

>25 435 42 3,860 337 853 9,893 2,263 17,705

2008, total 894 76 5,424 821 1,830 26,678 4,560 40,301

<6 90 10 475 45 295 4,494 1,127 6,536

6–10 102 8 360 72 292 4,435 494 5,766

11–15 96 6 214 95 123 4,543 390 5,469

16–20 94 3 155 129 93 2,524 259 3,257

21–25 87 12 205 138 88 935 63 1,528

>25 425 37 4,003 341 936 9,395 2,225 17,375

NOTES

SOURCE Totals may be greater than sum because of unclassified vessels and vessels of unknown age.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, Volume 1, National Summaries (New Orleans,

LA: Annual Issues), table 4, available at http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/publications.htm as of July 1, 2010. d 

# In 1992, Tank barges were designated as liquid barges. a 

# Age is based on the year the vessel was built or rebuilt.

b 

# Includes passenger excursion/sightseeing, combination passenger and dry-cargo vessels, and ferries.

c 

# In 1992, O ffshore supply boats were designated as crewboats.

Figures include vessels available for operation.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008AirAir carrier, large certificated, domestic, all services 858 1,134 2,068 (R) 1,638 (R) 2,276 (R) 3,026 (R) 3,963 (R) 3,854 (R) 3,995 (R) 4,156 (R) 4,378 (R) 4,628 (R) 4,807 (R) 4,907 (R) 5,030 (R) 5,326 (R) 5,662 (R) 5,545 (R) 5,615 (R) 6,106 (R) 6,602 (R) 6,716 (R) 6,605 (R) 6,733 6,446General aviationa1,769 2,562 3,207 4,238 5,204 4,673 4,548 4,400 3,465 3,253 3,358 3,795 3,524 3,877NNNNNNNNNNNHighwayb, total718,763 887,811 1,109,724 1,327,664 1,527,295 1,774,827 2,144,362 2,172,050 2,247,151 2,296,378 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,485,848 2,561,695 2,631,522 2,691,056 2,746,925 2,797,287 2,855,508 2,890,450 2,964,788 2,989,430 (R) 3,014,371 (R) 3,032,399 2,973,509Passenger carb,c,h587,012 722,696 916,700 1,033,950 1,111,596 1,246,798 1,408,266 1,358,185 1,371,569 1,374,709 1,406,089 1,438,294 1,469,854 1,502,556 1,549,577 1,569,100 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,079 1,699,890 1,708,421 (R) 1,690,534 (R) 1,672,467 1,615,850Motorcyclec,hUU 2,979 5,629 10,214 9,086 9,557 9,178 9,557 9,906 10,240 9,797 9,920 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 10,122 10,454 (R) 12,049 (R) 13,621 14,484Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleb,hUU 123,286 200,700 290,935 390,961 574,571 649,394 706,863 745,750 764,634 790,029 816,540 850,739 868,275 901,022 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,094 1,027,164 1,041,051 (R) 1,082,490 (R) 1,112,271 1,108,603Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or moreh98,551 128,769 27,081 34,606 39,813 45,441 51,901 52,898 53,874 56,772 61,284 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 72,448 75,866 77,757 78,441 78,496 (R) 80,344 (R) 82,014 83,951Truck, combination28,854 31,665 35,134 46,724 68,678 78,063 94,341 96,645 99,510 103,116 108,932 115,451 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 136,584 138,737 140,160 142,370 144,028 (R) 142,169 (R) 145,046 143,507Bus4,346 4,681 4,544 6,055 6,059 4,478 5,726 5,750 5,778 6,125 6,409 6,420 6,563 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 6,801 6,980 (R) 6,783 (R) 6,980 7,114Transitd, total2,143 2,008 1,883 2,176 2,287 2,791 3,242 3,306 3,355 3,435 3,467 3,551 3,082 3,201 3,347 3,500 3,605 3,735 3,855 3,915 3,972 4,054 4,127 4,238 4,375Motor buse1,576 1,528 1,409 1,526 1,677 1,863 2,130 2,167 2,178 2,210 2,162 2,184 1,813 1,849 1,904 1,985 2,041 2,104 2,156 2,177 2,169 2,192 2,214 2,241 2,272Light rail 75 42 34 24 18 17 24 28 29 28 34 35 37 41 43 48 52 54 61 64 67 69 74 84 88Heavy rail 391 395 407 423 385 451 537 527 525 522 532 537 543 558 566 578 595 608 621 630 642 646 652 657 674Trolley bus 101 43 33 15 13 16 14 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 13 14 14 13 13 12 11 12Commuter rail N N N 173 179 183 213 215 219 224 231 238 242 251 259 266 271 277 284 286 295 303 315 325 337Demand responsiveeN N N N N247 306 335 364 406 464 507 363 410 469 494 532 578 613 640 651 683 708 752 803Ferry boatiNNNNU U2223232223323333333OtheriNNN 15 15 15 16 19 24 30 29 34 68 77 90 112 97 100 104 101 131 144 149 163 187RailClass I freight, train-miles404 421 427 403 428 347 380 375 390 405 441 458 469 475 475 490 504 500 500 516 535 548 563 543 524Class I freight, car-miles28,170 29,336 29,890 27,656 29,277 24,920 26,159 25,628 26,128 26,883 28,485 30,383 31,715 31,660 32,657 33,851 34,590 34,243 34,680 35,555 37,071 37,712 38,955 38,186 37,226Intercity/Amtrakf, train-miles209 172 93 30 30 30 33 34 34 35 34 32 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 37 37 36 36 37 38Intercity/Amtrakf, car-miles2,208 1,775 690 253 235 251 301 313 307 303 304 292 276 288 312 342 368 378 379 332 308 265 264 267 272Total train-milesg613 593 520 433 458 377 413 409 424 440 475 490 499 507 508 524 539 536 537 553 572 584 599 581 5621960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 28, 2010.1960-75: Association of American Railroads,Yearbook of Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: 1975), p. 40.Intercity/Amtrak train-miles:1960-70: Association of American Railroads,Yearbook of Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: 1975), p. 39.1975-2001: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77.1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of August 20,2009.Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 33 (train-miles) and p. 34 (car-miles).1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.Transit:1960-95: American Public Transportation Association,Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 6 and similar tables in earlier editions.Rail:Motorcycle:1970-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.1985-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Apr. 29, 2010gAlthough bothTrain-milesandCar-milesare shown for rail, onlyTrain-milesare included in the total. ATrain-mileis the movement of a train, which can consist of multiple vehicles (cars), the distance of 1 mile. Thisdiffers from a vehicle-mile, which is the movement of 1 vehicle the distance of 1 mile. A 10-vehicle train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1 train-mile and 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when comparingtrain-miles with vehicle miles.1980-2000: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, personal communication, 2001.1985-92: Ibid., General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 3.3.1993-97: Ibid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics Survey(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 3.3.Highway:Passenger car and motorcycle:Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Aug. 20, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.Class I rail freight train- and car-miles:2001-08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77.NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Air:Air carrier:1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics 1969(Washington, DC: 1970), part III, table 2.Intercity/Amtrak car-miles:1965-70: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973(Washington, DC: 1974), part III, table 2.Single-unit 2-axle 6-tires or more truck, combination truck,andbus:1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 29, 2010.iFerry boat included withOther.Transitdata from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.General aviation:1975-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/Tables.asp?DB_ID=130&DB_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary%20Data%20%28Form%2041%20and%20298C%20Summary%20Data%29&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary, as of June 23, 2010.1980: U.S. National Transportation Safety Board estimate, personal communication, Dec. 7, 1998.Table 1-35: U.S. Vehicle-Miles (Millions)cU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), provides data separately for passenger car and motorcycle in its annualHighway Statisticsseries. However, the 1995 summary reportprovides updated data forPassenger carandMotorcyclecombined.Passenger carfigures in this table were computed by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, by subtracting themost current motorcycle figures from the aggregatePassenger carandMotorcyclefigures.dPrior to 1985, excludesDemand responsiveand most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)2, Federal Transit Act. The series is not continuous between 1980 and 1985. Transit rail modes aremeasured in car-miles. Car-miles measure individual vehicle-miles in a train. A 10-car train traveling 1 mile would equal 1 train-mile and 10 car-miles.eMotor busandDemand responsivefigures are also included in theBusfigure forHighway.fNational Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak) began operations in 1971.1970-75: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation1976(Washington, DC: 1976), table 8-5.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aAll operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. Data for 1996 are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are not comparable to earlier years. Mileage in source ismultiplied by 1.151 to convert to nautical-miles for 1985-1997.bIn July 1997, the FHWA published revised vehicle-miles data for the highway modes for many years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from the passenger car category to theOther 2-axle4-tire vehiclecategory. This category was calculated prior to rounding.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation1972(Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.10.SOURCESh1960–65,Motorcycledata are included inPassenger car, andOther 2-axle 4-tire vehicledata included inSingle-unit 2-axle 6-tireor moreTruck.

# 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Urban VKT, total (millions) 1,376,416 1,680,313 2,052,693 2,073,635 2,193,623 2,268,647 2,332,337 2,397,173 2,452,457 2,499,240 2,567,901 2,619,397 2,677,583 2,714,387 2,780,296 2,905,683 3,045,305 3,141,230 3,181,749 3,209,867 3,191,476 3,214,446

Interstate 259,494 347,921 448,848 459,186 488,058 510,804 532,012 549,636 565,812 581,670 602,896 616,796 633,221 643,715 657,607 696,255 731,262 754,895 768,113 777,820 766,194 764,379

Other arterial b 

# 779,227 930,635 1,125,306 1,138,640 1,199,956 1,245,597 1,284,094 1,311,889 1,343,196 1,362,514 1,388,857 1,413,250 1,449,040 1,470,837 1,508,530 1,567,398 1,641,674 1,686,945 1,706,062 1,718,989 1,709,487 1,693,145

Collector c 

# 133,645 144,162 171,068 172,652 186,789 189,721 193,263 204,272 208,104 209,450 212,281 211,794 217,860 221,962 228,324 247,438 260,888 270,431 278,754 281,090 282,261 288,356

Local 204,050 257,595 307,470 303,157 318,821 322,525 322,968 331,375 335,345 345,607 363,868 377,557 377,462 377,872 385,835 394,592 411,482 428,959 428,819 431,969 433,533 468,567

Rural VKT, total (millions) 1,081,527 1,175,993 1,398,324 1,421,941 1,422,816 1,427,015 1,461,833 1,501,983 1,545,282 1,608,180 1,661,693 1,710,126 1,743,164 1,787,494 1,815,598 1,746,758 1,722,397 1,670,398 1,669,001 1,666,159 1,593,923 1,577,522

Interstate 217,397 248,414 322,147 329,933 330,812 335,239 346,923 359,498 374,277 386,653 404,782 418,697 431,594 440,347 450,555 434,434 429,688 416,482 415,071 412,697 391,537 389,256

Other arterial b 

# 422,894 455,127 532,477 538,736 553,714 562,574 575,065 593,196 609,695 630,955 649,345 665,174 676,888 687,966 698,141 670,446 659,741 642,019 634,885 633,221 602,334 599,429

Collector c 

# 304,919 332,602 386,983 395,303 378,051 364,188 371,000 380,043 387,900 408,934 414,998 425,596 430,067 437,917 442,581 424,323 419,928 404,890 404,549 404,773 388,106 371,271

Local 136,318 139,850 156,716 157,968 160,239 165,014 168,844 169,245 173,410 181,639 192,568 200,659 204,615 221,264 224,320 217,554 213,040 207,007 214,497 215,469 211,946 217,566

Urban VKT per lane-kilometer, total (thousands) 613 677 764 766 775 782 794 (R) 809 820 825 844 858 869 857 861 856 860 862 856 851 829 818

Interstate 3,327 3,773 4,483 4,542 4,508 4,588 4,667 (R) 4,785 4,897 5,002 5,131 5,229 5,323 5,370 5,440 5,436 5,479 5,455 5,427 5,414 5,245 5,222

Other arterial b 

# 1,451 1,556 1,751 1,758 1,783 1,778 1,803 (R) 1,828 1,857 1,866 1,901 1,950 1,974 1,997 2,025 2,012 2,019 2,001 1,989 1,977 1,923 1,850

Collector c 

# 572 552 634 649 659 656 655 686 692 689 703 706 718 728 743 741 745 745 747 747 723 710

Local 146 168 184 179 181 179 178 181 181 184 192 198 196 189 188 183 184 187 183 181 179 190

Rural VKT per lane-kilometer, total (thousands) 103 113 136 138 139 140 144 148 152 157 165 169 172 177 179 175 174 170 170 169 163 161

Interstate 1,031 1,170 1,473 1,502 1,540 1,576 1,642 1,693 1,749 1,804 1,888 1,939 1,993 2,032 2,080 2,070 2,088 2,061 2,074 2,076 1,981 1,985

Other arterial b 

# 518 555 640 646 653 665 674 695 711 730 750 766 778 788 797 (R) 780 771 753 744 742 705 693

Collector c 

# 132 141 164 167 163 158 161 167 170 179 182 187 189 192 195 190 189 183 184 184 177 167

Local 19 20 23 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 29 30 30 33 33 33 32 32 33 33 32 33

KEY: R = revised.

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-60, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011. 1995-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-2, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011. 2009 data exclude 1,325 kilometers of federal agency owned roads and 114 kilometers of other non federal agency owned roads. 2008 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal agency owned roads. 2007 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal
owned roads and 703 kilometers of local government owned roads. 2006 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads and included 441 kilometers of miscoded roads. 2005 data exclude 1,239 kilometers of federal agency owned roads. a 

# Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VMT):

Lane-kilometers:

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table HM-260, available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 29, 2011. 

# Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane-Kilometers by Functional Class a



# 1 mile=1.609344 kilometers.

Component values may not add to totals due to rounding.

SOURCES

1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-202, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 18, 2009. b 

# Urban other arterial includes other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, and minor arterial. Rural other arterial includes other principal arterial and minor arterial prior to 2009, and includes other freeways and expressways, other
principal arterial and minor arterial for 2009.

b 

# C ollector is the sum of major and minor collectors.

NOTES

See table 1-6M for estimated highway Lane-kilometers by functional class.1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008AIRCRAFT DEPARTURESTotal performeda4,555,516 5,156,848 5,505,659 6,641,681 6,545,000 6,606,609 7,193,841 7,513,232 8,030,530 8,204,674 8,095,888 8,248,269 8,605,486 8,929,559 8,548,932 8,052,756 8,585,736 9,444,234 9,859,941 9,512,017 10,842,368 10,307,025Total scheduled4,530,535 5,204,564 5,591,596 6,758,571 7,024,412 6,703,670 7,058,097 7,359,093 7,920,467 8,064,653 7,907,554 8,094,020 8,432,940 8,688,776 8,340,180 7,981,190 8,479,414 9,193,220 9,722,715 9,429,017 10,533,325 9,975,955Large hubsPerformed2,437,958 2,887,239 3,439,446 4,167,868 4,114,950 4,078,211 4,480,575 4,756,589 5,162,534 5,257,541 5,266,560 5,416,158 5,645,179 5,851,801 5,177,758 4,918,940 5,336,246 5,591,234 5,842,793 5,660,186 6,095,332 5,742,452Scheduled2,409,874 2,905,923 3,487,660 4,237,466 4,312,032 4,144,325 4,443,937 4,713,178 5,147,875 5,243,646 5,219,161 5,405,728 5,570,419 5,720,435 5,092,030 4,867,648 5,326,856 5,486,529 5,806,009 5,654,357 6,238,895 5,866,511Medium hubsPerformed902,652 1,048,726 1,185,008 1,394,833 1,256,306 1,301,977 1,310,322 1,471,377 1,439,639 1,425,280 1,430,537 1,429,730 1,499,243 1,574,986 1,893,805 1,791,778 1,703,127 2,046,105 2,184,522 2,076,849 2,236,012 2,208,796Scheduled899,543 1,058,438 1,201,540 1,417,762 1,352,515 1,312,257 1,268,316 1,398,144 1,387,833 1,356,162 1,352,944 1,345,197 1,404,482 1,507,991 1,812,161 1,784,913 1,671,068 2,007,421 2,153,826 2,062,423 2,213,263 2,181,478Small hubsPerformed640,589 598,559 514,176 669,450 689,518 771,529 841,685 710,569 738,231 754,914 695,841 714,920 746,625 779,518 864,722 788,758 884,306 1,088,691 1,091,838 1,095,346 1,130,616 1,057,948Scheduled644,133 608,738 524,048 679,103 858,429 783,305 794,279 685,421 711,947 722,170 660,685 674,812 770,092 759,208 856,112 809,246 855,679 1,025,145 1,064,124 1,078,363 1,134,183 1,055,628NonhubsPerformed574,317 622,324 367,029 409,530 484,226 454,892 561,259 574,697 690,126 766,939 702,950 687,461 714,439 723,254 612,647 553,280 662,057 718,204 740,788 679,636 1,380,408 1,297,829Scheduled576,985 631,465 378,348 424,240 501,436 463,783 551,565 562,350 672,812 742,675 674,764 668,283 687,947 701,142 579,877 519,383 625,811 674,125 698,756 633,874 946,984 872,338ENPLANED REVENUE PASSENGERSb196,782,144 281,408,852 363,341,497 438,544,001 428,319,248 447,625,988 468,313,029 508,458,194 526,055,483 558,183,741 568,615,687 588,335,318 610,628,716 639,753,899 595,364,778 575,058,533 593,132,200 652,413,250 690,135,672 690,765,508 718,735,471 690,249,540Large hubs 133,975,900 197,679,376 264,507,144 317,595,099 313,375,097 319,582,090 340,048,661 372,731,005 392,601,890 417,339,694 426,246,423 442,402,443 458,665,099 479,570,342 413,634,333 401,696,877 424,621,015 447,500,697 473,367,070 475,207,801 501,735,503 478,700,010Medium hubs 36,539,613 51,664,627 65,770,376 80,466,373 72,985,169 80,800,955 79,032,913 88,601,244 85,929,285 89,018,764 90,779,705 91,755,793 96,394,866 102,082,360 124,587,728 119,733,580 109,492,740 135,364,314 143,749,228 142,139,330 139,828,095 137,535,272Small hubs 19,406,607 23,393,324 24,240,726 30,771,383 31,224,974 36,879,632 37,334,956 34,443,996 33,561,098 37,122,974 36,298,979 37,675,305 38,644,557 40,121,294 42,833,911 40,053,861 43,545,830 51,812,381 53,291,924 55,008,304 55,627,434 52,757,861Nonhubs 6,860,024 8,671,525 8,823,251 9,711,146 10,734,008 10,363,311 11,896,499 12,681,949 13,963,210 14,702,309 15,290,580 16,501,777 16,924,194 17,979,903 14,308,806 13,574,215 15,472,615 17,735,858 19,727,450 18,410,073 21,544,439 21,256,397ENPLANED REVENUE TONSc3,661,061 5,088,313 4,024,470 6,298,824 6,417,504 6,736,309 8,203,090 8,718,082 9,365,017 10,333,298 13,520,228 14,083,769 14,911,847 15,105,527 17,514,685 13,525,489 13,911,441 14,616,794 14,445,548 14,262,852 14,092,403 12,695,987Freight, total2,764,763 3,562,187 2,601,027 4,732,726 4,854,513 5,053,678 6,383,887 6,802,375 7,204,479 8,047,795 11,163,448 11,784,514 12,067,717 12,770,655 15,805,842 12,674,172 13,069,642 13,870,934 13,795,084 13,673,646 13,543,701 12,045,843Large hubs2,265,665 3,008,311 2,047,988 3,001,217 2,960,604 3,067,778 3,678,851 4,025,517 4,402,327 4,653,189 5,691,363 6,208,629 5,993,061 6,728,534 6,338,289 4,999,651 5,524,253 5,424,975 5,184,194 5,019,609 5,241,739 4,562,613Medium hubs358,044 414,325 469,057 1,446,744 1,507,017 1,633,136 1,857,865 2,022,282 1,950,318 2,169,411 3,855,449 3,897,242 4,382,712 4,445,684 6,871,585 5,750,187 5,264,084 5,042,642 6,239,905 5,239,725 6,386,330 5,815,015Small hubs99,133 73,795 48,127 191,358 222,247 267,619 516,199 432,680 541,062 755,232 963,093 1,019,615 1,053,050 936,896 1,405,627 1,056,987 1,015,860 2,052,242 981,639 2,010,442 890,633 722,877Nonhubs41,922 65,756 35,855 93,407 164,645 85,145 330,973 321,896 310,772 469,962 653,542 659,028 638,894 659,541 1,190,341 867,347 1,265,445 1,351,075 1,389,346 1,403,870 1,024,999 945,338Mail, total896,298 1,526,125 1,423,443 1,566,098 1,562,991 1,682,632 1,819,203 1,915,706 2,160,538 2,285,503 2,356,781 2,299,255 2,844,130 2,334,872 1,708,843 851,317 841,799 745,860 650,464 589,206 548,702 650,144Large hubs677,179 1,091,059 1,082,567 1,146,589 1,095,019 1,201,545 1,320,176 1,406,910 1,546,568 1,630,445 1,699,154 1,662,643 2,183,127 1,674,892 1,127,090 642,709 663,406 572,837 492,408 429,955 369,519 436,838Medium hubs151,498 255,929 268,179 292,899 321,041 321,051 324,441 344,200 442,814 466,583 473,577 482,710 502,096 508,356 407,330 162,549 141,315 143,888 136,635 124,151 120,709 155,029Small hubs48,486 148,116 59,917 108,656 126,070 144,918 152,692 136,111 136,008 157,137 138,818 127,748 126,793 109,283 103,227 34,293 27,464 25,202 16,901 18,512 7,842 10,332Nonhubs19,134 31,021 12,781 17,954 20,861 15,117 21,894 28,485 35,149 31,338 45,232 26,154 32,114 42,341 71,196 11,766 9,614 3,933 4,520 16,588 50,632 47,9462000-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Airport Activity Statistics Database(Form 41 Schedule T-3), special tabulation.Large certificated air carriers operate aircraft with seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds and holdCertificates of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation authorizing the performance of air transportation. Data forcommuter, intrastate, air taxi, small-certificated, and foreign-flag air carriers are not included.Prior to 2000, and/or 2007-2008 air traffic hubs are designated as geographical areas based on the percentage of total passengers enplaned in the area. Under thisdesignation, a hub may have more than one airport in it. (This definition of hub should not be confused with the definition used by the airlines in describing their "huband-spoke" route structures.) Individual communities fall into four hub classifications as determined by each community's percentage of total enplaned revenuepassengers in all services and all operations of U.S. certificated route carriers within the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For 2000-2006, hub designation isbased on passenger boardings at individual airports as designated by the FAA. Classifications are based on the percentage of total enplaned revenue passengers foreach year according to the following: one percent or more = large, 0.25 to 0.9999 percent = medium, 0.05 to 0.249 percent = small, less than 0.05 = nonhub.1975-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Airport Activity Statistics of Certified Route Air Carriers(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2, 3, 4, and 5.bThe number of persons receiving air transportation from an air carrier for which remuneration is received by the carrier, excluding persons receiving reduced ratecharges, such as air carrier employees, infants, and others (except ministers of religion, elderly individuals, and handicapped individuals).Table 1-37: U.S. Air Carrier Aircraft Departures, Enplaned Revenue Passengers, and Enplaned Revenue TonscThe number of short tons transported on a flight by an air carrier.Data are for all scheduled and nonscheduled service by large certificated U.S. air carriers at all airports served within the 50 states and the District of Columbia. U.S.territories are not included in the data. Not all scheduled service is actually performed. Moreover, for several years, total performed departures exceed total scheduleddepartures because nonscheduled departures are included in the totals. Prior to 1993, all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplanements for certificated air carrierswere included; no enplanements were included for air carriers offering charter service only. Prior to 1990, freight includes both freight and express shipments, and mailincludes priority and nonpriority U.S. mail and foreign mail; beginning in 1990, only aggregate numbers are reported.SOURCESNOTESaTotal performed includes scheduled departures performed minus those scheduled departures that did not occur plus unscheduled service.KEY:R = revised.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008FreightAir carrier 953 943 1,014 1,082 1,052 1,157 1,389 1,346 1,391 1,347 1,221 1,160 1,181 1,077 1,078 1,001 982 973 1,204 1,216 1,261 1,218 1,218 1,220 1,247Trucka272 259 263 286 363 366 391 398 410 407 392 416 426 435 442 458 473 485 U U U U U U UClass I rail 461 503 515 541 616 665 726 751 763 794 817 (R) 843 (R) 842 (R) 851 (R) 835 (R) 835 (R) 843 (R) 858 (R) 853 (R) 862 (R) 902 (R) 893 906 913 919Coastwise (water)1,496 1,501 1,509 1,362 1,915 1,972 (R) 1,605 (R) 1,705 (R) 1,762 (R) 1,650 (R) 1,652 (R) 1,652 (R) 1,526 (R) 1,330 (R) 1,261 (R) 1,279 (R) 1,251 (R) 1,228 (R) 1,219 (R) 1,248 (R) 1,269 (R) 1,233 1,126 1,108 1,116Lakewise (water)522 494 506 530 536 524 (R) 553 (R) 535 (R) 519 (R) 514 (R) 508 (R) 514 (R) 508 (R) 507 (R) 505 (R) 501 (R) 506 (R) 509 (R) 529 (R) 529 (R) 538 (R) 540 548 543 556Internal (water)282 297 330 358 405 435 (R) 470 (R) 483 (R) 479 (R) 467 (R) 482 (R) 494 (R) 477 (R) 466 (R) 472 (R) 488 (R) 481 (R) 476 (R) 483 (R) 457 (R) 454 (R) 440 446 437 443Intraport (water)U U U 16 17 15 (R) 13 (R) 13 (R) 12 (R) 12 (R) 16 (R) 16 (R) 17 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 16 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 15 (R) 16 (R) 17 17 17 16Crude (oil pipeline)325 320 300 633 871 777 812 822 830 790 778 797 779 781 767 766UUUUUUUUUPetroleum products (oil pipeline) 269 335 357 516 414 391 387 379 379 406 414 402 413 413 420 418UUUUUUUUUPassengerAir carrier, domestic, scheduled 583 614 678 698 736 758 803 806 806 799 787 791 802 817 812 824 833 (R) 843 (R) 850 (R) 844 (R) 862 (R) 865 871 871 872Bus, intercity79 94 106 113 125 121 141 143 136 138 138 140 143 144 144 143 143UUUUUUUUCommuter rail21 21 22 23 23 24 22 23 23 22 21 24 24 23 23 (R) 22 23 23 23 23 23 22 23 24 23AmtrakbN N N 236 216 231 273 285 286 280 279 268 256 256 251 248 244 237 234 231 219 215 220 218 215KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aTotal Class I and Class II motor carriers of freight (less-than-truckload, specialized carrier for truckload, and others).bAmtrak began operations in 1971. Data are reported for fiscal years.Average length of haul forfreightis calculated by dividing ton-miles by estimates of tonnage from the various data sources. The calculation of average length of haul forpassengertrips varies by mode: forair carrierit is calculated by dividing revenue passenger-miles by revenue passengerenplanements; forcommuter rail,intercity bus, andAmtrakit is calculated by dividing passenger-miles by number of passengers.Commuter raildata for 1996 and later is not comparable to previous years' data due to a change in sources.Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Miles)1990-2002: Amtrak,Amtrak Annual Report(Washington, DC: 2003), Statistical Appendix.Intercity bus:Passenger:Air carrier:1970-85: Amtrak, personal communication, Jan. 26, 1999.U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier TrafficStatistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 3 and similar pages in previous issues.Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 18th edition(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 64.1960-95: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 18th edition(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 64.Freight:SOURCESWater:2003-08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1975-99: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 18th edition(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 65.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation In America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2004), p. 65.Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation In America, 18th edition(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 65.Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 36 and similar pages in previous editions.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 5(New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), section 1, table 1-4, available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of Apr. 05, 2010.1960-70: Transportation Policy Associates, Washington, DC, personal communication.NOTESAmtrak:Class I rail:Truck:2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,TranStats Database, T-100 Market Data, special tabulation, Mar. 18, 2010.Oil pipeline:1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 19 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Apr. 5, 2010.Commuter Rail:Air carrier:1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL1990-2009TOTAL space launches 15 12 14 11 15 23 24 38 41 39 35 16 24 17 15 18 21 23 28 24 429United States, total9 6 6 5 5 12 11 17 22 15 7 3 5 5 6 1 2 3 6 4 150Athena000001011300000000006Atlas1233487654313451101163Conestoga000001000000000000001Delta5 4 3 1 1 1 3 7 11 5 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 254Falcon000000000000000000213Pegasus0001011342200100001016Taurus000000001101001000004Titan300000000000000000003Europe, total5 6 6 6 8 8 9 11 9 8 12 8 10 4 1 5 5 6 5 5 137Ariane 45 6 6 6 8 8 9 11 9 8 8 6 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 098Ariane 50000000000423315565539Russia, total0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 5 13 13 3 8 5 5 8 9 12 11 10 111Cosmos000000000120010100308Dnepr0000000001101010132111Kosmos000000000000000012003Proton0000002645625144446760Rockot000000000000210110027Shtil000000001000000000001Soyuz0000000006300201000012Soyuz 2000000000000000013004Start000000010011000010004Volna000000000000000100001Ukraine, total00000000100000000000 1Zenit 2000000001000000000001China, total1 0 2 0 2 3 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19Long March 2C000000014100000000006Long March 2E002013000000000000006Long March 3100010100000000000003Long March 3B000000120000000000014India, total00000000000000000100 1PSLV000000000000000001001Sea Launcha, total0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 3 3 4 5 1 6 4 34Zenit 3SL00000000023213345164342000-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,Commercial Space Transportation: Year in Review(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 3, 4, and Appendix I, available athttp://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/ as of Apr. 9, 2010.Table 1-39: Worldwide Commercial Space LaunchesaSea Launchis an international venture involving organizations in four countries and uses its own launch facility outside nationalborders. Their first commercial launch, in 1999, was licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration.Sea Launchfiled for Chapter11 bankruptcy protection in June 2009 and thus had no launches in the second half of the year.A commercial launch is a launch that is internationally competed (i.e., available in principle to international launch providers) orwhose primary payload is commercial in nature. FAA-licensed launches carrying captive government (NASA and DOD) or industrypayloads (ORBCOMM, Delta 3 demosat, Zenit 3SL demosat, and others) are counted here. Data are for orbital launches only.1990–99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Associate Administrator for Commercial SpaceTransportation, personal communication, June 4, 2002.SOURCESNOTES1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Air, total 33,399 57,626 117,542 147,400 219,068 290,136 358,873 350,185 365,564 372,130 398,199 414,688 446,652 463,112 476,362 502,457 (R) 531,329 502,406 483,409 505,226 557,892 583,758 588,455 607,546 583,506Air carrier, certificated, domestic, all services31,099 53,226 108,442 136,000 204,368 277,836 345,873 338,085 354,764 362,230 388,399 403,888 434,652 450,612 463,262 488,357 516,129 486,506 483,409 505,226 557,892 583,758 588,455 607,546 583,506General aviationa2,300 4,400 9,100 11,400 14,700 12,300 13,000 12,100 10,800 9,900 9,800 10,800 12,000 12,500 13,100 14,100 15,200 15,900UUUUUUUHighway, totalb1,272,078 1,555,237 2,042,002 2,404,954 2,653,510 3,012,953 3,561,209 3,600,322 3,697,719 3,768,066 3,837,512 3,868,070 3,968,386 4,089,366 (R) 4,200,634 4,304,270 4,390,076 4,643,794 4,667,038 4,721,869 4,844,452 (R) 4,887,945 4,929,366 (R) 4,963,161 4,871,683Passenger carb,c,g1,144,673 1,394,803 1,750,897 1,954,166 2,011,989 2,094,621 2,281,391 2,200,260 2,208,226 2,213,281 2,249,742 2,286,887 2,337,068 2,389,065 2,463,828 2,494,870 2,544,457 2,556,481 2,620,389 2,641,885 2,685,827 (R) 2,699,305 2,671,044 (R) 2,642,498 2,553,043Motorcycleb,c.gUU 3,277 6,192 12,257 11,812 12,424 11,656 11,946 12,184 12,390 10,777 10,912 11,089 11,311 11,642 11,516 11,760 12,131 12,163 12,855 (R) 13,277 15,303 (R) 17,298 18,395Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclec.hUU 225,613 363,267 520,774 688,091 999,754 1,116,958 1,201,667 1,252,860 1,269,292 1,256,146 1,298,299 1,352,675 1,380,557 1,432,625 1,467,664 1,678,853 1,674,792 1,706,103 1,780,771 (R) 1,804,848 1,876,690 (R) 1,928,319 1,921,960Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or moreh98,551 128,769 27,081 34,606 39,813 45,441 51,901 52,898 53,874 56,772 61,284 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 85,489 75,866 77,757 78,441 (R) 78,496 80,344 (R) 82,014 83,951Truck, combination28,854 31,665 35,134 46,724 68,678 78,063 94,341 96,645 99,510 103,116 108,932 115,451 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 161,169 138,737 140,160 142,370 (R) 144,028 142,169 (R) 145,046 143,507BusdUUUUU94,925 121,398 121,906 122,496 129,852 135,871 136,104 139,136 145,060 148,558 162,445 160,919 150,042 145,124 143,801 144,188 (R) 147,992 143,816 (R) 147,985 150,827Transit, totaleUUUU39,854 39,581 41,143 40,703 40,241 39,384 39,585 39,808 38,984 40,180 41,605 43,279 45,100 46,508 46,096 45,677 46,546 47,125 49,504 51,873 53,712Motor busdUUUU21,790 21,161 20,981 21,090 20,336 20,247 18,832 18,818 16,802 17,509 17,874 18,684 18,807 19,583 19,679 19,179 18,921 19,425 20,390 20,388 21,198Light railU U U U 381 350 571 662 701 705 833 860 9551,024 1,115 1,190 1,339 1,427 1,432 1,476 1,576 1,700 1,866 1,930 2,081Heavy railUUUU10,558 10,427 11,475 10,528 10,737 10,231 10,668 10,559 11,530 12,056 12,284 12,902 13,844 14,178 13,663 13,606 14,354 14,418 14,721 16,138 16,850Trolley busU U U U 219 306 193 195 199 188 187 187 184 189 182 186 192 187 188 176 173 173 164 156 161Commuter rail 4,197 4,128 4,592 4,513 6,516 6,534 7,082 7,344 7,320 6,940 7,996 8,244 8,350 8,037 8,702 8,764 9,400 9,544 9,500 9,555 9,715 9,470 10,359 11,137 11,032Demand responsivedU U U U U364 431 454 495 562 577 607 391 531 513 559 588 626 651 689 704 738 753 778 844Ferry boatiU U U U U U286 282 271 260 260 260 255 254 280 295 298 295 301 367 357 359 360 381 390OtheriU U U U390 439 124 148 182 251 232 273 516 579 654 699 632 668 683 629 745 842 891 9661,156RailIntercity/Amtrakf17,064 13,260 6,179 3,931 4,503 4,825 6,057 6,273 6,091 6,199 5,921 5,545 5,050 5,166 5,304 5,330 5,498 5,559 5,468 5,680 5,511 5,381 5,410 5,784 6,179Air carrier, domestic, all services:Air carrier passenger-miles are computed by summing the products of the aircraft-miles flown on each inter airport segment multiplied by the number of passengers carried on that segment. Highway passenger-miles from1960 to 1994 are calculated by multiplying vehicle-miles of travel as cited by FHWA by the average number of occupants for each vehicle type. Average vehicle occupancy rates are based on various sources, such as theNational Household Travel Survey, conducted by the Federal Highway Administration, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Transit passenger-miles are the cumulative sum ofthe distances ridden by each passenger. Rail passenger-miles represent the movement of 1 passenger for 1 mile.NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1975-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: 1976, 1981), page 4 (December 1976) and page 2 (December 1981).Transitdata from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.SOURCESAir:KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aAll operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.bIn July 1997, FHWA published revised passenger-miles data for the highway modes for a number of years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from thepassenger carcategory to theother 2-axle 4-tire vehiclecategory. Passenger-miles forpassenger car, motorcycle, and other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleswere derived by multiplying vehicle-miles for these vehicles by average vehicle occupancy rates, provided by theNationwide Personal Transportation Survey (1977, 1983, and 1995) and the National Household Travel Survey (2001).gMotorcyclesare included inPassenger carin 1960 and 1965.hOther 2-axle 4-tire vehiclesare included insingle-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truckin 1960 and 1965.1990-2002: Ibid.,Amtrak Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), Statistical Appendix.1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.All other data:1992: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, July 19, 2000.2003-08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77.1960-1995: American Public Transportation Association,Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2 and similar tables in earlier editions.Rail, Intercity / Amtrak:1960-80: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).1985: Amtrak,Amtrak FY95 Annual Report(Washington, DC: 1996), Statistical Appendix, page 4.General aviation:Highway:1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.Transit:Ferryboat:1985-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.1970-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.iFerry boatsare included inOtherin 1980 and 1985.cU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), provides data separately forpassenger carandmotorcyclein its annualHighway Statisticsseries. However, the 1995 summary reportprovides updated data forpassenger carandmotorcyclecombined.Passenger carfigures in this table were computed by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics by subtracting the mostcurrentmotorcyclefigures from the aggregatepassenger carandmotorcyclefigures.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002),pages 45-46.1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: 1970), part III, table 2.1965-70: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973(Washington, DC: 1974), part III, table 2.Passenger car and motorcycle:dMotor busanddemand responsivefigures are also included in thebusfigure for highway.ePrior to 1985, excludesdemand responsiveand most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)2, Federal Transit Act. The series is not continuous between 1980 and 1985.Transit railmodes aremeasured in car-miles. Car-miles measure individual vehicle-miles in a train. A 10-car train traveling 1 mile would equal 1 train-mile and 10 car-miles.fAmtrakbegan operations in 1971. Does not include contract commuter passengers.1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December issues), page 3, line1.Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (Millions)1993-95: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, Aug. 13, 2001.1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM-201A.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.Single-unit 2-axle 6-tires or more truck, combination truck,andbus:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM-201A.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010 .1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM-201A.Motorcycle:Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number PercentAll workers106,630 100.0 103,741 100.0 116,469 100.0 118,041 100.0 119,896 100.0 115,342 100.0 133,091 100.0 138,266 100.0 139,260 100.0 143,996 100.0 138,592 100.0Automobile, total93,943 88.1 91,301 88.0 101,908 87.5 103,467 87.7 105,450 88.0 101,664 88.1 116,659 87.7 119,898 86.7 120,442 86.5 124,177 86.2 119,393 86.1Drives self81,322 76.3 79,449 76.6 90,207 77.5 92,363 78.2 93,819 78.3 91,607 79.4 102,458 77.0 105,046 76.0 105,955 76.1 108,776 75.5 105,476 76.1Carpool, total12,621 11.8 11,852 11.4 11,701 10.0 11,104 9.4 11,631 9.7 10,057 8.7 14,200 10.7 14,852 10.7 14,488 10.4 15,402 10.7 13,917 10.02-person9,708 9.1 9,105 8.8 9,294 8.0 8,705 7.4 9,012 7.5 7,866 6.8 10,981 8.3 11,408 8.3 11,139 8.0 11,846 8.2 10,813 7.83-person1,748 1.6 1,684 1.6 1,526 1.3 1,454 1.2 1,642 1.4 1,351 1.2 3,219 2.4 1,992 1.4 1,963 1.4 2,088 1.5 1,822 1.34+ persona1,165 1.1 1,063 1.0 881 0.8 945 0.8 977 0.8 840 0.7 NA NA 1,451 1.0 1,385 1.0 1,467 1.0 1,282 0.9Public transportationb4,880 4.6 4,740 4.6 5,337 4.6 5,779 4.9 5,602 4.7 5,081 4.4 6,202 4.7 6,642 4.8 6,761 4.9 7,170 5.0 6,922 5.0Taxicabc152 0.1 117 0.1 139 0.1 144 0.1 133 0.1 128 0.1 NA NA 178 0.1 179 0.1 167 0.1 157 0.1Bicycle or motorcyclec795 0.7 744 0.7 738 0.6 749 0.6 846 0.7 691 0.6 NA NA 895 0.6 949 0.7 1,183 0.8 1,060 0.8Walks only 3,634 3.4 3,227 3.1 3,869 3.3 3,627 3.1 3,405 2.8 3,171 2.7 3,291 2.5 3,952 2.9 3,954 2.8 4,061 2.8 3,966 2.9Other meansd491 0.5 474 0.5 867 0.7 987 0.8 1,052 0.9 1,072 0.9 2,143 1.6 1,289 0.9 1,298 0.9 1,340 0.9 1,176 0.8Works at home2,736 2.6 3,137 3.0 3,611 3.1 3,288 2.8 3,409 2.8 3,536 3.1 4,796 3.6 5,411 3.9 5,677 4.1 5,897 4.1 5,918 4.3NOTEScTaxicabandBicycle or motorcycledata are included inOther meansfor 2005 only.KEY:NA = not applicable.Principal means of transportation to work refers to the mode of travel used to get from home to work most frequently. If more than onemeans of transportation was used each day, those surveyed were asked to specify the one used for the longest distance during the trip fromhome to work.2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau,American Community Survey, available at http://factfinder.census.gov/ as ofOct. 22, 2010.Component values may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCES1989-2005:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005(Washington, DC:2006), table 2-24 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html as of Oct. 12, 2006.19972006200520031999dOther meansinclude ferryboats, surface trains, and van service and other means not classified.bPublic transportationrefers to bus, streetcar, subway, railroad, and elevated trains.aFor 2005 only, theCarpoolcategories are 2-person and 3+ person; 4+ person is not available as in other years.2009Table 1-41: Principal Means of Transportation to Work (Thousands)20081993198920072001

# Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

TOTAL 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Principal means of transportation 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Personal-use vehicle 2,336,094 89.3 760,325 55.9 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Airplane 193,290 7.4 557,609 41.0 NA NA NA NA

Commercial airplane 187,063 7.1 551,314 40.5 NA NA NA NA

Bus 55,443 2.1 27,081 2.0 NA NA NA NA

Intercity 22,941 0.9 9,945 0.7 NA NA NA NA

Charter or tour 32,502 1.2 17,136 1.3 NA NA NA NA

Train 21,144 0.8 10,546 0.8 NA NA NA NA

Ship, boat, or ferry 2,040 0.1 4,278 0.3 NA NA NA NA

Other 3,728 0.1 840 0.1 NA NA NA NA

Not reported 5,388 0.2 133 0.0 NA NA NA NA

Roundtrip distance 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Less than 200 miles 1,249,018 47.7 175,171 12.9 1,209,312 51.8 170,441 22.4

200–299 miles 456,100 17.4 110,937 8.2 439,120 18.8 106,748 14.0

300–499 miles 377,177 14.4 144,972 10.7 355,501 15.2 136,328 17.9

500–999 miles 269,109 10.3 185,695 13.6 231,182 9.9 157,405 20.7

1,000-1,999 miles 132,548 5.1 189,468 13.9 71,481 3.1 97,652 12.8

2,000 miles or more 133,174 5.1 554,569 40.8 29,498 1.3 91,749 12.1

Mean (miles) 520 NA NA NA 325 NA NA NA

Median (miles) 209 NA NA NA 194 NA NA NA

Calendar quarter 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

1st quarter 576,111 22.0 291,733 21.4 510,906 21.9 162,400 21.4

2nd quarter 684,382 26.2 397,302 29.2 602,396 25.8 199,958 26.3

3rd quarter 733,488 28.0 374,407 27.5 667,600 28.6 220,300 29.0

4th quarter 623,146 23.8 297,371 21.9 555,192 23.8 177,666 23.4

Main purpose of trip 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Commute 330,369 12.6 67,599 5.0 318,336 13.6 57,571 7.6

Business 399,312 15.3 279,337 20.5 316,006 13.5 100,665 13.2

Pleasure 1,464,914 56.0 827,035 60.8 1,322,501 56.6 476,681 62.7

Visit relatives or friends 663,203 25.3 357,095 26.2 609,457 26.1 220,583 29.0

Leisure a 

# 786,532 30.1 456,201 33.5 700,467 30.0 250,863 33.0

Rest or relaxation 73,810 2.8 30,431 2.2 68,750 2.9 21,602 2.8

Sightseeing 39,764 1.5 20,591 1.5 34,721 1.5 12,828 1.7

Outdoor recreation 125,627 4.8 44,203 3.2 116,724 5.0 34,802 4.6

Entertainment 176,062 6.7 61,561 4.5 154,347 6.6 43,581 5.7

Personal business 245,679 9.4 108,752 8.0 229,706 9.8 76,814 10.1

Other 176,202 6.7 77,342 5.7 149,019 6.4 48,437 6.4

Not reported 651 0.02 748 0.05 526 0.02 157 0.02

Nights away from home 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

None 1,472,089 56.2 321,353 23.6 1,401,406 60.0 279,249 36.7

1–3 nights 821,311 31.4 431,155 31.7 728,311 31.2 284,967 37.5

4–7 nights 230,335 8.8 326,913 24.0 155,194 6.6 124,495 16.4

8 or more nights 93,392 3.6 281,390 20.7 51,183 2.2 71,613 9.4

Mean, excluding none (nights) 3.5 NA NA NA 3.0 NA NA NA

Type of lodging at destination 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0 

# Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 2001
(Roundtrips to destinations at least 50 miles away)

Person trips (thousands) Person-miles (millions) Personal-use vehicle trips (thousands) Personal-use vehiclemiles (millions)

# Friend's or relative's home 480,887 18.4 370,166 27.2 416,652 17.8 204,705 26.9

Hotel, motel, or resort 369,065 14.1 469,505 34.5 252,951 10.8 149,185 19.6

Rented cabin, condo, or vacation home 48,041 1.8 41,529 3.1 42,016 1.8 25,037 3.3

Owned cabin, condo, or vacation home 67,816 2.6 36,725 2.7 63,248 2.7 23,988 3.2

Camper, trailer, recreational vehicle, tent 60,815 2.3 35,118 2.6 59,519 2.5 29,924 3.9

Other type of lodging 99,902 3.8 73,314 5.4 83,930 3.6 38,356 5.0

Did not stay overnight 1,489,330 56.9 333,896 24.5 1,417,045 60.7 288,922 38.0

Not reported 1,271 0.05 559 0.04 731 0.03 208 0.03

Nights at destination

Mean nights at destination 1.5 NA NA NA 1.1 NA NA NA

Friend's or relative's home 3.3 NA NA NA 2.7 NA NA NA

Hotel, motel, or resort 2.8 NA NA NA 2.3 NA NA NA

NOTE

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey data, CD-ROM,

February 2004. KEY : NA = not applicable.

a 

# Includes other leisure purposes not shown separately.

SOURCE

# Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

TOTAL 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Under 5 19,281 7.0 113,329 4.3 56,136 4.1 107,012 4.6 37,220 4.9

5–17 years 52,450 18.9 337,984 12.9 169,303 12.4 297,520 12.7 101,565 13.4

18–24 years 23,918 8.6 209,171 8.0 97,575 7.2 192,499 8.2 60,386 7.9

25–29 years 18,432 6.6 192,382 7.4 109,392 8.0 172,075 7.4 56,290 7.4

30–39 years 43,114 15.6 505,463 19.3 260,673 19.2 447,666 19.2 136,738 18.0

40–49 years 40,924 14.8 483,005 18.5 257,444 18.9 428,672 18.3 134,938 17.7

50–59 years 30,498 11.0 391,161 14.9 204,614 15.0 351,977 15.1 110,109 14.5

60–64 years 11,250 4.1 123,103 4.7 67,517 5.0 111,692 4.8 39,101 5.1

65–74 years 18,345 6.6 155,190 5.9 81,500 6.0 140,226 6.0 53,741 7.1

75 years and over 18,997 6.9 106,337 4.1 56,659 4.2 86,755 3.7 30,237 4.0

Median (years) 33.5 N/A 37.3 NA NA NA 37.4 NA NA NA

Sex, total 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Male 135,291 48.8 1,499,967 57.3 757,454 55.7 1,347,123 57.7 429,259 56.5

Female 141,917 51.2 1,117,160 42.7 603,358 44.3 988,971 42.3 331,066 43.5

Race, total 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

White 193,338 69.7 2,033,914 77.7 1,058,412 77.8 1,821,143 78.0 595,944 78.4

Black 33,877 12.2 207,350 7.9 91,393 6.7 180,399 7.7 59,363 7.8

Asian or Pacific Islander 7,223 2.6 49,559 1.9 59,235 4.4 39,501 1.7 12,067 1.6

American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleutian 1,316 0.5 12,565 0.5 5,975 0.4 11,688 0.5 3,693 0.5

Other 39,472 14.2 294,628 11.3 136,480 10.0 266,200 11.4 84,115 11.1

Not reported 1,983 0.7 19,110 0.7 9,318 0.7 17,163 0.7 5,144 0.7

Ethnicity, total 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Hispanic origin 35,043 12.6 253,100 9.7 118,516 8.7 227,266 9.7 71,465 9.4

Not of Hispanic origin 242,165 87.4 2,364,026 90.3 1,242,297 91.3 2,108,828 90.3 688,859 90.6

Household income 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

Less than $25,000 58,935 21.3 327,852 12.5 133,903 9.8 302,354 12.9 95,773 12.6

$25,000–$39,999 54,404 19.6 454,543 17.4 188,296 13.8 422,556 18.1 138,312 18.2

$40,000–$49,999 29,471 10.6 297,383 11.4 135,256 9.9 278,871 11.9 86,849 11.4

$50,000–$59,999 26,622 9.6 285,398 10.9 147,926 10.9 260,465 11.1 85,859 11.3

$60,000–$74,999 25,557 9.2 305,461 11.7 134,024 9.8 281,037 12.0 83,941 11.0

$75,000–$99,999 32,264 11.6 380,371 14.5 221,657 16.3 332,095 14.2 107,055 14.1

$100,000 or more 33,587 12.1 444,802 17.0 334,526 24.6 359,642 15.4 129,050 17.0

Not reported 16,369 5.9 121,316 4.6 65,224 4.8 99,074 4.2 33,486 4.4

Household type 277,208 100.0 2,617,126 100.0 1,360,813 100.0 2,336,094 100.0 760,325 100.0

One adult, no children 13,743 5.0 139,195 5.3 84,619 6.2 119,661 5.1 38,003 5.0

One adult, youngest child 0-5 5,736 2.1 25,736 1.0 15,239 1.1 21,777 0.9 6,528 0.9

One adult, youngest child 6-15 8,242 3.0 70,325 2.7 31,689 2.3 63,413 2.7 18,918 2.5

One adult, youngest child 16-21 2,614 0.9 22,080 0.8 7,677 0.6 18,741 0.8 4,967 0.7

One adult, retired, no children 8,750 3.2 42,932 1.6 23,648 1.7 36,142 1.5 11,325 1.5

Two or more adults, no children 50,160 18.1 620,148 23.7 355,433 26.1 542,463 23.2 175,694 23.1

Two or more adults, youngest child 0-5 69,688 25.1 593,106 22.7 291,117 21.4 536,070 22.9 172,395 22.7

Two or more adults, youngest child 6-15 64,237 23.2 590,787 22.6 292,422 21.5 530,746 22.7 167,498 22.0

Two or more adults, youngest child 16-21 18,741 6.8 205,093 7.8 101,686 7.5 182,859 7.8 57,110 7.5

Two or more adults, retired, no children 35,297 12.7 307,725 11.8 157,284 11.6 284,221 12.2 107,887 14.2

Educational attainment, total (Persons 16 years and over) 208,479 100.0 2,173,473 100.0 1,144,890 100.0 1,940,042 100.0 624,049 100.0

Less than high school graduate 30,601 14.7 183,801 8.5 84,797 7.4 162,768 8.4 49,856 8.0

High school graduate 63,428 30.4 585,117 26.9 225,637 19.7 554,002 28.6 168,467 27.0

Some college, no degree 43,377 20.8 458,953 21.1 211,462 18.5 423,517 21.8 137,884 22.1

Associate's degree 13,570 6.5 162,145 7.5 80,413 7.0 146,649 7.6 46,528 7.5

Bachelor's degree 33,063 15.9 437,767 20.1 285,168 24.9 369,402 19.0 126,532 20.3

Some grad school or grad degree 23,237 11.1 339,237 15.6 253,592 22.1 278,227 14.3 93,484 15.0

Not reported 1,202 0.6 6,453 0.3 3,822 0.3 5,477 0.3 1,299 0.2

Activity status, total (Persons 16 years
and over) 208,479 100.0 2,173,473 100.0 1,144,890 100.0 1,940,042 100.0 624,049 100.0

Working full time 115,428 55.4 1,426,531 65.6 716,671 62.6 1,275,103 65.7 382,355 61.3

Retired 35,611 17.1 254,291 11.7 137,388 12.0 230,254 11.9 85,957 13.8

Other 57,098 27.4 491,046 22.6 289,717 25.3 433,191 22.3 155,015 24.8

Not reported 342 0.2 1,605 0.1 1,115 0.1 1,495 0.1 722 0.1

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey data, CD-ROM, February 2004. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. KEY : NA = not applicable.

NOTE

SOURCE 

# Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 2001

(Roundtrips to destinations at least 50 miles away)

Personal-use vehicle trips (thousands) Personal-use vehiclemiles (millions) Person trips
(thousands) Person-miles
(millions) Persons
(thousands)

# Rank Total Enplaned
Passengers Rank Total Enplaned
Passengers Rank Total Enplaned
Passengers

Atlanta, GA (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International) ATL 1 37,232,485 1 43,251,133 1 41,875,839 12.5 -3.2

Chicago, IL (Chicago O'Hare International) ORD 2 31,657,965 2 31,357,564 2 28,994,466 -8.4 -7.5

Dallas, TX (Dallas/Fort Worth International) DFW 3 27,592,758 3 26,838,812 3 26,332,812 -4.6 -1.9

Denver, CO (Denver International) DEN 5 17,502,449 4 23,940,617 4 23,721,549 35.5 -0.9

Los Angeles, CA (Los Angeles International) LAX 4 24,043,891 5 22,669,005 5 21,676,680 -9.8 -4.4

Houston, TX (George Bush Intercontinental) IAH 13 14,735,065 7 19,413,743 6 18,610,288 26.3 -4.1

Phoenix, AZ (Phoenix Sky Harbor International) PHX 8 16,089,706 8 19,224,795 7 18,329,229 13.9 -4.7

Las Vegas, NV (McCarran International) LAS 10 15,367,358 6 19,897,410 8 18,314,373 19.2 -8.0

Charlotte, NC (Charlotte Douglas International) CLT 21 9,442,282 9 17,193,157 9 17,078,366 80.9 -0.7

New York, NY (John F. Kennedy International) JFK 20 10,138,272 10 16,752,675 10 16,191,561 59.7 -3.3

San Francisco, CA (San Francisco International) SFO 7 16,563,022 15 15,760,022 11 15,997,148 -3.4 1.5

Minneapolis, MN (Minneapolis-St. Paul International/Wold-Chamberlain) MSP 9 15,390,844 12 16,317,285 12 15,505,689 0.7 -5.0

Newark, NJ (Newark Liberty International) EWR 12 14,912,219 13 16,117,237 13 15,208,723 2.0 -5.6

Orlando, FL (Orlando International) MCO 16 12,563,805 14 16,099,283 14 15,062,650 19.9 -6.4

Detroit, MI (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County) DTW 6 16,570,055 11 16,751,796 15 15,042,151 -9.2 -10.2

Seattle, WA (Seattle-Tacoma International) SEA 14 13,063,780 17 15,230,851 16 14,719,937 12.7 -3.4

Philadelphia, PA (Philadelphia International) PHL 19 10,346,557 16 15,266,795 17 14,714,285 42.2 -3.6

Miami, FL (Miami International) MIA 15 12,763,958 18 13,577,795 18 13,389,575 4.9 -1.4

Boston, MA (General Edward Lawrence Logan International) BOS 17 11,090,707 19 11,586,556 19 11,377,851 2.6 -1.8

New York, NY (LaGuardia) LGA 18 10,805,389 20 11,172,540 20 10,750,986 -0.5 -3.8

Baltimore, MD (Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall) BWI 25 8,004,113 22 10,082,852 21 10,228,317 27.8 1.4

Salt Lake City, UT (Salt Lake International) SLC 22 8,717,529 23 9,991,736 22 9,903,028 13.6 -0.9

Washington, DC (Dulles International) IAD 29 6,838,523 24 9,974,636 23 9,713,816 42.0 -2.6

Fort Lauderdale, FL (Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International) FLL 32 6,223,985 21 10,372,202 24 9,568,333 53.7 -7.8

Washington, DC (Ronald Reagan Washington National) DCA 30 6,663,275 27 8,606,060 25 8,413,506 26.3 -2.2

San Diego, CA (San Diego International) SAN 27 7,252,579 25 8,931,012 26 8,380,119 15.5 -6.2

Chicago, IL (Chicago Midway) MDW 33 6,137,767 28 8,015,533 27 8,223,625 34.0 2.6

Tampa, FL (Tampa International) TPA 28 6,912,306 26 8,691,544 28 8,081,857 16.9 -7.0

Honolulu, HI (Honolulu International) HNL 23 8,576,055 29 7,785,516 29 7,548,395 -12.0 -3.0

Portland, OR (Portland International) PDX 31 6,541,043 30 6,959,281 30 6,351,480 -2.9 -8.7

St. Louis, MO (Lambert-St Louis International) STL 11 14,929,887 31 6,722,736 31 6,069,458 -59.3 -9.7

Cincinnati, OH (Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International) CVG 26 7,615,588 32 6,640,219 32 5,192,501 -31.8 -21.8

Memphis, TN (Memphis International) MEM 39 4,533,738 34 5,375,882 33 5,053,691 11.5 -6.0

Kansas City, MO (Kansas City International) MCI 35 5,601,445 36 5,371,296 34 4,909,175 -12.4 -8.6

Cleveland, OH (Hopkins International) CLE 34 5,921,429 35 5,371,709 35 4,693,669 -20.7 -12.6

Oakland, CA (Oakland International) OAK 37 4,738,024 33 5,503,373 36 4,569,637 -3.6 -17.0

Raleigh, NC (Raleigh-Durham International) RDU 43 4,026,007 38 4,755,384 37 4,407,859 9.5 -7.3

Sacramento, CA (Sacramento International) SMF 44 3,658,148 37 4,912,781 38 4,406,386 20.5 -10.3

Nashville, TN (Nashville International) BNA 42 4,064,137 40 4,622,908 39 4,368,811 7.5 -5.5

Santa Ana, CA (John Wayne-Orange County) SNA 45 3,642,580 42 4,463,009 40 4,310,909 18.3 -3.4

Houston, TX (William P. Hobby) HOU 41 4,214,715 45 4,224,298 41 4,084,737 -3.1 -3.3

San Jose, CA (Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International) SJC 36 5,487,338 39 4,713,840 42 4,045,393 -26.3 -14.2

Austin, TX (Austin-Bergstrom International) AUS 49 3,292,114 44 4,257,503 43 4,013,002 21.9 -5.7

San Juan, PR (Luis Munoz Marin International) SJU 40 4,531,970 41 4,547,000 44 3,980,766 -12.2 -12.5

Pittsburgh, PA (Pittsburgh International) PIT 24 8,021,249 43 4,277,612 45 3,941,423 -50.9 -7.9

New Orleans, LA (Louis Armstrong International) MSY 38 4,571,895 48 3,983,636 46 3,911,524 -14.4 -1.8

Milwaukee, WI (General Mitchell Field) MKE 56 2,724,913 50 3,830,969 47 3,881,158 42.4 1.3

San Antonio, TX (San Antonio International) SAT 48 3,340,356 49 3,951,928 48 3,731,117 11.7 -5.6

Indianapolis, IN (Indianapolis International) IND 46 3,539,523 46 4,046,353 49 3,721,862 5.2 -8.0

Dallas, TX (Dallas Love Field) DAL 47 3,414,304 47 4,030,526 50 3,672,970 7.6 -8.9

Top 50 U.S. Airports, total b 

# NA NA 512,005,341 NA 573,432,405 NA 546,272,682 6.7 -4.7

All airports NA NA 611,582,354 NA 699,024,406 NA 663,172,829 8.4 -5.1

KEY: NA = not applicable.

SOURCE

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Summary Data (Form 41 and 298C Summary Data), T-3 Data , available at
http://transtats.bts.gov/DataIndex.asp as of Apr. 26, 2010. a 

# Rank order by total enplaned passengers on large certificated U.S. air carriers (Majors, Nationals, Large Regionals, and Medium Regionals), scheduled and nonscheduled operations, at all airports served
within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation Administration.

NOTES

Large certificated air carriers hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation authorizing the performance of air transportation. Large certificated air
carriers operate at least one aircraft with seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds. Data for commuter, small-certificated and foreign-flag air carrier s

are not included. b 

# The total for the top 50 airports will not sum from the individual airports because some top 50 airports in 2009 were not in the top 50 in the earlier years. 

# Table 1-44: Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports a



# (Ranked by Passenger Enplanements in 2009)

Code 1999 (R) 2008 2009 Percent
change 1999

- 2009 Percent
change 2008

- 2009 Airport1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL arriving passengers (excludesCanada)12,646 20,262 24,156 36,414 35,464 38,927 41,558 43,818 46,910 49,853 54,315 56,181 57,785 62,217 56,700 53,865 53,952 59,582 60,699 62,951 65,411 68,221 65,245United States (excludes Canada) 6,502 10,031 11,798 19,145 18,910 20,537 21,940 23,291 24,582 25,148 26,744 27,390 27,462 29,837 27,985 26,953 26,557 29,992 31,657 (R) 33,364 (R) 35,278 (R) 37,233 35,773Foreign (excludes Canada) 6,144 10,231 12,357 17,269 16,554 18,390 19,618 20,527 22,328 24,704 27,571 28,791 30,324 32,380 28,715 26,912 27,395 29,591 29,042 (R) 29,587 (R) 30,132 (R) 30,988 29,471Selected countries of embarkationaAustralia106 227 277 495 561 598 591 551 581 622 618 613 670 812 739 724 674 758 789 808 625 504 753Bahamas Islands758 1,123 1,503 1,679 1,436 1,341 1,370 1,424 1,433 1,487 1,530 1,396 1,337 1,471 1,458 1,430 1,491 1,500 1,554 1,509 1,459 1,363 1,266Barbados 76 135 216 228 197 191 208 196 222 212 203 195 197 208 191 206 218 229 205 230 213 208 202Belgium 144 242 281 417 366 357 408 377 379 407 589 715 730 778 598 330 305 375 382 364 418 615 605Bermuda 398 497 434 487 430 405 436 447 426 363 425 407 384 374 334 312 310 311 323 358 374 325 315Brazil 212 300 352 584 635 645 711 878 1,112 1,176 1,388 1,377 1,154 1,280 1,094 977 949 1,010 1,087 1,154 1,219 1,318 1,413CanadabU U U 6,870 6,263 6,546 6,843 6,812 7,417 8,501 8,895 9,613 9,676 10,236 9,166 8,686 8,380 9,189 9,785UUUUChina/Taiwan 50 113 206 325 404 447 606 830 972 1,017 1,068 1,080 1,170 1,186 1,092 1,024 846 986 1,085 1,141 1,169 1,102 956Colombia 173 315 279 286 305 343 389 443 481 499 586 606 649 674 683 590 618 658 594 787 815 893 998Denmark 222 267 241 313 279 295 285 267 221 236 252 225 223 232 240 309 314 314 278 350 345 427 353Dominican Republic 336 468 606 948 849 951 1,027 1,070 1,136 1,168 1,168 1,251 1,368 1,498 1,430 1,409 1,593 1,745 1,805 1,961 1,893 1,927 2,044France 512 689 955 1,777 1,600 1,926 1,877 2,017 2,045 2,178 2,323 2,523 2,591 3,147 3,023 2,879 2,735 2,965 2,970 2,941 2,935 3,216 3,037Germany 622 1,175 1,582 2,466 2,444 2,797 2,922 2,883 3,125 3,173 3,545 3,558 3,491 3,886 3,519 3,483 3,673 3,955 4,177 4,252 4,811 5,121 4,866Grand Cayman 25 121 173 273 256 229 185 294 314 323 328 370 335 343 317 291 287 284 171 303 314 321 322Greece 121 208 187 132 83 146 165 201 220 235 186 192 191 195 135 108 101 129 129 163 193 218 177Haiti 91 133 192 233 217 154 200 137 314 303 289 293 327 303 317 338 353 312 247 302 370 382 419Hong Kong 98 228 270 356 397 437 511 558 658 668 589 592 650 731 735 697 519 796 893 1,002 969 1,018 1,043Ireland 220 220 274 448 418 569 582 660 642 721 716 775 950 1,064 992 848 1,025 1,105 1,243 1,319 1,378 1,361 1,212Israel 84 189 294 204 202 231 293 332 412 483 482 502 547 577 400 343 356 449 512 576 542 670 665Italy 431 537 662 792 716 885 903 953 1,007 1,047 1,097 1,078 1,171 1,511 1,269 1,082 983 1,220 1,254 1,301 1,369 1,528 1,429Jamaica 457 429 707 975 907 888 982 1,040 1,124 1,136 1,162 1,219 1,209 1,248 1,226 1,238 1,226 1,267 1,200 1,499 1,424 1,444 1,451Japan 1,095 1,624 2,435 4,528 4,510 4,972 4,999 5,149 5,676 6,349 6,736 6,630 6,991 6,974 5,876 5,666 5,261 6,071 6,263 5,769 5,849 5,474 4,978Korea, Republic of 105 234 390 826 827 971 1,070 1,166 1,335 1,514 1,625 1,184 1,240 1,470 1,262 1,253 1,192 1,364 1,439 1,545 1,609 1,676 1,676Mexico 1,626 2,886 2,719 4,313 4,467 4,625 4,778 5,107 4,884 5,591 6,124 6,318 6,576 6,999 6,591 6,349 6,753 7,604 8,075 8,471 8,672 8,847 7,857Netherlands 312 427 583 837 892 1,039 1,297 1,427 1,580 1,774 2,074 2,213 2,318 2,401 2,132 2,104 2,055 2,213 2,252 1,944 2,304 2,497 2,194Netherland Antilles 213 327 407 388 353 290 360 390 339 305 368 382 371 389 371 371 401 422 397 441 425 476 471Panama Republic 97 150 180 153 175 177 201 221 225 229 227 267 308 359 343 339 370 387 364 468 502 653 693Philippines 108 194 145 246 261 315 318 375 397 379 410 275 331 405 400 365 339 414 383 496 422 447 416Spain 306 312 419 558 520 659 600 578 604 618 675 732 734 827 758 769 809 872 772 855 905 1,103 1,162Switzerland 236 312 452 616 525 549 603 676 733 790 910 1,068 1,026 1,069 913 701 699 707 711 712 761 857 872United Kingdom 1,549 2,973 3,460 5,166 4,793 5,651 6,006 6,087 6,648 7,131 7,935 8,640 8,780 9,382 8,435 8,217 8,281 8,801 8,654 8,432 8,598 8,810 8,018Venezuela 205 533 248 458 510 576 653 702 786 659 709 810 794 718 730 556 400 527 449 535 561 553 5592006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010Data compiled from flight reports required by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, except forCanada.Numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding1975-2005: Statistics Canada,Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports(Canada: Annual issues), and personal communication, Feb. 21, 20071975-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems CenterU.S. International AirTravel Statistics(Cambridge, MA: Annual issues), table IIa.1995: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration,U.S. International Air Passenger Statistics Report,Calendar Year 1995(Washington, DC:1996), table IIa.1996-2005: Ibid.,U.S. International Air Travel Statistics Report(Washington, DC: Annual issues), I-92table IIa and personal communication, Feb. 13, 2007.Canada:SOURCESTotals and all selected countries, except for Canada:aCountry where passenger boarded a direct flight to theUnited States.bCanadian figures come from a separate source and represents the number of revenue passengers on scheduled commercial and charter flights. It does not includeforeign (non-Canadian, non-U.S.) scheduled carriers.Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States from Selected Foreign Countries by Flag of Carriers (Thousands of passengers)2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010NOTESData includes passengers on international commercial flights arriving at U.S. airports anonly from foreign ports to U.S. ports and, Puerto Rico, Guam, or the VirginIslands, and other U.S. territories.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL departing passengers(excludes Canada)12,053 19,256 22,487 34,046 33,286 36,211 38,254 40,349 43,026 45,785 49,684 50,863 53,856 57,498 52,594 48,606 49,968 55,931 58,545 59,477 62,815 64,467 62,299United States (excludes Canada)5,912 9,369 10,696 17,628 17,530 18,858 20,232 21,355 22,231 22,901 24,302 24,513 25,457 27,431 25,483 23,610 24,070 27,249 29,668 (R) 31,492 34,066 34,894 32,791Foreign (excludes Canada)6,141 9,886 11,791 16,418 15,756 17,353 18,022 18,993 20,795 22,884 25,382 26,350 28,399 30,068 27,111 24,996 25,897 28,683 28,877 (R) 27,985 28,748 29,573 29,508Selected countries of debarkationaAustralia103 245 232 540 581 609 588 522 560 614 606 607 686 806 713 686 672 766 828 879 907 853 1,005Bahamas Islands704 1,006 1,151 1,279 1,128 1,005 1,046 963 1,024 994 983 955 1,027 1,137 1,007 935 1,101 1,151 1,230 1,252 1,165 1,111 966Barbados74 126 204 230 199 185 207 208 217 210 200 196 202 214 204 189 206 222 237 246 226 213 204Belgium134 231 249 395 318 355 372 334 340 380 513 622 713 740 586 265 269 346 369 351 406 514 490Bermuda372 467 389 277 237 217 247 242 199 196 215 207 206 189 150 165 216 251 261 289 301 296 284Brazil206 291 322 560 592 659 696 826 1,024 1,135 1,292 1,297 1,134 1,194 1,081 936 928 989 1,094 1,147 1,221 1,334 1,455CanadabN N N 6,870 6,263 6,546 6,798 6,764 7,405 8,477 8,890 9,647 9,692 10,246 9,161 8,672 8,406 9,222 9,807 U U U 11,613China/Taiwan41 90 187 337 447 481 616 803 891 945 939 934 975 1,026 944 927 770 917 1,008 1,048 1,117 1,064 998Colombia171 299 294 277 294 324 353 415 461 467 567 588 585 622 649 587 615 640 696 790 859 941 1,015Denmark188 254 254 307 239 266 272 254 229 227 259 217 214 227 239 316 334 357 318 359 394 378 333Dominican Republic322 443 528 896 780 881 949 980 995 1,057 1,070 1,108 1,263 1,294 1,214 1,180 1,357 1,466 1,624 1,695 1,647 1,655 1,795France470 635 894 1,626 1,523 1,769 1,759 1,896 1,868 2,021 2,147 2,289 2,544 3,082 2,927 2,588 2,620 2,887 3,065 3,008 3,047 3,148 2,911Germany649 1,178 1,539 2,339 2,298 2,627 2,788 2,785 2,883 2,978 3,178 3,210 3,364 3,722 3,389 3,108 3,364 3,747 4,014 4,134 4,611 4,720 4,531Grand Cayman26 112 161 250 238 196 244 259 264 285 290 305 291 289 271 237 271 255 203 275 300 324 301Greece123 190 210 129 88 150 150 184 194 206 192 181 170 170 126 102 99 124 115 101 139 138 173Haiti81 124 169 201 178 139 180 118 292 288 284 295 315 296 300 315 332 286 273 285 338 367 364Hong Kong59 152 238 310 369 474 477 545 640 651 610 621 621 728 733 657 512 783 894 978 1,046 1,189 1,037Ireland163 212 233 311 263 316 324 380 409 449 488 554 743 809 797 631 779 837 908 993 1,066 1,070 945Israel105 186 255 259 249 294 317 367 426 492 499 488 515 480 374 338 363 465 484 475 504 560 649Italy409 495 660 731 694 873 878 918 955 1,006 1,055 1,041 1,101 1,366 1,182 955 962 1,172 1,246 1,310 1,360 1,290 1,295Jamaica416 382 607 888 821 796 887 909 987 988 1,018 1,018 1,086 1,095 1,084 1,067 1,126 1,164 1,193 1,335 1,292 1,311 1,274Japan1,183 1,602 2,255 4,471 4,431 4,795 4,757 4,954 5,452 6,187 6,796 6,487 6,709 6,985 5,993 5,665 5,072 5,819 5,949 5,708 5,810 5,384 4,992Korea, Republic of60 186 333 723 759 887 961 1,082 1,252 1,382 1,461 1,032 1,101 1,307 1,137 1,114 1,110 1,269 1,349 1,386 1,445 1,495 1,636Mexico1,525 2,886 2,671 4,136 4,230 4,307 4,371 4,632 4,568 5,133 5,613 5,771 6,217 6,510 6,025 5,643 6,075 6,931 7,488 7,615 7,927 8,068 7,208Netherlands304 409 562 777 881 965 1,150 1,319 1,444 1,636 1,920 1,933 2,009 2,107 1,854 1,722 1,674 1,827 1,931 1,877 2,195 2,353 2,144Netherland Antilles184 282 395 377 341 309 347 368 295 288 319 340 335 337 344 330 370 384 398 414 419 443 437Panama Republic100 142 209 183 189 186 194 211 214 221 240 272 299 344 355 343 386 403 422 463 523 645 716Philippines81 160 165 195 194 241 249 228 281 275 306 218 272 348 309 332 309 376 352 341 399 420 376Spain260 273 397 540 513 637 576 553 573 577 615 669 708 782 732 688 740 887 799 862 994 1,127 1,203Switzerland224 306 434 600 527 543 593 657 712 760 811 906 983 1,038 905 671 690 705 696 699 672 724 785United Kingdom1,446 2,840 3,322 4,903 4,594 5,245 5,682 5,918 6,372 6,693 7,475 8,143 8,717 9,154 8,180 7,659 7,962 8,709 8,497 8,156 8,394 8,561 7,954Venezuela198 518 245 444 488 565 641 686 778 644 698 782 793 694 728 533 405 534 567 552 620 642 580Table 1-46: Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries by Flag of Carriers (Thousands of passengers)KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Totals and all selected countries, except for Canada:aCountry where passenger deboarded a direct flight from the United States.bCanadian figures come from a separate source and represents the number of revenue passengers on scheduled commercial and charter flights. It does not include foreign (non-Canadian,non-U.S.)scheduled carriers.It includes passengers on international commercial flights departing U.S. airports, and travelers between U.S. airports in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, and otherU.S. territories. Data compiled from flight reports required by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, except for Canada data.Numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding.2006-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010.2007-09: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, personal communication, June 14, 2010.1974-2005: Statistics Canada,Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports(Canada: Annual issues) and personal communication, Feb. 21, 2007.NOTESSOURCES1995: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration,U.S. International Air Passenger Statistics Report, Calendar Year 1995(Washington, DC: 1996), table IId.1996-2006: Ibid.,U.S. International Air Travel Statistics Report(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table IId, and personal communication, Jan. 10, 2008.Canada:1975-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center,U.S. International Air Travel Statistics(Cambridge, MA: Annual issues), table IId.

# Section D

Travel and Goods

MovementAll U.S.-Canadian land gateways 20022003200420052006200720082009All personal vehicle passengers (R) 68,986,616 All personal vehicle passengers (R) 62,136,536 All personal vehicle passengers (R) 63,269,668 All personal vehicle passengers62,501,376 All personal vehicle passengers62,986,037 All personal vehicle passengers58,247,817 All personal vehicle passengers57,401,224 All personal vehicle passengers53,508,568All personal vehicles32,538,817 All personal vehicles30,220,184 All personal vehicles30,660,487 All personal vehicles30,351,683 All personal vehicles(R) 30,038,524 All personal vehicles(R) 29,766,447 All personal vehicles28,677,703 All personal vehicles26,919,239All bus passengers4,212,863 All bus passengers3,779,970 All bus passengers3,890,380 All bus passengers3,854,858 All bus passengers3,499,103 All bus passengers3,684,631 All bus passengers(R) 3,404,305 All bus passengers2,503,417All pedestrians1,081,682 All pedestrians937,493 All pedestrians826,017 All pedestrians605,339 All pedestrians533,739 All pedestrians441,066 All pedestrians499,666 All pedestrians379,902All train passengers255,134 All train passengers234,796 All train passengers223,477 All train passengers235,758 All train passengers244,683 All train passengers233,070 All train passengers238,593 All train passengers217,833All buses160,961 All buses156,589 All buses155,702 All buses153,454 All buses(R) 129,452 All buses(R) 136,430 All buses127,233 All buses116,355Personal vehicle passengers – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY17,031,458 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY13,216,214 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY13,195,191 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY13,224,477 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY13,514,778 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY14,372,038 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY13,102,189 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY11,817,527Detroit, MI12,318,806 Detroit, MI10,965,872 Detroit, MI10,574,206 Detroit, MI10,655,076 Detroit, MI9,932,051 Detroit, MI9,560,365 Detroit, MI8,386,427 Detroit, MI7,270,765Blaine, WA4,794,088 Blaine, WA4,491,959 Blaine, WA4,936,364 Blaine, WA4,868,308 Blaine, WA5,276,202 Blaine, WA5,187,218 Blaine, WA5,754,718 Blaine, WA5,966,409Port Huron, MI4,188,972 Port Huron, MI3,821,908 Port Huron, MI3,909,238 Port Huron, MI4,001,589 Port Huron, MI4,106,919 Port Huron, MI3,523,429 Port Huron, MI3,500,157 Port Huron, MI3,319,652Champlain-Rouses Point, NY3,766,141 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY3,521,091 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY(R) 3,538,682 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY2,921,118 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY2,920,749 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY1,923,295 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY1,946,442 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY2,198,127Personal vehicles – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY7,569,643 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY6,414,415 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY6,148,983 Detroit, MI6,035,004 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY6,026,058 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY5,977,040 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY5,716,260 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY5,291,623Detroit, MI6,857,332 Detroit, MI6,315,590 Detroit, MI6,131,426 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY6,034,398 Detroit, MI5,634,179 Detroit, MI5,471,657 Detroit, MI4,744,182 Detroit, MI4,082,030Blaine, WA2,385,389 Blaine, WA2,299,636 Blaine, WA2,524,256 Blaine, WA2,482,065 Blaine, WA2,596,970 Blaine, WA2,763,389 Blaine, WA2,748,629 Blaine, WA2,842,631Port Huron, MI2,187,210 Port Huron, MI1,965,011 Port Huron, MI1,995,988 Port Huron, MI1,953,413 Port Huron, MI1,975,745 Port Huron, MI1,704,479 Port Huron, MI1,667,254 Port Huron, MI1,570,273Massena, NY1,162,510 Massena, NY1,133,727 Calais, ME1,200,379 Calais, ME1,174,011 Calais, ME1,173,617 Calais, ME1,032,840 Massena, NY1,002,960 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY1,040,154Bus passengers – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY1,556,924 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY1,321,778 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY1,222,775 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY1,367,283 Detroit, MI911,799 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY1,142,765 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY1,040,700 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY883,448Detroit, MI915,551 Detroit, MI904,425 Detroit, MI930,725 Detroit, MI931,100 Buffalo, Niagara Falls, NY885,061 Detroit, MI870,982 Detroit, MI720,014 Blaine, WA323,333Blaine, WA336,696 Blaine, WA283,863 Blaine, WA329,297 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY296,390 Blaine, WA452,521 Blaine, WA337,322 Blaine, WA335,951 Detroit, MI297,787Champlain-Rouses Point, NY282,859 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY234,620 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY277,018 Blaine, WA294,564 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY294,028 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY306,898 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY(R) 306,006 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY282,949Port Huron, MI147,309 Sault Ste. Marie, MI192,760 Sault Ste. Marie, MI223,800 Skagway, AK134,204 Skagway, AK144,819 Sault Ste. Marie, MI165,136 Sault Ste. Marie, MI208,288 Skagway, AK161,255Pedestrians – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY818,913 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY656,022 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY547,126 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY370,295 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY345,652 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY277,000 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY333,565 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY244,697Sumas, WA64,432 Sumas, WA59,330 Sumas, WA54,911 Calais, ME44,238 Sumas, WA28,963 Sumas, WA33,341 Sumas, WA37,699 Sumas, WA27,022Portland, MEa39,293 Calais, ME45,899 Calais, ME44,762 Sumas, WA33,769 Calais, ME22,323 Calais, ME29,123 Calais, ME27,420 Calais, ME16,665Calais, ME35,154Portland, MEa38,129 International Falls, MN28,180 International Falls, MN24,497 International Falls, MN20,440 Point Roberts, WA14,762 International Falls, MN15,113 Detroit, MI16,529International Falls, MN24,175 International Falls, MN27,623Portland, MEa21,599 Point Roberts, WA22,440 Point Roberts, WA14,935 International Falls, MN14,238 Anacortes, WA15,091 International Falls, MN15,247Train passengers – top 5 gatewaysBlaine, WA60,521 Skagway, AK44,430 Skagway, AK52,353 Skagway, AK67,462 Skagway, AK74,347 Skagway, AK80,816 Skagway, AK77,137 Skagway, AK64,751Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY47,315 Blaine, WA43,515 Blaine, WA41,705 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY35,951 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY37,880 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY39,640 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY37,449 Blaine, WA44,718Champlain-Rouses Point, NY33,738 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY37,240 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY31,045 Blaine, WA35,454 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY33,518 Blaine, WA32,106 Blaine, WA34,749 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY36,356Skagway, AK29,754 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY28,325 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY30,294 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY29,831 Blaine, WA32,184 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY20,881 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY32,274 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY28,477Port Huron, MI26,815 Port Huron, MI25,485 Port Huron, MI18,297 Port Huron, MI19,032 Port Huron, MI16,070 Detroit, MI9,323 Detroit, MI9,385 International Falls, MN6,572Buses – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY50,582 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY43,358 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY39,920 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY45,289 Detroit, MI36,457 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY37,529 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY34,067 Detroit, MI29,777Detroit, MI36,603 Detroit, MI36,177 Detroit, MI37,229 Detroit, MI37,244 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY30,295 Detroit, MI33,615 Detroit, MI31,160 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY28,534Blaine, WA15,748 Sault Ste. Marie, MI15,760 Sault Ste. Marie, MI17,453 Blaine, WA12,720 Blaine, WA12,776 Blaine, WA14,405 Blaine, WA14,145 Blaine, WA15,159Champlain-Rouses Point, NY10,415 Blaine, WA12,865 Blaine, WA14,279 Skagway, AK10,257 Skagway, AK10,405 Skagway, AK11,309 Skagway, AK11,337 Skagway, AK10,571Sault Ste. Marie, MI8,831 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY11,290 Skagway, AK9,515 Sault Ste. Marie, MI10,243 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY8,317 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY8,124 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY8,418 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY8,565Table 1-47: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United StatesaGateway is a pedestrian/ferry combination crossing.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Border Crossing/Entry Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 12,2010.NOTEData reflect all personal vehicles, buses, passengers and pedestrians entering the United States across the U.S.-Canadian border, regardless of nationality.SOURCEKEY:R = revised.All U.S.-Mexican land gatewaysAll personal vehicle passengers 199,020,692 All personal vehicle passengers 193,697,482 All personal vehicle passengers 190,936,607 All personal vehicle passengers 186,067,448 All personal vehicle passengers 179,255,014 All personal vehicle passengers 164,534,262 All personal vehicle passengers 157,981,839 All personal vehicle passengers 141,016,993All personal vehicles89,849,415 All personal vehicles88,068,391 All personal vehicles91,133,889 All personal vehicles91,556,319 All personal vehicles88,295,570 All personal vehicles81,788,235 All personal vehicles78,856,542 All personal vehicles70,304,756All pedestrians50,278,281 All pedestrians48,663,773 All pedestrians48,084,235 All pedestrians45,829,612 All pedestrians46,251,414 All pedestrians49,538,963 All pedestrians44,841,640 All pedestrians41,314,685All bus passengers3,926,154 All bus passengers3,746,885 All bus passengers3,388,517 All bus passengers3,169,779 All bus passengers3,187,282 All bus passengers3,389,055 All bus passengers3,455,630 All bus passengers2,429,190All buses309,360 All buses319,087 All buses269,027 All buses256,396 All buses262,862 All buses265,162 All buses266,414 All buses228,454All train passengers15,108 All train passengers12,101 All train passengers12,664 All train passengers17,833 All train passengers21,504 All train passengers20,482 All train passengers22,016 All train passengers4,187Personal vehicle passengers─top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA36,171,884 San Ysidro, CA39,180,519 San Ysidro, CA33,382,991 San Ysidro, CA32,265,477 San Ysidro, CA31,868,563 San Ysidro, CA28,390,175 San Ysidro, CA25,319,449 San Ysidro, CA23,934,882El Paso, TX26,363,164 El Paso, TX26,317,018 El Paso, TX28,108,167 El Paso, TX29,180,824 El Paso, TX27,999,510 El Paso, TX23,674,992 El Paso, TX21,806,353 El Paso, TX18,377,270Hidalgo, TX17,613,527 Brownsville, TX15,673,205 Hidalgo, TX15,514,648 Brownsville, TX14,614,745 Laredo, TX14,244,080 Laredo, TX13,367,960 Laredo, TX15,397,879 Laredo, TX12,729,210Laredo, TX15,915,545 Hidalgo, TX15,587,611 Brownsville, TX15,374,317 Laredo, TX14,017,324 Brownsville, TX14,023,353 Hidalgo, TX13,304,851 Hidalgo, TX13,467,615 Hidalgo, TX12,073,543Brownsville, TX15,820,595 Laredo, TX15,208,606 Laredo, TX15,032,956 Hidalgo, TX13,989,453 Hidalgo, TX12,632,201 Brownsville, TX13,062,876 Brownsville, TX13,274,693 Brownsville, TX11,156,688Personal vehicles─top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA16,441,766 San Ysidro, CA17,408,481 San Ysidro, CA17,621,030 San Ysidro, CA17,208,106 San Ysidro, CA17,135,163 San Ysidro, CA15,696,262 El Paso, TX13,716,434 San Ysidro, CA13,354,887El Paso, TX13,095,153 El Paso, TX13,699,206 El Paso, TX14,817,206 El Paso, TX15,971,739 El Paso, TX15,602,602 El Paso, TX14,062,053 San Ysidro, CA13,672,329 El Paso, TX10,529,485Hidalgo, TX8,136,100 Brownsville, TX7,219,865 Brownsville, TX7,211,401 Brownsville, TX7,103,553 Brownsville, TX6,967,503 Hidalgo, TX6,835,305 Hidalgo, TX6,982,770 Hidalgo, TX6,177,838Brownsville, TX7,896,809 Hidalgo, TX7,169,629 Hidalgo, TX7,183,674 Hidalgo, TX6,969,846 Hidalgo, TX6,480,467 Brownsville, TX6,476,671 Brownsville, TX6,567,121 Brownsville, TX5,512,863Laredo, TX6,921,709 Laredo, TX6,777,423 Laredo, TX6,725,119 Otay Mesa, CA6,672,994 Calexico, CA6,110,214 Calexico, CA5,747,309 Laredo, TX6,105,126 Laredo, TX5,452,111Pedestrians─top 5 gatewaysEl Paso, TX9,301,395 El Paso, TX8,899,168 San Ysidro, CA9,457,600 San Ysidro, CA8,156,350 San Ysidro, CA7,811,614 El Paso, TX8,454,434 El Paso, TX8,029,106 El Paso, TX7,637,649San Ysidro, CA7,903,483 San Ysidro, CA8,302,110 El Paso, TX8,441,671 El Paso, TX7,613,546 Nogales, AZ7,726,045 San Ysidro, CA7,756,569 San Ysidro, CA7,289,862 San Ysidro, CA6,188,126Calexico, CA6,894,820 Calexico, CA6,230,123 Nogales, AZ6,131,407 Nogales, AZ6,930,198 El Paso, TX7,500,141 Nogales, AZ7,722,877 Nogales, AZ6,568,207 Laredo, TX4,090,191Nogales, AZ5,911,866 Nogales, AZ5,583,533 Calexico, CA4,847,096 Calexico, CA4,481,014 Laredo, TX4,245,842 Calexico, CA5,290,977 Calexico, CA4,359,901 Nogales, AZ4,038,356Laredo, TX4,648,046 Laredo, TX4,577,725 Laredo, TX4,507,105 Laredo, TX4,356,041 Calexico, CA4,048,629 Laredo, TX4,625,416 Laredo, TX3,873,872 Calexico, CA3,904,913Bus passengers─top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA1,199,630 San Ysidro, CA1,244,973 San Ysidro, CA1,032,343 San Ysidro, CA995,337 San Ysidro, CA1,060,444 Laredo, TX899,461 Laredo, TX928,793 Laredo, TX845,629Laredo, TX757,459 Laredo, TX748,644 Laredo, TX802,635 Laredo, TX826,679 Laredo, TX878,164 San Ysidro, CA875,450 El Paso, TX748,259 San Ysidro, CA453,130Hidalgo, TX632,923 Hidalgo, TX655,430 Hidalgo, TX650,100 Hidalgo, TX369,443 Otay Mesa, CA312,862 El Paso, TX442,191 San Ysidro, CA700,787 El Paso, TX311,749Otay Mesa, CA546,493 El Paso, TX392,718 El Paso, TX265,096 El Paso, TX276,381 El Paso, TX239,749 Hidalgo, TX310,225 Hidalgo, TX333,840 Hidalgo, TX300,778El Paso, TX351,335 Otay Mesa, CA303,756 Otay Mesa, CA251,461 Otay Mesa, CA251,614 Nogales, AZ217,093 Otay Mesa, CA296,637 Otay Mesa, CA240,026 Nogales, AZ166,567Buses─top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA97,042 San Ysidro, CA110,820 San Ysidro, CA109,946 San Ysidro, CA105,930 San Ysidro, CA100,632 San Ysidro, CA97,726 San Ysidro, CA87,787 San Ysidro, CA72,450Otay Mesa, CA65,474 Otay Mesa, CA72,749 Otay Mesa, CA41,032 Otay Mesa, CA39,203 Otay Mesa, CA44,793 Otay Mesa, CA47,258 Otay Mesa, CA47,758 Laredo, TX43,342Laredo, TX38,852 Laredo, TX35,406 Laredo, TX37,902 Laredo, TX35,841 Laredo, TX37,105 Laredo, TX37,106 Laredo, TX39,122 Otay Mesa, CA34,595El Paso, TX32,270 Hidalgo, TX32,805 Hidalgo, TX32,701 Hidalgo, TX27,964 Hidalgo, TX27,344 Hidalgo, TX28,942 Hidalgo, TX33,127 Hidalgo, TX28,407Hidalgo, TX31,952 El Paso, TX30,031 El Paso, TX17,551 El Paso, TX15,993 El Paso, TX14,843 El Paso, TX18,530 El Paso, TX24,716 El Paso, TX19,474Train passengers─top 5 gatewaysEagle Pass, TX6,872 Eagle Pass, TX6,496 Eagle Pass, TX6,612 El Paso, TX7,637 El Paso, TX11,165 El Paso, TX10,519 El Paso, TX9,656 Nogales, AZ2,252Nogales, AZ2,216 El Paso, TX1,869 El Paso, TX2,234 Eagle Pass, TX7,248 Eagle Pass, TX5,348 Eagle Pass, TX5,940 Eagle Pass, TX6,616 Tecate, CA881Calexico East, CA1,934 Nogales, AZ1,664 Nogales, AZ1,656 Calexico East, CA1,239 Nogales, AZ2,612 Nogales, AZ2,352 Nogales, AZ2,560 Calexico East, CA562El Paso, TX1,866 Calexico East, CA1,456 Calexico East, CA1,618 Nogales, AZ952 Calexico East, CA1,556 Calexico East, CA694 Tecate, CA2,179 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA492Tecate, CA1,760 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA460 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA510 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA478 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA422 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA490 Calexico East, CA531 NANA2008Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States2009KEY:NA= not applicable.200220032004200520062007SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Border Crossing/Entry Data,available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 12, 2010.NOTESData reflect all personal vehicles, buses, passengers and pedestrians entering the United States across the U.S.-Mexican border, regardless of nationality.Year 2009 data forTrain passengersin Texas are not available.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL U.S. ton-miles of freight (millions)U 1,854,034 2,206,713 2,284,706 2,988,522 2,949,410 3,314,677 3,348,634 3,418,086 3,438,542 3,614,823 3,769,036 3,823,723 3,805,437 3,832,237 3,907,225 3,907,042 (R) 3,930,328 (R) 3,973,661 4,027,015UUUUUAir carrier, domestic, all servicesa553 1,353 2,709 3,470 4,528 5,156 9,064 8,860 9,820 10,675 11,803 12,520 12,861 13,601 13,840 14,202 14,983 (R) 13,069 (R) 13,370 15,231 16,451 (R) 15,745 15,361 15,141 13,774Intercity truckb285,000 359,000 412,000 454,000 555,000 610,000 854,000 874,000 896,000 936,000 996,000 1,042,000 1,071,000 1,119,000 1,149,000 1,186,000 1,203,000 1,224,000 1,255,000 1,264,000UUUUUClass I rail572,309 697,878 764,809 754,252 918,958 876,984 1,033,969 1,038,875 1,066,781 1,109,309 1,200,701 1,305,688 1,355,975 1,348,926 1,376,802 1,433,461 1,465,960 1,495,472 1,507,011 1,551,438 1,662,598 1,696,425 1,771,897 1,770,545 1,777,236Domestic water transportationc,dU 489,803 596,195 565,984 921,836 892,970 833,544 848,399 856,685 789,658 814,919 807,728 764,687 707,410 672,795 655,862 645,799 621,686 612,081 606,146 621,170 591,277 561,629 553,151 520,521CoastwiseU 302,546 359,784 315,846 631,149 610,977 479,134 502,133 502,311 448,404 457,601 440,345 408,086 349,843 314,864 292,730 283,872 274,559 263,688 278,919 279,857 263,464 227,155 228,052 207,877LakewiseU 75,918 79,416 68,517 61,747 48,184 60,930 55,339 55,785 56,438 58,263 59,704 58,335 62,166 61,654 57,045 57,879 50,854 53,653 47,539 55,733 51,924 53,105 51,893 50,263InternalU 109,701 155,816 180,399 227,343 232,708 292,393 289,959 297,639 283,894 297,762 306,329 296,791 294,023 294,896 304,724 302,558 294,861 293,410 278,352 284,096 274,367 279,778 271,617 260,960IntraportU 1,638 1,179 1,222 1,596 1,102 1,087 968 950 922 1,293 1,350 1,475 1,378 1,381 1,362 1,490 1,413 1,329 1,336 1,484 1,521 1,591 1,589 1,421Oil pipelined229,000 306,000 431,000 507,000 588,200 564,300 584,100 578,500 588,800 592,900 591,400 601,100 619,200 616,500 619,800 617,700 577,300 576,100 586,200 590,200 599,600 607,500 581,300 557,700UTable 1-49: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (Millions)KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailableaIncludes freight, express, and mail revenue ton-miles as reported on U.S. DOT Form 41.Intercity truck:bThe methodology was changed in 1990 for intercity trucks. Therefore figures prior to 1990 are not comparable to those after 1990.SOURCEScExcludes intraterritorial traffic, for which ton-miles were not compiled.dThe large increase between1975 and 1980 was a result of a new Alaska pipeline and consequent water transportation of crude petroleum fromAlaskan ports to the mainland United States for refining.NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960-2003: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2007(Washington, DC: 2007), p. 40.Class I rail:Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issue), p. 27.Air carrier, domestic, all services:1960-65: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: 1970).1970-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 2, line 3.1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office ofAirline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 3, line 3.Domestic water transportation:1980-2007: Ibid.,Shifts in Petroleum Transportation(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce of the U.S.(New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), part 5, section 1, table 1-4, and similar tablesin earlier editions available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of March 17, 2010.Oil pipeline:1960-70: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 1998(Washington, DC: 1998), p. 44.1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines,Shifts in Petroleum Transportation(Washington, DC: Annual Issue), table 4.1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL U.S. ton-miles of freight(R) 3,403,914 (R) 3,366,875 (R) 3,195,481 (R) 3,251,875 (R) 3,340,129 (R) 3,313,853 (R) 3,328,265 (R) 3,474,497 (R) 3,597,014 (R) 3,567,788 (R) 3,621,806 (R) 3,635,965 (R) 3,746,255 (R) 3,767,227 (R) 3,944,809 (R) 4,104,069 (R) 4,173,925 (R) 4,179,233 (R) 4,228,376 (R) 4,300,142 (R) 4,328,750 (R) 4,357,377 (R) 4,409,000 (R) 4,414,929 (R) 4,540,837 (R) 4,570,316 (R) 4,630,792 4,608,671Air4,840 5,090 5,140 5,870 6,500 6,710 7,340 8,670 9,330 10,210 10,420 9,960 10,990 11,540 12,030 12,720 13,760 13,900 14,140 14,500 15,810 13,288 13,837 (R) 15,231 16,451 (R) 15,745 (R) 15,361 15,142Truck(R) 629,574 (R) 630,798 (R) 646,589 (R) 673,913 (R) 706,782 (R) 716,693 (R) 735,095 (R) 774,798 (R) 800,729 (R) 828,375 (R) 848,643 (R) 867,799 (R) 890,088 (R) 927,831 (R) 987,764 (R) 1,033,875 (R) 1,061,781 (R) 1,110,376 (R) 1,139,594 (R) 1,176,199 (R) 1,192,633 (R) 1,213,013 (R) 1,245,342 (R) 1,264,570 (R) 1,281,367 (R) 1,291,308 (R) 1,291,244 1,317,061Railroad932,000 924,000 810,000 841,000 900,091 876,209 891,235 951,940 1,025,683 1,045,628 1,064,408 1,041,929 1,098,379 1,135,016 1,221,073 1,317,010 (R) 1,377,095 1,391,089 1,448,352 1,503,665 1,546,319 1,599,332 1,605,532 1,603,564 (R) 1,684,407 (R) 1,733,329 (R) 1,855,902 1,819,633Domestic water transportation 921,835 929,413 886,469 919,566 887,719 892,971 873,401 895,415 890,029 815,550 833,544 848,399 856,683 789,657 814,917 807,728 764,687 707,410 672,795 655,861 645,799 621,687 612,080 606,146 621,170 591,276 561,629 553,143Coastwise631,149 634,765 632,707 649,750 593,923 610,977 580,889 586,818 561,595 483,889 479,134 502,133 502,311 448,404 457,600 440,345 408,086 349,843 314,864 292,730 283,872 274,559 263,688 278,919 279,857 263,464 227,155 228,052Lakewise61,747 62,148 35,623 43,088 49,784 48,184 43,198 50,077 58,160 58,308 60,930 55,339 55,784 56,438 58,263 59,704 58,335 62,166 61,654 57,045 57,879 50,854 53,653 47,539 55,733 51,924 53,105 51,893Internal227,343 231,184 217,027 225,628 242,855 232,708 248,117 257,336 269,036 272,157 292,393 289,959 297,638 283,894 297,762 306,329 296,791 294,023 294,896 304,724 302,558 294,861 293,410 278,352 284,096 274,367 279,778 271,607Intraport1,596 1,316 1,112 1,100 1,157 1,102 1,197 1,184 1,238 1,196 1,087 968 950 921 1,292 1,350 1,475 1,378 1,381 1,362 1,490 1,413 1,329 1,336 1,484 1,521 1,591 1,591Pipeline915,666 877,574 847,284 811,526 839,037 821,270 821,195 843,673 871,243 868,025 864,792 867,878 890,114 903,183 909,025 932,737 956,602 956,458 953,495 (R) 949,917 (R) 928,189 (R) 910,057 (R) 932,209 (R) 925,418 937,442 (R) 938,659 (R) 906,656 903,693Oil and oil products588,000 564,000 566,000 556,000 568,000 564,000 578,000 587,000 601,000 584,000 584,100 578,500 588,800 592,900 591,400 601,100 619,200 616,500 619,800 (R) 617,700 (R) 577,300 (R) 576,100 (R) 586,200 (R) 590,200 599,600 607,500 (R) 581,300 557,700Natural Gas327,666 313,574 281,284 255,526 271,037 257,270 243,195 256,673 270,243 284,025 280,692 289,378 301,314 310,283 317,625 331,637 337,402 339,958 333,695 332,217 350,889 333,957 346,009 335,218 337,842 (R) 331,159 (R) 325,356 345,993Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Millions)SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), special tabulation.NOTESBTS developed a more comprehensive and reliable estimates of ton-miles for the air, truck, rail, water, and pipeline modes than are presented in table 1-49. These improved estimates are notcomparable to data in table 1-49.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY:R = revised.

# Gateway Type a 

# Rank Exports Imports Total Rank Exports Imports Total

Los Angeles, CA Water 1 28.0 167.7 195.6 1 34.7 209.1 243.8

New York, NY Water 2 38.3 104.5 142.8 2 50.6 134.8 185.4

John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY Air 3 65.8 61.2 127.0 3 85.5 82.4 167.9

Houston, TX Water 4 48.4 57.7 106.1 4 68.8 78.9 147.7

Laredo, TX Land 5 45.3 49.8 95.1 6 53.9 61.8 115.8

Chicago, IL Air 6 31.0 59.8 90.8 7 35.9 61.2 97.0

Detroit, MI Land 7 47.7 37.2 85.0 5 66.5 53.7 120.2

Long Beach, CA Water 8 24.2 44.4 68.5 8 31.6 60.0 91.6

Los Angeles International Airport, CA Air 9 30.9 32.2 63.1 11 41.3 37.0 78.3

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY Land 10 33.2 27.8 61.0 10 40.3 40.5 80.8

Port Huron, MI Land 11 28.4 30.1 58.5 9 35.2 46.0 81.2

Savannah, GA Water 12 18.9 27.7 46.6 13 22.8 36.1 59.0

New Orleans, LA Air 13 19.2 25.7 44.9 19 19.9 25.1 45.0

Charleston, SC Water 14 16.3 28.6 44.9 12 22.3 40.0 62.3

Norfolk, VA Water 15 18.9 24.0 43.0 14 23.9 30.0 54.0

El Paso, TX Land 16 17.9 24.4 42.3 17 20.2 28.0 48.2

San Francisco International Airport, CA Air 17 21.0 18.8 39.8 15 26.6 26.2 52.8

Miami International Airport Cargo Facilities, FL Air 18 27.5 11.7 39.1 20 29.2 10.8 40.0

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX Air 19 14.9 20.9 35.8 24 16.4 23.1 39.5

Anchorage, AK Air 20 8.4 26.2 34.7 21 10.2 31.2 41.4

Oakland, CA Water 21 12.7 21.1 33.8 25 12.4 26.3 38.7

Seattle, WA Water 22 7.9 25.5 33.4 21 9.9 30.0 39.9

New Orleans, LA Water 23 18.5 14.4 32.9 16 25.3 24.4 49.7

Atlanta, GA Air 24 11.5 20.8 32.3 28 12.3 19.9 32.2

Baltimore, MD Water 25 10.7 19.4 30.1 18 16.1 29.2 45.3

Otay Mesa, CA Land 26 9.4 19.2 28.6 29 10.6 21.2 31.8

Cleveland, OH Air 27 15.7 11.2 26.8 30 17.6 13.2 30.9

Tacoma, WA Water 28 6.0 19.2 25.2 27 8.2 27.1 35.3

Philadelphia, PA Water 29 2.8 20.5 23.3 19 5.1 38.1 43.2

San Juan International Airport, PR Air 30 13.7 8.3 21.9 41 12.3 8.9 21.3

Washington, DC Air 31 5.8 14.5 20.4 46 5.6 11.9 17.5

Annapolis, MD Water 32 0.0 19.4 19.4 69 7.1 2.9 9.9

Champlain-Rouses Point, NY Land 33 11.3 7.9 19.2 33 9.4 14.2 23.6

Hidalgo, TX Land 34 8.5 10.6 19.1 39 9.9 12.3 22.1

Corpus Christie, TX Water 35 4.0 14.7 18.7 31 5.0 24.7 29.7

Miami, FL Water 36 9.1 9.5 18.5 38 11.1 11.1 22.2

Morgan City, LA Water 37 0.2 16.8 17.1 26 0.2 38.3 38.5

Port Everglades, FL Water 38 9.5 6.8 16.3 37 12.0 10.6 22.6

Nogales, AZ Land 39 5.9 10.3 16.2 43 6.9 12.2 19.1

Gramercy, LA Water 40 9.7 6.4 16.1 32 8.8 15.4 24.2

Pembina, ND Land 41 8.7 6.6 15.3 42 11.2 8.6 19.9

Blaine, WA Land 42 9.1 5.5 14.6 45 11.0 7.4 18.4

Chicago, IL Land 43 0.0 14.0 14.0 36 0.0 22.7 22.7

Jacksonville, FL Water 44 6.0 7.5 13.5 34 11.2 11.8 23.0

Texas City, TX Water 45 2.7 10.6 13.3 35 3.3 19.5 22.7

Port Arthur, TX Water 46 2.3 10.8 13.1 47 2.4 14.9 17.4

Houston Intercontinental Airport, TX Air 47 7.2 5.5 12.7 56 8.3 5.3 13.5

Eagle Pass, TX Land 48 4.6 7.9 12.5 59 5.0 7.8 12.8

Newark, NJ Air 49 4.1 8.3 12.4 55 4.5 10.1 14.6

Beaumont, TX Water 50 2.5 9.7 12.2 40 2.8 18.5 21.3 Total top 50 gateways a 

# NA NA 776.5 1,095.4 1,871.9 NA 998.1 1,635.3 2,633.4

KEY: R = revised.

All data: Trade levels reflect the mode of transportation as a shipment enters or exits at a border port. Flows through individual ports are based on reported data collected from U.S. trade documents. Trade does not include low-value shipments. (In general, these are imports valued at less than $1,250 and exports that are valued at less than $2,500). 

# Table 1-51: Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments (Current $ billions)

2009 (R) 2008

a 

# Data for 2008 is based on the top 50 freight gateways in 2008 and is not a summation of the numbers on the table.

NOTES

Land : U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, TransBorder Freight Data , special
tabulation, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/transborder/ as of March 2011. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Air: Data for all air gateways are reported at the port level and include a low level (generally less than 2%-3% of the total value) of small user-fee airports located in the
same region. Air gateways not identified by airport name (e.g., Chicago, IL, and others) include major airport(s) in that geographic area in addition to small regional
airports. In addition, due to Bureau of Census confidentiality regulations, data for courier operations are included in the airport totals for JFK International Airport, New
Orleans, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Chicago, Miami, and Anchorage.

SOURCES

Air and Water : U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, USA Trade Online , special tabulation, available at
http://data.usatradeonline.gov/ as of December 2010. Data for some ports may be significantly different in the previous version of this table due to a revision by the source.Truck Container20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,820,052 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,606,307 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,775,388 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,775,444 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,669,623 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,365,752 Total U.S.-Canadian border 5,782,214 Total U.S.-Canadian border 4,954,442Total top 5 gateways4,544,669 Total top 5 gateways4,397,004 Total top 5 gateways4,520,932 Total top 5 gateways4,472,799 Total top 5 gateways4,412,181 Total top 5 gateways4,306,192 Total top 5 gateways3,827,225 Total top 5 gateways3,227,155Detroit, MI1,668,496 Detroit, MI1,588,769 Detroit, MI1,638,062 Detroit, MI1,678,177 Detroit, MI1,715,969 Detroit, MI1,725,426 Detroit, MI1,482,250 Detroit, MI1,153,887Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,208,096 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,162,950 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,175,884 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,142,274 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,118,120 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,088,469 Buffalo-Niagara, NY981,329 Buffalo-Niagara, NY845,627Port Huron, MI907,291 Port Huron, MI927,740 Port Huron, MI947,907 Port Huron, MI924,776 Port Huron, MI833,711 Port Huron, MI770,282 Port Huron, MI732,493 Port Huron, MI623,549Blaine, WA409,786 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 378,783 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 381,434 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 374,524 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 391,541 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 366,059 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 356,844Blaine, WA310,962Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 351,000 Blaine, WA338,762 Blaine, WA377,645 Blaine, WA353,048 Blaine, WA352,840 Blaine, WA355,956 Blaine, WA274,309 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 293,130Rail Container20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,824,976 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,868,245 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,950,909 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,940,557 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,923,787 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,939,876 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,898,581 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,553,416Total top 5 gateways1,305,446 Total top 5 gateways1,333,244 Total top 5 gateways1,346,724 Total top 5 gateways1,325,479 Total top 5 gateways1,333,105 Total top 5 gateways1,347,207 Total top 5 gateways1,329,412 Total top 5 gateways1,115,410Port Huron, MI424,635 Port Huron, MI458,551 Port Huron, MI474,175 Port Huron, MI457,275 Port Huron, MI445,269 Port Huron, MI466,569 Port Huron, MI426,661 Port Huron, MI369,321Detroit, MI293,300 Detroit, MI254,688 International Falls, MN259,165 International Falls, MN251,118 International Falls, MN282,784 International Falls, MN290,852 International Falls, MN335,442 International Falls, MN295,171International Falls, MN238,515 International Falls, MN252,699 Detroit, MI234,823 Portal, ND231,832 Portal, ND244,988 Portal, ND242,220 Portal, ND235,589 Portal, ND194,884Portal, ND199,637 Portal, ND217,390 Portal, ND224,896 Detroit, MI231,482 Detroit, MI218,963 Detroit, MI213,777 Detroit, MI210,255 Detroit, MI155,283Buffalo-Niagara, NY149,359 Buffalo-Niagara, NY149,916 Buffalo-Niagara, NY153,665 Buffalo-Niagara, NY153,772 Buffalo-Niagara, NY141,101 Buffalo-Niagara, NY133,789 Buffalo-Niagara, NY121,465 Buffalo-Niagara, NY100,751Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail Container CrossingsSOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,BorderCrossing/Entry Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.NOTESTruck Containerdata represent the number ofTruck containercrossings, not the number of unique vehicles. Data are for both loaded andempty truck containers.Rail Containerdata include both loaded and emptyRail containers.Truck20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,915,973 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,728,228 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,903,882 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,783,944 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,649,249 Total U.S.-Canadian border (R) 6,477,761 Total U.S.-Canadian border 5,894,551 Total U.S.-Canadian border 5,020,633Total top 5 gateways4,567,704 Total top 5 gateways4,478,405 Total top 5 gateways4,591,686 Total top 5 gateways4,553,263 Total top 5 gateways4,499,055 Total top 5 gateways (R) 4,375,717 Total top 5 gateways3,920,345 Total top 5 gateways3,274,768Detroit, MI1,670,565 Detroit, MI1,634,319 Detroit, MI1,701,452 Detroit, MI1,745,318 Detroit, MI1,770,008 Detroit, MI1,773,465 Detroit, MI1,510,487 Detroit, MI1,197,967Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,208,095 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,162,961 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,175,254 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,142,411 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,117,789 Buffalo-Niagara, NY1,088,438 Buffalo-Niagara, NY981,329 Buffalo-Niagara, NY846,114Port Huron, MI907,729 Port Huron, MI928,074 Port Huron, MI945,962 Port Huron, MI922,401 Port Huron, MI835,927 Port Huron, MI770,282 Port Huron, MI732,422 Port Huron, MI625,642Blaine, WA410,256 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 387,962 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 397,317 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 388,869 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 409,372 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 387,033 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 364,912 Blaine, WA310,075Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 371,059 Blaine, WA365,089 Blaine, WA371,701 Blaine, WA354,264 Blaine, WA365,959 Blaine, WA(R) 356,499 Blaine, WA331,195 Champlain-Rouse Pt., NY 294,970Train20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Canadian border 32,822 Total U.S.-Canadian border 34,137 Total U.S.-Canadian border 33,267 Total U.S.-Canadian border 32,807 Total U.S.-Canadian border 32,526 Total U.S.-Canadian border 30,362 Total U.S.-Canadian border 29,780 Total U.S.-Canadian border 24,034Total top 5 gateways18,920 Total top 5 gateways19,646 Total top 5 gateways18,564 Total top 5 gateways19,129 Total top 5 gateways17,662 Total top 5 gateways17,240 Total top 5 gateways16,677 Total top 5 gateways13,013Port Huron, MI4,707 Port Huron, MI5,447 Port Huron, MI5,276 Port Huron, MI6,344 Port Huron, MI4,439 Port Huron, MI4,459 International Falls, MN4,136 International Falls, MN3,286Detroit, MI4,278 Detroit, MI4,246 Detroit, MI3,936 International Falls, MN3,980 International Falls, MN4,259 International Falls, MN4,026 Port Huron, MI4,061 Port Huron, MI3,064International Falls, MN3,662 International Falls, MN3,928 International Falls, MN3,720 Detroit, MI3,602 Detroit, MI3,610 Detroit, MI3,546 Detroit, MI3,135 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,312Buffalo-Niagara, NY3,320 Warroad, MN3,062 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,976 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,918 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,807 Warroad, MN2,640 Warroad, MN2,879 Warroad, MN2,277Warroad, MN2,953 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,963 Warroad, MN2,656 Warroad, MN2,285 Warroad, MN2,547 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,569 Buffalo-Niagara, NY2,466 Detroit, MI2,074Table 1-53: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Train CrossingsSOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,BorderCrossing/Entry Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.NOTEData do not include privately owned pickup trucks.KEY:R = revised.Truck Container20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,434,441 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,293,226 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,512,900 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,677,562 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,740,407 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,852,936 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,844,250 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,278,741Total top 5 gateways3,556,930 Total top 5 gateways3,444,994 Total top 5 gateways3,621,641 Total top 5 gateways3,740,341 Total top 5 gateways3,777,395 Total top 5 gateways3,881,283 Total top 5 gateways3,882,764 Total top 5 gateways3,408,198Laredo, TX1,437,580 Laredo, TX1,345,099 Laredo, TX1,387,648 Laredo, TX1,455,504 Laredo, TX1,518,819 Laredo, TX1,563,860 Laredo, TX1,555,414 Laredo, TX1,382,455Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 726,318 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 711,526 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 726,166 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 744,278 El Paso, TX757,795 El Paso, TX759,319 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 774,195 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 686,119El Paso, TX714,931 El Paso, TX665,422 El Paso, TX717,245 El Paso, TX734,851 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 748,146 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 735,305 El Paso, TX752,574 El Paso, TX639,896Hidalgo, TX386,985 Hidalgo, TX405,238 Hidalgo, TX453,222 Hidalgo, TX494,572 Hidalgo, TX462,859 Hidalgo, TX496,413 Hidalgo, TX477,014 Hidalgo, TX420,646Calexico East, CA291,116 Calexico East, CA317,709 Calexico East, CA337,360 Calexico East, CA311,136 Nogales, AZ289,776 Calexico East, CA326,386 Calexico East, CA323,567 Nogales, AZ279,082Rail Container20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Mexican border 602,322 Total U.S.-Mexican border 607,475 Total U.S.-Mexican border 675,305 Total U.S.-Mexican border 728,559 Total U.S.-Mexican border 803,291 Total U.S.-Mexican border 813,511 Total U.S.-Mexican border 776,385 Total U.S.-Mexican border 574,299Total top 5 gateways591,255 Total top 5 gateways596,773 Total top 5 gateways660,214 Total top 5 gateways710,238 Total top 5 gateways788,472 Total top 5 gateways797,481 Total top 5 gateways762,740 Total top 5 gateways563,965Laredo, TX296,782 Laredo, TX313,244 Laredo, TX317,061 Laredo, TX316,402 Laredo, TX332,950 Laredo, TX341,856 Laredo, TX328,592 Laredo, TX271,095Eagle Pass, TX98,236 Brownsville, TX98,622 El Paso, TX110,992 El Paso, TX143,741 El Paso, TX185,614 El Paso, TX179,076 El Paso, TX160,795 Eagle Pass, TX141,664Brownsville, TX96,591 Eagle Pass, TX88,329 Brownsville, TX97,803 Brownsville, TX105,175 Eagle Pass, TX112,521 Eagle Pass, TX134,041 Eagle Pass, TX142,377 El Paso, TX72,353Nogales, AZ52,236 El Paso, TX50,893 Eagle Pass, TX87,459 Eagle Pass, TX98,089 Brownsville, TX97,572 Brownsville, TX90,139 Brownsville, TX75,419 Nogales, AZ44,832El Paso, TX47,410 Nogales, AZ45,685 Nogales, AZ46,899 Nogales, AZ46,831 Nogales, AZ59,815 Nogales, AZ52,369 Nogales, AZ55,557 Brownsville, TX34,021Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck or Rail Container CrossingsRail Containerdata include both loaded and emptyRail containers.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,BorderCrossing/Entry Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.SOURCENOTESTruck Containerdata represent the number ofTruck containercrossings, not the number of unique vehicles. Data are for both loaded andempty truck containers.Truck20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,426,593 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,238,045 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,503,688 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,675,897 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,759,679 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,882,500 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,866,252 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,291,465Total top 5 gateways3,544,815 Total top 5 gateways3,378,199 Total top 5 gateways3,604,137 Total top 5 gateways3,737,803 Total top 5 gateways3,778,528 Total top 5 gateways3,895,641 Total top 5 gateways3,893,000 Total top 5 gateways3,407,336Laredo, TX1,441,653 Laredo, TX1,354,229 Laredo, TX1,391,850 Laredo, TX1,455,607 Laredo, TX1,518,989 Laredo, TX1,563,836 Laredo, TX1,555,197 Laredo, TX1,382,319Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 731,291 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 697,152 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 726,164 El Paso, TX740,654 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 749,472 El Paso, TX782,936 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 776,972 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 684,425El Paso, TX705,199 El Paso, TX659,614 El Paso, TX719,545 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 730,253 El Paso, TX744,951 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 738,765 El Paso, TX758,856 El Paso, TX644,272Hidalgo, TX390,282 Hidalgo, TX406,064 Hidalgo, TX454,351 Hidalgo, TX491,077 Hidalgo, TX457,825 Hidalgo, TX486,756 Hidalgo, TX476,000 Hidalgo, TX419,426Calexico East, CA276,390 Calexico East, CA261,140 Calexico East, CA312,227 Calexico East, CA320,212 Calexico East, CA307,291 Calexico East, CA323,348 Calexico East, CA325,975 Calexico East, CA276,894Train20022003200420052006200720082009Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,757 Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,774 Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,844 Total U.S.-Mexican border 9,458 Total U.S.-Mexican border 10,166 Total U.S.-Mexican border 10,648 Total U.S.-Mexican border 10,262 Total U.S.-Mexican border 7,475Total top 5 gateways7,179 Total top 5 gateways7,265 Total top 5 gateways7,282 Total top 5 gateways8,719 Total top 5 gateways9,344 Total top 5 gateways9,745 Total top 5 gateways9,563 Total top 5 gateways6,969Laredo, TX3,270 Laredo, TX3,510 Laredo, TX3,443 Laredo, TX3,459 Laredo, TX3,850 Laredo, TX3,994 Laredo, TX3,921 Laredo, TX2,716Eagle Pass, TX1,718 Eagle Pass, TX1,624 Eagle Pass, TX1,653 Eagle Pass, TX1,812 El Paso, TX2,449 El Paso, TX2,691 El Paso, TX2,473 Eagle Pass, TX1,704Brownsville, TX964 Brownsville, TX1,045 Brownsville, TX998 El Paso, TX1,618 Eagle Pass, TX1,337 Eagle Pass, TX1,485 Eagle Pass, TX1,654 El Paso, TX1,502Nogales, AZ607 El Paso, TX629 El Paso, TX744 Brownsville, TX1,045 Brownsville, TX1,055 Brownsville, TX984 Brownsville, TX875 Nogales, AZ563El Paso, TX620 Nogales, AZ457 Nogales, AZ444 Nogales, AZ785 Nogales, AZ653 Calexico East, CA591 Nogales, AZ640 Brownsville, TX484Table 1-55: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Incoming Truck and Train CrossingsU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,BorderCrossing/Entry Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/ as of July 1, 2010.SOURCENOTEData do not include privately owned pickup trucks.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (P) 2008TOTAL freight 1,099.9 1,272.9 1,531.7 1,695.0 1,998.9 1,788.4 2,163.9 2,092.1 2,132.1 2,128.2 2,214.8 2,240.4 2,284.1 2,333.1 2,339.5 2,322.6 2,424.5 2,393.3 2,340.2 2,394.2 2,551.9 2,527.6 2,588.4 2,564.0 2,469.8Foreign339.3 443.7 581.0 748.7 921.4 774.3 1,041.6 1,013.6 1,037.5 1,060.0 1,115.7 1,147.4 1,183.4 1,220.6 1,245.4 1,260.8 1,354.7 1,350.8 1,319.2 1,378.1 1,504.9 1,498.7 1,564.9 1,542.5 1,520.8Imports211.3 269.8 339.3 476.6 517.5 412.7 600.0 555.4 586.7 648.8 719.5 672.7 732.6 788.3 840.7 860.8 939.7 951.8 934.9 1,004.8 1,089.1 1,096.9 1,130.9 1,075.7 998.7Exports128.0 173.9 241.6 272.1 403.9 361.6 441.6 458.2 450.8 411.3 396.2 474.7 450.8 432.3 404.7 400.0 415.0 399.0 384.3 373.3 415.8 401.8 434.0 466.8 522.1Domestic760.6 829.2 950.7 946.3 1,077.5 1,014.1 1,122.3 1,078.5 1,094.6 1,068.2 1,099.0 1,093.0 1,100.7 1,112.5 1,094.1 1,061.8 1,069.8 1,042.5 1,021.0 1,016.1 1,047.1 1,028.9 1,023.5 1,021.5 949.0Inland291.1 369.6 472.1 503.9 535.0 534.7 622.6 600.4 621.0 607.3 618.4 620.3 622.1 630.6 625.0 624.6 628.4 619.8 608.0 609.6 626.2 624.0 627.6 621.9 583.9Coastal209.2 201.5 238.4 231.9 329.6 309.8 298.6 294.5 285.1 271.7 277.0 266.6 267.4 263.1 249.6 228.8 226.9 223.6 216.4 223.5 220.6 213.7 201.8 205.8 185.3Great Lakes 155.1 153.7 157.1 129.3 115.1 92.0 110.2 103.4 107.4 109.9 114.8 116.1 114.9 122.7 122.2 113.9 114.4 100.0 101.5 89.8 103.5 96.2 96.9 95.6 90.3Intraport104.2 102.9 81.5 78.3 94.2 74.3 86.4 75.6 76.8 74.4 82.9 83.1 89.0 89.8 90.1 88.6 94.6 93.2 90.0 86.9 91.3 90.2 91.4 93.1 85.2Intraterritory1.0 1.5 1.6 2.9 3.6 3.4 4.5 4.6 4.2 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.3 6.3 7.2 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.1 6.4 5.5 4.9 5.8 5.1 4.2KEY:P = preliminary.NOTESTable 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight (Million short tons)Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1965-2008: Ibid.,Waterborne Commerce of the United States(New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), available athttp://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of Jan. 6, 2010.1960: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2004(New Orleans, LA), part5, tables 1-1, 1-3, and 1-6.Domestic Inlandexcludes waterway improvement materials, and beginning in 1996, excludes fish.SOURCES

# Ports Rank Total tons
(Millions) Rank Total tons
(Millions) Rank Total tons
(Millions)

South Louisiana, LA, Port of 1 224.0 1 229.0 1 196.6 -2.2% 13.9%

Houston, TX 2 212.2 2 216.1 2 169.1 -1.8% 25.5%

New York, NY and NJ 3 153.5 3 157.2 3 137.5 -2.4% 11.6%

Long Beach, CA 4 80.2 4 85.9 10 57.7 -6.7% 38.9%

Corpus Christi, TX 5 76.8 6 81.1 5 86.2 -5.3% -10.9%

New Orleans, LA 6 73.0 8 76.0 4 88.8 -4.0% -17.8%

Beaumont, TX 7 69.5 5 81.4 9 60.1 -14.6% 15.7%

Huntington - Tristate 8 69.3 7 76.5 27 24.7 -9.4% 180.3%

Mobile, AL 9 67.6 10 64.5 15 49.2 4.9% 37.4%

Plaquemines, LA, Port of 10 63.7 12 58.8 7 65.8 8.4% -3.1%

Los Angeles, CA 11 59.8 9 65.5 18 44.1 -8.7% 35.4%

Lake Charles, LA 12 53.8 11 64.2 11 53.6 -16.3% 0.4%

Texas City, TX 13 52.6 13 56.8 14 49.5 -7.4% 6.3%

Baton Rouge, LA 14 51.8 14 54.6 6 66.8 -5.2% -22.5%

Duluth - Superior, MN and WI 15 45.3 16 46.5 19 42.4 -2.5% 6.8%

Norfolk Harbor, VA 16 44.6 18 39.7 16 47.7 12.2% -6.6%

Baltimore, MD 17 43.4 17 41.3 20 40.1 5.2% 8.2%

Pittsburgh, PA 18 41.8 19 38.1 13 52.9 9.8% -20.9%

Tampa, FL 19 39.7 15 46.9 12 53.2 -15.3% -25.5%

Paulsboro, NJ 20 36.4 20 38.0 28 23.5 -4.3% 54.7%

Valdez, AK 21 36.0 21 37.8 8 61.9 -4.8% -41.9%

Savannah, GA 22 35.4 22 36.5 39 17.7 -3.0% 99.8%

Pascagoula, MS 23 33.6 23 35.2 25 26.4 -4.6% 27.2%

Philadelphia, PA 24 32.3 24 35.1 17 47.5 -8.2% -32.0%

Port Arthur, TX 25 31.8 28 29.3 23 29.6 8.5% 7.4%

Freeport, TX 26 29.8 27 29.6 24 29.0 0.8% 2.9%

St.Louis, MO and IL 27 29.5 25 32.1 21 31.8 -8.1% -7.1%

Tacoma, WA 28 27.2 30 26.9 40 17.4 0.8% 56.1%

Portland, OR 29 26.7 26 31.1 22 30.0 -14.3% -11.0%

Richmond, CA 30 26.4 31 25.0 36 19.0 5.5% 38.6%

Seattle, WA 31 26.2 29 28.2 30 22.6 -7.1% 15.8%

Marcus Hook, PA 32 24.7 32 24.8 29 22.7 -0.5% 8.5%

Chicago, IL 33 22.7 33 24.5 26 26.0 -7.4% -12.7%

Newport News, VA 34 22.6 43 15.0 35 19.1 51.0% 18.5%

Portland, ME 35 22.1 34 24.3 44 15.1 -8.8% 46.9%

Port Everglades, FL 36 21.7 35 24.2 31 21.8 -10.6% -0.6%

Jacksonville, FL 37 21.0 38 21.2 33 21.2 -0.7% -0.7%

Boston, MA 38 21.0 37 22.4 32 21.2 -6.0% -0.9%

Charleston, SC 39 20.9 36 22.6 37 18.7 -7.4% 12.0%

Oakland, CA 40 17.8 41 16.9 52 11.1 5.3% 59.8%

Memphis,TN 41 16.4 39 18.8 41 17.2 -13.1% -4.9%

Indiana Harbor, IN 42 15.4 42 15.0 45 14.9 2.4% 3.2%

Honolulu, HI 43 14.0 40 17.6 47 13.7 -20.3% 2.1%

Cincinnati, OH 44 13.4 47 13.2 50 12.0 1.7% 12.2%

Two Harbors, MN 45 13.4 46 13.7 49 13.2 -1.7% 1.6%

Kalama, WA 46 12.9 53 10.4 83 4.7 24.4% 174.2%

Detroit, MI 47 12.8 44 14.9 34 19.5 -14.1% -34.0%

Anacortes, WA 48 11.5 45 14.3 51 11.9 -20.0% -4.0%

San Juan, PR 49 11.0 50 12.2 43 15.3 -10.2% -28.2%

Toledo, OH 50 11.0 49 12.5 48 13.2 -12.1% -17.2%

Total top 50 b 

# NA 2,220.1 NA 2,305.8 NA 2,075.0 -3.7% 7.0%

All ports NA 2,477.1 NA 2,564.0 NA 2,339.5 -3.4% 5.9% 

# Table 1-57: Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons a



# Percent
change

1998-2008 Percent
change

2007-2008

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. NOTE

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 5, National Summaries (New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues),
tables 1-1, 5-1 and 5-2, available at http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of July 14, 2010. 

# 2007 1998

a 

# Tonna g e totals include both domestic and forei g n waterborne trade.

b 

# Data for 2007 and 1998 are based on the to p 50 water p orts in 2007 and 1998, and are not a summation of the numbers in the table. 

# 2008

KEY: NA = not applicable.

SOURCE1993 1997 2002 (R) 2007Percentchange (1997-2007)d1993 1997 2002 (R) 2007Percentchange (1997-2007)d1993 1997 2002 (R) 2007Percentchange (1997-2007)dTOTAL all modes5,846 6,944 8,397 11,685 68.3 9,688 11,090 11,668 12,543 13.1 2,421 2,661 3,138 3,345 25.7Single modes, total4,941 5,720 7,049 9,539 66.8 8,922 10,437 11,087 11,698 12.1 2,137 2,383 2,868 2,894 21.4Trucka4,403 4,982 6,235 8,336 67.3 6,386 7,701 7,843 8,779 14.0 870 1,024 1,256 1,342 31.1For-hire truck 2,625 2,901 3,757 4,956 70.8 2,808 3,403 3,657 4,075 19.8 629 741 960 1,056 42.4Private truck 1,756 2,037 2,445 3,380 66.0 3,544 4,137 4,150 4,704 13.7 236 269 291 286 6.7Rail 247 320 311 436 36.5 1,544 1,550 1,874 1,861 20.1 943 1,023 1,262 1,344 31.4Water 62 76 89 115 51.5 505 563 681 404 -28.4 272 262 283 157 -39.9Shallow draft 41 54 57 91 68.8 362 415 459 343 -17.2 164 189 212 117 -37.9Great Lakes S 2 1 S U 33 38 38 18 -53.7 12 13 14 7 -48.7Deep draft 20 20 31 23 12.8 110 110 185 43 -61.4 95 59 57 33 -44.2Air (includes truck and air) 139 229 265 252 10.13444-19.34665-27.6Pipelineb90 113 149 400 252.1 484 618 685 651 5.3SSS SSMultiple modes, total663 946 1,079 1,867 97.4 226 217 217 574 164.8 191 205 226 417 103.7Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or courier563 856 988 1,562 82.519242634 43.113181928 55.4Truck and rail837670 187 147.4415443 226 315.9385646 197 254.2Truck and water981458 608.5683323 146 338.141353298 183.0Rail and water42314 684.47979 10555 -30.87078 11547 -39.3Other multiple modes34445 961.6192620 114 333.7S191446 149.4Other / unknown modes, total242 279 269 279 0.2 541 437 365 272 -37.893734434 -54.0Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997, 2002 and 2007Value (billion $)Tons (millions)Ton-milesc(billions)Mode of transportationKEY:R = revised; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other reasons; U = data are unavailable.aTruck as a single mode includes shipments that went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of both.b1993 and 1997 data exclude most shipments of crude oil. 2002 and 2007 data exclude shipments of crude petroleum.2007: U.S Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,2007 CommodityFlow Survey: United States, Final Release(Washington, DC: December 2009), table 1, available athttp://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/ as of December 28, 2009.NOTESSOURCEScTon-miles estimates are based on estimated distances traveled along a modeled transportation network.2002: U.S Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,2002 CommodityFlow Survey: United States(Washington, DC: December 2004), table 1a.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. Value-of-shipment estimates are reported in current prices. Coverage for the 2002 and 2007Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) differs from the previous surveys due to a change from the 1997 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to theNorth American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and other survey improvements. The 2007 estimates are derived using an improvedmethodology of estimation.1993 and 1997: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,1997Commodity Flow Survey: United States(Washington, DC: December 1999), table 1b.dPercent change has been revised in conjuction with 2007 data.

# SCTG Value ($billions) Percent Tons (millions) Percent Ton-miles c



# (billions) Percent Value per ton ($) Average
miles per
shipment

01 Li ve an i ma l s an d li ve fi s

h 10.8 0.09 6.2 0.05 4.0 0.12 1,761. 5 739

02 C erea l gra i n s 84.9 0.73 514.2 4.10 203.4 6.08 165.0 139

03 Oth er agr i cu lt

ura l pro d uc

ts 143.6 1.23 211.9 1.69 88.2 2.64 677.9 354

04 A n i ma l f ee

d an

d pro d uc

t s o

f an i ma l or i g i n

(NEC) 90.5 0.77 246.4 1.96 76.2 2.28 367.1 499

05 M ea t

, fi s

h

, sea f oo

d

, an d th

e i r prepara ti on s 277.3 2.37 98.4 0.78 48.5 1.45 2,817.2 247

06 G ra i n, a l co h o l an

d t

o b acco pro d uc

ts 143.1 1.22 120.0 0.96 50.7 1.52 1,192. 6 403

07 Oth er prepare d f

oo

d s t u ff s an

d f

a t s an

d o

il s 479.8 4.11 468.4 3.73 171.5 5.13 1,024.2 268

08 Al co h o li c

b

everage s 158.3 1.35 114.0 0.91 36.7 1.10 1,388. 6 80

09 T o b acco pro d uc

ts 70.6 0.60 3.3 0.03 0.4 0.01 21,450. 6 407

10 M onumen t a l or

b

u ildi ng s t on

e 5.2 0.04 28.7 0.23 3.1 0.09 181.0 123

11 N a t ura l san ds 6.7 0.06 460.1 3.67 41.1 1.23 14.5 56

12 G rave l an d crus h e d s

t on

e 21.2 0.18 2,039. 5 16.26 147.8 4.42 10.4 37

13 N onme t a lli c m i nera l s (NEC) 16.7 0.14 272.3 2.17 52.1 1.56 61.4 223

14 M e t a lli c ores an d concen t ra t

e s 32.9 0.28 76.7 0.61 39.3 1.18 429.2 504

15 C oa l 38.2 0.33 1,416.2 11.29 835.8 24.99 27.0 106

17 G aso li ne an d av

i a ti on t ur

bi ne

f ue 663.2 5.68 959.2 7.65 68.6 2.05 691.4 43

18 F ue l o il s 373.5 3.20 641.9 5.12 54.2 1.62 581.9 32

19 C oa l an d pe

t ro

l eum pro d uc

t s (NEC) 268.2 2.29 578.2 4.61 127.2 3.80 463.8 111

20 B as

i c c

h em

i ca ls 271.5 2.32 412.6 3.29 171.2 5.12 658.0 428

21 Ph armaceu ti ca l pro d uc

ts 771.3 6.60 19.1 0.15 8.1 0.24 40,430. 5 635

22 F er tili zers 43.6 0.37 149.6 1.19 59.0 1.76 291.5 171

23 Ch em

i ca l pro d uc

t s an

d prepara ti ons (NEC) 331.8 2.84 123.5 0.98 58.5 1.75 2,685. 4 638

24 Pl as ti cs an d ru bb e r 489.4 4.19 186.4 1.49 104.6 3.13 2,625. 8 550

25 L ogs an d o

th er woo d i n

th

e roug h 7.1 0.06 107.9 0.86 11.2 0.33 65.7 110

26 W oo

d pro d uc

ts 183.9 1.57 323.8 2.58 100.8 3.01 567.9 328

27 P u l p, newspr i n t

, paper, an d paper b oar

d 126.9 1.09 145.4 1.16 82.1 2.45 872.6 297

28 P aper or paper b oar

d ar

ti c

l e s 118.1 1.01 82.2 0.66 29.0 0.87 1,435. 8 512

29 P r i n t e d pro d uc

ts 190.4 1.63 51.4 0.41 22.4 0.67 3,701. 5 579

30 Textiles, leather, and articles of textiles or leathe r 473.6 4.05 46.7 0.37 30.6 0.92 10,135. 5 1,101

31 N onme t a lli c m i nera l pro d uc

ts 197.0 1.69 1,156. 8 9.22 115.3 3.45 170.3 447

32 B ase me t a l i n pr i mary or sem ifi n i s

h e d f

orms an d i n

fi n i s h e d b

as

i c s

h ape

s 488.4 4.18 364.9 2.91 129.2 3.86 1,338. 3 360

33 A r ti c

l es o

f b

ase me t a l 388.3 3.32 131.9 1.05 52.3 1.56 2,943. 3 561

34 M ac

hi ner y 628.3 5.38 66.7 0.53 36.8 1.10 9,415. 3 498

35 El ec t ron i c an d o

th er e l ec t r i ca l equ i pmen t an

d componen t s an

d o

ffi ce equ i pme n 1,046. 5 8.96 47.5 0.38 31.6 0.95 22,018. 5 815

36 M o t or

i ze

d an

d o

th er ve hi c l es

(i nc

l u di ng par t s ) 907.3 7.76 133.1 1.06 64.8 1.94 6,815. 3 489

37 T ranspor t a ti on equ i pmen t (NEC) 173.9 1.49 6.8 0.05 4.5 0.13 25,514. 7 908

38 P rec i s i on

i ns

t rumen t s an

d appara t u s 304.6 2.61 5.7 0.05 3.5 0.11 53,743. 8 1,008

39 F urn it ure, ma tt resses an d ma tt ress suppor t s, l amps, li g hti ng fitti ngs, an d ill um i na t

e d s

i gn 152.3 1.30 26.6 0.21 15.0 0.45 5,717. 9 766

40 Mi sce ll aneous manu f ac

t ure

d pro d uc

ts 490.3 4.20 91.8 0.73 42.0 1.26 5,338. 5 1,012

41 W as

t e an

d scra p 82.2 0.70 305.9 2.44 67.0 2.00 268.9 152

43 Mi xe d f

re i g ht 932.4 7.98 300.9 2.40 56.1 1.68 3,098. 3 369

99 C ommo dit

y un k now

n 1.5 0.01 S U 0.1 0.00 U 485

All commo diti es b 

# 11,684. 9 100.00 12,543. 4 100.00 3,344. 7 100.00 931. 6 619

NOTES

SOURCE

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Census

Bureau, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey : United States

, Final Release ( Washington, DC: December 2009), table 6, available at
http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/ as of December 28, 2009. Details may not add to totals due to rounding or missing numbers that do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. a 

# All data have been revised using data from the final release of the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey

. 

# Table 1-59: Value, Tons, and Ton-Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic Establishments, 2007 a



# KEY: NEC = not elsewhere classified; SCTG = Standard Classification of Transportation Goods; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other

reasons; U = data are unavailable.

b 

# Estimates exclude shipments of crude petroleum (SCTG 16).

c 

# Ton-miles estimates are based on estimated distances traveled along a modeled transportation network.



# table_01_59.xls1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Exports to Canada, total 124,701.3 129,884.1 139,109.7 133,970.3 137,745.4 146,374.1 154,847.4 145,661.6 146,435.3 154,870.8 171,878.1 192,907.5 209,283.2 226,058.3 235,681.5 184,652.8 224,808.9Truck89,151.1 97,423.4 102,743.0 111,173.8 114,806.1 123,140.0 129,825.3 117,694.5 118,259.1 124,235.0 135,897.5 151,221.7 164,318.1 174,342.7 178,593.0 142,544.6 173,588.0Rail13,593.9 15,271.9 15,678.7 13,255.6 12,279.6 11,754.6 12,946.5 12,972.7 13,974.1 14,776.5 16,596.6 19,321.9 22,477.8 25,496.8 29,437.5 19,972.6 26,116.2Pipeline133.8 121.3 162.2 180.6 93.4 113.9 161.6 221.3 174.3 759.6 1,584.2 2,393.9 2,180.0 3,334.5 4,313.2 2,631.8 3,150.6Othera21,753.2 17,010.5 20,467.5 9,336.1 10,559.5 11,360.0 11,913.4 14,772.0 14,026.7 15,099.2 17,776.7 19,933.1 20,263.4 22,833.8 23,294.4 19,456.1 21,901.4Mailb69.3 57.0 58.3 24.1 6.8 5.6 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.4 23.1 36.9 43.8 50.5 43.3 47.8 52.8Exports to Mexico, total 46,503.3 42,662.2 51,753.4 64,169.5 70,164.4 76,129.0 97,158.9 88,926.4 85,157.8 85,614.8 97,303.7 104,276.5 116,749.2 118,758.5 129,587.4 110,377.9 138,928.9Truck39,066.5 35,914.2 44,091.8 55,592.6 60,432.1 66,923.8 82,389.2 74,223.1 70,924.7 70,550.8 79,349.2 83,341.2 92,991.6 93,047.2 100,263.9 89,416.6 111,110.2Rail4,192.0 4,694.4 5,119.2 5,648.0 6,188.8 5,710.6 10,495.8 10,389.4 10,143.0 11,264.9 13,632.9 15,747.7 17,271.2 19,340.0 21,965.2 15,290.9 19,632.0Pipeline0.4 1.0 2.3 68.3 73.4 144.2 301.8 296.1 567.9 155.3 87.2 543.3 707.0 787.4 1,250.5 787.8 2,038.5Othera3,238.9 2,025.8 2,540.1 2,860.5 3,470.0 3,349.6 3,972.0 4,017.7 3,521.5 3,643.3 4,216.4 4,622.8 5,779.1 5,581.0 6,107.2 4,881.8 6,147.6Mailc5.5 26.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.4 18.1 21.6 0.3 2.9 0.6 0.8 0.6Imports from Canada, total 123,504.9 143,669.5 156,206.6 155,682.6 162,105.7 183,723.5 210,270.5 200,853.4 194,820.7 207,448.4 236,734.9 265,402.1 278,889.2 284,773.1 301,127.7 201,088.8 246,252.1Truck79,456.4 88,964.9 98,400.8 99,814.8 108,856.7 118,901.4 127,816.3 117,129.9 117,985.3 116,714.1 132,762.1 143,695.6 149,884.0 150,404.1 141,352.5 105,078.9 123,238.0Rail30,322.8 39,996.9 39,811.0 38,293.0 37,374.1 46,255.4 49,699.2 47,197.9 46,966.8 49,980.9 57,947.2 60,606.3 63,258.4 65,962.2 63,756.9 41,058.2 56,996.0Pipeline9,728.6 10,606.6 12,796.2 13,879.5 11,120.1 12,055.5 23,117.1 25,908.5 21,832.3 31,451.3 36,828.3 48,766.5 53,865.2 55,015.6 82,018.5 45,630.3 57,562.2Othera3,991.6 3,888.2 4,968.4 3,572.5 4,575.1 6,386.9 9,571.0 10,523.8 7,992.7 9,236.6 8,994.4 12,184.4 11,736.0 12,957.4 13,555.1 9,098.4 7,288.4Mail 5.5 5.2 6.9 0.4 1.7 13.1 4.1 7.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2FTZd0.0 207.6 223.4 122.4 177.9 111.2 62.8 86.1 43.3 65.3 202.6 149.3 145.5 433.5 444.6 222.9 1,167.3Imports from Mexico, total 43,616.2 54,048.9 63,312.2 72,155.0 81,720.3 95,023.4 113,436.5 111,870.3 114,380.8 114,842.5 127,646.0 135,400.5 155,205.1 167,713.2 163,478.0 140,575.8 181,339.4Truck35,013.9 43,014.3 48,350.0 56,716.5 65,883.7 76,448.0 88,668.7 86,377.2 90,593.6 92,535.0 104,943.8 112,267.6 126,463.6 137,037.0 134,224.2 117,787.4 148,948.2Rail7,769.0 9,137.9 12,297.7 12,646.9 12,029.7 14,693.4 21,056.1 22,056.8 20,790.7 19,701.7 20,183.4 20,782.2 25,863.5 27,060.0 25,264.8 19,302.5 28,484.2Pipeline187.9 27.4 8.1 3.6 2.4 1.5 11.5 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 55.4 168.6 193.2 155.3 181.6Othera643.5 768.9 639.2 668.2 917.8 1,255.8 1,573.9 1,539.7 1,548.9 1,600.1 1,838.7 1,990.2 2,399.2 2,696.4 2,716.9 2,175.0 1,863.5Mail 1.9 1.3 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0FTZd0.0 1,099.2 2,015.6 2,119.6 2,886.7 2,624.4 2,125.7 1,894.9 1,446.8 1,005.4 679.8 360.4 423.3 751.1 1,078.9 1,155.5 1,862.0U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Transborder Freight Data, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/international/transborder/ as ofMar. 15, 2011.dForeign Trade Zones (FTZs) were added as a mode of transport for land import shipments beginning in April 1995. AlthoughFTZs are being treated as a mode oftransportation in the Transborder Surface Freight Data, the actual mode for a specific shipment into or out of anFTZis unknown because U.S. Customs does not collect thisinformation.Shipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., in transit, in-bond shipments) are not included here, although they use the U.S. transportation systemThese shipments are usually part of Mexico-Canada trade, and simply pass through the United States. Transshipments, however, are included in 1994, 1995, and 1996;these are shipments that entered or exited the United States by way of a Customs port on the northern or southern border, but whose origin or destination was a countryother than Canada or Mexico. Starting in 1997, transshipments are excluded. Users should note these differences before comparing figures for 1994-96 with 1997 andsubsequent year data. Data exclude export shipments valued at less than $2,500 and import shipments valued at less than $1,250.Component numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCETable 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode ($ millions)NOTESbMailshipments data for several years prior to May 2004 were not compiled correctly resulting in undercounts.cBeginning in January 1996, new edit checks were added in the processing of the these data. Because of these checks, the number ofMailexport shipments from theUnited States to Mexico declined sharply between 1995 and 1996. The Census Bureau found that a number ofRailshipments were misidentified asMailshipments in 1994and 1995, although the exact proportion of these is unknown.aOtherincludes "flyaway aircraft" or aircraft moving under their own power (i.e., aircraft moving from the manufacturer to a customer and not carrying any freight),powerhouse (electricity), vessels moving under their own power, pedestrians carrying freight, and unknown and miscellaneous.Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles Percent Ton-miles PercentCrude oil, total331.5 100.0 753.0 100.0 786.2 100.0 628.2 100.0 586.0 100.0 543.2 100.0 486.9 100.0 454.1 100.0 423.0 100.0 376.0 100.0 376.6 100.0 384.0 100.0 380.4 100.0 374.1 100.0 (R) 376.3 100.0 366.0 100.0 335.5 100.0 396.4 100.0Pipelinesa288.0 86.9 362.6 48.2 334.4 42.5 334.8 53.3 335.9 57.3 338.3 62.3 337.4 69.3 334.1 73.6 321.1 75.9 283.4 75.4 277.0 73.6 286.6 74.6 284.5 74.8 283.7 75.8 293.5 78.0 300.5 82.1 266.6 79.5 330.7 83.4Water carriersb40.6 12.2 387.4 51.4 449.2 57.1 291.2 46.4 247.7 42.3 202.4 37.3 147.3 30.3 117.9 26.0 100.0 23.6 91.0 24.2 98.1 26.0 95.7 24.9 94.1 24.7 88.7 23.7 81.1 21.6 63.8 17.4 66.9 19.9 63.2 15.9Motor carriersc1.4 0.4 2.5 0.3 1.8 0.2 1.5 0.2 1.7 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.6 0.4 1.4 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.3 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 0.4 1.4 0.4 1.6 0.5 1.7 0.4Railroads1.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.2Refined petroleum products, total515.2 100.0 492.3 100.0 409.3 100.0 448.6 100.0 458.9 100.0 479.0 100.0 469.6 100.0 475.7 100.0 489.9 100.0 497.3 100.0 493.2 100.0 480.6 100.0 502.9 100.0 528.4 100.0 (R) 529.7 100.0 489.4 100.0 499.9 100.0 485.7 100.0Pipelinesa219.0 42.5 225.6 45.8 229.9 56.2 249.3 55.6 265.2 57.8 280.9 58.6 279.1 59.4 285.7 60.1 296.6 60.5 293.9 59.1 299.1 60.6 299.6 62.3 305.7 60.8 315.9 59.8 314.0 59.3 280.9 57.4 291.1 58.2 299.2 61.6Water carriers257.4 50.0 230.4 46.8 141.2 34.5 157.8 35.2 153.2 33.4 154.1 32.2 148.3 31.6 147.1 30.9 147.5 30.1 153.4 30.8 145.9 29.6 131.9 27.4 146.0 29.0 158.2 29.9 159.4 30.1 149.3 30.5 149.1 29.8 130.8 26.9Motor carriersc26.2 5.1 24.3 5.0 26.9 6.6 28.2 6.3 24.6 5.4 28.0 5.8 26.0 5.5 26.7 5.6 27.6 5.6 30.1 6.1 29.7 6.0 29.4 6.1 31.9 6.3 33.2 6.3 33.4 6.3 33.8 6.9 33.5 6.7 33.4 6.9Railroads12.6 2.4 12.0 2.4 11.3 2.7 13.3 3.0 15.9 3.5 16.0 3.3 16.2 3.4 16.2 3.4 18.2 3.7 19.9 4.0 18.5 3.8 19.7 4.1 19.3 3.8 21.1 4.0 22.8 4.3 25.4 5.2 26.2 5.2 22.3 4.6Combined crude and petroleum products, total846.7 100.0 1,245.3 100.0 1,195.5 100.0 1,076.8 100.0 1,044.9 100.0 1,022.2 100.0 956.5 100.0 929.8 100.0 912.9 100.0 873.3 100.0 869.8 100.0 864.6 100.0 883.3 100.0 902.5 100.0 906.0 100.0 855.4 100.0 835.4 100.0 882.2 100.0Pipelinesa507.0 59.9 588.2 47.2 564.3 47.2 584.1 54.2 601.1 57.5 619.2 60.6 616.5 64.5 619.8 66.7 617.7 67.7 577.3 66.1 576.1 66.2 586.2 67.8 590.2 66.8 599.6 66.4 607.5 67.1 581.3 68.0 557.7 66.8 629.9 71.4Water carriersb298.0 35.2 617.8 49.6 590.4 49.4 449.0 41.7 400.9 38.4 356.5 34.9 295.6 30.9 265.0 28.5 247.5 27.1 244.4 28.0 244.0 28.1 227.6 26.3 240.1 27.2 246.9 27.4 240.5 26.5 213.1 24.9 216.0 25.9 194.0 22.0Motor carriersc27.6 3.3 26.8 2.2 28.7 2.4 29.7 2.8 26.3 2.5 29.7 2.9 27.7 2.9 28.3 3.0 29.0 3.2 31.3 3.6 30.8 3.5 30.6 3.5 33.2 3.8 34.4 3.8 34.8 3.8 35.2 4.1 35.2 4.2 35.1 4.0Railroads14.1 1.7 12.5 1.0 12.1 1.0 14.0 1.3 (R) 16.7 1.6 16.8 1.6 16.7 1.7 16.7 1.8 18.7 2.0 20.3 2.3 18.9 2.2 20.2 2.3 19.8 2.2 21.6 2.4 23.2 2.6 25.8 3.0 26.6 3.2 23.0 2.62008200620072001198019961997200519982004198519901980-85: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3.Table 1-61: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode (billions)20032002199520001999SOURCES19751975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines,Shifts in Petroleum Transportation(Washington, DC), table 6.1990-2009: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3, available at http://www.aopl.org/publications/?fa=reports as of Mar. 23, 2011.Details may not add to totals due to rounding in the source publication.aBeginning with 2006 data,Pipelinedata were taken from PHMSA F 7000-1-1. Previously, data were extracted from FERC Form No. 6, whichincluded data for federally-regulated pipelines. For 2005, data for federally regulatedPipelineswere estimated to include about 90 percent of thetotal national ton-miles, so thePipelinestatistics for that year were adjusted to include an additional 10 percent of ton-miles. From 1990 through2004, the federally regulated estimate was 84 percent with a 16 percent addition for otherPipelineton-miles.cThe amount carried byMotor carriersis estimated.bThe large increase inWater carrier Ton-milesbetween 1975 and 1980 reflects the entrance of the Alaska pipeline, moving crude petroleum forwater transportation to U.S. refineries.NOTETransportation mode($ billion) Percent (millions) Percent (billions) PercentTOTAL all modes1,448.2 100.0 2,231.1 100.0 323.5 100.0 96Single modes, total 1,370.6 94.6 2,111.6 94.6 279.1 86.3 65Trucka837.1 57.8 1,202.8 53.9 104.0 32.2 59For-hire 358.8 24.8 495.1 22.2 63.3 19.6 214Privateb478.3 33.0 707.7 31.7 40.7 12.6 32Rail 69.2 4.8 129.7 5.8 92.2 28.5 578Water 69.2 4.8 149.8 6.7 37.1 11.5 383Air 1.7 0.1 S−S−1,095Pipelinec393.4 27.2 628.9 28.2 S S SMultiple modes, total 71.1 4.9 111.0 5.0 42.9 13.3 834Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or Courier 7.7 0.5 0.2 – 0.2 – 836Other 63.4 4.4 110.8 5.0 42.7 13.2 233Unknown and other modes,total6.5 0.5 8.5 0.4 1.5 0.5 58U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,2007 Commodity Flow Survey,Hazardous Materials(Washington, DC: December 2009),table CF0700H01, available at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IBQTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=&-ds_name=CF0700H01&-_lang=en as ofMar. 9, 2010.NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCEaTruck as a single mode includes shipments that went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of both.Table 1-62: U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2007KEY:– = less than 1 unit of measure or equal to zero; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other reasons.bPrivate truck refers to a truck operated by a temporary or permanent employee of an establishment or the buyer/receiver of theshipment.cExcludes most shipments of crude oil. See previous table for the estimated amount of crude oil and petroleum products transported inthe United States.ValueTonsTon-milesAveragemiles pershipmentHazard class and description(billion $)Percent(millions)Percent(billions)PercentClass 1. Explosives 12 0.8 3 0.1 1 0.3 738Class 2. Gases 132 9.1 251 11.2 55 17.1 51Class 3. Flammable liquids 1,170 80.8 1,753 78.6 182 56.1 91Class 4. Flammable solids 4 0.3 20 0.9 6 1.7 309Class 5. Oxidizers and organic peroxides 7 0.5 15 0.7 7 2.2 361Class 6. Toxics (poison) 21 1.5 11 0.5 6 1.8 467Class 7. Radioactive materials 21 1.4 1 U U U SClass 8. Corrosive materials 51 3.6 114 5.1 44 13.7 208Class 9. Miscellaneous dangerous goods 30 2.1 63 2.8 23 7.1 484Total 1,448 100.0 2,231 100.0 323 100.0 96Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2007KEY:U = data are unavailable or less than 1 unit of measure or rounds to zero; S = data were not published because of highsampling variability or other reasons.ValueTonsTon-milesAveragemiles pershipmentNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, andU.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2007 Commodity Flow Survey, American Fact Finder, Hazardous Materials(Washington, DC: December 2009), table CF0700H02, available at http://www.census.gov/svsd/www/cfsmain.html as of December29, 2009.NOTE

# Section E Physical Performance1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (R) 2009 2010Boarded 420,696 429,190 445,271 449,184 457,286 460,277 480,555 502,960 514,170 523,081 543,344 477,970 467,205 485,797 522,308 516,553 552,445 567,740 576,476 548,041 595,253Denied boarding,btotal628 646 764 683 824 842 957 1,071 1,136 1,070 1,120 900 837 769 747 597 674 685 684 719 746Voluntary 561 599 718 632 771 794 899 1,018 1,091 1,024 1,062 861 803 727 702 552 619 621 620 651 681Involuntary 67 47 46 51 53 49 58 54 45 46 57 39 34 42 45 45 55 64 64 67 65Percent denied boarding0.15 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.11Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriersa(Thousands of passengers)U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division,Air Travel Consumer Report(Washington, DC:Annual February Issues), p. 33 and similar pages in previous editions, available at http://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov/reports/index.htm as of Mar. 14, 2011.SOURCEKEY:R = revised.aData include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by U.S. air carriers with at least 1% of the total domestic scheduled servicepassenger revenues and operate aircraft with a passenger capacity of more than 60 seats. In 2010, the air carriers were Jetblue, Airtran, Hawaiian, United, Alaska, American,Frontier, Southwest, US Airways, American Eagle, Continental, Mesa, Skywest, Delta, Comair, Atlantic Southeast, Pinnacle, and ExpressJet. Before 1994, carriers included bothmajors and national airlines, i.e., airlines with over $100 million in revenue.bNumber of passengers who hold confirmed reservations and are denied boarding ("bumped") from a flight because it is oversold. These figures include only passengers whoseoversold flight departs without them; they do not include passengers affected by canceled, delayed, or diverted flights.Since merging with Delta, data for Northwest Airlines are included under Delta as of January 2010.NOTE1990 19911992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (R) 2009 2010Total mishandled-baggage reports (millions) 2.66 2.20 2.45 2.28 2.32 2.28 2.46 2.28 2.48 2.54 2.74 2.14 1.81 2.20 2.82 2.94 4.08 4.40 3.14 2.10 2.04Enplaned passengers (domestic) (millions)395.70 408.47 416.95 407.55 435.67 439.80 464.00 459.83 481.75 499.10 517.47 467.93 471.35 524.52 575.36 442.02 606.60 624.69 595.82 527.83 571.38Reports per 1,000 passengers6.73 5.38 5.87 5.60 5.33 5.18 5.30 4.96 5.16 5.08 5.29 4.58 3.84 4.19 4.91 6.64 6.73 7.05 5.26 3.99 3.57Domestic system only.Since merging with Delta, data for Northwest Airlines are included under Delta as of January 2010.Table 1-65: Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air CarriersaBased on passenger reports of mishandled-baggage, including those that did not subsequently result in claims for compensation.SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division,Air Travel Consumer Report(Washington, DC: Annual February Issues), p. 30 and similar pages in previous editions, available at http://airconsumer.dot.gov/reports/index.htm as of Mar. 14,2011.KEY:R = revised.aData include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by U.S. air carriers with at least 1% of the total domesticscheduled service passenger revenues and those carriers that report voluntarily. In 2010, the air carriers were Airtran, Alaska, American, American Eagle,Atlantic Southeast, Comair, Continental, Delta, ExpressJet, Frontier, Hawaiian, JetBlue, Mesa, Pinnacle, Skywest, Southwest, United, and US Airways.NOTES1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010On-time flight operations (percent) 79.4 82.5 82.3 81.6 81.5 78.6 74.5 77.7 77.2 76.1 72.6 77.4 82.1 82.0 78.1 77.4 75.4 73.4 76.0 79.5 79.8Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air CarriersaSince merging with Delta, data for Northwest Airlines are included under Delta as of January 2010.SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division,Air Travel Consumer Report(Washington, DC: Annual February Issues), table 1a, available athttp://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov/reports/index.htm as of Mar. 14, 2011.aData include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by U.S. air carriers withat least 1% of the total domestic scheduled service passenger revenues and those carriers that report voluntarily. In 2010, theair carriers were Airtran, Alaska, American, American Eagle, Atlantic Southeast, Comair, Continental, Delta, ExpressJet,Frontier, Hawaiian, JetBlue, Mesa, Pinnacle, Skywest, Southwest, United, and US Airways.NOTESA flight is considered on time if it arrived less than 15 minutes after the scheduled time shown in the carriers' ComputerizedReservations Systems. Canceled and diverted operations are counted as late.1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009Operations delayed (thousands) 356 338 394 393 298 281 276 248 237 272 245 306 374 450 348 286 317 455 438 492 541 555 473Cause (percent)Weather 67 70 57 56 65 65 72 75 72 74 68 74 69 69 72 72 72 70 69 66 65 66 63Airport terminal volume 11 9 29 33 26 25 21 18 17 17 20 13 8 14 12 14 11 15 15 16 19 20 21Air Route Traffic Control Center volume 13 128 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 4UUUUUUUUUUClosed runways / taxiways4 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 6 5 4 7 6 10 14 12 9 6National Airspace System equipment43212222323222211111111Other1 1 1 4 3 3 2 2 4 2 4 6 13 9 10 9 9 8 5 3 3 4 6KEY:FAA = Federal Aviation Administration; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.2000-09: Ibid.,Operations Network (OPSNET) Database, available at http://www.apo.data.faa.gov/ as of Apr. 28,2010.1998-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,Operations Network (OPSNET)Database, available at http://www.faa.gov/apa/Delays/atDelays.htm as of Aug. 8, 2002.1987-97: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,Aviation Capacity Enhancement Plan(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).As of 2008, the FAA reportsdelaysfor aircraft that accumulate adelayof 15 minutes or more throughout theduration of the flight. Each holding segment is recorded as onedelay. The Operations Network (OPSNET)Databasedelaydata dating back to the year 2000 have been converted to be consistent with the new definitions.Beginning in 2008 the FAA started to combineAir Route Traffic Control CentervolumeandAirport Terminalvolumeand retroactively applied this change through the year 2000.Table 1-67: FAA-Cited Causes of Departure and En Route Delays (After pushing back from the gate)NOTESOURCES1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 199920002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Total operations 5,202,096 5,041,200 5,270,893 5,076,925 5,092,157 5,070,501 5,180,048 5,327,435 5,351,983 5,411,843 5,384,721 5,527,884 5,683,047 5,967,780 5,271,359 6,488,540 7,129,270 7,140,596 7,141,922 7,455,458 7,009,726 6,450,285 6,450,118Late departures 730,712 883,167 753,182 621,509 617,148 661,056 729,960 827,934 973,948 846,870 870,395 937,273 1,131,663 953,808 717,368 834,390 1,187,594 1,279,404 1,424,777 1,572,978 1,327,198 1,084,290 1,111,949Percent of total 14.0 17.5 14.3 12.2 12.1 13.0 14.1 15.5 18.2 15.6 16.2 17.0 19.9 16.0 13.6 12.9 16.7 17.9 19.9 21.1 18.9 16.8 17.2Late arrivals 1,042,452 1,208,470 1,087,774 890,068 902,567 931,437 960,254 1,039,250 1,220,045 1,083,834 1,070,071 1,152,725 1,356,040 1,104,439 868,225 1,057,804 1,421,391 1,466,065 1,615,537 1,804,028 1,524,735 1,218,288 1,174,885Percent of total 20.0 24.0 20.6 17.5 17.7 18.4 18.5 19.5 22.8 20.0 19.9 20.9 23.9 18.5 16.5 16.3 19.9 20.5 22.6 24.2 21.8 18.9 18.2Cancellations 50,163 74,165 52,458 43,505 52,836 59,845 66,740 91,905 128,536 97,763 144,509 154,311 187,490 231,198 65,143 101,469 127,757 133,730 121,934 160,809 137,432 89,377 113,255Percent of total 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.4 1.8 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.9 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.8Diversions 14,436 14,839 15,954 12,585 11,384 10,333 12,106 10,492 14,121 12,081 13,161 13,555 14,254 12,909 8,356 11,381 13,784 14,028 16,186 17,182 17,265 15,463 15,474Percent of total 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and DiversionsKEY: R = revised.SOURCESNOTES1995-2010: Ibid.,Airline On-Time Tables, Table 1 - Summary of Airline On-Time Performance Year-to-date through December 2010,available athttp://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/airline_ontime_tables/ as of Mar. 14, 2011.Late departuresandarrivalsare strongly seasonal and are affected by weather and heavy demand in winter and summer months. The termLateis defined as 15 minutes after thescheduled departure or arrival time. A cancelled flight is one that was not operated, but was listed in a carrier's computer reservation system within seven calendar days of the scheduleddeparture. A diverted flight is one that left from the scheduled departure airport but flew to a destination point other than the scheduled destination point. The number of carriers reportingbeginning in 2010 is 18. The number of carriers reporting in 2008 and 2009 is 19 (20 through February 2008, after which Aloha Airlines ceased reporting). During 2005-2007, 20 air carriersreported on-time performance data, including all major U.S. carriers (carriers with at least one percent of total domestic scheduled-service passenger revenues) and other carriers thatreported voluntarily. The number of carriers reporting in previous years is as follows: 2004 (19); 2003 (18); 2002 (10); 2001 (12); 2000 (11); 1999 (10); 1998 (10); 1997 (10); 1996 (10);and 1995 (10).1988-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Airline Service Quality Performance Data.Percent Rank Percent RankAkron, OH Medium3 4 9 10 12 14 18 15 19 22 23 23 22 21 20 18 19 19 20 16 16 16-16 71 433 24Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Medium3 4 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 19 19 22 24 17 18-5 34 500 21Albuquerque, NM Medium9 12 18 18 21 23 24 27 30 32 33 34 30 29 27 28 31 33 34 35 29 26-16 73 189 65Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium7 8 11 12 14 17 19 20 23 25 26 23 24 24 24 23 24 24 23 24 22 22-8 45 214 64Anchorage, AK Small16 19 18 17 19 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 22 23 22 22 21 22 22 16 14-36 99 -13 100Atlanta, GA Very large13 17 23 26 30 34 38 40 43 46 49 49 52 53 55 56 56 58 57 51 45 44-21 82 238 59Austin, TX Large9 15 17 19 17 19 19 27 30 33 31 35 36 39 40 44 47 52 50 46 41 39-17 76 333 43Bakersfield, CA Medium1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 6 6 9 1183 2 1,000 3Baltimore, MD Large11 18 35 35 33 34 34 36 37 38 37 37 41 44 53 56 56 57 57 56 48 50-11 55 355 39Baton Rouge, LA Medium9 13 17 18 17 21 23 26 26 26 26 31 31 32 32 36 37 37 35 34 37 370 19 311 48Beaumont, TX Small5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 14 16 18 19 23 24 25 26 25 25 23 21-16 72 320 45Birmingham, AL Medium7 9 11 12 13 15 19 20 21 23 28 29 30 30 30 31 32 31 31 30 26 28-13 60 300 49Boise, ID Small2 4 8 9 10 10 9 10 13 16 18 19 20 23 23 23 23 24 25 24 18 21-9 48 950 4Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large13 18 29 29 34 34 35 35 36 39 40 41 44 45 49 51 56 57 56 52 50 48-14 64 269 56Boulder, CO Small9 11 14 15 18 21 21 24 24 27 26 27 28 29 27 27 28 28 31 26 22 15-46 101 67 96Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium11 16 22 22 26 25 28 30 29 34 38 41 44 45 47 47 45 47 50 50 39 35-22 86 218 63Brownsville, TX Small1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 13 1456 3 1,300 2Buffalo, NY Large4 5 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 14 16 16 17 21 20 21 23 21 16 17-15 67 325 44Cape Coral, FL Small8 9 12 14 16 21 24 27 29 27 25 24 23 26 26 27 27 28 32 31 23 23-15 66 188 66Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium10 14 19 20 22 22 23 23 22 23 25 25 25 25 26 28 29 28 31 30 24 27-7 42 170 71Charlotte, NC-SC Large5 8 11 11 12 11 11 10 12 14 15 17 19 20 22 23 25 25 26 27 26 264 17 420 26Chicago, IL-IN Very large18 27 39 39 41 41 41 46 52 52 55 55 55 57 66 68 72 77 74 71 64 70-3 29 289 54Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large4 6 14 15 17 19 24 23 24 28 28 27 29 28 28 30 29 28 28 27 21 19-34 98 375 34Cleveland, OH Large3 3 8 9 10 12 14 17 19 21 19 20 20 18 17 16 19 17 17 16 20 190 19 533 17Colorado Springs, CO Medium6 7 10 10 13 15 18 21 21 27 33 39 45 47 47 45 42 53 50 44 31 31-26 92 417 27Columbia, SC Small4 7 10 10 12 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 17 18 18 20 20 20 24 28 24 2525 5 525 20Columbus, OH Large2 3 8 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 16 16 15 16 16 17 19 19 18 17 19 17-11 53 750 8Corpus Christi, TX Small5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 9 11 10 10-9 49 100 90Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large7 12 19 21 23 26 27 30 30 30 33 39 40 41 43 45 49 51 53 51 49 48-2 28 586 13Dayton, OH Medium7 9 14 14 15 16 15 18 17 19 18 20 19 16 16 15 17 15 15 13 15 15-12 59 114 85Denver-Aurora, CO Large12 14 16 19 21 26 28 32 36 38 41 45 47 47 46 47 50 53 52 49 48 47-6 37 292 52Detroit, MI Very large14 16 28 29 32 34 32 32 33 34 34 36 36 39 41 42 42 41 42 42 37 33-21 82 136 80El Paso, TX-NM Medium3 4 7 8 11 11 14 12 11 12 14 17 20 22 22 23 27 28 28 26 25 21-22 86 600 11Eugene, OR Small5 5 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 9 10 12 15 12 13 14 13 14 13 12 10 9-31968095Fresno, CAMedium7 7 11 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 16 17 18 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 12 14-7 40 100 90Grand Rapids, MIMedium4 6 9 9 12 16 15 14 15 15 18 19 18 18 17 18 19 19 19 18 17 190 19 375 34Greensboro, NCSmall3 3 5 6 9 11 11 12 18 19 21 23 24 27 28 27 20 19 17 16 14 15-25 90 400 28Hartford, CTMedium5 6 10 10 16 13 15 16 17 20 23 25 26 25 25 25 27 27 31 30 24 24-11 56 380 31Honolulu, HIMedium14 17 26 26 29 29 28 30 29 26 27 27 25 26 25 28 29 32 32 34 31 317 14 121 82Houston, TXVery large24 34 31 29 27 28 31 31 34 39 40 42 45 48 49 48 52 55 55 54 63 5812 10 142 79Indianapolis, INLarge10 12 16 18 21 27 31 32 33 35 31 30 31 31 32 32 32 30 29 28 25 25-22 84 150 75Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium22 21 23 23 22 21 20 19 18 19 18 16 15 14 13 16 17 20 21 19 14 14-18 77 -36 101Jackson, MSSmall3 4 4 6 6 6 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 15 16 16 19 20 23 23 19 190 19 533 17Jacksonville, FLLarge10 14 20 20 24 25 26 28 29 28 27 26 26 25 29 31 32 31 31 32 28 26-19 79 160 74Kansas City, MO-KSLarge4 8 16 15 17 25 26 25 29 31 31 36 33 32 31 32 28 30 31 27 22 21-25 90 425 25Knoxville, TNSmall6 7 17 17 19 20 22 24 29 29 28 28 26 25 25 25 24 23 21 22 22 21-13 60 250 57Lancaster-Palmdale, CAMedium19 19 16 20 19 16 15 12 12 11 11 11 12 13 15 16 16 17 18 17 16 1813 7 -5 99Laredo, TXSmall0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 121100 1 119,900 1Las Vegas, NVLarge5 7 15 17 17 19 21 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 26 28 30 32 32 33 27 327 15 540 16Little Rock, ARSmall5 5 7 8 8 10 11 12 13 13 16 19 17 20 16 19 24 23 24 28 22 240 19 380 31Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large39 46 80 76 75 70 68 70 72 73 73 76 76 79 80 79 82 82 84 79 60 63-23 89 62 97Louisville, KY-INLarge9 9 10 13 16 18 19 19 21 23 24 25 25 22 24 25 26 25 24 22 21 22-15 69 144 77Madison, WISmall5 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 9 1138 4 120 83McAllen, TXMedium11111122333567777777670 19 600 11Memphis, TN-MS-ARLarge5 5 12 13 14 16 18 20 20 21 22 22 24 25 25 28 28 28 28 25 21 24-14 64 380 31Miami, FLVery large10 12 22 22 24 24 25 26 26 28 29 33 38 40 42 44 44 45 44 43 35 39-11 58 290 53Milwaukee, WILarge9 13 22 23 26 29 27 30 28 28 30 32 32 30 30 31 31 31 28 29 27 25-19 80 178 70Minneapolis-St. Paul, MNLarge6 10 20 20 23 28 32 34 35 43 45 47 48 53 49 49 50 54 50 48 50 43-14 63 617 10Nashville-Davidson, TNLarge17 17 26 25 23 24 31 33 33 36 32 34 36 37 40 43 43 43 41 39 33 35-19 78 106 88New Haven, CTMedium7 11 14 15 18 20 20 22 20 25 30 34 34 37 37 36 32 34 34 33 28 29-9 50 314 47New Orleans, LALarge17 22 22 23 22 22 24 24 22 24 25 26 25 24 24 25 25 26 31 29 28 3124 6 82 94New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CTVery large10 12 23 21 21 22 25 27 29 32 33 36 35 35 37 42 47 51 50 48 42 42-11 54 320 45Oklahoma City, OKMedium5 7 9 11 11 13 12 17 19 22 22 25 23 27 28 25 25 23 27 30 26 250 19 400 28Population groupUrban area(R) 1982(R) 1991Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of Highway Traffic Delay Per PersonPercent changeaLong-term1982-2009Short-term2004-2009(R) 1990 (R) 1996(R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995(R) 2006 (R) 2007(R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005(R) 19852008 2009(R) 2001 (R) 2002(R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000Percent Rank Percent RankPopulation groupUrban area (R) 1982 (R) 1991Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of Highway Traffic Delay Per PersonPercent changeaLong-term1982-2009Short-term2004-2009(R) 1990 (R) 1996(R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995(R) 2006 (R) 2007(R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005(R) 19852008 2009(R) 2001 (R) 2002(R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000Omaha, NE-IAMedium3 4 8 8 10 10 11 11 12 12 14 14 16 17 18 18 18 18 20 19 21 2011 11 567 14Orlando, FLLarge11 17 31 35 35 34 35 37 39 42 45 46 47 49 47 46 44 44 44 43 37 41-7 41 273 55Oxnard-Ventura, CAMedium2 4 7 7 8 9 11 12 14 12 13 15 16 18 19 19 21 23 22 24 18 19-10 51 850 6Pensacola, FL-ALSmall3 3 8 7 9 10 10 12 14 16 15 15 16 16 17 19 20 21 23 23 18 19-5 33 533 17Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MDVery large12 15 20 21 23 21 23 24 24 27 30 31 32 35 38 40 41 42 42 42 38 39-5 32 225 62Phoenix, AZVery large24 23 26 26 27 27 27 25 28 29 30 32 34 37 36 37 38 44 41 41 37 36-5 34 50 98Pittsburgh, PALarge18 20 33 33 31 31 31 36 36 35 34 37 35 37 38 37 38 37 34 35 31 33-13 62 83 93Portland, OR-WALarge11 11 20 21 25 27 27 30 34 34 35 37 38 38 37 39 40 42 41 40 36 36-10 52 227 61Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NYMedium5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 10 9 1110 12 120 83Providence, RI-MALarge2 3 7 7 8 9 9 10 12 13 16 18 19 21 24 26 26 26 24 26 20 19-27 93 850 6Provo, UTSmall5 5 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 13 148 13 180 69Raleigh-Durham, NCLarge5 9 17 17 16 18 20 21 22 25 23 25 26 27 29 28 30 31 29 31 25 25-17 75 400 28Richmond, VAMedium4 5 8 9 11 11 14 16 18 16 15 15 13 14 14 15 17 17 17 17 16 1912 9 375 34Riverside-San Bernardino, CALarge3 5 15 17 17 18 15 17 18 18 21 22 24 24 26 29 32 37 38 36 30 30-6 38 900 5Rochester, NYMedium3 4 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 10 12 12 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 13 12-8 43 300 49Sacramento, CALarge9 12 27 26 24 23 25 25 28 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 33 35 35 33 24 24-27 94 167 72Salem, ORSmall4 6 13 15 18 21 22 23 22 23 25 28 30 36 38 32 31 32 37 36 22 24-23 88 500 21Salt Lake City, UTMedium6 8 13 16 18 22 25 26 25 24 23 24 27 28 30 31 27 25 24 25 24 284 18 367 37San Antonio, TXLarge4 8 8 8 9 9 10 14 17 19 22 25 30 30 30 30 32 33 31 31 28 30-6 38 650 9San Diego, CAVery large8 12 25 23 26 24 23 24 26 27 28 33 35 39 43 42 46 46 45 43 41 37-20 81 363 38San Francisco-Oakland, CAVery large20 38 56 51 51 51 48 52 54 50 53 54 60 59 63 65 68 74 74 71 50 49-28 95 145 76San Jose, CALarge17 30 46 43 39 36 38 43 42 40 43 49 53 55 54 56 52 54 57 55 38 35-33 97 106 88San Juan, PRLarge5 7 14 14 15 16 19 20 20 21 21 23 26 27 29 33 36 34 34 33 30 33-8 45 560 15Sarasota-Bradenton, FLMedium9 13 12 13 12 14 14 13 15 16 16 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 22 20 13 17-15 67 89 92Seattle, WAVery Large10 18 41 43 45 48 48 49 49 52 52 52 49 47 46 48 48 51 50 49 47 44-8 45 340 42Spokane, WASmall6 8 12 15 17 24 24 18 19 21 21 23 22 20 20 19 18 17 18 19 18 16-11 56 167 72Springfield, MA-CTMedium9 10 12 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 17 18 18 17 18 17 18 19 20 19 17 196 16 111 86St. Louis, MO-ILLarge11 14 16 16 19 26 34 40 41 42 42 44 44 40 40 37 37 38 35 32 33 31-16 74 182 68Stockton, CASmall2 3 6 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 11 9 90 19 350 40Tampa-St. Petersburg, FLLarge14 15 20 23 23 24 25 26 26 25 26 27 27 30 33 34 35 34 36 36 35 34-3 30 143 78Toledo, OH-MIMedium2 2 4 4 5 6 9 13 14 15 16 18 19 18 18 17 19 17 17 16 10 12-37 100 500 21Tucson, AZMedium11 12 13 12 12 12 12 12 13 16 17 17 19 20 21 24 25 28 27 25 21 23-8 44 109 87Tulsa, OKMedium4 7 9 9 9 9 9 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 16 16 18 17 16 1813 7 350 40Virginia Beach, VALarge14 19 24 22 22 23 28 32 36 38 41 43 37 42 43 42 41 41 42 40 35 32-22 85 129 81Washington, DC-VA-MDVery large20 3653 57 66 67 69 70 73 71 66 70 73 76 78 82 83 83 82 85 70 70-16 70 250 57Wichita, KSMedium6 9 11 11 12 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 18 18 19 20 19 22 22 20 200 19 233 60Winston-Salem, NCSmall4 6 5 6 8 7 6 8 8 9 12 13 13 15 17 18 17 20 19 18 15 16-6 36 300 49Worcester, MASmall7 8 10 11 12 14 16 18 19 19 21 21 22 22 22 20 21 22 21 22 21 20-5 31 186 67439 Urban area average439 Areas14 19 29 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 39 39 39 3834 34 -13 NA 143 NA101 Urban area average101 Areas14 19 30 30 31 31 32 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 46 44 39 39-13 NA 179 NAVery large area averageVery large19 26 41 40 41 41 41 43 45 46 47 49 50 52 54 55 58 60 60 5750 50 -14 NA 163 NALarge area averageLarge9 13 20 21 21 23 25 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 36 3532 31 -14 NA 244 NAMedium area averageMedium7 8 12 12 14 15 16 17 17 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 2421 22 -4 NA 214 NASmall area average Small5699111212131415161717181919192020211818-5 NA 260 NAVery large urban areas – 3 million and over population.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years; these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study onmobility.SOURCETexas Transportation Institute,Congestion Data for Your City,Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics(CollegeStation, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.NOTESSmall urban areas – less than 500,000 population.KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised.Large urban areas – 1 million to less than 3 million population.Medium urban areas – 500,000 to less than 1 million population.aPercent changes were calculated using the numbers in this table and were not obtained from the source. Rank is based on the calculated percent change with the highestnumber corresponding to a rank of 1.PointsRankaPointsRankaAkron, OHMedium1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05-4 73 3 89Albany-Schenectady, NYMedium1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.09 1.100 22 7 49Albuquerque, NMMedium1.05 1.06 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.13-2 43 8 45Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJMedium1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.080 22 4 72Anchorage, AKSmall1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.05-1 31 0 101Atlanta, GAVery large1.08 1.10 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.23 1.22-5 80 14 17Austin, TXLarge1.08 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.28-2 43 20 1Bakersfield, CAMedium1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.081 11 7 49Baltimore, MDLarge1.05 1.06 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.16 1.17-2 43 12 23Baton Rouge, LAMedium1.07 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.243 1 17 6Beaumont, TXSmall1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.082 4 6 58Birmingham, ALMedium1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14-1 31 10 33Boise, IDSmall1.02 1.03 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12-3 55 10 32Boston, MA-NH-RIVery large1.09 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.26 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.21 1.20-12 101 11 27Boulder, COSmall1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.13-1 31 8 45Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NYMedium1.07 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.23 1.251 11 18 4Brownsville, TXSmall1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.04-3 61 2 93Buffalo, NYLarge1.04 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.09 1.10-3 55 6 58Cape Coral, FLSmall1.07 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.120 22 5 66Charleston-North Charleston, SCMedium1.09 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.15 1.15-3 61 6 64Charlotte, NC-SCLarge1.06 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.17-5 80 11 27Chicago, IL-INVery large1.08 1.11 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.25-2 43 17 6Cincinnati, OH-KY-INLarge1.03 1.04 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12-3 55 9 38Cleveland, OHLarge1.03 1.03 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.10-3 55 7 49Colorado Springs, COMedium1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.14 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12-2 42 9 38Columbia, SCSmall1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.08 1.092 4 7 49Columbus, OHLarge1.02 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.110 22 9 38Corpus Christi, TXSmall1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.071 11 4 72Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TXVery large1.05 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.23 1.22-4 73 17 6Dayton, OHMedium1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06-2 43 1 97Denver-Aurora, COLarge1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.21 1.22-4 73 15 14Detroit, MIVery large1.09 1.10 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.15-7 93 6 64El Paso, TX-NMMedium1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.15-3 61 12 23Eugene, ORSmall1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.07-5 80 2 93Fresno, CAMedium1.031.031.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.06 1.07-1 31 4 72Grand Rapids, MIMedium1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.060 22 4 72Greensboro, NCSmall1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05-2 43 4 72Hartford, CTMedium1.05 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.13-4 73 8 45Honolulu, HIMedium1.09 1.10 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.182 4 9 41Houston, TXVery large1.18 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.28 1.25-6 88 7 49Indianapolis, INLarge1.06 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.18 1.183 1 12 23Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CAMedium1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.133 3 7 57Jackson, MSSmall1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.07-1 31 5 66Jacksonville, FLLarge1.06 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.13 1.12-5 78 6 58Kansas City, MO-KSLarge1.04 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10-6 86 6 58Knoxville, TNSmall1.04 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.07 1.06-3 61 2 93Lancaster-Palmdale, CAMedium1.07 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.111 11 4 72Laredo, TXSmall1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.071 11 6 58Las Vegas, NVLarge1.06 1.07 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26-3 61 20 1Little Rock, ARSmall1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.102 4 8 43Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CAVery large1.21 1.23 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.37 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.42 1.35 1.38-3 61 17 6Louisville, KY-INLarge1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.10-3 55 4 72Madison, WISmall1.03 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.061 11 3 89McAllen, TXMedium1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.091 11 8 43Memphis, TN-MS-ARLarge1.05 1.05 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.13-6 88 8 45Miami, FLVery large1.09 1.10 1.19 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.26 1.23-8 95 14 17Milwaukee, WILarge1.06 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16-1 31 10 33Minneapolis-St. Paul, MNLarge1.05 1.07 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.24 1.21-10 99 16 12Nashville-Davidson, TNLarge1.11 1.10 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.14 1.15-6 88 4 88New Haven, CTMedium1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.151 11 11 27New Orleans, LALarge1.14 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.15-3 61 1 97New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CTVery large1.10 1.11 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.27 1.27-8 95 17 6Oklahoma City, OKMedium1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.092 4 7 49Omaha, NE-IAMedium1.02 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.08-2 43 6 58Population group(R) 1994(R) 1993(R) 1992(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997(R) 2004(R) 2007(R) 2006(R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003(R) 2000Long-term1982-2009Short-term2004-20092008 2009Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexUrban area(R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991(R) 2005(R) 1999(R) 1998Points changePointsRankaPointsRankaPopulation group(R) 1994(R) 1993(R) 1992(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997(R) 2004(R) 2007(R) 2006(R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003(R) 2000Long-term1982-2009Short-term2004-20092008 2009Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexUrban area(R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991(R) 2005(R) 1999(R) 1998Points changeOrlando, FLLarge1.07 1.11 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.19 1.20-2 43 13 20Oxnard-Ventura, CAMedium1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.120 22 11 26Pensacola, FL-ALSmall1.03 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.07-3 61 4 72Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MDVery large1.09 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.19 1.19-3 61 10 33Phoenix, AZVery large1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.17 1.202 4 10 33Pittsburgh, PALarge1.15 1.16 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.21 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.17-6 88 2 93Portland, OR-WALarge1.06 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.27 1.23 1.23-3 61 17 6Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NYMedium1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04-1 31 1 97Providence, RI-MALarge1.03 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.15 1.14-5 80 11 27Provo, UTSmall1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.061 11 4 72Raleigh-Durham, NCLarge1.04 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.13-3 61 9 41Richmond, VAMedium1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06-1 31 3 89Riverside-San Bernardino, CALarge1.01 1.03 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.16 1.16-2 43 15 14Rochester, NYMedium1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.070 22 4 72Sacramento, CALarge1.05 1.07 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.19 1.18-8 95 13 20Salem, ORSmall1.03 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.10 1.10-2 43 7 49Salt Lake City, UTMedium1.05 1.07 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.11 1.12-6 86 7 49San Antonio, TXLarge1.03 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.16 1.16-5 80 13 20San Diego, CAVery large1.04 1.06 1.14 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.20 1.18-7 93 14 17San Francisco-Oakland, CAVery large1.13 1.23 1.32 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.37 1.40 1.41 1.39 1.28 1.27-10 99 14 16San Jose, CALarge1.12 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.32 1.26 1.23-6 88 11 27San Juan, PRLarge1.07 1.08 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.250 22 18 4Sarasota-Bradenton, FLMedium1.06 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.10-1 31 4 72Seattle, WAVery Large1.08 1.13 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.32 1.31 1.34 1.31 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.30 1.26 1.24-8 95 16 12Spokane, WASmall1.05 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.09 1.10-1 31 5 66Springfield, MA-CTMedium1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.091 11 4 72St. Louis, MO-ILLarge1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.12-5 78 4 72Stockton, CASmall1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.02-2 43 1 97Tampa-St. Petersburg, FLLarge1.13 1.14 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.16 1.16-2 43 3 89Toledo, OH-MIMedium1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.05-3 61 4 72Tucson, AZMedium1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.11-3 55 4 72Tulsa, OKMedium1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.071 11 5 66Virginia Beach, VALarge1.09 1.13 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.19-4 73 10 33Washington, DC-VA-MDVery large1.11 1.18 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.29 1.30-5 80 19 3Wichita, KSMedium1.031.041.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.082 4 5 66Winston-Salem, NCSmall1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.060 22 5 66Worcester, MASmall1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.07-1 31 4 72439 Urban area averageb439 Areas1.09 1.11 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.20 1.20-4 NA 11 NA101 Urban area averageb101 Areas1.10 1.11 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.20 1.20-4 NA 10 NAVery large area averagebVery large1.12 1.15 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.26 1.26-5 NA 14 NALarge area averagebLarge1.07 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.17-4 NA 10 NAMedium area averagebMedium1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.11-1 NA 7 NASmall area averagebSmall1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.080 NA 5 NAbAverages weighted by Vehicle Miles Traveled.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2009 and were applied retroactively to past years, these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.The Travel Time Index is the ratio of travel time in the peak period to the travel time at free-flow conditions. A value of 1.35 indicates a 20 minute free-flow trip takes 27minutes in the peak. Free-flow speeds (60 mph on freeways and 35 mph on principal arterials) are used as comparison threshold.Very large urban areas – 3 million and over population.Texas Transportation Institute,Congestion Data for Your City,Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics(College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.SOURCEKEY:NA = not applicable.NOTESSmall urban areas – less than 500,000 population.aRank is based on the calculated point change with the highest number corresponding to a rank of 1.Medium urban areas – 500,000 to less than 1 million population.Large urban areas – 1 million to less than 3 million population.PointsRankaPointsRankaAkron, OHMedium0.50 0.54 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.850.86 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.88 0.84 0.81-8 81 31 37Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium0.42 0.45 0.57 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.79-1 21 37 20Albuquerque, NM Medium0.65 0.71 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.003 6 35 25Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium0.64 0.68 0.76 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.89-6 69 25 56Anchorage, AK Small0.75 0.75 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.70-6 70 -5 98Atlanta, GA Very large0.83 0.93 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.11 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.29 1.31 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.26 1.25-10 93 42 13Austin, TX Medium0.74 0.81 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 (R) 0.800.93 (R) 0.94(R) 0.96(R) 0.97(R) 0.99(R) 0.99(R) 1.02(R) 1.04(R) 1.05(R) 1.08(R) 1.10(R) 1.11 (R) 1.121.06 1.07-1 21 33 27Bakersfield, CA Medium0.50 0.57 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.832 9 33 29Baltimore, MD Large0.75 0.81 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.18 1.15-5 61 40 15Baton Rouge, LA Medium0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.094 4 23 64Beaumont, TX Small0.56 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.64 (R) 0.66(R) 0.70(R) 0.71 (R) 0.74(R) 0.75(R) 0.77(R) 0.78(R) 0.79(R) 0.82(R) 0.83(R) 0.86(R) 0.87(R) 0.860.81 0.82-1 21 26 55Birmingham, AL Medium0.59 0.65 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.97-1 21 38 18Boise, ID Small0.54 0.55 0.79 0.81 0.78 0.79 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.87-8 81 33 29Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large0.81 0.90 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08-3 39 27 46Boulder, CO Small0.73 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.83 0.81-10 91 8 89Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium0.80 0.91 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.16 1.13-3 39 33 35Brownsville, TX Small0.53 0.53 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.66 (R) 0.72(R) 0.77(R) 0.77(R) 0.82(R) 0.80(R) 0.85(R) 0.83(R) 0.85(R) 0.84(R) 0.82(R) 0.80(R) 0.79(R) 0.790.72 0.73-9 87 20 75Buffalo, NY Large0.48 0.50 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.73-1 21 25 56Cape Coral, FL Small0.94 0.92 0.87 0.87 0.90 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.15 1.11 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.33 1.31 1.22 1.22-1 21 28 43Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium0.85 0.89 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.11 1.113 6 26 51Charlotte, NC-SC Large0.78 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.93 1.00 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.07 1.06-4 48 28 43Chicago, IL-IN Very large0.81 0.89 1.03 1.04 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.14 1.13 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.24 1.28 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.17 1.15-13 100 34 26Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large0.66 0.74 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.92 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.02 0.99-5 61 33 29Cleveland, OH Large0.73 0.69 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.85 0.82-9 89 9 88Colorado Springs, CO Medium0.50 0.56 0.61 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.810 13 31 37Columbia, SC Small0.57 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.923 6 35 23Columbus, OH Large0.60 0.68 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.95 0.98 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.06 1.03-7 76 43 11Corpus Christi, TX Small0.55 0.63 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.69-2 31 14 84Dallas -Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large0.71 0.82 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 (R) 1.00(R) 1.01 (R) 1.02(R) 1.05(R) 1.08(R) 1.10(R) 1.12(R) 1.13(R) 1.15(R) 1.17(R) 1.20(R) 1.21 (R) 1.201.17 1.170 13 46 8Dayton, OH Medium0.80 0.79 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.88 0.82 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.85 0.83-12 98 3 94Denver-Aurora, CO Large0.82 0.83 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.03 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.14 1.18 1.16 1.17 1.14 1.11-3 37 29 41Detroit, MI Very large0.91 0.96 1.06 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.16 1.13-10 93 22 71El Paso, TX-NM Medium0.60 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.87-6 70 27 46Eugene, OR Small0.69 0.70 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.79 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.84 0.82-10 93 13 85Fresno, CA Medium0.68 0.73 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.910 13 23 66Grand Rapids, MI Medium0.56 0.61 0.71 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.83-1 21 27 49Greensboro, NC Small0.60 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.77 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.65-4 45 5 92Hartford, CT Medium0.58 0.63 0.70 0.73 0.87 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.93-1 20 35 23Honolulu, HI Medium0.82 0.88 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.08 1.03-4 48 21 72Houston, TX Very large0.99 1.05 (R) 1.03(R) 1.03(R) 1.02(R) 1.03(R) 1.05(R) 1.07(R) 1.08(R) 1.11 (R) 1.11 (R) 1.12(R) 1.14(R) 1.17(R) 1.17(R) 1.17(R) 1.17(R) 1.17(R) 1.18(R) 1.191.15 1.15-2 31 16 80Indianapolis, IN Large0.80 0.83 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.05 1.11 1.17 1.17 1.20 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.14 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05-9 86 25 56Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium0.80 0.84 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.82-5 61 2 96Jackson, MS Small0.66 0.68 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.82 0.86 0.86 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.871 10 21 73Jacksonville, FL Medium0.79 0.83 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.18 1.17 1.11 1.101 10 31 37Kansas City, MO-KS Large0.53 0.64 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.77-2 31 24 61Knoxville, TN Small0.79 0.76 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.09 1.07 1.08 1.04 1.02-7 76 23 66Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium1.13 1.12 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.86-5 61 -27 101Laredo, TX Small0.41 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.58 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.67 0.66 0.71 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.82 0.80 0.806 1 39 17Las Vegas, NV Large0.69 0.66 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.08 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.16 1.19 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.42 1.36 1.324 4 63 1Little Rock, AR Small0.54 0.60 0.70 0.73 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.86 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.94 0.94 0.91 0.925 3 38 18Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large1.21 1.25 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.51 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.54 1.55 1.55 1.58 1.57 1.58 1.58 1.56 1.54-4 48 33 27Louisville, KY-IN Large0.83 0.82 0.83 0.89 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.02-13 99 19 77Madison, WI Small0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81-4 45 -7 99McAllen, TX Medium0.52 0.57 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.75 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.79 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.80-4 45 28 43Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large0.74 0.69 0.82 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.86-10 91 12 86Miami, FL Very Large0.76 0.82 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.32 1.32-6 66 56 3198519822005Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congestion IndexPoints changeLong-term1982-2009Short-term2004-20092003200220011997 19981994 19961993199219902004199919952008 20092000 20072006Urban areaPopulationgroup1991PointsRankaPointsRanka198519822005Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congestion IndexPoints changeLong-term1982-2009Short-term2004-20092003200220011997 19981994 19961993199219902004199919952008 20092000 20072006Urban areaPopulationgroup1991Milwaukee, WILarge0.65 0.75 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.91 0.89-9 87 24 61Minneapolis-St. Paul, MNLarge0.65 0.73 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.93 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.19 1.17 1.18 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.10-6 66 45 9Nashville-Davidson, TNLarge0.82 0.80 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.98-4 48 16 79New Haven, CTMedium0.63 0.68 0.80 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.96-2 31 33 29New Orleans, LALarge0.86 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.92 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.90 0.90-5 60 4 93New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CTVery large0.73 0.80 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.09-5 59 36 21Oklahoma City, OKMedium0.63 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.77 0.77 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.890 13 26 52Omaha, NE-IAMedium0.61 0.66 0.75 0.75 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.941 12 33 29Orlando, FLLarge0.72 0.83 0.96 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.16 1.22 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.17 1.17-3 39 45 10Oxnard-Ventura, CAMedium0.83 0.97 1.15 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.19-4 48 36 22Pensacola, FL-ALSmall0.71 0.74 0.86 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.92 0.97 0.99 1.03 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.11 1.12 0.98 0.97-10 93 26 52Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MDVery large0.83 0.85 0.95 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.10 1.11 1.09 1.06-4 48 23 64Phoenix, AZVery large1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.30 1.32 1.29 1.25 1.22 1.25-5 61 22 69Pittsburgh, PALarge0.67 0.69 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.73-7 76 6 91Portland, OR-WALarge0.87 0.89 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.20 1.20 1.17 1.14-8 84 27 49Pooughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.86 0.84-6 70 1 97Providence, RI-MALarge0.55 0.54 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.89 0.87-7 75 32 36Provo, UTSmall1.16 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.03 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.92 0.90-14 101 -26 100Raleigh-Durham, NCLarge0.63 0.75 0.85 0.85 0.87 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.00 1.01 0.97 0.96-3 39 33 29Richmond, VAMedium0.61 0.58 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.80-2 30 19 77Riverside-San Bernardino, CALarge0.76 0.89 1.14 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.36 1.43 1.45 1.45 1.47 1.45 1.41 1.39-6 70 63 2Rochester, NYMedium0.48 0.52 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.74 0.72-4 48 24 61Sacramento, CALarge0.75 0.88 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.16 1.13 1.17 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.35 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.29 1.27-8 84 52 4Salem, ORSmall0.58 0.66 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.85 0.83-4 48 25 56Salt Lake City, UTMedium0.72 0.77 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.99 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.03 1.01 0.98-7 76 26 52San Antonio, TXLarge0.68 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09-1 21 41 14San Diego, CAVery large0.83 0.93 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.37 1.34 1.32-10 90 49 5San Francisco-Oakland, CAVery large1.01 1.13 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.35 1.39 1.40 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.38 1.34 1.32-7 74 31 37San Jose, CALarge1.03 1.10 1.23 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.23 1.35 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.30-3 39 27 46San Juan, PRLarge0.69 0.73 0.83 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.11-6 66 42 12Sarasota-Bradenton, FLMedium0.77 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.10 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.23 1.17 1.17-4 48 40 15Seattle, WAVery large0.84 0.94 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08-8 80 24 60Spokane, WASmall0.53 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.70 0.69-4 48 16 80Springfield, MA-CTMedium0.60 0.63 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.81 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.80-3 38 20 74St. Louis, MO-ILLarge0.840.89 0.86 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.99 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.86-8 81 2 95Stockton, CASmall0.64 0.72 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.12 1.110 13 47 7Tampa-St. Petersburg, FLLarge1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.21 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.24 1.24-2 31 20 75Toledo, OH-MIMedium0.54 0.61 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.78 0.81 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.84 0.79 0.77-11 97 23 66Tucson, AZMedium0.89 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.186 2 29 42Tulsa, OKMedium0.62 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.83 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.77 0.76-4 48 14 83Virginia Beach, VALarge0.78 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.00-2 31 22 69Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large0.83 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.31-3 39 48 6Wichita, KS Medium0.49 0.49 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.550 13 6 90Winston-Salem, NC Small0.70 0.75 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.85 0.84 0.86 0.83 0.82-1 21 12 86Worcester, MA Small0.68 0.70 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.840 13 16 80439 Urban area averageb439 Areas0.69 0.73 0.840.86 0.86 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.041.03 1.03 1.03 0.98 0.98-6 NA 29 NA101 Urban area averageb101 Areas0.83 0.89 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.041.06 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.141.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.141.12-5 NA 29 NAVery large area averagebVery large0.92 0.99 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.241.25 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.24-6 NA 32 NALarge area averagebLarge0.75 0.81 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.041.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.07 1.05-5 NA 30 NAMedium area averagebMedium0.67 0.72 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.940.940.95 0.95 0.93 0.91-3 NA 24 NASmall area averagebSmall0.690.710.770.780.790.800.810.830.850.850.860.870.870.880.890.890.910.910.930.930.890.88-3 NA 19 NAPointsRankaPointsRanka198519822005Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congestion IndexPoints changeLong-term1982-2009Short-term2004-20092003200220011997 19981994 19961993199219902004199919952008 20092000 20072006Urban areaPopulationgroup1991aRank is based on the calculated point change with the highest number corresponding to a rank of 1.KEY:NA = not applicable.Very large urban areas – 3 million and over population.Large urban areas – 1 million to less than 3 million population.Texas Transportation Institute,Congestion Data for Your City,Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summarystatistics(College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan. 20, 2011.NOTESThe Roadway Congestion Index (RCI) is a measure of vehicle travel density on major roadways in an urban area. An RCI exceeding 1.0 indicates an undesirablecongestion level, on an average, on the freeways and principal arterial street systems during the peak period. The urban areas included are those containing over500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years; these figures are not comparable to those in pasteditions of NTS.SOURCEbAverage weighted by vehicle miles traveled in city.Small urban areas – less than 500,000 population.Medium urban areas – 500,000 to less than 1 million population.(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 20072008 2009(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 20072008 2009(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 20072008 2009(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 20072008 2009Akron, OHMedium493 501 497 488 464 446 490 500 554 462 374 349 52 59 63 68 71 80 79 80 81 89 80 85 144 147 149 149 144 140 160 164 182 153 160 148 58 60 61 62 65 67 65 68 69 79 73 78Albany-Schenectady, NYMedium265 283 330 358 382 431 505 542 641 741 431 446 87 89 88 87 86 81 75 75 68 61 73 66 68 73 86 95 103 119 144 159 192 224 183 190 79 80 80 79 80 75 71 71 66 64 66 67Albuquerque, NMMedium768 818 766 753 699 755 877 995 1067 1144 753 677 20 26 33 35 45 45 35 32 30 29 30 37 229 244 228 226 210 229 268 307 332 359 308 286 43 43 49 51 55 56 54 52 53 49 53 54Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJMedium589 534 584 590 594 585 642 689 671 734 520 522 41 55 54 57 59 63 61 58 65 62 61 56 187 172 192 195 198 197 218 234 228 251 233 237 51 55 55 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 60Anchorage, AKSmall408 411 438 503 522 509 529 535 589 600 377 329 66 71 71 63 65 68 70 76 75 73 79 89 68 69 75 87 92 92 97 98 110 114 80 72 78 82 82 83 83 85 86 87 85 86 92 95Atlanta, GAVery large 1,183 1,198 1,359 1,420 1,484 1,554 1,649 1,820 1,842 1,719 1,097 1,0465 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 12 111,785 1,866 2,165 2,308 2,442 2,584 2,770 3,088 3,164 2,996 2,777 2,7276 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 11 10Austin, TXMedium720 825 892 991 1,025 1,160 1,302 1,534 1,512 1,443 962 882 28 25 22 20 21 16 14 10 14 17 18 19 277 326 364 420 448 517 598 725 734 739 722 691 37 37 37 33 34 33 30 29 29 29 28 28Bakersfield, CAMedium102 106 113 119 146 163 206 239 235 232 262 310 99 100 100 100 100 100 99 98 99 99 94 92 22 23 26 27 35 40 52 63 66 66 98 119 98 98 98 99 97 97 95 94 94 94 84 82Baltimore, MDLarge868 906 1,057 1,170 1,419 1,515 1,594 1,720 1,790 1,829 1,204 1,218 14 17 14 126 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 892 9331,108 1,254 1,553 1,690 1,801 1,967 2,069 2,136 1,952 2,024 16 19 19 17 14 14 14 15 14 15 16 15Baton Rouge, LAMedium766 925 970 1,018 1,028 1,187 1,295 1,392 1,358 1,386 1,080 1,030 21 16 18 19 20 14 15 18 19 18 13 12 142 178 191 202 206 243 271 298 334 350 394 387 59 54 56 56 56 55 53 54 52 50 43 46Beaumont, TXSmall316 377 431 476 569 609 672 721 738 758 561 501 81 79 73 69 62 61 58 55 58 60 53 59 36 42 48 54 65 72 79 87 89 93 95 86 93 92 91 91 89 90 89 90 92 90 86 92Birmingham, ALMedium646 672 736 753 771 810 871 909 932 942 615 662 32 35 35 35 37 36 36 40 43 44 44 39 200 210 232 244 257 280 311 333 350 363 338 380 46 49 48 50 51 48 47 47 48 48 50 47Boise, IDSmall387 430 470 560 544 572 578 633 689 702 401 449 69 68 67 61 64 64 66 65 62 66 76 65 41 47 54 67 68 74 78 88 99 103 77 91 89 89 88 88 88 89 90 89 88 88 93 91Boston, MA-NH-RIVery large895 929 1,054 1,114 1,215 1,289 1,481 1,597 1,625 1,568 1,193 1,112 12 14 15 14 119 7 7 8 12 6 61,519 1,574 1,798 1,920 2,110 2,255 2,622 2,878 2,985 2,883 2,820 2,691 9 11 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 11Boulder, COSmall523 554 605 640 613 626 678 712 806 712 458 320 51 53 52 48 56 57 57 57 54 65 67 90 36 38 42 44 43 45 49 51 60 53 45 32 92 94 94 94 95 96 96 97 95 97 100 101Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NYMedium860 967 1,084 1,146 1,217 1,246 1,234 1,388 1,535 1,601 972 847 16 12 12 13 9 11 17 19 12 10 17 21 290 331 378 409 451 467 468 535 599 631 557 507 35 36 35 35 33 35 37 36 35 35 36 37Brownsville, TXSmall148 156 201 222 233 268 273 319 325 338 327 350 97 97 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 95 88 84 12 13 17 19 21 24 25 30 31 33 47 52 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99Buffalo, NYLarge272 317 388 403 425 528 526 586 658 634 401 417 85 85 81 81 78 65 71 68 66 71 76 72 146 172 212 221 230 285 281 309 345 331 272 280 57 56 52 53 52 46 50 51 49 54 57 56Cape Coral, FLSmall572 579 581 654 675 722 754 812 974 975 562 558 43 48 56 46 48 49 50 49 38 42 52 53 84 88 91 109 119 137 151 171 220 230 183 183 74 77 78 76 73 68 69 64 63 62 66 69Charleston-North Charleston, SCMedium578 605 634 652 681 762 814 828 951 971 600 646 42 41 46 47 47 43 42 47 40 43 49 41 120 127 138 144 152 171 187 192 223 230 203 227 63 64 63 63 62 61 61 62 62 62 63 61Charlotte, NC-SCLarge384 431 532 563 633 662 761 800 875 940 673 651 70 67 59 59 52 54 48 51 50 45 37 40 132 154 202 223 263 284 332 353 392 425 439 437 60 59 53 52 48 47 45 45 44 43 42 42Chicago, IL-INVery large 1,379 1,415 1,501 1,561 1,844 1,955 2,155 2,408 2,450 2,434 1,655 1,7383333332123114,894 5,033 5,349 5,602 6,667 7,123 7,914 8,908 9,083 9,047 8,669 9,476333333333333Cincinnati, OH-KY-INLarge634 625 710 688 717 768 775 818 834 850 519 451 35 39 36 43 42 42 45 48 52 55 62 63 465 473 548 546 580 635 643 683 707 731 603 525 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 30 30 32 35Cleveland, OHLarge429 466 481 428 411 414 496 487 505 488 441 423 62 61 65 78 81 84 78 82 85 85 69 71 350 381 394 352 337 340 408 400 413 397 522 489 32 32 34 38 41 44 40 43 43 45 37 39Colorado Springs, COMedium689 843 1,031 1,104 1,099 1,094 1,042 1,396 1,379 1,260 697 684 29 23 16 15 15 19 26 17 18 25 35 35 150 190 245 265 267 269 256 350 356 335 260 266 56 51 47 45 47 49 56 46 47 52 58 58Columbia, SCSmall305 355 420 446 468 512 543 573 729 874 601 622 83 81 75 72 69 67 68 70 60 50 46 43 66 78 93 100 106 118 126 134 173 212 191 202 82 79 77 78 78 76 77 78 72 65 64 63Columbus, OHLarge379 384 390 410 421 454 530 556 564 546 436 388 71 76 80 79 79 79 69 72 78 81 70 79 182 189 196 211 222 244 286 300 307 302 366 323 52 52 54 54 53 54 49 53 55 57 47 51Corpus Christi, TXSmall179 215 221 266 257 274 296 327 282 337 249 245 94 93 93 92 94 94 94 94 97 96 95 98 33 39 40 49 47 51 55 61 53 63 60 63 94 93 95 93 93 93 93 95 96 95 96 96Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TXVery Large 751 889 983 1,024 1,084 1,145 1,308 1,448 1,583 1,578 1,141 1,077 24 18 17 18 16 18 13 14 11 11 10 8 1,366 1,663 1,888 2,006 2,185 2,373 2,788 3,172 3,543 3,613 3,718 3,649 12 108999876655Dayton, OHMedium403 445 443 392 374 362 443 424 434 389 357 331 67 63 70 82 87 90 85 90 90 91 85 88 151 170 172 154 148 144 178 170 174 156 183 170 55 57 60 60 63 66 63 65 71 78 66 72Denver-Aurora, COLarge933 1,035 1,157 1,182 1,149 1,207 1,331 1,511 1,516 1,507 1,120 1,057 11 11 9 10 14 13 11 11 13 13 11 9 879 990 1,137 1,231 1,200 1,273 1,414 1,625 1,661 1,690 1,757 1,711 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16Detroit, MIVery large775 818 876 948 1,009 1,074 1,112 1,157 1,255 1,287 885 761 19 26 24 26 23 23 23 26 25 22 21 30 1,578 1,668 1,786 1,937 2,063 2,200 2,277 2,357 2,543 2,589 2,313 2,032 8 9 11 11 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 14El Paso, TX-NMMedium320 405 509 555 574 603 729 799 856 818 601 501 79 72 62 62 61 62 53 52 51 56 46 59 107 138 174 191 199 211 257 284 306 299 285 242 66 61 59 59 57 58 55 55 56 58 55 59Eugene, ORSmall220 293 374 306 322 356 358 416 384 371 266 216 91 88 83 90 91 91 91 91 92 94 93 100 26 35 44 38 41 46 46 54 51 50 48 39 96 95 93 96 96 95 97 96 97 98 98 100Fresno, CAMedium379 421 479 434 432 429 436 477 500 523 298 345 71 70 66 75 77 82 86 85 86 82 91 86 105 118 136 123 129 130 134 149 162 170 137 165 68 67 64 70 69 71 74 74 76 73 81 74Grand Rapids, MIMedium413 434 444 450 440 458 512 534 560 553 427 440 65 64 69 71 76 78 73 77 80 80 74 68 106 115 121 126 126 135 152 160 169 167 183 193 67 68 69 69 70 70 67 70 75 76 66 66Greensboro, NCSmall561 635 696 794 840 822 635 626 593 566 374 377 44 38 38 34 33 35 63 66 74 78 80 83 75 88 99 116 125 127 100 100 96 93 90 93 77 75 76 73 71 72 84 86 90 90 90 90Hartford, CTMedium492 545 612 597 610 618 703 750 880 891 563 541 53 54 50 56 57 59 55 54 49 48 51 55 203 228 257 252 259 264 302 324 382 387 331 321 45 46 45 49 50 51 48 49 45 46 51 52Honolulu, HIMedium591 584 584 614 590 677 735 860 891 992 699 709 40 46 54 55 60 53 52 43 48 39 34 32 189 185 185 196 188 216 235 277 287 319 315 326 50 53 57 57 59 57 58 57 58 55 52 50Houston, TXVery large880 958 1,071 1,179 1,216 1,228 1,383 1,552 1,628 1,669 1,500 1,322 13 13 13 11 10 128877341,351 1,509 1,733 1,978 2,091 2,128 2,410 2,719 2,859 2,943 3,688 3,403 13 13 12 10 11 12 11 11 11 10 6 6Indianapolis, INLarge765 753 815 834 877 896 925 942 943 934 644 615 22 30 31 32 32 31 31 34 41 47 42 45 372 368 398 411 437 450 469 491 506 514 514 503 30 33 33 34 35 37 36 37 37 39 38 38Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium395 378 353 348 331 418 457 559 611 574 339 337 68 77 85 88 90 83 84 71 72 76 87 87 67 71 73 77 77 105 122 162 191 181 140 140 81 81 84 85 85 81 79 69 67 69 80 79Jackson, MSSmall264 297 331 410 458 465 562 644 775 788 542 515 88 86 87 79 72 75 67 63 56 57 57 58 59 67 75 94 106 109 133 155 189 194 164 161 83 84 82 80 78 79 76 72 68 68 71 75Jacksonville, FLMedium597 595 617 616 713 793 867 889 928 988 675 601 39 43 48 52 43 39 37 42 44 40 36 47 265 267 282 290 341 388 442 465 498 543 492 445 40 40 41 43 39 38 38 38 38 37 39 41Kansas City, MO-KSLarge721 852 825 831 800 847 768 859 935 854 551 498 27 22 29 33 34 34 46 44 42 54 54 61 488 583 577 583 581 626 567 634 700 641 583 538 26 25 27 27 27 29 33 32 31 33 35 34Knoxville, TNSmall640 656 644 638 627 650 661 648 615 679 519 486 33 37 44 49 54 56 59 62 71 68 62 62 124 131 135 137 138 146 152 154 152 170 177 170 62 62 65 65 67 65 68 73 77 73 70 72Lancaster-Palmdale, CAMedium231 234 260 290 335 379 402 436 486 480 352 382 90 92 92 91 88 88 90 89 87 86 86 81 54 56 65 74 89 103 112 125 143 145 144 161 87 87 85 86 84828181 79 81 79 75Laredo, TX Small 24 27 30 34 32 41 40 43 49 63 107 318 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 913 4 4 5 4 6 6 7 8 10 18 54 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 98Las Vegas, NV Large 529 569 597 616 659 735 832 911 963 1,023 644 708 50 50 53 52 51 48 41 39 39 35 42 33 284 320 358 375 407 461 526 584 622 668 589 673 36 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 33 31 33 29Little Rock, AR Small 369 432 417 500 400 485 642 640 738 873 537 581 73 65 76 64 83 70 61 64 58 51 58 49 55 66 64 78 63 78 111 118 139 171 157 179 85 85 87 84 90 88 82 82 81 72 74 71Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 1,606 1,734 1,827 1,960 1,996 2,019 2,204 2,338 2,485 2,444 1,448 1,4641111121212439,087 9,847 10,408 11,212 11,467 11,644 12,778 13,592 14,504 14,376 11,630 11,997111111111111Louisville, KY-IN Large 543 580 617 561 623 651 716 717 718 688 525 521 48 47 48 60 55 55 54 56 61 67 59 57 241 260 280 258 291 316 359 370 380 373 376 389 42 41 42 47 45 45 44 44 46 47 46 45Madison, WI Small 133 155 166 181 189 203 226 219 243 237 241 287 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 98 98 96 94 23 27 29 32 34 37 42 41 46 45 63 79 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 95 93McAllen, TX Medium 69 108 137 167 169 178 190 196 206 217 142 147 100 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 101 11 18 23 30 31 36 41 44 50 56 53 56 100 99 99 98 99 99 99 98 98 96 97 97Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 483 492 574 615 632 712 759 785 834 778 524 571 56 60 57 54 53 51 49 53 52 58 60 51 248 254 296 319 331 377 405 424 452 426 383 430 41 42 40 40 42 40 41 41 40 42 44 43Miami, FL Very Large 630 732 880 951 1,009 1,077 1,142 1,227 1,259 1,281 815 892 36 32 23 25 23 22 22 23 23 23 26 18 1,411 1,674 2,121 2,339 2,498 2,719 2,979 3,238 3,329 3,387 2,917 3,272 1187666667788Milwaukee, WILarge638 696 753 719 726 751 797 832 801 865 651 588 34 34 34 39 40 46 43 46 55 53 40 48 409 457 507 496 517 537 572 599 579 627 629 570 29 29 29 30 31 32 32 33 36 36 31 33Minneapolis - St. Paul, MNLarge1,005 1,075 1,172 1,308 1,212 1,249 1,327 1,507 1,476 1,474 1,167 9708 8 8 7 12 10 12 12 15 14 8 151,073 1,172 1,289 1,463 1,360 1,423 1,521 1,747 1,745 1,777 1,984 1,689 14 14 14 14 16 17 17 17 17 17 15 17Nashville-Davidson, TNLarge738 801 913 954 1,054 1,156 1,225 1,293 1,272 1,271 822 831 25 28 21 24 18 17 18 20 22 24 25 22 275 315 375 409 479 548 596 649 645 657 587 624 38 39 36 36 32 31 31 31 32 32 34 32New Haven, CTMedium659 768 822 912 915 922 842 941 983 1,001 672 678 31 29 30 28 30 30 40 35 37 38 38 36 175 206 227 256 262 266 247 281 296 307 277 285 53 50 50 48 49 50 57 56 57 56 56 55New Orleans, LALarge627 667 668 657 670 717 737 811 1,029 987 716 772 38 36 41 45 49 50 51 50 34 41 33 27 328 349 350 345 347 368 375 409 445 450 459 511 34 34 39 39 38 41 43 42 41 41 41 36New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CTVery large735 833 867 881 926 1,086 1,251 1,440 1,471 1,465 1,013 999 26 24 25 30 29 20 16 15 16 15 14 13 5,260 6,017 6,426 6,574 6,986 8,332 9,683 11,243 11,621 11,689 10,809 10,878222222222222Oklahoma City, OKMedium482 568 537 632 668 622 632 624 749 870 609 575 57 51 58 51 50 58 64 67 57 52 45 50 190 227 217 259 277 261 272 276 337 400 380 376 48 47 51 46 46 52 52 58 51 44 45 48Omaha, NE-IAMedium262 279 327 359 384 390 423 447 518 514 472 413 89 90 89 86 85 87 87 87 83 83 65 74 81 88 103 115 123 126 136 145 169 168 207 184 75 75 74 74 72 73 73 75 74 75 62 68Orlando, FLLarge1,009 1,048 1,148 1,231 1,179 1,173 1,194 1,240 1,310 1,332 908 963 7 10 10 9 13 15 20 22 20 19 19 16 578 612 696 775 760 775 807 863 922 958 884 962 23 23 22 22 24 24 26 26 25 26 26 24Oxnard-Ventura, CAMedium300 378 401 464 493 521 593 677 681 775 444 443 84 77 79 70 67 66 65 60 63 59 68 67 79 101 110 131 144 156 185 218 226 259 209 216 76 73 73 66 64 63 62 61 61 59 61 62Pensacola, FL-ALSmall320 341 369 373 411 464 501 553 641 666 423 427 79 83 84 84 81 76 76 74 68 69 75 70 54 59 65 68 77 88 98 110 129 136 108 108 86 86 86 87 86 86 85 83 84 83 83 83Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MDVery large681 721 771 889 965 1,028 1,101 1,215 1,259 1,292 904 919 30 33 32 29 26 25 24 24 23 21 20 17 1,612 1,732 1,887 2,211 2,435 2,637 2,832 3,126 3,247 3,331 3,162 3,274779887788877Phoenix, AZVery large782 870 959 1,074 1,023 1,086 1,167 1,425 1,400 1,449 1,005 972 18 20 19 16 22 20 21 16 17 16 15 14 876 1,032 1,191 1,369 1,326 1,434 1,605 2,048 2,062 2,181 2,150 2,161 18 16 15 15 17 16 16 14 15 14 14 12Pittsburgh, PALarge756 860 842 913 941 961 1,032 1,046 1,021 1,080 746 778 23 21 28 27 27 29 27 30 35 30 31 25 685 777 760 822 845 863 927 939 917 970 914 965 21 21 21 21 21 23 23 24 26 25 25 23Portland, OR-WALarge800 873 946 962 933 996 1,084 1,193 1,238 1,241 864 830 17 19 20 23 28 27 25 25 26 26 22 23 534 598 663 694 684 754 836 936 996 1,013 977 958 24 24 23 26 26 26 24 25 24 24 24 25Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NYMedium175 187 199 206 227 239 267 284 317 297 236 261 95 95 96 97 97 96 97 97 96 97 99 97 41 44 48 52 59 65 76 84 96 92 94 107 90 91 92 92 92 92 91 92 89 92 88 84Providence, RI-MALarge329 393 437 497 547 610 655 688 656 731 434 406 77 74 72 66 63 60 60 59 67 63 71 77 199 240 267 304 339 380 413 434 414 459 363 343 47 44 44 41 40 39 39 40 42 40 48 49Provo, UTSmall192 213 221 253 259 288 303 340 364 385 287 306 93 94 93 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 93 44 49 52 61 63 71 75 86 93 98 93 102 88 88 90 90 91 91 92 91 91 89 89 86Raleigh-Durham, NCLarge548 597 676 714 769 769 846 919 916 1,017 646 620 47 42 40 42 38 41 39 38 45 36 41 44 190 213 255 283 324 347 399 452 469 523 465 472 49 48 46 44 43 42 42 39 39 38 40 40Richmond, VAMedium314 320 299 318 332 368 421 446 473 479 362 411 82 84 90 89 89 89 88 88 89 87 84 75 126 131 128 143 156 182 210 222 236 242 244 279 61 62 67 64 61 60 60 60 59 61 59 57Riverside-San Bernardino, CALarge484 528 612 636 686 795 925 1,122 1,186 1,185 770 741 55 57 50 50 46 37 31 28 27 27 29 31 347 389 465 500 568 681 828 1,012 1,093 1,115 1,009 976 33 30 30 29 29 27 25 23 22 22 22 22Rochester, NYMedium206 246 262 255 265 295 321 348 392 427 302 273 92 91 91 93 92 92 92 92 91 90 90 96 68 82 88 88 93 106 118 131 151 165 155 140 79 78 79 82 82 80 80 79 78 77 76 79Sacramento, CALarge560 592 668 718 718 783 898 981 1,033 1,015 578 550 45 44 41 40 41 40 34 33 33 37 50 54 357 387 448 496 527 607 714 802 864 859 677 671 31 31 31 30 30 30 28 28 28 28 29 30Salem, ORSmall539 613 687 856 905 794 791 844 1,020 1,041 546 567 49 40 39 31 31 38 44 45 36 33 55 52 59 68 79 103 111 98 100 109 131 137 95 100 84 83 81 77 77 83 83 84 83 82 86 89Salt Lake City, UTMedium479 529 623 667 710 751 690 655 672 730 543 607 58 56 47 44 44 46 56 61 64 64 56 46 208 231 273 299 320 340 318 310 320 347 359 415 44 45 43 42 44 43 46 50 54 51 49 44San Antonio, TXLarge476 574 706 720 732 760 856 920 908 939 660 663 59 49 37 38 39 44 38 37 46 46 39 38 273 331 412 422 436 470 543 592 599 633 647 664 39 35 32 32 36 34 34 34 34 34 30 31San Diego, CAVery large630 753 847 969 1,069 1,071 1,211 1,291 1,307 1,302 995 848 36 30 27 22 17 24 19 21 21 20 16 20 801 971 1,108 1,287 1,442 1,466 1,680 1,803 1,841 1,853 1,927 1,672 19 18 18 16 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 18San Francisco-Oakland, CAVery large 1,134 1,194 1,402 1,407 1,506 1,604 1,766 2,025 2,122 2,102 1,170 1,1126645444444762,058 2,177 2,564 2,592 2,768 2,933 3,213 3,674 3,839 3,843 2,851 2,791555555555599San Jose, CALarge936 1,103 1,239 1,330 1,309 1,371 1,340 1,462 1,596 1,609 864 774 107 7 6 7 7 10 13 9 8 22 26 766 9131,029 1,104 1,087 1,139 1,112 1,214 1,349 1,360 1,005 937 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 20 19 19 23 26San Juan, PRLarge492 562 652 718 773 884 1,014 1,006 1,045 1,070 719 787 53 52 43 40 36 32 30 31 31 31 32 24 474 546 638 709 769 885 1,019 1,018 1,069 1,102 1,063 1,190 27 27 24 25 23 21 22 22 23 23 21 21Sarasota-Bradenton, FLMedium339 395 415 432 450 471 510 534 602 565 308 391 76 73 77 76 75 74 74 77 73 79 89 78 95 113 121 130 140 152 173 187 213 205 150 198 71 69 68 67 66 64 64 63 64 66 77 65Seattle, WAVery large 1,241 1,266 1,269 1,233 1,227 1,307 1,356 1,540 1,594 1,603 1,157 1,0564 4 6 8 8 8 9 9 10 9 9 101,477 1,523 1,544 1,531 1,562 1,717 1,821 2,097 2,203 2,252 2,249 2,119 10 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13Spokane, WASmall475 515 532 493 498 473 472 478 524 577 433 385 60 58 59 67 66 73 82 83 82 75 72 80 88 97 100 93 94 96 97 98 108 120 114 106 73 74 75 81 81 84 87 87 86 85 82 85Springfield, MA-CTMedium328 354 377 365 390 391 420 478 515 505 368 417 78 82 82 85 84 86 89 83 84 84 83 72 111 121 131 127 136 137 147 167 182 178 163 183 65 65 66 68 68 69 70 67 70 71 72 69St. Louis, MO-ILLarge989 1,062 1,136 1,037 1,043 987 1,031 1,124 1,109 1,032 841 772 9 9 11 17 19 28 28 27 29 34 24 27 979 1,053 1,147 1,064 1,083 1,046 1,107 1,229 1,229 1,159 1,306 1,238 15 15 16 20 20 20 20 19 20 21 19 20Stockton, CASmall163 180 194 220 233 233 269 325 349 378 238 240 96 96 97 96 95 97 96 95 94 93 98 99 29 33 36 42 46 47 55 68 74 80 70 73 95 96 96 95 94 94 94 93 93 93 94 94Tampa-St Petersburg, FLLarge555 591 636 721 785 851 920 939 1,042 1,063 811 764 46 45 45 37 35 33 33 36 32 32 27 29 519 561 621 723 797 875 1,022 1,060 1,200 1,237 1,281 1,239 25 26 26 24 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 19Toledo, OH-MIMedium344 386 431 432 414 406 488 460 481 466 239 276 74 75 73 76 80 85 80 86 88 88 97 95 91 103 116 117 113 113 136 128 134 130 89 102 72 71 71 72 76 78 72 80 82 84 91 86Tucson, AZMedium437 453 520 578 606 710 767 890 903 881 601 628 61 62 61 58 58 52 47 41 47 49 46 42 152 159 184 205 217 256 279 329 338 335 301 317 54 58 58 55 54 53 51 48 50 52 54 53Tulsa, OKMedium343358413 442 465 497 465 488 584 571 384 407 75 80 78 74 70 69 83 81 76 77 78 76 114 119 138 149 157 169 159 168 203 200 187 202 64 66 62 61 60 62 66 66 65 67 65 63Virginia Beach, VALarge868 927 862 986 1,007 1,006 1,026 1,099 1,173 1,154 786 695 14 15 26 21 25 26 29 29 28 28 28 34 616 669 631 733 754 756 773 828 884 872 818 714 22 22 25 23 25 25 27 27 27 27 27 27Washington, DC-VA-MDVery large 1,443 1,553 1,707 1,833 1,901 2,042 2,143 2,274 2,335 2,552 1,615 1,5552222213331222,333 2,565 2,831 3,141 3,383 3,691 3,896 4,139 4,269 4,699 4,081 4,066444444444444Wichita, KSMedium424 430 449 443 455 478 522 529 635 663 466 451 63 68 68 73 74 71 72 79 70 70 66 63 100 102 110 109 114 121 134 138 170 181 157 160 70 72 72 75 75 74 75 77 73 69 74 77Winston-Salem, NC Small 267 296 338 392 456 477 483 585 575 580 372 380 86 87 86 82 73 72 81 69 77 74 82 82 40 46 53 63 75 80 83 103 104 108 98 102 91 90 89 89 87 87 88 85 87 87 84 86Worcester, MA Small 423 432 484 498 488 463 499 554 564 605 481 429 64 65 64 65 68 77 77 73 78 72 64 69 101 104 117 122 119 114 125 139 143 153 148 135 69 70 70 71 74 77 78 76 80 79 78 81439 Urban area average439 Areas 571 609 645 677 700 724 780 846 866 888 820 808 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 137 150 166 178 191 206 230 256 269 277 259 261 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA101 Urban area average101 Areas 839 905 980 1,032 1,078 1,131 1,225 1,333 1,383 1,386 938 911 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 560 614 675 723 768 825 908 1,004 1,053 1,068 991 994 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAVery large area averageVery large 1,056 1,135 1,229 1,300 1,370 1,439 1,574 1,724 1,789 1,788 1,200 1,166 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,494 2,723 2,987 3,200 3,428 3,682 4,085 4,539 4,739 4,779 4,384 4,414 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NALarge area averageLarge 695 755 819 855 879 924 984 1,063 1,095 1,100 760 726 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 446 492 545 582 610 656 713 778 813 829 795 780 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMedium area averageMedium 451 494 531 554 567 592 628 680 728 747 509 508 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 127 140 153 162 169 180 196 216 236 244 227 233 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NASmall area averageSmall 357 391 419 458 470 488 516 552 604 642 438 436 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53 59 64 72 75 80 86 94 104 112 101 104 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMethodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and applied retroactively to past years, these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.NOTESKEY:NA = not applicableVery large urban areas - 3 million and over population.Texas Transportation Institute,Congestion Data for Your City,Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics(College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Jan.20, 2011.The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.The cost of congestion is estimated with a value for each hour of travel time and each gallon of fuel. For a more detailed explanation of the formulas used, see the source document.Large urban areas - 1 million to less than 3 million population.Medium urban areas - 500,000 to less than 1 million population.SOURCESmall urban areas - less than 500,000 population.Table 1-71: Annual Highway Congestion CostRankAnnual congestion cost per auto commuter (2009 dollars)ValueValueRankAnnual congestion cost (2009 dollars- millions)Urban areaPopulationgroup1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010On-time performance, total percent (weighted) 69.0 81.0 76.0 77.0 77.0 72.0 72.0 76.0 71.0 74.0 79.0 79.0 78.2 75.1 76.1 74.1 70.7 69.8 67.8 68.6 71.2 80.4 79.7Short distance (<400 miles), percent71.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 79.0 78.0 81.0 76.0 79.0 81.0 80.0 82.0 78.7 79.7 77.1 75.2 73.6 72.8 72.2 73.6 81.1 80.5Long distance (>=400 miles), percent64.0 78.0 53.0 59.0 61.047.049.0 57.0 49.0 53.0 59.0 54.6 55.0 52.1 51.6 52.8 40.7 42.1 29.9 39.5 52.0 75.5 73.7Hours of delay by cause, totalaN N 12,126 21,084 22,847 32,991 34,729 25,248 25,056 25,825 27,289 29,252 70,396 83,837 85,932 88,413 95,162 95,259 101,522 101,655 94,566 79,304 79,976AmtrakbN N 3,565 5,915 6,433 8,488 8,538 5,527 5,193 5,310 4,796 4,891 23,337 27,822 26,575 25,711 28,328 25,549 23,968 22,902 23,223 21,813 23,404Host railroadcN N 4,244 7,743 8,229 12,827 14,319 11,224 11,438 12,904 14,202 16,158 43,881 52,273 55,090 57,346 61,256 64,097 71,387 72,565 64,724 46,842 44,090OtherdN N 4,316 7,426 8,185 11,675 11,871 8,497 8,425 7,611 8,291 8,203 3,176 3,741 4,266 5,355 5,577 5,613 6,166 6,187 6,618 10,648 12,482Trip length (miles)0–250251–350351–450451–550> 55115 or less20 or less25 or less30 or lessdIncludes delays not attributable to Amtrak or other host railroads, such as customs and immigration, law enforcement action, weather, or waiting for scheduled departure time.2000-10: Amtrak, personal communication, October 2010.10 or lessSOURCES:1980: Amtrak,National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report(Washington, DC: 1981).Amtrak trains are considered on time if arrival at the endpoint is within the minutes of scheduled arrival time as shown on the following chart. Trip length is based on the total distance traveled bythat train from origin to destination:1985-99: Ibid.,Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Minutes late atendpointTable 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by CauseAll percentages are based on Amtrak's fiscal year (October 1–September 30).NOTESHost railroad is a freight or commuter railroad over which Amtrak trains operate for all or part of their trip.KEY:N = data do not exist.aAmtrak changed its method for reporting delays in 2000. Therefore, the data for 2000 and following years are not comparable with prior years.bIncludes all delays that occur when operating on Amtrak owned tracks and all delays for equipment or engine failure, passenger handling, holding for connections, train servicing, and mail/baggagehandling when on tracks of a host railroad.cIncludes all operating delays not attributable to Amtrak when operating on tracks of a host railroad, such as track and signal related delays, power failures, freight and commuter train interference,routing delays, etc.

# Chapter 2

Transportation Safety

Section A

Multimodal1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009TOTAL fatalitiesUUUUUU47,350 44,321 42,058 42,827 43,587 44,568 44,848 44,474 43,910 44,086 44,384 44,941 45,276 45,134 45,052 (R) 45,666 (R) 45,040 (R) 43,330 39,514 (P) 35,929Air, total1,286 1,290 1,456 1,473 1,382 1,595 866 1,005 (R) 988 811 1,057 (R) 963 1,093 724 (R) 670 683 764 1,166 616 699 637 603 (R) 774 540 566 (P) 543U.S. air carriera499 261 146 124 1 526 39 (n) 50 33 1 239 168 380 8 1 12 92 531 0 22 14 22 50 1 3(P) 52Commuter carrierbN N N 28 37 37 6 (n) 77 21 24 25 9 14 46 0 12 5 130200200(P) 0On-demand air taxicN N N 69 105 76 51 78 68 42 63 52 63 39 45 38 71 60 35 42 64 18 16 43 69(P) 17General aviationd787 1,029 1,310 1,252 1,239 956 770 800 (R) 866 744 730 (R) 734 636 631 (R) 624 621 596 562 581 633 559 563 (R) 706 496 494 (P) 474Highway, total 36,399 47,089 52,627 44,525 51,091 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 (R) 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 43,510 42,708 41,259 37,423 33,808Passenger car occupantsN N N 25,929 27,449 23,212 24,092 22,385 21,387 21,566 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 19,192 18,512 17,925 16,614 14,646 13,095Motorcyclists790 1,650 2,280 3,189 5,144 4,564 3,244 2,806 2,395 2,449 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 3,714 4,028 4,576 4,837 5,174 5,3124,462Truck occupantse, lightN N N 4,856 7,486 6,689 8,601 8,391 8,098 8,511 8,904 9,568 9,932 10,249 10,705 11,265 11,526 11,723 12,274 12,546 12,674 13,037 12,761 12,458 10,816 10,287Truck occupantse, largeN N N 961 1,262 977 705 661 585 605 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 726 766 804 805 805 682 503Bus occupants N N N 53 46 57 32 31 28 18 18 33 21 18 38 59 22 34 45 41 42 58 27 36 67 26Pedestrians 7,210 7,990 8,950 7,516 8,070 6,808 6,482 5,801 5,549 5,649 5,489 5,584 5,449 5,321 5,228 4,939 4,763 4,901 4,851 4,774 4,675 4,892 4,795 4,699 4,4144,092Pedalcyclists490 690 760 1,003 965 890 859 843 723 816 802 833 765 814 760 754 693 732 665 629 727 786 772 701 718630Otherf27,909 36,759 40,637 1,018 669 628 584 590 485 536 516 501 (R) 611 573 540 596 591 581 642 729 732 845 786 772 768713Railroad, totalg2,345 2,533 2,225 1,492 1,417 1,036 1,297 1,194 1,170 1,279 1,226 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 971 951 865 891 884 903 (R) 850 804704Highway-rail grade crossingh1,421 1,610 1,440 917 833 582 698 608 579 626 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 371 359 369 (R) 338 290246Railroad924 923 785 575 584 454 599 586 591 653 611 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 531 520 525 534 (R) 512 514458Transit, totaliN N N N N N 339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 280 234 248 236 227 288 240 230Highway-rail grade crossingjN N N N N N N N N N N 17 7 12 26 21 20 13 24 21 29 23 21 27 26 35TransitN N N N N N N N N N N 257 257 263 260 278 275 254 256 213 219 213 206 261 214 195Waterborne, totalkN N 2,016 2,039 1,847 1,377 1,051 1,010 1,032 1,026 992 1,016 906 989 1,033 928 888 828 863 833 822 835 839 811 827886Vessel-relatedlN N 178 243 206 131 85 30 97 105 77 53 55 48 69 58 53 53 59 69 86 78 73 67 5157Not related to vessel casualtieslN N 420 330 281 130 101 56 119 121 131 134 142 120 149 136 134 94 54 61 60 60 56 59 6793Recreational boatingm739 1,360 1,418 1,466 1,360 1,116 865 924 816 800 784 829 709 821 815 734 701 681 750 703 676 697 710 685 709736Pipeline, totalN N 30 15 19 33 9 14 15 17 22 21 53 10 21 22 38 7 (R) 12 12 23 (R) 14 21 15 814Hazardous liquid pipelineN N47453050135024101052042 4Gas pipelineN N 26 8 15 28 6 14 10 17 21 18 48 10 19 18 37 7 (R) 11 12 18 (R) 12 21 11 610NOTESdAll operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. 2006 includes the 154 persons killed aboard a foreign registered aircraft operated by Gol Airlines in a collision with anotheraircraft over Brazil.eLight trucksare defined as trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles.Large trucksare defined as trucks over10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors.hFatalities occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail.Highway-rail grade crossingfatalities, except train occupants, are also counted underhighway.kVessel-relatedcasualties include those involving damage to vessels such as collisions or groundings. Fatalities not related to vessel casualties include deaths from falling overboard or from accidents involvingonboard equipment.l1992-97 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001, the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Informationfor Safety and Law Enforcement System. During that period, data come from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and LawEnforcement System. Data for 2002 and 2003 come from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for prior years come from other sources and may not be directly comparable.mData are based on information provided by the States, the District of Columbia and the five U.S. Territories to the Coast Guard Boating Accident Report Database (BARD) system. Research on the level ofunderreporting of fatal accidents in the BARD, based on discrepancies between the BARD and the Coast Guard Search and Rescue Management Information System (SARMIS), found that approximately 6percent of recreational boating fatalities are not captured by the BARD system. Adjusting the number of recreational boating fatalities included in the BARD in 2001 by 6 percent increases the total to 722.iFatalities include those resulting from all reportable incidents, not just from accidents.jIncludes motor bus, commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, demand response, van pool, and automated guideway.Fatalities occurring athighway-rail crossingsresulting from operations of public transit railmodes including commuter rail. Data for fatalities at light rail grade crossings are: 1995 (7); 1996 (3); 1997 (3); 1998 (10); 1999 (7); 2000 (12); 2001 (1); 2002 (1); 2003 (4); 2004 (10); 2005 (8); 2006 (7); 2007(5); 2008 (8); and 2009 (14).Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalities by ModegIncludes Amtrak. Fatalities include those resulting from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents. Railroad fatality data for 1970 and before is not comparable with post-1970 data due to a changein the reporting system.KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aCarriers operating under 14 CFR 121, all scheduled and nonscheduled service. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 include aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. Thischange makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data. In 2001, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from theSeptember 11 terrorist acts are excluded.U.S. air carrierfigure does not include 12 persons killed aboard a commuter aircraft when it and a US Air airliner collided.bAll scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (Commuter air carriers). Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes onlyaircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data.Commuter air carrierfigure does not include 22 personskilled aboard a US Air airliner when it and a commuter aircraft collided.fIncludes occupants of other vehicle types, other nonmotorists, and unknown. For 1960-70, the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration did not break out fatality datato the same level of detail as in later years, so fatalities for those years also include occupants of passenger cars, trucks, and buses.cNonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (On-demand air taxis).Modal numbers do not add to theTotal fatalitiesbecause some fatalities are counted in more than one mode.Total fatalitiesis derived from table 2-4 and earlier editions of this table. To avoid doublecounting, the following adjustments are made: most (not all)Highway-rail grade-crossing fatalitieshave not been added because most (not all) such fatalities involve motor vehicles and, thus, are alreadyincluded inHighwayfatalities; forTransit, all commuter rail fatalities and motor-bus, trolley-bus, demand-responsive, and van-pool fatalities arising from accidents have been subtracted because they arecounted asRailroad,Highway, orHighway-rail grade-crossing fatalities. The reader cannot reproduce theTotal fatalitiesin this table by simply leaving out the number ofHighway-rail grade-crossingfatalitiesin the sum and subtracting the above transit submodes, because in so doing, grade-crossing fatalities not involving motor vehicles would be left out (see table 2-35 on rail). An example of such afatality is a bicyclist hit by a train at a grade crossing.Caution must be exercised in comparing fatalities across modes because significantly different definitions are used. In particular,RailandTransit fatalitiesinclude incident-related (as distinct from accidentrelated) fatalities, such as fatalities from falls in transit stations or railroad employee fatalities from a fire in a workshed. Equivalent fatalities for theAirandHighwaymodes (fatalities at airports not caused bymoving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in service transportation are countedfor the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes.Highway fatalitiesdata prior to 1975 have been adjusted to reflect the Fatality Analysis Reporting System's definition of a fatal crash as one that involves a motor vehicle on a trafficway that results in the deathof a vehicle occupant or a nonmotorist within 30 days of the crash.The Federal Railroad Administration defines a grade crossing as a location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroadtracks at grade. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of grade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in thesame direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except tocross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets.1985-2009: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 29, 2010.1970-1993: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Traffic Safety Facts(Annual Editions), available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/index.aspx as of December2008.Rail:On-demand air taxi:1960-70: National Safety Council,Accident Facts, 1974(Washington, DC: 1974).1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available athttp://phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline as of Oct. 29, 2010.2005-2009: Ibid.,Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics(Washington, DC: August Issue), table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Oct. 27, 2010.2005-2009: Ibid.,Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics(Washington, DC: August Issue), table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Oct. 27, 2010.1965-70: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1975,NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977).Highway-rail grade crossing:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2007.2008-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Volpe Center, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Program, personal communication, Nov.4, 2010.1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1980,NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and40.1975: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1983,NTSB/ARC-87/01 (Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18.Transit:1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Safety Management Information Statistics1999(Washington, DC: 2001), p. 41.1985-90: Ibid.,Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table S.1991-95: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 9, 2008.1980: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981,NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16.1985-2009: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 10, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 29, 2010.1992-2008: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, Sept. 30, 2010.1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available at http://ops.dot.gov as ofNov. 18, 2003.Recreational boating:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety,Boating Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.uscgboating.org as of Sept. 29, 2010.Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline:1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, (G-MOA-2), personal communication, Apr. 13, 1999.1993-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report,(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://transitsafety.volpe.dot.gov/data/SAMIS.asp as of Oct. 22, 2009.Water:Commuter:1975-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, personal communication.Transit:1991-95: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 9, 2008.Railroad:1960-65: National Safety Council,Accident Facts, 1974(Washington, DC: 1974).1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration,Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 7.1996-2004: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics, table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 29, 2010.1996-2004: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics, table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Sept. 29, 2010.1985-2009: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 9, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 28, 2010.1985-2009: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 8, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm as of Sept. 29, 2010.1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data:U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981,NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970,NTSB/ARG-74/1 (Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117.1994-2009: Ibid., Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS),General Trends,available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/reportslinks.aspx as of Sept. 29, 2010.Highway:Vessel- and nonvessel-related:General aviation:Highway-rail grade crossing:1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration from data supplied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, andindividual state accident reports (adjusted to 30-day deaths).1975-80: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1985,NTSB/ARG-87/03 (Washington, DC: October 1987), table 21.1960: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1967(Washington, DC: December 1968).U.S. Air Carrier:Total:Multiple sources as cited in U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics, table 2-4,available at http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/ as of January 2011.SOURCESAir:1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20002001n2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL injured personsUUUUUUUU3,147,561 3,223,298 3,345,263 3,539,389 3,554,305 3,417,846 3,262,309 3,305,649 3,259,673 3,100,080 2,958,911 2,918,528 2,818,446 2,728,327 2,604,648 UAir,atotalU.S. air carrierbN N 107 81 19 30 29 26 22 19 31 25 77 43 30 67 29 19 (R) 24 (R) 31 (R) 20 (R) 14 (R) 9 15Commuter carriercN N N N 14 14 11 31 7 2 6 17212274010010On-demand air taxidN N N N 43 44 36 26 19 24 32 14 22 23 10 15 12 24 16 12 17(R) 23 16 20General aviationeN N 715 769 681 501 409 432 408 385 415 396 366 350 327 322 309 321 297 323 266 (R) 267 (R) 264 260Highway, totalNNNNNN3,230,666 3,096,870 3,069,603 3,149,164 3,265,928 3,465,279 3,483,319 3,347,614 3,192,035 3,236,238 3,188,750 3,032,672 2,925,758 2,888,601 2,788,378 2,699,000 2,575,000 UPassenger car occupantsNNNNNN2,376,439 2,234,594 2,231,703 2,264,809 2,363,595 2,469,358 2,458,080 2,340,612 2,201,375 2,137,503 2,051,609 1,926,625 1,804,788 1,756,495 1,642,549 1,573,000 1,475,000 UMotorcyclistsNNNNNN84,285 80,435 65,099 59,436 57,405 57,480 55,281 52,574 48,974 49,986 57,723 60,236 64,713 67,103 76,379 87,000 88,000 UTruck occupantsf, lightNNNNNN505,144 562,601 544,657 600,874 631,411 722,496 761,478 754,820 762,506 846,865 886,566 860,527 879,338 889,048 900,171 872,000 857,000 UTruck occupantsf, largeNNNNNN41,822 28,031 33,778 32,102 30,208 30,344 32,760 30,913 28,767 32,892 30,832 29,424 26,242 26,893 27,287 27,000 23,000 UBus occupantsNNNNNN32,691 20,959 20,144 17,056 15,767 19,214 20,291 16,887 15,559 21,958 17,769 15,427 18,819 18,174 16,410 11,000 10,000 UPedestriansNNNNNN104,805 88,446 89,184 94,001 91,987 85,837 81,797 77,011 68,955 85,235 77,625 77,619 70,664 69,949 67,985 64,000 61,000 UPedalcyclistsNNNNNN74,903 67,088 62,691 67,916 62,489 66,572 58,158 57,802 53,379 51,290 51,160 45,277 48,011 46,378 41,086 45,000 44,000 UOthergNNNNNN10,578 14,716 22,348 12,969 13,065 13,977 15,473 16,995 12,519 10,509 15,466 17,536 13,182 14,561 16,511 18,000 18,000 URailroad, totalh19,480 25,655 21,206 53,998 62,246 34,304 25,143 23,468 21,383 19,121 16,812 14,440 12,558 11,767 11,459 11,700 11,643 10,985 11,103 (R) 9,254 (R) 9,187 (R) 9,495 (R) 8,690 9,343Highway-rail grade crossingi3,367 3,725 3,272 3,860 3,550 2,687 2,407 2,094 1,975 1,837 1,961 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,303 1,396 1,219 1,157 999 (R) 1,034 (R) 1,094 (R) 1,049 (R) 1,067 1,043Railroad16,113 21,930 17,934 50,138 58,696 31,617 22,736 21,374 19,408 17,284 14,851 12,546 10,948 10,227 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,828 10,104 (R) 8,220 (R) 8,093 (R) 8,446 (R) 7,623 8,300Transit, totaljNNNNNN54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 19,260 18,235 18,982 18,131 18,327 UHighway-rail grade crossingkN N N N N N N N N N N 195 184 126 58 159 123 74 108 117 153 194 172 UTransitNNNNNNNNNNN57,001 55,104 56,006 55,932 55,166 56,574 53,871 19,152 18,118 18,829 17,937 18,155 UWaterborne, totallNNUUUUUU5,356 5,128 6,144 6,165 6,064 5,737 5,321 4,992 5,112 5,008 4,856 4,666 4,066 4,095 5,245 4,335Vessel-relatedmN N 105 97 180 172 175 110 170 171 182 154 254 120 130 152 150 210 192 227 198 140 177 167Not related to vessel casualtiesmNNUUUUUU1,503 1,398 1,878 1,870 1,368 1,062 579 525 607 524 602 551 505 504 594 495Recreational boating929 927 780 2,136 2,650 2,757 3,822 3,967 3,683 3,559 4,084 4,141 4,442 4,555 4,612 4,315 4,355 4,274 4,062 3,888 3,363 3,451 4,474 3,673Pipeline, totalN N 254 231 192 126 76 98 118 111 1,971 64 127 77 81 108 81 61 49 71 60 (R) 48 32 43Hazardous liquid pipelineN N 21 17 15 18 7 9 38 10 1,858 11 13 5 6 20 4 10 0 5 16 2 2 10Gas pipelineN N 233 214 177 108 69 89 80 101 113 53 114 72 75 88 77 51 49 66 44 (R) 46 31 43eAll operations other than those operatingunder 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135Table 2-2: Injured Persons by Transportation ModeiInjuries occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Highway-rail grade crossing injuries,except train occupants, are also counted under highway.kInjuries occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail modes including commuter rail. Data for injuries at light rail crossingsare: 1995(179); 1996(171); 1997(92); 1998(42); 1999(148); 2000(111); 2001(54); 2002(76); 2003(68); 2004(76)lVessel-related injuries include those involving damage to vessels, such as collisions or groundings. Injuries not related to vessel casualties include those fromfalls overboard or from accidents involvingonboard equipmentKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.dNonscheduled service operatingunder 14 CFR 135(on-demand air taxisjIncludes motor bus, commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, demand response, van pool, and automated guideway. Transit injuriesinclude those resulting from allreportable incidents, not just from accidents. Directly Operated (DO) modes only. The drop in the number of injuries in 2002 isdue largely to a change indefinitions by the Federal Transit Administration. Only injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene nowqualify as reportable. Previously,m1992-97 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001 the U.S. Coast Guard phased in anew computersystem to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During that period data come from combining entries in the MarineSafety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002, 2003, and 2004 comefrom the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for prior years come from other sources and may not bedirectly comparable.aInjuries classified as serious. See definitions of injuries in theglossaryhIncludes Amtrak. Figures include those injuries resulting from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents. Injuryfigures also include occupationalillness. Railroad injurydata for 1970 and before are not comparable withpost-1970 data due to a change in the reportingsystemcAll scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (commuter air carriers). Before March 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraftwith 30 or fewer seats. SinceMarch 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997data for 14 CFR 121 and 14CFR 135 with more recentyears' data.bAll scheduled and nonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 121. Since March 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes only aircraft with10 or more seats formerlyoperated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent years' data.fLarge trucks are defined as trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks are defined astrucks of 10,000poundsgross vehicle weight ratingor less, includingpickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utilityvehicgIncludes occupants of other unknown vehicle types and other nonmotoristnOther than thepersons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resultingfrom the September 11 terrorist acts are excludeNumbers may not add to total because some injuries are counted in more than one mode. To avoid double counting, the followingadjustments have been madeMost (not all) highway-rail grade crossing injuries have not been added because most (not all) such injuries involve motor vehicles and are already included inhighway injuries.Air:SOURCESFor transit, all commuter rail injuries and motor-bus, trolley-bus, demand-responsive, and van-pool injuries arising from accidents have been subtracted becausethey are counted as railroad, highway, or highway-rail grade crossing injuries.2000-06: Ibid., available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofSafety/Query/Default.asp as of Sept. 4, 2007.1960-70: National Safety Council,Accident Facts, 1974(Washington, DC: 1974).Rail:1970-94: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation(Washington, DC: Annual issues).NOTESThe Federal Railroad Administration defines a grade crossing as a location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associatedsidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of grade crossings: (1) At grade,mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or othercross directions may pass. Thisincludes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no othertraffic may pass, except to cross atgrade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets.The motor vehicle injury data in this table come from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's General EstimatesSystem (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all policereported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted inproperty damage, injury, ordeath. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or did not result in property damage.The reader cannot reproduce the total injuries count in this table by simply leaving out the number of highway-rail grade crossing injuries in the sum andsubtracting the above transit submodes, because in so doing, grade-crossing injuries not involving motor vehicles would be leftout (see table 2-35 on rail). Anexample of such an injury is a bicyclist injured by a train at a grade crossing.Highway-rail grade crossings:Highway:1995-2007: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, October 2008.Water:1990-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics andAnalysis,Traffic Safety Facts1999,DOT HS 809 100 (Washington, DC: December 2000), table 4.1991-99: Ibid.,Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002(Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.2005-06: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics andAnalysis,Traffic Safety Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 4.1991-99: Ibid.,Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002(Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Volpe Center, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and AnalysisProgram, personal communication, Sept. 7, 2007.Transit:Recreational boating:2000-04: Ibid., General Estimates System Database and personal communication, Dec. 9, 2003, Oct. 12, 2004, Apr. 20, 2006.1975: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development, personal communication.Railroad:1960-70: National Safety Council,Accident Facts, 1974(Washington, DC: 1974).1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, (G-MOA-2), personalcommunication, Apr. 13, 1999.1992-2007: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, October 2008U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication as of June 8, 2006.Highway-rail grade crossings:2000-07: Ibid., available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofSafety/Query/Default.asp as of November 2008.Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline:1980-91: Ibid.,Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table S.1970-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Accident and IncidentSummary Statistics by Year, available at http://ops.dot.gov as of November, 2008.1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration,Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington,Transit:1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Safety Management Information Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1993-2005: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (Washington,DC: Annual issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/data/SAMIS.asp as of Sept. 4, 2007.Vessel- and nonvessel-related:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at availableat http://www.uscgboating.org as of November 2008.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Air 4,883 5,279 4,767 4,232 3,818 2,935 2,388 2,334 (R) 2,227 2,172 (R) 2,139 (R) 2,178 2,046 (R) 1,987 (R) 2,037 2,043 1,985 1,852 1,823 (R) 1,870 1,717 1,781 (R) 1,611 (R) 1,745 (R) 1,659 (P) 1,553U.S. air carriera90 83 55 37 19 21 24 26 18 23 23 36 37 49 50 51 56 46 41 54 30 40 33 28 28 (P) 30Commuter carrierbN N N 48 38 18 15 23 23 16 10 12 11 16 8 13 12 7 7 2 4 6 3 3 7(P) 2On-demand air taxicN N N 152 171 157 107 88 76 69 85 75 90 82 77 74 80 72 60 73 66 65 52 62 (R) 58 (P) 47General aviationd4,793 5,196 4,712 3,995 3,590 2,739 2,242 2,197 (R) 2,110 2,064 (R) 2,021 (R) 2,055 1,908 (R) 1,840 (R) 1,902 1,905 1,837 1,727 1,715 (R) 1,741 1,617 1,670 (R) 1,523 (R) 1,652 (R) 1,566 (P) 1,474Highway, total crasheseNNNNNN6,471,000 6,117,000 6,000,000 6,106,000 6,496,000 6,699,000 6,770,000 6,624,000 6,335,000 6,279,000 6,394,000 6,323,000 6,316,000 6,328,000 6,181,000 6,159,000 5,973,000 6,024,000 5,811,000 5,505,000Passenger carNNNNNN5,560,592 5,178,450 5,042,203 5,040,116 5,401,164 5,593,685 5,598,699 5,423,286 5,146,124 4,915,734 4,926,243 4,831,842 4,802,056 4,746,620 4,557,453 4,498,869 4,341,688 U U UMotorcycleNNNNNN103,114 105,030 72,177 74,565 68,752 66,354 66,224 61,451 54,477 57,322 68,783 73,342 76,004 79,131 85,557 100,686 101,474 U U UTruckf, lightNNNNNN2,152,4862,200,134 2,191,171 2,407,212 2,573,7012,749,596 2,880,782 2,900,896 2,866,729 3,079,617 3,207,738 3,254,105 3,272,326 3,345,367 3,370,062 3,381,985 3,355,291 U U UTruckf, largeNNNNNN371,801318,637 362,807 383,220 444,697362,883 378,335 421,377 391,807 452,444 437,861 409,372 416,477 436,161 399,156 423,016 367,920 U U UBus N N N N N N60,412 56,285 49,705 51,353 55,818 58,847 57,185 53,376 53,385 62,591 55,594 54,264 57,958 57,674 52,148 50,427 51,554 U U URailroad, totalgN N 11,654 20,117 18,817 10,194 8,594 8,046 7,269 7,503 7,483 7,092 6,700 6,262 6,083 6,257 6,485 6,260 5,815 5,996 (R) 6,470 (R) 6,331 (R) 5,937 (R) 5,466 (R) 4,891 (P) 3,807Highway-rail grade crossingh3,195 3,820 3,559 12,076 10,612 6,919 5,715 5,388 4,910 4,892 4,979 4,633 4,257 3,865 3,508 3,489 3,502 3,237 3,077 2,977 (R) 3,085 (R) 3,066 (R) 2,942 (R) 2,776 (R) 2,422 (P) 1,917RailroadiN N 8,095 8,041 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,658 2,359 2,611 2,504 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 3,023 2,738 3,019 (R) 3,385 (R) 3,265 (R) 2,995 (R) 2,690 (R) 2,469 (P) 1,890Transit, totaljNNNNNN58,002 46,467 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 24,924 23,937 23,310 24,261 23,891 13,968 7,793 7,842 8,151 8,851 9,398 (R) 5,154 (R) 5,360Highway-rail grade crossingkN N N N N N N N N N N 127 134 119 106 140 148 101 190 125 178 148 141 174(R) 232 (R) 201TransitlNNNNNNNNNNN25,556 25,032 24,805 23,831 23,170 24,113 23,790 13,778 7,668 7,664 8,003 8,710 9,224 (R) 4,922 (R) 5,159Waterborne, total N N 6,385 9,618 10,137 9,676 10,024 8,795 11,631 12,461 13,649 13,368 13,286 13,551 13,828 13,457 13,143 11,377 11,713 10,601 9,866 9,946 (R) 9,565 9,885 9,545 9,188Vessel-relatedmN N 2,582 3,310 4,624 3,439 3,613 2,222 5,583 6,126 6,743 5,349 5,260 5,504 5,767 5,526 5,403 4,958 6,008 5,163 4,962 4,977 (R) 4,598 4,694 4,756 4,458Recreational boating 2,738 3,752 3,803 6,308 5,513 6,237 6,411 6,573 6,048 6,335 6,906 8,019 8,026 8,047 8,061 7,931 7,740 6,419 5,705 5,438 4,904 4,969 4,967 5,191 4,789 4,730Pipeline, total N N 1,428 1,592 1,770 517 379 449 389 445 467 349 381 346 389 339 380 341 (R) 334 (R) 372 (R) 442 495 (R) 407 (R) 405 (R) 436 405Hazardous liquid pipeline N N 351 254 246 183 180 216 212 229 245 188 194 171 153 167 146 130 150 (R) 134 (R) 146 143 120 (R) 120 (R) 145 116Gas pipeline N N 1,077 1,338 1,524 334 199 233 177 216 222 161 187 175 236 172 234 211 (R) 184 238 296 352 (R) 287 285 291 289The motor vehicle crash data are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations' General Estimates System (GES), which began operation in1988. GES data are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accidentreport was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or did not result inproperty damage.The Federal Railroad Administration defines a grade crossing as a location where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crossesone or more railroad tracks at grade. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types of grade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-wayover which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) at grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-ofway over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets.fLarge trucks are defined as trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks are defined as trucks of 10,000 pounds grossvehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles.gIncludes Amtrak. Accidents and incidents resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Railroad accident data for 1970 and before are not comparable withpost-1970 data due to a change in the reporting system.kAccidents occurring at highway-rail grade crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail modes including commuter rail. Data for light rail crossings are: 1995 (98); 1996 (97); 1997(66); 1998 (66); 1999 (103); 2000 (106); 2001 (54); 2002 (112); 2003 (68); 2004 (106); 2005 (81); 2006 (95); 2007 (93); 2008 (107); and 2009 (119).lAccidents occurring at highway-rail grade crossings resulting from operations of public transit rail modes excluding commuter rail.NOTEShAccidents and incidents occurring at highway-rail crossings resulting from freight and passenger rail operations including commuter rail. Data are not comparable after 1970 due to a changein reporting system. Most highway-rail grade crossing accidents are also counted under highway.iTrain accidents only.jAccident figures include collisions with vehicles, objects, and people, derailments / vehicles going off the road. Accident figures do not include fires and personal casualties. The drop in thenumber of accidents in 2002 is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of injuries. Beginning in 2002, only injuries requiringimmediate medical treatment away from the scene qualified as reportable. In 2008, the property damage threshold was changed to $25,000. Previously, any accident with property damageequal to or greater than $7,500 was reported.m1992-97 data are obtained from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2000, the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data,the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During this period, data are obtained from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System withentries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data after 2002 comes from the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Statistics for prioryears may not be directly comparable due to the revised method of capture.dAll operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents by ModeKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.eThe U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration uses the term "crash" instead of accident in its highway safety data. Highway crashes often involvemore than one motor vehicle, and hence "total highway crashes" is smaller than the sum of the components. Estimates of highway crashes are rounded to the nearest thousand in the sourcedocument.aCarriers operating under 14 CFR 121, all scheduled and nonscheduled service. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes only aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly operated under 14CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data.bAll scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes only aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makesit difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data.cNonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135.1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970,NTSB/ARG-74/1 (Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117.U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System Database and GeneralEstimates System Database.U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1,available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/index.aspx as of Oct. 28, 2010.1991-97: Ibid.,Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002(Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.Rail:Highway-rail grade crossings:1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development,Rail-Highway Grade-Crossing Accidents(Washington, DC: AnnualIssues).1975-80: Ibid., Office of Policy and Program Development, personal communication.1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available athttp://ops.dot.gov as of Nov. 18, 2003.1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year,available at http://phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline as of Sept. 30, 2010.U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety,Boating Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 28, available athttp://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of Sept. 30, 2010.Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline:2008-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, personal communication, Oct. 14, 2010.Recreational boating:Water:Vessel-related:1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1980,NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January1983), tables 26 and 40.1965-70: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1975,NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977).1960: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1967(Washington, DC: December 1968).Transit:1992-2005: U.S Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, June 8, 2005.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010.1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 5, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010.SOURCESAir:Commuter air carrier:1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.1975: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1983,NTSB/ARC-87/01 (Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18.1980: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981,NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16.Highway-rail grade crossings:1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development,Accident/Incident Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 4.1998-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis,Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report(Washington, DC: August2010), table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/Default.asp as of Dec. 14, 2010.Railroad:1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 8, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010.2007-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 9, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Sept. 30, 2010.Highway:Total:1985-90: Ibid.,Rail-Highway Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table S.1970-91: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, personal communication, Apr. 13, 1999.2006-2009: U.S Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division, personal communication, Dec. 15, 2010.2006-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Volpe Center,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Program, personalcommunication, Oct. 20, 2009.1991-97: Ibid.,Interim Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2002(Washington, DC: August 2003), table 1-1.Transit:1990-92: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Safety Management Information Statistics 2000(Washington, DC: 2000), pp. 51-54 and personalcommunication, July 28, 2003.1998-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis,Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report(Washington, DC: August2010), table 1-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/Default.asp as of Dec. 14, 2010.1993-2005: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues) availableat http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/data/SAMIS.asp as of Sept. 4, 2007.2008-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, personal communication, Oct. 14, 2010.1960-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data:U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981,NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February1985), table 61.General aviation:1975-80: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1985,NTSB/ARG-87/03 (Washington, DC: October 1987), table 21.On-demand air taxi:1985-2006: Ibid., personal communication, Sept. 4, 2007.2009: Ibid,Traffic Safety Facts Research Note, table 1, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/index.aspx as of Oct. 28, 2010.Passenger car, motorcycle, light truck, large truck, and bus:Air carrier:Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number PercentTOTAL of all modesa44,086 100.00 44,384 100.00 44,941 100.00 (R) 45,276 100.00 45,134 100.00 45,052 100.00 (R) 45,666 100.00 (R) 45,040 100.00 (R) 43,330 100.00 39,514 100.00 (P) 35,929 100.00Passenger car occupants20,862 47.32 20,699 46.64 20,320 45.21 20,569 45.43 19,725 43.70 19,192 42.60 18,512 40.54 17,925 39.80 16,614 (R) 38.34 14,646 37.07 13,095 36.45Light-truck occupants11,265 25.55 11,526 25.97 11,723 26.09 12,274 27.11 12,546 27.80 12,674 28.13 13,037 28.55 12,761 28.33 12,458 28.75 10,816 27.37 10,287 28.63Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles4,939 11.20 4,763 10.73 4,901 10.91 4,851 10.71 4,774 10.58 4,675 10.38 4,892 10.71 4,795 10.65 4,699 10.84 4,414 11.17 4,092 11.39Motorcyclists2,483 5.63 2,897 6.53 3,197 7.11 3,270 7.22 3,714 8.23 4,028 8.94 4,576 10.02 4,837 10.74 5,174 11.94 5,312 13.44 4,462 12.42Large-truck occupants759 1.72 754 1.70 708 1.58 689 1.52 726 1.61 766 1.70 804 1.76 805 1.79 805 1.86 682 1.73 503 1.40Pedalcyclists struck by motor vehicles754 1.71 693 1.56 732 1.63 665 1.47 629 1.39 727 1.61 786 1.72 772 1.71 701 1.62 718 1.82 630 1.75Recreational boating734 1.66 701 1.58 681 1.52 750 1.66 703 1.56 676 1.50 697 1.53 710 1.58 685 1.58 709 1.79 736 2.05Other and unknown motor vehicle occupants447 1.01 450 1.01 458 1.02 528 1.17 589 1.31 602 1.34 659 1.44 601 1.33 614 1.42 580 1.47 563 1.57General aviation621 1.41 596 1.34 562 1.25 581 1.28 633 1.40 559 1.24 563 1.23 (R) 706 1.57 496 1.14 494 1.25 (P) 474 1.32Railroad trespassersb(excluding grade crossings)479 1.09 463 1.04 511 1.14 540 1.19 498 1.10 472 1.05 458 1.00 511 1.13 470 1.08 457 1.16 (P) 428 1.19Other nonoccupants struck by motor vehiclesc149 0.34 141 0.32 123 0.27 114 0.25 140 0.31 130 0.29 186 0.41 185 0.41 158 0.36 188 0.48 150 0.42Grade crossings, not involving motor vehiclesd57 0.13 64 0.14 76 0.17 47 0.10 62 0.14 85 0.19 76 0.17 65 0.14 73 0.17 69 0.17 (P) 66 0.18Air taxi38 0.09 71 0.16 60 0.13 35 0.08 42 0.09 64 0.14 18 0.04 16 0.04 43 0.10 69 0.17 (P) 17 0.05Heavy rail transit (subway)84 0.19 80 0.18 59 0.13 73 0.16 49 0.11 59 0.13 35 0.08 23 0.05 32 0.07 61 0.15 96 0.27Waterborne transportation (nonvessel-related)136 0.31 134 0.30 94 0.21 54 0.12 61 0.14 60 0.13 60 0.13 56 0.12 59 0.14 67 0.17 93 0.26Bus occupants (school, intercity, and transit)59 0.13 22 0.05 34 0.08 45 0.10 41 0.09 42 0.09 58 0.13 27 0.06 36 0.08 67 0.17 (P) 26 0.07Waterborne transportation (vessel-related)58 0.13 53 0.12 53 0.12 59 0.13 69 0.15 86 0.19 78 0.17 73 0.16 67 0.15 51 0.13 57 0.16Private grade crossings, with motor vehicles36 0.08 55 0.12 30 0.07 39 0.09 30 0.07 30 0.07 26 0.06 38 0.08 37 0.09 22 0.06 (P) 19 0.05Railroad employees, contractors, and volunteers on duty (excluding grade crossings)31 0.07 22 0.05 23 0.05 22 0.05 20 0.04 27 0.06 28 0.06 19 0.04 21 0.05 28 0.07 (P) 18 0.05Light rail transit17 0.04 30 0.07 21 0.05 13 0.03 17 0.04 22 0.05 19 0.04 17 0.04 32 0.07 15 0.04 33 0.09Railroad-related, not otherwise specified (excluding grade crossings)17 0.04 23 0.05 13 0.03 25 0.06 11 0.02 20 0.04 26 0.06 5 0.01 21 0.05 7 0.02 10 0.03Gas distribution pipelines16 0.04 22 0.05 5 0.01 (R) 10 0.02 11 0.02 18 0.04 (R) 12 0.03 18 0.04 9 0.02 6 0.02 9 0.03Transit buses, fatalities not related to accidentse12 0.03 8 0.02 6 0.01 14 0.03 14 0.03 16 0.04 17 0.04 18 0.04 14 0.03 5 0.01 4 0.01Air carriersf12 0.03 92 0.21 531 1.18 0 0.00 22 0.05 14 0.03 22 0.05 50 0.11 1 0.00 3 0.01 (P) 52 0.14Hazardous liquid pipelines4 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 5 0.01 2 0.00 0 0.00 4 0.01 2 0.01 4 0.01Passengers on railroad trains (excluding grade crossings)3 0.01 4 0.01 3 0.01 7 0.02 2 0.00 3 0.01 16 0.04 2 0.00 5 0.01 24 0.06 (P) 3 0.01Demand response transit, fatalities not related to accidentse0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01 2 0.01Commuter air12 0.03 5 0.01 13 0.03 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 (P) 0 0.00Gas transmission pipelines2 0.00 15 0.03 2 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.01 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Other counts, redundant with abovegLarge-truck occupants and nonoccupants5,380 12.20 5,282 11.90 5,111 11.37 4,939 10.91 5,036 11.16 5,235 11.62 5,240 11.47 5,027 11.16 4,822 11.13 4,245 10.74 3,380 9.41Public grade crossings, with motor vehicles309 0.70 306 0.69 315 0.70 271 0.60 241 0.53 249 0.55 255 0.56 266 0.59 225 0.52 198 0.50 (P) 161 0.45Commuter rail95 0.22 87 0.20 87 0.19 116 0.26 77 0.17 86 0.19 105 0.23 85 0.19 124 0.29 93 0.24 67 0.19Transit buses, accident-related fatalities90 0.20 82 0.18 89 0.20 64 0.14 73 0.16 61 0.14 49 0.11 76 0.17 76 0.18 72 0.18 63 0.18Outside planes in crashesh5 0.01 14 0.03 11 0.02 6 0.01 6 0.01 1 0.00UUUUUUUUUUDemand response transit, accident-related fatalities 1 0.00 8 0.02 3 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 7 0.02 7 0.02 8 0.02 5 0.01 5 0.01gFatalities at grade crossings with motor vehicles are included under relevant motor vehicle modes.Commuter railfatalities are counted under railroad. ForTransit busandDemand responsivetransitaccidents, occupant fatalities are counted under "bus" and nonoccupant fatalities are counted under "Pedestrians," "Pedalcyclists," or other motor vehicle categories.2006-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety and Analysis,Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report, tables 1-3 and 7-4, available athttp://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Nov. 3, 2010.Transit:20042002KEY:NA = not applicable; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.2006dPublic grade-crossing fatalities involving motor vehiclesare included in counts for motor vehicles.2005cIncludes all nonoccupant fatalities, except pedalcyclists and pedestrians.aIncludes fatalities outside the vehicle, unless otherwise specified.bIncludes fatalities outside trains, except at grade crossings.U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis(Washington, DC: Annual Issues) and personal communication, Nov. 12, 2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Incidents and Mileage Reports, available athttp://ops.dot.gov/stats/stats.htm as of Nov. 3, 2010.Waterborne transportation:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communications, Oct. 27, 2009 and Sept. 30, 2010.Recreational boating:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety,Boating Statistics,table 30,available at http://www.uscgboating.org as of Nov. 2, 2010.Pipeline:Railroad:1999-2005: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety and Analysis,Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report(Annual Issues), available athttp://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ as of Oct. 28, 2009.Air:National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, available at www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Nov. 2, 2010.fIn 2001, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are excluded.SOURCESU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS),General Trends, available at http://wwwfars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/reportslinks.aspx as of Nov. 2, 2010.Highway:hIncludes nonoccupant fatalities resulting from aviation accidents.2009Table 2-4: Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by ModeeFatalities not related toTransit busandDemand responsive transitaccidents are not included under highway submodes.20002007 (R) 20081999200320011970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Fatalitiesa1,440 917 833 582 698 608 579 626 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 371 359 369 337 289 247Injured persons 3,272 3,860 3,890 2,687 2,407 2,094 1,975 1,837 1,961 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,303 1,396 1,219 1,157 999 1,035 1,094 1,050 1,069 1055 965 705Accidentsa3,559 12,126 10,796 7,073 5,715 5,388 4,910 4,892 4,979 4,633 4,257 3,865 3,508 3,489 3,502 3,237 3,077 2,977 3,085 3,064 2,941 2,772 2,409 1,896SOURCES1970: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development,Rail-Highway CrossingAccident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issue), tables S and 11.1975-1998:FRA Accident/Incident Database, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of June 28, 2010.Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety1998-2009: Ibid., Office of Safety Analysis,2009 Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics(Washington, DC: June 2010), table 1-1, available athttp://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 17, 2010.KEY:R = reviseda1970 data are not comparable to later years due to a change in the reporting system.NOTEThe Federal Railroad Administration recommended not to report property damage statistics, which had been done in previous editions of NTS, due toinconsistencies in the reporting of data.

# 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total fatalities 27 19 8 8 10 16 15 11 7 120 12 13 9 16 12 10 15 (R) 14 34 6 (R) 9 (R) 7 13

Accident-related 21 14 7 7 10 15 14 11 6 7 10 8 7 11 8 9 9 (R) 13 29 6 8 (R) 6 8

Air fatalities a 

# 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Highway fatalities 27 17 8 8 10 16 15 11 7 8 12 13 9 16 9 9 15 (R) 11 24 6 (R) 9 (R) 6 12

Accident-related 21 12 7 7 10 15 14 11 6 5 10 8 7 11 8 8 9 (R) 10 19 6 8 (R) 6 7

Rail fatalities 0200000002000 0 3 1 0 3 10 0 0 1 1

Accident-related 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 10 0 0 0 1

Water b 

# fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Other c 

# fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Total injured persons 648 626 253 423 439 604 627 577 400 1,175 221 195 265 251 168 136 119 288 (R) 949 (R) 234 228 (R) 223 201

Accident-related 168 47 16 18 40 98 62 111 18 864 16 13 15 16 12 15 16 96 700 13 45 (R) 9 44

Air injured persons 5 8 4 39 31 23 50 57 33 33 24 20 12 5 13 4 1 11 78 2 8 7 10

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Highway injured persons 527 493 195 311 333 465 511 425 296 216 152 151 218 164 109 118 105 155 (R) 178 192 161 (R) 153 153

Accident-related 156 43 9 9 27 34 61 95 14 22 11 9 15 15 12 14 16 12 45 11 45 (R) 9 34

Rail injured persons d,e 

# 99 121 53 73 75 116 66 95 71 926 45 22 35 82 46 14 13 122 693 (R) 25 56 63 38

Accident-related 12 4 7 9 13 64 1 16 4 842 5 4 0 1 0 1 0 84 655 2 0 0 10

Water b 

# injured persons 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 0 0

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Other c 

# injured persons 15 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Total incidents 10,951 15,719 6,019 8,879 9,110 9,393 12,838 16,105 14,853 14,077 14,065 15,495 17,616 17,557 17,792 15,114 15,156 (R) 14,844 15,929 (R) 20,339 (R) 19,301 (R) 16,934 14,819

Accident-related 440 486 364 297 303 283 266 296 303 338 320 332 398 394 413 362 342 (R) 327 (R) 382 (R) 358 (R) 381 (R) 336 291

Air incidents 147 223 114 297 299 414 622 931 817 925 1,029 1,387 1,582 1,419 1,083 732 750 993 1,655 2,408 (R) 1,556 1,278 1,358

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 2 0 0 9 7 7 82

Highway incidents 10,063 14,161 4,752 7,296 7,644 7,843 11,095 14,011 12,869 12,034 11,929 13,108 14,953 15,063 15,804 13,502 13,594 (R) 13,069 13,460 (R) 17,160 (R) 16,932 (R) 14,808 12,728

Accident-related 330 347 302 249 249 245 217 244 253 294 267 277 331 329 357 319 300 (R) 281 (R) 322 (R) 307 (R) 321 (R) 302 252

Rail incidents 694 1,271 842 1,279 1,155 1,128 1,113 1,157 1,155 1,112 1,102 989 1,073 1,058 899 870 802 765 745 (R) 703 (R) 752 (R) 750 643

Accident-related 109 134 61 48 54 36 49 52 50 44 52 52 65 62 54 41 42 46 51 44 (R) 53 26 37

Water b 

# incidents 28 34 7 7 12 8 8 6 12 6 5 11 8 17 6 10 10 17 69 68 61 98 90

Accident-related 02000100000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Other c 

# incidents 19 30 304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Accident-related 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Total property damage

(current $ thousands) f 

# 8,091 10,828 22,994 32,354 38,350 36,229 22,816 44,196 30,900 46,849 33,533 46,312 65,369 78,132 69,442 58,177 53,597 (R) 62,903 (R) 55,946 (R) 70,971 (R) 74,646 (R) 53,481 69,117

Accident-related 6,051 6,236 20,269 24,792 30,184 28,708 13,179 25,552 23,602 37,775 25,318 37,049 51,710 62,636 56,546 41,113 40,824 (R) 44,517 (R) 44,115 (R) 56,689 (R) 63,570 (R) 42,285 57,960

Air property damage 8.9 12.3 12.3 142 77 99 88 178 100 87 336 267 286 272 309 109 100 188 198 671 88 191 716

Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 50 61 0 0 0 0 0 7 327

Highway property damage 5,584 7,324 12,690 20,190 29,650 24,130 19,866 25,253 22,141 29,257 24,741 28,669 34,359 51,030 47,737 48,076 49,109 (R) 47,159 (R) 40,179 (R) 59,502 (R) 47,237 (R) 43,078 50,743

Accident-related 3,694 3,782 10,175 14,132 23,953 18,350 11,263 13,539 16,342 22,315 17,871 21,597 23,085 37,837 36,404 33,529 37,650 (R) 34,322 (R) 31,052 (R) 47,467 (R) 38,414 (R) 34,661 42,507

Rail property damage 2,488 2,952 10,274 11,952 8,469 11,857 2,649 18,673 8,485 17,385 8,418 16,362 30,663 26,547 21,248 9,745 4,126 13,901 15,455 10,740 27,301 10,073 17,557

Accident-related 2,357 2,357 10,094 10,660 6,231 10,233 1,916 12,014 7,260 15,460 7,446 15,452 28,625 24,756 20,092 7,524 3,175 10,195 13,063 9,222 25,157 7,617 15,126

Water b 

# property damage 6.1 505 3.2 70 154 143 213 92 174 120 38 1,015 61 283 147 248 261 1,655 114 59 19 138 101

Accident-related 0 81 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Other c 

# property damage 3.5 35 14.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Accident-related 0.3 15.6 <0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

f 

# Property damage under $30,000 is reported to the nearest $100. Property damage $30,000 or greater is reported to the nearest $1,000; therefore the components may
add to the totals. Different cost thresholds for reporting property damage exist by property type. See NTS table 2-8 for the various thresholds. e 

# The 2005 spike in Rail Injured Persons is due to a chlorine accident by a train operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway Co. in Graniteville, South Carolina, on January 6,
2005. 9 people died and 631 people were injured. For more information, see the PHMSA Incident Report Database at
https://hazmatonline.phmsa.dot.gov/IncidentReportsSearch/.

NOTE d 

# The 1996 spike in Rail Injured Persons is due to a train derailment in Alberton, Montana, which caused 787 minor injuries from chlorine gas inhalation, according to the
U.S. Department of Transportation Biennial Report on Hazardous Materials Transportation, 1996-1997. For more information, see
http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/96_97biennial.rpt.pdf. a 

# The 1996 spike in Air Fatalities was due to the ignition of an undeclared cache of chemical oxygen generators in a flight over Florida that killed 110 people, according to the
U.S. Department of Transportation Biennial Report on Hazardous Materials Transportation, 1996-1997. 

# Table 2-6: Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data

SOURCES

1975-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, Hazardous Materials Information
System Database , 1999.

1990-2009: Ibid., Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Hazardous Material Safety, available at http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/library/datastats/incidents as of Dec. 15, 2010. KEY: R = revised.

b 

# Water cate g or y includes onl y nonbulk marine. Bulk marine hazardous materials incidents are re p orted to the U.S. Coast Guard and are not inclu d

Hazardous materials transportation incidents required to be reported are defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 49 CFR 171.15, 171.16 (Form F 5800.1).

Hazardous materials deaths and injuries are caused by the hazardous material in commerce. c 

# Othe r cate g or y includes frei g ht forwarders and modes not otherwise s p ecifie d

# 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 h 

# 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2,007 (P) 2,008

All occupational fatalities 6,217 6,331 6,632 6,275 6,202 6,238 6,055 6,054 5,920 5,915 5,534 5,575 5,764 5,734 5,840 5,657 5,071

Transportation-related fatalities, total b 

# 2,484 2,499 2,762 2,587 2,601 2,605 2,645 2,618 2,573 2,524 2,385 2,364 2,490 2,493 2,459 2,351 2,053

Highway c 

# 1,158 1,242 1,343 1,346 1,346 1,393 1,442 1,496 1,365 1,409 1,373 1,353 1,398 1,437 1,356 1,414 1,149

Nonhighway d 

# 436 392 409 387 374 377 388 352 399 326 323 347 338 340 345 296 283

Aircraft 353 282 426 283 324 261 224 228 280 247 194 211 231 149 217 174 189

Pedestrian struck by vehicle e 

# 346 365 391 388 353 367 413 377 370 383 356 337 378 391 379 345 322

Water vehicle f 

# 109 119 94 87 119 109 112 102 84 90 71 69 91 88 96 71 75

Railway g 

# 66 86 81 82 74 93 60 56 71 62 64 43 50 83 65 49 34

As a percent of all occupational fatalities

Transportation-related fatalities, total b 

# 40.0 39.5 41.6 41.2 41.9 41.8 43.7 43.2 43.5 42.7 43.1 42.4 43.2 43.5 42.1 41.6 40.5

Highway 18.6 19.6 20.3 21.5 21.7 22.3 23.8 24.7 23.1 23.8 24.8 24.3 24.3 25.1 23.2 25.0 22.7

Nonhighway 7.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.4 5.8 6.7 5.5 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.6

Aircraft 5.7 4.5 6.4 4.5 5.2 4.2 3.7 3.8 4.7 4.2 3.5 3.8 4.0 2.6 3.7 3.1 3.7

Pedestrian struck by vehicle 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.2 5.7 5.9 6.8 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.3

Water vehicle 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5

Railway 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7

SOURCE KEY : P = preliminary; R = revised.

h 

# Data do not include fatalities from the terrorist attacks of September 11 which totaled 2,886.

NOTES g 

# Includes collisions between railway vehicles, railway vehicle and other vehicle, railway vehicle and other object, and derailme nt. 

# Table 2-7: Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities a



# U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), available at http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm#news as of

Dec. 2009. a 

# Based on the 1992 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual.

b 

# Numbers may not add to totals because transportation categories may include subcategories not shown separately.

c 

# Includes collisions between vehicles/mobile equipment moving in the same or opposite directions, such as in an intersection; be tween moving and standing
vehicles/mobile equipment at the side of a roadway; or a vehicle striking a stationary object. Also includes noncollisions, e. g., jack-knifed or overturned
vehicle/mobile equipment–no collision; ran off highway–no collision; struck by shifting load; sudden start or stop; not elsewhe re classified.

d 

# Refers to farms and industrial premises. Includes collisions between vehicles/mobile equipment; vehicles/mobile equipment strik ing a stationary object. Also
includes noncollisions such as a fall from a moving vehicle/mobile equipment, fall from and struck by vehicle/mobile equipment, overturned vehicle/mobile
equipment, and loss of control of vehicle/mobile equipment.

e 

# Includes worker struck by vehicle/mobile equipment in roadway, on side of road, in a parking lot, or nonroad area.

Percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.

The above categories do not define the types of jobs people had, nor the industries in which they worked. The categories define the ways in which they died. F
example, a representative traveling for business reasons who is killed in a rail accident would be listed under rail. f 

# Includes collisions, explosions, fires, fall from or on ship/boat, and sinking/capsized water vehicles involved in transportati on. Does not include fishing boats.

# Modal administration Reporting threshold

Federal Aviation Administration More than $25,000 damage to property other than the aircraft.

Federal Highway Administration None; each state defines its own threshold and FHWA collects state reports.

Federal Railroad Administration More than $7,700 in damages to railroad on-track equipment, signals, track, track

structures, and roadbed for accidents other than at grade-crossings. No threshold
for grade-crossing accidents.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration None; property-damage-only crashes are recorded through the General Estimates
System, a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes of all

iti Federal Transit Administration More than $7,500.

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration More than $50,000 for gas pipelines. More than $50,000 for hazardous liquid pipelines.

U. S. Coast Guard More than $25,000 for commercial vessels. More than $2,000 or complete loss of vessel for recreational boats.

Recreational boating: 33 CFR 173.55 (as of Nov. 23, 2007). Federal Railroad Administration: 49 CFR 225.19 (as of Nov.23, 2007).

Federal Transit Administration: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Safety and
Security Reporting Manual (Washington, DC: 2004), Internet site http://www.ntdprogram.com/ntdprogram/safety.htm as of dec. 6, 2007.

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration:

Gas pipeline: 49 CFR 191.3 (as of Nov. 23, 2007). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic
Safety Facts 2005 , DOT HS 809 775 (Washington, DC: 2005).

Hazardous liquid pipelines: 49 CFR 195.50 (as of Nov. 23, 2007).

U.S. Coast Guard:
Commercial shipping: 46 CFR 4.05-1 (as of Nov.23, 2007). SOURCES

Federal Aviation Administration: 49 CFR 830.5 (as of Nov. 23, 2007). 

# Table 2-8: Reporting Thresholds for Property Damage by U.S. Department of Transportation Modal

Administrations

Federal Highway Administration: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, personal communication, Dec 2007.

# Section B

Air1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008 (P) 2009Total fatalities499 261 146 124 1 526 39 50 33 1 239 168 380 8 1 12 92 531 0 22 14 22 50 1 3 52Total seriously injured personsN N 107 81 19 30 29 26 22 19 31 25 77 43 30 67 29 19 24 31 20 14 9 16 22 23Total accidents90 83 55 37 19 21 24 26 18 23 23 36 37 49 5051 5646 41 54 30 40 33 28 28 30Fatal accidents179831764414354123602232122Aircraft-miles (millions)1,130 1,536 2,685 2,478 2,924 3,631 4,948 4,825 5,039 5,249 5,478 5,654 5,873 6,697 6,737 7,101 7,524 7,294 7,193 7,280 7,930 8,166 8,139 8,136 8,068 7,557Rates per 100 million aircraft-milesFatalities44.159 16.992 5.438 5.004 0.034 14.486 0.788 1.036 0.655 0.019 4.363 2.971 6.470 0.119 0.015 0.169 1.223 7.280 0.000 0.302 0.177 0.269 0.614 0.012 0.037 0.688Seriously injured personsN N 3.985 3.269 0.650 0.826 0.586 0.539 0.437 0.362 0.566 0.442 1.311 0.642 0.445 0.943 0.385 0.260 0.334 0.426 0.252 0.171 0.111 0.197 0.273 0.304Total accidents7.965 5.404 2.048 1.493 0.650 0.578 0.485 0.539 0.357 0.438 0.420 0.637 0.630 0.732 0.742 0.718 0.744 0.631 0.570 0.742 0.378 0.490 0.405 0.344 0.347 0.397Total accidents, fatal1.504 0.586 0.298 0.121 0.0340.1930.121 0.083 0.079 0.019 0.073 0.053 0.085 0.060 0.015 0.028 0.040 0.082 0.000 0.027 0.025 0.037 0.025 0.012 0.025 0.026Aircraft departures (thousands)NNNN5,479 6,307 8,092 7,815 7,881 8,073 8,238 8,457 8,229 10,318 10,980 11,309 11,468 10,955 10,508 10,433 11,023 11,130 10,821 10,928 10,437 10,349Rates per 100,000 aircraft departuresFatalitiesNNNN0.018 8.340 0.482 0.640 0.419 0.012 2.901 1.986 4.618 0.078 0.009 0.106 0.802 4.847 0.000 0.211 0.127 0.198 0.462 0.009 0.029 0.502Seriously injured personsNNNN0.347 0.476 0.358 0.333 0.279 0.235 0.376 0.296 0.936 0.417 0.273 0.592 0.253 0.173 0.228 0.297 0.181 0.126 0.083 0.146 0.211 0.222Total accidentsNNNN0.347 0.333 0.297 0.333 0.228 0.285 0.279 0.426 0.450 0.475 0.455 0.451 0.488 0.420 0.390 0.518 0.272 0.359 0.305 0.256 0.268 0.290Total accidents, fatalNNNN0.018 0.111 0.074 0.051 0.051 0.012 0.049 0.035 0.061 0.039 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.055 0.000 0.019 0.018 0.027 0.025 0.012 0.025 0.026Flight hours (thousands)N 4,691 6,470 5,607 7,067 8,710 12,150 11,781 12,360 12,706 13,124 13,505 13,746 15,838 16,817 17,555 18,299 17,814 17,290 17,468 18,883 19,390 19,263 19,637 19,098 18,001Rates per 100,000 flight hoursFatalitiesN 5.564 2.257 2.212 0.014 6.039 0.321 0.424 0.267 0.008 1.821 1.244 2.764 0.051 0.006 0.068 0.503 2.981 0.000 0.126 0.074 0.113 0.260 0.005 0.016 0.289Seriously injured personsN N 1.654 1.445 0.269 0.344 0.239 0.221 0.178 0.150 0.236 0.185 0.560 0.271 0.178 0.382 0.158 0.107 0.139 0.177 0.106 0.072 0.047 0.081 0.115 0.128Total accidentsN 1.769 0.850 0.660 0.269 0.241 0.198 0.221 0.146 0.181 0.175 0.267 0.269 0.309 0.297 0.291 0.306 0.258 0.237 0.309 0.159 0.206 0.171 0.143 0.147 0.167Total accidents, fatalN 0.192 0.124 0.054 0.014 0.080 0.049 0.034 0.032 0.007 0.030 0.022 0.036 0.025 0.006 0.011 0.016 0.034 0.000 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.011Fatalities, accidents, miles, departures, and flight hours:1960: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1967 (Washington, DC: December 1968).1975 (all categories except miles): Ibid., Calendar Year 1983, NTSB/ARC-87/01(Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18.1975 (miles): Ibid., Calendar Year 1975,NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977 ).1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, April 2010.1980: Ibid., Calendar Year 1981,NTSB/ARC-85/01(Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16.1985-2009: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of Apr. 26, 2010.Serious injuries:1970-85: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).Table 2-9: U.S. Air CarrieraSafety Data1965-70: Ibid.,Calendar Year 1975,NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977).KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised.aAir carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, scheduled and nonscheduled service. Includes all scheduled and nonscheduled service accidents involving all-cargo carriers and commercial operators of large aircraft when thoseaccidents occurred during 14 CFR 121 operations. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data forCFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data.NOTESAircraft-miles,Aircraft departures, andFlight hoursare compiled by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.Ratesare computed by dividing the number ofFatalities,Seriously injuredpersons,Total accidents, andFatal accidentsby the number ofAircraft-miles,Aircraft departures, orFlight hours. These figures are based on information provided by airlines to the U.S. Department of Transportation,Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information. 1991 data do not include the 12 persons killed aboard a SkyWest commuter aircraft when it and a U.S. Airaircraft collided. For 2001, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are excluded, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed.SOURCES1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (P) 2009Total fatalitiesb37 37 6 77 21 24 25 9 14 46 0 12 5 13 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0Total seriously injured persons 14 14 11 31 7 2 6 1721227401001021Total accidentsc38 18 15 23 23 16 10 12 11 16 8 13 12 7 7 2 4 6 3 3 7 2Total accidents, fatal8738743215051201001000Aircraft-miles (millions) 192 301 450 434 508 555 594 550 591 246 51 52 45 43 42 47 47 46 47 46 (R) 46 46Rates per 100 million aircraft-milesFatalities 19.27 12.30 1.33 17.75 4.13 4.33 4.21 1.64 2.37 18.70 0.00 22.90 11.13 30.16 0.00 4.22 0.00 0.00 4.30 0.00 0.00 0.00Seriously injured persons 7.29 4.65 2.44 7.14 1.38 0.36 1.01 3.09 0.34 0.41 3.94 3.82 15.58 9.28 0.00 2.11 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.00 (R) 4.31 2.16Total accidentsd19.79 5.98 3.33 5.30 4.53 2.89 1.68 2.18 1.86 6.50 15.76 24.81 26.70 16.24 16.81 4.22 8.55 13.12 6.45 6.51 (R) 15.08 4.32Total accidentsd, fatal4.17 2.33 0.67 1.84 1.38 0.72 0.50 0.36 0.17 2.03 0.00 9.54 2.23 4.64 0.00 2.11 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.00Aircraft departures (thousands) 1,777 2,561 3,160 2,820 3,115 3,602 3,581 3,220 3,515 1,394 707 672 604 558 513 572 538 527 568 593 (R) 576 566Rates per 100 thousand aircraft departuresFatalities 2.08 1.44 0.19 2.73 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.28 0.40 3.30 0.00 1.78 0.83 2.33 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00Seriously injured persons 0.79 0.55 0.35 1.10 0.22 0.06 0.17 0.53 0.06 0.07 0.28 0.30 1.16 0.72 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 (R) 0.35 0.18Total accidentsd2.14 0.70 0.47 0.82 0.74 0.44 0.28 0.37 0.31 1.15 1.13 1.93 1.99 1.25 1.36 0.35 0.74 1.14 0.53 0.51 (R) 1.21 0.35Total accidentsd, fatal0.45 0.27 0.09 0.28 0.22 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.36 0.00 0.74 0.17 0.36 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00Flight hours (thousands) 1,176 1,737 2,342 2,292 2,335 2,638 2,784 2,628 2,757 983 354 343 370 300 274 319 302 300 301 292 (R) 293 292Rates per 100 thousand flight hoursFatalities 3.15 2.13 0.26 3.36 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.34 0.51 4.68 0.00 3.50 1.35 4.33 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00Seriously injured persons 1.19 0.81 0.47 1.35 0.30 0.08 0.22 0.65 0.07 0.10 0.57 0.58 1.89 1.33 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 (R) 0.68 0.34Total accidentsd3.23 1.04 0.64 1.00 0.98 0.61 0.36 0.46 0.40 1.63 2.26 3.79 3.25 2.33 2.56 0.63 1.32 2.00 1.00 1.03 (R) 2.39 0.68Total accidentsd, fatal0.68 0.40 0.13 0.35 0.30 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.51 0.00 1.46 0.27 0.67 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air CarrieraSafety DataKEY:P= preliminary; R = revised.bTotal fatalities for 1991 on U.S. air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, scheduled service do not include the 22 persons killed aboard a largecertificated aircraft when it collided with a commuter aircraft.cAn attempted suicide case in 1992 is included in accidents but excluded in accident rates in this table.aAir carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, scheduled service. Includes accidents involving all-cargo air carriers when those accidents occurredduring scheduled 14 CFR 135 operations. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years' data.Fatalities, accidents, aircraft-miles, aircraft departures, and flight hours:1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, Apr. 28, 2010.dRates are based on all accidents, including some that involve operators not reporting mileage or other traffic data to the U.S.Department ofTransportation.NOTESMiles, departures, and hours are compiled by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Rates arecomputed bydividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of miles, departures, or flight hours. Thesefigures are based on information provided by airlines to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative TechnologyAdministration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information.1980: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, CalendarYear 1980,NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and 40.1980-85: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).Serious injuries:1985-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 8, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as ofApr. 22, 2010.SOURCES1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Total fatal accidents6 4 4 1 4 3 5 4 1 2 36 0 2 2 3 2 1 2Phase of operationApproach / descent / landing1 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 2 1 0 0 0Taxi/takeoff / climb3 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 22 0 1 0 1 1 0 0Cruise (in-flight)c1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Standing (static)1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 00 0 1 0 1 1(R) 1 0Maneuvering0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other / not reported0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0(R) 0 2Table 2-11: U.S. Air CarrieraFatal Accidents by First Phase of OperationbaCarriers operating under 14 CFR 121. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 applied only to aircraft with more than 30 seats or amaximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seatsthat formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent data.KEY:R = revised.National Transportation Safety Board, personal communications, July 2, 2009.bFirst phase of operation is the phase of flight in which the first occurrence leading to the accident happened.cCruise (in-flight) numbers for 2001 are unusually high because of the incidents occurring on September 11, 2001.NOTESOURCE2008 data are preliminary.1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL fatal accidents3874321505120100100Phase of operationApproach / descent / landing0351201200100100000Taxi/takeoff / climb0011010102020000000Cruise (in-flight)2211100003000000(R) 1 0 0Standing (static)0101000000000000000Maneuveringb1100010200000000000Other / not reported0100000000000000(R) 0 0 0KEY:R = revised.a14 CFR 135, scheduled operations. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20,1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 datawith more recent years' data.SOURCETable 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air CarrieraFatal Accidents by First Phase of OperationNational Transportation Safety Board, personal communications, July 2, 2009.bIncludes instructional flights performing turns and agricultural flights for spraying and buzzing (repeated passes over aparticular location).NOTEFirst Phase of Operation is the part of the flight where the problem leading to the accident first occurs.1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 (P) 2009Total fatalities69 105 76 51 78 68 42 63 52 63 39 45 38 71 60 35 42 64 18 16 43 69 17Total seriously injured personsU 434436 26 19 24 32 14 22 23 10 15 12 24 16 12 17 20 11 20 12 4Total accidents152 171 157 107 88 76 69 85 75 90 82 77 748072 60 73 66 65 52 62 58 47Total accidents, fatal24 46 35 29 28 24 19 26 24 29 15 17 12 22 18 18 18 23 11 10 14 20 2Flight hours (thousands)2,526 3,618 2,570 2,249 2,241 2,844 2,324 2,465 2,486 3,220 3,098 3,802 3,204 3,930 2,997 2,911 2,927 3,238 3,815 3,742 4,033 3,205 2,875Rates per 100,000 flight hoursbFatalities2.73 2.90 2.96 2.27 3.48 2.39 1.81 2.56 2.09 1.96 1.26 1.18 1.19 1.81 2.00 1.20 1.43 1.98 0.47 0.43 1.07 2.15 0.59Seriously injured personsU 1.19 1.71 1.60 1.16 0.67 1.03 1.30 0.56 0.68 0.74 0.26 0.47 0.31 0.80 0.55 0.41 0.53 0.52 0.29 0.50 0.37 0.14Total accidents6.02 4.73 6.11 4.76 3.93 2.67 2.97 3.45 3.02 2.80 2.65 2.03 2.312.042.40 2.06 2.49 2.04 1.70 1.39 1.54 1.81 1.63Total accidents, fatal0.95 1.27 1.36 1.29 1.25 0.84 0.82 1.05 0.97 0.90 0.48 0.45 0.37 0.56 0.60 0.62 0.61 0.71 0.29 0.27 0.35 0.62 0.07Table 2-13: U.S. On-Demand Air TaxiaSafety DataaAir carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service. Accidents on foreign soil and in foreign waters are excluded.bRates are computed by dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of flight hours.NOTEHours are estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.KEY:P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, July 1, 2010.SOURCESFatalities, accidents and flight hours:1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data:U.S. Air Carrier Operations,Calendar Year 1981,NTSB/ARC-85/01(Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.1985-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 9, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htm as of July 6, 2010.Serious injuries:1980-85: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).1960d1965d1970d1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 (R) 1992 1993 1994 (R) 1995 1996 1997 (R) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (R) 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009Total fatalities 787 1,029 1,310 1,252 1,239 956 770 800 866 744 730 734 636 631 624 621 596 562 581 633 559 563 706 496 494 474Total seriously injured persons U U 715 769 681 501 409 431 408 385 415 396 366 350 327 322 309 321 297 323 265 271 265 255 258 278Total accidentsa,b4,793 5,196 4,712 3,995 3,590 2,739 2,242 2,197 2,110 2,064 2,021 2,055 1,908 (R) 1,840 1,902 1,905 1,837 1,727 1,715 (R) 1,741 1,617 1,670 1,523 (R) 1,652 1,566 1,474Total accidentsa,b, fatal429 538 641 633 618 498 444 439 450 401 404 412 361 350 364 340 345 325 345 352 314 321 308 288 275 272Flight hours (thousands) 13,121 16,733 26,030 28,799 36,402 28,322 28,510 27,678 24,780 22,796 22,235 24,906 24,881 25,591 25,518 29,246 27,838 25,431 25,545 25,998 24,888 23,168 23,963 23,819 22,805 20,456Rates per 100,000 flight hourscFatalities6.00 6.15 5.03 4.35 3.40 3.38 2.70 2.89 3.49 3.26 3.28 2.95 2.56 2.47 2.45 2.12 2.14 2.21 2.27 2.43 2.25 2.43 2.95 2.08 2.17 2.32Seriously injured personsU U 2.75 2.67 1.87 1.77 1.43 1.56 1.65 1.69 1.87 1.59 1.47 1.37 1.28 1.10 1.11 1.27 1.16 1.24 1.06 1.17 1.11 1.07 1.13 1.36Total accidentsa,b36.53 31.05 18.10 13.87 9.86 9.67 7.86 7.94 8.51 9.05 9.09 8.25 7.67 (R) 7.19 7.45 6.51 6.60 6.79 6.71 (R) 6.70 6.50 7.21 6.36 (R) 6.94 6.87 7.21Total accidents, fatala,b3.27 3.22 2.46 2.20 1.70 1.76 1.56 1.59 1.82 1.76 1.82 1.65 1.45 1.37 1.43 1.16 1.24 1.28 1.35 1.35 1.26 1.39 1.29 1.21 1.21 1.331990-2009: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communication, July 1, 2010.Serious injuries:1970-85: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).NOTESFlight hours are estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970,NTSB/ARG-74/1(Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117.1975-2009: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics: U.S. General Aviation,table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Stats.htmas of July 23, 2010.2009 data are preliminary.Table 2-14: U.S. General AviationaSafety DataSOURCESFatalities, accidents, flight hours and rates per 100,000 flight hours:KEY:U = data are unavailable; R = revised.aU.S. registered civil aircraft not operated under 14 CFR 121 or 14 CFR 135. Accidents on foreign soil and in foreign waters are excluded. Suicide, sabotage, andstolen/unauthorized cases included in accidents and fatalities but excluded from accident rates in this table are: 1985 (11 accidents, 6 fatal accidents); 1990 (4,1);1991 (8,5); 1992 (2,1); 1993 (5,4); 1994 (3,2); 1995 (10,6); 1996 (4,0); 1997 (5,2); 1998 (6,4); 1999 (3,1); 2000 (7,7); 2001 (3,1); 2002 (7,6); 2003 (4,3); 2004 (3,0);2005 (2,1); 2006 (2,1); 2007 (2,2); 2008 (2,0); 2009 (2,0).bSince April 1995, the National Transportation Safety Board has been required by law to investigate all public-use accidents, increasing the number of NTSBreported general aviation accidents by approximately 1.75%.cRates are computed by dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of flight hours, except for the exclusionsmentioned in footnote a.dData for 1960, 1965, and 1970 include air taxi.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Total, all degrees of hazard 568 758 454 348 311 254 275 238 194 238 211 257 239 211 180 (R) 161 (R) 144 (R) 138 (R) 106 (R) 110 93Criticala118 180 74 52 46 35 47 32 26 31 22 28 30 37 26 15 16 14 (R) 6 (R) 14 10Potentialb319 423 266 197 195 158 139 139 101 105 100 110 130 96 85 88 62 (R) 78 (R) 55 (R) 53 43No hazardc122 133 114 99 70 61 71 63 55 70 53 55 49 51 42 (R) 37 31 20 (R) 17 (R) 21 12Unclassifiedd9 22 0 0 0 0 18 4 12 32 36 64 30 27 27 21 (R) 35 (R) 26 (R) 28 (R) 22 28NMAC involving aircraft operating under 14 CFR 121eU U 136 117 76 60 71 50 56 82 70 66 75 48 53 (R) 55 (R) 44 (R) 42 24 (R) 24 81990-2008: Ibid.,Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) System, database query,available at https://www.nasdac.faa.gov/as of July 27, 2009.1990-2008: Ibid.,Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) System,database query, available at https://www.nasdac.faa.gov/as of July 27, 2009.NMAC involving 121 aircraft:KEY:R = revised; U = data are not available.aA situation where collision avoidance was due to chance, rather than an act on the part of the pilot. Less than 100 feet of aircraft separationwould be considered critical.cWhen direction and altitude would have made a midair collision improbable regardless of evasive action taken.Table 2-15: Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions (NMAC) by Degree of HazardAll data except NMAC involving 121 aircraft:bAn incident that would probably have resulted in a collision if no action had been taken by either pilot. Less than 500 feet would usually berequired in this case.1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Air Traffic Resource Management, personal communication,Aug. 6, 2002.SOURCESdNo determination could be made due to insufficient evidence or unusual circumstances, or because incident is still under investigation.eBefore Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 applied only to aircraft with more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500pounds. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 125. Thischangemakes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years' data.NOTESNMACs are reported voluntarily to the FAA so these numbers may not be representative. Reporters consist of pilots of air carriers, generalaviation and other aircraft involved in public-use operations. Incidents involving military aircraft may be included if they also involved a civilianaircraft.1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,Aviation Safety Statistical Handbook AnnualReport(Washington, DC: Annual issues) and personal communication, Aug. 6, 2002.20022003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Enplanements(R) 551,960,680 (R) 583,293,766 (R) 629,769,620 (R) 657,261,487 (R) 658,362,620 (R) 679,185,450 (R) 651,721,539 617,977,733Total prohibited items3,775,345 6,114,612 7,089,599 15,887,596 13,711,759 6,516,022 972,810 129,461Firearms927 683 650 2,217 2,075 1,416 902 889Knivesb1,036,697 1,961,849 2,058,652 1,822,752 1,607,125 1,056,687 626,182UBox cuttersb32,78820,99122,35021,31515,99911,9086,284UOther cutting instrumentsb1,846,207 2,973,413 3,567,731 3,276,691 163,419 101,38759,459UClubsb11,13125,13928,81320,53112,2969,4436,447UIncendiaries79,341 494,123 693,649 398,830 113,70089,623 116,200 127,176Otherb768,254 638,414 717,754 10,345,260 11,797,145 5,245,558 157,3361,396b2008 consists of data up to Aug. 8, 2008 with the exception ofFirearmsandIncendiaries. TSA has stopped the collection of data on all prohibited items except forFirearmsandIncendiariesas of Aug. 8, 2008.Clubsincludes martial arts items, baseball bats, night sticks, hammers, pool cues, and billy clubs.Firearmsincludes any weapon (including a starter gun) that is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive, as well as spear guns, BB guns, flarepistols, compressed air guns, and stunning devices.Otherrefers to tools, self-defense items, compressed gas cylinders, bleach, lighters, and certain sporting goods. Lighters (except for torch lighters and micro torches) were removed from theprohibited items list effective Aug. 4, 2007.Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Intercepted at Airport Screening CheckpointsaKEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.The large increase in 2005 and decrease in 2007 was primarily due to the prohibition of lighters on board from April 2005 to August 2007. Fluctuations in counts can be attributed to changes indefinitions and regulations governing prohibited items, in addition to the proportion of passengers carrying prohibited items and the intensity of search.Other cutting instrumentsinclude scissors, hatchets, swords, sabers, meat cleavers, ice axes, and picks. Effective Dec. 22, 2005, scissors less than 4 inches and tools less than 7 inches wereno longer prohibited.Knivesinclude any length and type except round-bladed, butter, and plastic cutlery.U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration,Performance Measurement Information System(PMIS) and personal communication, November 2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,T-100 Domestic Market Data, as ofNovember 2010.aAll data for 2002, except enplanements, are for April through December.NOTES:Enplanements:SOURCESAll data, except enplanements:

# 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Enplanements (R) 551,960,680 (R) 583,293,766 (R) 629,769,620 (R) 657,261,487 (R) 658,362,620 (R) 679,185,450 (R) 651,721,539 617,977,733

Total prohibited items 3,775,345 6,114,612 7,089,599 15,887,596 13,711,759 6,516,022 972,810 129,461

Firearms 927 683 650 2,217 2,075 1,416 902 889

Knives b 

# 1,036,697 1,961,849 2,058,652 1,822,752 1,607,125 1,056,687 626,182 U

Box cutters b 

# 32,788 20,991 22,350 21,315 15,999 11,908 6,284 U

Other cutting instruments b 

# 1,846,207 2,973,413 3,567,731 3,276,691 163,419 101,387 59,459 U

Clubs b 

# 11,131 25,139 28,813 20,531 12,296 9,443 6,447 U

Incendiaries 79,341 494,123 693,649 398,830 113,700 89,623 116,200 127,176

Other b 

# 768,254 638,414 717,754 10,345,260 11,797,145 5,245,558 157,336 1,396 

# Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Intercepted at Airport Screening Checkpoints a



# KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

The large increase in 2005 and decrease in 2007 was primarily due to the prohibition of lighters on board from April 2005 to August 2007. Fluctuations in counts can be attributed to changes in
definitions and regulations governing prohibited items, in addition to the proportion of passengers carrying prohibited items and the intensity of search.
Other cutting instruments include scissors, hatchets, swords, sabers, meat cleavers, ice axes, and picks. Effective Dec. 22, 2005, scissors less than 4 inches and tools less than 7 inches were no

longer prohibited.

Knives include any length and type except round-bladed, butter, and plastic cutlery.

Clubs includes martial arts items, baseball bats, night sticks, hammers, pool cues, and billy clubs.

Firearms includes any weapon (including a starter gun) that is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive, as well as spear guns, BB guns, flare

pistols, compressed air guns, and stunning devices.

Other refers to tools, self-defense items, compressed gas cylinders, bleach, lighters, and certain sporting goods. Lighters (except for torch lighters and micro torches) were removed from the
prohibited items list effective Aug. 4, 2007.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Performance Measurement Information System (PMIS) and personal communication, November 2010.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, T-100 Domestic Market Data , as of

November 2010. a 

# All data for 2002, except enplanements, are for April through December.

NOTES:

Enplanements: SOURCES

All data, except enplanements: b 

# 2008 consists of data up to Aug. 8, 2008 with the exception of Firearms and Incendiaries . TSA has stopped the collection of data on all prohibited items except for Firearms and Incendiaries as of Aug. 8, 2008.

# Section C Highway1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Fatalities 36,399 47,089 52,627 44,525 51,091 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,71741,94542,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 (R) 43,510 42,642Injured personsENN N N N N3,230,666 3,096,870 3,069,603 3,149,164 3,265,928 3,465,279 3,483,319 3,347,614 3,192,035 3,236,238 3,188,750 3,032,672 2,926,000 2,889,000 2,788,000 2,699,000 2,575,000CrashesENN N N N N6,471,202 6,117,359 6,000,310 6,105,915 6,495,988 6,699,415 6,769,583 6,624,149 6,334,573 6,279,036 6,393,624 6,322,896 6,316,000 6,328,000 6,181,000 6,159,000 5,973,000Vehicle-miles (millions)718,763 887,811 1,109,724 1,327,664 1,527,295 1,774,827 2,144,362 2,172,050 2,247,151 2,296,378 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,485,848 2,561,695 2,631,522 2,691,056 2,746,925 2,797,287 2,855,508 2,890,450 2,964,788 (R) 2,989,430 3,014,116Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities5.1 5.3 4.7 3.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 (R) 1.5 1.4Injured personsEN N N N N N 151 143 137 137 139 143 140 131 121 120 116 108 102 100 94(R) 90 85CrashesEN N N N N N 302 282 267 266 276 277 272 259 241 233 233 226 221 219 208(R) 206 198Table 2-17: Motor Vehicle Safety DataKEY:E = estimated; N = data do not exist; R = revised.SOURCESFatalities:1960-70: Estimated by U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration from data supplied by U.S. Departmentof Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, and individual state accident reports (adjusted to 30-daydeaths). Fatalitiesdata prior to 1975 have been adjusted to reflect the Fatality Analysis Reporting System's definition of a fatal crash as one that involves a motorvehicle on a trafficway, which results in the death of a vehicle occupant or a nonmotorist within 30 days of the crash.1975-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts 2006,DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: December 2006), table 2.Injured persons:1990-2001: Ibid.,Traffic Safety Facts 2002,DOT HS 809 620 (Washington, DC: January 2004), table 2.2002-06: Ibid.,Traffic Safety Facts 2006,DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: December 2006), table 2.Crashes:1990-2006: Ibid.,Traffic Safety Facts 2006,DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: December 2006), table 1.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.Vehicle-miles:1970-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics 2006(Washington, DC: 2006), table VM1,and similar tables in earlier editions.Fatality, injury, and crash rates:Calculated by U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

# 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008

Fatalities

Rural, total 29,545 24,492 25,786 23,978 24,510 24,889 24,751 25,185 23,640 23,396 25,693 25,203 24,740 23,549 23,099 22,707 20,807

Interstate 2,263 2,141 2,707 2,675 2,905 3,033 3,105 3,244 3,199 3,105 3,297 3,241 3,246 3,216 2,870 2,658 2,416

Other arterials a 

# 12,268 9,940 9,893 9,947 9,458 9,821 9,594 9,573 8,913 8,692 9,358 9,823 10,061 8,968 8,768 8,758 7,873

Collector b 

# 10,004 8,209 8,852 7,401 7,481 7,578 7,593 7,595 7,147 7,305 7,974 7,726 7,353 7,154 7,242 7,027 6,491

Local 5,010 4,202 4,334 3,955 4,666 4,457 4,459 4,773 4,381 4,294 5,064 4,413 4,080 4,211 4,219 4,264 4,027

Urban, total 21,546 19,333 18,813 17,839 17,555 17,078 16,143 15,970 15,695 15,219 16,759 16,825 17,161 17,752 18,309 17,467 15,956

Interstate 2,184 2,025 2,252 2,154 2,323 2,281 2,283 2,353 2,388 2,371 2,452 2,374 2,516 2,658 2,619 2,608 2,259

Other arterials a 

# 12,752 12,521 11,742 10,916 10,756 10,243 9,902 9,628 9,442 8,838 9,702 9,827 10,003 10,413 10,672 9,876 9,056

Collector 2,226 1,696 1,427 1,441 1,290 1,399 1,037 1,031 987 1,007 1,136 1,197 1,339 1,361 1,478 1,437 1,239

Local 4,384 3,091 3,392 3,328 3,186 3,155 2,921 2,958 2,878 3,003 3,469 3,427 3,303 3,320 3,540 3,546 3,402

Vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) (millions)

Rural, total 672,030 730,728 868,878 933,289 960,194 999,277 1,032,528 1,062,623 1,083,152 1,109,363 1,127,394 1,084,443 1,068,426 1,032,426 1,037,146 1,035,303 990,418

Interstate 135,084 154,357 200,173 223,382 232,565 240,255 251,520 260,166 268,180 273,619 280,609 269,650 266,245 256,642 257,915 256,438 243,290

Other arterials a 

# 262,774 282,803 330,866 368,595 378,847 392,057 403,484 413,320 420,599 427,482 433,930 417,299 409,413 396,455 394,582 393,465 374,273

Collector b 

# 189,468 206,669 240,460 236,148 241,030 254,100 257,868 264,453 267,231 272,074 274,869 262,799 260,664 250,701 251,367 251,514 241,158

Local 84,704 86,899 97,379 105,164 107,752 112,865 119,656 124,684 127,142 136,188 137,986 134,695 132,104 128,628 133,282 133,886 131,697

Urban, total 855,265 1,044,098 1,275,484 1,489,534 1,523,886 1,552,956 1,595,620 1,627,618 1,663,773 1,686,247 1,728,114 1,805,778 1,896,362 1,957,004 1,977,225 1,994,519 1,983,091

Interstate 161,242 216,188 278,901 341,528 351,579 361,433 374,622 383,259 393,465 399,986 409,208 432,757 455,538 470,925 477,287 483,315 476,091

Other arterials a 

# 484,189 578,270 699,233 815,170 834,623 846,627 862,996 878,153 900,392 913,936 937,935 974,933 1,021,705 1,051,088 1,060,266 1,068,130 1,062,226

Collector 83,043 89,578 106,297 126,929 129,310 130,146 131,905 131,603 135,372 137,921 141,964 154,453 162,218 170,265 173,216 174,661 175,389

Local 126,791 160,062 191,053 205,907 208,374 214,750 226,097 234,603 234,544 234,404 239,007 243,635 256,901 264,726 266,456 268,413 269,385

Fatality rates per 100 million vehicle miles

Rural, total 4.40 3.35 2.97 2.57 2.55 2.49 2.40 2.37 2.18 2.11 2.28 2.32 2.32 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.10

Interstate 1.68 1.39 1.35 1.20 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.19 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.11 1.04 0.99

Other arterials a 

# 4.67 3.51 2.99 2.70 2.50 2.50 2.38 2.32 2.12 2.03 2.16 2.35 2.46 2.26 2.22 2.23 2.10

Collector b 

# 5.28 3.97 3.68 3.13 3.10 2.98 2.94 2.87 2.67 2.68 2.90 2.94 2.82 2.85 2.88 2.79 2.69

Local 5.91 4.84 4.45 3.76 4.33 3.95 3.73 3.83 3.45 3.15 3.67 3.28 3.09 3.27 3.17 3.18 3.06

Urban, total 2.52 1.85 1.47 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.88 0.80

Interstate 1.35 0.94 0.81 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.47

Other arterials a 

# 2.63 2.17 1.68 1.34 1.29 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.05 0.97 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.99 1.01 0.92 0.85

Collector 2.68 1.89 1.34 1.14 1.00 1.07 0.79 0.78 0.73 0.73 0.80 0.77 0.83 0.80 0.85 0.82 0.71

Local 3.46 1.93 1.78 1.62 1.53 1.47 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.28 1.45 1.41 1.29 1.25 1.33 1.32 1.26

Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Fatalities data reflect original numbers received by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) from the National Highway Traffic Safety A dministration (NHTSA). Thus, the Fatalities
data in this table could be slightly different from the revised NHTSA numbers that appear in other tables in this volume.

SOURCES 

# Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System

a 

# Urban Other arterials is the sum of other freeways and expressways, other principal arterials, and minor arterials. Rural Other arterials is the sum of other principal arterials and minor

arterials.

b 

# Rural Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors.

NOTES KEY: R = revised.

Fatality rates:

Calculated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportatio n Statistics. Fatalities:

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table FI-220, available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009.

1996-97: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table FI-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of March 2009

. 1998-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table FI-20, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of April 2010

.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-202, available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of April 2010. Vehicle miles:1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200120022003 2004 2005 2006Total traffic fatalities44,525 51,091 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 (f) 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 (R) 43,510 42,642Occupant fatalities (by vehicle type)35,925 41,927 36,043 37,134 34,740 32,880 33,574 34,318 35,291 35,695 35,725 35,382 35,875 36,348 36,440 37,375 37,341 (R) 37,203 (R) 37,574 36,902Passenger car, total25,929 27,449 23,212 24,092 22,385 21,387 21,566 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 (R) 19,091 (R) 18,440 17,800Subcompacta3,834 7,299 7,993 8,309 7,694 7,028 6,968 7,060 6,791 6,618 6,838 6,012 5,504 5,291 4,886 4,674 4,073 3,681 (R) 2,979 2,630Compactb614 927 2,635 5,310 5,338 5,354 5,707 6,322 6,899 7,288 7,992 7,589 7,432 7,525 7,211 7,348 7,013 6,807 (R) 6,245 6,044Intermediatec1,869 3,878 4,391 4,849 4,681 4,418 4,483 4,407 4,666 4,670 3,308 3,273 3,556 4,115 4,426 4,709 4,857 4,900 (R) 5,548 5,420Fulld10,800 11,580 6,586 4,635 4,040 3,796 3,675 3,560 3,413 3,417 3,924 4,303 4,365 3,744 3,765 3,775 3,682 3,603 (R) 3,276 3,277Unknown8,812 3,765 1,607 989 632 791 733 648 654 512 137 17 5 24 32 63 100 100 (R) 392 429Trucke, total5,817 8,748 7,666 9,306 9,052 8,683 9,116 9,574 10,216 10,553 10,972 11,447 12,024 12,280 12,431 12,963 13,272 13,440 (R) 13,841 13,526Light4,856 7,486 6,689 8,601 8,391 8,098 8,511 8,904 9,568 9,932 10,249 10,705 11,265 11,526 11,723 12,274 12,546 12,674 (R) 13,037 12,721Large961 1,262 977 705 661 585 605 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 726 766 (R) 804 805Other vehicles, total4,179 5,730 5,165 3,736 3,303 2,810 2,892 2,747 2,652 2,637 2,554 2,741 2,989 3,369 3,689 3,843 4,344 4,672 (R) 5,293 5,576Motorcycle3,189 5,144 4,564 3,244 2,806 2,395 2,449 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 3,714 4,028 (R) 4,576 4,810Bus53 46 57 32 31 28 18 18 33 21 18 38 59 22 34 45 41 42 5827Other / unknown vehicle type937 540 544 460 466 387 425 409 392 455 420 409 447 450 458 528 589 602 (R) 659 739Nonoccupant fatalities, total8,600 9,164 7,782 7,465 6,768 6,370 6,576 6,398 6,526 6,368 6,288 6,119 5,842 5,597 5,756 5,630 5,543 5,532 (R) 5,864 5,740Pedestrian7,516 8,070 6,808 6,482 5,801 5,549 5,649 5,489 5,584 5,449 5,321 5,228 4,939 4,763 4,901 4,851 4,774 4,675 (R) 4,892 4,784Pedalcyclist1,003 965 890 859 843 723 816 802 833 765 814 760 754 693 732 665 629 727 (R) 786 773Other81 129 84 124 124 98 111 107 109 154 153 131 149 141 123 114 140 130 (R) 186 1832005 - 2006:Ibid, Traffic Safety Facts, A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates SystemDOT HS 810 631and DOT HS 810 818, Table 75, Internet site http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2005.PDF and http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2006.PDFas of April 21, 20081997-2004: Ibid.,Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note: Passenger Vehicle Occupant Fatality Rates by Type and Size of Vehicle,DOT HS 809 979(Washington, DC: 2006), table 4, Internet site http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/RNotes/2006/809979.pdf as of Mar. 25, 2008.1975-96: Ibid.,personal communications, Dec. 18, 2003, Nov. 17, 2004, and Mar. 15, 2005.1975-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts2006, DOT HS 809 919 (Washington, DC: 2006), table 4.Breakout of passenger car types:fIncludes two fatalities that could not be assigned to a category below.SOURCESTable 2-19: Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant FatalitiesdIncludes cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches or greater.eLarge trucks - trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Light trucks - trucks of 10,000 poundsgross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles.KEY:R = revised; U = data are not availablecIncludes cars with a wheelbase of between 105 and 109 inches.bIncludes cars with a wheelbase of between 100 and 104 inches.aIncludes minicompact cars (wheelbase under 95 inches) and subcompact cars (wheelbase between 95 and 99 inches).FatalAIFatalAIFatalAIFatal AI FatalAIFatalAIFatalAIFatalAIFatal AI Fatal AI FatalAIFatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal AI Fatal Al Fatal Al Fatal Al Fatal AlTOTAL fatalities 43,825 23,167 44,599 22,587 41,508 20,159 39,250 18,290 40,150 17,908 40,716 17,308 41,817 17,732 42,065 17,749 42,013 16,711 41,501 16,673 41,717 16,572 41,945 17,380 42,196 17,400 43,005 17,524 42,643 17,013 42,636 16,694 43,443 16,885 42,708 17,738 41,259 17,158 37,423 15,449 33,808 14,188AI as a percent of total fatalities52.950.648.646.644.642.542.442.239.840.239.741.441.240.739.939.238.941.541.641.342.0Motorist fatalities, TOTAL36,043 19,271 37,134 18,953 34,740 16,917 32,880 15,301 33,574 14,857 34,318 14,437 35,291 14,796 35,695 14,830 35,725 14,051 35,382 13,896 35,875 13,958 36,348 14,834 36,440 14,708 37,375 14,954 37,132 14,476 37,142 14,196 37,594 14,370 36,956 14,959 35,701 14,487 32,103 12,962 28,936 11,890Single-vehicle crashes17,130 10,882 18,159 11,162 17,280 10,208 15,958 9,045 15,932 8,761 15,997 8,330 16,732 8,868 16,723 8,781 16,529 8,244 16,666 8,417 17,075 8,516 17,471 8,964 17,753 8,973 18,600 9,238 18,175 8,939 18,288 8,808 18,806 9,016 18,890 9,376 18,472 9,246 17,121 8,554 15,386 7,806Two-vehicle crashes16,467 7,296 16,262 6,676 15,025 5,821 14,449 5,341 15,161 5,205 15,664 5,219 15,744 5,017 15,935 5,084 16,218 4,904 15,742 4,638 15,726 4,562 15,758 4,854 15,618 4,739 15,628 4,744 15,795 4,606 15,737 4,492 15,649 4,449 15,070 4,622 14,349 4,313 12,648 3,684 11,458 3,443More than two-vehicle crashes2,446 1,093 2,713 1,115 2,435 888 2,473 916 2,481 891 2,657 888 2,815 911 3,037 965 2,978 904 2,974 841 3,074 880 3,119 1,016 3,069 996 3,147 972 3,162 931 3,117 896 3,139 905 2,996 961 2,880 929 2,334 723 2,092 641Nonmotorist fatalities, TOTAL7,782 3,897 7,465 3,636 6,768 3,241 6,370 2,989 6,576 3,051 6,398 2,871 6,526 2,936 6,368 2,919 6,288 2,660 6,119 2,777 5,842 2,613 5,597 2,546 5,756 2,693 5,630 2,571 5,511 2,535 5,494 2,498 5,849 2,515 5,752 2,779 (R) 5,558 (R) 2,670 5,320 2,488 4,872 2,298Pedestrians fatalities, total6,808 3,575 6,482 3,264 5,801 2,891 5,549 2,721 5,649 2,735 5,489 2,578 5,584 2,607 5,449 2,593 5,321 2,350 5,228 2,463 4,939 2,314 4,763 2,254 4,901 2,371 4,851 2,292 4,749 2,253 4,641 2,211 4,881 2,180 4,795 2,401 4,699 2,334 4,414 2,168 4,092 1,997Pedestrians, single-vehicle crashes 6,342 3,278 5,990 2,966 5,302 2,588 5,099 2,454 5,180 2,464 5,027 2,308 5,110 2,364 5,024 2,358 4,876 2,112 4,801 2,228 4,516 2,074 4,340 2,015 4,480 2,123 4,445 2,069 4,292 2,014 4,207 1,976 4,443 1,946 4,332 2,138 4,305 2,110 4,006 1,930 3,736 1,806Pedestrians, multiple-vehicle crashes 466 297 492 298 499 303 450 267 469 271 462 270 474 243 425 235 445 239 427 235 423 240 423 239 421 248 406 223 457 239 434 234 438 234 463 263 394 224 408 237 356 191Pedalcyclists fatalities, total890 284 859 315 843 305 723 228 816 279 802 262 833 290 765 265 814 252 760 268 754 270 693 246 732 283 665 243 622 238 725 248 784 281 772 311 701 281 718 265 630 252Pedalcyclists, single-vehicle crashes864 271 832 301 815 296 690 211 792 264 781 252 807 279 739 253 788 244 736 259 718 253 668 236 709 271 628 229 589 220 697 237 755 268 732 292 673 270 690 249 600 237Pedalcyclists, multiple-vehicle crashes 26 13 27 14 28 9 33 17 24 15 21 10 26 11 26 12 26 8 24 9 36 17 25 10 23 12 37 14 33 19 28 11 29 14 40 19 28 11 28 16 30 16Others/unknown84 38 124 57 124 45 98 39 111 37 107 31 109 39 154 61 153 58 131 47 149 29 141 46 123 39 114 36 140 46 128 39 184 54 185 67 158 55 188 55 150 49U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)Database,personal communications, Sept. 6, 2006, Dec. 9, 2008, Oct. 20, 2009, and Nov. 22, 2010Alcohol involvement pertains to any driver, pedestrian, or pedalcyclist involved in the accident. Alcohol results are determined from positive blood alcohol concentration tests andpolice-reported alcohol involvement and are adjusted by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.In 2001, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) adopted a new method, i.e., multiple imputation, to estimate missing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testresult data. This new method is being used by NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to improve the scope of alcohol involvement statistics by the FatalityAnalysis Reporting System (FARS). As a result, alcohol involvement fatalities have undergone a complete revision.The sum of individual categories may not add to totals because NCSA generates a separate estimate for each category of fatalities, including total fatalities. The estimates arerounded to the nearest whole number.SOURCESThe total motorist and nonmotorist fatalities data in this table are not comparable to total motorist and nonmotorist fatality data in other NTS tables that cite the U.S. Department ofTransportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration'sTraffic Safety Factspublication as a source.KEY:AI = Alcohol involvement; Fatal = fatalities; R = revised.NOTES1995199719941993199619922007200520062003200219982009Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and Alcohol Involvement (AI)(R) 200819991985 1990 19912004200120001/13/2011NTS 2002, NHTSA1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Fatalities 25,929 27,449 23,212 24,092 22,385 21,387 21,566 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 19,192 18,512 17,925 16,614 14,587Injured personsNNN 2,376,439 2,234,594 2,231,703 2,264,809 2,363,595 2,469,358 2,458,080 2,340,612 2,201,375 2,137,503 2,051,609 1,926,625 1,804,788 1,756,495 1,642,549 1,573,000 1,475,000 1,379,000 1,304,000Vehicles involved in crashesNNN (R) 8,357,085 (R) 7,730,291 (R) 7,521,817 (R) 7,450,233 (R) 7,941,273 (R) 8,279,940 (R) 8,195,727 (R) 7,882,059 (R) 7,470,040 (R) 6,935,027 (R) 6,890,802 (R) 6,705,586 (R) 6,606,374 (R) 6,511,562 (R) 6,231,682 (R) 6,087,169 (R) 5,864,260 5,744,856 (P) 5,575,376Vehicle-miles (millions)1,030,376 1,107,056 1,248,981 1,427,178 1,411,655 1,436,035 1,445,106 1,459,208 1,478,352 1,499,139 1,528,399 1,555,901 1,566,808 1,580,735 1,595,443 1,611,860 1,612,237 1,628,266 1,615,225 1,614,564 1,608,808 1,578,948Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities2.5 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9Injured personsNNN 167 158 155 157 162 167 164 153 141 136 130 121 112 109 10197918683Vehicles involved in crashesNNN (R) 586 (R) 548 (R) 524 (R) 516 (R) 544 (R) 560 (R) 547 (R) 516 (R) 480 (R) 443 (R) 436 (R) 420 (R) 410 (R) 404 (R) 383 (R) 377 (R) 363 357 (P) 353KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised.NOTESTable 2-21: Passenger Car Occupant Safety DataAll, except Vehicles involved in crashes: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts (Final Edition)(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 4 and 7 and similar tables in previous editions, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 23, 2010.Vehicles involved in crashes:Ibid.,Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Database,National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS GES) Database,personal communication,July 23, 2010.Vehicle-milesin this table and in table 2-23 are taken from NHTSA revised data and are not based exclusively on USDOT, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data. The change was made to reflect thedifferent vehicle classification schemes used by FHWA and NHTSA. Thus,Vehicle-milesfor passenger cars, and light and large trucks in this table and table 2-23 should not be compared withVehicle-milesinchapter 1, which are taken directly from FHWA.Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesfigures may differ from those in the source data due to rounding by the source.Vehicles involved in crashesfigures in this tableare not comparable to figures in previous editions due to a change in the source.SOURCES1975198019851990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Fatalities3,1895,1444,5643,2442,8062,3952,4492,3202,2272,1612,1162,2942,4832,8973,1973,2703,7144,0284,5764,8375,1545,290Injured personsNNN84,28580,43565,09959,43657,40557,48055,28152,57448,97449,98657,72360,23664,71367,10376,37987,00088,000103,00096,000Motorcycles involved in crashesNNN103,114105,03072,17774,56568,75266,35466,22461,45154,47757,32268,78373,34276,00479,13185,538103,000104,000123,000114,000Vehicle-miles (millions)5,62910,2149,0869,5579,1789,5579,90610,2409,7979,92010,08110,28310,58410,4699,6399,5529,57710,12210,45412,04913,612URates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities56.750.450.233.930.625.124.722.722.721.821.022.323.527.733.234.238.839.843.840.137.9UInjured personsNNN882876681600561587557522476472551625677701755832730757UMotorcycles involved in crashesNNN1,0791,144755753671677668610530542657761796826845985863904UTable 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety Data1975-2004: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,FatalityAnalysis Reporting System Database and General Estimates System Database, personal communication, May 25, 2006.2005-07: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics andAnalysis,TrafficSafety Facts,Final Edition, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 35, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of March 2009.KEY:N = data do not exist; U = data are unavailable.Motorcycles involved in crashes:2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic SafetyFacts, Early Edition, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 36, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of December 2, 2009.2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic SafetyFacts,Early Edition, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 10, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of December 2, 2009.SOURCESFatalities, injuries and vehicle-miles:1975-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,TrafficSafety Facts,Final Edition, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 10, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of March 2009.NOTESThe injury and crash data in this table are from NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES). The data from the GES, which began operation in1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes. The GES sample includes onlycrashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resultingfigures do nottake into account crashes that were not reported to the police or that did not result in property damage.1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200120022003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Fatalities, total 5,817 8,748 7,666 9,306 9,052 8,683 9,116 9,574 10,216 10,553 10,972 11,447 12,024 12,280 12,431 12,963 13,272 13,440 13,841 13,566 13,263 11,441Light4,856 7,486 6,689 8,601 8,391 8,098 8,511 8,904 9,568 9,932 10,249 10,705 11,26511,52611,723 12,274 12,546 12,674 13,037 12,761 12,458 10,764Large961 1,262 977 705 661 585 605 670 648 621 723 742 759754708 689 726 766 804 805 805 677Injured persons, totalNNN 546,966 590,632 578,435 632,976 661,619 752,840 794,238 785,733 791,273 879,757 917,398 889,951 905,580 915,941 927,458 899,000 880,000 864,000 791,000LightNNN 505,144 562,601 544,657 600,874 631,411 722,496 761,478 754,820 762,506 846,865 886,566 860,527 879,338 889,048 900,171 872,000 857,000 841,000 768,000LargeNNN 41,822 28,031 33,778 32,102 30,208 30,344 32,760 30,913 28,767 32,892 30,832 29,424 26,242 26,893 27,287 27,000 23,000 23,000 23,000Trucks involved in crashes, totalNNN 2,783,396 2,809,179 2,852,683 3,139,660 3,411,997 3,568,059 3,757,001 3,834,545 3,805,318 4,150,879 4,307,493 4,347,654 4,423,255 4,516,020 4,570,388 4,591,915 4,541,177 4,605,443 4,341,138LightNNN 2,398,620 2,478,832 2,476,648 2,742,332 2,951,353 3,190,587 3,363,246 3,396,628 3,393,363 3,675,959 3,850,498 3,917,831 3,988,668 4,059,299 4,154,486 4,150,964 4,156,411 4,191,810 3,962,072LargeNNN 384,776 330,347 376,035 397,328 460,644 377,472 393,755 437,917 411,955 474,920 456,995 429,823 434,587 456,721 415,902 440,951 384,766 413,633 379,066Vehicle-miles (millions)Light204,274 295,475 388,778 555,659 595,924 642,397 675,353 711,515 749,971 787,255 824,896 861,951 903,314 942,611 976,096 1,012,648 1,043,936 1,098,807 1,134,247 1,158,460 1,175,930 1,145,505Large81,330 108,491 123,504 146,242 149,543 153,384 159,888 170,216 178,156 182,971 191,477 196,380 202,688 205,520 209,032 214,603 217,917 220,792 222,523 222,513 227,060 227,458Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalitiesLight2.4 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9Large1.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3Injured personsLightNNN 90.9 94.4 84.8 89.0 88.7 96.3 96.7 91.5 88.5 93.8 94.1 88.2 86.8 85.2 81.9 76.9 74.0 71.5 67.0LargeNNN 28.6 18.7 22.0 20.1 17.7 17.0 17.9 16.1 14.6 16.2 15.0 14.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.1 10.3 10.1 10.1Trucks involved in crashesLightNNN 432 416 386 406 415 425 427 412 394 407 408 401 394 389 378 366 359 356 346LargeNNN 263 221 245 249 271 212 215 229 210 234 222 206 203 210 188 198 173 182 167Fatalities, injuries, and vehicle-miles:1975-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts 2008 (Final Edition)(Washington, DC: AnnualIssues), tables 8 and 9, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of April 2010.Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesfigures may not match those in the source data due to rounding by the source. The categoryTrucks involved in crashes, total, is not comparable to the categoryCrashes, thatappeared in this table in 2008 and previous editions.Table 2-23: Truck Occupant Safety DataKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.Trucks involved in crashes:1975-2008: Ibid., National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) DatabaseandGeneral Estimates System (NASS GES) Database, personal communications, May 25,2006 and July 23, 2010.NOTESLargetrucks - trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors.Lighttrucks - trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups,vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles. The injury and crash data in this table are from the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA)General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes. The GES sampleincludes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to thepolice or that did not result in property damage.Vehicle-milesin this table and in table 2-19 are taken from NHTSA revised data and are not based exclusively on USDOT, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data, as they have been in earlier reports. Thechange was made to reflect the different vehicle classification schemes used by FHWA and NHTSA. Thus,Vehicle-milesfor passenger cars andLightandLargetrucks in table 2-19 and this table should not becompared withVehicle-milesin Chapter 1, which are taken directly from FHWA.SOURCES1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Fatalities 53 46 57 32 31 28 18 18 33 21 18 38 59 22 34 45 41 42 58 27 36 67Injured persons N N N 32,691 20,959 20,144 17,056 15,767 19,214 20,291 16,887 15,559 21,958 17,769 15,427 18,819 18,174 16,410 11,000 10,000 12,000 15,000Vehicles involved in crashesN N N (R) 61,289 (R) 56,274 (R) 49,285 (R) 52,263 (R) 56,258 (R) 58,271 (R) 57,326 (R) 54,297 (R) 53,289 (R) 62,319 (R) 56,325 (R) 54,292 (R) 58,274 (R) 58,291 (R) 52,279 (R) 51,280 (R) 52,305 57,281 (P) 60,247Vehicle-miles (millions)6,055 6,059 4,478 5,726 5,750 5,778 6,125 6,409 6,420 6,563 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 6,801 6,980 6,783 6,980 7,114Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesFatalities0.9 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9Injured personsN N N 571 365 349 278 246 299 309 247 222 287 234 218 275 268 241 158 147 172 211Vehicles involved in crashesN N N (R) 1,070 (R) 979 (R) 853 (R) 853 (R) 878 (R) 908 (R) 873 (R) 794 (R) 761 (R) 813 (R) 742 (R) 767 (R) 851 (R) 859 (R) 769 (R) 735 (R) 771 821 (P) 847aBus includes school, transit, and intercity buses.KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised.Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety DataaNOTESRates per 100 million vehicle-milesfigures may differ from those in the source data due to rounding by the source.1975-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts 2008(Final Edition)(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 4, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of April2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Fatality Analysis Reporting System(FARS) Database,National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS GES) Database, personal communications, May 25, 2006, and July23, 2010.The injury and crash data in this table are from the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) GeneralEstimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all policereported crashes. The GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death.The resulting figures do not take into account crashes that were not reported to the police or that did not result in property damage.1975-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A,available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of March 2009.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of April 2010.Vehicles involved in crashes:Vehicle-miles:Fatalities, and injuries:SOURCESStateAL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO TotalBan on handheld devicesY YYY YBan on textingY YYYYYY Y Y YYYY YYYYState MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TXUTVTVA WA WV WI WYPRBan on handheld devicesYY Y Y Y10Ban on textingY YY YY Y Y Y YYYY YY31Table 2-25: State Laws on Distracted Driving- Ban on Hand-Held Devices and Texting While Driving: 2010NOTES:While nine states have universal bans on hand-held devices and texting, many other states have partial bans oneither or both that restrict use for novice drivers or bus drivers. In Iowa and Virginia, secondary enforcement is applied totexting while driving. In Maryland, secondary enforcement is applied to using hand-held devices while driving. Delaware'sbans, while passed in 2010, are in effect as of Jan. 2, 2011.SOURCE:U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,State Laws on DistractedDriving, available at http://www.distraction.gov/state-laws/ as of Mar. 18, 2011.1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199819992000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 (P) 2009Total fatalities 43,825 44,599 41,508 39,250 40,150 40,716 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,88442,836 43,51042,708 41,259 37,423 33,808Fatalities in alcohol-related crashes (BAC = .01+)21,098 20,607 18,307 16,401 16,039 15,626 15,893 15,866 14,973 14,899 14,790 15,746 15,731 15,793 15,42315,311 15,98515,970 15,534 13,826 12,744Percent 48.1 46.2 44.1 41.8 39.9 38.4 38.0 37.7 35.6 35.9 35.5 37.5 37.3 36.7 36.0 35.7 36.7 37.4 37.6 36.9 37.7BAC = 0.00Number22,589 23,823 23,025 22,726 23,979 24,948 25,768 26,052 26,902 26,477 26,798 26,082 26,334 27,080 27,32827,413 27,42326,633 25,611 23,499 20,961Percent 51.5 53.4 55.5 57.9 59.7 61.3 61.6 61.9 64.0 63.8 64.2 62.2 62.4 63.0 63.7 64.0 63.0 62.4 62.1 62.8 62.0BAC = 0.01 - 0.07Number2,974 2,901 2,480 2,352 2,300 2,236 2,416 2,415 2,216 2,353 2,235 2,422 2,441 2,321 2,3272,212 2,4042,479 2,494 2,115 1,905Percent 6.8 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.6BAC = 0.08+Number18,125 17,705 15,827 14,049 13,739 13,390 13,478 13,451 12,757 12,546 12,555 13,324 13,290 13,472 13,09613,099 13,58213,491 13,041 11,711 10,839Percent 41.4 39.7 38.1 35.8 34.2 32.9 32.2 32.0 30.4 30.2 30.1 31.8 31.5 31.3 30.5 30.6 31.2 31.6 31.6 31.3 32.1Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in Highway CrashesU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts 2009: Early Edition(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 13, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/Index.aspx as of Feb. 1, 2011.KEY:BAC = blood alcohol concentration; P = preliminary; R = revised.NOTESBACvalues have been assigned by U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) when alcohol test results are unknown.Alcohol-related crashes pertain to the BAC of the driver and nonoccupants struck by motor vehicles. For some years, numbers forFatalities in alcohol-related crashes (BAC =.01+)may not add to totals due to rounding.In 2001, the NHTSA adopted a new method to estimate missing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test result data. This new method, multiple imputation, is being used byNHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to improve the scope of alcohol involvement statistics by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. As a result of themethodology change, BAC 0.08 breakouts, which coincide with many state laws, can now be determined. Thus, NHTSA's general reporting categories have been modified toreflect this and are nowBAC 0.00,BAC 0.01-0.07, andBAC 0.08+.SOURCE1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006BAC = 0.08 per se lawsa2 4 5 10 13 13 15 16 (c) 18 (c) 20 (d, R) 29 (d) 33 (d) 47 (d) 52 (d) 52BAC level 0.02 or less for persons youngerthan 21 years0 0 3 12 (c) 28 (c) 38 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51 (c) 51Administrative license revocation (ALR) forDUI / DWI offendersb(c) 21 (c) 27 (c) 30 (c) 33 (c) 38 (c) 40 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 41 (c) 42 (c) 42 (c) 422002: Ibid., Impaired Driving Division, personal communication, Feb. 5, 2004.cIncludes the District of Columbia.dIncludes the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.2003-06: Ibid.,.08 BAC Laws(Washington, DC: 2004), Internet sitehttp://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/blood.htm as Oct. 19, 2004 and personal communication, Aug. 21, 2004,and Aug. 17, 2007.SOURCES0.02 BAC and Administrative license revocation:1986-98: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Programs,Research and Evaluation Division, personal communications, Apr. 9, 1999 and Oct. 4, 1999.1986-2000: Ibid.,Presidential Initiative for Making 0.08 BAC the National Legal Limit, A Progress Report, Internet sitehttp://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/limit.08/08progressreport/index.html as of Aug. 13, 2001.0.08 BAC:2001: Ibid.,Setting Limits, Saving Lives(Washington, DC: April 2001), DOT HS 809-241.Table 2-27: Number of States with Different Types of Anti-DUI / DWI Legislation in Effect as of January 1 of theListed YearKEY:BAC = blood alcohol concentration; DUI = driving under the influence; DWI = driving while intoxicated; R = revised.1999-2000, 2002-03: Ibid., Impaired Driving Division, personal communications, May 22, 2000, Feb. 5, 2004, and Oct. 15,2004.2001: Ibid.,Setting Limits, Saving Lives(Washington, DC: April 2001), DOT HS 809-241.NOTENational Uniform Minimum Drinking Age Act, which standardized the minimum drinking age at 21, was enacted in 1984.aPer se law makes it illegal in and of itself to drive with an alcohol concentration measured at or above a certain level.bStates that impose additional thresholds for ALR beyond those imposed for DUI/DWI are not included in these figures.1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL fatal crashes 39,836 36,937 34,942 35,780 36,254 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 37,526 37,862 38,491 38,477 38,444 39,252 38,648 37,435 34,016Day of weekSunday16.1 16.2 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.2 15.8 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.0 15.9 16.0 16.2 15.9 16.8 16.6 16.3Monday11.7 11.5 11.6 12.1 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.3 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.2 12.8 12.1Tuesday11.5 11.5 11.5 11.8 11.7 11.8 12.4 11.9 12.4 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.4 12.2 11.6 11.8 12.2 11.6 12.4Wednesday11.5 11.9 12.3 12.0 12.3 11.9 12.2 13.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.2 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.5 12.3Thursday12.6 12.5 13.3 13.0 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.0 12.1 12.9 13.0 12.7 12.8 12.8 13.3 12.9 12.8 12.4 12.7Friday 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.3 16.3 16.6 16.1 16.1 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.2 15.8 15.7 16.0 15.7 15.5 15.5 15.8Saturday 20.0 19.9 19.3 19.0 18.6 18.5 18.2 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.5 18.2 18.2 18.4 18.1 18.6 18.3 18.5 18.5Unknown 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00Time of dayMidnight to 3 a.m. 15.7 15.3 14.3 13.8 13.1 12.8 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.5 12.5 13.1 12.5 12.4 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.23 a.m. to 6 a.m. 7.7 7.9 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.1 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.26 a.m. to 9 a.m. 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.2 9.5 9.9 9.7 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.9 10.0 9.6 9.59 a.m. to noon 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.0 9.7 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.7Noon to 3 p.m. 11.6 11.7 12.4 12.5 13.1 12.9 12.7 13.3 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.4 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.83 p.m. to 6 p.m. 15.7 15.7 16.0 16.0 16.6 16.8 16.9 16.6 16.8 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.0 16.6 16.3 16.5 15.6 16.0 15.76 p.m. to 9 p.m. 15.6 15.6 16.5 16.2 15.7 15.9 15.7 15.9 15.6 15.4 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.79 p.m. to midnight 15.9 15.8 15.3 14.7 14.3 14.6 14.6 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.7 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.8 13.8 14.3 14.1 14.6Unknown 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.80.80.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8Atmospheric conditionNormal 86.7 86.7 85.7 87.0 87.3 86.7 86.3 86.4 87.2 89.0 88.0 88.4 88.0 87.3 87.0 88.2 89.5 89.4 88.1Rain 9.3 9.0 10.0 8.7 8.3 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.8 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.8 7.8 8.3 7.4 7.3 6.4 7.1Snow/sleet 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.2 2.2 2.5Other/unknown 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.3Light conditionDaylight 45.0 45.4 46.0 47.7 49.5 48.7 49.3 50.3 50.5 50.7 50.5 50.8 49.2 50.2 50.0 49.5 48.4 48.5 48.3Dark, but lighted 17.7 17.4 17.4 16.4 15.6 16.0 15.9 15.6 14.9 15.0 15.9 15.7 16.1 15.7 15.8 15.9 16.5 16.8 17.1Dark 32.7 33.0 32.4 31.5 30.3 30.7 30.3 29.5 30.0 29.7 29.2 29.0 30.2 29.7 29.6 30.0 30.3 30.3 30.1Dawn or dusk 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.0Unknown 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS),WebBased Encyclopedia, available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of August 31, 2009.SOURCETable 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions (percent)1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008TOTAL fatal crashes 39,161 45,284 39,196 39,836 36,937 34,942 35,780 36,254 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 37,526 37,862 38,491 38,477 38,444 39,252 38,648 37,434 34,009Under 55 mph, total15,233 20,079 19,278 19,136 17,507 16,827 16,985 16,948 17,439 17,345 17,258 17,018 16,963 17,054 17,582 17,651 17,422 17,758 18,461 18,327 17,767 16,4075,10,15, 20, 25 mpha2,617 2,865 2,504 2,234 2,097 1,911 1,895 1,890 1,893 1,896 1,955 1,873 1,863 1,827 1,919 1,897 1,883 1,904 1,947 1,972 2,0541,87430, 35 mph6,099 8,5277,8907,756 6,908 6,696 6,759 6,565 6,681 6,445 6,383 6,025 5,946 6,079 6,260 6,090 5,995 6,064 6,337 6,347 5,9465,72540, 45 mph4,276 6,2566,8127,092 6,608 6,345 6,454 6,632 6,938 7,096 7,132 7,349 7,245 7,315 7,576 7,784 7,717 7,964 8,359 8,172 7,9947,28850 mph2,241 2,431 2,072 2,054 1,894 1,875 1,877 1,861 1,927 1,908 1,788 1,771 1,909 1,833 1,827 1,880 1,827 1,826 1,818 1,836 1,7731,52055 mph and above, total 16,095 20,352 18,871 19,749 18,630 17,450 18,144 18,698 19,140 19,460 19,251 19,333 19,373 19,735 19,416 19,898 19,995 19,780 19,857 19,252 18,675 16,70255 mph16,094 20,35218,86317,556 16,543 15,444 15,980 16,512 16,753 14,097 12,897 12,522 12,184 12,143 11,847 12,268 12,155 11,893 11,760 11,337 10,9979,79460 mph0 0 2 18 9 4 9 13 16 523 935 1,073 1,069 1,163 1,221 1,270 1,364 1,296 1,347 1,359 1,3321,21065 mph1 0 2 2,175 2,078 2,002 2,155 2,173 2,323 3,214 3,311 3,421 3,537 3,686 3,721 3,742 3,848 3,856 3,966 3,960 3,8163,41270 mph0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 381,282 1,633 1,835 2,079 2,230 2,116 2,027 2,039 2,127 2,198 2,077 2,0741,832Over 70 mph0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 344 475 482 504 513 511 591 589 608 586 519 456454Unknownb7,833 4,853 1,047 951 800 665 651 608 662 689 815 756 804 737 864 942 1,060 906 934 1,069 992 900Table 2-29: Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit1975-93: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Traffic Safety Facts 2000,DOT HS 809 337 (Washington, DC: December 2001), table 30, and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)Web-Based Encyclopedia, available athttp://www-fars.nthsa.dot.gov as of November 2003.1994-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality AnalysisReporting System (FARS),Web-Based Encyclopedia, available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/ as of August 31, 2009.KEY:mph = miles per hour; R = revised.aThe "No Statutory Limit" speed limit designation is included in this category.NOTESIn 1974, Congress enacted a national maximum speed limit of 55 miles per hour (mph). Amendments in 1987 and 1991 allowed states to increase speed limits to65 mph on rural Interstates and similar highways.The National Maximum Speed Limit was repealed in late 1995; speed limits are again set by the states, some of which have raised their maximum speed limits to70 mph or above.SOURCESbThe "blank" designation is included in this category1975-1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Total1975-2008Safety beltsa,b68,940 9,882 10,710 11,259 11,680 11,941 12,882 13,295 14,264 15,095 15,548 15,688 15,458 15,223 13,250 255,115Air bagsc730 536 783 973 1,208 1,491 1,716 1,978 2,324 2,519 2,660 2,752 2,824 2,800 2,546 27,840Motorcycle helmets 15,076 624 617 627 660 745 872 947 992 1,173 1,324 1,554 1,667 1,788 1,829 30,495Age 21 minimum legal drinking age 14,816 851 846 846 861 901 922 927 922 918 927 882 888 831 714 27,052Child restraints 3,107 408 480 444 438 447 479 388 383 447 455 424 427 388 244 8,959Table 2-31: Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Occupant Protection, Motorcycle Helmets, and Drinking Age LawKEY:R = revised.aRepresents all adults and children age 5 and older. Data are for passenger vehicles, which include cars, light trucks, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Excludes medium andheavy trucks.U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Traffic Safety Facts 2008 (Final Edition)(Washington DC: 2009), http://wwwnrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 6, 2010.bIn 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) revised its method for estimating lives saved by safety belts. The previous method included survey data fromstates with and without belt use laws. The current method relies on police-reported restraint use information for each individual occupant fatality. Also, the estimate now includeslives saved in passenger vehicles at all seating positions, where previously it had been front outboard positions only.cIn 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration revised the method for calculating lives saved by air bags.SOURCE

# Section D

Transit1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200120022003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Fatalitiesa339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 280 234 248 236 227 288 240Injuriesa,b54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 19,260 18,235 18,982 18,13119,238 20,625 23,222Accidentsb,c58,002 46,467 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 24,924 23,937 23,310 24,261 23,891 13,968 7,793 7,842 8,151 8,970 9,398 3,452Incidentsa,b,c(includes accidents)90,163 83,139 73,531 64,986 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898 58,149 30,331 19,797 20,939 21,01622,593 23,935 22,248Vehicle-miles (millions)2,490 2,478 2,510 2,535 2,581 2,620 2,605 2,702 2,833 2,927 3,002 3,090 3,084 3,071 3,139 3,098 3,126 3,166 3,228Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesdFatalities (all reportable incidents)13.6 12.1 10.9 11.1 12.4 10.5 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.2 9.8 8.6 9.1 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.3 9.1 7.4Injuries (all reportable incidents) 2,191 2,103 2,195 2,077 2,254 2,183 2,122 2,078 1,976 1,890 1,889 1,746 624 594 605 585 615 651 719Accidents 2,329 1,875 1,450 1,205 1,161 980 966 922 845 796 808 773 453 254 250 263 287 297 107Property damageb,e(current $ millions)38.0 37.5 37.5 44.9 38.4 46.3 57.6 55.5 61.5 55.3 58.9 73.1 32.2 59.2 43.4 71.7 37.9 39.7 52.7cAccidentsinclude collisions with other vehicles, objects, and people (except suicides), and derailments/buses going off the road.IncidentsincludeAccidentsplus personal casualties (inside vehicles, inside stations, and boarding and alighting vehicle) and fires.2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, personal communication on May 13, 2010.dFatalityandInjuryratesare based on totalIncidentsincludingAccidentsand were calculated by dividing the number ofFatalities, Injuries, andIncidentsin this table by the number ofVehicle miles.NOTES1990-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report(Cambridge,MA: Annual Issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/Samis.asp as of Mar. 23, 2009.SOURCESIn 2008, the property damage threshold was changed to $25,000. Previously, any accident with property damage equal to or greater than $7,500 wasreported. This change in coverage caused a large drop in the number of accidents in 2008.Table 2-32: Transit Safety and Property Damage DataTransitvehicle-milesin this table differ from those reported in Chapter 1.The American Public Transit Association, which is the source for thevehiclemilestable in Chapter 1,includes all transit systems, whileTransit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Reportcovers only directlyoperated urban transit systems.Prior to the 2000 edition,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Reportwas entitledSafety Management Information Statistics(SAMIS)annual report.eTotal does not includeProperty damagefor cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat, which were: 1990–$335,000; 1991–$410,000;1992–$288,000; 1993–$221,000; 1994–$322,000; 1995–$3,263,000; 1996–$157,000; 1997–$67,000; 1998–$24,000; 1999–$104,000; 2000–$77,000;2001–$1,605,000; 2002–$254,000; 2003–$15,348,000; 2004–$604,000; 2005–$44,000; 2006– $555,000; 2007–$1,234,000; 2008–$1,065,000. Thelarge increase in excludedProperty damagereported in 2003 is a result of the Staten Island Ferry Incident on Oct. 16, 2003 which resulted in$15,000,000 ofProperty damage.bThe drop in the number ofIncidents, Accidents, Injuries, andProperty damagebeginning from 2002 is due largely to a change in definitions by theFederal Transit Administration, particularly the definition ofInjuries. OnlyInjuriesrequiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene nowqualify as reportable. Previously, anyinjurywas reportable. Commuter rail data are now derived from the Federal Railroad Administration's RailAccident Incident Reporting System (RAIRS). The threshold for reportingProperty damagewas changed from $1,000 in transitProperty damageto$7,500 in totalproperty damagefrom 2002 to 2007.Data are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal TransitAdministration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis,annual reports.aTotals do not include data for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat. These data appear in the footnotes for table 2-33.

# 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fatalities, total 212 215 173 191 225 179 152 185 192 190 183 197 109 120 111 106 121 149 144

Motor bus c 

# 92 80 91 79 90 69 82 100 90 91 82 89 64 73 61 49 76 76 63

Light rail 5 11 6 14 10 10 5 3 14 13 22 15 8 13 14 15 11 18 14

Heavy rail 51 59 33 37 41 43 32 28 18 21 19 26 30 17 15 7 12 25 31

Commuter rail 63 63 43 59 82 56 30 52 67 64 56 64 7 16 18 28 14 22 33

Demand responsive 0202213221430107783

Van pool 0000000000000030100

Automated guideway 1000000010000000000

Injured persons, total d 

# 20,023 20,594 21,653 22,081 20,939 22,159 22,950 21,452 21,341 21,727 22,140 21,260 7,771 10,271 7,829 8,102 8,062 8,719 6,576

Motor bus c 

# 18,876 19,016 20,556 20,862 19,663 20,879 21,222 20,145 20,136 20,291 20,329 19,532 7,211 8,905 7,164 7,187 7,186 7,775 5,805

Light rail 465 474 468 361 327 355 680 320 332 427 415 305 177 192 245 268 255 373 269

Heavy rail 296 308 273 365 309 348 431 336 261 286 425 598 90 218 158 86 94 102 62

Commuter rail 84 560 110 210 216 159 213 99 66 54 53 108 50 102 51 263 100 60 180

Demand responsive 286 200 233 224 399 395 379 499 492 632 869 679 200 836 174 280 373 383 240

Van pool 16 36 13 58 24 23 25 52 53 37 49 38 43 18 37 18 47 25 20

Automated guideway 0001100110000000710

Accidents, total d 

# 58,002 46,468 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 24,924 23,937 23,310 24,261 23,891 13,968 7,793 7,838 8,152 8,970 8,288 3,452

Motor bus c 

# 55,289 44,467 34,282 28,596 27,754 23,819 23,425 22,995 22,277 21,407 22,127 21,799 12,821 6,720 6,837 6,983 7,738 7,233 2,921

Light rail 699 671 600 449 512 309 341 363 328 300 357 344 558 556 490 625 634 623 189

Heavy rail 144 188 613 662 744 637 346 325 293 396 364 328 183 152 171 117 131 142 74

Commuter rail 175 248 181 208 266 216 201 192 193 215 258 237 89 89 93 68 77 128 103

Demand responsive 1,613 814 668 524 659 647 774 886 664 862 997 976 283 267 219 249 356 130 158

Van pool 81 79 35 119 36 54 78 160 179 130 157 207 34 9 28 110 32 31 7

Automated guideway 1111111330100000210

Vehicle-miles (millions), total 2,490 2,478 2,510 2,535 2,581 2,620 2,605 2,702 2,833 2,927 3,002 3,090 3,084 3,071 3,139 3,098 3,126 3,166 3,228

Motor bus c 

# 1,668 1,661 1,688 1,690 1,702 1,702 1,687 1,719 1,779 1,835 1,868 1,911 1,919 1,876 1,891 1,853 1,849 1,872 1,907

Light rail 24 27 28 27 34 34 37 41 43 48 52 53 60 64 63 67 72 80 84

Heavy rail 529 522 520 518 522 537 543 558 566 578 595 608 621 630 643 645 649 654 671

Commuter rail 187 188 188 206 210 217 203 216 242 249 253 257 255 256 279 271 283 289 275

Demand responsive 74 71 72 77 94 109 108 134 157 167 179 205 172 189 203 196 196 181 191

Van pool 8 8 13 16 18 19 25 33 44 49 52 54 56 55 58 65 77 87 99

Automated guideway 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 2

Fatalities, all modes 8.5 8.7 6.9 7.5 8.7 6.8 5.8 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.4 3.5 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.9 4.7 4.5

Motor bus c 

# 5.5 4.8 5.4 4.7 5.3 4.1 4.9 5.8 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.7 3.3 3.9 3.2 2.6 4.1 4.1 3.3

Light rail 20.8 40.3 21.2 51.1 29.6 29.0 13.3 7.4 32.3 27.1 42.3 28.5 13.3 20.4 22.1 22.3 15.4 22.5 16.7

Heavy rail 9.6 11.3 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.0 5.9 5.0 3.2 3.6 3.2 4.3 4.8 2.7 2.3 1.1 1.8 3.8 4.6

Commuter rail 33.6 33.4 22.9 28.6 39.0 25.8 14.8 24.1 27.6 25.7 22.1 24.9 2.7 6.2 6.5 10.3 5.0 7.6 12.0

Demand responsive 0.0 2.8 0.0 2.6 2.1 0.9 2.8 1.5 1.3 0.6 2.2 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.6 3.6 4.4 1.6

Van pool 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0

Automated guideway 162.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Injured persons, all modes d 

# 804 831 863 871 811 846 881 794 753 742 738 688 252 334 249 262 258 275 204

Motor bus c 

# 1,132 1,145 1,218 1,234 1,155 1,227 1,258 1,172 1,132 1,106 1,088 1,022 376 475 379 388 389 415 304

Light rail 1,933 1,735 1,654 1,318 968 1,030 1,815 785 767 889 798 580 293 302 386 398 357 466 320

Heavy rail 56 59 52 71 59 65 79 60 46 50 71 98 14 35 25 13 14 16 9

Commuter rail 45 297 59 102 103 73 105 46 27 22 21 42 20 40 18 97 35 21 65

Demand responsive 386 282 324 292 425 361 349 372 313 379 485 331 117 443 86 143 191 211 125

Van pool 208 430 103 363 132 123 101 158 121 75 94 70 77 33 64 28 61 29 20

Automated guideway 0 0 0 104 85 0 0 70 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 389 56 0

Accidents, all modes d 

# 2,329 1,875 1,450 1,205 1,161 980 966 922 845 796 808 773 453 254 250 263 287 262 107

Motor bus c 

# 3,315 2,678 2,031 1,692 1,631 1,400 1,389 1,338 1,252 1,166 1,184 1,141 668 358 362 377 418 386 153

Light rail 2,906 2,456 2,121 1,639 1,516 897 910 891 758 624 687 654 925 874 773 928 886 778 225

Heavy rail 27 36 118 128 142 119 64 58 52 69 61 54 29 24 27 18 20 22 11

Commuter rail 93 132 96 101 127 100 99 89 80 86 102 92 35 35 33 25 27 44 37

Demand response 2,177 1,147 928 682 702 591 714 661 423 516 557 476 165 141 108 127 182 72 83

Van pool 1,052 944 278 744 198 289 314 485 408 263 301 380 61 16 48 170 42 36 7

Automated guideway 162 204 102 104 85 87 69 209 207 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 111 56 0

d 

# In 2002 the drop in the number of Accidents and Injuries is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit
Administration, particularly the definition of Injuries . Only Injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the
scene now qualify as reportable. Previously, any Injury was reportable. Commuter rail data are now derived from the
Federal Railroad Administration's Rail Accident Incident Reporting System (RAIRS). a 

# Accident statistics for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat are not available. The number of incidents,

Fatalitie s , and In j urie s for these modes a pp ear in the footnotes for table 2-33 a 

# Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by Mode a 

# for All Reported Accidents b

b 

# Accidents includes collisions with vehicles, objects, people (except suicides), and derailments/vehicles going off road.

c 

# Motor bu s also includes trolle y bu s 

# Rates per 100 million vehicle-miles e



# 1990-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics

, available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/Samis.asp as of Sept. 15, 2009, and personal communications, Oct.
8, 2004, Apr. 22, 2005, Apr. 24, 2006, June 14, 2007, June 18, 2008, and Sept. 1, 2010. e 

# Rates are based on total incidents including Accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of Fatalities

, Injuries , and Accidents in this table by the number of Vehicle-miles

.

Analysts for the FTA believe the change in reporting requirements in 2002 may have resulted in unreliable data in that
year, particularly for Injuries and Accidents . The reliability of reporting is believed to be much better in 2003 and is
expected to improve in the future. Data are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of

Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis annual reports. Data
covers only directly operated urban transit systems. Vehicle-miles for all transit systems including nonurban and
purchased can be found in the Vehicle-miles table in chapter 1.

Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Management

Information Statistics (SAMIS) annual report.

SOURCE NOTES

Details may not add to totals due to rounding.

# 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Fatalities, total 339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 (R) 289 (R) 259 (R) 263 (R) 249 (R) 246 (R) 307 171 224

Motor bus c 

# 110 88 99 83 108 82 101 109 109 102 90 95 (R) 80 (R) 109 (R) 82 (R) 75 (R) 108 (R) 105 81 78

Light rail 7 13 9 15 13 15 6 3 23 17 30 21 13 (R) 15 (R) 21 19 17 (R) 33 16 34

Heavy rail 117 103 91 83 85 79 74 77 54 84 80 59 73 (R) 47 (R) 60 35 23 32 67 100

Commuter rail 104 93 74 98 112 92 72 79 94 95 87 87 116 77 86 105 85 124 U U

Demand responsive 0 3 0 2 2 6 11 7 4 1 8 5 (R) 6 (R) 11 (R) 6 (R) 12 (R) 12 (R) 11 7 7

Van pool 000000000000 (R) 1 0 (R) 7 01104

Automated guideway 10000000200000130101

Injured persons, total f 

# 54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 (R) 20,313 (R) 20,175 (R) 20,794 (R) 19,696 (R) 21,433 (R) 23,350 24,561 26,064

Motor bus c 

# 40,006 38,619 40,090 38,873 42,195 41,297 39,709 39,181 41,035 41,221 40,925 38,840 (R) 12,323 (R) 12,537 (R) 12,925 (R) 12,385 (R) 12,852 (R) 14,126 14,267 15,472

Light rail 1,244 1,251 1,268 982 1,181 1,319 1,604 1,087 1,076 1,271 1,338 1,201 (R) 539 (R) 556 (R) 654 (R) 614 (R) 656 (R) 843 1,006 1,054

Heavy rail 10,036 9,285 10,446 10,532 11,673 11,238 11,093 12,285 11,059 9,665 10,848 10,641 (R) 4,833 (R) 4,154 (R) 4,759 3,814 (R) 4,820 (R) 5,015 7,264 7,536

Commuter rail 2,438 2,308 2,546 1,560 2,374 2,374 1,953 2,388 1,677 1,761 1,783 1,813 1,483 1,597 1,364 1,672 1,426 1,548 U U

Demand responsive 807 622 713 652 731 935 882 1,121 1,064 1,345 1,736 1,374 (R) 1,070 (R) 1,283 (R) 1,031 (R) 1,180 (R) 1,607 (R) 1,768 1,979 1,896

Van pool 21 40 19 59 29 25 27 54 67 41 52 40 (R) 37 (R) 19 (R) 46 (R) 29 (R) 55 (R) 39 23 69

Automated guideway 4 0 7 10 10 8 20 16 12 21 15 36 28 29 15 2 (R) 17 11 22 37

All incidents, total f 

# 90,163 83,139 73,531 64,986 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898 58,149 (R) 25,827 (R) 22,490 (R) 23,490 (R) 23,828 (R) 26,109 (R) 25,468 23,229 23,961

Motor bus c 

# 70,437 63,453 52,182 45,580 49,185 42,780 40,456 40,524 41,616 41,094 41,677 40,321 (R) 13,883 (R) 12,006 (R) 12,593 (R) 12,767 (R) 14,274 (R) 13,601 11,556 12,497

Light rail 1,465 1,543 1,492 1,136 1,413 1,276 1,350 1,173 1,121 1,182 1,319 1,299 (R) 1,056 (R) 985 (R) 939 (R) 1,129 (R) 1,130 (R) 1,181 1,009 986

Heavy rail 12,178 14,102 15,512 15,082 15,869 14,327 13,748 15,151 13,516 12,196 12,782 12,406 (R) 6,919 (R) 5,534 (R) 6,270 (R) 5,738 (R) 6,267 (R) 6,963 8,902 8,697

Commuter rail 3,031 2,716 3,160 2,111 3,115 2,847 2,449 3,078 2,410 2,499 2,072 2,159 1,720 1,749 1,598 1,663 1,575 1,732 U U

Demand responsive 2,965 1,241 1,137 946 1,062 1,173 1,284 1,454 1,221 1,577 1,871 1,719 (R) 2,195 (R) 2,171 (R) 2,037 (R) 2,402 (R) 2,816 (R) 1,924 1,724 1,716

Van pool 84 83 40 121 39 58 80 162 194 135 160 209 (R) 31 (R) 12 (R) 34 (R) 123 (R) 36 (R) 46 12 25

Automated guideway 3 1 8 10 10 10 25 19 16 20 17 36 23 33 19 6 (R) 11 21 26 40

Unlinked passenger trips

(millions) d 

# , total 7,646 7,380 7,318 7,059 7,335 7,172 7,211 7,615 7,774 8,149 8,337 8,554 (R) 8,836 (R) 8,738 (R) 8,782 (R) 9,020 (R) 9,234 (R) 9,801 9,684 U

Motor bus c 

# 4,912 4,780 4,728 4,585 4,567 4,539 4,464 4,554 4,712 4,926 4,959 5,065 (R) 5,333 (R) 5,255 (R) 5,200 (R) 5,333 (R) 5,374 (R) 5,375 5,548 U

Light rail 174 184 187 187 274 249 259 259 273 289 316 327 (R) 337 (R) 338 (R) 350 (R) 381 (R) 407 (R) 418 451 U

Heavy rail 2,252 2,123 2,119 1,960 2,149 2,034 2,157 2,429 2,393 2,521 2,632 2,728 2,688 2,667 2,748 (R) 2,808 (R) 2,927 (R) 3,460 3,547 U

Commuter rail 286 274 262 303 318 322 302 311 360 374 388 390 380 375 377 383 399 413 U U

Demand responsive 14 13 13 15 17 18 17 48 22 23 24 27 (R) 78 (R) 82 (R) 83 (R) 87 (R) 88 (R) 91 96 U

Van pool 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 10 10 (R) 12 (R) 13 (R) 15 (R) 17 (R) 20 (R) 23 30 U

Automated guideway 6 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 8 8 8 9 12 (R) 18 (R) 21 12 U

Rates per 100 million unlinked passenger trips (millions) e



# Fatalities, all modes 4.4 4.1 3.7 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.1 (R) 3.3 (R) 3.0 (R) 3.0 (R) 2.8 (R) 2.7 (R) 3.1 (R) 1.8 U

Motor bus c 

# 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 (R) 1.5 (R) 2.1 (R) 1.6 (R) 1.4 (R) 2.0 (R) 2.0 (R) 1.5 U

Light rail 4.0 7.1 4.8 8.0 4.7 6.0 2.3 1.2 8.4 5.9 9.5 6.4 (R) 3.9 (R) 4.4 (R) 6.0 (R) 5.0 (R) 4.2 (R) 7.9 (R) 3.5 U

Heavy rail 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.2 2.3 3.3 3.0 2.2 2.7 (R) 1.8 (R) 2.2 (R) 1.2 (R) 0.8 (R) 0.9 (R) 1.9 U

Commuter rail 36.4 33.9 28.3 32.4 35.2 28.6 23.8 25.4 26.1 25.4 22.4 22.3 30.6 20.5 22.8 27.4 21.3 30.0 U U

Demand responsive 0.0 22.6 0.0 13.5 12.0 33.9 65.5 14.6 18.1 4.3 32.8 18.6 (R) 7.7 (R) 13.5 (R) 7.2 (R) 13.9 (R) 13.6 (R) 12.1 7.3 U

Van pool 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (R) 8.2 (R) 0 (R) 47.1 (R) 0 (R) 4.9 (R) 4.4 0.0 U

Automated guideway 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 26.0 (R) 0 4.8 0.0 U

Injured persons, all modes f 

# 714 706 753 746 793 798 767 737 720 679 680 631 (R) 230 (R) 231 (R) 237 (R) 218 (R) 232 (R) 238 254 U

Motor bus c 

# 815 808 848 848 924 910 890 860 871 837 825 767 (R) 231 (R) 239 (R) 249 (R) 232 (R) 239 (R) 263 257 U

Light rail 715 682 677 524 432 529 620 419 394 440 423 368 (R) 160 (R) 165 (R) 187 (R) 161 (R) 161 (R) 202 223 U

Heavy rail 446 437 493 537 543 553 514 506 462 383 412 390 (R) 180 (R) 156 (R) 173 136 (R) 165 (R) 145 205 U

Commuter rail 853 843 972 516 747 738 646 769 466 471 459 465 391 425 362 437 357 374 U U

Demand responsive 5,835 4,678 5,393 4,401 4,390 5,286 5,251 2,336 4,821 5,846 7,113 5,117 1,369 1,569 1,242 1,363 1,820 1,943 2,072 U

Van pool 1,037 1,721 584 1,398 638 537 461 701 773 411 524 405 302 141 309 168 269 173 77 U

Automated guideway 68 0 127 194 160 123 317 272 195 389 239 464 364 353 160 17 94 53 189 U

All incidents, all modes f 

# 1,179 1,126 1,005 921 964 871 824 808 773 720 718 680 (R) 292 (R) 257 (R) 267 (R) 264 (R) 283 (R) 260 240 U

Motor bus c 

# 1,434 1,327 1,104 994 1,077 943 906 890 883 834 840 796 (R) 260 (R) 228 (R) 242 (R) 239 (R) 266 (R) 253 208 U

Light rail 842 841 796 606 516 512 522 452 411 410 417 398 (R) 314 (R) 292 (R) 268 (R) 297 (R) 278 (R) 282 224 U

Heavy rail 541 664 732 769 738 705 637 624 565 484 486 455 (R) 257 (R) 208 (R) 228 (R) 204 (R) 214 (R) 201 251 U

Commuter rail 1,060 991 1,207 698 980 885 810 991 670 668 533 554 453 466 424 435 394 419 U U

Demand responsive 21,440 9,333 8,600 6,385 6,378 6,632 7,644 3,030 5,532 6,854 7,666 6,402 (R) 2,808 (R) 2,655 (R) 2,454 (R) 2,774 (R) 3,190 (R) 2,115 1,805 U

Van pool 4,147 3,570 1,229 2,867 858 1,245 1,366 2,104 2,238 1,353 1,611 2,116 (R) 253 (R) 89 (R) 229 (R) 714 (R) 176 (R) 204 40 U

Automated guideway 51 28 145 194 160 154 396 323 260 371 271 464 299 401 203 52 (R) 61 101 223 U

Other Modes 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Fatalities: 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 0 0 1 2 1 0

Injuries: 378 327 399 383 616 598 354 357 379 1,091 762 897 58 156 58 18 54 106 58 77

Incidents: 186 411 400 411 650 536 301 353 253 1,078 745 891 99 99 60 25 48 113 63 75

2002-09: Ibid, National Transit Database, Safety and Security Time Series Data (Washington, DC: March 2010 Issue), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Aug. 20, 2010. 1990-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2004 Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report (Cambridge, MA: 2005). e 

# Rates are based on total incidents including accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of fatalities, injuries, and incidents in this table by the number of unlinked

passenger trips.

f 

# In 2002 the drop in the number of incidents and injuries is due largely to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of injuries. Only

injuries requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene now qualify as reportable. Previously, any injury was reportable. Commuter rail data are now derived from the

Federal Railroad Administration's Rail Accident Incident Reporting System (RAIRS).

Data are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Transit Safety and

Security Statistics and Analysis annual reports. Data covers only directly operated urban transit systems. Vehicle-miles for all transit systems including nonurban and purchased

can be found in the vehicle-miles table in chapter 1.

Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS) annual report. 

# Table 2-34: Transit Safety Data by Mode a 

# for All Reported Incidents b



# Analysts for the FTA believe the change in reporting requirements in 2002 may have resulted in unreliable data in that year, particularly for injuries and incidents. The reliability of

reporting is believed to be much better in 2003 and is expected to improve in the future. NOTES

SOURCES a 

# The figures for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat are lumped together and appear in this footnote. Note that the 2003 data include 11 fatalities and 70 injuries that
resulted from the Oct. 16, 2003 Staten Island Ferry incident.

b 

# Incidents include accidents (collisions with vehicles, objects, people (except suicides), derailments/vehicles going off road), plus personal casualties, fires, and property damage

associated with transit agency revenue vehicles and all transit facilities.

c 

# Motor bus also includes trolle y bus

. d 

# The number of unlinked passenger trips is equivalent to the number of passengers who board public transit vehicles. Passengers are counted each time they board a vehicle

regardless of how many vehicles are necessary for a passenger to get to their destination.

Commuter rail are not required to submit safety and security data for the National Transportation Database

. 

# KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (P) 2009All transit rail, total186 152 159 171 196 197 167 202 143 167 159 125 184 169 157Transit only169 145 147 145 175 177 154 178 122 138 101 92 140 142 129Grade crossing17 7 12 26 21 20 13 24 21 29 58 33 44 27 28Light rail, total15 6 3 23 17 30 21 13 17 22 19 17 32 15 26Transit onlyN N N N N 18 20 12 13 12 9 921715Grade crossingN N N N N 12 1 1 4 10 10 8 11 8 11Heavy rail, total 79 74 77 54 84 80 59 73 49 59 35 23 32 60 78Transit onlyN N N N N 80 58 73 48 58 35 22305877Grade crossingNNNNN0101101221Commuter rail, total 92 72 79 94 95 87 87 116 77 86 105 85 120 93 53Transit onlyN N N N N 79 76 93 61 68 57 61897737Grade crossingN N N N N 8 11 23 16 18 48 24 31 16 16SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available athttp://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ as of Apr. 5, 2006, and personal communications on June 8, 2005, Apr. 5, 2006, June 14, 2007, June 18, 2008, Aug. 20, 2010.Table 2-35: Transit and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Rail Transit ModeKEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary.NOTESLight railandHeavy railGrade crossingsare regulated by the Federal Transit Administration. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types ofGrade crossings: (1) At grade,mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction or other cross directions may pass. This includes city street rightof-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which no other traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include medianstrip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets.Commuter railGrade crossingsare regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration. The Federal Railroad Administration defines aGrade crossingas a location where a publichighway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade.1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (P) 2009All transit rail, total 14,931 14,650 15,760 13,812 12,697 13,969 13,655 6,846 6,294 6,735 6,104 6,806 7,494 9,868 8,710Transit only 14,736 14,466 15,634 13,754 12,538 13,846 13,581 6,738 6,177 6,582 5,910 6,598 7,281 9,689 8,487Grade crossing 195 184 126 58 159 123 74 108 117 153 194 208 213 179 223Light rail, total 1,319 1,604 1,087 1,076 1,271 1,338 1,201 557 539 633 618 659 838 959 901Transit onlyNNNNN1,227 1,147 481 471 519 458 505 669 791 702Grade crossingN N N N N 111 54 76 68 114 160 154 169 168 199Heavy rail, total 11,238 11,093 12,285 11,059 9,665 10,848 10,641 4,806 4,158 4,738 3,814 4,721 4,789 7,183 5,956Transit onlyNNNNN10,847 10,634 4,801 4,158 4,738 3,813 4,721 4,773 7,180 5,956Grade crossingNNNNN1 7 5 0 0 1 0 16 3 0Commuter rail, total 2,374 1,953 2,388 1,677 1,761 1,783 1,813 1,483 1,597 1,364 1,672 1,426 1,867 1,700 1,808Transit onlyNNNNN1,772 1,800 1,456 1,548 1,325 1,639 1,372 1,839 1,694 1,784Grade crossingN N N N N 11 13 27 49 39 33 54 28 6 24Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Crossing Injuries by Rail Transit ModeSOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report, (Washington, DC:Annual Issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ as of Apr. 5, 2006, and personal communications on June 8, 2005, Apr. 5, 2006, June 14,2007, June 18, 2008, Aug. 20, 2010.KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary.NOTESLight railandHeavy railGrade crossingsare regulated by the Federal Transit Administration. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types ofGrade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction orother cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which noother traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersectingstreets.Commuter railGrade crossingsare regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration. The Federal Railroad Administration defines aGrade crossingas alocation where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks atgrade.Data thresholds changed for certain elements beginning with 2002. The extreme drop in the incidents, injuries, collisions, and not otherwise classifieds(personal casualties) for 2002 is due to the change of the incident thresholds, specifically the definition of injuries, in the NTD. The injury definition waschanged for the 2002 revision of the NTD to coincide with other USDOT modes. Only incidents involving immediate medical treatment away from the scenenow qualify as reportable injuries. Previously, any reported incident/injury was reported to NTD. It was felt that this resulted in the collection of claims-basedas opposed to safety-based data.1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (P) 2009All transit rail, total 18,450 17,547 19,402 17,047 15,877 16,173 15,864 9,903 8,286 8,751 8,534 8,889 9,883 11,517 9,830Transit only 18,323 17,413 19,283 16,941 15,737 16,025 15,763 9,505 8,010 8,440 7,999 8,713 9,700 11,334 9,658Grade crossing 127 134 119 106 140 148 101 398 276 311 535 176 183 183 172Light rail, total 1,276 1,350 1,173 1,121 1,182 1,319 1,299 1,105 983 931 1,130 1,138 1,190 960 831Transit only 1,178 1,253 1,107 1,055 1,079 1,213 1,245 785 766 693 689 1,041 1,090 846 726Grade crossing 98 97 66 66 103 106 54 320 217 238 441 97 100 114 105Heavy rail, total 14,327 13,748 15,151 13,516 12,196 12,782 12,406 7,078 5,554 6,222 5,741 6,176 6,753 8,820 7,030Transit only 14,325 13,746 15,146 13,513 12,195 12,781 12,398 7,076 5,553 6,221 5,740 6,173 6,748 8,815 7,028Grade crossing225311821113552Commuter rail, total 2,847 2,449 3,078 2,410 2,499 2,072 2,159 1,720 1,749 1,598 1,663 1,575 1,940 1,707 1,924Transit only 2,820 2,414 3,030 2,373 2,463 2,031 2,120 1,644 1,691 1,526 1,570 1,499 1,862 1,646 1,859Grade crossing 27 35 48 37 36 41 39 76 58 72 93 76 78 61 65SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report, (Washington, DC:Annual Issues), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ as of Apr. 5, 2006, and personal communications on June 8, 2005, Apr. 5, 2006, June 14,2007, June 18, 2008, Aug. 20, 2010.Table 2-37: Transit and Grade-Crossing Incidents by Rail Transit ModeNOTESLight railandheavy railGrade crossingsare regulated by the Federal Transit Administration. The Federal Transit Administration defines two types ofGrade crossings: (1) At grade, mixed, and cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which other traffic moving in the same direction orother cross directions may pass. This includes city street right-of-way; (2) At grade with cross traffic crossings, meaning railway right-of-way over which noother traffic may pass, except to cross at grade-level crossings. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersectingstreets.Commuter rail Grade crossingsare regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration. The Federal Railroad Administration defines aGrade crossingas alocation where a public highway, road, street, or private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks atgrade.Data thresholds changed for certain elements beginning with 2002. The extreme drop in the incidents, injuries, collisions, and not otherwise classifieds(personal casualties) for 2002 is due to the change of the incident thresholds, specifically the definition of injuries, in the NTD. The injury definition waschanged for the 2002 revision of the NTD to coincide with other USDOT modes. Only incidents involving immediate medical treatment away from the scenenow qualify as reportable injuries. Previously, any reported incident/injury was reported to NTD. It was felt that this resulted in the collection of claims-basedas opposed to safety-based data.KEY:P = preliminary.

# 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Reported Offenses, Violent Crime

Homicide a 

# 19 20 19 51 21 12 16 0 4 1 1 2 4

Motor bus 8 9 6 40 7 7 8020 1 

# 0 4

Commuter rail 114131 2010 0 

# 2 0

Demand responsive 000000 0000 0 

# 0 0

Heavy rail 8 9 8 6 11 4 4011 0 

# 0 0

Light rail 211400 2000 0 

# 0 0

Other b 

# 000000 0000 0 

# 0 0

Forcible rape c 

# 29 38 31 47 27 37 37 65 25 24 23 5 1

Motor bus 11 13 10 16 14 10 7 40 2 7 11 

# 1 0

Commuter rail 547133 5130 2 

# 0 0

Demand responsive 002410 1001 0 

# 0 0

Heavy rail 13 19 8 24 8 20 9 20 15 12 4 

# 3 0

Light rail 024204 2454 6 

# 1 1

Other b 

# 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 

# 0 0

Robbery d 

# 2,811 4,563 4,760 3,684 3,789 3,480 3,308 1,641 1,408 1,561 1,656 2,222 2,634

Motor bus 909 871 870 605 764 916 953 386 369 476 535 730 800

Commuter rail 181 242 187 133 183 144 144 89 29 44 107 126 110

Demand responsive 130134 4 7 1 0 2 14 1

Heavy rail 1,490 3,164 3,394 2,686 2,588 2,174 1,966 864 762 676 630 861 1,196

Light rail 181 238 222 220 200 213 217 287 236 353 377 463 486

Other b 

# 49 45 87 39 51 29 24 8 11 12 5 28 41

Aggravated assault e 

# 2,701 3,084 3,105 2,314 2,448 2,217 2,286 2,560 1,638 1,330 1,332 1,768 2,066

Motor bus 1,941 1,677 1,294 1,186 1,268 1,070 1,146 1,383 957 774 760 1,007 1,263

Commuter rail 133 69 92 80 97 58 109 102 33 78 115 172 107

Demand responsive 6 13 13 13 14 16 8 24 4 3 6 19 11

Heavy rail 437 1,074 1,051 837 903 839 786 815 395 279 249 334 421

Light rail 157 199 143 170 135 208 187 227 220 184 177 217 235

Other b 

# 27 52 512 28 31 26 50 9 29 12 25 19 29

Reported Offenses, Property Crime

Theft f 

# 10,596 13,238 14,486 11,830 12,896 13,393 13,636 12,843 8,146 7,847 6,007 6,409 7,943

Motor bus 2,738 3,408 2,920 2,327 2,487 2,548 2,826 2,631 1,846 1,787 1,593 1,520 1,560

Commuter rail 2,238 2,262 2,345 2,021 1,872 2,139 2,001 1,912 563 730 1,224 1,449 1,293

Demand responsive 2 8 40 15 4 19 5 42 8 4 2 13 1

Heavy rail 4,625 6,794 8,321 6,807 7,789 7,856 7,807 7,158 4,802 4,396 2,204 2,527 4,121

Light rail 451 609 479 496 530 724 706 1,055 877 915 856 847 919

Other b 

# 542 157 381 164 214 107 291 45 50 15 128 53 49

Vehicle theft g 

# 2,182 2,261 2,276 2,225 1,876 2,112 1,909 2,117 1,800 1,584 1,361 1,051 1,756

Motor bus 263 306 198 208 198 169 213 222 149 169 382 229 206

Commuter rail 253 125 262 470 272 367 308 152 67 63 54 126 84

Demand responsive 0 1 3 9 28 6 6531 080

Heavy rail 1,536 1,694 1,630 1,234 1,203 1,285 1,143 1,426 1,267 966 490 388 1,140

Light rail 128 135 179 273 156 279 226 310 306 385 434 298 322

Other b 

# 2 0 4 31 19 6 13 2 8 0 1 2 4

Burglary h 

# 1,759 1,650 1,757 491 415 563 625 467 429 601 393 681 2,947

Motor bus 156 104 94 75 86 142 120 95 79 160 142 100 2,125

Commuter rail 178 177 260 217 170 191 188 78 83 96 112 154 94

Demand responsive 204316 2221 111

Heavy rail 1,367 1,278 1,343 110 91 82 119 95 53 40 25 54 525

Light rail 43 78 48 70 42 131 180 197 212 303 105 367 195

Other b 

# 13 13 8 16 25 11 16 0 0 1 8 5 7

Arson i 

# 63 96 75 60 53 50 44 23 23 42 27 26 26

Motor bus 29 67 33 21 15 24 12 8 9 23 11 13 8

Commuter rail 14 1 21 10 12 6 9832 213

Demand responsive 000000 0000 001

Heavy rail 14 22 16 27 20 16 15 4 10 7 2 5 8

Light rail 6 6 5 2 6 4 8 0 1 10 12 6 5

Other b 

# 000000 0300 011 

# Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mod e

# Reported Offenses, Arrests

Other assaults j 

# 2,991 3,088 2,697 2,787 2,641 2,799 2,441 1,589 1,752 1,546 1,530 2,141 2,266

Motor bus 1,896 1,571 1,439 1,400 1,217 1,159 1,024 715 800 710 703 1,023 954

Commuter rail 144 106 140 122 164 142 156 72 37 136 181 196 245

Demand responsive 4 0 16 3 4 3 6 12 2 3 3 29 47

Heavy rail 645 932 881 898 888 1,085 999 662 750 572 462 630 708

Light rail 181 330 195 282 269 354 204 101 153 107 164 214 248

Other b 

# 121 149 26 82 99 56 52 27 10 18 17 49 64

Vandalism k 

# 17,228 8,627 9,539 6,571 6,895 7,312 2,971 1,130 953 994 1,298 1,748 1,751

Motor bus 13,343 6,167 5,262 3,656 4,178 4,579 1,410 523 456 429 568 589 673

Commuter rail 1,071 309 659 778 507 264 293 145 9 122 276 507 371

Demand responsive 12 17 8 10 16 7 9720 553

Heavy rail 1,157 1,339 1,128 1,067 1,222 1,200 984 190 220 201 209 213 327

Light rail 1,505 609 2,084 947 892 1,215 246 256 246 235 233 408 346

Other b 

# 140 186 398 113 80 47 29 9 20 7 7 26 31

Sex offenses l 

# 664 803 1,047 962 1,009 844 798 N N N N N N

Motor bus 242 260 363 258 321 220 178 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 100 41 82 91 85 84 80 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 5 0 6 2 5 1 3NNN NNN

Heavy rail 249 430 517 541 515 477 474 N N N N N N

Light rail 59 71 79 68 80 58 60 N N N N N N

Other b 

# 9 1 0 2 3 4 3NNN NNN

Drug abuse violations m 

# 2,578 3,944 4,355 3,792 4,131 4,083 4,339 N N N N N N

Motor bus 1,037 2,122 1,970 1,414 1,705 1,443 1,179 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 303 393 477 495 303 196 389 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 1 0 15 21 8 1 2 N N N N N N

Heavy rail 1,078 1,130 1,530 1,550 1,606 1,915 2,015 N N N N N N

Light rail 151 298 336 271 501 520 739 N N N N N N

Other b 

# 8 1 27 41 8 8 15 N N N N N N

Driving under the influence n 

# 466 129 205 176 204 194 284 N N N N N N

Motor bus 91 82 101 101 132 67 156 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 26 21 22 21 12 44 26 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 0 0 1 4 0 0 1NNN NNN

Heavy rail 52 8 22 21 42 39 57 N N N N N N

Light rail 292 16 31 21 15 33 22 N N N N N N

Other b 

# 5 2 28 8 3 11 22 N N N N N N

Drunkenness o 

# 10,479 6,921 8,632 12,643 11,487 6,087 8,033 N N N N N N

Motor bus 6,457 3,936 5,346 3,046 3,609 3,337 4,693 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 71 23 226 156 112 170 108 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 2 2 46 34 2 1 4 N N N N N N

Heavy rail 1,511 1,617 1,601 7,340 5,831 1,240 1,308 N N N N N N

Light rail 2,255 1,305 1,258 1,844 1,913 1,316 1,598 N N N N N N

Other b 

# 183 38 155 223 20 23 322 N N N N N N

Disorderly conduct p 

# 22,206 26,178 25,325 15,897 15,971 27,314 32,569 N N N N N N

Motor bus 4,681 5,025 6,978 4,521 5,471 3,745 3,253 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 810 1,085 1,399 1,525 797 706 607 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 5 8 47 5 5 6 2 N N N N N N

Heavy rail 15,258 19,183 15,309 8,227 7,856 21,087 27,626 N N N N N N

Light rail 1,164 800 1,177 1,408 1,767 1,737 1,046 N N N N N N

Other b 

# 288 77 415 211 75 33 35 N N N N N N

Trespassing q 

# 3,362 3,497 7,444 6,049 3,670 4,303 4,597 2,278 4,126 3,162 3,220 4,503 4,919

Motor bus 928 604 1,225 1,283 1,065 1,329 1,040 937 1,262 1,115 1,138 1,392 1,290

Commuter rail 845 674 4,150 2,850 1,080 709 1,034 475 270 664 730 1,033 1,150

Demand responsive 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 13 2 1 12 36 6

Heavy rail 1,155 1,208 1,398 1,254 1,044 1,267 1,228 483 616 663 634 853 1,058

Light rail 400 653 463 443 436 985 1,278 349 1,951 699 677 1,151 1,376

Other b 

# 34 358 206 217 45 13 17 21 25 20 29 38 39

Fare evasion r 

# 33,903 47,873 53,406 58,856 55,194 53,863 47,258 74,385 69,950 103,156 129,590 126,092 135,602

Motor bus 3,172 2,372 1,819 1,694 2,388 591 847 3,089 7,427 10,270 21,787 4,372 5,181

Commuter rail 140 334 310 204 167 179 566 3,849 3,873 73 194 11,768 346

Demand responsive 1 1 2 5 1 3 5 201 1 43 2 448 5

Heavy rail 8,247 39,957 46,106 40,350 35,033 28,933 24,852 20,469 16,459 25,775 15,901 12,611 21,666

Light rail 22,212 1,185 912 12,798 17,320 24,124 20,945 46,766 42,187 66,991 91,701 96,868 108,388

Other b 

# 131 4,024 4,257 3,805 285 33 43 11 3 4 5 25 16

Curfew and loitering laws s 

# 1,878 872 1,960 1,161 3,022 3,630 3,391 N N N N N N

Motor bus 1,201 241 1,112 291 495 469 403 N N N N N N

Commuter rail 19 27 223 72 172 329 330 N N N N N N

Demand responsive 0 1 5 0 0 0 0NNN NNN

Heavy rail 462 493 530 680 1,789 2,324 2,396 N N N N N N

Light rail 161 95 80 106 509 498 251 N N N N N N

Other b 

# 35 15 10 12 57 10 11 N N N N N N

# b 

# Other transit mode includes automated guideway, cable car, ferryboat, trolleybus, vanpool, monorail, inclined plane, and starting in 2001, the Alaska

Railroad.

c 

# The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. This includes assault to rape or attempt to rape. Beginning in 2006 a higher threshold was
required for an incident to be recorded, this led to a significant decrease compared to previous years.

f 

# The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. This includes pocket-picking,
purse-snatching, shoplifting, thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, theft of bicycles, theft from buildings, theft from coinoperated devices or machines, and all other theft not specifically classified.

g 

# The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on the surface of land and not on rails. Examples of
motor vehicles are automobiles, trucks, buses, motor cycles, and motor scooters.

h 

# The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. This includes offenses known locally as burglary (any degree), unlawful entry with intent to
commit a larceny or felony, breaking and entering with intent to commit a larceny, housebreaking, safe-cracking, and all attempts at these offenses.

i 

# To unlawfully and intentionally damage, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incendiary device.

NOTES j 

# An unlawful attack or attempt by one person upon another where no weapon was used or which did not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim.
This includes simple assault, minor assault, assault and battery, injury by culpable negligence, intimidation, coercion, hazing, and all attempts to commit

these offenses.

k 

# The willful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or
person having custody or control by cutting, tearing, breaking, marking, painting, drawing, covering with filth, or any other such means as may be specified by

local law. KEY: N = data do not exist.

e 

# An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied
by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. d 

# The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by
putting the victim in fear. The use or threat of force includes firearms, knives or cutting instruments, other dangerous weapons (clubs, acid, explosives), and
strong-arm techniques (hands, fists, feet). a 

# The killing of one or more human beings by another. This includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, and manslaughter by negligence.

Data are from transit agencies in urbanized areas over 200,000 population and include patrons, employees, and others.

The figures for violent and property crime follow the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (Washington, DC: 1984) and are based on records of calls for
service, complaints, and/or investigations. These figures are for reported offenses and do not reflect the findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a

prosecutor. l 

# Any sexual acts except forcible rape, prostitution, and commercialized vice. This includes offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like,
such as: adultery and fornication, buggery, incest, indecent exposure, indecent liberties, seduction, sodomy or crime against nature, statutory rape (no force),
and all attempts to commit any of the above.

m 

# Arrests requested based on the narcotics used. This includes all arrests for violations of state and local laws, specifically those relating to the unlawful
possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs.

n 

# The driving or operating of any vehicle or common carrier while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.

o 

# Arrests for all offenses of drunkenness, which is the consumption of alcoholic beverages to the extent that one’s mental faculties and physical coordination
are substantially impaired. This includes drunkenness, drunk and disorderly, common or habitual drunkard, and intoxication.

p 

# All charges of committing a breach of the peace. This includes, affray; unlawful assembly; disturbing the peace; disturbing meetings; disorderly conduct in
state institutions, at court, at fairs, on trains or public conveyances, etc.; blasphemy, profanity, and obscene language; desecrating the flag; refusing to assist
an officer; and all attempts to commit any of the above.

q 

# To unlawfully enter land, a dwelling, or other real property.

r 

# The unlawful use of transit facilities by riding without paying the applicable fare.

s 

# All arrests for violations of local curfew or loitering ordinances where such laws exist.

Security data was first reported to the Federal Transit Administration in 1995 and was not compiled for earlier years.

1995-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, available at
http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of May 6, 2003, tables 25-27 and similar tables in earlier editions.

2002-05: Ibid., personal communications June 14, 2007.

2006-07: Federal Transit Administration, Office of Safety and Security, personal communication, as of Oct. 1, 2009. Beginning in 2002, data are no longer collected for the following offenses: sex offenses, drug abuse violations, driving under the influence, drunkenness,
disorderly conduct, and curfew and loitering laws.

Analysts for the FTA believe the change in reporting requirements in 2002 may have resulted in unreliable data in that year. The reliability of reporting is
believed to be much better in 2003 and is expected to improve in the future.

SOURCES

# Section E

Railroad1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Passengers on trains4 3 3 8 3 58 5 0 12 6 4 14 4 3 7 3 3 16 2 5 24 3Railroad only4 3 3 8 3 58 5 0 12 6 2 3 4 3 7 2 3 16 2 5 24 3Grade crossing0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Employees on duty 97 46 40 35 34 47 31 34 33 37 27 31 24 22 20 19 25 25 16 17 25 16Railroad only 97 44 35 34 32 44 30 32 32 37 23 29 22 21 19 18 23 23 12 16 22 16Grade crossing0251231210422111224130Employees not on duty4201140200201011000000Railroad only3201140200201011000000Grade crossing1000000000000000000000Contractor employees7 4 3 3 11 6 3 7 9 11 5 12 3 4 10 5 4 5 7 5 5 4Railroad only7 4 3 3 10 6 3 7 9 11 5 11 3 4 9 4 4 5 7 5 5 4Grade crossing0000100000010011000000Nontrespassersa739 507 551 484 475 489 505 443 365 363 326 305 335 269 267 205 242 (R) 250 237 196 (R) 151 115Railroad only 16 10 15 16 12 18 44 32 27 15 9 8 19 11 18 8 18 23 2 16 5 7Grade crossing 723 497 536 468 463 471 461 411 338 348 317 297 316 258 249 197 224 (R) 227 235 180 (R) 146 108Trespassers 566 474 700 663 646 675 682 660 620 646 644 570 570 673 646 635 621 (R) 588 641 626 (R) 596 570Railroad only 457 391 543 524 533 523 529 494 471 533 536 479 463 511 540 501 475 (R) 458 511 470 (R) 456 431Grade crossing 109 83 157 139 113 152 153 166 149 113 108 91 107 162 106 134 146 130 130 156 (R) 140 139Volunteer employeesNNNNNNNNN0000000000000Railroad onlyNNNNNNNNN0000000000000Grade crossingNNNNNNNNN0000000000000Railroad only and grade crossing, total1,417 1,036 1,297 1,194 1,170 1,279 1,226 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 971 951 868 895 (R) 884 (R) 903 849 (R) 801 708Railroad only 584 454 599 586 591 653 611 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 534 523 (R) 525 534 512 (R) 512 461Grade crossing 833 582 698 608 579 626 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 372 359 (R) 369 337 (R) 289 247Motor vehicles 748 521 614 535 506 554 542 508 415 419 369 345 361 345 310 281 290 (R) 284 (R) 305 (R) 263 (R) 220 182Nonmotor vehicles85 61 84 73 73 72 (R) 72(R) 72(R) 7242 62 57 64 76 47 53 82 75 (R) 64(R) 74(R) 69652005-09: Ibid.,Highway-Rail Incidents by Type Major User from Form FRA F 6180.57, table 5.11, Hwy/Rail Incidents Summary Tables, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 23, 2010.NOTES2005-09: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics Preliminary Annual Report(Washington, DC: June 2010 Issue), table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 23, 2010.All, except grade crossing total, motor vehicles, nonmotor vehicles:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration,Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), and the Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington DC: Annual Issues).1995-2004: Ibid., personal communication, May 14, 2008, and table 4.08, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety as of Sept. 16, 2009.Grade crossing total, motor vehicles, nonmotor vehicles:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration,Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), and the Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington DC: Annual Issues).KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class1995-2004: Ibid., personal communication, May 14, 2008, and table 4.08, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety as of Sept. 16, 2009.aBeginning in 1997, nontrespassers off railroad property are also included.SOURCESRailroad onlyincludes fatalities from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents (excludes highway-rail grade crossings). This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations. Details may not add to totals due to rounding.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Passengers on trains 593 657 473 382 411 559 497 573 513 601 535 481 658 746 877 727 703 (R) 958 (R) 935 1,508 1,289 1,075Railroad only 569 646 462 360 329 515 413 543 489 558 516 438 648 726 851 653 675 (R) 925 (R) 840 1,437 1,200 1,028Grade crossing 24 11 11 22 82 44 84 30 24 43 19 43 10 20 26 74 28 33 95 71 89 47Employees on duty 56,331 29,822 20,970 19,626 17,755 15,363 13,080 10,777 9,199 8,595 8,398 8,622 8,423 7,815 6,644 6,258 (R) 6,022 (R) 5,823 (R) 5,271 5,446 4,946 4,376Railroad only56,186 29,667 20,801 19,479 17,598 15,220 12,955 10,654 9,120 8,484 8,276 8,482 8,323 7,718 6,534 6,182 (R) 5,906 (R) 5,712 (R) 5,175 5,341 4,873 4,308Grade crossing145 155 169 147 157 143 125 123 79 111 122 140 100 97 110 76 116 (R) 111 96 105 73 68Employees not on duty671 419 326 362 310 348 306 252 228 263 219 216 286 209 213 226 200 172 169 178 165 150Railroad only669 418 324 362 309 347 305 248 226 260 216 215 283 208 213 226 196 169 167 177 162 150Grade crossing2120111423313100432130Contractor employees74 110 242 219 226 262 252 269 208 334 380 384 368 383 375 372 360 415 408 445 437 351Railroad only74 109 240 216224 261 251 268 208 333 379 384 367 380 374 370 359 413 408 415 434 348Grade crossing01232 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 2 0 30 3 3Nontrespassersa3,849 2,562 2,339 2,110 1,909 1,856 1,913 1,869 1,660 1,540 1,236 1,342 1,294 1,201 2,380 1,058 1,247 (R) 1,495 (R) 1,292 1,354 1,365 1,138Railroad only384 285 349 423408 432 475 372 431 370 243 335 381 388 1,732 393 553 (R) 858 (R) 641 785 833 791Grade crossing3,465 2,277 1,990 1,6871,501 1,424 1,438 1,497 1,229 1,170 993 1,007 913 813 648 665 694 637 651 569 532 347Trespassers728 734 793 769 772 733 764 700 750 728 677 650 606 627 609 616 (R) 657 (R) 684 (R) 705 687 696 583Railroad only474 492 560 534 540 509 452 461 474 516 513 445 414 404 395 398 (R) 406 (R) 420 (R) 480 408 431 343Grade crossing254 242 233 235 232 224 312 239 276 212 164 205 192 223 214 218 (R) 251 264 225 279 265 240Volunteer employeesN N N N N N N N N 6 1458457517876Railroad onlyN N N N N N N N N 6 1358457517876Grade crossingNNNNNNNNN0100000000000Railroad only and grade crossing, total62,246 34,304 25,143 23,468 21,383 19,121 16,812 14,440 12,558 12,067 11,459 11,700 11,643 10,985 11,103 9,264 (R) 9,194 (R) 9,548 (R) 8,787 9,626 8,905 7,679Railroad only58,356 31,617 22,736 21,374 19,408 17,284 14,851 12,546 10,948 10,527 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,828 10,104 8,229 (R) 8,100 (R) 8,498 (R) 7,718 8,571 7,940 6,974Grade crossing3,890 2,687 2,407 2,094 1,975 1,837 1,961 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,302 1,396 1,219 1,157 999 1,035 (R) 1,094 (R) 1,050 1,069 1,055 965 705Motor vehiclesb3,739 2,561 2,332 2,029 1,891 1,760 1,885 1,825 1,545 1,494 1,257 1,338 1,169 1,110 939 1,000 (R) 1,058 (R) 1,007 1,037 1,020 907 666Non-motor vehiclesb151 126 75 65 84 77 76 69 65 46 46 58 50 47 60 35 36 45 34 39 61 40bThe components of grade crossing injuries were collected at a different point in time than the total grade crossing injuries and may not sum to the total of grade crossing injuries.Table 2-40: Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim ClassNOTESKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.aBeginning in 1997,Nontrespassersoff railroad property are also included.Motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis,Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), andAccident/Incident Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis,Hwy/Rail Incidents Summary Tables, table 5.11, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of June 17, 2010.2004-09: Ibid.,Preliminary Railroad Safety Statistics,table 1-3, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of June 17, 2010.Railroad onlyincludes fatalities from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents (excludesHighway-rail grade crossings). This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.SOURCES1995-2003: Ibid., personal communication as of Apr. 10, 2008 and table 4.08 available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Sept. 16, 2009.Railroad only and grade crossing:1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Fatalities, total 29 8 10 19 6 67 12 14 25 18 4 9 10 6 15 4 13 33 6 9 27 4Derailments 8 2 2 10 2 532262112171223101Collisions 206 8 5 1 14 8 7 16 10 1 7 1 4 4 0 8 6 0 4 26 0Other1 0 0 4 3 0 2 5 3 6 2 1 7 1 4 3 3 25 3 4 1 3Injuries, total 665 476 451 326 171 308 262 294 281 185 129 129 275 310 1,884 232 347 790 222 310 331 106Derailmentsb286 197 272 174 71 179 120 90 98 111 61 41 121 113 1,691 121 104 236 97 71 38 30Collisions 341 223 139 103 59 87 118 151 146 55 32 62 89 145 151 56 160 101 85 188 108 33Other 38 56 40 49 41 42 24 53 37 19 36 26 65 52 42 55 83 453 40 51 185 43Accidents, total 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,658 2,359 2,611 2,504 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 3,023 2,738 3,019 3,385 3,266 (R) 2,994 2,687 2,454 1,850Derailments 6,442 2,495 2,146 1,936 1,734 1,930 1,825 1,742 1,816 1,741 1,757 1,961 2,112 2,234 1,989 2,133 (R) 2,435 (R) 2,304 (R) 2,193 1,929 1,772 1,313Collisions1,201 366 315 261 207 205 240 235 205 202 168 205 238 220 192 198 (R) 237 (R) 274 (R) 202 211 188 135Other562 414 418 461 418 476 439 482 422 454 650 602 633 569 557 688 713 688 (R) 599 547 494 402Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of AccidentaKEY:R = revised.U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis,Train Accidents by Type and Major Cause from Form FRA F6180.54, table 3.09, Accident Summary Tables, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Apr. 27, 2010.aExcludes highway-rail grade crossing accidents.bIn 2002, 1,441 injures were due to a single derailment in North Dakota involving hazardous materials.NOTEThis table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations. It is train accidents only.SOURCE1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 (P) 2009Passenger fatalitiesa3 8 3 58 5 0 12 6 4 14 4 3 7 3 3 16 2 5 24 3Injured persons 473 382 411 559 497 573 513 601 535 481 658 746 877 727 703 (R) 957 (R) 935 (R) 1,510 1,297 1,096Train-miles, passenger trains (millions) 72 74 74 75 75 76 77 78 78 82 84 88 90 89 89 90 92 95 98 103Fatalities per 100 million passenger train-miles 4.2 10.8 4.1 77.3 6.7 0.0 (R) 15.6 7.7 5.1 17.0 4.7 3.4 7.8 3.4 3.4 17.8 2.2 5.2 24.5 2.9Injuries per 100 million passenger train-miles 656.9 516.2 555.4 745.3 662.7 753.9 666.2 770.2 682.5 583.6 780.7 850.1 979.1 813.3 787.0 (R) 1,064.5 (R) 1,016.8 (R) 1,583.7 1,322.8 1,064.91990-97: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety,Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report(Washington, DC: AnnualIssues), table 1-2, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.Train-miles, passenger trains:1990-96: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics calculations (sum of all commuter rail train-miles reported to USDOT, FederalTransit Administration, plus Amtrak train-miles).ATrain-mileis the movement of a train (which can consist of many cars) the distance of 1 mile.ATrain-milediffers from a vehicle-mile, which is the movement of1 car (vehicle) the distance of 1 mile. A 10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1Train-mileand 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be usedwhen comparingTrain-milesto vehicle miles.Passenger fatalitiesandInjured personsinclude passengers on trains only.SOURCESFatalities and injuries:Table 2-38: Railroad Passenger Safety Data2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety,Railroad Safety Statistics 2009 Preliminary Annual Report(Washington, DC: Reporting month of May 2010), table 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.NOTES1998-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety,Railroad Safety Statistics 2009 Preliminary Annual Report(Washington, DC: Reporting month of May 2010), table 1-2, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety,Railroad Safety Statistics 2008 Preliminary Annual Report(Washington, DC: Reporting month of December 2009), table 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspx as of Sept. 8,2010.KEY:P = preliminary; R = revised.aThere were three major train accidents that account for the increase number of deaths in 1993, 2005 and 2008. In 1993 a barge struck a rail bridge in Alabamacausing an Amtrak train to derail into the waterway below leading to 42 passenger deaths. In 2005, a Southern California Regional Rail Authority train struck a jeepat a non-grade crossing location, derailed and struck a UPRR locomotive, which caused the train to strike another Southern California Regional Rail Authority train.The total passenger fatalities from both trains were 10. In 2008, a Southern California Regional Rail Authority train ran a red signal and collided head-on with aUnion Pacific RR Co. freight, which lead to 24 passenger deaths.1997-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety,Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report(Washington, DC:Annual Issues), table 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Sept. 8, 2010.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009Fatalities785 575 584 454 599 567 551 602 577 530 512 550 594 531 520 525 534 512 511 458Injured personsa17,934 50,138 58,696 31,617 22,736 12,546 10,948 10,227 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,828 10,104 8,229 8,100 8,497 7,719 8,573 7,977 7,043Accidentsb8,095 8,041 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 3,023 2,738 3,019 3,385 3,265 2,994 2,688 2,464 1,883Train-miles (millions)c,d839 755 718 571 609 670 671 677 683 712 723 712 729 743 770 789 809 789 770 664Rate per 100 million train-milesFatalities94 76 81 80 98 85 82 89 84 74 71 77 82 71 68 67 66 65 66 69InjuriesN 6,641 8,179 5,538 3,735 1,873 1,632 1,511 1,487 1,446 1,442 1,381 1,387 1,107 1,052 1,077 954 1,086 1,036 1,061Accidents965 1,065 1,143 574 473 367 364 354 377 389 413 425 376 406 440 414 370 341 320 284Property damage(current $ millions)121.6 177.4 267.4 179.3 198.7 189.2 212.3 210.7 233.9 245.1 263.2 314.5 266.5 298.3 325.9 339.8 322.5 314.8 298.7 221.8Train-miles:1995-99: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, available athttp://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Forms/Default.asp as of Aug. 22, 2002.2000-09: Ibid., table 1.06, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Sept. 7, 2010.bTrain accidents only; excludes highway-rail grade-crossing accidents.cTrain-milesin this table differ fromTrain-milesin the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1.Train-milesreported in Chapter 1 include only Class Irail (see glossary for definition), while this table includes Class I rail, Group II rail, and other rail. In 2005, Group II rail accounted for 78 millionTrain-miles, and other rail for 29 millionTrain-miles. Moreover, the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1 includes onlyTrain-milesbetween terminalsand/or stations, thus excluding yard and switching miles. In 2009, Class I yard/switchingTrain-milestotaled 63 millionTrain-miles. Note thatcommuter rail safety data are reported in the rail mode and the transit mode. Commuter railTrain-milesare included in Class I rail and Group IIrail in this table.dATrain-mileis the movement of a train (which can consist of many cars) the distance of 1 mile. ATrain-milediffers from a vehicle-mile, whichis the movement of 1 car (vehicle) the distance of 1 mile. A 10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1Train-mileand 10vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when comparingTrain-milesto vehicle-miles.SOURCESFatalities, injuries, accidents, and property damage:1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development,Accident/IncidentBulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 14 and 15.1970-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), form406.Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data (Excludes highway-rail grade-crossing accidents)1995-99: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 2000(Washington, DC: July 2001), tables 1-1 and 3-1, available athttp://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspx as of Sept. 7, 2010.2000-09: Ibid., tables 1.06 and 3.09, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/ as of Sept. 7, 2010.NOTEKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.a1970 injuries are not comparable to later years due to a change in reporting system.This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Employee fatalities, total 40 35 34 47 31 34 33 37 27 31 24 22 20 19 25 25 16 17 25 16Grade-crossing accidents and incidents51231210422111224130Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 35 34 32 44 30 32 32 37 23 29 22 21 19 18 23 23 12 16 22 16Employee injuries, total 20,970 19,626 17,755 15,363 13,080 10,777 9,199 8,295 8,398 8,622 8,423 7,815 6,644 6,248 (R) 6,022 (R) 5,822 (R) 5,268 (R) 5,440 4,938 4,295Grade-crossing accidents and incidents 169 147 157 143 126 123 79 111 122 140 100 97 110 76 116 (R) 111 (R) 96 (R) 104 73 68Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded) 20,801 19,479 17,598 15,220 12,954 10,654 9,120 8,184 8,276 8,482 8,323 7,718 6,534 6,172 (R) 5,906 (R) 5,711 (R) 5,172 (R) 5,336 4,865 4,227Employee hours (millions) 553.6 530.7 517.0 519.7 518.6 510.3 504.6 503.9 514.9 510.0 490.9 475.1 454.1 451.1 458.4 (R) 478.5 (R) 485.8 (R) 483.2 478.0 430.3Fatality rates per million employee hoursAll accidents / incidents 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04Grade-crossing accidents and incidents<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded)0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04Injury rates per million employee hoursAll accidents / incidents37.9 37.0 34.3 29.6 25.2 21.1 18.2 16.5 16.3 16.9 17.2 16.4 14.6 13.8 13.1 (R) 12.2 (R) 10.8 (R) 11.3 10.3 10.0Grade-crossing accidents and incidents0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 (R) 0.2 (R) 0.2 (R) 0.2 0.2 0.2Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded)37.6 36.7 34.0 29.3 25.0 20.9 18.1 16.2 16.1 16.6 17.0 16.2 14.4 13.7 12.9 (R) 11.9 (R) 10.6 (R) 11.0 10.2 9.8Train-miles(millions)a,b609 577 594 614 655 670 671 677 683 712 723 712 729 744 770 (R) 789 809 (R) 789 770 663Fatality rates per million train-milesAll accidents / incidents 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02Grade-crossing accidents and incidents<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded)0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02Injury rates per million train-milesAll accidents/incidents34.4 34.0 29.9 25.0 20.0 16.1 13.7 12.3 12.3 12.1 11.7 11.0 9.1 8.4 7.8 (R) 7.4 (R) 6.5 (R) 6.9 6.4 6.5Grade-crossing accidents and incidents0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 (R) 0.1 (R) 0.1 (R) 0.1 0.1 0.1Train accidents and incidents only (grade-crossing excluded)34.2 33.8 29.6 24.8 19.8 15.9 13.6 12.1 12.1 11.9 11.5 10.8 9.0 8.3 7.7(R)7.2(R)6.4(R)6.8 6.3 6.4SOURCES1990-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration,Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident and Inventory Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).Table 2-44: Fatalities and Injuries of On-Duty Railroad EmployeesKEY:R = revised.aTrain-milesin this table differ fromTrain-milesin the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1.Train-milesreported in Chapter 1 include only Class I rail (see glossary for definition), while this table includes ClassI rail, Group II rail, and other rail. In 2005, Group II rail accounted for 78 million train-miles, and other rail for 29 million train-miles. Moreover, the vehicle-miles table in Chapter 1 includes onlyTrain-milesbetween terminals and/or stations, thus excluding yard and switching miles. In 2005, Class I yard/switching train miles totaled 67 million train-miles. Note that commuter rail safety data are reported in therail mode and in the transit mode. Commuter rail train-miles are included in Class I rail and Group II rail in this table.2004-08: Ibid.,Railroad Safety StatisticsPreliminary Annual Report, (Washington, DC: Monthly Issue), tables 1-3 and 2-4, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Prelim.aspxas of Apr. 9, 2010.bATrain-mileis the movement of a train (which can consist of many cars) the distance of 1 mile. ATrain-milediffers from a vehicle-mile, which is the movement of 1 car (vehicle) the distance of 1 mile. A10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 mile would be measured as 1 train-mile and 10 vehicle-miles. Caution should be used when comparing train-miles to vehicle-miles.NOTE1996-2003: Ibid.,Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1-3, 2-4, and 3-1, available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Publications.aspxas of Apr. 9, 2010.This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.

# Section F

Water1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009Fatalitiesa178 243 206 131 85 30 97 105 77 53 55 48 69 58 53 53 68 67 94 92 87 76 75 49Injuries 105 97 180 172 175 110 170 171 182 154 254 120 130 152 150 210 175 213 244 169 373 190 154 140Accidentsb2,582 3,310 4,624 3,439 3,613 2,222 5,583 6,126 6,743 5,349 5,260 5,504 5,767 5,526 5,403 4,958 6,139 5,254 5,125 5,190 5,785 6,014 5,786 4,830Vesselsc4,063 5,685 7,694 5,694 5,494 3,514 7,190 7,913 9,030 7,802 7,695 7,802 7,824 7,265 7,103 6,439 7,437 6,054 6,257 6,599 7,149 7,801 7,615 5,854Property damage (current $ millions)UUUUUU201.7 181.5 264.4 159.0 200.8 158.2 234.9 177.1 180.5 100.9 335.1 126.7 151.7 719.5 129.7 85.4 126.4 47.0KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aFatalities include the number ofpeople who died or were declared missingsubsequent to a marine accidenbAccidents in this table include the number of "marine casualty cases" reported to the U.S. Coast Guard in accordance with46 U.S.C. 4.05.Table 2-45: Waterborne Transportation Safety and Property Damage Data Related to Vessel CasualtiesFor 1992-97, data are obtained from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001, the U.S.Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law EnforcementSystem. During this period, data are derived by combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System withentries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002 and after are from the MarineInformation for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Data prior to 1992 come from other sources and may not be directlycomparable to the data from later years.cMore than one vessel may be involved in a marine accident. Data from 1992 to 2003 has been revised to include vesselsinvolved in pollution incidents, which the United States Coast Guard considers to be a vessel casualty. Data includes all vesselmishaps involving marine pollution discharges.All deaths and injuries cited result from vessel casualties, such as groundings, collisions, fires, or explosions. The data are forall commercial vessels under U.S. jurisdiction, including U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world and foreign flag vessels withinthe jurisdiction of the United States (within 12 miles, or having an interaction with a U.S. entity, such as a platform within 200miles, or a collision with a U.S. ship). Commercial fishing vessels are included.2003-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security (formerly U.S. Department of Transportation), U.S. Coast Guard,Compliance Analysis Division (CG-545), personal communication, February 2010.1970-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personalcommunication, November 2008.SOURCESNOTES1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Fatalitiesa420 330 281 130 101 56 89 79 89 92 86 84 95 74 69 49 41 50 62 60 65 59 61 53InjuriesU U U U U U 936 9191,081 1,170 951 779 520 429 509 412 475 472 495 580 678 562 483 411VesselsbU 321 274 128 98 51 1,427 1,378 1,592 1,726 1,283 968 526 445 514 440 594 562 537 614 725 605 522 4511970-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personalcommunications, June 29, 2004, June 8, 2005, and June 22, 2007.Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportation Safety Data not Related to Vessel CasualtiesKEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.2003-08: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis CG-545, personalcommunication, Feb. 18, 2010.aFatalities includepeople who were declared missingbFigures represent the number of vessels involved in nonvessel casualties. These vessels were not part of the accident, but theaccident may have occurred on the vessel (e.g., crewmembers swept overboard by a wave).Figures reflect the number of deaths and injuries to people on commercial vessels not resulting from a casualty to the vessel. Theseinjuries and fatalities result from such incidents as slips, falls, or electrocutions. Deaths and injuries from disease, homicides,suicides, fights, and diving accidents have been excluded. The data reflect deaths and injuries to people on both U.S. and foreignflag vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States (within 12 miles of U.S. coast) and on U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world.NOTESSOURCES1992-97 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Between 1998 and 2001 the U.S. Coast Guard phasedin a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. During that perioddata come from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information forSafety and Law Enforcement System. Data for 2002 to 2005 come from the Marine Information for Safety and Law EnforcementSystem. Data prior to 1992 come from other sources and may not be directly comparable to the data from later years.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Fatalitiesa739 1,360 1,418 1,466 1,360 1,116 865 924 816 800 784 829 709 821 815 734 701 681 750 703 676 697 710 685 709 736Injuries 929 927 780 2,136 2,650 2,757 3,822 3,967 3,683 3,559 4,084 4,141 4,442 4,555 4,612 4,315 4,355 4,274 4,062 3,888 3,363 3,451 3,474 3,673 3,331 3,358Accidents2,738 3,752 3,803 6,308 5,513 6,237 6,411 6,573 6,048 6,335 6,906 8,019 8,026 8,047 8,061 7,931 7,740 6,419 5,705 5,438 4,904 4,969 4,967 5,191 4,789 4,730Vessels involved3,562 4,778 4,762 8,002 6,954 8,305 8,591 8,821 8,206 8,688 9,722 11,534 11,306 11,396 11,368 11,190 10,984 8,974 7,907 7,363 6,725 6,628 6,753 6,932 6,347 6,190Numbered boats (thousands)b2,500 4,138 5,128 7,303 (R) 8,578 9,589 10,996 11,068 11,132 11,283 11,430 11,735 11,878 12,313 12,566 12,738 12,782 12,876 12,854 12,795 12,781 12,942 12,746 (R) 12,873 12,693 12,722Rates per 100,000 numbered boatsFatalities29.6 32.9 27.7 20.1 15.9 11.6 7.9 8.3 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.7 6.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.8Injuries37.2 22.4 15.2 29.2 30.9 28.8 34.8 35.8 33.1 31.5 35.7 35.3 37.4 37.0 36.7 33.9 34.1 33.2 31.6 30.4 26.3 26.7 27.3 28.5 26.2 26.4Accidents109.5 90.7 74.2 86.4 64.3 65.0 58.3 59.4 54.3 56.1 60.4 68.3 67.6 65.4 64.1 62.3 60.6 49.9 44.4 42.5 38.4 38.4 39.0 40.3 37.7 37.2Accident reports citing alcohol involvementcN N N N N 279 568 513 504 381 389 472 601 698 704 633 696 375 357 362 331 402 403(R) 421 (R) 387 397Property damage (current$millions)d3.2 4.7 8.2 10.4 16.4 20.0 23.8 24.8 34.8 20.2 25.9 21.5 23.2 29.0 31.0 28.9 34.7 31.3 39.2 40.4 35.0 38.7 43.7 53.1 54.3 35.9Table 2-47: Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage DataOn July 2, 2001, the Federal threshold of property damage for reports of accidents involving recreational vessels changed from $500 to $2,000.aThe numbers for recreational boating safety fatalities in 2000 are raw numbers. Coast Guard reports a 6% addition as instructed by the DOT Inspector Generalbecause it found a discrepancy in a review of the Search and Rescue Management Information System (SARMIS) and BARD data. (See the discussion found in theDOT FY2003 Performance Plan/2001 Performance Report on pg. 135 under data details of recreational boating fatalities, available at http://www.dot.gov/performance/as of Feb 10, 2010).NOTESOnly a small fraction of property damages and nonfatal accidents are reported to the U.S. Coast Guard.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety,Boating Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 8, 9, 16, 17, 28 and35, available at http://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of Feb. 4, 2011.bNumbered boatsin 1960 is an estimate.cStarting in 2001 only cases where alcohol is determined to be a direct or indirect cause of an accident are reported. Previous years include cases where alcohol waspresent but played no role in the accident.d1992 data includes $11 million damage due to a boat fireSOURCEAll other data:Vessels involved for 1960 and 1965, and property damage for 1994 and 1995:U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard (CG), Office of Boating Safety, personal communication, May 15, 2002.1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Fatalities5 20 20 28 26 34 35 56 68 57 84 78 66 68 50 71 57 56 65 68 67 45 42Injured persons156 254 402 532 708 730 915 1,338 1,617 1,837 1,812 1,743 1,614 1,580 1,424 1,362 1,228 952 1,007 919 982 920 878Accidentsa376 650 844 1,162 1,513 1,650 2,236 3,002 3,986 4,099 4,070 3,607 3,374 3,268 2,562 2,225 1,994 1,664 1,692 1,631 1,655 1,459 1,332Sales29,000 48,000 64,000 72,000 68,000 79,000 107,000 142,000 200,000 191,000 176,000 130,000 106,000 92,000 80,900 79,300 80,600 79,500 80,200 82,200 79,900 62,600 44,500Number in use92,756 126,881 178,510 241,376 305,915 372,283 454,545 600,000 760,000 900,000 1,000,000 1,180,000 1,200,000 1,230,000 1,220,000 1,220,000 1,170,000 1,250,000 1,230,000 1,190,000 1,190,000 (R) 1,310,000 1,290,000Table 2-48: Personal WatercraftSafety DataFatalities, injuries, and accidents:SOURCESWatercraft number in use for 2009 is an estimate.NOTESKEY:R = revised.1999-2009: National Marine Manufacturers Association,Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract(Annual Issues), table 1.3 and similar tables in earlier editions,available at http://www.nmma.org/statistics/publications/statisticalabstract.aspx as of Oct. 19, 2010.aTotal vessels involvedPersonal watercraft are less than 13 feet in length and are designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the craft rather than withinthe confines of the hull.1991-2009: National Marine Manufacturers Association,Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract(Annual Issues), table 3.1 and similar tables in earlier editions,available at http://www.nmma.org/statistics/publications/statisticalabstract.aspx as of Oct. 19, 2010.1987-96: National Marine Manufacturers Association, data compiled by the United States Coast Guard, personal communications.1987-90: Personal Watercraft Industry Association, available at http://www.pwia.org/faq/ as of June 19, 2000.U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety,Boating Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 19 andsimilar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.uscgboating.org/statistics/accident_statistics.aspx as of Oct. 19, 2010.Sales:1997-98: Ibid., available at http://www.nmma.org/facts/boatingstats/statistic98.html as of June 19, 2000.Use:1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Cases 60,775 53,097 52,782 53,294 53,026 53,899 49,704 43,553 41,096 37,218 39,844 40,214 39,457 36,763 31,622 32,540 29,799 28,320 27,092 24,209 23,530Responsesa70,237 64,971 66,409 69,856 69,784 70,337 63,679 55,710 52,141 46,602 50,622 48,226 49,502 46,643 UUUUUUUSortiesa88,449 84,033 84,872 88,388 88,147 108,758 110,267 98,423 91,722 83,307 89,635 57,697 59,015 54,609 33,426 33,107 29,860 29,826 25,411 25,507 24,654Search and Rescue resource hoursbU 108,282 109,351 108,639 107,441 102,749 93,984 85,150 80,507 80,116 84,635 80,533 85,008 75,841 65,182 65,876 77,888 60,248 55,312 62,713 59,245Lives savedc6,497 4,407 5,465 17,543 5,826 23,211 4,453 5,047 3,897 3,194 3,743 3,400 4,010 3,661 5,196 5,565 5,650 5,298 5,216 4,898 4,861Lives lost, total 1,335 1,085 1,116 939 1,215 931 772 978 744 606 533 1,018 710 635 673 783 846 787 795 825 816Lives lost before notificationd,e259 622 748 540 800 593 468 611 454 418 353 779 413 399 412 502 523 479 492 534 555Lives lost after notificationf1,076 463 368 399 415 338 304 367 290 188 180 239 297 236 261 281 323 308 303 291 261Lives unaccounted forgU U U U U U U U U U U 304 515 344 496 691 603 664 733 435 579Persons otherwise assisted 138,791 117,327 113,704 121,826 119,069 116,912 101,357 85,869 75,357 66,138 70,255 54,866 59,910 46,503 38,579 42,008 41,551 44,757 35,797 31,841 34,425Value of property lost ($ million)h,i424.3 368.5 213.6 314.5 316.2 435.5 222.6 273.8 414.8 84.3 262.3 415.2 441.0 76.0 19.6 53.5 97.0 32.8 121.7 1,141.5 114.4Value of property assisted ($ million) 2,376.8 2,044.9 2,282.4 1,951.4 2,491.8 2,891.2 4,467.2 3,494.2 1,762.1 1,288.2 1,235.0 778.8 1,501.0 1,589.0 478.8 778.4 1,661.8 778.4 995.6 1,249.0 915.9Property loss prevented ($ million) 905.4 1,673.4 1,799.3 1,550.1 2,144.7 2,628.4 3,882.8 3,087.3 1,353.5 996.8 1,019.0 84.3 73.0 68.0 106.7 238.7 146.4 111.0 113.1 148.0 94.9Value of property unaccounted for ($million)jU U U U U U U U U U U 2.1 4.4 3.2 4.8 2.9 2.1 3.6 5.9 2.410.2KEY:U = data are unavailable.aResponsesare the number of U.S. Coast Guard units involved.Sortiesare the number of trips made by boat, aircraft, or cutter.bSearch and Rescue resource hoursrepresent the time that Coast Guard assets (i.e., aircraft, boats, and cutters) perform search and rescue operations.2000-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Search and Rescue, personal communication, July 2, 2010.SOURCESAll data except Search and Rescue resource hours, lives unccounted for and value of property unaccounted for:1985-1993: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Search and Rescue Management Information Systems (SARMIS II) Database, available atwww.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/92-01summary.htm as of Aug. 8, 2002.2003-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Search and Rescue, personal communications, Apr. 1, 2008, and July 2, 2010.1994-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, ON SCENE The Journal of U.S. Coast Guard Search Rescue, available at www.uscg.mil/hq/go/g-opr/On%20Scene/onscene.htm as of July 28, 2004.2003-09: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Search and Rescue, personal communications, Apr. 1, 2008, and July 2, 2010.Search and Rescue resource hours:1990-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Command and Control Architecture, personal communications, Sept. 30, 2003 andJuly 28, 2004.Table 2-49: U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal YeargAdded category; completes the accounting for all lives associated with USCG Search and Rescue (SAR) responses.iThe B-52 crash in Guam accounts for the increase ($1,040 million) in 2008.jAdded category; completes the accounting for all property associated with USCG SAR responses.Lives unccounted for and value of property unaccounted for:eThe Egypt Air (217 fatalities) and Alaska Air (88 fatalities) crashes account for the increase in 2000.dThose persons whose lives were lost before the U.S. Coast Guard was notified of an incident.fThose persons whose lives were lost in an incident to which the U.S. Coast Guard was responding, but who were alive at the time the U.S. Coast Guard wasnotified of the incident.hIncludes several out of the normal high cost incidents.cThe Search and Rescue Management Information System's reporting policy has been revised and now requires complete reporting on allLives saved. Thispolicy also includes reporting onLives savedin connection with Coast Guard Law Enforcement Activity (i.e., Alien Migrant Interdiction Operations (AMIO)). AMIOLives savedin fiscal year 1992 was determined to be approximately 12,000. AMIOLives savedin fiscal year 1994 was determined to be 15,179.

# Section G Pipeline1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 (R) 2009 2010FatalitiesTotal hazardous liquid4745305013502410105204241Total gas 26 8 15 28 6 14 10 17 21 18 48 10 19 18 37 7 (R) 11 12 18 12 21 11 7 9 23Gas transmission U U1 6 0 0 3 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 15 2 1 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 10Gas distribution U U 14 22 6 14 7 16 21 16 47 9 18 16 22 5 (R) 10 11 18 12 18 9 7 9 13Injured personsTotal hazardous liquida21 17 15 18 7 9 38 10 1,858 11 13 5 6 20 4 10 0 5 16 2 2 10 2 4 4Total gas 233 214 177 108 69 89 80 101 113 53 114 72 75 88 77 51 49 66 44 46 34 43 61 63 103Gas transmission U U 13 12 17 12 15 17 22 10 5 5 11 8 185 5 8 3 7 4 7 5 11 61Gas distribution U U 164 96 52 77 65 84 91 43 109 67 64 80 59 46 44 58 41 39 30 36 56 52 42IncidentsTotal hazardous liquid 351 254 246 183 180 216 212 229 245 188 194 171 153 167 146 130 150 (R) 134 (R) 146 143 120 (R) 120 145 117 UTotal gas 1,077 1,338 1,524 334 199 233 177 216 222 161 187 175 236 172 234 211 (R) 184 238 (R) 297 352 (R) 287 285 290 287 229Gas transmission U U 389 129 89 71 74 95 81 64 77 73 99 54 80 87 82 97 123 182 (R) 145 132 141 129 113Gas distribution U U 1,135 205 110 162 103 121 141 97 110 102 137 118 154 124 (R) 102 141 (R) 174 170 142 153 149 158 116Property damage (Millions of current dollar)Total hazardous liquid 1.2 2.2 5.7 5.1 15.7 37.8 39.1 28.9 62.2 32.5 85.1 55.2 63.3 86.4 150.6 25.3 (R) 51.6 (R) 67.4 (R) 165.9 (R) 306.3 (R) 75.2 (R) 60.3 126.3 67.0 567.5Total gas3.3 5.0 10.0 22.9 19.0 19.7 31.4 38.4 98.4 20.9 29.3 24.6 63.5 (R) 43.8 41.3 37.7 (R) 50.5 71.6 (R) 106.8 (R) 940.4 (R) 75.9 94.3 437.1 99.3 46.6Gas transmissionU U 8.8 13.4 11.3 11.9 24.6 23.0 45.2 10.0 13.1 12.144.5(R) 17.8 17.9 23.7 26.7 50.6 68.2 (R) 441.0 (R) 52.1 68.1 378.7 67.4 30.5Gas distributionU U 1.2 9.5 7.7 7.8 6.8 15.3 53.3 11.0 16.3 12.5 19.1 25.9 23.4 14.1 (R) 23.8 21.0 (R) 38.6 (R) 499.3 (R) 23.9 26.1 58.4 32.0 16.1NOTESBeginning with 1985 data, pipeline incidents are credited to the year in which they occurred, not the year in which the report wasreceived. Gas numbers represent the sum of transmission and gathering and distribution operators.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.SOURCESTable 2-50: Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety and Property Damage DataBeginning in 2002, only accidents with gross loss greater than or equal to 50 barrels; those involving any fatality or injury;fire/explosion not intentionally set; highly volatile liquid releases with gross loss of 5 or more barrels; or those involving total costsgreater than or equal to $50,000 are reported. Due to this change in reporting criteria, accident data for 2002 and later are notcomparable with the previous years.1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, personalcommunication.1990-2010: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats/stats.htm as of Feb. 1, 2011.Property damageincludes, but is not limited to, damage to the operator's facilities and to the property of others; gas lost;restoration of service and relighting; facility repair and replacement; leak locating; right-of-way cleanup; and environmentalcleanup and damage.a1994 totalInjured personsfromhazardous liquidIncludes 1,851 injuries requiring medical treatment reported for accidentscaused by severe flooding near Houston, TX, in October 1994.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

# Chapter 3

Transportation and the Economy

Section A Transportation and the Total Economy(R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009TOTAL U.S. GDP 2,788.1 4,217.5 5,800.5 7,414.7 7,838.5 8,332.4 8,793.5 9,353.5 9,951.5 10,286.2 10,642.3 11,142.1 11,867.8 12,638.4 13,398.9 14,077.6 14,369.1 14,119.0For-hire transportation services GDP, total 102.6 137.1 172.8 231.7 241.3 261.8 275.6 287.1 301.4 302.6 302.4 319.8 347 369.7 395.5 405.4 418.7 389.5Air transportation13.1 19.3 31.3 46.2 46.9 53.6 52.4 54.3 53.1 45.2 46.8 53.2 56.1 55.7 59.7 60.2 61.0 61.9Rail transportation20.2 21.0 18.6 21.1 20.9 19.7 21.2 21.8 22.8 22.6 21.7 23.1 24.3 27.0 30.6 31.7 34.8 30.8Water transportation3.5 4.0 5.1 6.3 6.6 7.0 6.8 6.8 8.1 8.2 7.4 8.3 8.7 9.3 12.4 13.5 14.8 14.3Truck transportation28.4 39.4 49.7 69.3 73.1 80.3 86.9 93.4 97.0 97.8 97.2 102.0 110.2 118.9 125.3 127.0 124.7 113.1Transit and ground passenger transportation5.8 7.3 9.0 11.8 12.8 14.8 16.0 17.2 17.8 18.4 19.2 19.6 20.9 21.2 22.6 24.0 23.4 23.4Pipeline transportation5.1 7.3 6.0 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.8 8.9 9.1 14.7 10.3 10.2 11.5 10.4 11.3 12.4 16.2 12.0Other transportation and support activities20.2 29.3 39.9 51.6 54.3 57.2 61.1 61.4 67.5 70.3 73.4 76.0 83.9 91.9 96.4 96.5 102.0 94.7Warehousing and storage6.4 9.5 13.0 18.8 19.6 21.9 23.4 23.4 25.8 25.3 26.3 27.2 31.4 35.3 37.2 40.0 41.7 39.4Percent of U.S. GDPFor-hire transportation services3.68 3.25 2.98 3.12 3.08 3.14 3.13 3.07 3.03 2.94 2.84 2.87 2.92 2.93 2.95 2.88 2.91 2.76Air transportation0.47 0.46 0.54 0.62 0.60 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.44 0.44 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.44Rail transportation0.72 0.50 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.22Water transportation0.13 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10Truck transportation1.02 0.93 0.86 0.93 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.80Transit and ground passenger transportation0.21 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17Pipeline transportation0.18 0.17 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.08Other transportation and support activities0.72 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.72 0.69 0.71 0.67Warehousing and storage0.23 0.23 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28Percent of for-hire transportation services GDPAir transportation12.77 14.08 18.11 19.94 19.44 20.47 19.01 18.91 17.62 14.94 15.48 16.64 16.17 15.07 15.09 14.85 14.57 15.89Rail transportation19.69 15.32 10.76 9.11 8.66 7.52 7.69 7.59 7.56 7.47 7.18 7.22 7.00 7.30 7.74 7.82 8.31 7.91Water transportation3.41 2.92 2.95 2.72 2.74 2.67 2.47 2.37 2.69 2.71 2.45 2.60 2.51 2.52 3.14 3.33 3.53 3.67Truck transportation27.68 28.74 28.76 29.91 30.29 30.67 31.53 32.53 32.18 32.32 32.14 31.89 31.76 32.16 31.68 31.33 29.78 29.04Transit and ground passenger transportation5.65 5.32 5.21 5.09 5.30 5.65 5.81 5.99 5.91 6.08 6.35 6.13 6.02 5.73 5.71 5.92 5.59 6.01Pipeline transportation4.97 5.32 3.47 2.89 2.94 2.75 2.83 3.10 3.02 4.86 3.41 3.19 3.31 2.81 2.86 3.06 3.87 3.08Other transportation and support activities19.69 21.37 23.09 22.27 22.50 21.85 22.17 21.39 22.40 23.23 24.27 23.76 24.18 24.86 24.37 23.80 24.36 24.31Warehousing and storage6.24 6.93 7.52 8.11 8.12 8.37 8.49 8.15 8.56 8.36 8.70 8.51 9.05 9.55 9.41 9.87 9.96 10.12Table 3-1: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services (Billions of current dollars)U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts,Interactive tables, available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/index.htm as of Dec. 14, 2010.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY: R = revised.SOURCENOTE1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL U.S. GDP7,313.3 7,613.9 7,886.0 8,034.0 8,015.1 8,287.1 8,523.5 8,870.6 9,093.7 9,433.9 9,854.3 10,283.5 10,779.9 11,226.0 11,347.1 11,553.0 11,840.6 12,263.8 12,638.4 12,976.2 13,228.9 13,228.8 12,880.6For-hire transportation services GDP, total180.8 186.2 193.4 203.6 212.9 226.4 236.4 255.4 263.0 277.4 291.7 288.2 298.3 318.2 306.8 302.6 317.9 346.8 369.7 386.1 389.5 392.7 341.6Air transportation19.0 21.1 22.7 26.1 24.8 28.2 29.4 34.1 36.0 39.9 43.1 38.3 40.4 43.4 37.8 41.8 48.7 54.9 55.7 57.5 57.1 54.8 50.2Rail transportation20.5 21.1 19.7 20.7 23.4 23.9 23.9 24.8 25.2 25.5 24.0 24.5 25.7 27.3 26.1 24.2 25.7 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.0 26.7 22.7Water transportation4.2 4.4 4.9 5.9 6.4 7.0 7.4 8.0 7.8 8.4 9.1 7.1 5.8 7.2 6.1 4.9 4.8 6.2 9.3 14.9 18.1 22.0 22.3Truck transportation56.7 57.3 59.9 59.9 64.4 69.5 74.0 81.8 84.7 90.2 95.4 96.3 103.0 106.7 101.7 99.0 102.7 110.2 118.9 125.3 127.9 124.5 105.0Transit and ground passenger transportation13.1 12.5 13.7 14.6 13.7 13.4 14.3 15.3 15.7 16.0 18.3 18.9 20.5 21.0 20.9 21.1 20.6 21.5 21.2 21.9 22.8 22.0 20.3Pipeline transportation6.0 5.3 6.2 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.4 5.9 6.8 6.8 6.3 6.0 7.7 8.8 13.4 9.1 9.5 10.8 10.4 9.8 10.4 13.6 9.2Other transportation and support activities51.3 52.5 54.2 55.5 59.7 61.4 64.2 66.0 65.0 66.9 68.9 71.6 69.8 75.7 74.6 75.9 78.0 85.1 91.9 93.8 90.1 93.4 80.1Warehousing and storage14.2 15.2 15.4 15.5 16.4 18.0 19.1 20.8 22.1 23.1 25.6 27.0 26.3 28.5 27.2 28.0 28.7 31.6 35.3 36.6 38.0 38.3 35.5Percent of U.S. GDPFor-hire transportation services2.47 2.45 2.45 2.53 2.66 2.73 2.77 2.88 2.89 2.94 2.96 2.80 2.77 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.68 2.83 2.93 2.98 2.94 2.97 2.65Air transportation0.26 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.34 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.33 0.36 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39Rail transportation0.28 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.18Water transportation0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.17Truck transportation0.78 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.92 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.82Transit and ground passenger transportation0.18 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16Pipeline transportation0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.07Other transportation and support activities0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.74 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.68 0.71 0.62Warehousing and storage0.19 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28Percent of for-hire transportation services GDPAir transportation10.51 11.33 11.74 12.82 11.65 12.46 12.44 13.35 13.69 14.38 14.78 13.29 13.54 13.64 12.32 13.81 15.32 15.83 15.07 14.89 14.66 13.95 14.70Rail transportation11.34 11.33 10.19 10.17 10.99 10.56 10.11 9.71 9.58 9.19 8.23 8.50 8.62 8.58 8.51 8.00 8.08 7.76 7.30 7.07 6.93 6.80 6.65Water transportation2.32 2.36 2.53 2.90 3.01 3.09 3.13 3.13 2.97 3.03 3.12 2.46 1.94 2.26 1.99 1.62 1.51 1.79 2.52 3.86 4.65 5.60 6.53Truck transportation31.36 30.77 30.97 29.42 30.25 30.70 31.30 32.03 32.21 32.52 32.70 33.41 34.53 33.53 33.15 32.72 32.31 31.78 32.16 32.45 32.84 31.70 30.74Transit and ground passenger transportation7.25 6.71 7.08 7.17 6.43 5.92 6.05 5.99 5.97 5.77 6.27 6.56 6.87 6.60 6.81 6.97 6.48 6.20 5.73 5.67 5.85 5.60 5.94Pipeline transportation3.32 2.85 3.21 3.54 3.29 3.05 2.71 2.31 2.59 2.45 2.16 2.08 2.58 2.77 4.37 3.01 2.99 3.11 2.81 2.54 2.67 3.46 2.69Other transportation and support activities28.37 28.20 28.02 27.26 28.04 27.12 27.16 25.84 24.71 24.12 23.62 24.84 23.40 23.79 24.32 25.08 24.54 24.54 24.86 24.29 23.13 23.78 23.45Warehousing and storage7.85 8.16 7.96 7.61 7.70 7.95 8.08 8.14 8.40 8.33 8.78 9.37 8.82 8.96 8.87 9.25 9.03 9.11 9.55 9.48 9.76 9.75 10.39KEY: R = revised.Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services (Billions of chained 2005 dollars)At the time of this publication the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) had only published chained 2005 dollar estimates from 1987 onward. Current dollar estimates for earlier years can be found in table 3-1, and chained 2000 $estimates for earlier years can be found in the 2010 edition of NTS, table 3-1b.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,Industry Economic Accounts,Interactive tables, available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/index.htm as of Dec. 14, 2010.SOURCEDetails may not add to totals due to the nature of the chained dollar calculations.NOTES1980 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Gross DomesticProduct(R) 2,788.1 (R) 4,217.5 5,800.5 5,992.1 6,342.3 6,667.4 7,085.2 7,414.7 7,838.5 8,332.4 8,793.5 9,353.5 9,951.5 10,286.2 10,642.3 11,142.1 11,867.8 12,638.4 13,398.9 14,077.6 14,441.4 14,256.3Total transportation-related final demanda(R) 336.8 (R) 479.8 599.2 598.7 635.7 678.0 733.5 765.3 824.4 890.2 928.5 994.2 1,045.3 1,060.0 1,059.1 1,090.7 1,161.2 1,266.1 1,325.8 1,392.2 1,375.4 UTotal transportation in GDP (percent)(R) 12.1 (R) 11.4 10.3 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.0 9.8 9.8 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.5 UPersonal consumption of transportation, total(R) 226.5 (R) 357.4 442.9 418.3 451.3 485.3 528.2 554.0 599.0 641.8 669.2 730.5 798.4 814.1 818.3 857.4 909.5 979.3 1,008.8 1,051.6 1,036.5 UMotor vehicles and parts(R) 84.4 (R) 170.1 205.1 185.7 204.8 224.7 249.8 255.7 273.5 293.1 320.2 350.7 363.2 383.3 401.3 401.5 404.7 409.6 397.1 400.3 342.3 312.8Motor vehicle fuels, lubricants, and fluids86.7 97.2 111.4 108.9 112.9 114.5 116.5 120.4 130.5 134.4 121.8 136.5 172.9 168.1 160.3 192.8 231.6 283.8 314.7 343.9 386.4 UTransportation services(R) 55.4 (R) 90.1 126.4 123.7 133.6 146.1 161.9 177.9 195.0 214.3 227.2 243.3 262.3 262.7 256.7 263.1 273.2 285.9 297.0 307.4 307.8 304.6Gross private domestic investment, total(R) 51.6 (R) 73.7 73.4 74.6 78.3 93.3 111.9 120.5 128.6 141.6 154.3 180.9 177.6 161.2 148.4 139.5 167.9 188.8 206.9 190.7 142.2 UTransportation structures(R) 3.2 (R) 4.7 3.4 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 5.4 6.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.8 7.1 8.7 9.0 9.9 UTransportation equipment48.4 69.0 70.0 71.5 74.7 89.4 107.7 116.1 123.2 135.5 147.1 174.4 170.8 154.2 141.6 132.9 161.1 181.7 198.2 181.7 132.3 UExports ( + ), total45.7 57.5 105.7 115.0 122.7 122.9 129.8 132.5 141.7 162.7 171.7 174.9 179.0 174.3 175.5 174.6 191.2 216.6 240.0 271.5 286.0 227.3Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts14.1 13.5 32.2 36.6 37.7 32.8 31.5 26.1 30.8 41.4 53.5 52.9 48.1 52.6 50.4 46.7 46.1 55.9 64.5 73.0 74.0 74.9Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts17.4 24.9 36.2 39.9 46.9 51.6 57.5 61.4 64.4 73.4 72.575.3 80.475.4 78.9 80.6 89.2 98.4 107.3 121.3 121.5 81.9Passenger fares2.6 4.4 15.3 15.9 16.6 16.5 17.0 18.9 20.4 20.9 20.1 19.820.717.9 17.0 15.9 18.9 21.0 22.0 25.6 31.6 26.0Other transportation11.6 14.7 22.0 22.6 21.5 22.0 23.8 26.1 26.1 27.0 25.6 26.929.828.4 29.2 31.4 37.0 41.3 46.2 51.6 58.9 44.5Imports ( - ), total46.8 92.2 134.2 132.2 138.5 149.3 168.5 176.1 184.6 203.1 220.8 258.2 288.0 282.5 287.6 299.9 331.4 353.2 377.8 389.1 373.9 272.0Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts3.1 5.3 10.5 11.7 12.6 11.3 11.3 10.7 12.7 16.6 21.8 23.8 26.4 31.4 25.5 24.1 24.3 25.8 28.4 34.4 35.4 30.5Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts28.3 64.9 88.2 85.5 91.5 102.1 118.1 123.7 128.7 139.4 148.6 179.0 195.9 189.8 203.7 210.1 228.2 239.4 256.6 259.2 233.8 160.5Passenger fares3.6 6.4 10.5 10.0 10.6 11.4 13.1 14.7 15.8 18.1 20.0 21.324.322.6 20.0 21.0 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.4 32.6 27.2Other transportation11.8 15.6 25.0 25.0 23.8 24.5 26.0 27.0 27.4 29.0 30.4 34.141.438.7 38.4 44.7 54.2 61.9 65.3 67.1 72.1 53.8Net exports of transportation-related goods and servicesb-1.1 -34.7 -28.5 -17.2 -15.8 -26.4 -38.7 -43.6 -42.9 -40.4 -49.1 -83.3 -109.0 -108.2 -112.1 -125.3 -140.2 -136.6 -137.8 -117.6 -87.9 -44.7Government transportation-related purchases, total59.8 83.4 111.4 123.0 121.9 125.8 132.1 134.4 139.7 147.2 154.1 166.1 178.3 192.9 204.5 219.1 224.0 234.6 247.9 267.5 284.6 UFederal purchasesc7.0 10.0 12.9 14.5 15.3 16.3 17.5 16.5 17.3 17.7 18.7 18.8 19.3 21.0 26.0 29.6 28.9 30.1 32.0 31.9 35.9 UState and local purchasesc48.6 67.2 89.7 92.8 95.2 100.2 106.2 109.5 113.8 121.3 126.9 138.3 150.0 161.9 168.3 172.9 178.4 188.6 201.0 215.9 230.7 UDefense-relatedpurchasesd4.2 6.2 8.8 15.7 11.4 9.3 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.2 8.5 9.09.010.0 10.2 16.6 16.7 15.9 14.9 19.7 18.0 15.0On July 31, 2009, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) released the results of the comprehensive, or benchmark, revision of the national income andproduct accounts (NIPAs) which resulted in many changes relative to previously published results.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Table 3-3: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Current $ billions)U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables,tables 1.1.5, 2.3.5, 2.4.5, 3.11.5, 3.15.5, 4.2.5,5.4.5, and 5.5.5, available at http://www.bea.gov/National/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N as of Apr. 8, 2010.aSum of totalPersonal consumption of transportation, totalGross private domestic investment,Net exports of transportation-related goodsand services,and totalGovernment transportation-related purchases.bExportsminusImports.cFederalpurchasesandState and localpurchasesare the sum of consumption expenditures andgross investmendDefense-relatedpurchasesare the sum of transportation of material and traveSOURCENOTE1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Gross Domestic Product 9,093.7 9,433.9 9,854.3 10,283.510,779.8 11,226.011,347.2 11,553.0 11,840.7 12,263.8 12,638.4 12,976.2 13,254.1 13,312.2 12,987.4Total transportation-related final demanda993.7 1,038.2 1,102.1 1,165.1 1,217.5 1,211.8 1,223.9 1,226.2 1,229.4 1,250.8 1,266.1 1,254.6 1,261.7 1,167.4 UTotal transportation in GDP (percent) 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.3 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.7 9.5 8.8 UPersonal consumption of transportation, total 703.2 738.2 781.0 831.4 882.1 903.6 921.5 937.3 958.3 976.6 979.3 960.5 971.6 893.0 UMotor vehicles and parts 255.6 268.0 286.1 316.1 345.1 356.1 374.3 394.0 405.3 411.3 409.6 396.6 402.4 347.5 317.2Gasoline and oilb233.8 238.8 246.1 256.1 263.5 261.3 263.6 267.5 276.3 282.1 283.8 278.9 280.9 271.7 UTransportion services 213.8 231.4 248.8 259.2 273.5 286.2 283.6 275.8 276.7 283.2 285.9 285.0 288.3 273.8 263.7Gross private domestic investment, total 137.4 143.8 155.9 170.8 198.0 194.1 177.4 161.6 147.4 169.3 188.8 204.9 185.9 137.9 UTransportation structures5.9 7.0 7.7 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.0 7.0 7.1 8.4 8.5 9.0 UTransportation equipment 131.5 136.8 148.2 162.0 190.3 186.2 169.6 154.2 140.4 162.3 181.7 196.5 177.4 128.9 UExports ( + ), total 163.1 171.7 196.4 209.3 208.1 204.5 195.8 194.5 187.4 199.2 216.6 233.8 256.5 256.5 207.3Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts 37.0 42.0 54.5 69.7 67.3 58.4 60.4 56.4 50.5 48.1 55.9 62.0 67.1 65.0 62.8Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts 65.8 68.2 77.2 76.2 78.6 83.2 77.8 81.0 82.2 90.2 98.4 106.0 118.4 117.2 78.6Passenger fares 27.1 29.2 31.4 30.7 28.1 28.6 24.5 22.7 18.9 20.3 21.0 21.9 23.6 26.4 24.8Other transportation 33.2 32.3 33.3 32.7 34.1 34.3 33.1 34.4 35.8 40.6 41.3 43.9 47.4 47.9 41.1Imports ( - ), total 206.7 213.9 234.0 254.6 288.4 313.8 305.2 309.4 315.1 339.4 353.2 374.7 381.2 347.0 257.3Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts 14.4 16.4 20.7 26.7 28.6 30.7 35.2 28.0 25.8 25.2 25.8 27.3 31.5 30.6 25.0Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts 131.2 135.7 146.6 156.1 186.7 202.9 196.7 210.5 216.0 230.6 239.4 255.6 255.6 224.8 153.2Passenger fares 20.8 22.1 23.9 26.0 27.1 29.1 24.9 20.9 21.5 25.7 26.1 26.1 25.3 25.2 22.8Other transportation 40.3 39.7 42.8 45.8 46.0 51.1 48.4 50.0 51.8 57.9 61.9 65.7 68.8 66.4 56.3Net exports of transportation-related goods and servicesc-43.6 -42.2 -37.6 -45.3 -80.3 -109.3 -109.4 -114.9 -127.7 -140.2 -136.6 -140.9 -124.7 -90.5 -50.0Government transportation-related purchases, total 196.7 198.4 202.8 208.2 217.7 223.4 234.4 242.2 251.4 245.1 234.6 230.1 228.9 227 UFederal purchases22.2 22.8 22.8 23.8 23.3 23.1 24.5 29.5 32.4 30.1 30.1 30.8 29.6 32.5 UState and local purchases162.7 163.7 169.3 173.5 182.8 189.1 198.3 201.2 201.3 197.6 188.6 184.9 180.5 179.1 UDefense-related purchasesd11.8 11.9 10.7 10.9 11.6 11.2 11.6 11.5 17.7 17.4 15.9 14.4 18.8 15.4 13.7Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Chained 2005 $ billions)bGasoline and oilalso includes lubricants and fluids.aSum oftotal personal consumption of transportation,total gross private domestic investment,net exports of transportation-related goodsand servicesandtotal government transportation-related purchases.cEqual to exports minus imports.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, tables 1.1.6, 2.3.6, 2.4.6,3.11.6, 3.15.6, 4.2.6, 5.4.6, and 5.5.6, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N#S2 as of Apr. 7, 2010.The Bureau Economic Analysis has changed the reference year for chained dollar estimates from 2000 to 2005 as part of the comprehensiverevision of the national income and product accounts in 2009.SOURCEChained 2000 dollar estimates are provided in the 2010 edition of NTS, table 3-02b.dDefense-related purchasesare the sum of transportation of material and travel.NOTES1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 (R) 2009 2010Gross Domestic Demand2,801.2 4,332.7 5,878.1 6,019.1 6,375.1 (R) 6,731.7 7,177.9 (R) 7,505.3 7,934.8 (R) 8,433.7 8,955.3 9,615.6 (R) 10,333.5 10,657.2 11,069.5 (R) 11,646.3 (R) 12,486.4 13,361.1 14,168.2 14,775.8 15,079.5 14,505.4 15,173.5Total domestic transportation-related final demand337.9 514.5 627.7 615.9 651.5 704.4 772.2 808.9 867.3 930.6 977.6 1,077.5 1,154.3 1,168.2 1,171.2 1,216.0 1,301.4 1,402.7 1,463.6 1,519.4 1,475.6 1,263.4 UTotal transportation in GDD (percent)12.1 11.9 10.7 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 10.9 11.0 10.9 11.2 11.2 11.0 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.3 9.8 8.7UPersonal consumption of transportation, total226.5 357.4 442.9 418.3 451.3 485.3 528.2 554.0 599.0 641.8 669.2 730.5 798.4 814.1 818.3 857.4 909.5 979.3 1,008.8 1,052.6 1,033.4 890.6 UMotor vehicles and parts84.4 170.1 205.1 185.7 204.8 224.7 249.8 255.7 273.5 293.1 320.2 350.7 363.2 383.3 401.3 401.5 404.7 409.6 397.1 402.5 343.2 319.7 345.9Gasoline and oil86.7 97.2 111.4 108.9 112.9 114.5 116.5 120.4 130.5 134.4 121.8 136.5 172.9 168.1 160.3 192.8 231.6 283.8 314.7 343.0 383.3 280.8UTransportation services55.4 90.1 126.4 123.7 133.6 146.1 161.9 177.9 195.0 214.3 227.2 243.3 262.3 262.7 256.7 263.1 273.2 285.9 297.0 307.1 306.9 290.1 300.0Gross private domestic investment, total51.6 73.7 73.4 74.6 78.3 93.3 111.9 120.5 128.6 141.6 154.3 180.9 177.6 161.2 148.4 139.5 167.9 188.8 206.9 199.2 157.1 85.4 UTransportation structures3.2 4.7 3.4 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 5.4 6.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.8 7.1 8.7 9.0 9.9 9.0UTransportation equipment48.4 69.0 70.0 71.5 74.7 89.4 107.7 116.1 123.2 135.5 147.1 174.4 170.8 154.2 141.6 132.9 161.1 181.7 198.2 190.2 147.2 76.4 112.6Government transportation-related purchases, total59.8 83.4 111.4 123.0 121.9 125.8 132.1 134.4 139.7 147.2 154.1 166.1 178.3 192.9 204.5 219.1 224.0 234.6 247.9 267.6 285.1 287.4 UFederal purchasesa7.0 10.0 12.9 14.5 15.3 16.3 17.5 16.5 17.3 17.7 18.7 18.8 19.3 21.0 26.0 29.6 28.9 30.1 32.0 32.0 34.8 36.4 UState and local purchasesa48.6 67.2 89.7 92.8 95.2 100.2 106.2 109.5 113.8 121.3 126.9 138.3 150.0 161.9 168.3 172.9 178.4 188.6 201.0 215.9 232.3236.7 UDefense-related purchasesb4.2 6.2 8.8 15.7 11.4 9.3 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.2 8.5 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.2 16.6 16.7 15.9 14.9 19.7 18.0 14.3 15.8Table 3-5: U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand(Current $ billions)KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, tables 1.4.5, 2.3.5, 2.4.5, 3.11.5, 3.15.5,5.3.5 and 5.4.5, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Mar. 16, 2011.bDefense-related purchasesare the sum of the transportation of material and travel.aFederal purchases and State and local purchasesare the sum of consumption expenditures and gross investmentSOURCE1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 (R) 2009 2010Gross Domestic Demand 9,189.0 9,542.0 9,992.8 10,539.9 11,141.1 11,681.4 11,825.7 12,107.7 12,449.2 12,952.5 13,361.1 13,705.7 13,883.9 13,729.4 13,233.6 13,663.6Total domestic transportation-related final demand1,037.3 1,080.4 1,139.7 1,210.4 1,297.8 1,321.1 1,333.3 1,341.1 1,357.1 1,391.0 1,402.7 1,395.5 1,391.9 1,265.9 1,146.4 UTotal transportation in GDD (percent)11.3 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.3 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.2 10.0 9.2 8.7 UPersonal consumption of transportation, total703.2 738.2 781.0 831.4 882.1 903.6 921.5 937.3 958.3 976.6 979.3 960.5 968.7 886.6 840.2 UMotor vehicles and parts255.6 268.0 286.1 316.1 345.1 356.1 374.3 394.0 405.3 411.3 409.6 396.6 403.9 348.2 324.0 335.4Motor vehicle fuels, lubricants, and fluids233.8 238.8 246.1 256.1 263.5 261.3 263.6 267.5 276.3 282.1 283.8 278.9 276.8 265.3 265.3 UTransportation services213.8 231.4 248.8 259.2 273.5 286.2 283.6 275.8 276.7 283.2 285.9 285.0 288.0 273.1 250.9 253.9Gross private domestic investment, total137.4 143.8 155.9 170.8 198.0 194.1 177.4 161.6 147.4 169.3 188.8 204.9 194.3 152.1 77.5 UTransportation structures5.9 7.0 7.7 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.0 7.0 7.1 8.4 8.5 9.1 8.1 UTransportation equipment131.5 136.8 148.2 162.0 190.3 186.2 169.6 154.2 140.4 162.3 181.7 196.5 185.8 143.0 69.4 112.1Government transportation-related purchases, total196.7 198.4 202.8 208.2 217.7 223.4 234.4 242.2 251.4 245.1 234.6 230.1 228.9 227.2 228.7 UFederal purchasesa22.2 22.8 22.8 23.8 23.3 23.1 24.5 29.5 32.4 30.1 30.1 30.8 29.6 31.5 32.5 UState and local purchasesa162.7 163.7 169.3 173.5 182.8 189.1 198.3 201.2 201.3 197.6 188.6 184.9 180.5 180.3 183.2 UDefense-related purchasesb11.8 11.9 10.7 10.9 11.6 11.2 11.6 11.5 17.7 17.4 15.9 14.4 18.8 15.4 13.0 13.4NOTEAt the time of this publication, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) had only published chained 2005 dollar estimates from 1995 onward.Current dollar estimates for earlier years can be found in table3-5.Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Chained 2005 $ billions)aFederal purchasesandState and local purchasesare the sum of consumption expenditures and gross investments.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, tables 1.4.6, 2.3.6, 2.4.6,3.11.6, 3.15.6, 5.3.6 and 5.4.6, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Mar. 29, 2011.SOURCEbDefense-related purchasesare the sum of the transportation of material and travel.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

# (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

GDP by industry, total 8,794 9,354 9,952 10,286 10,642 11,142 11,868 12,638 13,399 14,062 14,369 14,119

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 100 93 96 99 94 116 143 127 123 145 160 133

Mining 81 82 109 119 110 135 159 192 229 254 317 241

Utilities 165 173 174 178 181 192 208 206 236 249 263 268

Construction 384 428 467 491 494 516 554 612 651 657 623 538

Manufacturing, durable goods 781 802 839 759 768 766 822 878 923 943 927 867

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 546 566 577 585 588 608 661 690 728 756 720 718

Wholesale trade 557 579 618 613 615 638 685 725 770 813 823 781

Retail trade 627 653 686 704 731 769 795 839 875 886 840 820

Transportation and warehousing 276 287 301 303 302 320 347 370 396 405 419 390

Information 386 439 418 451 500 509 564 593 593 633 653 639

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 1,697 1,834 1,998 2,155 2,222 2,316 2,410 2,607 2,778 2,891 2,975 3,040

Professional and business services 927 1,010 1,117 1,171 1,198 1,259 1,347 1,462 1,571 1,701 1,769 1,701

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 601 639 678 729 790 847 906 953 1,015 1,078 1,149 1,213

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 321 355 382 391 411 427 457 482 511 545 535 513

Other services, except government 246 259 278 264 285 290 303 319 332 345 341 335

Government, total 1,099 1,154 1,215 1,275 1,353 1,435 1,508 1,586 1,668 1,760 1,855 1,923

Government, federal 352 362 378 385 417 447 478 502 527 552 580 612

Government, state and local 747 792 837 890 936 988 1,029 1,084 1,141 1,208 1,275 1,311

Percent of GDP

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1.14 0.99 0.96 0.96 0.89 1.04 1.20 1.01 0.91 1.03 1.11 0.94

Mining 0.92 0.88 1.09 1.16 1.03 1.21 1.34 1.52 1.71 1.81 2.21 1.71

Utilities 1.88 1.85 1.75 1.73 1.70 1.72 1.75 1.63 1.76 1.77 1.83 1.90

Construction 4.36 4.58 4.70 4.77 4.64 4.63 4.67 4.84 4.86 4.67 4.34 3.81

Manufacturing, durable goods 8.88 8.58 8.43 7.38 7.21 6.88 6.93 6.94 6.89 6.70 6.45 6.14

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 6.20 6.05 5.79 5.69 5.52 5.46 5.57 5.46 5.44 5.38 5.01 5.08

Wholesale trade 6.34 6.19 6.21 5.96 5.78 5.73 5.77 5.74 5.74 5.78 5.73 5.53

Retail trade 7.13 6.99 6.90 6.84 6.87 6.90 6.70 6.64 6.53 6.30 5.85 5.80

Transportation and warehousing 3.13 3.07 3.03 2.94 2.84 2.87 2.92 2.93 2.95 2.88 2.91 2.76

Information 4.39 4.69 4.20 4.39 4.70 4.56 4.75 4.69 4.43 4.50 4.54 4.53

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 19.30 19.61 20.07 20.95 20.88 20.79 20.30 20.62 20.73 20.56 20.70 21.53

Professional and business services 10.54 10.80 11.22 11.38 11.26 11.30 11.35 11.57 11.73 12.09 12.31 12.05

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 6.84 6.83 6.81 7.09 7.42 7.60 7.64 7.54 7.58 7.67 8.00 8.59

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 3.65 3.80 3.83 3.80 3.86 3.83 3.85 3.81 3.82 3.88 3.73 3.63

Other services, except government 2.79 2.77 2.79 2.57 2.68 2.60 2.55 2.52 2.48 2.45 2.37 2.38

Government, total 12.50 12.34 12.21 12.40 12.71 12.88 12.70 12.55 12.45 12.52 12.91 13.62

Government, federal 4.00 3.86 3.80 3.74 3.91 4.01 4.03 3.97 3.93 3.93 4.04 4.33

Government, state and local 8.50 8.47 8.41 8.66 8.80 8.87 8.67 8.58 8.52 8.59 8.87 9.29

KEY: R = revised. 

# Table 3-7: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Current billions of dollars)

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts , available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/gpotables/ as of Jan. 21, 2011. NOTE

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE

# (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

GDP by industry, total 10,284 10,780 11,226 11,347 11,553 11,841 12,264 12,638 12,976 13,229 13,229 12,881

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 89 93 104 100 104 115 123 127 128 119 129 136

Mining 286 265 233 263 266 231 229 192 208 214 207 263

Utilities 196 216 223 193 200 208 216 206 207 214 227 207

Construction 602 634 655 640 618 619 620 612 594 562 530 447

Manufacturing, durable goods 625 672 748 702 728 750 818 878 938 972 982 857

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 637 651 650 633 639 657 701 690 700 719 635 613

Wholesale trade 538 566 606 636 642 681 718 725 748 789 788 811

Retail trade 703 723 751 775 800 819 819 839 854 865 805 790

Transportation and warehousing 288 298 318 307 303 318 347 370 386 390 393 342

Information 363 413 397 426 474 486 550 593 598 649 676 659

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 1,992 2,122 2,262 2,399 2,394 2,430 2,466 2,607 2,716 2,764 2,764 2,795

Professional and business services 1,158 1,210 1,270 1,301 1,311 1,347 1,393 1,462 1,511 1,549 1,597 1,517

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 785 805 824 845 880 909 937 953 985 1,003 1,042 1,054

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 401 426 443 436 444 454 473 482 496 504 480 439

Other services, except government 338 341 347 310 320 315 317 319 319 320 304 284

Government, total 1,462 1,479 1,507 1,520 1,549 1,565 1,576 1,586 1,593 1,606 1,640 1,653

Government, federal 479 476 483 476 486 494 501 502 500 501 515 533

Government, state and local 984 1,004 1,025 1,044 1,064 1,071 1,075 1,084 1,093 1,104 1,125 1,119

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.88 0.90 0.97 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.90 0.98 1.06

Mining 2.78 2.46 2.07 2.32 2.30 1.95 1.87 1.52 1.60 1.62 1.56 2.04

Utilities 1.90 2.00 1.99 1.70 1.73 1.75 1.76 1.63 1.60 1.62 1.72 1.60

Construction 5.85 5.89 5.83 5.64 5.35 5.23 5.05 4.84 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.47

Manufacturing, durable goods 6.07 6.24 6.66 6.19 6.30 6.33 6.67 6.94 7.22 7.35 7.43 6.66

Manufacturing, nondurable goods 6.19 6.03 5.79 5.58 5.53 5.55 5.72 5.46 5.39 5.44 4.80 4.76

Wholesale trade 5.23 5.25 5.40 5.61 5.56 5.75 5.85 5.74 5.76 5.96 5.96 6.29

Retail trade 6.84 6.71 6.69 6.83 6.93 6.91 6.68 6.64 6.58 6.54 6.09 6.13

Transportation and warehousing 2.80 2.77 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.68 2.83 2.93 2.98 2.94 2.97 2.65

Information 3.53 3.83 3.54 3.76 4.10 4.10 4.48 4.69 4.61 4.91 5.11 5.11

Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing 19.37 19.69 20.15 21.15 20.73 20.52 20.10 20.62 20.93 20.89 20.89 21.70

Professional and business services 11.26 11.22 11.31 11.46 11.34 11.38 11.36 11.57 11.64 11.71 12.07 11.78

Educational services, health care, and social assistance 7.63 7.47 7.34 7.45 7.62 7.68 7.64 7.54 7.59 7.58 7.88 8.18

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 3.90 3.95 3.94 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.85 3.81 3.82 3.81 3.63 3.41

Other services, except government 3.29 3.17 3.09 2.74 2.77 2.66 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.42 2.30 2.20

Government, total 14.22 13.72 13.43 13.39 13.41 13.22 12.85 12.55 12.28 12.14 12.39 12.83

Government, federal 4.66 4.41 4.30 4.19 4.20 4.17 4.09 3.97 3.85 3.79 3.89 4.14

Government, state and local 9.56 9.31 9.13 9.20 9.21 9.04 8.77 8.58 8.42 8.35 8.50 8.69

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry Economic Accounts , available at http://www.bea.gov/industry/gpotables/ as of Jan. 21, 2011. NOTES

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Chained (2005) dollar series are calculated as the product of the chain-type quantity index and the 2005 current-dollar value of the corresponding series, divided by 100.

The formula for the chain-type quantity indexes uses weights of more than one period. Therefore, the corresponding chained-dollar estimates are usually not additive. 

# Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Billions of chained 2005 dollars )

Percent of GDP

KEY: R = revised.

SOURCE1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Total GDP 5,992 6,342 6,667 7,085 7,415 7,839 8,332 8,794 9,354 9,952 10,286 10,642 11,142 11,868 12,638 13,399 14,062 14,369 14,119Housing 1,274 1,355 1,452 1,570 1,646 1,751 1,843 1,968 2,111 2,249 2,366 2,451 2,597 2,808 3,072 3,212 3,165 3,079 2,931Percent of total 21.3 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.6 23.0 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.3 24.0 22.5 21.4 20.8Healthcare 802 872 925 974 1,030 1,082 1,151 1,226 1,298 1,395 1,496 1,619 1,723 1,840 1,973 2,084 2,215 2,326 2,383Percent of total 13.4 13.7 13.9 13.7 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.5 15.2 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.7 16.2 16.9Food 784 814 830 878 887 944 968 996 1,055 1,117 1,148 1,161 1,207 1,279 1,339 1,412 1,498 1,573 1,562Percent of total 13.1 12.8 12.4 12.4 12.0 12.0 11.6 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1Transportation595 637 682 741 771 827 895 930 1,007 1,057 1,051 1,076 1,103 1,169 1,263 1,325 1,409 1,381 1,213Percent of total 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.8 10.6 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.8 10.0 9.9 10.0 9.6 8.6Education 393 412 432 457 490 519 554 586 628 679 724 749 792 829 875 931 996 1,054 1,059Percent of total 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.5Other 2,144 2,252 2,347 2,465 2,591 2,716 2,921 3,087 3,254 3,454 3,502 3,587 3,721 3,943 4,115 4,435 4,779 4,956 4,971Percent of total 35.8 35.5 35.2 34.8 34.9 34.7 35.1 35.1 34.8 34.7 34.0 33.7 33.4 33.2 32.6 33.1 34.0 34.5 35.2Table 3-9:Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Major Social Function (Current $ billions)Other includes all other categories (e.g. entertainment, personal care products and services, and payments to pension plans).Details may not add to totals due to independent rounding.U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, calculated based on data from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,NationalIncome and Product Account Tables, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/Index.asp as of Oct. 19, 2010.KEY:R = revised.NOTESSOURCE1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Passenger-miles (billions) 1,327 1,630 2,170 2,561 2,895 3,326 3,946 3,976 4,089 4,166 4,262 4,309 4,442 4,580 4,706 4,837 4,953 5,179 (R) 5,182 5,259 5,435 5,505 (R) 5,552 5,608 5,494Index (1980 = 100)(R) 46 (R) 56 (R) 75 (R) 88 100 115 136 137 141 144 147 149 153 158 163 167 171 179 179 182 188 190 192 194 190Ton-miles (billions)UUUU3,404 3,314 3,622 3,636 3,746 3,767 3,945 4,104 4,174 4,179 4,228 4,300 4,329 4,357 4,409 4,415 4,541 (R) 4,570 (R) 4,631 4,609 UIndex (1980 = 100)U U U U 100 97 106 107 110 111 116 121 123 123 124 126 127 128 130 130 133 134 136 135 UPopulationa(millions)181 194 205 216 228 238 250 253 257 260 263 267 (R) 270 273 276 279 282 285 288 291 293 296 299 302 304Index (1980 = 100) 79 85 90 95 100 105 110 111 113 114 116 117 (R) 118 120 121 123 124 125 126 128 129 130 131 132 134Industrial Production Indexb(2002=100)26 35 42 46 56 61 70 69 71 73 77 80 84 90 95 100 104 100 100 101 104 107 110 111 109Gross Domestic ProductCurrent $ (billions) 526 719 1,039 (R) 1,638 (R) 2,788 (R) 4,218 (R) 5,801 (R) 5,992 (R) 6,342 (R) 6,667 (R) 7,085 (R) 7,415 (R) 7,839 (R) 8,332 (R) 8,794 (R) 9,354 (R) 9,952 (R) 10,286 (R) 10,642 (R) 11,142 (R) 11,868 (R) 12,638 (R) 13,399 (R) 14,078 (R) 14,441Index (1980 = 100) 19 26 37 59 100 151 208 215 227 239 (R) 254 (R) 266 (R) 281 (R) 299 (R) 315 (R) 335 (R) 357 (R) 369 (R) 382 (R) 400 (R) 426 (R) 453 (R) 481 (R) 505 (R) 518Chained(2005)$(billions)(R)2,831(R)3,610(R)4,270(R)4,880(R)5,839(R)6,849(R)8,034(R)8,015(R)8,287(R)8,523(R)8,871(R)9,094(R)9,434(R)9,854(R)10,284(R)10,780(R)11,226(R)11,347(R)11,553(R)11,841(R)12,264(R)12,638(R)12,976(R)13,254(R)13,312Ton-miles:Passenger miles is the summation of all modes from table 1-40 less transit motor busTon miles is the summation of all modes from table 1-50U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS),National TransportationStatistics, table 1-50.Table 3-10: National Transportation and Economic TrendsKEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aAnnual estimates as of July 1 of each year. Data include Armed Forces abroadbIndustrial Production Index covers manufacturing, mining, and utilities.U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2, available athttp://www.census.gov/ as of Feb. 09, 2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics,NationalTransportation Statistics, table 1-40.NOTESSOURCESPassenger-miles:Population:U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Account Tables, tables 1.1.5 and 1.1.6, available athttp://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N as of Feb. 09, 2010.Industrial Production Index1960-75: Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the Presiden,Industrial Production Indexes, table B-52, available athttp://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/download.html as of Feb. 09, 2010.Gross Domestic Product:1980-2008: The Federal Reserve System,Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization, Annual Revision Release (Washington DC: March 27, 2009), table 1A,available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/ as of Feb. 09, 2010.

# Section B Transportation and Consumer Expenditures1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Aviation fuel (excluding taxes)Aviation gasolinea108.4 120.1 112.0 104.7 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 111.6 112.8 97.5 105.9 130.6 132.3 128.8 149.3 181.9 223.1 268.2 284.9 327.3 244.2Jet fuel kerosenea86.8 79.6 76.6 65.2 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 65.1 61.3 45.2 54.3 89.9 77.5 72.1 87.2 120.7 173.5 199.8 216.5 305.2 170.4Highway fuel (including taxes)Gasoline, premiumbN 134.0 134.9 132.1 131.6 130.2 130.5 133.6 141.3 141.6 125.0 135.7 169.3 165.7 155.6 177.7 206.8 249.1 280.5 303.3 351.9 260.7Gasoline, regularb124.5 120.2 116.4 114.0 112.7 110.8 111.2 114.7 123.1 123.4 105.9 116.5 151.0 146.1 135.8 159.1 188.0 229.5 258.9 280.1 326.6 235.0Gasoline, all types 122.1 119.6 121.7 119.6 119.0 117.3 117.4 120.5 128.8 129.1 111.5 122.1 156.3 153.1 144.1 163.8 192.3 233.8 263.5 284.9 331.7 240.1Diesel no. 2(excluding taxes)a81.8 78.9 72.5 64.8 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 68.1 64.2 49.4 58.4 93.5 84.2 76.2 94.4 124.3 178.6 209.6 226.7 315.0 183.4Railroad fuelDiesel 82.6 77.8 69.2 67.2 63.3 63.1 59.9 60.0 67.7 67.8 57.0 55.5 87.5 85.5 73.3 89.3 107.0 151.4 192.1 218.2 312.1 177.1Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 61.bAverage retail price.SOURCESAll data except railroad fuel:NOTEFor a comparison with other consumer goods prices see table 3-12.Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-Users (Current ¢ / gallon)KEY:N = data do not exist.aSales to end-users (those sales made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk customers in agriculture, industry, andutility).U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Monthly Energy Review(Washington, DC: November 2010),tables 9.4 and 9.7, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/prices.html as of Dec. 16, 2010.Railroad fuel:1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Retail price of motor gasoline, all types(constant 2007 dollars per gallon)Total service station price (R) 1.91 (R) 2.20 (R) 3.00 (R) 2.15 (R) 1.82 (R) 1.74 (R) 1.67 (R) 1.59 (R) 1.56 (R) 1.56 (R) 1.63 (R) 1.59 (R) 1.35 (R) 1.45 (R) 1.82 (R) 1.71 (R) 1.57 (R) 1.79 (R) 2.06 (R) 2.44 (R) 2.66 2.80Service station price excluding taxes (R) 1.31 (R) 1.73 (R) 2.65 (R) 1.73 (R) 1.40 (R) 1.24 (R) 1.17 (R) 1.08 (R) 1.01 (R) 1.01 (R) 1.09 (R) 1.07 (R) 0.83 (R) 0.93 (R) 1.31 (R) 1.22 (R) 1.08 (R) 1.31 (R) 1.58 (R) 1.95 (R) 2.19 2.31Average motor fuel taxesa(R) 0.59 (R) 0.48 (R) 0.35 (R) 0.42 (R) 0.43 (R) 0.50 (R) 0.50 (R) 0.51 (R) 0.55 (R) 0.55 (R) 0.54 (R) 0.53 (R) 0.52 (R) 0.52 (R) 0.51 (R) 0.49 (R) 0.48 (R) 0.48 (R) 0.48 (R) 0.49 (R) 0.47 0.49Retail price of motor gasoline, all types(current dollars per gallon)Total service station price0.36 0.57 1.22 1.20 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.21 1.29 1.29 1.12 1.22 1.56 1.53 1.44 1.64 1.92 2.34 2.64 2.85Service station price excluding taxes0.25 0.45 1.08 0.98 0.95 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.78 0.80 0.88 0.88 0.71 0.81 1.14 1.11 1.02 1.21 1.48 1.88 2.18 2.36Average motor fuel taxesa0.11 0.12 0.14 0.22 0.27 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.49Consumer price indices (1982-84 = 100)All items 39 54 82 108 131 136 140 145 148 152 157 161 163 167 172 177 180 184 189 195 202 207Food 39 60 87 106 132 136 138 141 144 148 153 157 161 164 168 173 176 180 186 191 195 203Shelter 36 49 81 110 140 146 151 156 161 166 171 176 182 187 193 201 208 213 219 224 232 241Apparel 59 73 91 105 124 129 132 134 133 132 132 133 133 131 130 127 124 121 120 120 120 119Motor fuel28 45 97 99 101 99 99 98 99 100 106 106 92101 129 125 117 136 160 196 221 239Medical care 34 48 75 114 163 177 190 201 211 221 228 235 242 251 261 273 286 297 310 323 336 3511980-2007: Ibid.,Monthly Energy Review(Washington, DC: March 2007), table 9.4, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as of February 2009.Consumer price indices:KEY: R = revised.Table 3-12: Price Trends of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and Services1970-2007: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Consumer Price Index-Urban (Current Series), available at http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ as of June 18,2009.SOURCESRetail price: Average motor fuel taxes:American Petroleum Institute, Policy Analysis and Statistics, personal communication, April 2009.aState and federal taxes are weighted averages computed by the American Petroleum Institute, based on gasoline sold in the 50 states. Local taxes are excluded, butadditional state sales taxes levied on motor fuel are included.Retail price: Total service station price:1970-75: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency,Annual Energy Review 2003(Washington, DC: 2004), table 5.24, available athttp://www.eia.doe.gov as of September 2004.Basedate1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009Air Transportation (NAICS 481)12/92U U 100.0 105.6 108.5 113.7 121.1 125.3 124.5 130.8 147.7 157.2 157.8 162.1 162.3 171.0 180.4 183.7 203.8 188.5Scheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 4811) 12/89 110.2 121.2 114.2 125.4 129.1 135.9 145.5 150.8 149.3 157.3 180.1 193.0 193.3 198.5 198.6 209.3 220.5 224.5 248.9 229.1Scheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 48111)12/89 110.2 121.2 114.2 125.4 129.1 135.9 145.5 150.8 149.3 157.3 180.1 193.0 193.3 198.5 198.6 209.3 220.5 224.5 248.9 229.1Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation (NAICS 481111)12/89 110.6 122.4 114.8 126.8 130.6 137.8 148.1 153.9 152.6 161.2 186.5 200.6 200.4 205.7 205.8 217.1 229.6 234.5 257.1 236.1Scheduled Freight Air Transportation (NAICS 481112)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.2 104.9 108.4 109.0 127.8 119.1Nonscheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 4812)12/96UUUUUU100.0 97.8 99.2 102.2 107.3 112.7 114.7 117.8 119.9 126.7 136.8 148.5 165.8 160.4Nonscheduled Air Transportation (NAICS 48121)12/96UUUUUU100.0 97.8 99.2 102.2 107.3 112.7 114.7 117.8 119.9 126.7 136.8 148.5 165.8 160.4Rail Transportation (NAICS 482)12/96UUUUUU100.0 100.5 101.7 101.3 102.6 104.5 106.6 108.8 113.4 125.2 135.9 140.9 157.3 148.5Rail Transportation (NAICS 4821)12/96UUUUUU100.0 100.5 101.7 101.3 102.6 104.5 106.6 108.8 113.4 125.2 135.9 140.9 157.3 148.5Rail Transportation (NAICS 48211)12/96UUUUUU100.0 100.5 101.7 101.3 102.6 104.5 106.6 108.8 113.4 125.2 135.9 140.9 157.3 148.5Line -Haul Railroads (NAICS 482111)12/84 107.5 109.3 109.9 110.9 111.8 111.7 111.5 112.1 113.4 113.0 114.5 116.6 118.9 121.4 126.5 139.6 151.6 157.2 175.5 165.6Water Transportation (NAICS 483)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.3 106.4 111.1 113.5 127.0 116.1Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation (NAICS 4831)NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUDeep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation (NAICS 48311)NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUDeep Sea Freight Transportation (NAICS 483111)06/88 113.1 119.5 116.4 115.9 114.4 113.3 114.1 113.1 116.7 134.0 155.8 172.2 185.8 219.9 225.9 231.9 233.3 230.0 258.3 218.8Coastal and Great Lakes Freight Transportation (NAICS 483113)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.7 109.9 119.9 130.2 141.8 137.4Inland Water Transportation (NAICS 4832)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 103.2 119.3 144.1 146.7 172.0 166.7Inland Water Transportation (NAICS 48321)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 103.2 119.3 144.1 146.7 172.0 166.7Inland Water Freight Transportation (NAICS 483211)12/90 100.0 99.2 97.7 95.8 98.5 114.6 109.9 105.9 106.8 111.2 117.9 123.4 120.6 124.7 131.0 151.4 182.9 186.1 218.3 211.4Truck Transportation (NAICS 484)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 103.1 109.0 113.2 115.4 123.0 117.3General Freight Trucking (NAICS 4841)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 103.5 110.0 114.1 116.5 123.6 117.5General Freight Trucking, Local (NAICS 48411)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 105.2 111.5 115.3 119.6 130.2 126.0General Freight Trucking, Local (NAICS 484110)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 105.2 111.5 115.3 119.6 130.2 126.0General Freight Trucking, Long Distance (NAICS 48412)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 103.2 109.7 113.8 115.9 122.2 115.5General Freight Trucking, Long Distance, Truckload (NAICS 484121)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.7 108.6 112.0 113.5 119.5 111.0General Freight Trucking, Long Distance, Less Than Truckload (NAICS 484122)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 104.2 111.8 117.7 121.0 127.9 125.5Specialized Freight Trucking (NAICS 4842)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.3 107.0 111.4 113.1 122.1 117.4Used Household and Office Goods Moving (NAICS 48421)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.6 106.0 107.8 108.8 112.2 112.8Used Household and Office Goods Moving (NAICS 484210)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.6 106.0 107.8 108.8 112.2 112.8Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Local (NAICS 48422)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.7 107.1 112.3 114.2 126.7 123.9Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Local (NAICS 484220)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.7 107.1 112.3 114.2 126.7 123.9Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Long Distance (NAICS 48423)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.7 107.5 112.8 114.8 123.6 113.2Specialized Freight (except Used Goods) Trucking, Long Distance (NAICS 484230) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.7 107.5 112.8 114.8 123.6 113.2Pipeline Transportation (NAICS 486)NA U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U UPipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (NAICS 4861)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 103.9 113.3 112.0 125.4 137.1 141.0Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (NAICS 48611)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0103.9113.3 112.0 125.4 137.1 141.0Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (NAICS 486110)06/86 94.2 94.4 94.8 95.0 102.5 113.4 104.7 96.0 96.8 95.5 101.0 111.1 112.3 111.1 115.2 125.5 135.3 138.9 152.0 156.3Other Pipeline Transportation (NAICS 4869)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.4 105.2 108.2 115.0 121.6 128.7Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products (NAICS 48691)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.4 105.2 108.2 115.0 121.6 128.7Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products (NAICS 486910)06/86 100.8 101.1 101.2 101.3 103.4 104.6 104.3 105.3 104.8 104.9 105.3 108.5 111.0 112.7 116.0 120.3 123.8 131.7 139.2 147.3Table 3-13: Producer Price IndicesforSelected Transportation and WarehousingServices(North American IndustryClassificationSystem [NAICS] basis)(Base date = 100)Basedate1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009Table 3-13: Producer Price IndicesforSelected Transportation and WarehousingServices(North American IndustryClassificationSystem [NAICS] basis)(Base date = 100)Support Activities for Transportation (NAICS 488)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.1 104.1 106.5 108.5 111.7 108.6Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 4881)12/96UUUUUU100.0 102.5 105.2 108.6 114.2 117.5 121.4 125.1 128.1 134.2 138.6 141.0 145.4 149.2Airport Operations (NAICS 48811)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.1 104.8 108.6 109.6 112.3 117.9Air Traffic Control (NAICS 488111)NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUOther Airport Operations (NAICS 488119)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.1 104.8 108.6 109.7 112.4 117.9Other Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 48819)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.0 107.5 110.8 112.9 117.0 117.5Other Support Activities for Air Transportation (NAICS 488190)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.9 107.4 110.8 112.9 117.0 117.5Support Activities for Water Transportation (NAICS 4883)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.0 103.5 107.7 112.7 117.3 116.8Port and Harbor Operations (NAICS 48831)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.4 105.9 108.8 114.8 117.7 120.5Port and Harbor Operations (NAICS 488310)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.4 105.9 108.8 114.9 117.7 120.5Marine Cargo Handling (NAICS 48832)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.5 102.2 105.1 109.0 110.7 113.3Marine Cargo Handling (NAICS 488320)12/91 U 100.0 101.2 102.6 102.9 102.1 101.6 103.7 104.9 106.7 109.1 111.4 110.9 111.5 113.2 115.1 118.4 122.8 124.7 127.6Navigational Services to Shipping (NAICS 48833)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.5 105.7 113.9 120.6 133.8 122.9Navigational Services to Shipping (NAICS 488330)12/92 U U 100.0 99.8 101.5 107.2 110.9 113.3 115.6 119.7 124.2 125.4 127.4 129.3 133.1 138.6 149.5 158.2 175.6 161.3Freight Transportation Arrangement (NAICS 4885)12/96UUUUUU100.0 99.4 97.7 97.3 98.3 98.2 97.5 97.9 98.9 99.1 98.8 100.2 102.5 94.8Freight Transportation Arrangement (NAICS 48851)12/96UUUUUU100.0 99.4 97.7 97.3 98.3 98.2 97.5 97.9 98.9 99.1 98.8 100.2 102.5 94.8Freight Transportation Arrangement (NAICS 488510)12/94UUUU100.0 99.8 101.5 101.4 99.7 99.2 100.3 100.3 99.5 99.9 100.9 101.1 100.9 102.2 104.6 96.8Postal Service (NAICS 491)06/89 100.0 117.9 119.8 119.8 119.8 132.2 132.3 132.3 132.3 135.3 135.2 143.4 150.2 155.0 155.0 155.0 164.7 171.9 178.9 185.0Postal Service (NAICS 4911)06/89 100.0 117.9 119.8 119.8 119.8 132.2 132.3 132.3 132.3 135.3 135.2 143.4 150.2 155.0 155.0 155.0 164.7 171.9 178.9 185.0Couriers and Messengers (NAICS 492)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 106.1 113.8 121.5 131.5 142.0 141.5Couriers (NAICS 4921)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 106.6 115.0 123.2 133.5 144.4 143.8Local Messengers and Local Delivery (NAICS 4922)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.1 102.7 104.4 108.1 112.2 114.3Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493)12/06UUUU82.7 84.1 84.6 85.4 86.5 89.0 90.8 93.2 94.5 95.8 U U U 102.5 106.5 107.2Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 4931)12/06UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU102.5 106.5 107.2General Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 49311)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.3 101.5 103.8 107.3 111.9 112.2General Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493110)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.4 101.6 103.8 107.4 111.9 112.2Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 49312)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.5 101.0 102.4 104.0 106.7 109.5Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493120)12/91 U 100.0 101.0 101.8 102.7 104.2 104.6 105.1 105.4 106.4 108.1 109.8 109.8 109.8 110.5 111.0 112.5 114.3 117.3 120.4Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 49313)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.2 101.5 103.8 104.0 108.7 108.1Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493130)12/92 U U 100.0 100.1 100.9 104.0 102.4 102.9 104.1 107.1 110.6 114.2 115.6 116.1 116.5 118.1 120.6 120.9 126.4 125.6U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Producer Price Index Industry Data, available at www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of June 9, 2010.KEY:NA = not applicable;NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.SOURCEBase date1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.9 102.5 103.2 104.9 107.3 109.5Motor Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 3361) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 99.4 98.7 96.1 96.6 98.0 100.9Automobile and Light Duty Motor Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 33611) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 99.2 98.2 95.1 95.3 96.6 99.4Automobile and Light Duty Motor Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 336110)06/82119.9 125.3 129.1 133.2 138.0 139.1 140.4 138.7 136.8 137.6 138.7 137.6 134.9 135.1 136.5 135.1 130.8 131.1 132.9 136.7Automobile Manufacturing ((NAICS 336111) NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUULight Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 336112) NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUHeavy Duty Truck Manufacturing (NAICS 33612)a12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0UUUUU124.5Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing (NAICS 336120) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.2 106.4 110.4 115.5 118.9 124.4Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS 3362) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 104.0 109.7 113.7 117.2 121.5 122.4Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS 33621) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 109.7 113.8 117.2 121.6 122.6Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing (NAICS 336211)12/82125.4 128.1 131.1 132.8 136.8 145.5 149.9 153.5 155.3 157.0 160.3 163.3 165.6 167.5 176.7 190.3 200.0 205.0 212.0 216.4Truck Trailer Manufacturing (NAICS 336212)12/79125.6 128.1 131.2 134.2 138.6 148.6 147.8 147.7 152.2 153.6 156.6 156.1 155.6 157.0 166.2 176.2 184.5 190.2 199.1 200.9Motor Home Manufacturing (NAICS 336213)06/84125.8 128.7 131.8 133.9 134.5 137.8 141.6 143.1 145.0 147.6 149.4 151.8 154.8 157.8 163.8 169.3 166.6 171.1 174.6 170.7Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing (NAICS 336214) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.6 104.7 109.7 113.9 119.4 121.6Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 3363) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.4 102.7 104.8 106.8 108.8 108.5Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33631) 12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 102.1 110.6 112.3 115.2 103.7Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve Manufacturing (NAICS 336311)12/82118.6 119.7 120.7 121.9 122.7 124.8 126.4 127.1 127.0 126.5 127.8 128.5 129.1 128.7 129.8 131.7 137.4 141.9 147.0 147.1Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336312)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.4 102.5 111.5 113.1 116.0 103.7Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 33632)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 101.5 102.3 103.5 103.0 103.2Vehicular Lighting Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336321)12/83112.8 121.8 122.7 123.2 123.2 124.1 124.3 123.7 124.7 124.7 122.7 122.5 122.7 122.1 123.0 123.9 124.6 126.8 129.3 131.4Other Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336322)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 99.8 101.7 102.5 103.7 102.9 102.9Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing (NAICS 33633)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.8 105.1 106.3 105.0 106.5 105.3Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing (NAICS 336330)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.7 104.9 106.1 104.8 106.3 105.1Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing (NAICS 33634)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 100.3 101.2 101.6 103.4 104.5Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing (NAICS 336340)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 99.6 100.3 101.2 101.6 103.4 104.5Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33635)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 102.8 102.5 104.5 107.2 109.5 114.0Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336350)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.9 101.2 103.2 105.9 108.1 112.7Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing (NAICS 33636)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.3 99.9Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing (NAICS 336360)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 99.1 99.5 99.8 100.0 99.3 99.9Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping (NAICS 33637)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 109.9 110.4 113.4 117.0 119.9Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping (NAICS 336370)12/82112.6 111.7 111.5 111.4 111.9 111.7 112.5 112.8 111.9 110.4 110.6 110.1 110.3 113.0 118.5 120.4 120.9 124.2 128.1 131.3Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33639)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 101.6 102.1 103.8 107.2 108.1Motor Vehicle Air-Conditioning Manufacturing (NAICS 336391)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.3 99.8 99.7 100.9 100.2 100.0All Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336399)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 100.6 101.9 102.5 104.4 108.4 109.5Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 3364)06/85117.7 122.3 126.6 130.1 134.0 137.3 140.8 142.7 143.4 144.8 149.9 154.7 157.3 162.2 168.0 176.0 (R) 183 188.6 196.2 200.6Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 33641)06/85117.7 122.3 126.6 130.1 134.0 137.3 140.8 142.7 143.4 144.8 149.9 154.7 157.3 162.2 U 176.0 (R) 183 188.6 196.2 200.6Aircraft Manufacturing (NAICS 336411)12/85116.0 120.4 124.3 128.6 132.9 137.3 140.5 142.3 142.7 144.1 150.5 155.7 158.8 164.2 170.8 180.9 188.8 193.9 201.7 204.9Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336412)12/85112.6 117.9 123.6 125.7 129.0 130.9 133.4 134.8 135.8 136.8 139.7 144.0 145.7 152.9 160.4 163.5 169.7 177.2 184.1 193.8Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336413)06/85116.3 120.3 124.9 128.0 130.7 131.7 136.3 139.0 140.8 142.2 143.3 146.6 148.1 147.6 148.0 151.8 153.9 159.8 166.2 169.6Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Manufacturing (NAICS 336414) NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUGuided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336415) NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUOther Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336419) NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUURailroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing (NAICS 3365)06/84114.2 117.3 118.7 119.8 122.6 127.6 129.7 127.4 127.6 128.2 128.6 128.3 127.7 129.0 135.8 150.5 158.4 165.6 169.3 171.5Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing (NAICS 336510)06/84114.2 117.3 118.7 119.8 122.6 127.6 129.6 127.4 127.5 128.1 128.6 128.2 127.7 128.9 135.7 150.3 158.2 165.4 169.2 171.4Ship and Boat Building (NAICS 3366)12/84120.1 122.7 125.7 129.9 133.0 135.0 138.2 142.0 144.1 145.6 149.0 152.6 156.8 163.0 169.6 175.0 181.4 188.3 193.8 199.2Ship and Boat Building (NAICS 33661)12/84120.1 122.7 125.7 129.9 133.0 135.0 138.2 142.0 144.1 145.6 149.0 152.6 156.8 163.0 U 175.0 181.4 188.3 193.8 199.2Ship Building and Repairing (NAICS 336611)12/85114.0 116.2 118.3 123.3 126.8 127.6 130.1 133.3 134.8 135.4 137.6 140.1 144.1 151.7 159.8 163.9 169.9 177.0 181.6 187.4Boat Building (NAICS 336612)12/81136.0 140.1 144.9 147.7 150.2 154.6 159.6 165.0 168.6 172.7 179.4 186.3 190.5 194.2 198.0 206.7 214.1 220.9 228.4 233.4Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 3369)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.1 103.6 104.8 106.3 106.4 107.2Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 33699)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 U 103.6 104.8 106.3 106.4 107.2Motorcycle, Bicycle, and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 336991)12/84109.9 111.8 114.4 116.9 119.0 122.2 123.3 123.3 124.2 125.5 127.7 127.9 128.6 128.6 130.0 132.2 132.3 132.9 135.3 138.2Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing (NAICS 336992) NAUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUAll Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 336999)12/03UUUUUUUUUUUUU100.0 101.1 104.2 106.1 108.3 107.3 107.2Table 3-14: Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment, NAICS Basis (Base date = 100)KEY:NA = not applicable; NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.Data are not seasonally adjusted.U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Producer Price Index Industry Data, available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of June 21, 2010.NOTESOURCEa2009 data is an average of 11 months (i.e., from February to December).1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 (R) 2009 2010Total expenditures 331,795 443,811 648,301 1,033,788 1,755,826 2,717,608 3,835,453 3,980,073 4,236,891 4,483,594 4,750,806 4,987,280 5,273,608 5,570,626 5,918,488 6,342,784 6,830,371 7,148,807 7,439,191 7,804,013 8,285,080 8,819,002 9,322,662 9,806,312 10,104,487 10,001,328 10,350,589Transportation40,765 56,529 76,503 124,390 226,486 357,415 442,931 418,274 451,285 485,332 528,231 554,064 598,935 641,818 669,157 730,472 798,408 814,097 818,351 857,412 909,486 979,344 1,008,795 1,052,590 1,033,478 890,669 978,093expenditures12.3 12.7 11.8 12.0 12.9 13.2 11.5 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.8 10.7 10.2 8.9 9.4Food and beverage83,041 101,623 145,130 225,387 360,888 477,253 653,911 676,347 690,778 712,079 740,777 760,464 789,277 819,336 849,515 895,149 947,583 980,935 1,007,790 1,055,957 1,121,075 1,190,324 1,257,717 1,329,379 1,386,518 1,381,467 1,428,065Clothing and footwear29,263 36,483 49,945 71,433 108,834 154,300 206,959 210,436 223,024 230,952 239,687 244,146 252,712 262,012 273,015 287,050 297,319 294,337 295,168 302,782 315,864 331,806 347,183 356,671 352,084 339,532 354,763Communication5,206 7,535 11,606 19,955 31,796 53,104 70,093 73,870 81,142 85,767 93,263 98,942 108,317 120,106 130,593 144,727 162,067 171,320 177,468 181,816 187,853 192,759 207,800 221,105 230,628 234,689 233,676Final consumption expenditures ofnonprofit institutions serving households5,276 7,192 11,089 18,050 31,888 50,346 79,614 84,245 92,343 94,622 102,369 107,170 115,715 112,248 130,995 145,407 165,368 186,204 205,005 211,815 210,013 214,075 240,350 254,170 278,822 258,858 266,158Health20,363 31,977 56,849 102,717 195,473 345,323 583,724 638,374 700,443 741,681 779,896 826,007 868,312 919,880 979,652 1,033,334 1,109,594 1,209,403 1,317,080 1,403,832 1,500,649 1,601,456 1,688,078 1,789,674 1,882,675 1,973,070 2,051,158Household operationa26,179 34,706 46,617 67,805 110,737 155,993 200,559 199,109 209,398 221,891 238,616 251,692 263,723 277,270 296,846 319,652 342,492 351,096 363,539 376,468 400,430 423,859 445,411 453,594 445,184 419,532 433,081Housing, utilities, and fuels 60,525 80,999 113,786 184,843 327,026 513,995 709,115 747,817 783,331 826,866 879,204 926,774 975,497 1,023,141 1,076,806 1,137,399 1,214,461 1,303,244 1,349,054 1,410,631 1,480,618 1,603,867 1,708,233 1,779,388 1,861,249 1,899,223 1,926,742Financial services and insurance 13,551 19,394 31,071 54,014 95,599 180,539 253,218 281,979 311,759 341,016 349,027 364,689 393,631 431,297 469,649 514,234 569,962 562,791 576,166 601,753 667,481 712,619 752,375 818,884 848,139 813,847 820,892Recreation 19,711 28,891 47,017 77,053 127,440 207,163 314,746 326,272 346,841 378,423 413,996 449,768 481,538 509,502 545,957 593,596 639,851 655,708 680,923 712,511 764,637 807,396 859,130 905,795 915,955 897,052 928,904Education 3,360 5,465 9,914 15,886 25,443 41,172 65,958 70,561 76,442 81,086 86,364 92,304 99,627 107,120 115,244 123,931 134,291 143,615 149,527159,684 169,412 180,657 192,658 206,245 220,469 232,884 245,109Foreign travel, net 2,121 2,858 4,514 4,445 3,540 7,742 -7,673 -15,219 -19,951 -20,662 -17,497 -21,462 -24,511 -21,506 -13,739 -13,798 -13,328 -7,409 -5,148 -550 545 -89 3,721 -3,229 -12,492 -11,282 -9,405Other 22,433 30,157 44,263 67,808 110,675 173,267 262,297 268,009 290,055 304,538 316,871 332,720 350,833 368,398 394,794 431,633 462,303 483,468 504,265 529,900 557,014 580,925 611,213 642,050 661,776 671,792 693,342Disposable Personal Income (DPI)365,200 497,800 735,500 1,187,300 2,002,700 3,079,300 4,254,000 4,444,900 4,736,700 4,921,600 5,184,300 5,457,000 5,759,600 6,074,600 6,498,9006,803,3007,327,200 7,648,500 8,009,700 8,377,800 8,889,400 9,277,300 9,915,700 10,423,600 10,952,900 11,034,900 11,377,500Transportation as a percent of DPI11.2 11.4 10.4 10.5 11.3 11.6 10.4 9.4 9.5 9.9 10.2 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.3 10.7 10.9 10.6 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.6 10.2 10.1 9.4 8.1 8.6U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 2.1, available athttp://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=N#S2 as of Mar. 15, 2011.The categories have been revised due to the Comprehensive Benchmark revision by the source in 2010, thus this table is not comparable to the 2009 and earlier editions.aIncludes furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance.Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures by Category (Current $ millions)Ibid.,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 2.3.5u, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/nipa_underlying/SelectTable.asp as of Mar. 15, 2011.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.NOTESDPI:All except DPI:KEY:R = revised.SOURCES(R) 1960 (R) 1965 (R) 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009TOTAL transportation40,800 56,500 76,500 124,400 226,500 357,400 442,900 418,300 451,300 485,300 528,200 554,100 598,900 641,800 669,200 730,500 798,400 814,100 818,400 857,400 909,500 979,300 1,008,800 1,052,600 1,033,500 890,700User-operated transportation, total39,510 55,324 74,483 121,055 218,784 349,064 433,277 409,458 444,552 479,512 523,379 548,274 592,165 631,797 658,024 719,713 780,631 802,062 811,282 850,878 903,691 975,431 1,000,058 1,046,217 1,022,054 884,395New cars and net purchases of used cars 16,571 25,191 26,754 36,775 57,243 110,679 118,988 103,658 112,410 120,391 133,268 132,634 135,930 139,384 146,306 155,938 160,260 157,556 155,296 144,639 144,787 153,122 154,218 148,960 133,967 116,514New and used trucks and RVs606 1,284 2,667 7,739 11,849 40,988 63,882 60,337 70,115 80,809 91,229 96,231 108,636 123,810 144,833 165,365 173,295 195,945 216,558 227,075 229,379 223,733 207,231 215,925 168,304 163,204Motor vehicle parts and accessories2,487 3,450 6,087 10,287 17,926 23,483 28,254 27,803 28,727 30,797 33,737 35,366 37,647 39,133 39,477 41,069 41,788 41,260 41,674 43,288 45,188 48,046 50,561 52,644 52,237 50,330Repair and rentala5,262 7,213 11,776 18,972 32,597 58,034 82,032 78,832 86,705 95,755 108,622 121,371 134,351 147,753 154,548 166,188 176,972 181,925 179,036 180,860 185,545 194,347 201,631 209,246 206,862 197,500Gasoline and oil 12,004 14,751 21,921 39,703 86,689 97,205 111,440 108,852 112,864 114,518 116,492 120,410 130,494 134,428 121,791 136,456 172,929 168,083 160,273 192,793 231,555 283,798 314,665 342,973 383,298 280,837Parking fees and tolls 567 816 1,205 1,652 2,529 4,004 5,171 5,546 6,427 6,864 7,281 7,766 8,405 9,482 10,687 11,463 12,318 12,859 12,747 13,152 13,722 14,771 14,778 14,702 15,585 15,588Insurance premiums, less claims paidb2,013 2,619 4,073 5,927 9,951 14,671 23,510 24,430 27,304 30,378 32,750 34,496 36,702 37,807 40,382 43,234 43,069 44,434 45,698 49,071 53,515 57,614 56,974 61,767 61,801 60,422Purchased intercity transportation, total 1,447 2,145 4,156 7,402 15,376 21,014 29,468 28,827 29,338 31,973 34,231 37,071 40,241 45,141 49,015 52,325 59,015 53,237 50,195 53,918 57,386 59,282 61,517 64,219 64,661 57,346Railroad 448 429 395 474 588 616 696 697 546 526 488 482 489 490 519 555 635 697 726 713 719 733 810 906 996 919Intercity bus 154 206 311 455 873 754 615 674 682 724 776 836 895 1,022 1,118 1,202 1,360 1,410 1,412 1,394 1,353 1,306 1,303 1,206 1,302 1,091Airline 678 1,279 3,075 5,890 12,768 18,088 25,891 25,069 25,581 27,742 29,226 31,072 33,269 37,216 40,269 43,042 49,166 42,873 39,515 43,348 46,163 47,654 49,368 51,596 51,603 45,057Otherc167 231 375 583 1,147 1,556 2,266 2,387 2,529 2,981 3,741 4,681 5,588 6,413 7,109 7,526 7,854 8,257 8,542 8,463 9,151 9,589 10,036 10,511 10,760 10,279Purchased local transportation, total 1,904 1,958 2,906 4,019 4,864 7,093 9,701 10,468 11,153 11,507 11,761 11,738 11,958 11,931 12,910 13,309 13,947 14,703 14,752 15,161 16,545 17,501 19,072 18,941 19,834 19,687Mass transit system1,295 1,346 1,726 2,051 2,998 4,521 7,124 7,843 8,567 8,794 8,962 8,749 8,796 8,673 9,411 10,040 10,876 11,336 11,298 11,952 12,769 13,415 14,624 14,558 15,493 15,218Taxi609 612 1,180 1,968 1,866 2,572 2,577 2,625 2,586 2,713 2,799 2,989 3,162 3,258 3,499 3,269 3,071 3,367 3,454 3,209 3,776 4,086 4,448 4,383 4,341 4,469KEY:R = revised; RVs = recreational vehicles.Table 3-16: Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory (Current millions of dollars)A significant revision has been made for all years due to a comprehensive revision made by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, tables 2.5.5 and 2.4.5U , available athttp://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm as of Jan. 26, 2011.aAlso includes greasing, washing, storage, and leasing.NOTESSOURCEbConsists of premiums plus premium supplements less normal losses and dividends paid to policyholders for motor vehicles insurance.cConsists of baggage charges, coastal and inland waterway fares, travel agents' fees, airports bus fares, and limousine services.1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Average total cost per mile (current ¢)14.4 21.2 23.2 33.0 37.3 38.8 38.7 39.4 41.2 42.6 44.8 46.1 47.0 49.1 51.0 50.2 51.7 56.2 52.2 52.2 54.1 54.0 56.6Gasb4.8 5.9 5.6 5.4 6.6 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.8 5.6 6.6 6.2 5.6 6.9 7.9 5.9 7.2 6.5 9.5 8.9 11.7 10.1 11.4Gas as a percent of total costb33.4 27.9 24.0 16.4 17.7 15.2 15.2 14.2 14.1 13.1 14.7 13.5 11.9 14.1 15.5 11.7 13.9 11.6 18.2 17.1 21.6 18.7 20.1Maintenancec1.0 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.1 5.4 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.5Tires 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8Average total cost per 15,000 miles (current $)2,154 3,176 3,484 4,954 5,601 5,824 5,804 5,916 6,185 6,389 6,723 6,908 7,050 7,363 7,654 7,533 7,754 8,431 7,834 7,823 8,121 8,095 8,487Variable cost 968 1,143 1,113 1,260 1,455 1,350 1,380 1,365 1,440 1,440 1,620 1,605 1,590 1,829 2,040 1,770 1,965 1,890 2,265 2,175 2,545 2,313 2,511Fixed costd1,186 2,033 2,371 3,694 4,146 4,474 4,424 4,551 4,745 4,949 5,103 5,303 5,460 5,534 5,614 5,764 5,789 6,541 5,569 5,648 5,576 5,783 5,976Changes in methodology have been made in 1985 and 2004, and thus costs may not be comparable before and after those years.In 2004, the American Automobile Association adopted a new method for calculating vehicle operating costs that represent the real-world personaluse of a vehicle over a five-year and 75,000-mile ownership period. The total cost of owning and operating an automobile include fuel,Maintenance,Tires, insurance, license, registration and taxes, depreciation, and finance.Prior to 1985, the cost figures are for a mid-sized, current model, American car equipped with a variety of standard and optional accessories. After1985, the cost figures represent a composite of three current model American cars. The 2004 fuel costs are based on average late-2003 U.S. pricesfrom AAA's Fuel Gauge Report: www.fuelgaugereport.com. Insurance figures are based on a full-coverage policy for a married 47-year-old male witha good driving record living in a small city and commuting three to ten miles daily to work. The policy includes $100,000/$300,000 level coverage witha $500 deductible for collision coverage and a $100 deductible for comprehensive coverage. Depreciation costs are based on the difference betweennew-vehicle purchase price and its estimated trade-in-value at the end of five years. American Automobile Association analysis covers vehiclesequipped with standard and optional accessories including automatic transmission, air conditioning, power steering, power disc brakes, AM/FMstereo, driver- and passenger-side air bags, anti-lock brakes, cruise control, tilt steering wheel, tinted glass, emissions equipment, and rear-windowdefogger.SOURCEThe sum ofVariableandFixed costsmay not add to totals due to rounding.Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobilea(Assuming 15,000 Vehicle-Miles per Year)American Automobile Association,Your Driving Costs(Heathrow, FL: Annual issues), available at http://www.aaapublicaffairs.com/Main/ as of Apr.16, 2010.aAll figures reflect the average cost of operating a vehicle 15,000 miles per year in stop and go conditions.bPrior to 2004, data include oil cost.cBeginning in 2004, data include oil cost.dFixed costs(ownership costs) include insurance, license, registration, taxes, depreciation, and finance charges.NOTES1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service 33.01 34.13 40.65 53.64 84.60 92.53 107.86 106.78 103.60 109.80 103.21 106.66 110.37 114.10 114.34 114.98 121.27 111.60 101.67 (R)106.77 103.56 106.48 114.39 114.10 (R)120.57 105.43Class I bus, intercitya2.46 2.73 3.81 5.46 10.57 11.98 20.22 21.86 21.15 21.32 19.77 20.10 22.85 20.83 23.14 26.16 29.46 30.27 30.11 U U U U U U UTransit, all modesb(unlinked)0.14 0.16 0.22 0.27 0.30 0.53 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.77 0.85 0.88 0.93 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.03 1.26 1.07 1.11 1.17Commuter rail 0.64 0.71 0.84 1.04 1.41 2.85 2.90 3.01 3.09 3.09 3.19 3.13 3.25 3.30 3.29 3.30 3.33 3.43 3.49 3.79 3.90 4.08 4.22 4.32 4.58 4.68Intercity rail / Amtrakc4.22 3.92 3.19 12.96 17.72 26.15 39.59 41.19 40.78 40.11 39.10 39.92 43.31 45.26 44.75 46.85 49.61 51.58 55.15 50.68 50.04 51.47 56.45 58.94 60.52 58.75Class I bus, intercity:Transit and commuter rail:1960-93: Interstate Commerce Commission,Transport Statistics in the United States, Motor Carriers(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), part2.1994-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Selected Earnings Data, Class I Motor Carriers ofPassengers(Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (operating revenue / revenue passengers).1997-2009: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak),Amtrak Annual Report(Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (ticket revenue perpassenger mile multiplied by average trip length of passengers), p. 61, available athttp://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1241245669222 as of Jan. 27, 2011.1975-80: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personalcommunication.1985-96: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak),Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual Issues)(transportation revenues / Amtrak system passenger trips).1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association,Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC:Annual Issues), table 43, and similar tables in earlier editions (passenger fares / passenger trips).1960-70: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database,Data Tables(Washington, D.C.:Annual Reports), table 26, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Jan. 27, 2011.Intercity rail / Amtrak:Table 3-18: Average Passenger Fares (Current dollars)SOURCES1965-70: Ibid.Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973(Washington, DC: March 1974), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2(passenger revenue).1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: February 1970), part III, table 2 (enplanements); partIV, table 2 (passenger revenue).2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Officeof Airline Information,TranStats Database, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class,available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?Table_ID=264&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary as of Jan. 26, 2011 andAirCarrier Financial Reports, Schedule P-11 and Schedule P-12, available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0as ofJan. 26, 2011.1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier FinancialStatistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues); andAir Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues)(passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements).bPrior to 1984, excludesCommuter railroad, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demand responsive, and most rural and smaller systems.cAmtrakbegan operations in 1971.1975-80: Ibid.Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 1, line 3; andAir Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues), p. 2, line 16 (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements).KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailableaRegular routeIntercityservice.Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service:1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service 125.95 125.32 125.66 122.77 111.64 101.90 106.89 108.02 103.46 103.09 102.06 103.98 112.86 110.01 108.66 109.13 109.90 109.81 111.22 (R) 114.09 110.63 106.48 106.57 (R) 104.97 (R) 100.63 94.49Class I bus, intercitya21.06 22.08 24.34 22.24 26.92 19.46 27.74 28.64 27.27 28.40 26.35 27.61 30.82 27.96 29.46 32.54 35.01 34.86 33.60 U U U U U U UTransit, all modesb(unlinked)1.27 1.26 1.15 1.22 0.94 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.06 1.10 1.20 1.21 1.17 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.12 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.22 1.01 1.02 1.02Commuter railc4.58 5.00 5.02 4.82 3.95 5.09 3.79 3.83 3.88 3.82 3.91 3.64 3.54 3.60 3.51 3.39 3.32 3.26 3.20 3.51 3.95 4.08 3.87 4.05 4.10 4.20Intercity rail / Amtrakd30.19 27.63 19.08 60.03 49.68 46.70 51.80 52.46 51.20 49.59 47.87 46.39 47.22 49.41 47.69 48.14 49.43 49.00 50.54 46.92 50.65 51.47 51.84 (R) 55.24 (R) 54.18 52.711975-80: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication.1960-93: Interstate Commerce Commission,Transport Statistics in the United States, Motor Carriers(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), part 2.Class I bus, intercity:1994-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Selected Earnings Data,Class I Motor Carriers of Passengers(Washington, DC: AnnualIssues) (operating revenue / revenue passengers).Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service:1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: February 1970), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenue).1985-1996: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak),Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (transportation revenues / Amtrak systempassenger trips).Transit and commuter rail:1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association,Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 43 and similar tables in earlier editions(passenger fares / passenger trips).1997-2009: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak),Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual Issues) (ticket revenue per passenger milemultiplied by average trip length of passengers), p. 61, available at http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1241245669222 as ofJan. 27, 2011.Intercity rail / Amtrak:1960-70: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).SOURCES1975-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues), p. 1, line 3; andAir Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual DecemberIssues), p. 2, line 16 (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements).1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: AnnualDecember Issues); andAir Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues) (passenger revenue / revenue passenger enplanements).dAmtrakbegan operations in 1971.NOTES2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database,Data Tables(Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), table 26, available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Jan. 27, 2011.2002-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,TranStatsDatabase, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class,available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?Table_ID=264&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summaryas of Jan. 27, 2011and Air Carrier Financial Reports, ScheduleP-11 and Schedule P-12,available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0as ofJan. 27, 2011.The Bureau of Economic Analysis has changed the reference year for chained dollar estimates from 2000 to 2005 as part of the comprehensive revision of the national income andproduct accounts in 2009. As a result all the data are revised and cannot be comparable with the previous editions.This table is deflated using data from the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts tables, table 2.4.4U. Lines 203, 199,201 and 197 are used respectively to deflate their corresponding rows.1965-70: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973(Washington, DC: March 1974), part III, table 2 (enplanements); part IV, table 2 (passenger revenue).Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares (Chained 2005 dollars)KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailableaRegular routeIntercityservice.cThis category is now deflated using the railway transportation instead of mass transit deflator and theIntercity raildeflator used in previous editions.bPrior to 1984, excludes commuter railroad, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demand responsive, and most rural and smaller systems.

# Section C Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service 6.1 6.1 6.0 7.7 11.5 12.2 13.4 13.2 12.9 13.7 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.0 14.6 13.2 12.0 12.3 12.0 12.3 (R) 13.1 (R) 13.1 13.8Index (1990 = 100) 46 46 45 57 86 91 100 99 96 102 98 101 103 104 105 104 109 99 89 92 90 92 (R) 98 (R) 98 103Class I bus, intercitya2.7 2.9 3.6 4.9 7.3 9.9 11.6 12.0 11.8 12.0 11.6 12.2 12.3 12.6 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9UUUUUUUIndex (1990 = 100) 23 25 31 42 63 86 100 104 102 104 101 106 106 109 110 110 111 112UUUUUUUCommuter rail 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.6 6.7 12.1 13.4 13.0 13.3 14.3 13.5 13.1 13.7 14.7 14.4 14.9 14.6 15.1 15.2 16.2 16.6 18.2 18.0 17.8 19.6Index (1990 = 100) 22 25 28 34 50 90 100 97 99 107 101 97 102 109 107 111 109 112 113 121 124 136 134 132 146Intercity / Amtrakb3.0 3.1 4.0 5.7 8.2 11.3 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.7 14.6 16.6 17.3 17.5 18.4 23.2 24.9 26.8 25.0 26.0 27.2 29.7 30.7 31.8Index (1990 = 100) 21 22 28 40 58 80 100 100 100 99 97 103 118 123 124 130 165 176 190 177 184 192 210 217 225Consumer Price Index (1990 = 100) 23 24 30 41 63 82 100 104 107 111 113 117 120 123125 127132 136 138 141 145 149 154 159 165Air carrier, domestic, scheduled service:NOTEThe Bureau of Transportation Statistics rebased the consumer price index from 1982-84=100 to 1990=100.Commuter rail:Intercity class I bus:Intercity / Amtrak:Table 3-20: Average Passenger Revenue per Passenger-Mile (Current ¢)2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database,Data Tables(Washington, D.C.:Annual reports), available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of May 27, 2010.1990-2001: American Public Transportation Association,2010Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: 2010), tables 2 and 42(passenger fares / passenger miles).1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: February 1970), part III, table 2 (passenger-miles); partIV, table 2 (passenger revenues).KEY: R = revised;U = data are unavailable.aRegular routeIntercityservice.bAmtrakbegan operations in 1971.SOURCES1960-2008: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Consumer Price Index-Urban, U.S. All Items Indexes, available athttp://www.bls.gov/cpi/ as of May 27, 2010.1960-70: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1975-80: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 1994(Lansdowne, VA: 1994), p. 50.1985-2002: National Passenger Rail Corporation (Amtrak),Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual issues)(transportation revenues / passenger-miles).Consumer Price Index:2003-08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual issues), p. 77 and similar pages in previous editions(passenger revenue/revenue passenger miles).1965-70: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973(Washington, DC: March 1974), part III, table 2 (passenger-miles); part IV, table 2(passenger revenues).1975-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 2, line 3.Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 4, line 9.1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December issues), p. 4, line 3 and similar pages in previous editions; andAir Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington,DC: Annual December issues), p. 3, line 9, and similar pages in previous editions (total passenger operating revenues / total revenue passengermiles).1960-85: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 48.2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office ofAirline Information,TranStats Database, T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class,available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?Table_ID=264&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summaryas of June 23, 2010andAir Carrier Financial Repots, Schedule P-11 and Schedle P-12,available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0as ofJune 24, 2010.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 48.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Air carrier, domestica22.80 20.46 21.91 28.22 46.31 48.77 55.84 61.18 60.64 60.19 59.86 61.39 63.68 63.92 66.88 68.62 73.85 71.09 (R) 69.30 (R) 69.11 78.12 87.46 95.39 99.72 121.82 115.93Index (1990 = 100)41 37 39 51 83 87 100 110 109 108 107 110 114 114 120 123 132 127 (R) 124 (R) 124 (R) 140 (R) 157 (R) 171 179 218 208Truckb6.31 6.46 8.50 11.60 18.00 22.90 12.88 12.46 12.96 13.12 13.56 13.5 13.98 14.27 12.89 13.14 13.75 13.31 (R) 13.09 (R) 13.33UUUUUUIndex (1990 = 100)U U U U U U 100 97 101 102 105 105 109 111 100 102 107 103 102 103 U U U U U UClass I rail1.40 1.27 1.43 2.04 2.87 3.04 2.66 2.59 2.58 2.52 2.49 2.40 2.35 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.35 2.62 2.84 2.99 3.34 UIndex (1990 = 100)53 48 54 77 108 114 100 97 97 95 94 90 88 90 88 86 85 84 85 86 88 99 107 112 126 UBargeN 0.35 0.30 0.52 0.77 0.80 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.36 1.4 1.63 1.56 1.5 1.52 1.58 1.67 1.75 1.71 1.77 1.83UUUUUIndex (1990 = 100)N U U U U U 100 99 98 96 99 97 110 97 107 98 97 95 120 125 129 U U U U UOil pipelinec0.32 0.28 0.27 0.37 1.33 1.57 1.22 1.17 1.21 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.18 1.17 1.11 1.17 1.3 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.34UUUUUIndex (1990 = 100)U U U U U U 100 96 99 96 101 105 97 96 91 96 107 110 109 107 110 U U U U UProducer Price Index (1990 = 100)d28 29 33 49 74 88 100 102 103 105 105 107 110 111 110 112 116 118 117 120 125 131 135 140 149 1451960-2009: Council of Economic Advisors,2010Economic Report of the President(Washington, DC: 2010), table B-65, available athttp://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/ as of July 8, 2010.1985: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington,DC: Annual December Issues) (freight operating revenues).1975-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: 1976, 1981), pp. 4 and 14 (December 1976) and pp. 2 and 3 (December 1981).Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues) (freight revenue ton-miles).1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS),TranStats Database,T-1,Schedule P-11, andSchedule P-12data, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/ as of July 8, 2010, and BTS special tabulation, July 8, 2010.Truck, barge, and oil pipeline:Class I rail:Producer Price Index:1965-70: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973(Washington, DC: 1974), part III, tables 2 and 13.NOTE:There is a break in the data from 1985 to 1990 forTruck,Barge, andOil pipeline; therefore, data prior to 1990 cannot be indexed using 1990 as thebase year because the data are incomparable.SOURCESAir carrier, domestic, scheduled service:1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: 1970), part III, tables 2 and 13.Table 3-21: Average Freight Revenue Per Ton-mile (Current ¢)1960-2004: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 46 and similar pages in previous editions.1960-2008: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 30 and similar pages in previous editions.bGeneral freight common carriers, most of which are LTL (less-than-truckload) carriers.dTotal finished goods. Converted to 1990 base year index by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and therefore not comparable to previous editions ofthis table.cThe jump from 1975 to 1980 reflects entrance of Alaska pipeline moving crude petroleum to U.S. refineries.aFor 1990 and later, air carriers that did not report both financial data and all months of traffic data for a given period were excluded from the calculations.Cargo revenue includes both scheduled and charter property revenue and mail revenue.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Air carrier, domestic, all services 2,178 3,691 7,180 12,020 26,440 37,629 57,961 56,165 57,654 63,233 65,949 70,885 76,891 82,250 86,494 90,931 98,896 86,51179,22088,830 99,229 (R) 111,730 119,967TruckingaNNNNNN127,314 126,772 135,437 142,547 155,713 161,806 174,743 183,153 197,314 207,751 223,197 221,355 222,383 228,311 248,191 272,911 UClass I bus, intercity 463 607 722 955 1,397 1,233 943 981 938 928 870 917 912 996 999 1,014 1,088 1,076 1,070 U U U UTransitb1,407 1,444 1,707 3,451 6,510 12,195 16,053 16,533 16,915 17,276 17,968 18,241 19,151 19,515 21,062 22,220 24,243 25,288 26,632 28,021 29,718U UClass I rail9,514 10,208 11,992 16,402 28,258 27,586 28,370 27,845 28,349 28,825 30,809 32,279 32,693 33,118 33,151 33,521 34,102 34,576 35,327 36,639 40,517 46,118 52,152Intercity / AmtrakcN N N 253 454 832 1,308 1,347 1,320 1,400 1,409 1,490 1,550 1,669 2,244 2,011 2,111 2,109 2,228 2,074 1,865 1,886 2,042Water transportation (domestic)d1,722 1,822 2,070 3,293 7,219 7,704 7,940 7,964 7,935 8,028 7,745 7,712 7,283 6,940 6,824 6,795 6,930 6,235 U U UU UOil pipelinee895 1,051 1,396 2,220 7,548 8,910 8,506 8,095 8,548 8,470 8,676 9,077 8,637 8,632 8,579 9,067 8,958 9,066 U U UU UGas pipeline (investor-owned)f8,700 11,500 16,400 30,551 85,918 103,945 66,027 63,922 66,405 69,965 63,430 58,435 72,025 U 57,548 59,142 72,075 79,276 68,594 75,567 80,331 102,062 UTransmission companies 3,190 4,088 5,928 11,898 41,604 45,738 21,756 19,818 20,193 19,873 13,841 12,092 12,050 10,339 9,450 9,555 10,404 10,257 10,096 10,892 11,313 16,547 UDistribution companies N N N 5,938 14,013 21,510 18,750 17,812 19,854 20,307 20,911 19,421 30,407 30,864 28,182 28,135 34,696 39,179 31,210 38,199 40,410 48,957 UIntegrated companies N N N 6,962 17,300 17,396 10,117 11,047 10,279 12,506 11,827 10,899 11,941 12,125 2,974 3,086 3,755 4,184 3,150 3,753 2,424 2,803 UCombination companiesNNN5,75313,00119,30115,40415,24516,07917,27916,85116,02317,627U16,94218,36623,22025,65624,13822,72326,18433,755UOil pipeline:Gas pipeline:SOURCESTrucking:Class I rail:Intercity/Amtrak:Water transportation:Air carrier, domestic, all services:1960-70: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973(Washington, DC: March 1974).1960-93: Interstate Commerce Commission,Annual Report of the Interstate Commerce Commission(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1994-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Selected Earnings Data, Class 1 Motor Carriers of Passengers(Washington, DC:Annual issues).Transit:eOil pipeline revenues are much smaller than gas pipeline revenues because oil pipeline companies are common carriers that include transportation costs only.1975-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), p. 1.1985-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Financial Statistics(Washington, DC: AnnualDecember issues).1998-2005: Ibid.,Service Annual Survey,2004(Washington, DC: February 2006), table 2.1.1990-97: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Transportation Annual Survey, 1998(Washington, DC: January 2000), table 1.2002: Ibid., Consolidated Financial Statements, Internet site http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/03financial.pdf as of July 21, 2004.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.aData from 1990 through 1997 include local trucking (4212), trucking, except local (4213), local trucking, without storage (4214), and courier services, except air (4215)based on SIC (Standard Industrial Classification). For 1998 and later, data includes truck transportation (484) and couriers and messengers (492) based on NAICS (NorthAmerican Industry Classification System). Therefore, data from 1998 onward are not directly comparable with data prior to 1998.bExcludes commuter rail, automated guideway, urban boat, demand responsive, and most rural and smaller systems prior to 1984. Includes operating assistance.cAmtrak began operations in 1971.dIncludes foreign traffic moving on domestic inland waterways.Intercity Class I bus:1960-2004: American Public Transportation Association,Public Transportation Fact Book, 2007(Washington, DC: 2007), table 50 and similar tables in earlier editions.fData are not directly comparable from year to year due to acquisition and mergers. Prior to 1975, pipeline companies are not categorized by distribution, integrated, orcombination. Total numbers for these companies are 1960 = 5,505; 1965 = 7,437; 1970 = 10,542. In 1997, the American Gas Association revised the database thatidentifies companies by type (distribution, integrated, or transmission). This reclassification of companies has resulted in numerous additions to the distribution companysample, in particular from the integrated company sample.Table 3-22:Total Operating Revenues (Current $ millions)2002: Ibid., personal communication, Oct. 6, 2004.1960-2005: American Gas Association,Gas Facts,(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, and 11-4, and similar tables in earlier editions.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 38-40.1975-80: Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication.1985-2001: Ibid.,Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).2003: Ibid., Consolidated Financial Statements, Internet site http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/04financial.pdf as of Feb. 2, 2006.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 38-40.2004-06: Ibid., Consolidated Financial Statements, Internet site http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/07financial.pdf as of Jan. 4, 2008.1960-2006: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: 2007), p. 12 and similar tables in earlier editions.NAICSCode1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 (R) 2008 2009TOTAL U.S. labor forceb54,296 60,874 71,006 77,069 90,528 97,511 109,487 108,375 108,726 110,844 114,291 117,298 119,708 122,776 125,930 128,993 131,785 131,826 130,341 129,999 131,435 133,703 136,086 137,598 136,790 130,920Transportation related labor force2,115 2,133 2,312 3,040 3,054 3,550 12,317 12,011 11,867 11,981 12,350 12,705 12,192 13,247 13,481 13,767 13,907 13,752 13,438 13,224 13,259 13,395 13,492 13,516 13,212 12,23248-49Transportation and warehousingcU U U 2,620 2,961 3,012 3,476 3,463 3,462 3,554 3,701 3,838 3,935 4,027 4,168 4,300 4,410 4,372 4,224 4,185 4,249 4,361 4,470 4,541 4,508 4,235481Air transportationU U U U U U 529 525 520 517 511 511 526 542 563 586 614 615 564 528 515 501 487 492 491 4604811Scheduled air transportationU U U U U U 503 498 491 486 477 473 486 501 520 543 570 570 520 485 472 456 442 446 444 4154812Nonscheduled air transportationU U U U U U 27 27 29 31 34 38 40 41 43 44 45 45 44 43 43 44 45 46 47 45482Rail transportation862 716 617 534 518 350 272 256 248 242 235 233 225 221 225 229 232 227 218 218 226 228 228 234 231 219483Water transportationU U U U U U 57 57 57 53 52 51 51 51 51 52 56 54 53 55 56 61 63 66 67 644831Sea, coastal, and Great Lakes water transportationU U U U U U 35 36 35 33 33 32 32 32 32 33 36 34 32 34 35 37 39 40 U U484Truck transportationUUUUUU1,122 1,105 1,107 1,155 1,206 1,249 1,282 1,308 1,354 1,392 1,406 1,387 1,339 1,326 1,352 1,398 1,436 1,439 1,389 1,2664841General freight truckingU U U U U U 807 795 797 831 867 901 924 942 9761,002 1,013 992 952 935 950 981 1,005 1,007 976 8854842Specialized freight truckingU U U U U U 315 310 311 324 339 348 359 367 379 390 393 395 388 390 402 417 431 432 413 381485Transit and ground passenger transportationU U U U U U 274 284 288 300 317 328 339 350 363 371 372 375 381 382 385 389 399 412 423 4194851-4852Urban transit, interurban and rural bus transportationU U U U U U 46 46 46 48 52 53 55 56 59 59 59 60 61 60 60 60 60 61 63 624851Urban transit systemsU U U U U U 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 36 36 35 36 38 38 39 40 40 40 U U4852Interurban and rural bus transportation38 39 41 38 36 33 25 23 22 21 22 23 23 21 23 23 23 24 23 22 21 20 20 19 U U4853Taxi and limousine serviceU U U U U U 57 59 58 61 64 66 68 70 72 73 72 71 68 67 66 66 69 73 71 674854School and employee bus transportationU U U 66 81 93 114 118 121 125 130 136 137 142 146 151 152 153 161 165 167 169 172 177 182 1844855Charter bus industryU U U 11 15 21 26 27 27 28 28 29 31 32 34 36 38 37 36 33 32 31 31 32 33 304859Other transit and ground passenger transportationU U U U U U 31 34 36 39 43 45 48 51 52 53 51 54 56 58 59 63 67 70 74 76486Pipeline transportationU U U U U U 60 61 60 59 57 54 51 50 48 47 46 45 42 40 38 38 39 40 42 42487Scenic and sightseeing transportationU U U U U U 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 25 25 26 28 29 26 27 27 29 28 29 28 28488Support activities for transportationU U U U U U 364 377 370 382 405 430 446 473 497 518 537 539 525 520 535 552 571 584 592 5494881Support activities for air transportationU U U U U U 96 96 96 99 101 104 109 115 124 133 141 140 139 136 142 148 157 163 168 1504883Support activities for water transportationU U U U U U 91 96 89 86 89 92 90 92 94 96 97 95 95 94 92 94 99 100 99 934884Support activities for road transportationU U U U U U 35 36 38 41 45 49 53 57 60 63 66 69 70 72 76 79 81 84 85 824885Freight transportation arrangementU U U U U U 111 115 114 120 130 143 149 161 166 172 178 179 168 167 171 177 180 184 187 1764889 Support activities for other transportation, including railU U U U U U 32 33 34 37 40 43 45 48 53 54 56 57 52 52 55 55 53 54 53 48492Couriers and messengersU U U U U U 375 379 389 414 466 517 540 546 568 586 605 587 561 562 557 571 582 581 573 5474921Couriers and express delivery servicesU U U U U U 340 344 354 378 423 469 489 494 513 528 546 530 507 510 507 522 533 531 523 5004922Local messengers and local deliveryU U U U U U 35 35 35 36 43 48 51 52 55 58 59 57 54 51 50 50 50 50 50 47493Warehousing and storageU U U U U U 407 403 406 413 431 444 452 462 474 494 514 514 517 528 558 595 638 665 672 642Transportation related manufacturing324Petroleum and coal products manufacturingU U U U U U 153 155 152 146 144 140 137 136 135 128 123 121 118 114 112 112 113 115 117 11532621Tire manufacturingdU U U U U U 90 86 87 87 85 87 86 84 87 87 87 82 76 72 70 67 60 59 59 5232622Rubber and plastic hoses and belting manufacturingU U U 29 31 26 25 23 23 24 26 27 27 28 29 30 30 29 28 28 28 29 28 28 27 U334511 Search, detection, navigation, guidance, aeronautical, andnautical system and instrument manufacturingU U U U U 354 280 256 226 201 175 158 158 159 163 161 149 150 148 145 151 157 158 158 153 151336Transportation equipment manufacturingUUUUUU2,135 2,029 1,978 1,915 1,937 1,979 1,975 2,028 2,078 2,089 2,057 1,939 1,830 1,775 1,767 1,772 1,769 1,712 1,608 1,3533361Motor vehicle manufacturingU U U U U U 271 258 260 264 282 295 285 287 284 291 291 279 265 265 256 248 237 220 192 1433362Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturingU U U U U U 130 120 126 136 151 160 155 158 170 184 183 159 152 153 165 171 179 166 140 1053363Motor vehicle parts manufacturingU U U U U U 653 639 661 678 736 787 800 809 818 837 840 775 734 708 692 678 655 608 544 4193364Aerospace product and parts manufacturingU U U U U U 841 784 711 624 552 514 514 555 579 547 517 511 470 442 442 455 474 489 507 4933365Railroad rolling stock manufacturingU U U U U U 31 28 27 29 33 35 33 32 35 35 33 28 23 23 25 27 28 28 29 233366Ship and boat building130 148 158 179 203 172 174 165 158 148 147 148 147 146 154 154 154 148 147 147 149 154 157 160 156 1323369Other transportation equipment manufacturingU U U U U U 35 35 36 37 38 40 41 41 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 39 40 40 41 39Other transportation related industries2373Highway, street, and bridge constructionU U U U U U 289 267 264 271 274 278 288 294 308 336 340 346 346 340 347 351 348 345 327 2864231 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and suppliesmerchant wholesalersU U U U U U 309 304 302 306 320 335 343 350 354 360 356 347 346 342 341 344 348 350 338 31642386 Transportation equipment and supplies merchantwholesalerseU U U U U U 35 34 33 31 31 32 33 35 37 40 39 36 34 32 32 33 33 34 35 354247 Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalersU U U U U U 155 147 137 129 128 126 124 123 122 123 119 114 111 106 101 100 100 101 100 97441Motor vehicle parts dealersUUUUUU1,494 1,435 1,428 1,475 1,565 1,627 1,686 1,723 1,741 1,797 1,847 1,855 1,879 1,883 1,902 1,919 1,910 1,908 1,831 1,6404411Automobile dealersU U U 769 783 904 983 938 935 970 1,032 1,072 1,113 1,135 1,142 1,180 1,217 1,225 1,253 1,254 1,257 1,261 1,247 1,242 1,177 1,0224412Other motor vehicle dealersU U U U U U 93 84 81 83 91 97 101 105 110 121 132 136 142 149 159 166 169 172 162 1364413Automotive parts, accessories, and tire storesU U U U U U 418 413 413 422 443 459 471 484 489 496 499 493 485 480 487 491 494 495 492 482447Gasoline stationsU U U U U U 910 889 876 881 902 922 946 956 961 944 936 925 896 882 876 871 864 862 842 8275321Automotive equipment rental and leasingU U U U U 142 163 152 151 156 163 171 180 184 189 199 208 208 195 193 197 199 199 196 193 1695615Travel arrangement and reservation servicesU U U U U U 250 240 245 256 271 281 294 302 304 297 299 285 252 235 226 224 226 227 223 1966219Other ambulatory health care servicesU U U U U U 99 107 114 125 135 143 154 164 171 173 173 180 187 195 200 206 217 228 238 2468111Automotive repair and maintenanceU U U U U U 659 636 636 670 701 738 781 811 828 864 888 904 900 894 891 886 887 885 856 80681293Parking lots and garagesU U U U U U 68 69 68 70 71 75 78 82 85 89 93 96 96 100 102 103 108 111 114 111912001Postal service591 619 741 699 673 750 825 813 800 793 821 850 867 866 881 890 880 873 842 809 782 774 770 769 747 703Government employment, totalf532 650 795 831 846 852 903 905 884 892 900 899 U 895 842 862 873 890 932 894 888 888 885 890 895 893U.S. DOTgU U 104 112 112 100 104 108 110 109 103 101 99 98 69 65 64 66 99 59 57 56 54 54 56 58State and Localh,i532 650 691 719 734 752 798 796 774 783 798 798 U 797 772 797 809 824 832 835 830 833 831 835 839 8351970-75: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Statistical Abstract of the UnitedStates, 1976 (Washington, DC: 1976), table 409, and U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S.Coast Guard, G-WPM, Office of Military Personnel, personal communication.All data, except as noted:1992-2009: Ibid.,Government Employment and Payroll, available at http://www.census.gov/pub/govs/ as of Nov. 1, 2010U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Data,National Employment Hours and Earnings,available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of Nov. 1, 2010State and local:Government employment:2004-09: Ibid.,DOT Workforce Demographics, Demographics by Year, available at http://dothr.ost.dot.gov/workforceinfo/demographics.htm as of Nov. 1, 20101990-2003: Ibid.,DOT Workforce Demographics(Washington, DC : Annual issues).1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary of TransportationDOT Employment Facts, A Report to Management(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1960-91: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1993(Washington, DC: 1993), table 500 and similar tables in earlier editions.USDOT:State and local employment statistics for years 1965 and later are significantly different from the data reported in the previous edition of the report because current data include employment for air,water and transit modes in addition to highway.Due to lack of data, employment for inland water transportation; pipeline transportation of crude oil; pipeline transportation of natural gas; other pipeline; scenic and sightseeing transportation forland, water and other; commercial air, rail, water transportation equipment rental and leasing; and regulation and administration of transportation programs are not reported.Details may not add to totals due to independent roundingNOTEScDoes not include Postal servicefNot all government agencies are included (e.g., the National Transportation Safety Board)gThe U.S. Department of Transportation was created in 1966. Data are on a fiscal year basis and include permanent civilians as well as temporary employees and military. The United States CoastGuard (USCG) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) were transferred to the Department of Homeland Security in 2003.hFull-time equivalent employment. Data prior to 1986 are not directly comparable to data from later years due to a change in the way full-time equivalent was calculated. Full-time equivalent was notcalculated for 1985. State and local data for 1960 include highway employment only. For years 1965 and later, state and local government employment covers highway, air, water and transit modes.SOURCESeDoes not include motor vehicle wholesalersTable 3-23: Employment in For-Hire Transportation and Selected Transportation-Related Industriesa(North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) basis) (Thousands)bExcludes farm employment.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aAnnual averages.dIncludes tire manufacturing and tire retreadingiDue to a change in the reference period, from October to March, the October 1996 Annual Survey of Government Employment and Payroll was not conducte

# SOC code Occupation 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

53-2011 Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 88,040 94,820 88,800 78,810 76,940 78,490 76,240 75,810 78,250 77,090 74,420

53-2012 Commercial pilots 18,780 18,040 18,380 19,570 19,940 21,370 24,860 27,120 29,180 31,250 29,180

53-2021 Air traffic controllers 22,620 23,350 22,990 23,410 22,610 22,260 21,590 23,240 24,180 24,260 24,420

53-2022 Airfield operations specialists 4,510 4,580 5,390 5,910 4,670 4,810 4,510 4,760 6,210 8,050 7,670

53-3011 Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 13,520 15,700 17,620 17,280 18,420 17,410 18,320 21,100 21,520 21,790 19,570

53-3021 Bus drivers, transit and intercity 160,210 175,470 190,530 197,090 187,900 183,710 183,450 191,120 189,050 184,160 177,510

53-3022 Bus drivers, school 463,860 457,050 469,100 468,790 471,130 475,430 465,880 456,570 461,590 460,100 459,480

53-3031 Driver/sales workers 385,210 373,660 378,220 368,730 397,630 406,910 400,530 396,680 382,360 372,720 363,050

53-3032 Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,558,400 1,577,070 1,548,480 1,520,880 1,520,740 1,553,370 1,624,740 1,673,950 1,693,590 1,672,580 1,550,930

53-3033 Truck drivers, light or delivery services 1,085,050 1,033,220 996,000 977,920 951,400 938,730 938,280 941,590 922,900 908,960 834,780

53-3041 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 119,630 130,200 125,860 125,720 131,880 132,650 144,280 154,490 165,590 170,520 167,740

53-4011 Locomotive engineers 19,940 29,390 30,730 28,250 30,070 31,180 37,390 36,870 41,760 42,760 43,560

53-4012 Locomotive firers 890 1,040 730 710 630 620 540 560 580 970 960

53-4013 Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 5,070 4,020 4,840 4,600 6,020 6,170 6,970 5,820 4,950 5,480 5,360

53-4021 Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 14,500 16,830 17,070 15,030 15,310 16,410 20,700 22,810 23,120 24,610 24,270

53-4031 Railroad conductors and yardmasters 36,680 40,380 40,910 38,070 35,120 35,720 38,330 37,110 37,540 39,580 41,540

53-4041 Subway and street car operators U 3,190 U 7,250 8,720 8,900 7,430 6,740 6,600 7,430 6,050

53-5011 Sailors and marine oilers 27,200 30,090 28,650 25,360 27,170 27,570 31,090 31,690 32,520 32,420 31,950

53-5021 Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 20,660 21,080 22,180 22,530 24,050 25,200 28,570 29,170 30,540 30,600 30,450

53-5022 Motorboat operators 4,000 3,540 3,410 3,600 3,130 2,830 2,700 2,450 3,250 3,380 3,070

53-5031 Ship engineers 6,800 7,370 7,470 8,020 10,230 10,330 13,240 14,190 13,710 11,190 10,850

53-6011 Bridge and lock tenders 6,970 4,790 4,500 3,900 3,490 3,500 3,620 3,700 4,750 4,490 4,290

53-7071 Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 6,940 6,510 6,070 6,920 5,250 4,680 3,950 3,900 4,230 4,050 4,160

53-7072 Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 13,480 13,730 12,920 12,360 10,540 9,810 9,970 10,030 10,400 9,280 10,310

17-2011 Aerospace engineers 71,790 71,550 74,380 74,210 71,750 73,650 81,100 86,720 85,510 67,800 70,570

17-2121 Marine engineers and naval architects 4,450 4,680 4,860 4,810 6,060 6,620 6,550 7,810 6,620 6,480 5,270

17-3021 Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 17,270 19,850 15,570 14,700 10,650 9,260 9,950 8,280 7,870 8,540 7,940

49-2091 Avionics technicians 15,560 15,360 16,340 21,710 21,020 22,310 22,490 15,360 16,300 18,360 17,960

49-2093 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 14,700 15,930 16,650 17,320 17,130 17,390 20,560 20,480 18,160 15,860 13,900

49-2096 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 14,250 12,480 13,210 15,200 15,070 15,490 17,650 19,510 19,310 19,980 17,090

49-3011 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 125,970 135,730 135,250 125,850 113,470 112,830 115,120 118,210 118,780 116,310 112,130

49-3021 Automotive body and related repairers 179,960 168,170 168,630 175,370 168,630 162,820 158,160 155,500 152,790 147,200 133,290

49-3022 Automotive glass installers and repairers 20,520 21,240 21,550 19,710 18,040 18,150 17,760 18,650 18,340 18,330 15,920

49-3023 Automotive service technicians and mechanics 587,320 692,570 701,150 687,380 689,630 668,540 654,800 642,360 650,780 649,460 606,990

49-3031 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 273,320 258,800 254,420 254,470 249,230 251,430 248,280 254,850 250,370 248,620 232,810

49-3043 Rail car repairers 7,230 10,620 11,860 13,520 16,790 18,140 24,270 23,810 23,190 20,780 20,910

49-3051 Motorboat mechanics 18,450 19,040 18,370 18,550 17,990 17,680 18,190 18,550 19,610 19,640 18,180

49-3052 Motorcycle mechanics 11,390 11,720 13,290 13,030 15,000 15,920 16,140 16,700 16,800 16,850 16,070

49-3091 Bicycle repairers 8,080 7,940 7,730 7,000 7,560 7,750 7,980 8,350 9,130 9,690 9,290

49-3092 Recreational vehicle service technicians 13,100 12,200 11,830 12,490 12,520 12,340 13,540 13,560 14,030 13,400 10,860

49-3093 Tire repairers and changers 99,880 88,530 86,200 81,560 85,030 87,110 100,860 103,120 100,510 98,520 92,440

51-2011 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 18,070 32,680 33,620 25,690 19,830 18,710 22,820 27,680 34,410 43,330 39,870

51-9122 Painters, transportation equipment 45,920 43,270 44,090 45,670 47,390 49,810 52,650 52,170 51,260 50,310 46,810

51-9197 Tire builders 16,680 15,790 13,410 13,020 16,400 17,960 19,860 23,210 20,530 21,740 17,820

53-6031 Service station attendants 109,050 106,010 107,650 102,550 96,450 90,640 96,340 94,780 93,140 84,480 79,480

53-7061 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 302,380 301,330 304,500 311,070 321,630 330,520 333,350 334,560 336,210 330,850 298,500 Transportation equipment manufacturing and maintenance occupations Vehicle operators, pipeline operators, and primary support 

# Table 3-24: Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related Occupations

# SOC code Occupation 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

# Table 3-24: Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related Occupations

47-2071 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 58,410 56,330 57,880 58,760 60,210 61,860 63,220 63,090 63,850 61,230 54,850

47-4051 Highway maintenance workers 139,540 145,790 148,390 146,290 139,810 136,550 140,600 138,670 137,140 136,420 139,490

47-4061 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 8,620 9,940 11,680 10,450 12,120 10,430 13,510 13,680 14,050 15,020 14,880

49-9097 Signal and track switch repairers 3,720 5,540 8,550 7,990 7,600 7,780 6,100 5,980 6,090 6,570 6,450

53-7031 Dredge operators 1,910 3,100 2,920 2,850 2,190 1,730 1,720 1,780 1,910 1,910 1,990

13-1032 Insurance appraisers, auto damage 19,310 12,320 12,110 13,270 11,260 12,520 12,900 12,630 12,150 11,280 10,960

33-3041 Parking enforcement workers 7,660 8,040 9,160 10,180 9,690 9,990 10,140 10,090 9,910 9,530 9,670

33-3052 Transit and railroad police 4,590 5,760 6,750 6,010 4,790 4,610 5,090 5,320 5,530 3,830 3,930

33-9091 Crossing guards 68,310 72,830 69,990 73,020 68,910 70,180 69,390 67,750 67,570 68,530 68,470

39-6022 Travel guides 4,180 5,200 5,480 4,960 5,240 4,140 3,120 3,220 3,520 4,510 4,270

39-6031 Flight attendants 123,310 126,380 115,750 104,360 99,910 101,980 99,590 96,760 97,010 99,480 95,810

39-6032 Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 22,780 23,550 25,910 26,580 28,440 27,730 24,810 20,790 20,690 21,870 22,450

41-3041 Travel agents 111,130 124,030 111,310 104,550 98,410 90,500 88,590 87,600 85,580 86,420 76,990

43-4181 Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 222,340 199,700 183,280 174,170 156,140 159,910 160,120 157,650 167,390 163,880 142,500

43-5021 Couriers and messengers 134,370 130,210 121,670 120,900 117,460 111,700 106,520 105,070 100,820 96,110 93,460

43-5032 Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 171,560 167,180 170,050 168,380 161,570 165,910 172,550 185,410 190,190 193,210 185,100

43-5052 Postal service mail carriers 352,550 354,980 355,120 347,420 344,090 344,050 347,180 346,990 348,070 354,570 339,030

43-5071 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 886,230 864,530 802,600 792,470 757,750 747,270 759,910 763,350 755,790 760,950 715,130

53-6021 Parking lot attendants 109,340 116,930 109,930 108,460 109,890 120,080 124,250 131,870 131,860 136,470 129,990

53-6041 Traffic technicians 5,000 4,590 5,090 5,370 5,980 6,240 6,990 6,560 6,550 7,030 6,570

53-6051 Transportation inspectors 22,440 26,520 27,670 28,340 23,860 24,140 25,570 23,790 24,130 24,940 24,250

53-7081 Refuse and recyclable material collectors 135,320 118,910 125,600 132,290 137,510 139,920 133,930 125,770 126,270 129,080 128,940

53-7121 Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 20,830 17,480 19,430 16,960 15,910 16,530 15,950 15,360 14,870 12,330 11,560

11-3071 Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 123,450 116,680 108,590 107,400 90,940 88,100 84,870 89,010 92,790 96,300 92,380

53-1011 Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 8,090 9,960 9,070 8,920 8,580 7,460 6,210 5,620 4,690 4,950 5,370

53-1021 First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers,

hand 138,210 146,790 147,490 147,180 159,780 169,860 176,030 178,820 184,400 186,230 174,540

53-1031 First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving

machine and vehicle operators 175,260 186,710 197,430 207,280 211,960 222,590 221,520 220,570 223,710 218,480 205,780

Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) uses a mail survey to measure employment levels and wage rates for all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments. The survey does not
include self-employed owners and partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, or unpaid family workers. In 1999, OES began using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to organize
occupational data. Consequently, estimates from 1999 and subsequent years are not directly comparable to previous occupational estimates. The SOC is being adopted by all federal agencies and consists of

821 detailed occupations, grouped into 449 board occupations, 96 minor groups, and 23 major groups. NOTES 

# Transportation Infrastructure construction and maintenance occupations

A broad definition of transportation and transportation-related occupations is used in this table based on Sen, B. and M. Rossetti, "A Complete Count of the U.S. Transportation Workforce," Transportation

Research Record 1719 : 2000, pp 259-266. Some occupational categories may include workers not engaged in transportation or transportation-related activities. For example, the category "first-line
supervisors/managers" (53-1021 and 53-1031) may include workers in material moving occupations along with transportation occupations. Moreover, some workers engaged in transportation and transportationrelated activities may be excluded. For example, "baggage porters and bellhops" is not included in this table because it is believed that a large share of workers in this category work in hotels or similar

establishments.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at
http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm as of June 30, 2010. SOURCE 

# Secondary Support Service Occupations

Other

KEY: U = data are unavailable; SOC = Standard Occupational Classification.(R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008All industries 35,504 37,108 39,243 40,201 40,957 42,450 44,152 45,729 47,780 49,844 51,187Transportation and warehousing 36,021 37,447 39,057 39,913 40,641 41,490 43,210 43,865 45,454 47,260 47,736Air 49,115 50,812 53,107 56,052 58,035 57,469 58,887 56,707 59,282 63,398 62,364Rail 59,786 61,306 63,353 63,708 64,491 67,273 71,119 72,235 74,578 77,580 77,891Water 51,190 53,493 54,727 56,149 56,714 57,897 61,470 62,852 66,463 72,714 75,280Truck 33,687 34,865 36,029 36,500 37,312 38,284 40,090 41,476 43,058 44,156 44,884Transit and ground passenger transportation 21,838 22,801 23,824 24,344 24,771 25,373 26,212 26,820 28,599 29,411 30,152Pipeline 64,143 71,872 96,520 100,398 81,969 83,849 89,175 88,856 97,780 105,893 104,557Other transportation and support activitiesb32,607 34,460 35,765 36,133 37,629 39,109 41,433 42,509 44,134 45,798 46,529Warehousing and storage31,290 32,301 33,613 34,171 35,178 36,614 37,947 38,863 39,398 41,032 41,599Table 3-25: Average Wageaand Salary Accruals per Full-Time Equivalent Employee by Transportation Industry (North American IndustryClassification System [NAICS] basis) (Current $)SOURCEKEY:R = revised.aWages do not include supplements to wages and salaries such as pension, profit-sharing, and other retirement plans, and health, life, and unemployment insurance compensation.bComprises business establishments involved in scenic and sightseeing transportation, support activities for transportation, postal service, and couriers and messengers.NOTESU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 6.6d, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Apr. 20, 2010.Wage and salary accruals consist of the monetary remuneration of employees, including compensation of corporate officers; commissions, tips and bonuses; voluntary employeecontributions to certain deferred compensation plans, such as 401(k) plans; and receipts in kind that represent income. In other words, accruals are wage and salary earned, not wage andsalary paid. For example, wage and salary earned in 1999 but not paid until 2000 are included in accruals for 1999. However, the difference between wage and salary earned and wageand salary paid is usually very small.Use care in comparing the data in this table with those in table 3-26. This table includes weighted part-time employees' salaries. Table 3-26 covers only full-time employees.Data in this table are based on the 2002 NAICS codes. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) provides these data on a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) basis ending in 2000 andon a NAICS basis beginning in 1998 (see table 3-21a of 2010 edition of NTS for data based on SIC). This table is not comparable to previous editions due to the ComprehensiveBenchmark revision by the BEA in 2007.

# 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TOTAL, all occupations a 

# 576 596 608 620 638 651 671 695 722 739

Transportation and material moving occupations 481 504 514 520 520 543 556 570 593 599

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers 671 648 709 705 655 734 767 811 761 786

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 1,193 1,040 1,233 1,350 1,418 1,366 1,407 1,358 1,390 1,650

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 1,090 1,123 1,041 1,583 1,239 1,444 1,259 1,225 1,116 1,056

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 580 521 456 322 399 939 452 693 432 663

Bus drivers 462 467 499 501 500 517 519 507 561 563

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 551 585 599 603 610 624 642 665 702 685

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 451 484 488 481 486 483 538 501 503 514

Motor vehicle operators, all other 509 508 409 353 380 394 417 484 511 511

Locomotive engineers and operators 870 953 963 925 1,056 998 1,129 1,157 1,223 1,122

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 689 753 792 880 820 698 999 706 1,027 960

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 817 927 818 884 881 1,017 904 912 1,067 1,027

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 754 727 579 515 686 497 696 973 700 1,003

Sailors and marine oilers 508 697 701 616 424 628 812 549 666 980

Ship and boat captains and operators 779 848 899 944 848 798 829 1,158 1,154 1,491

Ship engineers 712 1,190 1,181 1,154 980 1,288 452 997 1,158 1,583

Bridge and lock tenders 935 560 667 726 599 637 627 892 512 918

Parking lot attendants 316 329 341 350 378 360 397 410 436 421

Service station attendants 314 335 362 369 319 323 364 404 373 398

Transportation inspectors 731 696 747 847 810 893 771 839 910 962

Other transportation workers 483 491 645 652 606 735 749 600 631 602

Conveyor operators and tenders 465 488 350 363 521 501 847 563 549 538

Crane and tower operators 675 688 694 589 732 727 790 715 925 778

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 572 617 602 653 607 616 623 726 708 827

Hoist and winch operators 733 610 604 789 709 516 625 446 406 962

Industrial truck and tractor operators 448 477 499 488 486 499 513 519 534 531

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 361 363 354 373 384 385 379 405 428 421

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 401 426 420 464 443 456 474 474 501 502

Machine feeders and offbearers 412 403 433 437 422 449 451 511 439 532

Packers and packagers, hand 313 332 338 348 349 372 391 374 388 408

Pumping station operators 730 622 786 801 747 910 888 942 919 835

Refuse and recyclable material collectors 435 505 430 456 508 491 393 517 475 463

Shuttle car operators 992 696 1,030 741 736 772 436 364 643 610

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 420 703 506 589 504 462 407 607 683 1,032

Material moving workers, all other 491 463 516 515 591 598 553 665 517 643

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey , table A-26, personal communications, Oct. 4, 2004, Nov. 20, 2005, Oct.

27, 2006, Dec. 20, 2007, Mar. 4, 2009 and June 8, 2010. NOTES a 

# Earnings for all full-time workers, not just transportation related.

SOURCE 

# Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation by Detailed Occupation (1998 Standard Occupational Classification [SOC] basis) (Current $)

The 1998 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System was developed by the Federal Government in response to a growing need for a universal
occupational classification system. The SOC is being adopted by all Federal agencies and consists of 821 detailed occupations, grouped into 449 broad

occupations, 96 minor groups, and 23 major groups.

This table does not include part-time employees, while table 3-25 includes salaries of part-time employees.1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009All industries4,180,916 4,465,176 4,827,698 4,952,202 4,997,306 5,154,598 5,410,691 5,705,982 6,070,143 6,415,473 6,554,044 6,279,120Transportation and warehousing, total145,915 154,753 164,611 167,412 165,098 166,849 176,601 183,949 194,415 205,811 208,896 194,162Air 26,030 28,047 30,513 32,831 31,064 28,911 28,805 27,111 27,274 29,725 29,321 27,148Rail12,687 12,706 12,524 12,215 11,971 12,265 12,955 13,720 14,416 14,909 15,934 14,355Water 2,526 2,617 2,666 2,828 2,896 2,974 3,257 3,619 3,942 4,420 4,714 4,612Truck44,328 46,895 49,337 49,364 48,870 49,701 53,250 56,744 60,267 62,377 61,772 54,932Transit and ground passenger transportation7,997 8,588 8,876 8,985 9,210 9,454 9,925 10,381 11,281 12,078 12,861 12,871Pipeline 3,090 3,227 4,239 4,232 3,274 3,186 3,172 3,185 3,593 4,071 4,087 4,195Other transportation and support activitiesb35,001 37,569 40,085 40,215 40,266 41,682 44,591 46,853 49,754 52,381 53,536 50,153Warehousing and storage 14,256 15,104 16,370 16,742 17,545 18,676 20,646 22,336 23,888 25,850 26,670 25,895U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables, table 6.3d, available at http://www.bea.gov/ as of Sept. 8, 2010.aWages do not include supplements to wages and salaries such as pension, profit-sharing, and other retirement plans, and health, life, and unemployment insurance compensation.bComprises business establishments involved in scenic and sightseeing transportation, support activities for transportation, postal service, and couriers and messengers.Table 3-27: Total Wageaand Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Current $ millions)NOTESData in this table are based on the 2002 NAICS codes. This table is not comparable to previously published editions due to the change in NAICS codes base year.SOURCE(R) 1987 (R) 1988 (R) 1989 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008Output per houraworkedAir transportationb77 77 75 73 76 80 83 91 92 95 98 95 94 96 91 100 110 124 134 140 142 140Line-haul railroads 45 48 51 53 57 62 65 67 70 75 76 77 80 87 92 100 105 107 103 109 104 103General freight trucking, long-distance 80 81 80 83 87 91 90 92 90 89 93 93 93 95 96 100 103 102 104 103 104 104Postal Service 85 85 85 89 88 89 92 92 92 91 94 95 97 99 100 100 101 103 104 105 105 104Output per employeecAir transportationb77 77 75 73 76 80 83 91 92 95 98 95 94 96 91 100 110 124 134 140 142 140Line-haul railroads 48 52 54 57 59 64 68 73 77 82 84 83 86 93 95 100 105 108 109 114 109 109General freight trucking, long-distance 77 78 77 80 83 88 88 91 88 89 93 92 93 96 95 100 103 105 106 105 105 107Postal Service 82 82 82 87 88 90 93 93 92 91 95 96 97 101 100 100 102 106 108 108 108 106aBased on the number of paid hours.bThe average weekly hours were assumed to be constant forAir transportationindustries; therefore, theOutput per hour workedand theOutput peremployeemeasures are identical.Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] basis) (Index, 2002 = 100)cFull-time and part-time employees are counted equally. Hence, these data do not reflect output per full-time equivalent employee.KEY: R = revised.U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Industry Productivity and Costs, available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of June 29, 2010.NOTESBureau of Labor Statistics developed labor productivity indexes for all manufacturing and retail trade of the North American Industry Classification System(NAICS) industries as well as selected mining, transportation, communications and services industries.Data in this table are not comparable to the data published in previous editions of the report due to change in base year of the index from 1997 to 2002.SOURCE

# Section D

Government Finance1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Total government revenues 94,548 97,591 101,257 112,733 129,743 128,073 125,480 131,412 132,774 136,328 146,856 (R) 155,303 157,276Federal 30,478 31,188 31,960 39,442 52,567 47,147 43,197 45,914 46,434 46,284 51,284 52,244 54,020State and local 64,070 66,403 69,297 73,291 77,176 80,926 82,284 85,497 86,340 90,044 (R) 95,572 (R) 103,059 103,256Total government expenditures 143,256 149,133 155,954 163,544 182,318 186,374 211,180 223,808 238,092 237,636 243,086 (R) 257,226 221,707State and local expenditures including federal grants123,369 129,158 135,988 142,364 161,352 165,290 180,864 188,012 195,423 198,377 208,045 (R) 221,391 185,063Federal grants 24,793 24,760 25,913 25,014 27,824 35,277 38,668 42,593 42,547 42,779 50,032 45,334 46,719Federal expenditures, less grants 19,886 19,976 19,965 21,180 20,966 21,084 30,316 35,796 42,669 39,260 35,041 35,836 36,644Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receiptsare excluded: 1) revenues collected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for nontransportation purposes, 2) nontransportation general fundrevenues that are used to finance transportation programs and 3) proceeds from borrowing.Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.KEY:R = revised.NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Total government expenditure is the sum of state and local expenditure including federal grants and federal expenditures, less grants.Local government receipts and outlays for highway are not included in 2007.(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007Total government revenues129,957 131,016 133,489 146,637 163,534 155,216 148,035 151,043 146,469 144,215 146,856 148,130 143,563Federal 41,892 41,870 42,133 51,304 66,258 57,139 50,961 52,773 51,223 48,962 51,284 49,831 49,310State and local88,065 89,146 91,356 95,333 97,277 98,076 97,074 98,269 95,246 95,253 95,572 98,299 94,253Total government expenditures196,907 200,211 205,597 212,728 229,802 225,873 249,139 257,241 262,650 251,384 243,086 245,347 202,387State and local expenditures including federal grants169,573 173,394 179,276 185,179 203,375 200,320 213,373 216,098 215,580 209,853 208,045 211,166 168,938Federal grants34,079 33,240 34,162 32,536 35,071 42,753 45,619 48,956 46,935 45,254 50,032 43,241 42,646Federal expenditures, less grants27,334 26,817 26,321 27,550 26,427 25,552 35,765 41,144 47,070 41,531 35,041 34,181 33,449BTS used the Price Index for Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment as the price deflator. Previous editions of this table used chained 2000 dollars, so this table is notcomparable to previous editions.U. S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts areexcluded: 1) revenues collected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for nontransportation purposes, 2) nontransportation general fund revenues thatare used to finance transportation programs and 3) proceeds from borrowing.Total government expenditures are the sum of state and local expenditures including federal grants and federal expenditures less grants.Local government receipts and outlays for highway are not included in 2007.To eliminate the effects of inflation over time, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics converted current dollars to chained 2005 dollars.Table 3-30: Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ millions)KEY: R = revised.NOTESSOURCE1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Federal revenuesCurrent 30,478 31,188 31,960 39,442 52,567 47,147 43,197 45,914 46,434 46,284 51,284 52,244 54,020Chained (R) 41,892 (R) 41,870 (R) 42,133 (R) 51,304 (R) 66,258 (R) 57,139 (R) 50,961 (R) 52,773 (R) 51,223 (R) 48,962 (R) 51,284 (R) 49,831 49,310Federal expendituresCurrent44,679 44,736 45,878 46,193 48,790 56,361 68,984 78,390 85,216 82,038 85,072 81,170 83,363Chained(R) 61,413 (R) 60,058 (R) 60,483 (R) 60,086 (R) 61,497 (R) 68,306 (R) 81,384 (R) 90,100 (R) 94,006 (R) 86,785 (R) 85,072 (R) 77,421 76,095Federal user coverage (percent)68 70 70 85 108 84 63 59 54 56 60 64 65State and local revenuesCurrent 64,070 66,403 69,297 73,291 77,176 80,926 82,284 85,497 86,340 90,044 95,572 (R)103,059 103,256Chained(R) 88,065 (R) 89,146 (R) 91,356 (R) 95,333 (R) 97,277 (R) 98,076 (R) 97,074 (R) 98,269 (R) 95,246 (R) 95,253 (R) 95,572 (R) 98,299 94,253State and local expendituresCurrent 103,663 108,735 115,095 120,890 137,298 139,101 150,706 152,839 158,841 161,292 168,699 (R)180,303 144,720Chained(R) 142,486 (R) 145,976 (R) 151,732 (R) 157,247 (R) 173,057 (R) 168,580 (R) 177,795 (R) 175,671 (R) 175,225 (R) 170,623 (R) 168,699 (R) 171,976 132,102State and local user coverage (percent)62 61 60 61 56 58 55 56 54 56 57 (R) 57 71KEY:R = Revised.Table 3-31: Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User Coverage, Fiscal Year (Current and chained 2005 $ millions)The big jump of federal user coverage (percent) in 1999 is due to the fact that Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 allowed taxpayers to delay depositing highway motor fuel tax receipts that would have been required to be made inAugust and September of 1998 until October 5, 1998. October 5, 1998 is in fiscal year 1999.U. S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are excluded: 1) revenues collectedfrom users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for nontransportation purposes, 2) nontransportation general fund revenues that are used to finance transportation programs and 3) proceedsfrom borrowing.User coverage ratio is a measure of the extent to which federal outlays on transportation programs are covered by receipt from transportation- related taxes and charges that are earmarked for transportation programs.NOTESLocal government receipts from highway are not included in 2007.Sate and local expenditure includes outlays from all sources of funds excluding federal grants.Federal expenditure includes direct federal spending and grants to state and local governments.SOURCE1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL, all modes 94,548 97,591 101,257 112,733 129,743 128,073 125,480 131,412 132,774 136,328 146,856 (R) 155,303 157,276Federal 30,478 31,188 31,960 39,442 52,567 47,147 43,197 45,914 46,434 46,284 51,284 52,244 54,020State and local 64,070 66,403 69,297 73,291 77,176 80,926 82,284 85,497 86,340 90,044 95,572 (R) 103,059 103,256Highway, total 67,544 72,729 74,116 79,921 92,577 90,980 86,994 91,412 92,310 96,189 103,564 (R) 107,491 108,141Federal22,200 25,981 25,316 28,638 39,308 34,985 31,486 33,297 34,421 35,107 38,747 39,191 40,077State and local 45,344 46,748 48,801 51,283 53,269 55,995 55,509 58,114 57,889 61,082 64,817 (R) 68,300 68,063Air, total 14,518 11,899 13,879 19,034 22,054 22,298 23,248 24,532 24,212 23,130 25,645 (R) 27,080 29,447Federal6,291 3,128 4,488 8,682 11,089 10,544 10,103 11,282 10,597 9,652 10,797 11,137 11,994State and local 8,227 8,771 9,391 10,352 10,965 11,754 13,145 13,250 13,615 13,478 14,848 (R) 15,943 17,453Railroads, Total 36200010000000Federal 36200010000000Transit, total 8,575 8,753 9,006 9,417 10,587 10,670 10,922 11,448 11,906 12,377 12,512 15,117 13,874State and local 8,575 8,753 9,006 9,417 10,587 10,670 10,922 11,448 11,906 12,377 12,512 15,117 13,874Water, total 3,832 4,168 4,216 4,323 4,486 4,058 4,250 3,937 4,279 4,569 5,070 5,536 5,739Federal1,909 2,037 2,117 2,084 2,131 1,551 1,543 1,252 1,349 1,462 1,676 1,837 1,873State and local 1,923 2,131 2,099 2,239 2,355 2,507 2,707 2,685 2,930 3,107 3,394 3,699 3,866Pipeline, total 35 31 30 29 30 40 44 57 57 55 56 58 60Federal 35 31 30 29 30 40 44 57 57 55 56 58 60General support, total7 9 9 9 9 26 21 26 10 8 8 21 16Federal7 9 9 9 9 26 21 26 10 8 8 21 16NOTESKEY:R = Revised.Table 3-32: Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are excluded: 1) revenuescollected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for non-transportation purposes, 2) non-transportation general fund revenues that are used to finance transportationprograms and 3) proceeds from borrowing.SOURCELocal government receipts from highway are not included in 2007.Numbers may not add to total due to independent rounding.(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007TOTAL, all modes 129,957 131,016 133,489 146,637 163,534 155,216 148,035 151,043 146,469 144,215 146,856 148,130 143,563Federal 41,892 41,870 42,133 51,304 66,258 57,139 50,961 52,773 51,223 48,962 51,284 49,831 49,310State and Local 88,065 89,146 91,356 95,333 97,277 98,076 97,074 98,269 95,246 95,253 95,572 98,299 94,253Highway, total 92,840 97,638 97,709 103,957 116,688 110,262 102,631 105,067 101,831 101,754 103,564 102,527 98,712Federal 30,514 34,879 33,374 37,251 49,545 42,400 37,145 38,272 37,971 37,139 38,747 37,381 36,583State and Local 62,326 62,759 64,335 66,706 67,142 67,862 65,486 66,796 63,860 64,616 64,817 65,145 62,129Air, total 19,956 15,975 18,297 24,758 27,798 27,023 27,427 28,197 26,709 24,468 25,645 25,830 26,879Federal 8,647 4,199 5,917 11,293 13,977 12,779 11,919 12,967 11,690 10,210 10,797 10,623 10,948State and Local 11,309 11,776 12,381 13,465 13,821 14,245 15,508 15,229 15,019 14,257 14,848 15,207 15,931Railroads, total 49300010000000Federal 49300010000000Transit, total 11,786 11,751 11,873 12,249 13,345 12,931 12,886 13,158 13,134 13,093 12,512 14,418 12,664State and Local 11,786 11,751 11,873 12,249 13,345 12,931 12,886 13,158 13,134 13,093 12,512 14,418 12,664Water, total 5,267 5,596 5,558 5,624 5,654 4,918 5,014 4,525 4,720 4,833 5,070 5,280 5,238Federal 2,624 2,735 2,791 2,711 2,686 1,880 1,820 1,439 1,488 1,547 1,676 1,752 1,710State and Local 2,644 2,861 2,767 2,913 2,968 3,038 3,194 3,086 3,232 3,287 3,394 3,528 3,529Pipeline, total 48 42 40 38 38 48 52 66 63 58 56 55 55Federal 48 42 40 38 38 48 52 66 63 58 56 55 55General support, total 10 12 12 12 11 32 25 30 11 8 8 20 15Federal 10 12 12 12 11 32 25 30 11 8 8 20 15SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ millions)KEY:R = Revised.NOTESWhile previous versions of this table use chained 2000 dollars, this table has been updated and uses chained 2005 dollars and thus is not comparable to previous editions of this table.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Local government receipts from highway are not included in 2007.Government transportation revenues consist of money collected by governments from transportation user charges and taxes to finance transportation programs. The following types of receipts are excluded: 1) revenuescollected from users of the transportation system that are directed to the general fund and used for non-transportation purposes, 2) non-transportation general fund revenues that are used to finance transportationprograms and 3) proceeds from borrowing.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL, all fundsCurrent $16,441 20,483 31,795 35,697 37,475 36,499 31,916 32,345 31,139 31,306 30,63744,32348,17545,550(R) 38,153 (R) 33,561 (R) 29,741 (R) 27,611 (R) 29,529 30,222 32,125Chained 2005 $39,456 37,25950,146 54,411 55,703 52,936 45,067 44,459 41,804 41,271 39,851 55,867 58,385 53,737 43,853 37,023 31,462 27,611 28,165 27,587 28,056Airport / Airway Trust FundCurrent $ 5,442 7,426 14,355 15,263 15,204 12,850 12,386 11,365 7,692 6,358 9,411 12,446 13,934 14,485 12,642 12,397 11,669 11,290 10,336 10,103 9,705Chained 2005 $13,060 13,50822,640 23,265 22,599 18,637 17,490 15,621 10,326 8,382 12,241 15,688 16,887 17,089 14,531 13,676 12,344 11,290 9,859 9,222 8,476Highway Trust Fund, highway accountCurrent $ 10,999 10,361 9,629 10,246 11,300 11,523 7,927 9,421 11,658 12,575 8,51919,20622,553 20,372 16,136 12,991 10,791 10,594 (R) 9,014 8,110 10,032Chained 2005 $26,396 18,84715,186 15,617 16,796 16,712 11,193 12,949 15,651 16,578 11,081 24,208 27,333 24,034 18,546 14,331 11,415 10,594 8,598 7,403 8,761Highway Trust Fund, transit accountCurrent $ N 2,524 7,155 9,250 9,798 10,617 9,945 9,579 9,525 9,857 10,051 9,753 8,547 7,368 6,096 4,823 3,776 1,950 (R) 6,223 7,306 6,787Chained 2005 $N 4,59111,285 14,099 14,564 15,398 14,043 13,166 12,787 12,995 13,074 12,293 10,358 8,692 7,007 5,320 3,994 1,950 5,936 6,669 5,927Harbor Maintenance Trust FundCurrent $ N N 30 74 121 305 451 621 865 1,106 1,2461,5561,621 1,777 1,850 2,001 2,299 2,695 3,234 3,751 4,559Chained 2005 $N N47 113 180 442 637 854 1,161 1,458 1,621 1,961 1,965 2,096 2,126 2,207 2,432 2,695 3,085 3,424 3,982Inland Waterway Trust FundCurrent $ N 172 281 217 186 180 214 238 275 300 327345364404392 383 350 323 237 138 29Chained 2005 $N 313443 331 276 261 302 327 369 395 425 435 441 477 451 423 370 323 226 126 25Oil Spill Liability Trust FundCurrent $ N N 345 647 866 1,024 993 1,121 1,124 1,110 1,083 1,017 1,1561,1441,037 966 856 759 (R) 485 814 1,013Chained 2005$N N 544 986 1,287 1,485 1,402 1,541 1,509 1,463 1,409 1,282 1,401 1,350 1,192 1,066 906 759 463 743 8851995-2008: U.S. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget,Budget of the United StatesGovernment, Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual issues), available at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/browse.html asof Jan. 8, 2010.Reported figures are cash balances at the end of the year for all trust funds.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,Interactive Access to National Income and ProductAccounts Tables,table 3.9.4, available at http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb as of Jan. 8, 2010.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.Table 3-34: Cash Balances of the Transportation-Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year($ millions)NOTESThe chained dollar numbers are not comparable to the data published in earlier editions of NTS due to changes in thereference (base) year of the deflators used.Chained dollar deflator:SOURCES1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Transportation Receipts and Outlays inthe Federal Budget,Fiscal Years 1977-94 (Washington, DC: April 1997), table 1-3.1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL, all modes 148,342 153,471 160,973 167,084 186,088 195,462 219,691 231,229 244,057 (R) 243,330 (R) 253,771 (R) 261,473 228,083Federal 44,679 44,736 45,878 46,193 48,790 56,361 68,984 78,390 85,216 (R) 82,038 (R) 85,072 (R) 81,170 83,363State and local 103,663 108,735 115,095 120,890 137,298 139,101 150,706 152,839 158,841 161,292 168,699 (R) 180,303 144,720Highways, total 93,558 97,798 102,762 106,708 116,484 125,531 132,930 138,921 142,565 145,271 152,122 (R) 163,893 122,289Federal 20141 20690 21400 20727 23528 27900 30124 32644 33,081 33,362 33,508 35,728 36,305State and local 73417 77108 81362 85981 92956 97631 102806 106276 109,484 111,909 118,614 (R) 128,165 85,984Air, total 20,444 20,763 21,543 22,598 22,811 23,301 33,151 37,672 34,983 (R) 39,708 (R) 42,051 (R) 43,087 45,074Federal 12,633 12,576 11,988 12,704 10,954 10,863 19,240 23,535 19,700 (R) 24,106 (R) 26,427 (R) 27,322 27,624State and local 7,811 8,187 9,555 9,894 11,857 12,438 13,911 14,137 15,283 15,602 15,624 (R) 15,765 17,450Transit, total 25,807 26,351 27,634 28,912 37,949 37,510 41,360 43,130 42,698 44,600 46,609 40,861 45,821Federal 5,687 5,492 6,268 6,683 8,535 11,619 13,366 14,275 14,498 14,866 16,044 8,774 9,295State and local 20,120 20,859 21,366 22,229 29,414 25,891 27,994 28,855 28,200 29,734 30,565 32,087 36,526Water, total 6,685 6,782 7,139 7,130 7,722 7,643 10,621 8,038 11,775 10,905 10,307 10,888 12,069Federal 4,376 4,204 4,330 4,345 4,651 4,502 4,627 4,467 5,900 6,858 6,411 6,603 7,308State and local 2,309 2,578 2,809 2,785 3,070 3,141 5,995 3,571 5,875 4,047 3,896 4,286 4,761Rail, total 1,049 1,028 1,164 1,100 453 778 753 1,324 1,242 1,533 1,472 1,548 1,528Federal 1,044 1,024 1,162 1,099 452 778 753 1,324 1,242 1,533 1,472 1,548 1,528State and local5421100000000Pipeline, total24 34 33 36 38 46 37 48 65 73 82 91 89Federal 24 34 33 36 38 46 37 48 65 73 82 91 89State and local0000000000000General support, total775 716 698 600 632 653 838 2,097 10,730 (R) 1,240 (R) 1,129 (R) 1,105 1,214Federal 775 716 698 600 632 653 838 2,097 10,730 (R) 1,240 (R) 1,129 (R) 1,105 1,214State and local0000000000000Table 3-35: Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)Federal expenditures from own funds include all amounts of money paid out by the federal government including not only direct spending butalso grants to state and local governments. State and local expenditures from own funds include outlays of the state and local governmentsfrom all sources of funds excluding federal grants.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,GovernmentTransportation Financial Statistics 2009.KEY:R = revised.Local government outlays for highway are not included in 2007 due to lack of data.SOURCENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.NOTES(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007TOTAL, all modes 203,899 206,035 212,215 217,334 234,555 236,886 259,180 265,772 269,231 257,409 253,772 249,397 208,196Federal 61,413 60,058 60,483 60,086 61,497 68,306 81,384 90,100 94,006 86,785 85,072 77,421 76,095State and local 142,486 145,977 151,732 157,248 173,057 168,581 177,796 175,672 175,225 170,624 168,699 171,976 132,102Highways, total 128,597 131,293 135,473 138,800 146,821 152,135 156,824 159,673 157,270 153,675 152,122 156,323 111,626Federal 27,684 27,776 28,212 26,960 29,656 33,813 35,539 37,521 36,493 35,292 33,508 34,078 33,139State and local 100,912 103,517 107,261 111,840 117,165 118,322 121,285 122,153 120,776 118,383 118,614 122,246 78,487Air, total 28,101 27,874 28,400 29,394 28,752 28,239 39,109 43,299 38,591 42,006 42,051 41,097 41,144Federal 17,364 16,883 15,804 16,525 13,807 13,165 22,698 27,051 21,732 25,501 26,427 26,060 25,215State and local 10,737 10,990 12,596 12,870 14,945 15,074 16,411 16,248 16,859 16,505 15,624 15,037 15,928Transit, total 35,472 35,376 36,431 37,607 47,833 45,459 48,795 49,573 47,102 47,180 46,609 38,974 41,825Federal 7,817 7,373 8,263 8,693 10,758 14,081 15,768 16,407 15,993 15,726 16,044 8,369 8,485State and local 27,656 28,003 28,168 28,914 37,075 31,378 33,026 33,166 31,109 31,454 30,565 30,605 33,341Water, total 9,189 9,105 9,412 9,274 9,733 9,262 12,531 9,238 12,989 11,536 10,307 10,385 11,017Federal 6,014 5,644 5,708 5,652 5,863 5,456 5,458 5,134 6,509 7,255 6,411 6,298 6,671State and local 3,174 3,460 3,704 3,622 3,870 3,806 7,072 4,105 6,481 4,281 3,896 4,088 4,346Rail, total 1,442 1,380 1,535 1,431 571 943 889 1,522 1,370 1,622 1,472 1,477 1,395Federal 1,435 1,375 1,532 1,430 570 943 888 1,522 1,370 1,622 1,472 1,477 1,395State and local7532100000000Pipeline, total 33 46 44 47 48 56 44 55 72 78 82 87 81Federal 33 46 44 47 48 56 44 55 72 77 82 87 81State and local0000000000000General support, total 1,065 961 920 780 797 791 989 2,410 11,837 1,312 1,129 1,054 1,108Federal 1,065 961 920 780 796 791 988 2,410 11,836 1,312 1,129 1,054 1,108State and local0000000000000KEY:R = revised.NOTESNumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Table 3-36: Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ millions)U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,GovernmentTransportation Financial Statistics 2009.While previous versions of this table used chained 2000 dollars, this table has been updated and uses chained 2005 dollars and thusis not comparable to previous editions of this table.Local government outlays for highway are not included in 2007 due to lack of data.Federal expenditures from own funds include all amounts of money paid out by the federal government including not only direct spending but alsogrants to state and local governments. State and local expenditures from own funds include outlays of the state and local governments from allsources of funds excluding federal grants.SOURCE1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Total, all modes 24,793 24,760 25,913 25,014 27,824 35,277 38,668 42,593 42,547 42,779 50,032 45,334 46,719Highway 18,457 18,712 19,819 19,073 21,952 25,710 27,630 29,890 29,800 29,276 30,847 32,756 33,616Air 1,826 1,655 1,489 1,511 1,565 1,578 2,020 2,860 2,681 2,961 3,531 3,842 3,878Transit 4,410 4,298 4,518 4,342 4,226 7,942 8,957 9,767 10,011 10,319 15,594 8,691 9,197Water 62 55 31 32 2191000000Rail 21 23 37 35 38 13 31 43 22 20 35 20 5Pipeline 12 11 13 14 16 18 19 22 20 19 24 25 23General Support6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 12 185 0 0 0Table 3-37: Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics 2009.SOURCENOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.(R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007Total, all modes 34,079 33,240 34,162 32,536 35,071 42,753 45,619 48,956 46,935 45,254 50,032 43,241 42,646Highway 25,369 25,121 26,128 24,809 27,669 31,158 32,596 34,355 32,874 30,969 30,847 31,243 30,685Air 2,510 2,222 1,963 1,965 1,973 1,912 2,383 3,287 2,958 3,132 3,531 3,665 3,540Transit 6,062 5,769 5,956 5,648 5,327 9,625 10,567 11,226 11,044 10,916 15,594 8,290 8,395Water85 74 41 42 26 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Rail 29 31 49 46 48 16 37 49 24 21 35 19 5Pipeline 16 15 17 18 20 22 23 25 22 20 24 24 21General support8 8 8 8 8 10 12 14 13 196 0 0 0U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Government Transportation Financial Statistics2009.Table 3-38: Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Chained 2005 $ millions)SOURCENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY:R = revised.NOTESBTS used the Price Index for Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment as the price deflator. Previous editions of this table used chained 2000 dollars, sothis table is not comparable to previous editions.

# Chapter 4

Transportation, Energy,

and the Environment

Section A U.S. and Transportation Sector Energy Consumption1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 1997 1998 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 2002 (R) 2003 2004 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 (P) 2009Domestic production, totala7.96 9.01 11.30 10.01 10.17 10.58 8.91 9.08 8.87 8.58 8.39 8.32 8.29 8.27 8.01 7.73 7.73 7.67 7.63 7.40 7.23 6.90 6.84 6.85 6.73 7.27Crude oilb7.04 7.80 9.64 8.37 8.60 8.97 7.36 7.42 7.17 6.85 6.66 6.56 6.46 6.45 (R) 6.25 (R) 5.88 5.82 5.80 5.75 5.68 5.42 5.18 5.10 5.06 4.95 5.36Natural gas plant liquids0.93 1.21 1.66 1.63 1.57 1.61 1.56 1.66 1.70 1.74 1.73 1.76 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.85 1.91 1.87 1.88 1.72 1.81 1.72 1.74 1.78 1.78 1.91Gross imports, total1.81 2.47 3.42 6.06 6.91 5.07 8.02 7.63 7.89 8.62 9.00 8.83 9.48 10.16 10.71 10.85 11.46 11.87 11.53 12.26 13.15 13.71 13.71 13.47 12.92 11.69Crude oilb,c1.02 1.24 1.32 4.10 5.26 3.20 5.89 5.78 6.08 6.79 7.06 7.23 7.51 8.23 8.71 8.73 9.07 9.33 9.14 9.66 10.09 10.13 10.12 10.03 9.78 9.01Petroleum productsd0.80 1.23 2.10 1.95 1.65 1.87 2.12 (R) 1.84 1.80 1.83 1.93 (R) 1.61 1.97 1.94 (R) 2.00 2.12 2.39 2.54 2.39 2.60 3.06 3.59 3.59 3.44 3.13 2.68Exports0.20 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.54 0.78 0.86 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.000.94(R) 0.94 1.04 0.97 (R) 0.98 1.03 1.05 1.16 1.32 1.43 1.80 2.02U.S. net importse1.61 2.28 3.16 5.85 6.36 4.29 (R) 7.16 (R) 6.63 (R) 6.94 (R) 7.62 (R) 8.05 (R) 7.89 8.50 9.16 (R) 9.76 9.91 10.42 10.90 (R) 10.55 11.24 (R) 12.10 (R) 12.55 12.39 12.04 11.11 9.67U.S. petroleum consumption9.80 11.51 14.70 16.32 17.06 15.73 16.99 16.71 17.03 17.24 17.72 17.72 18.31 (R) 18.62 18.92 19.52 19.70 19.65 19.76 20.03 20.73 20.80 20.69 20.68 19.50 18.77By the transportation sector5.14 6.04 7.78 (R) 8.95 (R) 9.55 (R) 9.84 (R) 10.89 (R) 10.76 (R) 10.88 11.12 (R) 11.42 (R) 11.67 11.92 (R) 12.10 12.42 (R) 12.76 13.01 12.94 (R) 13.21 13.32 (R) 13.72 (R) 13.96 14.18 14.29 13.71 13.27Transportation petroleum use as a percent ofdomestic petroleum production64.5 67.0 68.8 (R) 89.4 (R) 93.9 (R) 93.0 (R) 122.1 (R) 118.6 (R) 122.7 (R) 129.6 (R) 136.1 (R) 140.2 143.7 (R) 146.3 155.0 (R) 165.1 168.3 168.7 (R) 173.2 180.0 (R) 189.8 (R) 202.4 207.3 208.6 203.6 182.6Transportation petroleum use as a percent ofdomestic petroleum consumption52.4 52.4 52.9 (R) 54.84 (R) 56.0 (R) 62.6 (R) 64.1 (R) 64.4 (R) 63.9 (R) 64.5 (R) 64.4 (R) 65.8 65.1 (R) 65.0 65.7 (R) 65.4 66.0 65.8 (R) 66.8 66.5 (R) 66.2 (R) 67.1 68.5 69.1 70.3 70.7World petroleum consumption21.34 31.14 46.81 56.20 63.11 60.09 66.69 (R) 67.29 (R) 67.48 (R) 67.60 (R) 68.92 70.13 71.67 73.43 (R) 74.07 (R) 75.76 76.74 77.47 (R) 78.12 79.68 (R) 82.46 (R) 84.04 85.20 86.14 85.75 UU.S. petroleum consumption as percent of worldpetroleum consumption45.9 37.0 31.4 29.0 27.0 26.2 25.5 (R) 24.8 (R) 25.2 (R) 25.5 (R) 25.7 25.3 25.5 (R) 25.4 (R) 25.5 (R) 25.8 25.7 25.4 (R) 25.3 25.1 (R) 25.1 (R) 24.8 24.3 24.0 22.7 U1975-2009: Ibid.,Monthly Energy Review(Washington, DC: September 2010), tables 3.1 and 3.3b, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/contents.html asof Sept. 2, 2010.aIncludes crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. This data series has been revised from 1975 forward to exclude the field production of other liquids including:finished motorgasoline, motorgasoline blendingcomponents, and other hydrocarbons and oxygenat1960-2006: Ibid.,Annual Energy Review 2006, DOE/EIA-0384(2005) (Washington, DC: July 2007), table 5.13c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as ofSept. 23, 2008.2007-09: Ibid.,Monthly Energy Review(Washington, DC: September 2010), table 3.7c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/contents.html as of Sept. 2,2010.World petroleum consumption:Ibid.,Annual Energy Review(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 11.10, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/inter.html as of Aug. 20, 2010.SOURCESU.S. petroleum consumption by transportation sector:Domestic production, imports, exports, and U.S. petroleum consumption:1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review ,DOE/EIA-0384(2000) (Washington, DC: August 2001),table 5.1.bIncludes lease condensatecIncludes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977Table 4-1: Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption(Million barrels per day)dBeginningin 1985, motorgasoline blendingcomponents and aviationgasoline blendingcomponents are includeNet importsis equal toImportsminusExports.NOTEComponent numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding.KEY:P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.(R) 1960 (R) 1965 (R) 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Energy consumption, total45.09 54.02 67.84 72.00 78.12 76.49 84.65 84.61 85.96 87.60 89.26 91.17 94.17 94.76 95.18 96.81 98.97 96.32 97.85 98.13 100.31 100.44 99.79 101.53 99.40 94.72Transportation10.56 12.40 16.06 18.21 19.66 20.04 22.36 22.06 22.36 22.71 23.31 23.79 24.38 24.69 25.20 25.89 26.49 26.21 26.78 26.92 27.82 28.27 28.75 29.03 27.94 26.94Transportation as percent of total energy consumption23.4 23.0 23.7 25.3 25.2 26.2 26.4 26.1 26.0 25.9 26.1 26.1 25.9 26.1 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.2 27.4 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.8 28.6 28.1 28.4Industrial16.98 20.12 22.97 21.45 22.61 19.47 21.21 20.85 21.79 21.78 22.42 22.75 23.44 23.72 23.21 22.99 22.87 21.83 21.85 21.54 22.44 21.45 21.56 21.43 20.50 18.92Industrial as percent of total energy consumption37.7 37.3 33.9 29.8 28.9 25.5 25.1 24.6 25.3 24.9 25.1 24.9 24.9 25.0 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.7 22.3 21.9 22.4 21.4 21.6 21.1 20.6 20.0Residential and commercial9.39 10.48 12.55 12.03 11.53 10.86 10.43 10.66 10.91 11.09 10.97 11.01 11.71 11.30 10.39 10.79 11.40 10.92 11.04 11.46 11.19 10.93 9.89 10.53 10.81 10.57Residential and commercial as percent of total energyconsumption20.8 19.4 18.5 16.7 14.8 14.2 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.3 12.1 12.4 11.9 10.9 11.1 11.5 11.3 11.3 11.7 11.2 10.9 9.9 10.4 10.9 11.2Energy input at electric utilities8.16 11.01 16.26 20.31 24.33 26.13 30.66 31.02 30.89 32.03 32.56 33.62 34.64 35.04 36.39 37.14 38.21 37.36 38.17 38.22 38.88 39.80 39.59 40.54 40.15 38.30Energy input at electric utilities as percent of totalenergy consumption18.1 20.4 24.0 28.2 31.1 34.2 36.2 36.7 35.9 36.6 36.5 36.9 36.8 37.0 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.8 39.0 38.9 38.8 39.6 39.7 39.9 40.4 40.4Percentage of primary demand met by petroleumTransportation95.9 95.7 95.3 96.7 96.7 97.2 96.7 96.9 96.9 96.7 96.5 96.5 96.6 96.4 96.9 96.9 97.0 96.9 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.6 96.2 95.6 94.6 94.0Industrial33.9 33.7 33.9 38.0 42.1 39.8 39.0 38.3 39.4 38.6 39.2 37.9 38.6 39.2 39.3 40.9 39.9 42.2 42.1 42.9 44.0 45.1 45.5 44.3 41.7 41.9Residential and commercial37.2 36.9 34.3 31.6 26.3 24.2 22.6 21.4 20.9 20.1 20.1 19.2 19.1 18.9 19.0 19.8 20.3 20.9 19.4 20.2 20.5 19.9 18.7 17.7 17.0 16.8Electric utilities6.8 6.6 13.0 15.6 10.8 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.2 3.5 3.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.0SOURCES1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review,(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2.1a - 2.1f, available athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html as of Sept. 1, 2010 .1975-2009: Ibid.,Monthly Energy Review, (Washington, DC: August 2010), tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3-8a, 3-8b and 3.8c, available athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/contents.html as of Sept. 1, 2010.Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector (Quadrillion Btu)KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; R = revised.NOTESThe data forResidential, Commercial, and Industrialsectors include only fossil fuels consumed directly. Most renewable fuels are not included. The data for theTransportationsectorincludes only fossil and renewable fuels consumed directly. The data forElectric utilitiesincludes all fuels (fossil, nuclear, geothermal, hydro, and other renewables) used by electricutilities. Due to a lack of consistent historical data, some renewable energy resources are not included in this table. The totals in table 4-4 are the best numbers for total U.S. energyconsumption from all sources.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Total petroleum demand19.9 23.3 29.5 32.7 34.2 30.9 (R) 33.6 32.8 (R) 33.5 33.7 34.6 34.4 35.7 36.2 36.8 37.8 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.8 40.3 40.4 40.0 39.8 37.3 35.3Transportation10.1 11.9 15.3 17.6 19.0 19.5 21.6 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.6 23.8 24.4 25.1 25.7 25.4 25.9 26.1 26.9 27.3 27.6 27.8 26.4 25.3Industrial5.8 6.8 7.8 8.1 9.5 7.7 8.3 8.0 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.6 9.1 9.3 9.1 9.4 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.5 8.5 7.8Residential and commercial 3.5 3.9 4.3 3.8 3.0 (R) 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8Electric utilities0.5 0.7 2.1 3.2 2.6 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4Transportation as percent of totalpetroleum demand50.86 51.03 51.85 53.82 55.58 62.97 (R) 64.45 65.07 (R) 64.65 65.12 65.09 66.66 66.06 65.85 66.33 66.33 67.12 66.55 67.79 67.16 66.82 67.61 69.20 69.81 70.88 71.85Table 4-3: Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Quadrillion Btu)The sum of components may not add to totals due to rounding.1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review 1997,DOE/EIA-0384(97) (Washington, DC: July 1998), tables 2.1, 5.12b, and A3.1975-2009: Ibid.,Monthly Energy Review(Washington, DC: May 2010), tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer/consump.html as of June 14, 2010.SOURCESKEY:Btu = British thermal unit; R = revised.NOTESTransportation's share of U.S. petroleum demand in this table differs slightly from table 4-1because this table takes into account differences within sectors in the use of various grades of petroleum-based fuel thathave a different Btu content per unit volume.

# Section B Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (P) 2009Energy consumption (all sectors)45.09 54.02 67.84 72.00 78.12 (R) 76.49 (R) 84.65 (R) 84.61 (R) 85.96 (R) 87.60 (R) 89.26 (R) 91.17 (R) 94.17 (R) 94.76 (R) 95.18 (R) 96.81 (R) 98.97 (R) 96.32 (R) 97.85 (R) 98.13 (R) 100.31 (R) 100.44 (R) 99.79 (R) 101.53 (R) 99.40 94.58Total transportation consumptiona10.60 12.43 16.10 18.24 19.70 (R) 20.09 (R) 22.42 (R) 22.12 (R) 22.41 (R) 22.77 (R) 23.36 (R) 23.85 (R) 24.44 (R) 24.75 (R) 25.26 (R) 25.95 (R) 26.55 (R) 26.27 (R) 26.84 (R) 26.99 (R) 27.89 (R) 28.35 (R) 28.83 (R) 29.12 (R) 28.03 27.03Transportation as percent of totalenergy consumption23.5 23.0 23.7 25.3 25.2 (R) 26.3 (R) 26.5 (R) 26.1 (R) 26.1 (R) 26.0 (R) 26.2 (R) 26.2 (R) 25.9 (R) 26.1 (R) 26.5 (R) 26.8 (R) 26.8 (R) 27.3 (R) 27.4 (R) 27.5 (R) 27.8 (R) 28.2 (R) 28.9 (R) 28.7 (R) 28.2 28.6Total primary consumptionb10.49 12.38 16.05 18.21 19.66 20.04 22.37 22.07 22.36 22.72 23.31 23.79 24.38 24.70 25.20 25.89 26.49 26.22 26.79 (R) 26.92 27.82 (R) 28.27 (R) 28.75 (R) 29.03 (R) 27.94 26.95Coalc0.075 0.016 0.007 0.001 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NN N N NNin million short tonsc3.046 0.655 0.298 0.024 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NN N N NNNatural gasd0.36 0.52 0.74 0.59 0.65 0.52 0.68 0.62 0.61 0.64 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.78 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.70 (R) 0.63 (R) 0.60 (R) 0.62 0.62 (R) 0.67 (R) 0.69 0.69in trillion cubic feet0.35 0.50 0.72 0.58 0.63 0.50 0.66 0.60 0.59 0.63 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.61 0.59 0.61 0.61 (R) 0.65 (R) 0.68 0.67Petroleum productse10.13 11.87 15.31 17.61 19.01 19.47 21.62 21.37 21.67 (R) 21.98 (R) 22.50 (R) 22.95 (R) 23.56 (R) 23.81 (R) 24.42 (R) 25.10 (R) 25.68 (R) 25.41 (R) 25.91 (R) 26.06 (R) 26.92 (R) 27.31 (R) 27.65 (R) 27.76 (R) 26.42 25.34in million barrels1,880 2,203 2,839 3,267 3,494 3,591 3,974 3,929 3,982 4,060 4,167 4,259 (R) 4,363 4,416 4,533 (R) 4,659 (R) 4,762 (R) 4,722 (R) 4,821 4,862 (R) 5,021 5,094 5,175 5,215 (R) 5,019 4,846Electricity0.010 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.019 0.023 0.025 0.026 0.025 0.028 (R) 0.026 0.026Electrical system energy lossesf0.026 0.024 0.026 0.024 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.038 0.039 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.042 (R) 0.043 (R) 0.042 0.051 0.055 (R) 0.056 (R) 0.054 (R) 0.060 (R) 0.057 0.056Table 4-4: U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector (Quadrillion Btu)Natural gas:cBeginning from 1980, small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are included in industrial sector consumption.Cubic feet:KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised.aSum of primary consumption, electricity, and electrical system energy losses categories.bSum of biomass, natural gas, and petroleum categories.NOTEEnergy consumption (all sectors) differs from totals in table 4-2 for 1990 and subsequent years.U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review(Washington DC: Annual Issues),tables 2.1a, 2-1e, 4-3, 7-3, and 5-13c, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as of August 2010.dConsumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors, and small amounts consumed as vehicle fuel.fIncurred in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity plus plant use and unaccounted for electrical system energylosses.1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review 2000,DOE/EIA-0384 (2000)(Washington DC: August 2001) table 6.5.1975-2008: Ibid.,Monthly Energy Review(Washington DC: December 2009), table 4.3, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov as ofAugust 2010.eIncludes most nonutility use of fossil fuels to produce electricity and small amounts (about 0.1 quadrillion Btu per year since 1990) ofrenewable energy in the form of ethanol blended into motor gasoline.SOURCESAll except noted:1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20022003 20042005 2006 2007 2008AirCertificated carriersaJet fuel (million gallons)1,954 3,889 7,857 7,558 8,519 10,115 12,212 11,360 11,598 11,960 12,501 12,812 13,187 13,658 13,303 14,491 13,904 13,112 12,287 12,417 13,380 13,284 13,019 12,999 12,469General aviationbAviation gasoline (million gallons)242 292 551 412 520 421 353 354 314 268 266 287 289 292 311 345 333 279 277 272 273 (R) 361352(R) 351(P) 349Jet fuel (million gallons)N 56 208 453 766 691 663 577 494 454 464 560 608 642 815 967 972918 938 932 1,231 1,449 1,569 1,544 (P) 1,550HighwayGasoline, diesel and other fuels (million gallons)Passenger car and motorcycle41,171 49,723 67,879 74,253 70,186 71,700 69,759 64,501 65,627 67,246 68,079 68,268 69,419 70,094 71,901 73,495 73,275 73,752 75,662 75,646 75,604 74,085 75,230 74,377 71,497Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclecN U 12,313 19,081 23,796 27,363 35,611 38,217 40,929 42,851 44,112 45,605 47,354 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,758 63,417 65,419 60,685 61,836 61,199Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truckN 13,848 3,968 5,420 6,923 7,399 8,357 8,172 8,237 8,488 9,032 9,216 9,409 9,576 6,817 9,372 9,563 9,667 10,321 8,880 8,959 9,042 9,582 10,044 9,889Combination truckN 6,658 7,348 9,177 13,037 14,005 16,133 16,809 17,216 17,748 18,653 19,777 20,193 20,302 25,158 24,537 25,666 25,512 26,480 23,815 24,191 24,411 28,107 28,545 26,814Bus827 875 820 1,053 1,018 834 895 864 878 929 964 968 990 1,027 1,040 1,148 1,112 1,026 1,000 969 1,360 1,329 1,148 1,145 1,110TransitdElectricity (million kWh)2,908 2,584 2,561 2,646 2,446 4,216 4,837 4,853 4,716 4,865 5,081 5,068 (R) 4,923 (R) 4,908 (R) 4,962 (R) 5,126 (R) 5,382 (R) 5,485 (R) 5,529 (R) 5,508 (R) 5,657 (R) 5,765 5,770 6,216 6,337Motor fuel (million gallons)Diesel208 248 271 365 431 609 651 665 685 679 678 678 (R) 535 (R) 539 (R) 560 (R) 576 (R) 591 (R) 596 (R) 673 (R) 554 (R) 542 (R) 480 528 515 499Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelse192 124 68 8 11 46 34 34 37 46 60 61 (R) 25 (R) 26 (R) 22 (R) 21 (R) 24 (R) 26 (R) 35 (R) 27 (R) 31 (R) 81 47 51 68Compressed natural gasN N N N N N N N 1 2 5 11(R) 11 (R) 19 (R) 29 (R) 35 (R) 44 (R) 53 (R) 66 (R) 79 (R) 87 (R) 94 111 108 113Rail, Class I (in freight service)Distillate / diesel fuel (million gallons) 3,463 3,592 3,545 3,657 3,904 3,110 3,115 2,906 3,005 3,088 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3,826 4,059 4,098 4,192 4,062 3,886AmtrakElectricity (million kWh) N N N 180 254 295 330 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 551 531 549 578 582Distillate / diesel fuel (million gallons) N N N 63 64 65 82 82 82 83 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 84 75 69 65 62 62 63WaterResidual fuel oil (million gallons) 3,952 3,093 3,774 4,060 8,952 4,590 6,326 6,773 6,563 5,282 5,386 5,886 5,701 5,010 5,620 5,838 6,410 5,409 4,848 3,874 4,690 5,179 5,754 6,327 5,066Distillate / diesel fuel oil (million gallons) 787 652 819 1,098 1,478 1,699 2,065 2,046 2,219 2,155 2,189 2,339 2,491 2,574 2,595 2,419 2,261 2,044 2,079 2,217 2,140 2,006 1,903 1,924 1,187Gasoline (million gallons) N N 598 730 1,052 1,053 1,300 1,710 1,316 874 876 1,060 994 987 956 1,098 1,124 994 1,081 1,107 1,005 1,261 1,237 1,222 1,136PipelineNatural gas (million cubic feet) 347,075 500,524 722,166 582,963 634,622 503,766 659,816 601,305 587,710 624,308 685,362 700,335 711,446 751,470 635,477 645,319 642,210 624,964 666,920 591,492 566,187 584,026 584,213 621,364 647,9581975-93: Ibid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similar tables in earlier editions.1994-2008: Ibid.,FAA Aerospace Forecasts Fiscal Years 2009-2025(Washington, DC: March 2009), tables 22 and 30, and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/2009-2025/media/2009%20Forecast%20Doc.pdf as of May 28, 2010.Pipeline:1960-2008: U.S. Department of Energy,Natural Gas Annual 2008,DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: March 2010), table 15 and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.html as of May 28, 2010.Rail:1960-2008: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 40.Amtrak:1975-2008: National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Energy Management Department and Government Affairs Department, personal communication, Jan. 7, 2010.Residual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:1960-80: American Petroleum Institute,Basic Petroleum Data Book(Washington, DC:Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.1985-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2, 4, and similar tables in earlier editions.Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:1960-96: American Public Transportation Association,2009 Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: June 2009), tables 26, 27, 28 and similar tables in earlier editions.1970-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions,available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 2010.Gasoline:Highway:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A,available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 29, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 2010.Transit:Water:1997-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transportation Database, table 17 and similar tables in previous years, available atwww.ntdprogram.gov as of Mar. 8, 2010.Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation in Physical UnitseGasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed natural gas.c1965 data is included inSingle-unit 2-axle 6-tire or moretruck category.1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation- 1972 edition(Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.12.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:1960-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Fuel Cost and Consumption,available athttp://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of Mar. 4, 2010.General aviation:KEY:kWh = kilowatt-hour; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aDomestic operations only.bIncludes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations. Data for 1996 are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are therefore not comparable to earlieryears. See the accuracy statement in the appendix for more detailed information.dData from 1997-2008 are not comparable to data before 1997 due to different sources. Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles,and most rural and small systems.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007AirCertificated carriersaJet fuel264 525 1,061 1,020 1,150 1,366 1,664 1,553 1,588 1,614 1,672 1,711 1,784 1,831 1,800 1,944 2,007 1,872 1,744(R) 1,766 (R) 1,902 (R) 1,887 (R) 1,8491,847General aviationbAviation gasoline29 35 66 50 63 51 42 43 38 32 32 35 35 35 37 42 40 34 33 33 33 43 42 42Jet fuelU 8 28 61 103 93 90 78 67 61 63 76 82 87 110 131 131 124 127(R) 126166(R) 196 (R) 212208HighwayGasoline, diesel and other fuelsPassenger car and motorcycle5,146 6,215 8,485 9,282 8,773 8,963 8,720 8,063 8,203 8,406 8,510 8,534 8,677 8,762 8,988 9,187 9,159 9,219 9,458(R) 9,4569,451(R) 9,701 (R) 9,3769,294Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleU U 1,539 2,385 2,975 3,420 4,451 4,777 5,116 5,356 5,514 5,701 5,919 6,173 6,308 6,607 6,617 6,690 6,903 7,595 7,927 7,359(R) 7,5867,727Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truckcU 1,921 550 752 960 1,026 1,159 1,133 1,142 1,177 1,253 1,278 1,305 1,328 946 1,300 1,326 1,341 1,290 1,110 1,120 1,188(R) 1,2321,254Combination truck U 923 1,019 1,273 1,808 1,942 2,238 2,331 2,388 2,462 2,587 2,743 2,801 2,816 3,489 3,403 3,560 3,538 3,673 3,303 3,355 3,840(R) 3,5133,564Bus 115 121 114 146 141 116 124 120 122 129 134 134 137 142 144 159 154 142 139 134 189 155(R) 144143TransitdElectricity109 9 9 8 14 17 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20(P) 22Motor fuelDiesel 29 34 38 51 60 84 90 92 95 94 94 94 96 99 103 106 109 103 100 99 101 101 102(P) 99Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelse24 16 9 1 1 6 4 4 5 6 8 8 8 7 766666779(P) 18Compressed natural gasUUUUUUUU0 1 1 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 14 16 17 20(P) 19Rail, Class I (in freight service)Distillate / diesel fuel 480 498 492 507 541 431 432 403 417 428 462 483 496 496 497 515 513 515 517 531 563(R) 571 (R) 585567AmtrakElectricity U U U1111111111111 1 1 UUUUUUDistillate / diesel fuel U U U 9 9 9 11 11 11 12 10 9 10 10 10 10 11 10 UUUUUUWaterResidual fuel oil 592 463 565 608 1,340 687 947 1,014 983 791 806 881 853 750 841 874 960 810 726 580 702(R) 775861 947Distillate / diesel fuel oil 109 90 114 152 205 236 286 284 308 299 304 324 345 357 360 336 314 284 288 307 297(R) 278264 267Gasoline U U 75 91 132 132 163 214 165 109 109 133 124 123 120 137 141 124 135 138 126 158 155 153PipelineNatural gas 358 516 745 601 654 519 680 620 606 644 707 722 734 775 655 665 662 644 688 610 584 602(R) 602642Table 4-6: Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Trillion Btu)c1965 data includes other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.dPrior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles, and most rural and smallersystems.eGasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed natural gas.KEY:Btu = British thermal unit, R = revised, U = data are unavailable, P = preliminary.aDomestic operations only.bIncludes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations.Naturalgas = 1,031 Btu/ft3Jet fuel = 135,000 Btu/gallonAviation gasoline = 120,200 Btu/gallonAutomotive gasoline = 125,000 Btu/gallonDiesel motor fuel = 138,700 Btu/gallonCompressed natural gas = 138,700 Btu/gallonDistillate fuel = 138,700 Btu/gallonResidual fuel = 149,700 Btu/gallon1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. (Revised data obtained from Internet site http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.ht1995-2006:Ibid.,HighwayStatistics(Washington,DC:Annualissues), tableVM-1.NOTESGeneral aviation:The following conversion rates were used:SOURCESResidual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:1960-80: American Petroleum Institute,Basic Petroleum Data Book(Washington, DC:Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.1985-2006:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,FuelOilandKeroseneSales(Washington,DC:Annualissues), tables 2, 4, and similar tables in earlier editions.Association ofAmericanRailroads,RailroadFacts(Washington,DC:Annualissues).Amtrak:1975-2001:Amtrak,EnergyManagementDepartment, personalcommunication.Water:Air:Certificatedair carriers:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office ofAirline Information,Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of AugustElectricity 1kWh = 3,412 Btu, negating electrical system losses. To include approximate electrical system losses, multiply thisconversion factor by 3.1960-70:U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,FederalAviationAdministration,FAAStatisticalHandbookofAviation-1972edition(Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.12.1975-93:Ibid.,GeneralAviation andAirTaxiActivitySurvey(Washington,DC:Annualissues),table5.1, andsimilartablesin earliereditions.1994-2006:Ibid.,FAAAerospaceForecastsFiscalYears2007-2018(Washington,DC:Dec.2005),table34andsimilartablesinearlier editions.Highway:Transit:Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:AmericanPublicTransportationAssociation,PublicTransportationFactBook(Washington,DC:Annualissues),tables27,28,29andsimilar tables in earlier editions.Rail:Gasoline:1970-2006:U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,FederalHighwayAdministration,HighwayStatistics(Washington,DC:Annualissues), table MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions.Pipeline:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,NaturalGasAnnual,DOE/EIA-0131(04)(Washington,DC:Annualissues),table15andsimilartablesinearlier editions.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006TOTAL demand 60,761 71,187 89,601 102,996 104,838 107,550 113,606 112,222 114,883 116,579 118,717 120,253 122,595 124,235 127,978 131,781 131,891 133,740 138,041 139,156 141,146 140,549 139,794Highway55,429 66,979 85,598 99,354 101,183 103,545 109,529 107,913 110,974 113,668 115,682 117,061 119,515 120,938 124,694 128,743 128,884 129,682 133,736 134,643 136,419 135,664 134,882Nonhighway, total 5,332 4,208 4,003 3,642 3,655 4,005 4,076 4,309 3,908 2,911 3,035 3,192 3,081 3,297 3,284 3,038 3,007 4,058 4,305 4,514 4,727 4,885 4,912Agriculture2,292 1,963 1,932 1,565 1,059 1,081 681 779 806 846 912 927 918 984 907 703 652 802 832 853 1,094 1,078 1,229Aviationa1,324 501 393 410 413 382 361 339 344 340 364 367 344 335 351 322 296 356 342 304 314 332 355Marine 61 96 598 730 1,052 1,053 1,300 1,710 1,319 874 897 1,060 994 987 956 1,098 1,124 994 1,081 1,108 1,033 1,262 1,237Otherb1,656 1,647 1,080 938 1,131 1,490 1,733 1,482 1,439 850 862 838 825 990 1,070 915 934 1,907 2,051 2,249 2,286 2,213 2,090aDoes not include aviation jet fuel.1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics,Summary to 1995(Washington, DC: 1996), table MF-221, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.All nonhighway uses of gasoline were estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.Highway:2002-07: Ibid., personal communication, June 21, 2010.Nonhighway:1960-2001: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables MF-21 and MF-24, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.1995-2001: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.bIncludes state, county, and municipal use, industrial and commercial use, construction use, and miscellaneous.2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 21, 2010.Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gasoline (Million gallons) by ModeNOTESOURCES1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009Number of aircraft2,135 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,808 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 8,186 8,225 8,089 8,044 7,856 UAverage miles flown per aircraft (thousands)487 667 949 932 768 740 777 770 669 701 726 759 782 791 766 796 862 801 834 901 978 1,003 1,016 1,046 1,037 UAircraft-miles (millions)Domestic operations858 1,134 2,068 1,948 2,523 3,046(R)3,963(R)3,854(R)3,995(R)4,156(R)4,378(R)4,628(R)4,807(R)4,907(R)5,030(R)5,326(R)5,6625,545 5,615 6,106 6,602 6,716 6,605 6,733 6,446 5,940International operations 182 284 475 377 401 415(R)760(R)807(R)904(R)958(R)975(R)998(R)1,043(R)1,114(R)1,186(R)1,225(R)1,2821,264 1,221 1,262 1,403 1,536 1,615 1,682 1,699 1,597Fuel consumption (million gallons)Domestic operations(R)1,954(R)3,889(R)8,0097,558 8,519 10,115 12,323 11,506 11,763 11,959 12,384 12,672 13,217 13,563 13,335 14,402 14,865 13,868 12,922 13,082 14,091 13,976 13,694 13,682 12,686 11,339International operations(R)566(R)1,280(R)2,1361,949 1,747 2,488 3,909 3,940 4,120 4,113 4,279 4,443 4,618 4,915 4,923 5,250 5,508 5,336 5,079 5,219 5,592 5,974 6,018 6,205 6,187 5,721Aircraft-miles flown per gallonDomestic operations (R) 0.44 (R) 0.29 (R) 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.30 (R) 0.32 (R) 0.33 (R) 0.34 (R) 0.35 (R) 0.35 (R) 0.37 (R) 0.36 (R) 0.36 (R) 0.38 (R) 0.37 (R) 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.52International operations(R)0.32(R)0.22(R)0.22 0.19 0.23 0.17(R)0.19(R)0.20(R)0.22(R)0.23(R)0.23(R)0.22(R)0.23(R)0.23(R)0.24(R)0.23(R)0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28Number of aircraft:1980-85: Ibid.,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1986(Washington, DC: 1986), table 5.1.1990-97: Ibid.,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1997(Washington, DC: unpublished), personal communication, Mar. 19,1999.1998-2008: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Facts and Figures(Washington DC: Annual Issues), "Active U.S. Air Carrier Fleet", p. 94and similar pages in earlier editions.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1970 edition(Washington, DC:1970), table 5.3.1970-75: Ibid.,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1979(Washington, DC: 1979), table 5.1.Table 4-8: Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travela1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics 1969(Washington, DC: 1970), part III, tables 2 and 13.Aircraft-miles flown:aAircraft operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.SOURCES1965-1970: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973(Washington, DC: 1974), part III, tables 2 and 13.1975-1980: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: December 1976), pp. 4 and 14; and (December 1981), pp. 2 and 3.1985: Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual December Issues), pp. 2 and 3, line 27 plus line 50.1990-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics,available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/air_traffic/src/index.xml#CustomizeTable as of June 7, 2010.Fuel consumption:1960-75: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, personal communication, June 8,2010.1980-2009: Ibid.,Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml as of Apr. 28, 2010.Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel196019651970197519801985199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007Vehicles registered (thousands)a73,85890,358111,242137,913161,490177,133193,057192,314194,427198,041201,802205,427210,441211,580215,496220,461225,821235,331234,624236,760237,243247,421(R) 250,845254,403Vehicle-miles traveled (millions)718,762887,8121,109,7241,327,6641,527,2951,774,8262,144,3622,172,0502,247,1512,296,3782,357,5882,422,6962,485,8482,561,6952,631,5222,691,0562,746,9252,797,2872,855,5082,890,4502,964,7882,989,430(R) 3,014,3713,029,822Fuel consumed (million gallons)57,88071,10492,329108,984114,960121,301130,755128,563132,888137,262140,839143,834147,365150,386155,379161,411162,554163,478168,682170,069178,536174,787174,930176,106Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)9.79.810.09.69.510.011.111.311.611.611.711.811.812.112.212.212.211.912.212.212.51212.011.9Average miles traveled per gallon12.412.512.012.213.314.616.416.916.916.716.716.816.917.016.916.716.917.116.917.016.61717.217.2Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)784787830790712685677669683693698700700711721732720695719718753706697692KEY: R = revised.aIncludes personal passenger vehicles, buses, trucks and motorcycles.NOTESeetables 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, and 4-15 for individual highway vehicles.SOURCES1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, table VM-201A, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 23, 2009.1995-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables MF-21, MV-1, and VM-1, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 23, 2009.1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20022003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL fuel consumptiona134,230,631 135,912,964 140,718,522 144,774,683 148,180,046 151,597,859 156,838,150 161,210,087 163,032,407 165,201,691 169,983,219 177,697,941 180,698,532 182,185,778 184,810,803 185,593,715 177,037,209Alternative fuels, total229,631 293,334 281,152 276,643 295,616 312,589 323,790 302,287 322,037 348,421 378,589 402,941 428,532 420,778 417,803 414,715 430,329Liquefied petroleum gases208,142 264,655 248,467 232,701 239,158 238,356 241,386 209,817 212,576 215,876 223,143 224,697 211,883 188,171 173,130 152,360 147,784Compressed natural gas16,823 21,603 24,160 35,162 46,923 65,192 72,412 79,620 86,475 104,496 120,670 133,222 158,903 166,878 172,011 178,565 189,358Liquefied natural gas585 1,901 2,345 2,759 3,247 3,714 5,343 5,828 7,259 8,921 9,382 13,503 20,888 22,409 23,474 24,594 25,554Methanol, 85%b1,069 1,593 2,340 2,023 1,775 1,554 1,212 1,073 585 439 337NNNNNNMethanol, neat2,547 3,166 3,190 2,150 347 347 449 4470000NNNNNEthanol, 85%b21 48 80 190 694 1,280 1,727 3,916 12,071 14,623 17,783 26,376 31,581 38,074 44,041 54,091 62,464Ethanol, 95%b85 80 140 995 2,699 1,136 59 62 13000NNNNNElectricityc359 288 430 663 773 1,010 1,202 1,524 3,058 4,066 7,274 5,141 5,269 5,219 5,104 5,037 5,050HydrogenN N N N N N N N N N N 2 825 41 66 117Other FuelsNNNNNNNNNNN002222BiodieselNNNNNNNN6,816 7,076 16,917 18,220 (R) 27,616 (R) 93,281 (R) 267,623 367,764 324,329OxygenatesMethyl-tertiary-butyl-etherd1,175,000 2,069,200 2,018,800 2,691,200 2,749,700 3,104,200 2,903,400 3,402,600 3,296,100 3,352,200 2,383,000 2,368,400 1,877,300 1,654,500 435,000 (R) 00Ethanol in gasohol701,000 760,000 845,900 910,700 660,200 830,700 889,500 950,300 1,085,800 1,143,300 1,413,600 1,919,572 2,414,167 2,756,663 3,729,168 4,694,304 6,442,781Traditional fuels, total134,001,000 135,619,630 140,437,370 144,498,040 147,884,430 151,285,270 156,514,360 160,907,800 162,710,370 164,853,270 169,604,630 177,295,000 180,270,000 181,765,000 184,393,000 185,179,000 176,606,880Gasolinee110,135,000 111,323,000 113,144,000 115,943,000 117,783,000 119,336,000 122,849,000 125,111,000 125,720,000 127,768,000 131,299,000 135,330,000 138,283,000 138,723,000 140,146,000 140,646,000 134,644,492Dieself23,866,000 24,296,630 27,293,370 28,555,040 30,101,430 31,949,270 33,665,360 35,796,800 36,990,370 37,085,270 38,305,630 41,965,000 41,987,000 43,042,000 44,247,000 44,533,000 41,962,388U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 2008,table C-1 and similar tables in earlier editions,available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/afv_atf.html as of July 12, 2010.bThe remainingportion of85% methanol, 85% ethanol, and 95% ethanolfuels isGasoline. Consumption data include theGasolineportion of the fuel.cExcludesgasoline-electric hybrids.dIncludes a verysmall amount of other ethers,primarilytertiary-amyl-methyl-ether and ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether.eGasolineconsumption includesEthanol ingasoholandMethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether.fDieselincludesBiodiesel.NOTESBeginning with 2003 data, the methodology used to develop the estimates of alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs) in use and alternate transportation fuelconsumption were changed. The data reflect this new methodology.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Table 4-10: Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles (Thousand gasoline-equivalent gallons)SOURCEKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.aTotal fuel consumptionis the sum ofAlternative fuels, Gasoline, and Diesel.Oxygenateconsumption is included inGasolineconsumption.The traditional fuel consumption data in this table are slightly different from the fuel consumption data in table 4-9 due to different sources.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Vehicles registered (thousands)Passenger cars 61,671 75,258 89,244 106,706 121,601 127,885 133,700 128,300 126,581 127,327 127,883 128,387 129,728 129,749 131,839 132,432 133,621 137,633 135,921 135,670 136,431 136,568 135,400 135,933137,080Motorcycles574 1,382 2,824 4,964 5,694 5,444 4,259 4,177 4,065 3,978 3,757 3,897 3,872 3,826 3,879 4,152 4,346 4,903 5,004 5,370 5,768 6,227 6,679 7,1387,753Vehicle-miles traveled (millions)Passenger carsa587,000 723,000 917,000 1,034,000 1,112,000 1,247,000 1,408,000 1,358,000 1,372,000 1,375,000 1,406,000 1,438,000 1,469,854 1,502,556 1,549,577 1,569,100 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,079 1,699,890 1,708,421 1,690,534 1,672,4671,615,850MotorcyclesUU 3,000 5,600 10,200 9,100 9,600 9,200 9,600 9,900 10,200 9,800 9,920 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 10,122 10,454 12,049 13,62114,484Fuel consumed (million gallons)Passenger carsa41,171 49,723 67,819 74,140 69,982 71,518 69,568 64,317 65,436 67,048 67,874 68,072 69,221 69,892 71,695 73,283 73,065 73,559 75,471 75,455 75,402 77,418 75,009 74,37771,497MotorcyclesUU 60 113 204 182 191 184 191 198 205 196 198 202 206 212 209 193 191 192 202 189 221 242256Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)Passenger carsa9.5 9.6 10.3 9.7 9.1 9.8 10.5 10.6 10.8 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.6 11.8 11.8 12.0 11.8 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.3 11.8Motorcycles U U 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.7 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9Average miles traveled per gallonPassenger carsa14.3 14.5 13.5 13.9 15.9 17.4 20.2 21.1 21.0 20.5 20.7 21.1 21.2 21.5 21.6 21.4 21.9 22.1 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.1 22.5 22.5 22.6Motorcycles U U 50.0 49.6 50.0 50.0 50.3 50.0 50.3 50.0 49.8 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 49.9 50.0 50.0 50.0 55.3 54.5 56.2 56.5Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)Passenger carsa667.6 660.7 759.9 694.8 575.5 559.2 520.3 501.3 516.9 526.6 530.8 530.2 533.6 538.7 543.8 553.4 546.8 534.5 555.3 556.2 552.7 566.9 554.0 547.2 521.6Motorcycles U U 21.2 22.8 35.8 33.4 44.8 44.1 47.0 49.8 54.6 50.3 51.2 52.7 53.0 51.0 48.2 39.4 38.2 35.7 35.1 30.4 33.1 33.9 33.11960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables MV-201 and VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.See table 4-12for other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.SOURCESAverage miles traveled per vehicle,Average miles traveled per gallon, andAverage fuel consumed per vehicleare derived by calculation.Table 4-11: Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.a1960 and 1965 data includeMotorcycles.NOTES1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 199719981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Number registered (thousands) 14,211 20,418 27,876 37,214 48,275 53,033 57,091 59,994 62,904 65,738 69,134 70,224 71,330 75,356 79,085 84,188 85,011 87,187 91,845 95,337 99,125 101,470 101,235Vehicle-miles traveled (millions)123,000 201,000 291,000 391,000 575,000 649,000 707,000 746,000 765,000 790,000 816,540 850,739 868,275 901,022 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,094 1,027,164 1,041,051 1,082,490 1,112,271 1,108,603Fuel consumed (million gallons)12,313 19,081 23,796 27,363 35,611 38,217 40,929 42,851 44,112 45,605 47,354 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,758 63,417 58,869 60,685 61,836 61,199Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)8.7 9.8 10.4 10.5 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.0 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.2 11.4 11.3 11.2 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.0Average miles traveled per gallon10.0 10.5 12.2 14.3 16.1 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.0 17.4 17.6 17.5 16.2 16.2 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.1Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)866.5 934.5 853.6 735.3 737.7 720.6 716.9 714.3 701.3 693.7 685.0 703.3 707.4 701.5 669.4 635.7 649.6 696.9 690.5 617.5 612.2 609.4 604.5Table 4-12: Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.KEY:R = revised.1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,HighwayStatistics Summary to1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.Nearly all vehicles in this category are light trucks, which include vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categoriesbeginning with 1993 data. The new categories are passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck. Prior to 1993, some minivans and sport utility vehicles were includedunder the passenger car category.NOTESSOURCES1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 199719981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Number registered (thousands)3,681 4,232 4,374 4,593 4,487 4,481 4,370 4,408 4,906 5,0245,2665,293 5,735 5,763 5,926 5,7045,651 5,849 6,161 6,395 6,649 6,807 6,791Vehicle-miles (millions)27,100 34,600 39,800 45,400 51,900 52,900 53,900 56,800 61,300 62,70564,07266,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 72,448 75,86677,757 78,441 78,496 80,344 82,014 83,951Fuel consumed (million gallons)3,968 5,420 6,923 7,399 8,357 8,172 8,237 8,488 9,032 9,2169,4099,576 (R) 9,741 9,372 9,563 9,667 10,3218,880 8,959 9,501 9,852 10,044 9,889Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)7.4 8.2 9.1 9.9 11.6 11.8 12.3 12.9 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.6 11.9 12.2 11.9 12.7 13.4 13.312.7 12.3 12.1 12.0 12.4Average miles traveled per gallon6.8 6.4 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0 (R) 7.0 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 8.88.8 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.5Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)1,077.8 1,280.8 1,582.8 1,610.9 1,862.5 1,823.8 1,885.0 1,925.7 1,840.9 1,834.5 1,786.7 1,809.1 (R) 1,698.5 1,626.3 1,613.7 1,695.0 1,826.5 1,518.41,454.1 1,485.6 1,481.7 1,475.6 1,456.2SOURCESIn 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data to include passengercars, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks, and combination trucks. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single framewith at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the most appropriate category.Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and TravelaaBeginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey(VIUS) for its baselineestimate of single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey(TIUS)for its baseline estimates. Therefore, post-1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway StatisticsSummary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Aug.3, 2010.KEY:R = revised.NOTE1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 199719981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Number registered (thousands)787905 1,131 1,417 1,403 1,709 1,691 1,675 1,680 1,682 1,696 1,747 1,790 1,997 2,029 2,097 2,154 2,277 1,908 2,010 2,087 2,170 2,221 2,216Vehicle-miles traveled (millions)31,70035,100 46,700 68,700 78,100 94,300 96,600 99,500 103,100 108,900 115,500 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 136,584138,737140,160 142,370 144,028 142,169 145,046 143,507Fuel consumed (million gallons)6,6587,348 9,177 13,037 14,005 16,133 16,809 17,216 17,748 18,653 19,777 20,193 20,302 25,158 24,537 25,666 25,51226,48023,815 24,191 27,689 28,107 28,545 26,814Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)40.338.8 41.3 48.5 55.7 55.2 57.1 59.4 61.4 64.8 68.1 68.1 69.6 64.3 65.3 64.4 63.4 60.9 73.4 70.8 69.0 65.5 65.3 64.8Average miles traveled per gallon4.84.8 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.4Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)8,465.28,118.6 8,115.9 9,201.3 9,980.3 9,440.6 9,938.3 10,276.0 10,562.4 11,093.1 11,662.7 11,561.1 11,341.9 12,595.7 12,095.9 12,241.5 11,843.011,630.912,479.5 12,033.3 13,268.9 12,954.3 12,852.5 12,101.2Table 4-14: Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and TravelaaBeginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey(VIUS) for its baselineestimate of combination trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey(TIUS) for its baselineestimates. Therefore, post-1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.1965-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway StatisticsSummary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC:July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC:Annual issues),table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as ofApr. 26, 2010.KEY:R = revised.SOURCES1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Number registered (thousands) 272 314 378 462 529 593 627 631 645 654 670 686 695 698 716 729 746 750 761 777 795 807 822 834 843Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 4,300 4,700 4,500 6,100 6,100 4,500 5,700 5,800 5,800 6,100 6,400 6,400 6,563 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,0776,8456,783 6,801 6,980 6,783 6,980 7,114Fuel consumed (million gallons) 827 875 820 1,053 1,018 834 895 864 878 929 964 968 990 1,027 1,040 1,148 1,112 1,0261,000969 1,360 1,120 1,148 1,145 1,110Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) 15.8 15.0 11.9 13.2 11.5 7.6 9.1 9.2 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.8 9.8 10.5 10.2 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.4 8.4Average miles traveled per gallon 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.4 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.96.87.0 5.0 6.2 5.9 6.1 6.4Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons)3,039.02,784.1 2,171.82,278.51,925.2 1,405.31,427.51,368.61,361.81,419.61,437.91,412.1 1,424.81,471.71,453.91,575.71,490.41,368.71,314.01,247.81,710.31,387.81,397.2 1,372.01,315.8KEY:R = revised.Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr.26, 2010.NOTEThis table Includes data for both publicly and privately owned school, transit, and other commercial buses.SOURCES1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009(Washington, DC: July1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 199920002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Number of vehicles (thousands) 65 62 61 62 75 94 93 97 103 108 116 116 94 98 100 103 106 111 112 115 117 122 126 126 129 136Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) 2,143 2,008 1,883 2,176 2,287 2,791 3,242 3,306 3,355 3,435 3,468 3,550 2,751 2,853 2,970 3,111 3,202 3,319 3,433 3,476 3,548 3,603 3,671 3,769 3,895 3,988Electric power consumed (million kWh) 2,908 2,584 2,561 2,646 2,446 4,216 4,837 4,853 4,716 4,865 5,081 5,068 4,923 4,908 4,962 5,126 5,382 5,485 5,529 5,508 5,657 5,765 5,770 6,216 6,337 6,492Primary energy consumed (thousand gallons)Diesel 208,100 248,400 270,600 365,060 431,400 608,738 651,030 665,158 684,944 678,511 678,226 678,286 534,958 539,169 560,448 575,889 590,610 595,918 673,040 554,286 541,998 480,456 528,236 514,954 499,400 614,433Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelsb191,900 124,200 68,200 7,576 11,400 45,704 33,906 34,467 37,179 45,672 60,003 60,730 25,227 25,726 22,107 21,097 23,641 26,008 35,395 26,690 30,874 80,720 46,907 51,300 67,919 141,668Compressed natural gasNNNNNNNN1,009 1,579 4,835 10,740 11,476 19,339 28,800 34,825 43,676 52,510 65,774 79,456 86,595 93,866 110,643 107,703 112,753 142,156Table 4-16: Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumptionaand Travelb1960 to 1991 data include propane. Series not continuous between 1991 and 1992. 1992 to 1995 data include propane, liquefied natural gas, bio/soy fuel, biodiesel,hydrogen, methanol and ethynol, except compressed natural gas. 1996 to 2001 data include only propane, liquified natural gas, methanol and ethynol. 2002 to 2009 datainclude the above, and also biodiesel and grain fuel.Data prior to 1996 are not comparable to data from 1996 onward due to a change in sources with differing methodologies. 2009 data forGasoline and other nondiesel fuelsisnot comparable to previous years' data due to a change in the reporting requirements that require transit agencies to submit energy consumption data for both purchasedtransportation (PT) services and directly operated (DO) transportation services. The major effect of this reporting change occurred within the following modes: DemandResponse, Motor Bus, Publico, and Vanpool.This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.NOTES1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, tables 19 and 17 and similar tables in previous editions, available atwww.ntdprogram.gov as of Dec. 9, 2010.KEY:kWh = kilowatt hour; N = data do not exist; R = revised.SOURCE1960-95: American Public Transportation Association,2009 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 7, 17, 29,30, 31 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Apr. 1, 2010.aPrior to 1984, the data in this table include the energy consumption of bus, heavy rail, light rail and trolley bus. Commuter rail, automated guideway, urban ferryboat, demaresponsive vehicles, and most rural and smaller systems are excluded from the data during this period.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Number in useLocomotivesa29,031 27,780 27,077 27,846 28,094 22,548 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,50620,77422,01522,779 23,732 24,143 24,003Carsb1,965,486 1,800,662 1,784,181 1,723,605 1,710,827 1,421,686 1,212,261 1,189,660 1,173,136 1,173,132 1,192,412 1,218,927 1,240,573 1,270,419 1,315,667 1,368,836 1,380,796 1,314,136 1,299,670 1,278,980 1,287,920 (R) 1,316,522 (R) 1,361,250 1,385,709 1,392,972Miles traveled (millions)Freight train-milesc404 421 427 403 428 347 380 375 390 405 441 458 469 475 475 490 504 500 500 516 535 548 (R) 563 543 524Locomotive unit-miles N N N 1,479 1,531 1,228 1,280 1,238 1,278 1,320 1,405 1,445 1,465 1,423 1,440 1,504 1,503 1,478 1,444 1,484 1,538 1,588 1,660 1,609 1,559Car-miles28,170 29,336 29,890 27,656 29,277 24,920 26,159 25,628 26,128 26,883 28,485 30,383 31,715 31,660 32,657 33,851 34,590 34,243 34,680 35,555 37,071 37,712 38,955 38,186 37,226Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands)LocomotivesNNN 53.1 54.5 54.5 68.0 67.5 71.0 72.7 75.9 76.8 76.0 72.3 71.1 74.2 75.0 74.8 70.4 71.4 69.9 69.7 69.9 66.6 64.9Cars14.3 16.3 16.8 16.0 17.1 17.5 21.6 21.5 22.3 22.9 23.9 24.9 25.6 24.9 24.8 24.7 25.1 26.1 26.7 27.8 28.8 (R) 28.6 (R) 28.6 27.6 26.7Average miles traveled per gallonTrains0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13Cars8.13 8.17 8.43 7.56 7.50 8.01 8.40 8.82 8.69 8.71 8.54 8.73 8.86 8.86 9.11 9.11 9.35 9.23 9.30 9.29 9.13 9.20 9.29 9.40 9.58Fuel consumed (million gallons)3,463 3,592 3,545 3,657 3,904 3,110 3,115 2,906 3,005 3,088 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3,826 4,059 4,098 4,192 4,062 3,886Average fuel consumed per locomotivea(thousand gallons)119.3 129.3 130.9 131.3 139.0 137.9 165.4 158.4 166.9 170.0 180.2 185.0 185.7 181.6 176.8 183.4 184.7 187.9 181.9 184.2 184.4 179.9 176.6 168.2 161.9Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and TravelKEY:N = data do not exist, R = revised.Locomotive unit-miles:Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2009(Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 33, 34, 40, 49, and 51, and similar tables in earlier editions.SOURCESAll data except for locomotive unit-miles:aFor 1960-80, the total includes a small number of steam and electric units, which are not included in the per locomotive fuelconsumption figure.bIncludes cars owned by Class I railroads, other railroads, car companies, and shippers.cBased on the distance run between terminals and/or stations; does not include yard or passenger train-miles.2005-08: Association of American Railroads, personal communication, June 13, 2007, Apr. 24, 2008, and Apr. 28, 2010.1975-92, 2002: Ibid.,Railroad Ten-Year Trends(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1993-2001, 2003-04: Ibid.,Analysis of Class I Railroads(Washington, DC: Annual issues).1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Number in useLocomotives 355 419 291 318 316 336 360 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 276 258 319 270 278Cars 1,913 2,128 1,854 1,863 1,786 1,796 1,853 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 1,211 1,186 1,191 1,164 1,177Miles traveled (millions)Train-miles 30 30 30 33 34 34 35 34 32 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 37 37 36 36 37 38Car-miles 253 235 251 301 313 307 303 304 292 276 288 312 342 368 378 379 332 308 265 264 267 272Locomotive fuel consumedElectric (million of kWhs) (R) 180 (R) 254 (R) 295 (R) 330 (R) 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 (R) 456 (R) 518 (R) 537 (R) 551 (R) 531 (R) 549 (R) 578 582Diesel (million gallons)(R) 63 (R) 64 (R) 65 (R) 82 82 (R) 82 (R) 83 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 (R) 84 (R) 75 (R) 69 (R) 65 (R) 62 (R) 62 63Average miles traveled per car (thousands)132 110 135 162 175 171 164 164 170 160 167 159 172 194 181 131 204 255 223 222 229 2312003–08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.KEY:kWh = kilowatt hour; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.1975–80: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.Table 4-18: Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel1985–2000: Ibid.,Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).Number of locomotives and cars:Car-miles:Train-miles:2001–08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.1975–2002: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak),Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).SOURCESMiles traveled:Locomotive fuel consumed:1975-2001: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.2001-08: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), personal communication, Jan. 7, 2010.1975: Association of American Railroads,Yearbook of Railroad Facts 1975(Washington, DC: 1976), p. 40.1980–85: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, personal communication.1990–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, personal communication, Aug. 22, 2001.2001–08: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

# Motor
gasoline Fuel oil Jet fuel and
aviation gas Other c 

# Total

FY 1999 P 

# , total 41.1 162.3 444.7 2.9 651.0 187.2 137.6 40.5 1,016.3

Agriculture 3.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.5 1.9 2.0 0.5 7.8

Defense 13.5 143.4 436.8 1.7 595.4 98.7 86.0 30.5 810.7

Energy 1.0 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.3 15.7 6.7 4.7 29.4

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 9.5 3.2 1.5 14.3

Health and Human Services 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 2.8 3.3 0.1 7.0

Interior 2.8 0.8 0.1 0.7 4.5 1.5 1.4 0.1 7.5

Justice 4.8 0.4 1.5 0.0 6.7 3.8 4.5 0.4 15.4

NASA 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.8 6.4 3.0 0.2 11.4

Postal Service 10.4 5.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 16.3 7.5 0.6 39.8

Transportation 0.8 6.5 4.4 0.0 11.7 7.8 1.0 0.0 20.5

Veterans Affairs 1.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.3 9.4 14.3 1.5 27.5

Other a 

# 2.4 3.1 0.9 0.0 6.4 13.3 4.8 0.6 25.1

FY 2008, total (R) 47.3 (R) 180.0 (R) 504.7 (R) 18.2 (R) 750.2 (R) 189.7 (R) 131.9 (R) 33.8 (R) 1,105.6

Agriculture 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.2 1.9 1.2 0.3 6.6

Defense (R) 19.7 (R) 161.7 499.5 (R) 15.6 (R) 696.3 100.7 69.5 23.4 (R) 889.9

Energy 0.7 1.4 Z 0.3 2.4 16.7 5.9 3.2 (R) 28.1

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 Z 0.2 9.8 6.8 1.6 18.4

Health and Human Services 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 1.0 3.4 5.6 0.4 (R) 10.3

Interior 1.8 1.1 0.1 1.0 4.0 2.2 1.1 0.2 7.5

Justice 2.6 0.3 0.0 Z 2.9 5.2 10.1 0.5 (R) 18.8

NASA 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.1 5.5 2.8 0.9 (R) 10.2

Postal Service 13.2 2.7 0.0 0.1 16.1 (R) 20.7 (R) 9.3 0.3 46.4

Transportation 0.4 0.2 0.5 Z 1.1 (R) 2.7 (R) 0.7 0.2 (R) 4.7

Veterans Affairs 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 (R) 10.8 14.9 1.9 (R) 29.5

Other b 

# 5.4 10.1 4.0 0.5 20.1 10.1 4.0 1.1 (R) 35.2

FY 2009 P 

# , total 48.7 169.0 505.9 13.6 737.2 189.3 131.1 38.1 1,095.7

Agriculture 2.1 0.6 Z 0.5 3.2 1.8 1.2 0.5 6.6

Defense 19.4 148.8 500.7 10.7 679.7 101.1 74.2 25.3 880.3

Energy 0.6 1.7 Z 0.3 2.6 16.8 6.3 5.4 31.1

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 Z 0.2 9.8 6.9 1.8 18.6

Health and Human Services 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.4 6.3 0.2 10.8

Interior 1.9 1.3 0.1 0.8 4.1 2.4 1.2 0.2 7.9

Justice 2.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 3.4 5.0 7.6 0.6 16.5

NASA 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.0 5.5 2.8 0.9 10.2

Postal Service 14.4 4.9 0.0 0.3 19.6 19.4 5.1 0.1 44.2

Transportation 0.4 0.2 0.5 Z 1.1 2.5 0.6 0.2 4.3

Veterans Affairs 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.1 10.8 15.1 1.8 29.9

Other b 

# 5.6 9.0 3.9 0.8 19.3 10.9 3.9 1.1 35.3

Purchased steam = 1,000 Btu/pound.

Coal = 24.580 million Btu/short ton. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. c 

# Includes liquefied petroleum gases.

NOTES d 

# Includes purchased steam, chilled water from district heating and cooling systems, and any other energy type, such as renewable energy.

Data in this table are prepared using the following conversion factors: 

# Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Trillion Btu)

Petroleum

Total

SOURCE

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1999 and 2009, table 1.13, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/ as of Nov. 24,

2010. Electricity = 3,412 Btu/kilowatt-hour.



# Motor gasoline = 5.250 million Btu/barrel. a 

# Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency,
Federal Communications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

b 

# Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,
Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the
Treasury, Office of Personnel Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Central Intelligence Agency, Social Security Administration, and U.S. information Agency
(International Broadcasting Bureau).

Natural gas = 1,031 Btu/cubic foot.

Aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel.

Fuel oil = 5.8254 million Btu/barrel.

Jet fuel = 5.460 million Btu/barrel.

Liquefied petroleum gas = 4.011 million Btu/barrel. 

# Electricity Natural gas Coal and

other d



# KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; FY = fiscal year; GSA = General Services Administration; NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration; R = revised; Z = value too small

to report.

These data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S.
government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded. Other energy used by U.S. agencies that produce electricity or enriched uranium is included.
The U.S. government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.

# Section C Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20032004 2005 2006Air, certificated carrierDomestic operations 8,633 10,118 10,185 7,746 5,742 5,047 4,932 4,671 4,564 4,558 4,444 4,382 4,1834,1664,123 4,049 3,883 3,890 3,596 (R) 3,496 (R) 3,410 (R) 3,222 3,098International operations 9,199 10,292 10,986 8,4654,3395,103 4,546 4,609 4,258 4,099 4,145 4,173 4,108 4,168 4,278 4,123 3,833 3,965 3,920 (R) 4,178 (R) 3,888 (R) 3,813 3,691HighwayaPassenger car4,495 4,455 4,841 4,743 4,348 4,269 3,811 3,654 3,703 3,785 3,771 3,7213,6883,6573,6373,672 3,589 3,597 3,600 3,570 3,509 (R) 3,585 3,525Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 6,810 6,571 5,709 4,971 4,539 4,277 4,256 4,275 4,3454,538 4,541 4,564 4,5694,612 4,509 3,985 4,121 4,452 4,452 (R) 4,077 4,016Motorcycle b b 2,500 2,354 2,125 1,896 2,227 1,917 1,990 2,063 2,1352,274 2,271 2,273 2,2732,273 2,273 2,049 1,969 1,969 1,969 (R) 1,784 1,754Transit motor busNNNN2,742 3,389 3,723 3,767 4,038 3,944 4,162 4,155 4,196 4,2284,133 4,0444,147 3,698 3,550 3,514 3,572 3,393 3,262AmtrakN N N 2,383 2,148 2,089 2,066 1,978 2,035 2,023 1,935 1,838 2,153 2,200 2,138 2,107 2,134 2,100 U U U U UKEY:Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.aFor 1995 and subsequent years, highway passenger-miles were taken directly fromHighway Statisticsrather than derived fromvehicle-miles and average occupancy, as is the case for 1960-1994.Amtrak:Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication, Apr. 21, 20081960-80: Air Transport Association, Internet site http://www.airlines.org as of Aug. 30, 2004.1985-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of TransportationStatistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington DC: Annual December issues).Transit motor bus:American Public Transportation Association,2008 Public Transportation Fact Book, Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annualissues), tables 2 and 28, and similar tables in earlier editions.Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.bIncluded in passenger car.NOTEFuel consumed:To calculate total Btu, multiply fuel consumed (see tables 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-25) by 135,000 Btu/gallon for air carrier; 125,000Btu/gallon for passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, and motorcycle; 138,700 Btu/gallon for transit motor bus and Amtrakdieselconsumption; and 3,412 Btu/KwH for Amtrak electric consumption.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:Passenger-miles:Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Btu per passenger-mile)Motorcycle:1970-85: Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1985,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1990-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office ofAirline Information, available at http://www.bts.gov/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html as of Mar. 27, 2008.Highway:1960 1965 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009Aircraft-miles (millions)Domestic operations858 1,134 2,068 1,638 2,276 3,026 3,963 3,854 3,995 4,156 4,378 4,628 4,807 4,907 5,030 5,326 5,662 5,545 5,615 6,106 6,602 6,716 6,605 6,733 6,446 5,936International operations182 284 475 334 334 415 760 807 904 958 975 998 1,043 1,114 1,186 1,225 1,282 1,264 1,221 1,262 1,403 1,536 1,615 1,682 1,696 1,597Available seat-miles (millions)Domestic operations52,220 94,787 213,160 215,275 326,734 452,756 570,558 551,562 567,040 582,122 598,150616,459 639,013 652,026 661,616 698,866 726,291704,801 687,316 696,976 750,863 758,646 745,979763,563734,265 683,843International operations13,347 29,533 51,960 64,138 84,514 110,578 182,652 186,468 205,829 211,831 211,109215,623 220,708 228,689 237,413 242,981 254,048245,718 227,127 225,559 249,337 270,677 281,547296,529306,594 291,352Passenger-miles (millions)Domestic operations30,557 51,887 104,147 119,591 190,766 275,864 345,873 338,085 354,764 362,227 388,410 403,912 434,652450,673 462,754 487,940 515,598486,506 483,572 505,576 558,166 583,758 588,455 607,551 583,280 552,014International operations8,306 16,789 27,563 34,864 53,932 73,237 126,363 125,211 138,950 143,766 149,108 154,882 161,512169,356 172,179 180,269 192,798178,343 172,003 168,601 194,174 211,359 221,645 234,456 240,486 227,966Fuel consumed (million gallons)Domestic operations1,954 3,889 7,857 7,558 8,519 10,115 12,212 11,360 11,598 11,960 12,501 12,812 13,187 13,658 13,303 14,491 14,865 13,868 12,922 13,082 14,091 13,976 13,694 13,682 12,686 11,339International operations566 1,280 2,243 1,949 1,747 2,488 3,938 3,888 4,079 4,112 4,325 4,511 4,658 4,962 4,915 5,277 5,508 5,336 5,079 5,219 5,592 5,975 6,018 6,205 6,187 5,721Seats per aircraftDomestic operations60.9 83.6 103.1 131.5 143.6 149.6 144.0 143.1 141.9 140.1 136.6 133.2 132.9 132.9 131.5 131.2 128.3 127.1 122.4 114.2 113.7 113.0 112.9 113.4 113.9 115.2International operations73.3 104.0 109.4 192.1 252.7 266.2 240.2 231.2 227.6 221.1 216.4 216.1 211.5 205.3 200.1 198.3 198.2 194.5 186.0 178.7 177.7 176.2 174.3 176.3 180.7 182.4Seat-miles per gallonDomestic operations26.7 24.4 27.1 28.5 38.4 44.8 46.7 48.6 48.9 48.7 47.8 48.1 48.5 47.7 49.7 48.2 48.9 50.8 53.2 53.3 53.3 54.3 54.5 55.8 57.9 60.3International operations23.6 23.1 23.2 32.9 48.4 44.4 46.4 48.0 50.5 51.5 48.8 47.8 47.4 46.1 48.3 46.0 46.1 46.1 44.7 43.2 44.6 45.3 46.8 47.8 49.6 50.9Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-mile)Domestic operations8,633 10,118 10,185 8,532 6,029 4,950 4,767 4,536 4,413 4,457 4,345 4,282 4,096 4,091 3,881 4,009 3,892 3,848 3,608 3,493 3,408 3,232 3,142 3,040 2,936 2,773International operations9,199 10,292 10,986 7,547 4,374 4,586 4,207 4,192 3,963 3,861 3,916 3,932 3,893 3,955 3,854 3,952 3,857 4,039 3,986 4,179 3,888 3,816 3,665 3,573 3,473 3,388Load factor (percent)Domestic operations(R) 58.5 (R) 54.7 (R) 48.9 55.6 58.4 60.9 60.6 61.3 62.6 62.2 64.9 65.5 68.0 69.1 69.9 69.8 71.0 69.0 70.4 72.5 74.3 76.9 78.9 79.6 79.4 80.7International operations(R) 62.2 (R) 56.8 (R) 53.0 54.4 63.8 66.2 69.2 67.1 67.5 67.9 70.6 71.8 73.2 74.1 72.5 74.2 75.9 72.6 75.7 74.7 77.9 78.1 78.7 79.1 78.4 78.2Table 4-21: Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All ServicesaLoad factor:Ratio ofPassenger-milestoAvailable seat-miles.KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; R = revised.Seats per aircraft, seat-miles per gallon, energy intensiveness and load factor:Heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 135,000 Btu/gallon.aU.S. owned carriers only. Operations of foreign-owned carriers in or out of the United States not included.NOTESAircraft-milesinclude all four large certificated air-carrier groups (majors, nationals, large regionals, and medium regionals), scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo.Fuel consumedincludes majors, nationals, and large regionals,scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo.SOURCESDerived by calculation.1960-70: Air Transport Association, available at http://www.air-transport.org/ as of July 31, 2002.1975-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/Fields.asp?Table_ID=264, as of Dec. 15, 2010.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption, available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp as of Dec. 15, 2010.Passenger-milesinclude all four large certificated air-carrier groups, scheduled and charter, passenger service only.International operations include operations outside the United States, including those between the United States and foreign countries and the United States and its territories or possessions.Aircraft-miles, available seat-miles, and passenger-miles:Fuel consumed:,Table 4-22:Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles196019651970197519801985199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004(R) 20052006Vehicle-miles (millions)Passenger car587,000723,000917,0001,034,0001,112,0001,247,0001,408,0001,358,0001,372,0001,375,0001,406,0001,438,0001,470,0001,503,0001,550,0001,569,0001,600,2871,628,3321,658,4741,672,0791,699,8901,708,4211,682,671Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleNN123,000201,000291,000391,000575,000649,000707,000746,000765,000790,000817,000851,000868,000901,000923,059943,207966,034984,0941,027,1641,041,0511,089,013Motorcyclebb3,0005,60010,2009,1009,6009,2009,6009,90010,2009,8009,90010,10010,30010,60010,4699,6399,5529,57710,12210,45412,401Passenger-miles (millions)aPassenger car1,145,0001,395,0001,751,0001,954,0002,012,0002,094,0002,282,0002,200,0002,208,0002,213,0002,250,0002,287,0002,337,0002,389,0002,464,0002,495,0002,544,4572,556,4812,620,3892,641,8852,685,8272,699,3052,658,621Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleNN226,000363,000521,000688,0001,000,0001,117,0001,202,0001,253,0001,269,0001,256,0001,298,0001,353,0001,381,0001,433,0001,467,6641,678,8531,674,7921,706,1031,780,7711,804,8481,887,997Motorcyclebb3,0006,00012,00012,00012,00012,00012,00012,00012,00011,00011,00011,00011,00012,00011,51611,76012,13112,16312,85513,27715,750Average occupancy ratePassenger car1.951.931.911.891.811.681.621.621.611.611.601.591.591.591.591.591.591.571.581.581.581.581.58Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleNN1.841.811.791.761.741.721.701.681.661.591.591.591.591.591.591.781.731.731.731.731.73Motorcyclebb1.001.071.181.321.251.301.251.211.181.121.111.091.071.131.101.221.271.271.271.271.27Fuel consumed (million gallons)Passenger car41,17149,72367,81974,14069,98271,51869,56864,31765,43667,04867,87468,07269,22169,89271,69573,28373,06573,55975,47175,45575,40277,41974,983Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleNN12,31319,08123,79627,36335,61138,21740,92942,85144,11245,60547,35449,38850,46252,85952,93953,52255,22060,75863,41758,86960,662Motorcyclebb60113204182191184191198205196198202206212209193191192202189220Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-mile)cPassenger car4,4954,4554,8414,7434,3484,2693,8113,6543,7043,7873,7713,7213,7023,6573,6373,6713,5893,5973,6003,5703,5093,5853,525Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleNN6,8106,5715,7094,9714,4514,2774,2564,2754,3454,5394,5604,5634,5684,6114,5093,9854,1214,4524,4524,0774,016Motorcyclebb2,5002,3542,1251,8961,9901,9171,9902,0632,1352,2272,2502,2952,3412,2052,2732,0491,9691,9691,9691,7791,746KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised.bIncluded in passenger car.cEnergy Intensity (Btu/passenger-mile) is calculated by converting the fuel consumption in gallons to the energy equivalent Btuunits and dividing by the passenger-miles.heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 125,000 Btus/gallon.NOTES:In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle type categories for 1993 andlater data.These new categories include passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In previous years, some minivans and sport utility vehicles were included in the passenger carcategory. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the closest available category.Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles data for 1960 through 1999 have been rounded to the nearest billion miles.SOURCES:Vehicle-miles:Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tableVM-201A.1995-2005: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.Motorcycle:1970-94: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle vehicle-miles are subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle vehicle-milesfrom VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Passenger-miles:1960-97: Vehicle-miles multiplied by vehicle occupancy rates.1998-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Fuel consumed:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tableVM-201A.For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle fuel consumed is subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle fuel consumedfrom VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues) table VM-1.1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (R) 2009 2010Average U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency (mpg)(calendar year)Passenger cara16.0 17.5 20.3 21.2 21.0 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.2 21.5 21.6 21.4 21.9 22.1 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.1 22.5 22.5 22.6 U UOther 2-axle 4-tire vehicle 12.2 14.3 16.1 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.0 17.4 17.6 17.5 16.2 16.2 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.1 U UNew vehicle fuel efficiency (mpg)b(model year)Light-duty vehiclePassenger car 24.3 27.6 28.0 28.4 27.9 28.4 28.3 28.6 28.5 28.7 28.8 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.5 29.5 30.3 30.1 31.2 (R) 31.5 32.9 33.7Domestic 22.6 26.3 26.9 27.3 27.0 27.8 27.5 27.7 28.1 27.8 28.6 28.0 28.7 28.7 29.1 29.1 29.9 30.5 30.3 30.6 (R) 31.2 32.1 32.9Imported 29.6 31.5 29.9 30.1 29.2 29.6 29.7 30.3 29.6 30.1 29.2 29.0 28.3 29.0 28.8 29.9 28.7 29.9 29.7 32.2 (R) 31.8 33.8 35.1Light truck (<8,500 lbs GVWR)c18.5 20.7 20.8 21.3 20.8 21.0 20.8 20.5 20.8 20.6 21.0 20.9 21.3 20.9 21.4 21.8 21.5 22.1 22.5 23.1 23.6 24.8 25.1CAFE standards (mpg)b(model year)Passenger car 20.0 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5Light truckdU19.5 20.0 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 21.0 21.6 22.2 22.5 23.1 23.5Table 4-23: Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light TrucksNew vehicle fuel efficiency (based on model year production) and CAFE standards:U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Summary of Fuel Economy Performance(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available athttp://www.nhtsa.gov/ as of Nov. 30, 2010.cBeginning with FY 1999, the totalLight truckfleet ceased to be categorized by either domestic or imported fleets.KEY:CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; mpg = miles per gallon; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aFrom 1980 to 1994,Passenger carfuel efficiency includes motorcycles.bAssumes 55% city and 45% highway-miles. The source calculated average miles per gallon forLight-duty vehiclesby taking the reciprocal of the sales-weighted average ofgallons per mile. This is called the harmonic average.dNo combined figure is available for 1980. In 1980, CAFE standard for 2 wheel drive, and 4 wheel driveLight truckswere 16.0, and 14.0 mpg respectively.NOTEThe fuel efficiency figures forLight duty vehiclesrepresent the sales-weighted harmonic average of the combinedPassenger carandLight truckfuel economies.SOURCESAverage U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tableVM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Sept. 10, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Dec. 20, 2010.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Vehicle-miles (millions) 1,576 1,528 1,409 1,526 1,677 1,863 2,130 2,167 2,178 2,210 2,162 2,184 1,673 1,705 1,765 1,821 1,860 1,913 1,912 1,862 1,849 1,840 1,837 1,861 1,895 1,901Passenger-miles (millions)NNNN21,790 21,161 20,981 21,090 20,336 20,247 18,832 18,818 15,820 16,507 16,931 17,556 17,625 18,352 18,084 17,065 16,682 17,034 17,491 17,480 18,299 18,005Energy consumedDiesel (million gallons)208 248 271 365 431 518 563 573 592 576 565 564 466 463 468 477 490 492 468 442 441 375 422 405 403 386Compressed Natural Gas (million gallons)N N N N N N N N N N N 10 10 18 27 33 42 51 65 78 85 93 109 106 111 124Bio-diesel (million gallons)NNNNNNNNNNNN N N N N N N 1 1 2 51 16 21 33 35Liquefied natural gas (million gallons)NNNNNNNNNNN2 2 3 3 4 9 10 14 12 13 14 15 15 15 14Gasoline (million gallons)NNNNNNNNNNN211211111112233Other major fuelsa(million gallons)N N N N N N N N N N N N 119421122232111Powerb(million KWH)NNNNNNNNNNNN00111131211111Energy consumed, total (Billion Btu)NNNNNNNNNNNN65,971 65,846 66,340 67,548 69,801 70,455 68,097 64,473 64,820 62,291 64,752 62,861 64,243 62,515Diesel 28,850 34,398 37,588 50,626 59,780 71,860 78,109 79,456 82,117 79,855 78,374 78,194 64,603 64,261 64,964 66,111 67,907 68,218 64,959 61,26961,100 52,048 58,508 56,241 55,903 53,574Compressed Natural GasN N N N N N N N N N N 225 228 398 613 749 9471,148 1,462 1,760 1,921 2,084 2,454 2,390 2,503 2,796Bio-dieselNNNNNNNNNNNN N N N N N N 98 107 2686,492 2,027 2,602 4,151 4,475Liquefied natural gasN N N N N N N N N N N 144 190 274 218 372 741 8291,188 995 1,116 1,227 1,309 1,283 1,261 1,173GasolineN N N N N N N N N N N 288 125 165 189 135 127 154 132 115 180 96 231 238 354 374Other major fuelaN N N N N N N N N N N N 822 745 349 173 69 96 233 213 215 331 211 96 62 116PowerbNNNNNNNNNNNN3 2 6 8 10 10 26 14 20 12 12 11 9 7Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-mile)NNNNNNNNNNNN4,170 3,989 3,918 3,848 3,960 3,839 3,766 3,778 3,886 3,657 3,702 3,596 3,511 3,472SOURCESLiquefied petroleum gas = 91,300 Btu/gallon.Methanol = 64,600 Btu/gallon.Ethanol = 84,600 Btu/gallon.1960-95: American Public Transportation Association,2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2, 6, 30, 32 andsimilar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Aug 23, 2010.1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, tables 17, 19, and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Dec. 20, 2010.Compressed natural gas = 22,500 Btu/gallon.Bio-Diesel = 126,200 Btu/gallon.Liquefied natural gas = 84,800 Btu/gallon.Gasoline = 125,000 Btu/gallonKerosene = 135,000 Btu/gallon.Grain additive = 120,900 Btu/gallon.Electricity 1KWH = 3,412 Btu, negating electrical system losses. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.Bunker fuel = 149,700 Btu/gallon.NOTESData from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.Data from 1996 and after are for those vehicles used for directly operated (DO) services only .Energy consumed, totaldoes not include the other types of energy identified in table 17 in theNational Transit Databasedue to the lack of information on the unit of measurement forsuch data before 2008.The following conversion rates were used:Diesel =138,700 Btu/gallon.Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Transit Motor BusesKEY:Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised.aBefore 2002,Other major fuelsincludes liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, and bunker fuel. From 2002 to 2009,Other major fuelsincludes liquefied petroleum gas, methanol,ethanol, bunker fuel, kerosene, and grain additive.bPower includes electric propulsion and electric battery.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Revenue freight ton-miles (millions)572,309 697,878 764,809 754,252 918,958 876,984 1,033,969 1,038,875 1,066,781 1,109,309 1,200,701 1,305,688 1,355,975 1,348,926 1,376,802 1,433,461 1,465,960 1,495,472 1,507,011 1,551,438 1,662,598 1,696,425 1,771,897 1,770,545 1,777,236 1,532,214Car-miles (millions)28,170 29,336 29,890 27,656 29,277 24,920 26,159 25,628 26,128 26,883 28,485 30,383 31,715 31,660 32,657 33,851 34,590 34,243 34,680 35,555 37,071 37,712 38,955 38,186 37,226 32,115Tons per car load44.4 48.9 54.9 60.8 67.1 67.7 66.6 66.2 66.0 64.4 63.4 65.3 66.6 63.4 64.1 63.4 62.6 64.0 63.3 62.3 61.3 61.0 60.9 61.7 63.1 64.2Fuel consumed (million gallons)3,463 3,592 3,545 3,657 3,904 3,110 3,115 2,906 3,005 3,088 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3,826 4,059 4,098 4,192 4,062 3,886 3,192Energy intensity (Btu/revenue freight ton-mile) 839 714 643 672 589 492 418 388 391 386 385 370 366 368 361 359 350 344 343 342 339 335 328 318 303 289Energy intensity (Btu/car-mile)17,051 16,983 16,450 18,341 18,495 17,310 16,516 15,727 15,952 15,932 16,234 15,886 15,652 15,662 15,218 15,222 14,836 15,027 14,918 14,925 15,187 15,072 14,926 14,754 14,479 13,786Table 4-25: Energy Intensity of Class I RailroadaFreight ServiceAssociation of American Railroads,Railroad Facts2010(Washington, DC: 2010), pp. 34, 37, and 40, and similar tables in earlier editions.SOURCEKEY:Btu = British thermal unit.The heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 138,700 Btu/gallon.NOTEaThe threshold for classification as a Class I Railroads is based on operating revenues; the 2009 threshold is $389.8 million.1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008Revenue passenger-miles (millions)a3,931 4,503 4,785 6,057 6,273 6,091 6,199 5,921 5,545 5,050 5,166 5,304 5,330 5,498 5,571 5,314 5,680 5,511 5,381 5,410 5,783 6,179Locomotive fuel consumedTotal energy consumed (billion Btu)b9,367 9,673 9,995 12,512 12,406 12,328 12,511 11,251 11,184 11,117 11,823 11,962 12,494 14,776 14,987 13,479 12,182 11,394 10,895 10,536 10,547 10,783Electric (millions of kWh)b,c180 254 295 330 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 551 531 549 578 582Diesel (million gallons)c63 64 65 82 82 82 83 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 84 75 69 65 62 62 63Energy intensity (Btu/revenue passenger-mile)a2,383 2,148 2,089 2,066 1,978 2,024 2,018 1,900 2,017 2,201 2,289 2,255 2,344 2,688 2,690 2,537 2,145 2,068 2,025 1,948 1,824 1,745SOURCES2001-08: Amtrak, personal communication as of January 7, 2010.Revenue passenger-miles:1975-2000: Amtrak,Amtrak Annual Report,Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual issues).Locomotive fuel consumed:1975-2001: Amtrak., State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.2001-08: Amtrak, personal communication as of January 7, 2010.Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amtrak ServicesNOTEThe heat equivalent factors used in Btu conversion are: diesel = 138,700 Btu/gallon; electric = 3,412 Btu/kWh.cElectric usage and diesel usage data are calendar year data.aRevenue passenger-miles data prior to 2001 are fiscal year data; 2001 data and more recent data are calendar year data.KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; kWh = kilowatt hour; U = data are not available.bDoes not include electric power generation and distribution losses, which, if included, would triple the electric conversion factor given below and increase thenumbers in this row by about 20 percent.1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Revenue passenger-miles (millions)a3,753 4,503 4,785 6,057 6,273 6,091 6,199 5,869 5,401 5,066 5,166 5,325 5,289 5,574 5,571 5,314 5,680 5,511 5,381 5,410 5,784 6,179Total fuel consumed (billion Btu)a,bUUUUUUU13,409 13,530 13,651 14,545 14,872 15,591 18,061 18,171 17,101 15,934 15,242 14,607 14,371 14,584 14,850Electric (millions of kWh)a,bU U U U U U U 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 551 531 549 578 582Diesel (million gallons)U U U U U U U 74 72 71 76 76 79 95 97 84 75 69 65 62 62 63Energy intensity (Btu/revenue passenger-mile)a,b3,548 3,065 2,703 2,505 2,417 2,534 2,565 2,282 2,501 2,690 2,811 2,788 2,943 3,235 3,257 3,212 2,800 2,760 2,709 2,650 2,516 2,398Electric = 10,399 Btu/kWh. The electric conversion factor takes into account losses associated with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, and thusit is more than three times the value of the factor that is used in table 4-26.Diesel = 138,700 Btu/gallon.Energy intensity (Btu/revenue passenger-mile)is calculated by the source and may differ from direct calculations.U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Transportation Analysis,TransportationEnergy Databook, Edition 28(Oak Ridge, TN: 2010), tables A.15, 9.10 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.cta.ornl.gov/data as of Dec. 28,2010.NOTEThe heat equivalent factors used in Btu conversion are:SOURCETable 4-27: Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (Loss-adjusted conversion factors)KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; kWh = kilowatt hour; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aEnergy use for 1994 on is not directly comparable to earlier years. Some commuter rail energy use may have been inadvertently included in earlier years.bIncludes electric power generation and distribution losses.

# (R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009 Percent Rank Percent Rank

Akron, OH Medium 0.7 1.0 2.4 2.6 3.2 4.0 4.9 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.0 6.7 6.5 6.9 5.7 5.4 5.1 -24.5 94 616.1 48

Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 0.7 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.6 5.9 6.8 7.7 6.2 6.5 16.1 16 800.1 31

Albuquerque, NM Medium 1.8 2.6 4.7 4.9 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.7 8.6 9.2 9.5 9.8 8.9 8.7 8.0 8.4 9.4 10.1 10.4 10.7 8.9 8.6 -8.4 71 370.0 68

Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 2.0 2.4 3.5 3.7 4.5 5.4 6.2 6.9 8.2 9.0 9.6 8.5 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.0 9.5 9.7 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.4 -11.5 79 322.3 77

Anchorage, AK Small 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.5 -22.0 92 33.4 101

Atlanta, GA Very large 10.9 16.3 26.7 30.5 35.8 42.7 50.8 56.5 61.5 68.8 76.5 79.7 87.1 90.5 96.7 100.3 101.3 106.2 103.6 100.9 87.0 90.6 -10.5 78 729.9 37

Austin, TX Large 2.2 3.8 5.7 6.5 6.4 7.1 6.9 10.7 12.1 13.7 13.8 15.4 16.0 18.5 19.7 22.2 24.8 28.2 27.1 27.0 25.6 25.6 3.5 41 1,087.2 16

Bakersfield, CA Medium 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.1 4.0 103.0 2 3,383.3 3

Baltimore, MD Large 8.4 14.5 31.5 31.8 31.6 33.8 35.0 38.3 39.0 40.4 40.0 41.7 46.3 52.1 64.2 68.4 70.0 71.5 73.0 73.2 66.1 70.9 1.3 48 743.2 35

Baton Rouge, LA Medium 1.8 2.4 3.3 3.7 3.6 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.6 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.5 9.7 10.2 10.6 11.4 11.5 11.3 11.5 13.4 21 550.3 53

Beaumont, TX Small 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 0.8 50 476.6 56

Birmingham, AL Medium 1.7 2.5 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.6 5.7 6.1 6.8 7.5 9.1 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.6 11.5 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 11.3 13.3 7.7 33 663.8 44

Boise, ID Small 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 2.9 3.5 6.7 34 1,926.3 6

Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 17.2 25.5 44.7 45.9 50.9 52.1 53.7 54.1 56.4 61.7 67.7 68.5 73.2 76.6 85.3 86.3 96.9 100.1 99.3 93.7 91.6 89.9 -7.2 65 424.1 60

Boulder, CO Small 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 -37.9 101 166.9 95

Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 3.6 5.6 8.1 8.1 9.4 9.4 10.5 11.7 11.5 13.4 15.2 16.8 18.0 18.7 20.9 21.0 20.4 21.7 23.2 23.6 19.7 18.7 -8.0 70 421.6 61

Brownsville, TX Small 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.7 65.6 3 1,837.9 7

Buffalo, NY Large 2.3 2.8 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.6 6.2 7.2 8.4 9.8 9.9 10.2 12.2 11.8 12.3 13.2 12.2 9.8 10.7 -9.1 74 357.8 73

Cape Coral, FL Small 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.5 5.9 7.2 7.4 5.8 5.9 7.9 32 690.9 41

Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 2.0 2.8 4.3 4.5 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.6 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.6 8.7 7.2 8.3 3.4 43 320.5 78

Charlotte, NC-SC Large 1.0 1.7 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.6 4.3 5.5 6.3 7.4 9.1 9.9 11.4 12.1 13.2 13.3 14.1 14.6 14.0 14.3 8.0 31 1,395.4 10

Chicago, IL-IN Very large 54.6 84.2 135.0 139.0 144.4 146.5 150.9 175.5 201.1 204.1 218.6 219.8 217.9 227.8 270.4 282.8 300.1 320.2 310.1 292.2 266.0 276.9 -7.7 68 407.1 64

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 2.0 3.4 8.5 9.2 10.7 12.5 15.1 15.4 16.6 19.7 20.4 20.2 22.1 21.7 22.6 24.2 23.7 23.9 23.6 23.7 19.6 17.5 -26.1 97 794.7 32

Cleveland, OH Large 2.8 3.0 8.5 9.5 10.2 12.6 14.4 17.7 19.1 22.1 20.6 21.8 21.3 18.8 17.4 17.1 19.5 17.7 17.5 16.4 18.2 18.1 -7.4 67 548.2 54

Colorado Springs, CO Medium 0.9 1.1 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.7 4.4 4.7 6.2 7.5 9.3 11.1 11.8 11.9 11.7 10.8 14.0 13.7 12.3 9.1 9.7 -10.2 75 1,008.6 19

Columbia, SC Small 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.5 6.6 5.8 6.3 43.2 5 1,016.3 18

Columbus, OH Large 0.9 1.3 4.2 4.5 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.9 8.6 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.5 10.7 11.3 12.4 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.0 13.3 12.1 -13.7 83 1,301.6 14

Corpus Christi, TX Small 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.2 -0.6 52 226.5 89

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 8.6 16.4 31.6 35.1 37.5 41.6 43.9 50.2 54.5 56.2 65.4 75.9 81.4 86.0 93.5 100.5 113.9 123.5 130.8 128.6 122.5 126.1 10.7 25 1,359.5 12

Dayton, OH Medium 2.4 2.9 4.6 4.7 5.0 5.8 5.2 6.7 6.6 7.2 7.3 8.1 7.8 7.0 6.7 6.5 7.9 7.1 7.1 6.2 6.3 6.0 -23.7 93 148.6 98

Denver-Aurora, CO Large 8.4 11.1 14.4 16.7 18.6 22.5 25.2 30.5 34.6 38.3 41.5 45.7 49.4 52.3 50.7 52.6 55.3 60.3 59.3 58.6 58.9 60.4 9.2 29 617.7 47

Detroit, MI Very large 24.2 29.6 52.6 56.1 63.3 67.2 64.2 64.0 67.4 69.7 71.0 74.7 75.1 79.8 84.6 87.4 86.4 85.1 86.9 85.5 70.5 64.9 -24.9 95 167.8 94

El Paso, TX-NM Medium 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.6 4.5 4.7 5.9 5.4 5.1 5.7 6.7 8.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.6 13.3 13.9 14.0 13.5 10.0 8.7 -34.5 99 766.4 33

Eugene, OR Small 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 -25.9 96 153.2 96

Fresno, CA Medium 1.4 1.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.2 5.1 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.4 5.0 6.3 11.2 24 360.4 71

Grand Rapids, MI Medium 0.8 1.4 2.6 2.7 3.8 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.8 5.1 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.3 8.0 10.7 26 857.0 26

Greensboro, NC Small 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.9 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.9 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.3 -18.1 87 1,070.0 17

Hartford, CT Medium 1.8 2.6 4.1 4.4 7.2 5.8 6.7 7.3 7.6 8.9 10.1 11.1 12.1 11.7 11.9 11.7 12.9 13.2 14.6 14.6 12.1 12.0 -7.1 64 552.0 52

Honolulu, HI Medium 3.3 4.3 7.7 7.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.3 9.3 8.5 8.7 8.4 8.1 8.3 8.0 8.9 9.2 10.3 10.5 11.4 10.8 12.0 30.4 7 263.9 85

Houston, TX Very large 28.3 39.6 45.6 43.9 42.0 42.2 47.5 49.8 56.4 65.5 68.2 74.0 80.2 89.1 93.8 95.0 102.9 110.9 111.5 110.4 135.8 129.6 25.9 9 358.6 72

Indianapolis, IN Large 3.8 4.3 7.4 8.5 10.0 12.9 15.1 16.0 16.8 18.5 16.5 16.1 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 16.9 15.7 15.6 -8.8 72 314.6 80

Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 1.2 1.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.7 4.1 5.1 5.8 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.9 39 260.8 86

Jackson, MS Small 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.9 4.5 4.3 5.2 5.8 6.9 6.7 5.5 5.6 6.6 35 682.4 43

Jacksonville, FL Large 3.0 4.2 7.3 7.8 9.3 9.6 10.3 11.7 12.4 12.0 11.6 11.6 11.8 11.9 13.8 15.4 16.9 17.3 18.1 19.1 17.0 16.0 -4.9 60 439.7 59

Kansas City, MO-KS Large 2.7 4.7 10.1 10.0 12.0 18.2 19.2 19.7 22.6 25.0 25.7 30.3 29.1 29.2 29.1 30.6 26.5 26.0 27.5 24.4 21.8 21.0 -20.7 91 692.0 40

Knoxville, TN Small 1.1 1.2 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.9 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.3 -4.4 58 458.3 58

Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.6 5.5 29.5 8 226.2 90

Laredo, TX Small 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.3 960.7 1 18,816.7 1

Las Vegas, NV Large 1.1 1.7 5.4 6.4 7.3 8.6 10.1 11.4 12.4 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.2 17.2 18.6 20.9 22.9 24.2 25.2 25.7 21.5 25.2 9.8 28 2,112.6 5

Little Rock, AR Small 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.3 3.0 3.6 3.3 4.0 3.2 3.9 5.2 5.2 6.1 7.1 6.2 7.2 38.7 6 1,107.8 15

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 162.1 201.3 405.8 399.1 397.2 375.4 359.2 382.2 396.4 405.5 408.1 421.6 426.6 446.6 458.3 452.9 473.8 470.3 481.5 462.6 374.8 406.6 -14.2 84 150.9 97

Louisville, KY-IN Large 3.5 3.7 4.3 5.5 6.8 7.9 8.5 8.6 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.0 12.3 11.2 12.7 13.6 14.8 14.5 14.2 13.2 12.7 13.7 -7.8 69 291.7 83

Madison, WI Small 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.1 53.0 4 271.1 84

McAllen, TX Medium 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.5 1.9 2.1 3.7 40 3,420.3 2

Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 1.9 2.2 6.0 6.2 6.8 8.2 9.8 11.1 11.7 12.4 12.8 12.8 14.1 15.0 15.5 17.1 17.6 16.7 16.8 15.2 13.1 15.5 -12.0 81 701.4 39

Miami, FL Very large 15.0 19.7 41.9 41.5 47.8 47.7 50.9 55.9 58.3 62.2 65.8 76.7 90.7 98.1 104.4 111.8 117.4 120.7 119.1 117.4 95.5 109.3 -6.9 63 627.6 46

Milwaukee, WI Large 4.5 6.4 12.5 13.3 15.5 15.9 15.1 16.9 17.1 17.5 18.6 20.9 21.9 21.1 21.7 21.5 22.0 21.5 20.1 21.0 21.0 19.7 -10.4 77 336.8 74

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 4.3 8.3 18.0 18.6 22.6 27.5 33.1 36.4 37.8 47.9 52.0 55.7 59.1 64.4 60.8 61.6 61.7 67.1 63.9 62.8 73.5 64.8 5.0 36 1,390.2 11 Long-term

1982-2009 Gallons wasted (millions) 

# Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion

Urban area Population group Percent change a



# Short-term

2004-2009

# Nashville-Davidson, TN Large 4.7 4.8 8.1 7.8 7.7 8.0 10.8 11.9 12.4 14.1 13.5 15.1 16.8 18.2 20.9 23.1 23.7 23.8 22.3 21.9 18.4 20.3 -14.2 85 331.3 75

New Haven, CT Medium 1.5 2.3 3.4 3.5 4.6 5.2 5.4 5.9 5.6 7.0 8.6 9.8 10.2 11.7 12.0 11.9 10.5 11.7 11.7 11.7 10.3 10.7 1.8 46 613.0 49

New Orleans, LA Large 7.9 10.9 11.5 12.2 11.7 11.5 12.8 12.9 12.1 12.9 13.5 14.0 13.1 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.1 13.6 14.1 13.7 13.2 14.8 13.1 22 85.9 100

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT Very large 56.2 70.8 140.6 136.0 136.4 145.7 160.9 179.0 190.5 214.3 222.3 251.0 250.3 250.6 266.0 306.1 343.7 371.8 370.4 364.3 339.1 348.3 1.3 47 520.1 55

Oklahoma City, OK Medium 1.4 2.2 3.1 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.6 6.7 7.6 8.8 9.2 10.7 9.8 11.3 11.8 10.9 10.9 10.8 12.4 14.3 12.6 13.3 21.7 13 850.5 27

Omaha, NE-IA Medium 0.8 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.7 6.4 7.7 7.2 24.3 11 860.5 25

Orlando, FL Large 3.1 5.6 13.0 15.3 15.9 16.0 17.4 19.0 20.9 23.7 25.5 26.6 28.4 31.2 30.5 30.0 30.1 30.8 32.1 32.6 27.9 31.2 3.5 42 921.3 21

Oxnard-Ventura, CA Medium 0.6 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.0 4.0 4.2 4.8 4.4 4.6 5.7 5.9 6.8 7.4 7.9 8.9 9.7 9.8 10.9 8.5 9.3 4.7 37 1,590.8 8

Pensacola, FL-AL Small 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.9 5.0 3.8 3.9 -2.5 55 849.0 28

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD Very large 25.2 30.7 43.8 44.3 48.8 47.3 49.9 52.7 56.5 63.4 72.6 75.5 77.5 89.5 97.7 103.1 106.8 111.1 110.4 110.7 100.2 106.0 -0.7 53 320.1 79

Phoenix, AZ Very large 13.5 15.2 20.5 21.3 24.0 24.2 25.2 24.5 29.5 31.7 34.3 40.5 45.3 50.7 47.9 51.5 56.0 68.0 66.0 66.8 65.2 69.2 23.5 12 411.1 63

Pittsburgh, PA Large 17.4 19.6 32.3 31.7 30.1 29.7 29.6 34.9 35.1 34.7 33.3 36.9 35.0 36.5 37.6 36.8 38.0 36.6 34.4 34.6 30.8 33.4 -12.0 82 91.8 99

Portland, OR-WA Large 5.0 5.7 11.3 12.2 15.1 16.5 17.3 19.8 22.5 24.8 25.7 28.2 29.3 30.1 29.2 31.3 33.2 35.4 35.8 34.9 32.9 33.9 2.1 45 575.9 50

Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Medium 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.1 25.2 10 397.2 66

Providence, RI-MA Large 1.3 1.7 4.1 4.3 4.7 5.5 5.7 6.1 7.5 7.7 10.2 11.8 12.7 14.1 15.3 17.0 17.7 17.2 16.0 17.3 12.8 12.3 -30.2 98 816.0 30

Provo, UT Small 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.9 18.9 14 459.3 57

Raleigh-Durham, NC Large 1.0 1.9 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.7 6.4 7.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 9.9 11.1 12.1 13.8 14.7 16.0 17.3 17.1 18.6 15.5 16.1 0.7 51 1,476.3 9

Richmond, VA Medium 1.5 1.7 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.8 7.2 7.6 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.6 7.1 7.6 8.8 9.7 9.8 10.1 10.1 9.5 11.2 15.4 17 640.9 45

Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Large 1.2 2.4 10.1 11.8 12.5 12.6 11.0 12.4 13.5 13.3 15.3 16.9 18.5 19.2 21.6 25.7 30.0 34.2 35.6 35.2 32.2 33.1 10.3 27 2,680.0 4

Rochester, NY Medium 1.1 1.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.4 3.9 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 5.7 -0.8 54 417.2 62

Sacramento, CA Large 3.1 4.9 13.4 13.8 13.3 13.2 14.9 14.8 16.6 15.7 16.8 18.0 20.0 21.9 23.4 26.3 29.4 31.2 32.4 30.8 23.8 25.1 -14.6 86 702.3 38

Salem, OR Small 0.4 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.6 4.7 3.1 3.4 -10.2 76 828.9 29

Salt Lake City, UT Medium 1.8 3.0 5.3 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.4 11.3 11.2 10.9 10.3 11.3 12.7 13.8 14.6 15.1 13.3 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.4 15.1 13.5 20 738.7 36

San Antonio, TX Large 1.9 3.9 4.5 4.5 5.4 5.6 6.6 8.8 11.1 12.9 14.8 17.7 20.5 20.4 21.1 22.2 25.0 25.6 24.7 25.9 25.4 27.2 9.2 30 1,311.1 13

San Diego, CA Very large 5.9 10.3 29.2 28.3 31.0 30.1 29.4 30.5 33.1 34.0 36.7 43.9 48.4 53.9 60.8 61.1 68.2 69.3 67.5 64.9 66.9 60.1 -11.9 80 915.3 22

San Francisco-Oakland, CA Very large 29.9 56.6 92.7 86.6 87.9 89.9 84.6 91.9 94.9 89.0 95.6 97.3 106.5 104.5 111.7 114.6 119.4 128.2 130.4 125.0 92.2 94.9 -20.5 90 217.7 91

San Jose, CA Large 11.9 20.5 32.6 33.2 30.8 29.1 31.3 34.3 34.4 33.6 36.7 42.7 45.9 47.7 46.6 47.5 44.3 47.2 50.7 49.0 35.4 35.4 -20.0 89 196.9 92

San Juan, PR Large 4.8 6.9 15.1 16.0 17.9 19.3 22.9 25.1 26.5 28.0 28.7 32.4 36.1 39.5 42.9 47.5 52.2 50.0 50.3 49.9 45.7 49.8 -4.6 59 935.7 20

Sarasota-Bradenton, FL Medium 1.5 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.4 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.8 7.0 7.6 7.2 5.2 7.0 3.0 44 367.9 69

Seattle, WA Very large 8.7 16.8 44.7 48.4 51.6 55.2 56.7 59.0 59.7 64.9 66.1 66.1 63.7 62.2 63.2 68.4 68.1 73.2 72.5 70.5 69.5 68.7 0.9 49 688.2 42

Spokane, WA Small 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.3 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.8 -7.3 66 325.3 76

Springfield, MA-CT Medium 2.3 2.6 3.2 3.4 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.3 5.5 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.3 6.2 12.6 23 170.2 93

St. Louis, MO-IL Large 10.4 14.1 17.3 17.0 20.5 28.1 36.7 44.4 45.3 48.2 48.7 51.5 52.3 48.0 48.5 45.7 44.2 44.1 42.3 39.0 41.8 42.5 -4.0 57 306.9 81

Stockton, CA Small 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.6 17.8 15 893.1 23

Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL Large 9.0 10.9 15.9 18.6 19.0 20.1 20.8 22.0 22.1 21.6 22.6 23.8 24.7 27.9 30.7 32.8 37.2 37.2 41.0 41.7 41.5 42.6 14.5 18 372.2 67

Toledo, OH-MI Medium 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.6 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.3 2.8 3.3 -36.9 100 757.6 34

Tucson, AZ Medium 2.5 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.6 7.3 7.8 9.0 9.3 10.3 10.2 9.7 8.3 8.7 -6.5 62 243.6 88

Tulsa, OK Medium 1.7 3.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.3 6.8 7.2 7.5 7.7 8.3 8.9 9.3 9.7 8.7 8.7 10.0 9.5 7.5 8.4 -3.1 56 399.6 65

Virginia Beach, VA Large 7.6 11.2 15.8 15.7 15.6 16.3 19.7 22.8 26.8 28.5 30.0 31.9 28.3 31.8 33.7 34.0 33.3 34.0 34.3 33.2 29.5 26.6 -20.0 88 250.9 87

Washington, DC-VA-MD Very large 22.7 45.1 75.4 84.1 99.4 104.3 109.2 113.0 121.9 121.2 118.7 127.3 129.2 141.6 151.9 161.0 162.7 163.2 161.1 168.5 141.8 148.2 -8.9 73 554.1 51

Wichita, KS Medium 1.6 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.4 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.4 7.7 7.8 6.9 7.3 14.2 19 365.1 70

Winston-Salem, NC Small 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.6 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.5 3.8 4.6 38 873.3 24

Worcester, MA Small 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.0 -6.4 61 296.6 82

439 Urban area average 439 Areas 1.7 2.3 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.2 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 9.5 9.4 8.6 8.9 -0.7 NA 437.8 NA

101 Urban area average 101 Areas 6.8 9.5 17.0 17.4 18.5 19.2 20.1 21.8 23.3 24.7 25.9 27.7 28.8 30.2 32.0 33.5 35.3 36.7 36.9 36.3 32.7 33.8 -4.2 NA 396. 0 NA

Very large urban area average Very large 32.2 45.2 82.0 82.7 86.5 87.5 89.1 95.9 102.5 107.5 112.5 119.5 123.5 129.8 139.1 145.5 154.5 161.5 161.4 157.5 141.2 146.0 -5.5 NA 353.2 NA

Large urban area average Large 4.6 6.5 11.6 12.3 13.1 14.5 16.0 18.0 19.2 20.7 21.5 23.3 24.4 25.5 26.6 28.0 29.0 29.8 29.9 29.5 27.4 27.9 -3.8 NA 504.2 NA

Medium urban area average Medium 1.5 2.0 3.1 3.3 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.0 7.9 8.4 1.9 NA 471.2 NA

Small urban area average Small 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.8 7.6 NA 502.6 NA

a 

# Percent changes were calculated using the numbers in this table and were not obtained from the source. Ranks are based on the calculated percent changes with the
highest number corresponding to a rank of 1.

NOTES

"Wasted" fuel is the difference between the fuel consumed under estimated existing conditions and the fuel consumed under free-flow conditions. Previous editions of this
table were calculated on the basis of total fuel consumed during congested trips. Calculations are made for peak period speeds and for free-flow speeds on both the

freeway and principal arterial systems. For a more detailed description of the formulas used, see the source document. KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised.

Very large urban areas - over 3 million population.

Large urban areas - over 1 million and less than 3 million population.

Medium urban areas - over 500,000 and less than 1 million population.

Small urban areas - less than 500,000 population.



# Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years; these figures are not comparable to those in the
past editions of NTS.

SOURCES

Texas Transportation Institute, Congestion Data for Your City, Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics
(College Station, TX: 2011), available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Feb. 25, 2011. The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute

study on mobility.(R) 1982 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008 2009Percent Rank Percent RankAkron, OHMedium2.0 2.8 6.8 7.1 8.7 10.7 13.4 11.5 14.3 16.8 17.9 17.9 17.0 16.5 15.5 14.6 15.8 15.2 16.1 13.2 12.6 12.0 -24.1 63 500.0 33Albany-Schenectady, NY Medium 2.1 3.0 5.3 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.6 8.6 9.2 10.2 11.0 12.0 13.1 14.7 15.0 16.8 19.0 14.5 12.0 -18.4 60 471.4 36Albuquerque, NM Medium 6.2 8.3 13.8 14.0 16.5 17.6 18.7 20.9 22.9 24.1 24.9 25.8 23.5 22.6 20.9 21.7 24.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 22.6 15.3 -36.3 72 146.8 70Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Medium 6.5 7.2 9.8 10.1 12.3 14.6 16.3 17.9 20.8 22.3 23.5 20.6 22.1 21.6 21.6 20.8 21.9 22.3 20.9 21.9 18.1 21.0 -4.1 46 223.1 62Anchorage, AK Small 11.0 12.0 11.5 11.5 12.5 11.7 12.2 11.7 12.4 12.1 13.5 13.5 13.6 14.9 15.4 14.8 14.7 14.3 15.1 14.9 13.1 18.8 27.9 33 70.9 86Atlanta, GA Very large 8.5 11.2 16.2 18.1 20.7 24.0 27.7 29.9 31.7 34.3 36.8 37.1 39.6 40.4 42.6 43.7 43.8 45.4 43.8 42.0 34.8 11.6 -73.5 99 36.5 95Austin, TX Large 6.9 10.8 13.7 14.9 14.1 15.6 15.0 22.2 23.9 25.8 25.0 27.1 27.3 30.5 31.5 34.7 37.6 41.6 39.0 36.7 33.9 35.2 -6.4 48 410.1 44Bakersfield, CA Medium 0.7 0.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.8 5.2 6.3 6.8 6.5 6.1 8.7 32.4 414.3 2 4,528.6 2Baltimore, MD Large 7.6 12.2 24.5 24.3 23.9 24.8 25.4 27.7 28.1 29.0 28.7 29.8 32.5 35.7 43.2 45.1 45.6 46.0 46.5 46.2 41.1 10.8 -76.3 100 42.1 92Baton Rouge, LA Medium 8.0 10.8 15.1 15.9 15.0 18.5 20.2 22.3 23.6 23.7 24.2 28.0 28.0 29.0 28.9 32.2 33.2 33.8 31.6 31.1 30.2 42.9 29.2 31 436.3 39Beaumont, TX Small 4.5 5.7 5.3 6.5 7.3 7.8 7.4 8.4 10.0 10.0 11.9 14.6 15.8 17.7 20.2 21.5 22.8 23.6 23.9 23.4 22.4 29.7 30.3 30 560.0 26Birmingham, AL Medium 4.5 6.4 7.9 8.6 9.4 11.1 13.6 14.5 16.1 17.6 21.5 22.1 22.7 22.5 23.2 24.2 25.3 24.9 24.4 24.0 20.7 20.9 -17.4 59 364.4 47Boise, ID Small 1.7 2.8 6.4 7.3 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.8 9.8 12.1 14.0 15.2 15.7 18.5 18.1 18.6 18.1 19.0 19.8 19.3 14.7 23.3 28.7 32 1,270.6 9Boston, MA-NH-RI Very large 8.3 12.1 20.6 21.1 23.3 23.8 24.5 24.5 25.4 27.3 29.0 29.4 31.2 32.4 35.8 35.9 39.8 40.4 39.4 37.1 38.0 17.5 -56.0 89 110.8 76Boulder, CO Small 6.7 8.2 9.8 10.9 13.4 15.6 15.5 17.8 17.8 20.2 19.2 20.1 20.7 21.0 19.8 19.9 20.4 20.4 22.5 19.3 16.7 36.4 78.4 16 443.3 37Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY Medium 8.1 12.6 18.1 18.1 20.9 20.8 23.0 25.3 24.4 28.2 31.3 34.0 35.8 36.3 39.2 38.8 37.3 39.1 41.4 41.6 34.5 12.2 -67.3 97 50.6 90Brownsville, TX Small 1.3 1.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.8 5.7 5.9 7.0 7.6 8.0 8.6 8.5 9.5 9.3 9.4 11.1 31.5 270.6 3 2,323.1 4Buffalo, NY Large 3.4 4.3 6.7 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.0 8.2 9.1 10.4 12.0 13.8 14.0 14.6 17.5 17.1 18.0 19.4 18.2 14.5 11.7 -31.6 68 244.1 58Cape Coral, FL Small 5.8 6.7 9.2 9.9 11.5 15.0 17.5 20.3 21.1 20.1 18.1 18.0 17.6 19.8 20.5 21.2 21.2 21.6 24.7 24.1 18.4 15.9 -25.0 64 174.1 68Charleston-North Charleston, SC Medium 9.0 12.0 16.8 17.5 19.7 19.8 20.4 19.9 19.7 20.2 22.2 22.7 22.5 22.5 23.3 25.3 25.9 25.4 27.3 27.0 21.6 18.7 -27.8 67 107.8 79Charlotte, NC-SC Large 3.7 6.3 8.8 9.1 9.5 8.8 8.7 8.7 10.1 12.2 13.3 15.2 17.6 18.3 20.2 20.7 22.3 22.2 23.2 23.8 21.9 24.1 8.1 37 551.4 29Chicago, IL-IN Very large 13.0 19.8 30.2 31.1 32.3 32.4 33.0 38.1 42.9 43.2 45.6 45.8 45.3 47.0 55.4 57.5 60.5 64.1 62.0 58.2 51.8 21.7 -64.1 94 66.9 89Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Large 2.6 4.5 11.2 11.4 13.1 15.0 18.0 17.8 18.4 21.2 21.4 20.6 22.0 21.1 21.6 22.6 22.0 22.0 21.5 21.2 17.3 52.2 137.3 9 1,907.7 6Cleveland, OH Large 2.5 2.7 7.7 8.6 9.2 11.3 12.9 15.9 17.1 19.8 18.4 19.4 19.0 16.7 15.5 15.2 17.3 15.8 15.6 14.7 15.5 15.5 -10.4 52 520.0 30Colorado Springs, CO Medium 4.6 5.4 7.7 8.3 10.7 12.1 14.9 16.9 17.3 22.0 26.0 31.2 35.2 36.8 36.8 35.8 32.9 41.9 39.9 34.8 24.7 15.8 -52.0 84 243.5 59Columbia, SC Small 2.6 4.7 6.8 6.9 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.7 9.2 9.4 10.8 12.1 12.4 13.2 14.3 14.5 14.6 17.9 20.9 18.2 25.0 72.4 17 861.5 14Columbus, OH Large 1.6 2.5 7.8 7.8 8.7 10.1 11.2 12.6 13.4 14.4 14.5 14.3 13.7 15.0 15.5 16.6 18.7 18.5 18.1 16.9 16.1 19.5 4.3 39 1,118.8 10Corpus Christi, TX Small 5.5 6.5 8.3 8.9 9.4 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.2 10.4 12.1 11.5 13.2 12.7 13.0 13.8 14.3 12.2 13.6 12.6 14.7 6.5 38 167.3 69Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Very large 5.5 9.2 15.0 16.5 17.5 19.1 19.8 22.2 23.1 23.2 26.2 29.6 30.9 32.0 33.8 35.3 39.0 41.1 42.6 40.9 38.3 12.9 -66.9 96 134.5 72Dayton, OH Medium 5.8 6.9 11.1 11.4 11.9 13.4 11.6 14.5 14.0 15.1 15.1 16.4 15.5 13.7 13.2 12.6 15.2 13.7 13.6 11.9 12.4 37.9 149.3 8 553.4 28Denver-Aurora, CO Large 8.8 10.6 12.9 15.0 16.4 19.8 21.3 24.9 27.7 30.0 32.0 34.7 36.6 36.5 35.3 36.2 37.8 40.8 39.3 38.0 38.0 11.8 -68.8 98 34.1 96Detroit, MI Very large 9.5 11.4 19.8 21.0 23.6 25.0 23.9 23.8 25.1 25.9 26.4 27.7 27.9 29.6 31.3 32.3 32.0 31.6 32.5 32.2 27.2 37.8 18.1 35 297.9 49El Paso, TX-NM Medium 3.3 4.6 7.5 9.5 11.7 12.3 15.0 13.6 12.4 13.8 15.5 19.4 22.6 23.5 24.4 25.5 29.2 30.1 30.2 28.5 21.7 24.5 -16.1 57 642.4 22Eugene, OR Small 4.5 4.7 6.3 6.1 6.3 5.9 5.6 6.1 6.5 7.9 8.8 11.5 13.5 11.1 11.4 12.5 12.1 13.7 12.0 11.2 9.8 18.6 53.7 22 313.3 48Fresno, CA Medium 5.9 6.0 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.9 9.6 10.3 11.0 11.5 13.9 15.1 16.2 14.2 14.6 14.2 13.8 14.4 14.5 14.8 10.9 8.3 -39.9 76 40.7 93Grand Rapids, MI Medium 3.4 5.1 8.7 9.2 12.5 16.1 14.9 13.5 14.6 15.4 18.1 18.5 17.8 17.6 17.1 17.3 18.4 18.1 18.1 17.6 17.2 13.3 -27.7 66 291.2 51Greensboro, NC Small 2.5 2.3 5.5 6.3 8.8 10.9 11.3 11.7 18.7 17.2 19.0 20.7 20.6 23.8 24.7 23.9 19.3 18.3 17.1 15.7 12.8 18.5 -4.1 47 640.0 23Hartford, CT Medium 3.6 5.0 7.6 8.2 13.4 10.7 12.3 13.3 13.9 16.3 18.2 19.8 21.5 20.6 20.9 20.5 22.4 22.8 25.2 25.0 20.9 13.5 -39.7 75 275.0 53Honolulu, HI Medium 9.0 11.2 17.9 17.8 19.6 19.6 19.6 20.6 20.4 18.8 19.4 18.8 18.0 18.3 17.8 19.7 20.5 22.8 23.2 25.3 23.7 20.6 0.5 43 128.9 73Houston, TX Very large 18.6 26.0 24.9 23.8 22.7 22.6 25.2 25.9 28.5 32.2 32.5 34.4 36.3 38.9 39.9 40.1 43.2 46.3 46.4 45.8 56.4 25.9 -40.0 77 39.2 94Indianapolis, IN Large 6.8 7.8 12.2 13.8 16.2 20.9 24.1 25.2 25.8 28.2 25.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.3 25.1 24.3 23.7 22.8 19.9 51.5 105.2 14 657.4 20Indio-Cathedral City-Palm Springs, CA Medium 16.2 15.3 17.0 16.7 15.6 15.2 14.4 13.6 13.5 14.0 13.0 12.1 10.8 10.3 9.7 11.9 12.5 14.4 15.1 13.7 10.2 19.3 54.4 21 19.1 98Jackson, MS Small 3.3 3.5 4.0 5.4 5.8 5.9 7.8 8.2 8.7 10.2 10.2 11.5 11.8 14.0 15.8 15.2 18.1 19.8 23.2 22.4 18.9 10.7 -40.9 78 224.2 61Jacksonville, FL Large 7.1 9.7 15.0 15.3 17.9 18.3 19.3 21.4 22.3 21.3 20.3 20.0 20.0 19.7 22.5 24.5 25.7 25.8 26.2 27.1 24.1 17.4 -32.3 70 145.1 71Kansas City, MO-KS Large 3.7 6.2 13.1 13.0 15.1 21.1 22.0 22.4 25.5 27.8 28.1 32.9 31.0 31.0 29.8 30.8 26.7 26.1 27.3 24.1 20.8 22.3 -16.5 58 502.7 32Knoxville, TN Small 5.5 5.7 14.9 15.7 17.2 18.3 19.9 21.4 25.8 25.5 24.7 24.7 23.2 22.2 21.9 22.1 21.5 20.4 18.6 19.9 19.0 19.6 -8.8 50 256.4 57Lancaster-Palmdale, CA Medium 13.7 13.9 11.0 13.6 13.2 11.7 10.2 8.5 8.8 7.8 7.8 7.5 8.0 8.8 10.3 11.4 11.6 12.1 12.8 12.4 11.4 18.2 56.9 19 32.8 97Laredo, TX Small 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 4.6 13.0 900.0 1 6,400.0 1Las Vegas, NV Large 3.9 5.3 11.9 13.2 14.0 15.5 17.3 18.5 18.6 18.3 19.1 19.8 19.8 20.7 22.0 24.3 26.5 27.5 28.4 28.7 23.6 13.9 -47.5 81 256.4 56Little Rock, AR Small 3.4 3.9 5.9 6.7 7.0 8.8 9.6 10.1 11.4 11.4 14.5 17.2 15.7 18.8 14.5 17.4 22.0 20.5 23.5 26.2 21.2 26.5 20.5 34 679.4 18Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Very large 26.3 30.8 57.0 54.5 53.8 50.4 48.1 50.8 52.1 53.0 53.2 54.8 55.2 57.6 58.9 57.9 60.3 59.7 60.9 58.0 46.9 23.6 -60.9 91 -10.3 101Louisville, KY-IN Large 6.6 6.8 7.7 9.8 12.0 14.0 15.0 15.2 17.3 18.6 20.0 20.7 20.9 18.9 21.1 21.7 22.9 21.7 20.8 18.8 18.1 49.7 117.0 12 653.0 21Madison, WI Small 4.7 4.8 5.4 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.6 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.3 9.0 18.6 135.4 10 295.7 50McAllen, TX Medium 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 4.7 5.5 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.4 5.3 11.1 56.3 20 2,120.0 5Memphis, TN-MS-AR Large 3.7 4.1 10.1 10.5 11.3 13.4 15.7 17.3 17.9 18.7 19.2 19.1 21.0 22.2 22.8 24.8 25.3 23.8 23.9 21.3 18.2 5.5 -78.3 101 48.6 91Miami, FL Very large 6.8 8.4 16.3 15.9 18.1 17.8 18.8 19.9 20.2 21.2 22.1 25.3 28.4 30.1 31.8 33.4 33.9 34.5 34.0 33.5 27.4 20.9 -38.3 74 207.4 63Milwaukee, WI Large 5.8 8.1 15.7 16.8 19.5 20.0 18.9 20.9 20.8 21.1 22.1 24.3 24.8 23.3 23.2 23.0 23.4 22.8 21.2 22.1 22.4 30.6 30.8 29 427.6 42Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Large 3.9 7.2 14.0 14.1 16.8 20.3 23.8 25.6 26.3 32.7 35.0 36.7 38.7 41.4 39.0 38.9 38.7 41.6 38.9 37.5 43.3 20.9 -46.0 79 435.9 40Gallons wastedTable 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per PersonUrban areaPopulation groupPercent changeaShort-term2004-2009Long-term1982-2009Nashville-Davidson, TNLarge13.5 13.7 21.5 20.3 19.5 19.9 26.5 28.0 28.1 30.4 27.4 29.0 31.0 32.2 34.9 37.0 36.9 36.0 33.4 32.2 26.4 37.4 1.4 40 177.0 67New Haven, CTMedium5.2 7.8 11.1 11.4 14.7 16.7 17.0 18.0 16.9 20.5 24.6 28.0 28.3 31.7 32.1 31.6 27.3 30.0 29.6 29.2 25.3 27.6 1.1 41 430.8 41New Orleans, LALarge12.4 16.8 17.4 18.3 17.2 16.9 18.7 18.9 17.7 18.9 19.6 20.4 19.1 18.4 18.9 19.6 19.5 20.5 24.9 22.8 21.0 25.9 32.8 27 108.9 77New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CTVery large6.3 8.0 15.4 14.9 14.9 15.8 17.3 19.2 20.4 22.9 23.5 26.3 25.6 25.4 26.7 30.2 33.6 36.0 35.5 34.5 31.7 22.8 -32.1 69 261.9 55Oklahoma City, OKMedium3.3 5.0 6.6 7.9 8.2 9.6 9.3 13.4 14.9 17.0 17.6 20.2 18.3 20.9 21.4 19.7 19.2 18.4 20.8 23.5 20.6 31.9 66.1 18 866.7 13Omaha, NE-IAMedium2.2 3.1 6.0 5.9 7.6 7.5 8.3 8.4 9.2 8.6 9.8 10.3 11.4 12.5 13.4 13.3 13.7 13.9 15.6 14.9 17.7 20.6 50.4 24 836.4 15Orlando, FLLarge7.5 12.4 22.7 25.3 25.6 24.9 26.3 27.5 29.4 32.2 34.2 35.0 35.9 38.0 36.3 34.9 34.2 34.0 35.0 34.8 29.7 16.3 -52.3 85 117.3 75Oxnard-Ventura, CAMedium2.1 4.0 6.5 6.5 7.9 8.8 11.6 12.0 13.9 12.6 12.9 15.8 15.9 17.8 18.7 19.5 21.2 22.3 21.8 24.1 18.2 32.3 52.4 23 1,438.1 7Pensacola, FL-ALSmall2.5 2.9 6.3 6.0 7.3 8.0 8.1 9.4 11.5 13.1 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.0 14.2 15.6 16.4 17.2 19.4 19.4 15.1 19.3 17.7 36 672.0 19Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MDVery large8.9 10.7 14.9 15.1 16.5 16.0 16.8 17.6 18.7 20.6 23.3 23.8 24.0 27.3 29.3 30.5 31.5 32.7 32.5 32.6 29.3 15.8 -49.8 82 77.5 83Phoenix, AZVery large16.0 15.6 18.3 18.6 20.0 19.7 19.9 18.6 21.3 21.8 22.7 25.3 27.0 29.5 27.4 28.9 30.2 35.1 33.2 32.9 30.8 30.4 0.7 42 90.0 80Pittsburgh, PALarge14.3 16.3 27.0 26.5 25.3 25.0 24.9 29.3 29.4 28.9 27.9 31.0 29.4 30.8 31.8 31.1 32.1 30.9 29.0 29.2 25.6 31.4 -2.2 44 119.6 74Portland, OR-WALarge7.4 8.2 15.8 16.6 20.1 21.5 22.0 24.7 27.6 28.6 29.0 30.9 31.4 31.4 30.0 31.0 32.4 34.0 33.4 32.1 29.8 27.4 -15.4 55 270.3 54Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NYMedium4.3 4.9 5.8 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.4 8.7 9.4 9.5 10.1 9.4 9.1 30.1 220.2 4 600.0 24Providence, RI-MALarge1.9 2.3 5.5 5.8 6.3 7.3 7.5 8.0 9.6 9.9 12.8 14.7 15.8 17.4 18.6 20.7 21.2 20.7 19.3 20.8 15.5 10.3 -51.4 83 442.1 38Provo, UTSmall3.8 3.7 5.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.6 7.7 8.5 8.4 9.5 9.6 10.4 10.5 11.1 11.4 11.4 10.1 14.8 41.0 26 289.5 52Raleigh-Durham, NCLarge4.2 7.1 14.0 13.5 13.1 15.1 16.5 17.4 18.0 20.9 19.7 20.9 22.3 23.0 24.8 24.7 25.7 26.7 25.3 27.4 22.0 11.8 -54.1 87 181.0 64Richmond, VAMedium3.6 3.8 7.0 7.6 9.0 9.3 11.7 14.3 15.0 13.6 13.0 12.8 11.8 12.2 12.4 13.6 15.0 15.1 15.5 15.3 14.2 21.6 44.0 25 500.0 33Riverside-San Bernardino, CALarge1.9 3.7 12.2 13.6 14.0 14.0 12.1 13.6 14.6 14.2 16.0 17.2 18.2 18.3 19.5 22.4 25.1 28.4 28.9 28.0 24.9 16.4 -34.7 71 763.2 16Rochester, NYMedium2.5 3.6 6.5 7.1 7.5 7.4 7.9 9.2 9.3 10.2 8.9 10.1 10.4 10.2 10.5 11.2 11.7 12.1 12.8 12.7 11.8 25.5 117.9 11 920.0 12Sacramento, CALarge6.1 8.6 19.5 19.0 18.0 17.6 19.6 19.1 21.2 19.4 20.0 20.8 22.6 24.0 24.1 25.6 28.0 28.8 29.3 27.5 20.8 11.1 -60.4 90 82.0 82Salem, ORSmall3.2 4.0 10.2 12.0 14.1 16.7 17.8 18.0 17.0 18.2 19.6 21.5 22.6 26.6 28.0 25.1 23.9 24.4 28.5 28.0 18.3 21.0 -12.1 53 556.3 27Salt Lake City, UTMedium4.1 6.1 10.2 11.9 14.2 16.7 19.5 20.9 20.3 19.3 17.9 19.5 21.8 23.1 24.3 25.1 21.7 19.5 18.8 19.6 19.0 19.7 -9.2 51 380.5 46San Antonio, TXLarge3.2 6.1 6.0 6.1 7.2 7.4 8.5 11.4 14.3 16.5 18.8 22.5 25.7 25.5 26.0 26.3 28.8 29.1 27.5 28.1 26.4 22.3 -22.6 62 596.9 25San Diego, CAVery large5.3 8.6 20.2 18.5 19.9 19.0 18.3 19.0 20.5 20.7 22.0 25.9 28.2 30.9 34.3 34.0 37.4 37.8 36.5 34.7 35.2 27.6 -26.2 65 420.8 43San Francisco-Oakland, CAVery large14.9 27.7 41.3 38.1 37.8 38.6 36.3 39.3 40.5 37.9 40.5 41.0 44.7 43.5 46.7 48.1 50.4 54.3 55.3 52.5 38.6 31.1 -38.3 73 108.7 78San Jose, CALarge13.9 23.5 35.1 33.6 31.1 29.0 30.8 33.6 32.8 31.5 33.8 38.8 41.6 43.2 42.3 43.1 40.2 42.8 45.2 43.6 31.0 38.6 -4.0 45 177.7 66San Juan, PRLarge5.2 7.0 13.3 13.8 15.1 16.0 18.2 19.6 20.4 21.2 21.5 24.0 26.6 28.8 31.1 34.2 37.4 35.6 35.4 34.9 31.0 29.8 -20.3 61 473.1 35Sarasota-Bradenton, FLMedium6.6 9.7 8.6 9.2 9.1 10.1 10.1 9.5 11.3 12.2 12.4 14.1 14.2 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.7 15.8 16.9 15.5 10.9 33.1 110.8 13 401.5 45Seattle, WAVery large7.6 13.6 32.4 33.6 35.2 37.0 37.2 38.0 37.9 40.9 41.1 40.6 38.7 37.1 36.7 38.5 37.5 39.8 38.8 37.1 36.2 14.1 -62.4 93 85.5 81Spokane, WASmall3.4 5.0 7.1 9.4 10.9 14.6 14.8 11.5 12.0 13.3 13.9 14.7 14.9 13.4 13.3 12.4 11.9 11.2 11.8 12.6 11.6 34.7 191.6 6 920.6 11Springfield, MA-CTMedium6.1 6.5 8.1 8.3 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.9 9.7 9.9 11.0 11.8 11.8 11.1 12.1 11.9 12.4 13.7 14.2 13.4 12.1 10.6 -14.5 54 73.8 85St. Louis, MO-ILLarge8.5 11.3 13.5 13.1 15.9 21.6 28.1 33.9 34.6 36.7 37.1 39.2 39.1 35.2 35.1 32.5 31.1 30.4 28.8 26.2 27.6 14.3 -54.0 86 68.2 88Stockton, CASmall1.8 2.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.8 5.4 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.5 6.7 7.2 8.0 7.8 8.5 9.9 10.2 10.8 8.4 27.1 218.8 5 1,405.6 8Tampa-St. Petersburg, FLLarge9.6 10.8 14.0 16.3 16.6 17.3 17.7 18.2 18.2 17.7 18.3 19.0 19.2 21.1 22.9 24.2 25.4 25.0 27.0 27.2 26.9 8.8 -65.4 95 -8.3 100Toledo, OH-MIMedium1.1 1.5 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.4 6.9 9.1 10.0 11.3 12.7 13.9 14.7 14.5 13.7 12.9 14.5 12.9 13.1 12.1 7.6 26.9 85.5 15 2,345.5 3Tucson, AZMedium8.2 9.2 10.0 9.5 9.7 9.6 8.9 9.1 9.7 12.7 13.3 13.6 14.9 16.2 17.2 19.7 20.3 22.1 21.6 20.3 17.1 9.0 -55.7 88 9.8 99Tulsa, OKMedium5.2 8.8 10.5 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.9 12.3 15.6 16.4 17.0 17.4 18.7 19.9 20.7 21.6 19.1 18.9 21.6 20.5 15.6 17.8 -6.8 49 242.3 60Virginia Beach, VALarge10.2 13.9 17.7 17.1 16.8 17.4 20.8 23.8 27.7 29.3 30.6 32.0 28.0 31.0 32.6 32.8 32.0 32.7 33.0 31.8 28.0 17.2 -46.3 80 68.6 87Washington, DC-VA-MDVery large14.6 27.4 42.3 45.0 52.3 53.0 54.5 55.9 59.3 57.6 54.3 57.0 57.6 61.1 63.1 65.8 66.2 66.3 65.1 67.7 56.3 25.5 -61.5 92 74.7 84Wichita, KSMedium6.8 9.5 11.7 12.0 12.6 16.3 16.7 16.2 15.8 19.6 20.2 20.0 19.7 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.9 19.5 22.7 22.7 20.7 56.8 185.4 7 735.3 17Winston-Salem, NCSmall3.4 5.5 5.1 5.2 7.0 6.1 6.0 7.6 7.3 8.6 10.8 11.7 12.3 14.4 16.2 16.4 15.8 18.0 16.8 16.6 13.5 20.8 31.6 28 511.8 31Worcester, MASmall5.1 6.3 8.1 9.1 9.5 11.2 12.8 13.8 14.5 14.8 16.1 16.6 17.5 17.6 17.5 16.3 16.9 17.9 17.5 18.3 17.3 14.2 -16.0 56 178.4 65439 Urban area average439 Areas12 14 23 23 23 25 25 26 27 27 27 28 28 30 31 31 32 32 32 31 27 28 -12.5 NA 133.3 NA101 Urban area average101 Areas10 14 22 22 23 24 24 26 27 28 29 31 31 32 34 34 36 36 36 35 31 32 -11.1 NA 220.0 NAVery large urban area average Very large13 18 30 30 31 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 43 44 46 46 44 39 39 -11.4 NA 200.0 NALarge urban area averageLarge7 9 16 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 27 27 28 28 29 30 30 30 29 26 26 -13.3 NA 271.4 NAMedium urban area averageMedium5 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 18 18 -10.0 NA 260.0 NASmall urban area averageSmall4 5 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 15 16 0.0 NA300.0 NAKEY:NA = not applicable; R = revised.Very large urban areas - over 3 million population.Large urban areas - over 1 million and less than 3 million population.Medium urban areas - over 500,000 and less than 1 million population.Small urban areas - less than 500,000 population."Wasted" fuel is the difference between the fuel consumed under estimated existing conditions and the fuel consumed under free-flow conditions. Previous editions of this table were calculated onthe basis of total fuel consumed during congested trips. Calculations are made for peak period speeds and for free-flow speeds on both the freeway and principal arterial systems. For a moredetailed description of the formulas used, see the source document.The urban areas included are those containing over 500,000 people and several smaller places mostly chosen by previous sponsors of the Texas Transportation Institute study on mobility.Methodology and data sources have been changed in 2010 and were applied retroactively to past years, these figures are not comparable to those in past editions of NTS.SOURCEaPercent changes were calculated using the numbers in this table and were not obtained from the source. Ranks are based on the calculated percent changes with the highest numbercorresponding to a rank of 1.Texas Transportation Institute,Congestion Data for Your City,Excel spreadsheet of the base statistics for the 101 urban areas and population group summary statistics (College Station, TX: 2011),available at http://mobility.tamu.edu as of Mar. 10, 2011, and personal communication, Mar. 17, 2011.NOTES

# Section D

Air PollutionEngine type andpollutantPrior tocontrold1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975-1976 1977-1979 1980 1981 1982-1986 1987-1993HC (total)11g2.200.41h hNMHCe0.25 (0.31)hNMOGe0.13 (0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO 80g23.00 7.00 3.40 (4.20)Cold-temp. COc e10.00hNOx43.00 3.10 0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatese0.08 (0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydee0.02 (0.02)HC (total) 110.41hNMHCe0.25 (0.31)NMOGeh(0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO 807.003.40 (4.20)h(4.20) 3.40 (4.20)NOx43.101.00 (1.25)h(0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatese0.60 0.200.08 (0.10)h(0.10) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeeh(0.02) 0.02 (0.02)Test procedure5 years/50,005 years/50,0010 years/100,000 miles10 years/120,000 mileshh15.002.003.401.00h3.40hh1.00h7-modeCVS-72CVS-75hGasolineDiesel2.003.40 1.50 0.41hh39.00 15.00Table 4-30: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Vehiclesa,b(Grams per mile)Interim Tier 2i2004-2006Tier 2i2007+Useful life, intermediateb,fhh1.50 0.41hheNo estimate available.fManufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and have either 1) intermediate useful life standards waived or 2) receive additional NOx credits.bAll emissions standards must be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles. Beginning with model year 1994, a second set of emissions standards must also be met for a full useful life of10 years/100,000 miles; these standards are shown in parentheses. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively.KEY:CO = carbon monoxide; CVS = constant volume sampler; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC = non-methane hydrocarbons; NMOG = nonmethane organic gases; NOx = nitrogen oxides.Useful life, fullTier 1i1994-2003bhhhSOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register,Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.gIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.aThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulations. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HCand CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO andcomposite standards for NMHC and NOx tested under the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000; these standards are not shown in thistable.hNo standard has been set.IThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards and is associated with specific years. Interim Tier 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturers toward compliance withTier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulate matter; HC and NMHCstandards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2. Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weightcorporate average NOx standard is met for the full useful life of the vehicle. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standardsare based on vehicle type. The interim sales-weighted average for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) is 9.3 grams/mile. For LDVs, Tier 2 standards will be phased in at a rate of 25% in 2004, 50% in2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period, all LDVs not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2 standards.cThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 200F (rather than 750F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.dThe "Prior to control" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.table_04_30.xlsEngine type andpollutantPrior tocontrolg1968-19691970-1971 19721973-1974 19751976-19781979-19811982-1983 19841985-1986 19871988-1993HC (total) 11i2.20j(0.80)jNMHCh0.25 (0.31)jNMOGh0.13 (0.16) 0.1 (0.13)CO80i23.003.40 (4.20)Cold-temp. COde10.00jNOx43.00 1.20 0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh0.08 (0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeh0.02 (0.02)HC (total) 11 2.00j(0.80)NMHCh0.25 -0.31NMOGhj(0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO8020.00 3.40(4.20)j(4.20) 3.40 (4.20)NOx43.10 1.201.00(1.25)j(0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh0.08 (0.10)j(0.10) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydehj(0.02) 0.02 (0.02)LDT1 weight criteraebThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-modeprocedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedurebecame the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standardswere actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and composite standards forNMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000. These standards arenot shown in this table.cEmissions standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 mileswas defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emissions standards were establishedfor an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life (full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). HC standards,however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except particulates standards, were phased in during 1994-96 at a rate of40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Particulate matter standards were phased-in at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100% during 1995-97.SOURCESdThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 200F (rather than 750F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.eGVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. LVW is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 pounds.fManufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waivedor (2) receive additional NOx credits.gThe "Prior to controls" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certificationstandard were implemented.0.801.702.0040 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register,Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.kThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim Tier 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturerstoward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO,NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any givenvehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for thefull useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicletype. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT1 vehicles is 0.3 grams/mile. Tier 2 standards will be phased in at a rate of 25% in 2004,50% in 2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period, all LDT1 vehicles not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2standards.hNo estimate available.IIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.jNo standard has been set.aLight-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978, all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classifiedas light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During1988-93, light duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT2, LDT3,and LDT4 are shown in tables 4-32 through 4-34.jjjjjjj39.00 20.00jTier 2k2007+GVWR up through 6,000 poundsDiesel18.00 10.0010 years/100,000 miles11 years/120,000 miles5 years/50,000 milesInterim Tier 2k2004-2006j18.002.30Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT1)a,b,c(Grams per mile)KEY:CO=carbon monoxide; CVS = constant volume sampler; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC=hydrocarbons; LVW=loaded vehicle weight;NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG= nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides.Useful life, fullTier 1k19941995-2003GVWR up through 6,000 lbs; LVW up through 3,750 poundsUseful life, intermediatec,fy ,milesj3.10 2.30jjj0.26GVWR up through 8,500 poundsj5 years/50,000 miles5 years/50,000milesTest procedurebjGasoline1.703.40jCVS-75CVS-727-mode0.6010.000.80table_04_31.xlsEngine type andpollutantPrior tocontrolg1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975 1976-1978 1979-1981 1982-1983 1984 1985-1986 1987 1988-1990 1991-1993HC (total) 11e2.20j(0.80)jNMHChj(0.40)jNMOGh0.13 (0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO 80I23.004.40 (5.50)3.4 (4.20)Cold-temp. COd h12.5jNOx43.000.70 (0.97)0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh0.08(0.10)0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeh0.02 (0.02)HC (total) 11 2.00j(0.80)jNMHCh0.32 (0.40)jNMOGhj(0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO 80 20.004.40 (5.50)j(4.20) 3.40 (4.20)NOx43.10j(0.97)j(0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh0.50 0.450.08 (0.10)j(0.10) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydehj(0.02) 0.02 (0.02)GVWR up through 6,000 poundsGVWR up through 8,500 poundsSOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.gThe "Prior to controls" reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.kThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx,CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard ismet for the full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT2 vehicles is 0.3 grams/mile. Tier 2 standards will be phased in at arate of 25% in 2004, 50% in 2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period all LDT2 vehicles not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2 standards.aLight-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR.During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT1, LDT3, and LDT4 are shown in tables 4-31, 4-33, and 4-34.iIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.jNo standard has been set.fManufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived or (2) receive additional NOx credits.hNo estimate available.11 years/120,000 milesUseful life, full5 years/50,000 miles10 years/100,000 mileseGVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. LVW is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 pounds.bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedurebecame the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and compositestandards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000. These standards are not shown in this table.cEmissions standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emissions standards wereestablished for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life (full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). HC standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except particulates standards, were phased-induring 1994-96 at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Particulates standards were phased-in at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100% during 1995-97.dThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 200F (rather than 750F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.7-modeCVS-72CVS-75Tier 1k 1994Tier 2k2007+0.8010.0018.00j3.10j20.002.00 1.70Table 4-32: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT2)a,b,c(Grams per mile)Interim Tier 2k2004-2006Tier 1k 1995-2003GasolineUseful life, intermediatec, fKEY:CO=carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC=hydrocarbons; LVW=loaded vehicle weight; NMHC=non-methane hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides.LDT2 weight criteriaeTest procedurebGVWR up through 6,000 pounds; LVW over 3,750 pounds3.40jj39.002.30 1.70jjj10 years/120,000 milesDiesel5 years/50,000miles5 years/50,000 milesjj1.70 0.80jj18.00 10.00jjj0.602.30 1.700.13table_04_32.xlsEngine type andpollutantPrior tocontrolg1968-19691970-1971 19721973-1974 19751976-19781979-19811982-1983 19841985-1986 19871988-1989 19901991-1995HC (total) 11I2.20j(0.80)jNMHCh0.32(0.46)jNMOGh0.16 (0.23) 0.125 (0.16)CO 80i23.004.40(6.40) 3.40 4.20Cold-temp. COd h12.50NOx43.00 2.30 0.70(0.98) 0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulateshj(0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeh0.02 (0.03) 0.02 (0.02)HC (total) 112.00j(0.80)NMHCh0.32 (0.46)NMOGhj(0.23) 0.13 (0.16)CO 8020.004.40 (6.40)j3.40 4.20NOx43.10 2.30j(0.98)j(0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh0.50 0.13j(0.10)j(0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydehj(0.03) 0.02 (0.02)Any ALVWjNo standard has been set.SOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.dThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 200F(rather than 750F)and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful lifeeGVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. ALVW is the numerical average of the GVWR and the curb weight.fManufacturers can opt to certifyvehicles for a full useful life of 15years/150,000 miles and either have(1)intermediate useful life standards waived or(2)receive additional NOxcredits.gThe "Prior to controls" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newlymanufactured car in theyears before exhaust emissions certifcation standards were implementedkThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that moves manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 andTier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2).Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT3 vehicles is 0.6grams/mile. Tier 2 LDT3 standards will be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of LDT3 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards; the others must meet Interim Tier 2 standards. Beginning in 2009, allLDT3 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards.hNo estimate available.iIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued inpartsper million rather thangramsper mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table7-mode CVS-72 CVS-755 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 milesjUseful life, intermediatec,fTest procedurebcEmissions standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life optionswere available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emissions standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles(intermediate and full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except HC and particulates for all LDT3 vehicles and NOx for diesel-powered LDT3 vehicles, which wereonly required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50% and 100%, respectively.bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and wasreplaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards wererelaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOxtested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2002. These standards are not shown in this table.aLight-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the samestandards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories.The standards for LDT1, LDT2, and LDT4 are given in tables 4-31, 4-32, and 4-34.KEY:ALVW=adjusted loaded vehicle weight; CO = carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases;NOx=nitrogen oxides.5 years/50,000 milesUseful life, fulljLDT3 weight criteriaeTable 4-33: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT3)a,b,c(Grams per mile)ALVW up through 5,750 poundsGVWR 6,001-8,500 poundsTier 1k1996-2007Tier 2k2009+GVWR up through 6,000 pounds GVWR up through 8,500 poundsGasolineDieselj39.00 20.00 18.00 10.00Interim Tier 2k20083.40 2.00 1.70 0.80jjj3.10 2.301.70jjjj1.70 0.80jjjj18.00 10.00jj2.30 1.70j0.60 0.45table_04_33.xlsEngine type andpollutantPrior tocontrolg1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975 1976-1978 1979-1981 1982-1983 1984 1985-1986 1987 1988-1989 1990 1991-1995HC (total) 11I2.20j(0.80)NMHCh0.39 (0.56)NMOGh0.16 (0.23) 0.13 (0.16)CO80i23.005.00 (7.30) 4.4 (6.40) 3.40 (4.20)Cold-temp. COd h12.50jNOx43.002.30 1.10 (1.53) 0.4 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulateshj(0.12) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeh0.02 (0.03) 0.02 (0.02)HC (total) 112.00j(0.80)NMHCh0.39 (0.56)NMOGhj(0.23)0.13(0.16)CO8020.005.00 (7.30)j(6.40)3.4(4.20)NOx43.102.30j(1.53)j(0.60)0.14(0.20)Particulatesh0.50 0.13j(0.12)j(0.08)0.02(0.02)Formaldehydehj(0.03)0.02(0.02)Any ALVWjjj18.00j2.300.6010.001.700.45j0.80j1.7039.00 20.00 18.00 10.00j1.70jjjjjjj2.303.10jGVWR up through 8,500 poundsGVWR 6,001-8,500 pounds5 years/50,000 milesALVW over 5,750 pounds3.40j2.00 1.70 0.80jTable 4-34: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT4)a,b,c(Grams per mile)Tier 1k1996-2007 Interim Tier 2k2008KEY:ALVW=adjusted loaded vehicle weight; CO = carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides.Tier 2k 2009+DieselGasolineUseful life, fullLDT4 weight criteriaeGVWR up through 6,000 poundsaLight-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT1, LDT2, andLDT3 are given in tables 4-31, 4-32, and 4-33.Test procedurebUseful life, intermediatec,f7-modeCVS-72CVS-75j5 years/50,000 miles11 years/120,000 milescEmissions standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emissions standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (intermediate and full useful lifestandards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except HC and particulates for all LDT4 vehicles and NOx for diesel-powered LDT4 vehicles, which were only required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50% and 100%, respectively.dThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 200F (rather than 750F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.fManufacturers can opt to certifyvehicles for a full useful life of 15years/150,000 miles and either have(1)intermediate useful life standards waived or(2)receive additional NOx credits.eGVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. ALVW is the numerical average of the GVWR and the curb weight.Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2002. These standards are not shown in thistable.bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards wereactually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.SOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.kThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that moves manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards areestablished as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulate matter (HC and non-methane HC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify anygiven vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT4 vehicles is 0.6 grams/mile. Tier 2 standards will be phased in during 2008 and2009. In 2008, 50% of LDT4 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards; the others must meet Interim Tier 2 standards. Beginning in 2009, all LDT4 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards.gThe "Prior to control" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newlymanufactured car in theyears before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.hNo estimate available.iIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued inpartsper million rather thangramsper mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.jNo standard has been set.table_04_34.xls

# Engine type and pollutant 2004 2008 2009+

NMOG 0.195 -0.280 0.125 -0.156

CO 5.000 -7.300 3.400 -4.200

Cold-temp. CO c 

# 12.500

NO

x 

# 0.600 -0.900 0.140 -0.200

Particulates 0.120 -0.120 0.020 -0.020

Formaldehyde 0.022 -0.032 0.015 -0.018

HC 1.3 g/bhp-hr

NMHC + NO

x 

# 2.4 g/bhp-hr

NMOG g 

# (0.280) 0.125 (0.156)

CO 15.5 g/bhp-hr g 

# (7.300) 3.400 (4.200)

NO

x 

# 4.0 g/bhp-hr g 

# (0.900) 0.140 (0.200)

Particulates 0.10 g/bhp-hr g 

# (0.120) 0.020 (0.020)

Formaldehyde g 

# (0.032) 0.015 (0.018)

Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak) d 

# 20/15/50

Weight Criteria Greater than 8,500 pounds GVWR; less than 10,000 pounds GVWR

Test procedure, gasoline

Test procedure, diesel

Useful life-gasoline, intermediate b,e



# Useful life-gasoline, full

Useful life-diesel, intermediate b,e



# Useful life-diesel, full

b 

# Diesel MDPVs can continue to use light heavy-duty truck standards for new vehicle certification until 2008. Note that these standards are
measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr). Beginning in 2008, MDPVs must use the same on-chassis testing procedure as
heavy light-duty trucks (catgories LDT3 and LDT4) and must meet standards for MDPVs. Beginning in 2009, MDPVs must meet the same
standards as light heavy-duty trucks, except MDPVs are not required to meet Supplemental Federal Test Procedure standards.

c 

# The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0 

# F (rather than 75 0 

# F) and is applicable for a full useful life of 5-years/50,000-miles.

d 

# Smoke opacity is expressed as a percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak operation modes. Lugging occurs when a vehicle is carrying

a load.

e 

# Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and have either 1) intermediate useful life standards
waived or 2) receive additional NO

x 

# credits. 

# 11 years/120,000 miles

SOURCE f 

# The term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of stndards that moves manufacturers
toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Tier 2 and interim Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NO

x 

# , CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify
any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NO

x 

# standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NO

x 

# standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx

standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for MDPVs is 0.6 grams/mile. Tier 2 MDPV standards will
be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of MDPVs must meet Tier 2 standards; the other 50% of MDPVs must meet interim Tier 2

standards. Beginning in 2009, all MDPVs must meet Tier 2 standards. 

# 5 years/50,000 miles

11 years/120,000 miles

g 

# 5 years/50,000 miles

8 years/110,000 miles

40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000) Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858. g 

# Diesel MDPVs are not re q uired to meet intermediate life standards durin g this time p eriod a 

# The MDPV category was created for the Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 vehicle emissions standards. This category was specifically designed to
help bring passenger vehicles (such as large sport utility vehicles and passenger vans) over 8,500 pounds GVWR into the Tier 2 program.
MDPVs are defined as any complete heavy-duty vehicle less than 10,000 pounds GVWR designed primarily for transportation of persons,
including conversion vans (i.e., vans which are intended to be converted to vans used primarily for transporting people). This does not include
vehicles that have 1) a capacity of more than 12 persons total, or 2) are designed to accommodate more than 9 persons seated rearward of the
driver's seat, or 3) have a cargo box (i.e., a pickup-bed or box) of six feet or more in interior length. Prior to Tier 2 standards, these vehicles

would have been regulated as light heavy-duty trucks.

# Table 4-35: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasolineand Diesel-Powered Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV) a,b



# Interim Tier 2 f 

# Tier 2 f



# KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g/bhp-hr = grams per brake horsepower/hour; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons;
NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG = nonmethane organic gases; NOx = nitrogen oxides. 

# (Grams per mile)

Gasoline

Diesel

CVS-75

EPA Transient CVS-75

table_04_35.xlsEngine type and pollutant1970-73 1974-78 1979-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89 1990 1991-93 1994-97 1998-2003 2004 2005-06 2007 2008+GasolineHC + NOxj 16 10 jNOx+ NMHCj1.0 jNMHCj0.14HCk j 1.51.9 1.1jNOxj10.66.0 5.04.0j0.20COk 40 2537.1 14.4Particulatesj0.01DieselHC + NOxj 16 10 jHCk j 1.5 1.3jNOxj10.76.0 5.04.0 j0.20NOx+ NMHCj2.4ljNMHC j0.14COk 40 25 15.5Particulatesj0.60 0.25 0.100.01Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak)a40/20/j20/15/50Weight criteria for light heavy-duty trucksbGVWR over 6,000 lbs GVWR over 8,500 lbsGVWR 8,501 through 14,000 lbsTest procedure, gasolinec9-mode steady-stateMVMA transientTest procedure, dieselc13-mode steady-stateEPA transientUseful life (gasoline)d5 years/50,000 miles8 years/110,000 miles10 years/110,000 milesWeight range and pollutant2005-06 2007 2008+GVWR 8,500 through 10,000 lbsNMOGg0.28eNMHChe0.195CO7.3NOx0.90.2Particulatese0.02HCHOe0.032GVWR 10,001 lbs through 14,000 lbsNMOGi0.33eNMHCje0.230CO8.1NOx1.00.4Particulatese0.02HCHOe0.040Test procedureiEPA HD-UDDSTable 4-36: Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy-Duty Trucks (Grams per brake horsepower-hour)Complete Vehicles - (Grams per mile)e,f4/18/2011NTS01main/table_04_36.xlsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, personal communication, October 2001.kThis test procedure currently exists to test complete vehicles that have been optionally chassis certified. However, chassis certification is not requireduntil 2005.lRequired for complete gasoline heavy-duty vehicles only.NOTETables 4-32a and 4-32b are identical for heavy-duty diesel engines.SOURCESKEY:CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx= nitrogen oxides; NMHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG = nonmethane organic gas;HCHO = formaldeyhyde.40 CFR 86, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Internet site at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfrhtml_00/Title_40/40cfr86_00.html as of Oct.9, 2001.bGross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.eNo standard set.jThe manufacturer has the option of satisfying this standard by measurement of nonmethane organic gas or total hydrocarbons.fAlthough emissions standards for HC and CO were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour and are,therefore, incompatible with the engine certification section of this table.gVehicles can meet a NMHC + NOxstandard of 2.5 g/bhp-h, given they meet a NMHC standard of no more than 0.5 g/bhp-h.hStarting in 2005, complete gasoline heavy-duty vehicles of 14,000 lbs GVWR or below will have to be chassis certified.iThe manufacturer has the option of satisfying this standard by measurement of nonmethane hydrocarbons or total hydrocarbons.cSeveral testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emissions control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode fordiesel) was used for 1970-83 standards. For 1984, either the steady-state tests or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) transient testprocedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasoline-powered vehicles, either the EPA orthe Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was requiredthereafter.dEmissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983 and became 8 years/110,000 milesbeginning in model year 1985. 1984 was a transitional year in which vehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one.Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. Starting in 2004, the usefullife will be 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy-duty diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight,pollutant, test procedure, and year. Consult the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations for further information.aSmoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle iscarrying a load.4/18/2011NTS01main/table_04_36.xlsEngine type and pollutant1970-73 1974-78 1979-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89 1990 1991-93 1994-97 1998-2003 2004 2005-06 2007 2008+GasolineHC + NOxe 16 10 eNOx + NMHC e1.0 eNMHC e0.14HC f e 1.5 1.9eNOxe10.66.0 5.04.0e0.20COf 40 2537.114.4Particulatese0.01DieselHC + NOxe 16 10 eHC f e 1.5 1.3eNOxe10.76.0 5.04.0 e0.20NOx + NMHCe2.4geNMHC0.14CO f 40 25 15.5Particulates e 0.60 0.25 0.10 0.01Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak)a40/20e20/15/50Weight criteria for heavy heavy-duty trucksbGVWR over 6,000 lbs GVWR over 8,500 lbsTest procedure, gasolinec13-mode steady-stateMVMA transientTest procedure, dieselc13-mode steady-stateEPA transientUseful life (gasoline)d5 years/50,000 miles8 years/110,000 miles10 years/110,000 milesTable 4-37: Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty TruckscSeveral testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emissions control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode for diesel) was used for 1970-83 standards. For 1984, either the steadystate tests or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) transient test procedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasoline-powered vehicles, eitherthe EPA or the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was required thereafter.dEmissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983 and became 8 years/110,000 miles beginning in model year 1985. 1984 was a transitional year in whichvehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one. Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. Starting in 2004,the useful life will be 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy-duty diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight, pollutant, test procedure, and year. Consult the U.S. Codeof Federal Regulations for further information.fAlthough emissions standards for HC and CO were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.KEY:CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx= nitrogen oxides; NMHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons.GVWR over 14,000 lbsaSmoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle is carrying a load.bGross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.(Grams per brake horsepower-hour)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, personnal communication, Oct. 2001.40 CFR 86, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, internet site at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfrhtml_00/Title_40/40cfr86_00.html as of Oct. 9, 2001.eNo standard set.SOURCESgVehicles can meet a NMHC + NOxstandard of 2.5 g/bhp-h, given they meet a NMHC standard of no more than 0.5 g/bhp-h.NOTETables 4-32a and 4-32b are identical for heavy-duty diesel engines.table_04_37.xlsPollutantEnginedisplacementEmissions prior tocontrolsc1978-791980-89 1990-96 1997+HC50-169 cc5170-749 cc5 + 0.0155(D-170)d5.0750 cc and greater 14 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 11.0-31.0 17 12Total HC equivalent 50 cc and greater 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 12HC 50 cc and greater5.0CO 50 cc and greater12Useful life(Class I) 50-169 cc 5 years or 12,000 km (7,456 mi), whichever comes first(Class II) 170-279 cc 5 years or 18,000 km (11,185 mi), whichever comes first(Class III) 280 cc and greater 5 years or 30,000 km (18,641 mi), whichever comes firstNatural gas and LPG-poweredSOURCE:Table 4-38: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Motorcyclesa(g/km)bcEstimates of emissions rates prior to controls are ranges of emissions for all engine displacements. Not available formotorcycles powered by fuels other than gasoline.dD = engine displacement in cubic centimeters (cc). For example, the standard for a 300 cc engine would be 5.0 +0.0155(300-170) = 7.0 g/km.40 CFR 86 Subpart E (July 1, 2000). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personalcommunication, Aug. 28, 2001.1.0-13.8KEY:cc = cubic centimeters; D = engine displacement; g = gram; HC = hydrocarbon; h = hour; kg = kilogram; km =kilometer; lb = pound; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas; mi = miles; mph = miles per hour.aA motorcycle is any motor vehicle with a headlight, taillight, and stoplight, and having two or three wheels and a curb massless than or equal to 793 kg (1,749 lb). (The limit was 680 kg, or 1,499 lb prior to the 1998 model year.) A motorcycle isexcluded from the standards if it has a displacement of less than 50 cc (3.1 cubic inches) or if with a 80 kg (176 lb) driver itcannot start from a dead stop using only the engine or exceed a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) on a level, paved surface.bReaders who wish to compare motorcycle regulations with passenger car and truck regulations should note that 5.0 g/km =8.0 g/mi and 12 g/km = 19 g/mi. The formula for 1978-79 HC emissions by motorcycles 170-749 cc becomes, in g/mi.,approximately 8.0 + 0.025(D-170).Gasoline-poweredMethanol-poweredEngine typecPollutant 1974-75 1976-77 1978-82 1983 1984-96 1997-99 2000+TurbopropSmokeg187(rO)-0.168Class T3 turbojetCO (g/kN)d118HC (g/kN)d19.6NOx(g/kN)de40 + 2(rPR)f32 + 1.6(rPR)Smoke25h83.6(rO)-0.274Class T8 turbojetCO (g/kN)d118HC (g/kN)d19.6NOx(g/kN)de40 + 2(rPR)f32 + 1.6(rPR)Smoke 30h83.6(rO)-0.274Turbofan and turbojet engines other than Classes T3, T8, and TSSCO (g/kN)d118HC (g/kN)d19.6NOx(g/kN)de40 + 2(rPR)f32 + 1.6(rPR)Smokei83.6(rO)-0.274j83.6(rO)-0.274 h83.6(rO)-0.274TSS engines (supersonic aircraft engines)HC (g/kN)140(0.92)rPRSmokeh83.6(rO)-0.274Year of engine manufactureTable 4-39: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured and In-Use Aircraft Enginesa,bgEngines with rO>=1,000 kW.SOURCE:Turbofans and turbojets other than T3, T8, and TSS–Boeing 747-400s, 757s, 767-200s and 777s, and McDonnell-DouglasMD-11s; Canadair Regional Jets.Turboprops–Used mostly in regional airliners such as ATR 72, Dornier 328, and Saab SF 340.jEngines with rO<26.7 kN. Smoke number maynot exceed 50.kClass T8 turbojet engines shall not exceed a smoke number of 30 beginning Feb. 1, 1974.40 CFR 87, Subparts A-D (July 1, 2000), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personalcommunication, Aug. 28, 2001.dApplies to engines with rO>26.7 kN.eEffective as of July 7, 1997. This standard applies only to those engines of a type or model for which the date ofmanufacture of the first individual production model was on or before Dec. 31, 1995 and for which the date of manufactureof the individual engine was on or before Dec. 31, 1999.fEffective as of July 7, 1997. This standard also applies to engines of a type or model for which the date of manufacture ofthe first individual production model was after Dec. 31, 1995 and for which the date of manufacture of the individual enginewas after Dec. 31, 1999.iEngines with rated output rO>=129 kN. This is also the in-use standard for all such aircraft engines.TSS–British Aircraft Corp./Aerospatiale Concorde (the only supersonic aircraft currently used in commercial civil aviation).hEngines manufactured on or after Jan. 1, 1984 and with rO>=26.7 kN. Smoke number may not exceed 50.KEY:CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram; g/kN = grams of pollutant per kilonewtons of thrust; HC = hydrocarbon, kN =kilonewtons; kW = kilowatt; NOx = nitrogen oxides; rO = rated output, which is the maximum power or thrust available fortakeoff; rPR = rated pressure ratio.aFederal standards apply to all planes operating in the United States, regardless of where they were manufactured. Thistable primarily displays exhaust emissions standards for newly manufactured aircraft engines. Only two standards (smokestandards) have been set for in-use aircraft engines (see footnotes i and k). Therefore, unless otherwised noted, emissionsin this table apply to new aircraft engines only.bHC, CO, and NOx are measured using the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Gaseous Emissions TestProcedure. Smoke is measured using the ICAO Smoke Emission Test Procedure. There is no useful life or warrantyperiod for purposes of compliance with emissions standards.cExamples of commercial aircraft that use each engine type include the following:Class T3 turbojet–Boeing 707-320s (Class T3 engines are currently out of production, though some are still in use).Class T8 turbojet–Boeing 727s and 737-200s, and McDonnell-Douglas MD-80s and DC-9s.PollutantDuty-cyclefTier 0 1973-2001hTier 1 2002-2004 Tier 2 2005+Line-haul 1.00 0.55 0.30Switch 2.10 1.20 0.60Line-haul 1.00 0.55 0.30Switch 2.10 1.20 0.60Line-haul 1.00 0.55 0.30Switch 2.10 1.20 0.60Line-haul 5.0 2.2 1.5Switch 8.0 2.5 2.4Line-haul (optional standard)g10.0 10.0 10.0Switch (optional standard)g12.0 12.0 12.0Line-haul 9.5 7.4 5.5Switch 14.0 11.0 8.1Line-haul 0.60 0.45 0.20Switch 0.72 0.54 0.24Line-haul (optional standard)g0.30 0.22 0.10Switch (optional standard)g0.36 0.27 0.12Steady-state 30% 25% 20%30-second peak 40% 40% 40%3-second peak 50% 50% 50%NOxParticulatesSmoke opacity (% opacitynormalized)h7.5 MWh per hp or 10 yearsi, jUseful lifeTable 4-40: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Locomotivesa(g/bhph except where noted)Total HCbNonmethane HCcTotal HC equivalentdCOdTotal HC standards apply to locomotives powered by any fuel except alcohol or natural gas or fuelsprimarily composed of alcohol or natural gas.eNonmethane HC standards apply to locomotives powered by natural gas or fuels that are primarilycomposed of natural gas.fTotal HC equivalent standards apply to locomotives powered by alcohol or fuels that are primarilycomposed of alcohol.KEY:bhp = brake horsepower; bhph = brake horsepower hour; CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram; h =hour; MW = megawatt; MWh = megawatt hour; NOx = nitrogen oxides; PM = particulate matter.bThe line-haul duty-cycle is weighted toward operation in the higher power notches and is typical of linehaul applications. The switch duty-cycle is typical of switch operations, with more emphasis on idle andlow power notch emissions. Locomotives generally are required to meet the standards for both dutycycles. However, Tier 0 dedicated switch locomotives rated at 2,300 hp or less are only required tomeet the switch duty-cycle standard.cTier 0 standards apply to all new production locomotives in the 2001 model year, as well as for any1994 through 2001 model year freight locomotives remanufactured on or after Jan. 1, 2001. They alsoapply to all other 1973 through 2001 model year locomotives remanufactured on or after Jan. 1, 2002.Other phase-in options are also available for manufacturers (see 40 CFR 92 for more detail on phase-inoptions).aLocomotive standards apply to both new and remanufactured locomotives, except as noted.SOURCE:40 CFR 92, Jul. 1, 2000, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air andRadiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001.gManufacturers and remanufacturers can elect to comply with the alternate CO and PM standards.However, a manufacturer or remanufacturer using the alternate standards must meet both the CO andthe PM standards. This allows locomotives to have higher CO emissions in exchange for meeting morestringent PM standards.iFor Tier 0 locomotives not equipped with MW/h meters, the minimum useful life is 750,000 miles or 10years, whichever comes first.jThis is a minimum standard. The certifying manufacturer or remanufacturer must specify a longeruseful life if the locomotive or locomotive engine is designed to last longer than the applicable minimumuseful life.hSmoke opacityvalues are normalized to be equivalent to a 1 meterpath length.HC + NOx (g/kWh)Rated power< 4.3 kW Rated power >= 4.3 kWc,d1998b278.00(0.917 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 2.441999 253.00(0.833 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 2.892000 228.00(0.750 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 3.332001 204.00(0.667 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 3.782002 179.00(0.583 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 4.222003 155.00(0.500 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 4.672004 130.00(0.417 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 5.112005 105.00(0.333 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 5.562006+ 81.00(0.250 x (151 + 557/P0.9)) + 6.00aThe standards apply to marine spark-ignition outboard, personal watercraft, and jet-boat engines only. There are currently no federalstandards for marine spark-ignition sterndrive/inboard engines (previously proposed standards have not been finalized). Marine compressionignition engines under 50 hp are covered under the proposed nonroad compression-ignition engine standards. Federal standards are indevelopment for marine compression-ignition engines over 50 hp.bP = the average power of the engine family in kilowatts (sales-weighted).cAs an example, the standards for an outboard engine of 125 hp (just over 93 kW) would be 149.53 g/kWh in 1998, 123.63 g/kWh in 2000,97.74 g/kWh in 2002, 72.00 g/kWh in 2004, and 46.10 g/kWh in 2006.SOURCE:dAll emissions standards must be met for the useful life of the engine.eThe standards for personal watercraft did not go into effect until 1999, although the standard went into effect for outboard engines in 1998.Table 4-41: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Marine Spark-IgnitionOutboard,Personal Watercrafte, and Jet-Boat Enginesa(g/kWh)YearWarranty periodUseful lifed40 CFR 91 July 1, 2000 edition, pp. 301-302, 398, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personalcommunication, Aug. 28, 2001.Outboard engines: 350hr/10 yr;Personal watercraft:350 hr/5 yr1 yr for all emissions-related components1 yr for all emission-related components; 3yr/200 hr for specified major emissions controlcomponents2 yr/200 hr for all emissions-relatedcomponents; 3 yr/200 hr for specified majoremissions control componentsKEY:g = gram; hr = hour; HC = hydrocarbon; hp = horsepower; kW = kilowatt; kWh = kilowatt hour; NOx = nitrogen oxide; yr = year.

# Engine

category c 

# Displacement (liters/cylinder) Rated power (kW) Year NOx + THC (g/kW-hr) PM (g/kW-hr) CO (g/kW-hr) Useful Life d 

# Warranty Period

< 0.9 2005 7.5 0.40

0.9 to < 1.2 2004 7.2 0.30

1.2 to < 2.5 2004 7.2 0.20

2.5 to < 5.0 2007 7.2 0.20

5.0 to < 15.0 37 kW and above 7.8 0.27

15.0 to < 20.0 37 kW to < 3,300 kW 8.7 0.50

15.0 to < 20.0 3,300 kW and above 9.8 0.50

20.0 to < 25.0 37 kW and above 9.8 0.50

25.0 to < 30.0 37 kW and above 11.0 0.50

3 30 and above 37 kW and above

SOURCE: 

# 5 yrs or 10,000 hrs
operation 2007 5.0

5.0

No Tier 2 emissions standards have been set for Category 3 commercial marine vessels. 1

2 37 kW and above 10 yrs or 10,000 hrs
operation

10 yrs or 20,000 hrs
operation 5 yrs or 5,000 hrs
operation

Federal Register, Vol. 64, No. 249, Dec. 29, 1999, pp 73,299 to 73,373, and U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2001.

# Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Commercial Marine CompressionIgnition Engines a,b



# Category 1 (< 5 liters displacement/cylinder and rated power >=37 kW): These engines are typically used as propulsion
engines on relatively small commercial vessels (fishing vessels, tugboats, crewboats, etc.). They are also used as

auxiliary engines on vessels of all sizes and applications.

Category 2 (>= 5 liters displacement/cylinder to < 30 liters displacement/cylinder and rated power >=37 kW): The
largest engines that are widely used as propulsion engines in harbor and coastal vessels in U.S. waters. These engines

also provide auxiliary power on very large vessels. Many of these engines are of similar size and configuration as

locomotive engines or use comparable emissions control technologies.

Category 3 (>= 30 liters displacement/cylinder and rated power .=37kW): These are very large high-power engines that

are used almost exclusively for propulsion on vessels engaged in international trade.

d 

# Manufacturers must demonstrate that the engine or engine family will meet all standards for its useful life.
Certification for useful life is accomplished by testing a sample of engines. The warranty period applies to each
engine manufactured. The manufacturer of each engine must provide a warranty to the ultimate purchaser or
owner (and each subsequent purchaser or owner) that the engine is designed, built, and equipped so as to
conform at the time of sale with Tier 2 standards and is free from defects in materials and workmanship that
would cause the engine to fail to conform to these standards for the warranty period. Furthermore, this warranty
cannot be shorter than any mechanical warranty on the engine and must be at least one half of the useful life

period. KEY: 

# CO=carbon monoxide; disp=displacement; g/kW-hr=gram per kilowatt-hour; hrs=hours;kW=kilowatt;
NOx=nitrogen oxides; PM=particulate matter; THC=total hydrocarbons; yrs=years.

a 

# Tier 2 emissions standards established by Congress apply to commercial compression-ignition (diesel)
engines with a power rating of at least 37 kW. Both propulsion and auxiliary engines are covered under these
standards, but land-based engines used in portable auxiliary equipment must meet standards for land-based
engines. Smaller compression-ignition engines are covered under a separate rule. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) also intends to regulate recreational marine diesel engine emissions under a separate
rule and is establishing provisions to allow exemptions for category 1 and 2 engines used as auxiliary engines
in U.S.-flagged vessels engaged in foreign trade or overseas operations at least 75 percent of the time (i.e.,
operation will occur more than 320 nautical kilometers outside the United States, not including trips between
U.S. ports in Alaska, Hawaii, the continental United States, or its territories).

b 

# MARPOL Annex VI nitrogen oxide (NOx) standards (international standards adopted by the International Maritime

Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) are referred to as Tier 1 emissions standards. These standards

apply to any diesel engine over 130 kW installed on a vessel constructed on or after Jan. 1, 2000 and to any engine that
undergoes major conversion after that date. MARPOL standards are currently voluntary for ships engaged in domestic
travel but will be required for ships engaged in foreign trade with countries that ratify MARPOL standards. Although they
have not yet been ratified by the United States, the EPA encourages engine manufacturers to make compliant engines and
encourages owners to purchase them. If ratified by the United States, MARPOL Annex VI NOx standards will be

retroactively effective Jan. 1, 2000.

c 

# Emissions standards are based on displacement/cylinder and rated power. The three standards categories are as follows:

# 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GASOLINE (assuming zero RFG)

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 2.79 2.50 2.23 1.98 1.77 1.57 1.39 1.25 1.14 1.05 0.97 0.89 0.81 0.74 0.61 0.52 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.33

Nonexhaust HC 1.21 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.72 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.51 0.46

Total HC 4.00 3.67 3.35 3.07 2.84 2.62 2.41 2.26 2.12 2.00 1.88 1.77 1.65 1.54 1.37 1.25 1.13 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.79

Exhaust CO 42.89 39.15 35.54 32.23 29.32 26.60 24.18 22.38 20.86 19.54 18.53 17.80 16.98 16.14 13.79 12.57 10.87 10.28 9.68 9.20 8.73

Exhaust NO

x 

# 2.70 2.47 2.27 2.09 1.94 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.29 1.25 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.92 0.79 0.73 0.67 0.61 0.56

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 3.68 3.33 3.00 2.71 2.45 2.21 1.96 1.80 1.65 1.54 1.45 1.35 1.24 1.13 0.96 0.78 0.69 0.64 0.55 0.51 0.48

Nonexhaust HC 1.37 1.30 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.90 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.53

Total HC 5.05 4.63 4.21 3.88 3.59 3.32 3.04 2.85 2.68 2.54 2.43 2.30 2.14 1.98 1.76 1.54 1.40 1.31 1.17 1.09 1.01

Exhaust CO 56.23 51.99 47.93 44.34 40.77 37.51 34.47 32.20 30.23 28.28 26.81 25.43 23.85 21.51 18.76 16.23 14.33 13.52 12.49 11.76 11.02

Exhaust NO

x 

# 2.62 2.42 2.26 2.11 1.98 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.50 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.09 1.02 0.94 0.88 0.81

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 3.66 3.34 3.03 2.76 2.39 2.16 1.94 1.73 1.51 1.35 1.22 1.09 0.98 0.82 0.73 0.64 0.53 0.48 0.42 0.32 0.28

Nonexhaust HC 2.74 2.60 2.34 2.25 2.16 2.07 1.97 1.87 1.79 1.69 1.62 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.24 1.14 1.07 0.99 0.92 0.86

Total HC 6.40 5.94 5.37 5.00 4.55 4.24 3.91 3.60 3.29 3.04 2.84 2.63 2.46 2.24 2.08 1.88 1.67 1.54 1.41 1.24 1.14

Exhaust CO 85.61 78.64 72.12 65.92 60.01 54.16 48.52 43.26 38.82 34.54 31.08 27.59 24.73 20.60 18.46 16.73 14.51 13.55 12.38 9.96 9.42

Exhaust NO

x 

# 7.19 6.96 6.72 6.52 6.35 6.11 5.89 5.73 5.56 5.40 5.26 5.13 5.01 4.91 4.62 4.28 3.73 3.33 2.94 2.58 2.25

Motorcycles

Exhaust HC 2.01 1.88 1.82 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61

Nonexhaust HC 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68

Total HC 2.74 2.60 2.54 2.46 2.43 2.40 2.34 2.32 2.32 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29

Exhaust CO 15.15 14.78 14.77 14.76 14.76 14.67 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.58 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59

Exhaust NO

x 

# 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25

DIESEL

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.29 0.23 0.18

Exhaust CO 1.49 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.74 1.59 1.57 1.41 1.21 1.09 0.99 0.90

Exhaust NO

x 

# 1.83 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.81 1.72 1.62 1.54 1.43 1.32 1.11 0.85 0.69 0.53 0.42

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 1.59 1.60 1.64 1.64 1.68 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.51 1.42 1.02 0.88 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.55 0.48 0.44

Exhaust CO 2.67 2.70 2.76 2.77 2.85 2.85 2.89 2.79 2.60 2.44 1.77 1.54 1.66 1.68 1.68 1.37 1.34 1.06 0.93 0.82 0.76

Exhaust NO

x 

# 2.71 2.66 2.62 2.56 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.31 2.17 2.07 1.76 1.64 1.67 1.66 1.59 1.37 1.30 1.09 0.94 0.82 0.72

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 2.21 1.97 1.74 1.55 1.38 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39

Exhaust CO 10.06 9.22 8.43 7.71 7.00 6.32 5.73 5.23 4.80 4.43 4.10 3.82 3.58 3.37 3.19 3.05 2.90 2.66 2.31 2.01 1.75

Exhaust NO

x 

# 23.34 22.14 21.47 21.10 20.75 20.49 20.24 20.04 19.84 19.14 18.05 16.68 15.52 13.92 12.50 11.45 10.55 9.60 8.61 7.77 6.87

Average Emissions Per Vehicle, Gasoline and Diesel Fleet

Exhaust HC 2.98 2.70 2.42 2.18 1.96 1.76 1.56 1.43 1.32 1.23 1.16 1.08 0.99 0.91 0.77 0.65 0.58 0.54 0.48 0.45 0.42

Nonexhaust HC 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.60 0.56 0.51 0.47

Total HC 4.20 3.86 3.52 3.24 3.00 2.77 2.55 2.40 2.26 2.14 2.04 1.93 1.81 1.68 1.51 1.35 1.23 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.89

Exhaust CO 45.07 41.43 37.93 34.76 31.84 29.12 26.65 24.90 23.40 22.00 20.94 20.02 18.94 17.49 15.24 13.56 11.95 11.32 10.55 9.93 9.37

Exhaust NO

x 

# 4.15 3.92 3.75 3.61 3.49 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.91 2.78 2.65 2.48 2.25 2.07 1.87 1.73 1.57 1.44 1.30

Average emissions per vehicle rates assume a fleet comprised exclusively of gasoline and diesel vehicles. For emissions estimates of a fleet using RFG and diesel, see table 4-44. 

# Table 4-43: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type using Gasoline and Diese l (Grams per mile )

Data are as of July 1 of each year. Vehicles types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to 6,000 lb GVWR); light-duty trucks (pickups and minivans up to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lbs or more
GVWR); motorcycle (highway only). This table is based on MOBILE6, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest highway vehicle emissions factor model. Interested readers can learn more about the MOBILE6 model at the
following USEPA Internet site http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm.

Emissions factors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 oF, daily temperature range 60-84 oF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative of overall traffic in urban areas), standard
operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions, no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs, and gasoline volatility 9.0 per square inch RVP (Reid vapor pressure).

SOURCE

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal communication, June 28, 2010. KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NO

x 

# = nitrogen oxide; RFG = reformulated gasoline.

NOTES

See table 4-44 for emissions from vehicles operating on reformulated gasoline.

Data for nonexhaust HC is negligible for diesel light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, and heavy-duty vehicles.

# 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

RFG (assuming 100% RFG)

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 1.45 1.28 1.15 1.04 0.97 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.62 0.55 0.47 0.41 0.38 0.35

Nonexhaust HC 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.47 0.43

Total HC 2.34 2.15 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.48 1.39 1.29 1.21 1.12 1.02 0.92 0.85 0.78

Exhaust CO 22.78 20.84 19.43 18.25 17.21 15.36 14.68 13.88 13.17 12.49 11.44 9.81 9.29 8.84

Exhaust NO

x 

# 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.24 1.19 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.90 0.77 0.72 0.66

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 2.09 1.85 1.69 1.55 1.44 1.27 1.18 1.07 0.97 0.89 0.71 0.63 0.59 0.50

Nonexhaust HC 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47

Total HC 3.02 2.75 2.58 2.42 2.29 1.96 1.84 1.71 1.59 1.48 1.28 (R) 1.16 1.09 0.97

Exhaust CO 31.86 29.46 27.70 26.19 24.63 22.25 21.09 19.71 17.78 16.66 14.47 15.79 12.03 11.22

Exhaust NO

x 

# 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.47 1.45 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.20 1.07 1.01 0.93

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 2.14 1.91 1.70 1.48 1.32 1.16 1.03 0.92 0.77 0.70 0.62 0.51 0.45 0.40

Nonexhaust HC 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.50 1.43 1.12 1.07 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.73

Total HC 3.86 3.55 3.26 2.98 2.75 2.28 2.10 1.96 1.78 1.67 1.51 1.34 1.23 1.13

Exhaust CO 46.02 41.15 36.62 32.80 29.12 25.87 22.88 20.41 16.87 15.33 13.89 12.01 11.25 10.41

Exhaust NO

x 

# 6.13 5.90 5.74 5.57 5.41 5.18 5.01 4.86 4.75 4.63 4.36 3.79 3.39 3.00

Motorcycles

Exhaust HC 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61

Nonexhaust HC 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.41

Total HC 2.24 2.17 2.16 2.16 2.14 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.03 2.02

Exhaust CO 12.64 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56

Exhaust NO

x 

# 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25

DIESEL

Light-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.29

Exhaust CO 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.74 1.59 1.57 1.41 1.21 1.09

Exhaust NO

x 

# 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.81 1.72 1.62 1.54 1.43 1.32 1.11 0.85 0.69

Light-duty trucks

Exhaust HC 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.51 1.42 1.02 0.88 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.55

Exhaust CO 2.85 2.89 2.79 2.60 2.44 1.77 1.54 1.66 1.68 1.68 1.37 1.34 1.06 0.93

Exhaust NO

x 

# 2.46 2.42 2.31 2.17 2.07 1.76 1.64 1.67 1.66 1.59 1.37 1.30 1.09 0.94

Heavy-duty vehicles

Exhaust HC 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45

Exhaust CO 6.32 5.73 5.23 4.80 4.43 4.10 3.82 3.58 3.37 3.19 3.05 2.90 2.66 2.31

Exhaust NO

x 

# 20.49 20.24 20.04 19.84 19.14 18.05 16.68 15.52 13.92 12.50 11.45 10.55 9.60 8.61

Average Emissions Per Vehicle, RFG and Diesel Fleet

Exhaust HC 1.65 1.46 1.34 1.23 1.15 1.02 0.94 0.86 0.78 0.71 0.60 0.53 0.50 0.44

Nonexhaust HC 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.42

Total HC 2.51 2.30 2.16 2.03 1.93 1.64 1.55 1.44 1.35 1.26 1.12 1.02 0.95 0.87

Exhaust CO 24.92 22.93 21.56 20.38 19.27 17.44 16.62 15.64 14.43 13.62 12.18 10.66 10.12 9.52

Exhaust NO

x 

# 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.85 2.71 2.58 2.40 2.24 2.06 1.86 1.71 1.57

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal communication, Nov. 23, 2009. As of July 1 of each year. Vehicle types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to 6,000 lb gross vehicle weight rating GVWR) ; light-duty trucks (pickups and minivans
up to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lb or more GVWR); motorcycle (on-highway only). The data in this table are based on MOBILE6, and reflect the introduction of RFG starting
in 1995. Interested readers can learn more about the MOBILE6 model at the following USEPA Internet site http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm.

Emissions factors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 oF, daily temperature range 60 -84 oF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative of
overall traffic in urban areas), standard operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions and no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs.

Emissions estimates in this table assume 100% RFG.

Average emissions per vehicle rates assume a fleet comprised exclusively of reformulated gasoline and diesel vehicles. For emissions estimates of a fleet using gasoline and diesel, see table

4-38. 

# Table 4-44: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type using Reformulated Gasoline and

Diesel (Grams per mile)

KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxide; RFG = reformulated gasoline; R = revised.

NOTES

SOURCE1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009 2010TOTAL all sources(R) 204.04 188.40 (R) 185.41 (R) 176.84 (R) 154.19 147.13 (R) 140.90 (R) 135.90 (R) 133.56 (R) 126.78 128.86 117.91 115.38 114.54 114.47 106.26 111.06 105.05 99.04 93.03 87.29 81.55 75.81 70.07 64.33Highway vehicles163.23 153.56 143.83 134.19 110.26 104.98 99.71 94.43 89.16 83.88 78.61 75.85 73.24 68.71 68.06 63.48 60.60 56.58 52.56 48.54 45.98 43.41 40.84 38.27 35.71Off-Highway11.37 14.33 16.69 19.03 21.45 21.93 22.42 22.90 23.39 23.87 24.36 23.67 23.69 23.32 24.18 24.68 22.66 22.00 21.34 20.67 17.90 15.12 12.34 9.57 6.79Fuel combustion4.63 4.48 7.30 8.49 5.51 5.86 6.15 5.59 5.52 5.93 4.34 4.33 4.33 5.54 4.78 4.83 5.47 5.36 5.24 5.12 5.09 5.07 5.04 5.01 4.98Industrial processesa9.84 7.54 6.95 5.28 4.77 4.62 4.55 4.65 4.61 4.61 3.64 3.80 3.81 2.55 2.63 2.76 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.03 2.04 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07Waste disposal and recycling 7.06 3.23 2.30 1.94 1.08 1.12 1.14 1.25 1.23 1.19 2.90 2.95 3.12 3.02 1.85 1.85 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55Miscellaneous7.91 5.26 8.34 7.93 11.12 8.62 6.93 7.08 9.66 7.30 15.02 7.32 7.18 11.41 12.96 8.68 18.49 17.36 16.23 15.11 14.73 14.36 13.98 13.61 13.23U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF),Current Emission Trends Summaries, available athttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan.11, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.KEY:R = revised.aIndustrial processesconsists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, other industrial processes; andsolvent utilization, storage, and transport.Table 4-45: Estimated National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide (Million short tons)NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.SOURCE1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009 2010TOTAL(R) 26.88 (R) 26.38 (R) 27.08 25.76 (R) 25.53 (R) 25.18 (R) 25.26 (R) 25.36 (R) 25.35 (R) 24.96 24.79 24.70 24.35 22.84 22.60 21.55 21.14 20.39 19.65 18.91 17.80 16.78 15.61 13.71 12.40Highway vehicles12.62 12.06 11.49 10.93 9.59 9.45 9.31 9.16 9.02 8.88 8.73 8.79 8.62 8.37 8.39 7.77 7.87 7.41 6.95 6.49 6.03 5.56 5.09 4.63 4.16Off-Highway2.65 2.97 3.35 3.58 3.78 3.85 3.92 3.98 4.05 4.11 4.18 4.18 4.16 4.08 4.17 4.16 4.51 4.63 4.76 4.89 4.45 4.01 3.58 3.14 2.71Fuel combustion10.06 10.49 11.32 10.05 10.89 10.78 10.93 11.11 11.02 10.83 10.51 10.55 10.38 9.20 8.82 8.45 7.49 7.04 6.59 6.14 5.91 5.77 5.47 4.45 4.02Industrial processesa0.78 0.54 0.56 0.80 0.80 0.72 0.76 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08Waste disposal and recycling 0.44 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15Miscellaneous0.33 0.17 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.39 0.27 0.41 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29Table 4-46: Estimated National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (Million short tons)NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.SOURCEU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF),Current Emission Trends Summaries,available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan.19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.KEY:R = revised.aIndustrial processesconsists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and otherindustrial processes; and solvent utilization, storage, and transport.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009 2010Total all sources34.66 30.77 (R) 31.11 (R) 27.40 24.11 23.58 23.07 22.73 (R) 22.57 (R) 22.04 20.87 19.53 18.78 18.27 17.51 17.11 21.17 20.48 19.79 18.42 17.10 15.77 14.45 13.13 11.80Highway vehicles16.91 15.39 13.87 12.35 9.39 8.86 8.33 7.80 7.28 6.75 6.22 5.99 5.86 5.68 5.33 4.95 4.92 4.65 4.38 4.11 3.92 3.72 3.52 3.33 3.13Off-Highway1.62 1.92 2.19 2.44 2.66 2.71 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.89 2.93 2.75 2.67 2.68 2.64 2.62 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.87 2.46 2.06 1.65 1.25 0.85Fuel combustion0.72 0.66 1.05 1.57 1.01 1.08 1.12 0.99 0.99 1.07 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.72 1.41 1.09 0.77 0.69 0.61 0.53 0.45 0.37Industrial processesa12.33 11.10 12.10 9.50 9.01 9.18 9.37 9.53 9.69 9.71 8.14 8.34 7.88 7.48 7.21 7.40 7.10 7.06 7.03 6.99 6.48 5.97 5.46 4.95 4.44Waste disposal and recycling 1.98 0.98 0.76 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.05 1.05 1.07 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.49 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.23Miscellaneous1.10 0.72 1.13 0.57 1.06 0.76 0.49 0.56 0.72 0.55 1.94 0.82 0.72 0.79 0.73 0.53 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.29 3.19 3.09 2.99 2.90 2.80U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF),Current Emission Trends Summaries, available athttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan.19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.SOURCEKEY:R = revised.aIndustrial processesconsists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other industrialprocesses; and solvent utilization, storage, and transport.Table 4-47: Estimated National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (Million short tons)NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009 2010Total all sources (R) 13.02 (R) 7.56 7.01 (R) 41.32 (R) 27.75 27.35 (R) 27.10 27.36 (R) 28.61 (R) 25.82 22.86 22.91 22.89 22.57 22.96 22.93 18.43 18.37 18.32 18.26 15.79 13.33 10.86 8.39 5.92Highway vehicles 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15Off-Highway 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10Fuel combustion 2.87 2.25 2.45 1.54 1.20 1.15 1.18 1.12 1.11 1.18 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.43 0.36 0.29 0.22 0.16Industrial processesb7.67 3.70 2.75 1.06 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.91 0.95 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.50 0.51 0.53 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40Waste disposal and recycling 1.00 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.36 0.36 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21Miscellaneousc0.84 0.57 0.85 37.74 24.54 24.23 23.96 24.33 25.62 22.77 20.22 20.25 20.31 20.18 20.64 20.57 16.09 16.09 16.09 16.09 13.86 11.62 9.38 7.14 4.90NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF),Current Emission Trends Summaries, available athttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of October 2009, and personal communication, February 2011.SOURCETable 4-48: Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10)a(Million short tons)KEY:R = revised.cIn 1985 there appears to be a spike inMiscellaneousemissions. This is likely due to a methodological change, and the EPA does not change historicaldata when it changes its methodology.bIndustrial processesconsists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, other industrialprocesses; solvent utilization; and storage and transport.aFineparticulate matter less than 10 microns. Data include PM without condensible1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995(R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 20082009 2010Total(R) 7.56 7.32 7.20 (R) 7.15 (R) 7.54 6.93 6.72 6.26 6.26 6.40 6.50 6.22 3.10 3.07 3.04 3.01 2.79 2.57 2.34 2.12 1.89Highway vehicles 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09Off-Highway 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.14Fuel combustion 0.91 0.89 0.93 0.85 0.84 0.90 0.66 0.66 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.74 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15Industrialprocessesb0.56 0.57 0.58 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27Waste disposal and recycling 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.33 0.33 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21Miscellaneous5.23 5.00 4.85 4.93 5.36 4.73 4.72 4.24 4.28 4.50 4.68 4.38 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.64 1.49 1.33 1.18 1.02SOURCEKEY:R = revised.aParticulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size. Data include PM without condensibles.bIndustrial processesconsists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other industrialprocesses; solvent utilization; and storage and transportation.Table 4-49: Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5)a(Million short tons)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF),Current Emission Trends Summaries, availableat http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan. 19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009 2010TOTAL all sources31.22 (R) 28.04 (R) 25.93 23.31 (R) 23.08 (R) 22.38 22.08 (R) 21.77 21.35 18.62 18.39 18.84 18.94 17.55 16.35 15.93 14.77 14.71 14.65 14.59 13.60 12.99 11.52 9.48 7.51Highway vehicles0.27 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.06Off-Highway0.28 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.48 0.44 0.44 0.51 0.62 0.73 0.83 0.73 0.63 0.53 0.42 0.32Fuel combustion23.46 22.66 21.39 20.02 20.29 19.80 19.49 19.25 18.89 16.23 16.25 16.65 16.74 15.34 14.16 13.74 12.80 12.69 12.58 12.47 11.62 11.14 9.81 7.90 6.07Industrial processesa7.09 4.68 3.77 2.43 1.86 1.68 1.72 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.37 1.43 1.43 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94Waste disposal and recycling 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Miscellaneous0.11 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09Table 4-50: Estimated National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (Million short tons)NOTEDetails may not add up to totals due to rounding in the source.SOURCEU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors (CHIEF),Current Emission Trends Summaries, available athttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html as of Jan. 19, 2010, and personal communication, Feb. 3, 2011.KEY:R = revised.aIndustrial processesconsists of chemical and allied product manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and other industrialprocesses; solvent utilization; and storage and transport.(R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007Akron, OH 18 22 7 23 21 26 16 37 40 14 28 38 15 10 30 5 22Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 26 15 5 13 12 9 8 9 15 3 18 17 9 5 8 2 13Albuquerque, NM 74 6 175 3 5 2 3 5 7 1 11 15 5 9 3 1Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA 22 13 5 10 18 19 22 39 31 18 34 38 13 13 16 10 12Atlanta, GA 59 57 19 27 53 41 46 76 85 62 39 38 23 20 28 37 34Austin-San Marcos, TX 23 4 1 8 28 5 2 9 14 14 5 8 9 8 9 13 4Bakersfield, CA 54 143 17 129 133 127 94 104 161 164 158 186 169 160 122 137 131Baltimore, MD 72 45 17 61 57 43 46 70 54 39 50 59 31 31 36 34 45Baton Rouge, LA 38 25 15 19 31 15 23 29 42 47 17 16 23 22 29 23 17Bergen-Passaic, NJ 20 22 60 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 21Birmingham, AL 57 44 21 11 50 25 29 38 65 68 41 28 17 17 35 33 41Boston, MA-NH 80 20 120 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 9 8 1 4 13Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 41 19 10 13 12 6 5 26 22 7 24 29 13 8 23 7 18Charleston-North Charleston, SC 21 5 103 1 5 5 12 13 9 0 4 3 3 8 7 5Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 69 56 9 15 32 40 41 67 62 40 32 42 12 17 26 21 33Chicago, IL 148 24 40 11 29 14 15 20 27 17 38 34 19 13 29 9 23Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 93 47 18 29 33 30 20 36 40 22 28 42 22 8 33 15 39Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH 83 23 27 32 30 29 23 40 50 29 44 39 22 22 36 17 22Columbus, OH 30 30 7 23 27 26 17 40 37 16 20 38 12 3 20 5 13Dallas, TX 91 15 7 35 36 22 35 54 33 44 32 18 13 15 33 28 11Dayton-Springfield, OH 24 16 7 28 28 28 22 38 28 14 15 45 13 8 22 5 11Denver, CO 83 23 22 13 11 12 7 18 9 15 17 26 32 2 11 27 21Detroit, MI 76 21 32 21 20 26 18 33 41 17 41 34 25 11 38 12 21El Paso, TX 60 18 12 8 6 10 5 12 7 15 13 10 10 3 8 8 6Fort Lauderdale, FL 36 7 123 3 2 3 9 7 5 5 3 0 1 1 47Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 37 21 6 53 52 28 27 32 33 38 31 37 38 25 43 34 12Fresno, CA 44 105 20 90 91 105 118 86 164 164 186 204 167 84 95 97 93Gary, IN 63 16 16 12 30 17 15 22 33 18 45 27 15 8 19 3 11Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI 41 23 13 30 32 19 19 32 36 15 31 31 22 9 31 16 22Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC 62 39 9 20 25 18 30 48 38 29 22 42 13 5 14 8 21Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC 25 14 9 14 30 27 40 57 56 47 31 49 13 13 22 20 14Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA 16 19 8 28 28 17 21 37 31 17 42 35 13 8 19 13 19Hartford, CT 31 16 6 23 26 10 18 22 22 14 26 30 13 9 19 12 16Honolulu, HI 30 0 110 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10Houston, TX 103 38 23 55 82 38 58 61 64 57 42 40 47 37 49 31 25Indianapolis, IN 88 35 27 45 39 32 27 36 43 17 27 38 17 4 34 14 24Jacksonville, FL 27 9 141 1 2 1 14 6 3 5 1 0 4 6 7 8Jersey City, NJ 17 14 8 19 21 15 20 16 28 9 17 22 10 5 13 13 12Kansas City, MO-KS 79 20 15 23 34 15 23 25 14 23 14 23 22 1 26 24 10Knoxville, TN 54 57 19 38 60 58 70 97 98 65 58 69 31 14 39 30 51Las Vegas, NV-AZ 98 25 8 22 6 21 9 9 8 6 2 13 10 4 9 12 7Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 28 11 6 8 24 9 10 13 16 29 17 18 3 0 19 11 11Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 124 100 44 145 124 97 65 64 71 83 105 94 106 99 60 56 59Louisville, KY-IN 55 37 17 47 41 28 32 48 78 29 36 50 21 9 39 15 30Memphis, TN-AR-MS 44 38 14 37 56 39 35 55 56 52 33 34 29 11 37 30 35Miami, FL 20 3 114 8 3 4 6 9 8 2 2 2 3 0 63Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ 15 30 4 19 31 19 28 39 35 19 29 36 11 15 22 9 21Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI 55 14 16 17 23 15 6 16 26 9 25 22 17 6 24 6 11Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI 130 10 204 9 0 4 4 4 8 10 4 5 0 7 1 5Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31 32 46 35 19 35 46 25 22 27 19 21(R)Numberof trend sitesMetropolitan Statistical AreaTable 4-51: Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas(Number of days with AQI values greater than 100 at trend sites and all monitoring sites)All sitesTrend sites(R) Numberof days withAQI > 100(2007)(R) Totalnumber ofsites in 2007Nashville, TN51 38 19 31 46 46 44 45 66 49 23 33 20 7 26 17 35Nassau-Suffolk, NY 22 16 5 28 20 14 23 27 28 12 14 22 15 6 19 11 14New Haven-Meriden, CT 37 7 20 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 3 1 3 10New Orleans, LA 61 17 13 23 37 15 22 19 42 33 19 7 16 12 16 14 17New York, NY 131 27 18 26 25 21 33 27 27 26 33 37 17 13 23 17 20Newark, NJ 44 21 16 33 33 24 23 35 36 17 34 43 14 8 18 25 21Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA_NC 29 9 7 19 22 12 37 34 32 23 14 31 10 5 12 11 9Oakland, CA 86 7 19 5 13 9 2 11 20 12 15 23 13 8 6 13 5Oklahoma City, OK 30 5 9 21 29 10 15 35 17 16 24 10 13 6 12 31 4Omaha, NE-IA 39 5 131 4 0 1 7 7 3 2 0 1 1 1 01Orange County, CA 30 19 8 30 20 13 8 7 7 11 6 6 15 10 0 7 9Orlando, FL 24 11 137 9 6 6 23 13 14 12 5 4 5 8 8 8Philadelphia, PA-NJ 98 40 42 48 54 41 41 61 51 37 51 59 34 20 35 30 40Phoenix-Mesa, AZ 160 205 26 33 41 45 33 47 47 35 25 22 26 9 23 25 11Pittsburgh, PA 116 58 39 35 36 30 32 47 50 40 56 59 42 40 54 41 44Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA 63 10 12 5 4 12 0 9 6 5 4 7 2 4 4 2 5Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA 54 19 8 20 17 10 16 10 14 13 21 24 8 4 13 6 11Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 60 29 6 11 10 13 29 46 43 16 11 39 8 3 12 7 17Richmond-Petersburg, VA 31 25 9 26 28 23 40 50 39 17 24 40 14 5 23 14 19Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 146 177 44 167 154 147 131 117 151 171 183 175 158 147 141 128 135Rochester, NY 17 10 1 8 10 1 10 11 17 2 14 16 5 0 0 2 7Sacramento, CA 92 57 21 69 61 70 39 55 93 65 72 90 66 55 58 74 32St, Louis, MO-IL 143 41 35 49 46 35 32 45 45 30 36 49 29 11 47 22 34Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT 74 47 13 27 8 14 3 20 18 23 29 34 20 38 32 21 28San Antonio, TX 29 4 2 7 32 7 10 12 20 5 4 26 18 6 10 8 3San Diego, CA 62 35 26 90 94 61 39 51 49 58 53 35 40 27 26 39 33San Francisco, CA 30 4 120 3 1 0 0 11 4 12 17 3 2 2 1 2San Jose, CA 33 7 4 5 16 18 2 14 5 0 4 8 9 3 3 11 0SanJuan-Bayamon, PR 53 1 100 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01Scranton-Wilkes Barre-Hazleton, PA 19 7 12 19 25 14 19 26 25 8 24 30 7 4 12 3 7Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA 89 10 102 0 2 0 3 6 8 6 7 2 2 2 54Springfield, MA 42 22 10 28 17 8 22 24 18 7 28 24 13 9 16 12 21Syracuse, NY 19 10 5 8 10 3 6 10 12 2 13 19 4 0 8 3 8Tacoma, WA 25 14 43 3 4 0 6 2 15 11 9 8 4 4 9 7Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 73 14 24 10 14 8 24 20 23 29 18 5 13 11 15 9 12Toledo, OH 18 8 6 12 15 20 8 15 18 9 24 23 15 9 25 4 5Tucson, AZ 51 1 20 10 14 8 8 7 8 5 0 7 7 0 8 9 1Tulsa, OK 29 5 8 26 39 23 12 24 24 21 21 22 16 1 19 24 2Ventura, CA 38 23 14 97 100 95 75 54 54 57 52 26 47 41 36 31 22Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV 124 44 39 43 54 39 51 65 61 35 41 54 21 21 36 32 38West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL 24 3 40 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 02Wilmington-Newark, DE-MD 41 27 9 46 47 22 31 42 40 24 36 34 24 10 22 20 25Youngstown-Warren, OH 29 20 8 7 14 15 14 34 24 11 25 28 11 4 17 2 14Particulate matter is the term for solid or liquid particles found in the air.The major reason for revisions to the historical data for the AQI is that changes in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are retroactivelyapplied to the data for previous years to provide consistent comparisons over time. In addition, data from monitoring stations that have fallenbelow/surpassed the criterion to qualify as a 'trend site' is excluded/included in the latest calculation of the index.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation,Air Trends,Air Quality Index Information, available athttp://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqi_info.html as of February 2009.The Air Quality Index (AQI) integrates information on 6 major pollutants (particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter, particulate matter less than2.5 microns in diameter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide) across an entire monitoring network into a single number thatrepresents the worst daily air quality experienced in an urban area. An AQI greater than 100 indicates that at least 1 criteria pollutant exceeded air qualitystandards on a given day; therefore, air quality would be in the unhealthful range on that day. Air quality monitoring sites are selected as "trend sites" ifthey have complete data for at least 8 of the 10 last years.SOURCEKEY:AQI = Air Quality Index; R = revised.NOTESData for 1999 to 2007 include particulate matter 2.5 micron in diameter (PM 2.5).

# O 3 e 

# CO SO 2 

# PM-10 Pb NO 2 

# O 3 

# CO SO 2 

# PM-10 Pb Total exposed

1 AK A nchorage . 1 . 1 . . 255 195 255

2 AK Fairbanks . 1

.... 39 39

3 AK Juneau . . . 1 . . 13 13

4 A L Birmingham 1 . . . . . 805 805

5 A Z A jo . .11 . . 77 7

6 A Z Douglas . . 1 1 . . 15 15 15

7 A Z Miami-Hayden . . 2 1 . . 44 4

8 A Z Morenci . . 1 . . . 8 8

9 A Z Nogales . . . 1 . . 24 24

10 A Z Paul Spu r . . .1 . . 1 1

11 A Z Phoeni x 1 1 . 1 . . 3,028 3,028 3,111 3,111

12 A Z Rillit o . . .1 . . 0 0

13 A Z San Manuel . . 1 . . . 7 7

14 A Z Yuma . . . 1 . . 82 82

15 C A Imperial Valle y . . .1 . . 119 119

16 C A Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basi n 1 1 . 1 . . 14,550 14,550 14,550 14,550

17 C A Mono Basin (in Mono Co. ) . . .1 . . 0 0

18 C A Owens Valle y . . .1 . . 7 7

19 C A Sacramento Metro 1 . . 1 . . 1,978 1,223 1,978

20 C A San Diego 1

..... 2,813 2,813

21 C A San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose 1

..... 6,541 6,541

22 C A San Joaquin Valle y 2 . . 1 . . 3,302 3,080 3,302

23 C A Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompo c 1 . . . . . 399 399

24 C A Searles Valle y . . .3 . . 22 22

25 C A Southeast Desert Modified AQM A 1 . . 2 . . 1,024 424 1,024

26 C A Ventura Co. 1 . . . . . 753 753

27 CO A spen . . . 1 . . 5 5

28 CO Denver-Boulder . . . 1 . . 2,389 2,389

29 CO Fort Collin s .1 . . . . 143 143

30 CO Lama r . . .1 . . 8 8

31 CO Steamboat Spring s . . .1 . . 9 9

32 CT Greater Connecticu t 1 . . 1 . . 2,532 123 2,532

33 DC-MD-V A Washington 1

..... 4,544 4,544

34 DE Sussex Count y 1 . . . . . 156 156

35 G A A tlanta 1

..... 3,698 3,698

36 GU b 

# Piti Power Plan t . .1 . . . 1 1

37 GU b 

# Tanguisson Power Plan t . .1 . . . 1 1

38 ID Boise . 1

.... 197 197

39 ID Bonner Co. (Sandpoint ) . . . 1 . . 36 36

40 ID Pocatello Area . . . 2 . . 66 66

41 ID Shoshone Co. . . . 2 . . 12 12

42 IL-IN Chicago-Gary-Lake County 1 . 1 3 . . 8,757 484 322 8,757

43 KY-WV A shland-Huntington . . 1 . . . 49 49

44 L A Baton Rouge 1 . . . . . 636 636

45 M A Boston-Lawrence 1

..... 5,883 5,883

46 M A Springfield (W. Mass) 1 . . . . . 814 814

47 MD Baltimore 1

..... 2,512 2,512

48 MD Kent and Queen Anne Cos

. 1 . . . . . 59 59

49 ME Knox/Lincoln Count y 1 . . . . . 73 73

50 ME Lewiston-Auburn 1 . . . . . 220 220

51 ME Portland 1 . . . . . 487 487

52 MO Liberty-Arcadia . . . .1 . 66

53 MO-IL St. Loui s 1... g 

# 1 . 2,482 2 2,482

54 MT Billings/Laurel (Yellowstone Co. ) . .1 . . . 6 6

55 MT Butte . . . 1 . . 34 34

56 MT Columbia Fall s . . . . .1 3 3

57 MT East Helena (Lewis & Clark Co. ) . .1 .1 . 2 2 2

58 MT Kalispell . . . 1 . . 15 15

59 MT Lame Dee r . . . .1 . 0 0

60 MT Libby . . . 1 . . 3 3

61 MT Missoula . 1 . 1 . . 52 52 52

62 MT Polson . . . 1 . . 3 3

63 MT Ronan . . . 1 . . 2 2

64 MT Thompson Falls . . . 1 . . 1 1

65 MT Whitefish . . . 1 . . 5 5

66 NH Manchester 1 . . . . . 364 364

67 NH Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester 1 . . . . . 192 192

68 NJ Atlantic City 1 . . . . . 354 354

69 NM A nthon y . . .1 . . 2 2

70 NM Grant Co. . . 1 . . . 31 31

71 NM Sunland Par k f 

# 1 . . . . . 10 10 

# Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

States Consolidated nonattainment area name a 

# Ref. no. Number of areas in nonattainment d 

# Area population, in 1,000s h 

# (Condensed nonattainment area list as of September 2003)

# O 3 e 

# CO SO 2 

# PM-10 Pb NO 2 

# O 3 

# CO SO 2 

# PM-10 Pb Total exposed 

# Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

States Consolidated nonattainment area name a 

# Ref. no. Number of areas in nonattainment d 

# Area population, in 1,000s h 

# (Condensed nonattainment area list as of September 2003)

72 N V Lake Tahoe

. 

# 1 . . . . 29 29

73 N V Las Vegas . 1 . 1 . . 478 1,375 1,375

74 N V Reno 1 1 . 1 . . 339 178 339 339

75 NY A lbany-Schenectady 1 . . . . . 892 892

76 N Y Buffalo-Niagara Fall s 1..... 1,170 1,170

77 N Y Essex City, Whitefac e 1..... 0 0

78 N Y Jefferson Co. 1 . . . . . 111 111

79 N Y Poughkeepsie 1 . . . . . 600 600

80 NY-NJ-CT New York-N. New Jersey-Long Island 1 . . 1 . . 19,171 1,537 19,171

81 OH Cleveland-Akron-Lorain . . 1

. . 1,095 1,095

82 OH Lucas Co. (Toledo) . . 1 . . . 455 455

83 OH-K Y Cincinnati-Hamilto n 1..... 1,514 1,514

84 OH-P A Youngstown-Warren 1 . . . . . 120 120

85 O R Grants Pass . . . 1 . . 20 20

86 O R Klamath Fall s . . .1 . . 19 19

87 O R LaGrande . . . 1 . . 12 12

88 O R Lakeview . . . 1 . . 3 3

89 O R Medford . . . 1 . . 78 78

90 O R Oakridge . . . 1 . . 3 3

91 O R Springfield-Eugene . . . 1 . . 179 179

92 O R Salem . 1 . . . . 135 135

93 P A A ltoona 1 . . . . . 129 129

94 P A Erie 1 . . . . . 280 280

95 P A Harrisburg-Lebanon 1 . . . . . 629 629

96 P A Johnstown 1 . . . . . 232 232

97 P A Lancaste r 1 . . . . . 470 470

98 P A Pittsburgh-Beaver Valle y . 1 2 1 . . 335 410 21 410

99 P A Scranton-Wilkes-Barre 1 . . . . . 763 763

100 P A Warren Co . . 2 . . . 20 20

101 P A York 1 . . . . . 473 473

102 PA-DE-NJ-MD Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton 1

..... 6,311 6,311

103 PA-NJ A llentown-Bethlehem 1 . 1 740 102 740

104 PR Guaynabo Co. . . . 1 . . 92 92

105 RI Providence (all of RI) 1

..... 1,048 1,048

106 TX Beaumont-Port Arthu r 1 . . . . . 385 385

107 TX Dallas-Fort Worth 1

..... 4,589 4,589

108 TX El Paso 1 1 . 1 . . 679 62 563 679

109 TX Houston-Galveston-Brazoria 1

..... 4,669 4,669

110 UT Ogden . . . 1 . . 77 77

111 UT Salt Lake Cit y . .11 . . 898 898 898

112 UT Tooele Co. . . 1 . . . 40 40

113 UT Utah Co. (Provo) . 1 . 1 . . 118 368 368

114 V A Smyth Co., White To p 1..... 0 0

115 WA Spokane . 1 . 1 . . 322 204 322

116 WA Wallula . . . 1 . . 0 0

117 WA Yakima . 1 . 1 . . 63 63

118 WI Door Co. 1 . . . . . 27 27

119 WI Manitowoc Co. 1 . . . . . 82 82

120 WI Milwaukee-Racine 1

..... 1,839 1,839

121 WV Follansbee . . . 1 . . 2 2

122 WV New Manchester Gr. (in Hancock Co ) . .1 . . . 9 9

123 WV Wier.-Butler-Clay (in Hancock Co) . . 1 1 . . 16 15 16

124 WY Sheridan . . . 1 . . 15 15

38 20 33 78 10 0 99,824 34,047 4,664 29,919 1,375 113,090

O 3 m 

# CO SO 2 

# PM10 Pb NO 2 

# O 3 m 

# CO SO 2 

# PM10 Pb All Pollutant s

56 16 24 67 3 0 116,228 19,921 3,660 31,850 10 125,730

c 

# National total includes Guam (U.S. territory).

e 

# 1-hour ozone standard.

f 

# Ozone nonattainment area is a portion of Dona Ana County, New Mexico.

g 

# Lead nonattainment area is Herculaneum, Missouri in Jefferson County.

SOURCE

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends

Report, 2003 (Research Triangle Park, NC: 2003), table A-19. Internet website http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ as of Nov. 17, 2006. 

# National Totals (130 areas) o



# Consolidated Nonattainment Area Name a, b



# Number of Areas in Nonattainment c


# National totals (124 areas) c



# KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; NO 2 

# = nitrogen dioxide; O 3 

# = ozone; Pb = lead; PM-10 = particulate matter smaller than 10 microns;

SO 2 

# = sulfur dioxide; . = all areas in attainment for a particle or pollutant.

a 

# This is a simplified listing of classified nonattainment areas. Unclassified and Section 185a (transitional) nonattainment areas are
not included. Names of nonattainment areas are listed alphabetically within each state. Note that several smaller nonattainment
areas may be inside one larger nonattainment area. In these cases, the smaller nonattainment areas are listed on the same line as
the larger one, and the number of nonattainment areas are indicated under each pollutant.

b 

# Guam (U.S. territory)

d 

# The number of nonattainment areas for each of the criteria pollutants is listed. A dot (.) indicates that all areas are in attainment
for that pollutant.

The "Total exposed" values represent estimated population living in areas that are in nonattainment for at least one pollutant.

NOTE

Reference numbers 1-124 do not indicate ranking. 

# Area Population, in 1000's d 

# State(s)

h 

# Population figures were obtained from the 2000 census data. For nonattainment areas defined as only partial counties, population
figures for just the nonattainment area were used when these were available. Otherwise, whole county population figures were

used. When a larger nonattainment area encompasses a smaller one, double counting the population in the "Total exposed"
column is avoided by only counting the population of the larger nonattainment area.Sector(R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (P) 2007Total U.S. CO2Emissions from energy use by sector1,368.6 1,355.6 1,382.6 1,411.3 1,432.8 1,447.6 1,498.5 1,520.9 1,531.2 1,548.2 1,596.9 1,569.4 1,587.3 1,600.2 1,627.0 1,629.5 1,610.8 1,633.7Transportation 431.6 425.8 431.5 439.2 450.4 458.7 470.5 475.6 485.3 498.6 510.7 504.7 515.6 517.4 534.2 542.1 549.1 549.3Natural gas 9.9 9.0 8.8 9.3 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.4 9.6 9.8 9.7 9.5 10.3 9.2 8.7 9.1 9.1 9.7Electricity 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4Petroleum 420.8 415.9 421.8 429.0 439.3 447.3 458.9 463.3 474.7 487.9 499.9 494.3 504.4 507.0 524.2 531.7 538.7 538.3Motor gasoline 262.3 260.6264.4272.6 275.9 280.8 285.6 288.2 296.6 304.1 306.0 307.4 315.2 316.2 322.1 322.7 323.4 321.9Liquid petroleum gas 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.50.5Jet fuel 60.7 58.7 58.2 58.7 61.0 60.6 63.3 63.9 64.9 66.9 69.2 66.2 64.6 63.1 65.4 67.2 65.3 64.9Distillate fuel 73.0 71.8 73.5 75.7 80.4 83.7 89.2 93.2 96.0 99.8 103.0 105.6 107.6 113.0 118.3 121.2 127.9 128.8Residual fuel 21.8 22.0 23.0 19.4 19.0 19.6 18.3 15.3 14.5 14.3 19.1 12.6 14.5 12.3 15.9 18.0 19.5 20.0Lubricants 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5Aviation gas 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6Industrial 460.0 448.3 468.8 466.2 474.4 474.1 488.7 496.4 489.5 483.6 487.2 467.9 467.8 468.8 475.7 456.0 450.6 447.1Residential 262.3 266.5 266.9 283.4 281.5 283.4 299.6 297.2 299.1 305.5 322.2 318.6 326.2 334.0 332.9 342.2 326.7 340.7Commercial 214.8 215.0 215.5 222.5 226.4 231.4 239.7 251.7 257.3 260.6 276.8 278.2 277.6 280.1 284.2 289.1 284.4 296.5Total U.S. CO2Emissions (Incl. adj. and other sources)a1,369.3 1,356.3 1,386.4 1,420.1 1,443.6 1,458.5 1,509.2 1,530.1 1,537.5 1,556.6 1,606.9 1,583.6 1,603.6 1,619.5 1,642.7 1,645.0 1,621.4 1,642.2Table 4-53: U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector (Million metric tons of carbon)Numbers in this table may not be comparable to the numbers in the previous edition of the report due to changes in methodology of estimation by the EnergyInformation Administration.Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of carbon equals 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2007,(Washington, DC: 2007), availableat http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html as of March 2009.a"Adjustments" comprise the addition of U.S. territories and the subtraction of military bunker fuels and international bunker fuels. "Other sources" comprise theaddition of gas flaring, CO2in natural gas, cement production, other industrial, and limestone consumption.Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.Numbers may not add to totals due to independent rounding.KEY:CO2= carbon dioxide; P = preliminary; R = revised.NOTESSOURCE

# Section E Water Pollution, Noise,

and Solid WasteSourceIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledIncidentsGallonsspilledTOTAL all spills6,169 8,436,248 8,177 7,915,007 9,038 2,638,229 9,335 3,117,831 8,624 942,574 8,315 885,303 8,539 1,172,449 8,354 1,431,370 7,559 854,520 4,497 638,883 4,192 401,139 3,897 1,416,713 3,881 9,926,580 4,184 2,836,307 3,808 705,342 3,400 760,230Vessel sources, total1,662 4,862,911 2,485 6,387,158 5,478 1,624,153 5,586 1,681,020 5,347 380,879 5,172 621,235 5,680 576,475 5,560 1,033,643 5,021 569,856 1,816 247,382 1,715 210,805 1,705 1,306,557 1,835 2,124,808 1,993 416,987 1,928 235,340 1,644 536,141Tankship164 732,397 249 4,977,251 148 125,491 122 219,311 124 22,429 104 56,673 92 8,414 111 608,176 95 125,217 55 4,753 38 4,450 35 636,834 37 2,976 38 4,292 42 46,731 34 1,337Tank barge385 3,683,548 457 992,025 353 1,101,938 313 1,163,258 252 165,649 220 248,089 227 158,977 229 133,540 246 212,298 126 30,219 156 102,874 143 215,822 126 2,006,774 134 287,343 113 4,516 106 286,637Other vesselsa1,113 446,966 1,779 417,882 4,977 396,724 5,151 298,451 4,971 192,801 4,848 316,473 5,361 409,084 5,220 291,927 4,680 232,341 1,635 212,410 1,521 103,481 1,527 453,901 1,672 115,058 1,821 125,352 1,773 184,093 1,504 248,167Nonvessel sources, total 2,802 3,250,229 2,584 1,408,472 1,116 958,222 1,078 1,408,303 1,356 501,265 1,553 246,716 1,615 551,381 1,645 373,761 1,465 270,523 1,286 200,871 1,140 93,515 1,137 70,456 1,146 7,771,646 1,258 2,290,803 1,233 439,723 1,147 197,525Offshore pipelines23 17,977 73 46,228 7 1,143 4 386 13 810 10 843 5 35,707 4 17 13 1,241 0 0 1 14,952 0 0 23 26,465 20 1,719 36 295,165 36 14,809Onshore pipelines362 759,040 76 270,700 23 10,751 13 978,006 19 223,312 35 47,020 20 433 21 17,004 21 12,3360000115,000 1 110,000 1 5100000Otherb2,417 2,473,212 2,435 1,091,544 1,086 946,328 1,061 429,911 1,324 277,143 1,508 198,853 1,590 515,241 1,620 356,740 1,431 256,946 1,286 200,871 1,139 78,563 1,136 55,456 1,122 7,635,181 1,237 2,288,574 1,197 144,558 1,111 182,716Mysteryc1,705 323,108 3,108 119,377 2,444 55,854 2,671 28,508 1,921 60,430 1,590 17,352 1,244 44,593 1,149 23,966 1,073 14,141 1,395 190,630 1,337 96,819 1,055 39,700 900 30,126 933 128,517 647 30,279 608 26,564cMysteryspills are spills from unknown or unidentified sources. U.S. Coast Guard investigators are unable to identify the vessel or facility that spilled the oil into U.S. navigable waters.NOTE:The spike inGallons spilledfor 2005 can be attributed to the passage of Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana and Mississippi on Aug. 29, 2005, which caused numerous spills approximating 8 million gallons of oil in U.S.waters. The totals in this table may be different from those that appear in the source, due to rounding by the source.SOURCE20042001200019991985U.S. Coast Guard,Polluting Incidents In and Around U.S. Waters, A Spill/Release Compendium: 1969-2008(Washington, DC: February 2010), pp. 22, 23, 160, 176-77, 193-94, 208-09, 221, 234, available athttps://homeport.uscg.mil/ as of Dec. 22, 2010.19901995aOther vesselsinclude commercial vessels, fishing boats, freight barges, freight ships, industrial vessels, oil recovery vessels, passenger vessels, unclassified public vessels, recreational boats, research vessels, school ships,tow and tug boats, mobile offshore drilling units, offshore supply vessels, publicly owned tank and freight ships, as well as vessels not fitting any particular class (unclassified).bOther nonvessel sourcesinclude designated waterfront facilities, nonmarine land facilities, fixed offshore and inshore platforms, mobile facility, municipal facility, aircraft, land vehicles, railroad equipment, bridges, factories,fleeting areas, industrial facilities, intakes, locks, marinas, MARPOL reception facilities, nonvessel common carrier facilities, outfalls, sewers, drains, permanently moored facilities, shipyards, ship repair facilities.2008Table 4-50: Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting Navigable U.S. Waterways199619971998200520062007200220034/18/2011NTS 2002, USCG1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Total confirmed releases 87,528126,816184,457 237,022 270,567 303,635 317,488 341,773 371,387 397,821 412,392 418,918 427,307 439,385 447,233 452,041 464,728 474,127 479,817 488,496 494,997Cleanups initiated51,770 79,506 129,074 171,082 209,797 238,671 252,615 292,446 314,965 346,300 367,603 379,243 384,029 403,558 412,657 421,924 435,631 446,940 455,096 463,060 470,460Cleanups not initiated 35,75847,31055,383 65,940 60,770 64,964 64,873 49,327 56,422 51,521 44,789 39,675 43,278 35,827 34,576 30,117 29,097 27,187 24,721 25,436 24,537Cleanups completed 16,90526,666 55,44487,065 107,448 131,272 152,683 178,297 203,247 228,925 249,759 268,833 284,602 303,120 317,405 332,799 350,813 365,361 377,019 388,331 401,874Releases not cleaned up 70,623100,150 129,013149,957 163,119 172,363 164,805 163,476 168,140 168,896 162,633 150,085 142,705 136,265 129,828 119,242 113,915 108,766 102,798 100,165 93,1231991-2010: Ibid.,UST Performance Measures,available at http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/cat/camarchv.htm as ofFeb. 7, 2011.All data are cumulative from the start of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Underground Storage Tankprogram, which began in 1984.Data represent fiscal year, October 1 through September 30.NOTESTable 4-55: Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and CleanupsSOURCES1990: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, personal communications,Nov. 17 and 18, 1998.Unknown 1963-1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Total 1963-2004TOTAL length 6 328 54 45 65 54 106 103 64 99(R) 1438889(R) 133 54 (R) 102 (R) 140 (R) 54 (R) 82 (R) 132 78 89 105 2,205Type I barriersa d6210 39 30 40 35 83 88 44 78 114 63 47 (R) 95 37 (R) 70 (R) 116 (R) 31 (R) 67 (R) 95 63 78 88 1,613Type II barriersb0 114 14 14 24 16 8 8 19 18 18 21 16 32 15 31 23 (R) 18 (R) 11 (R) 18 13 4 14 471All other typescN 4 1 1 1 3 15 7 1 3(R) 11 4 26 (R) 6 2 (R) 1 1 (R) 5 (R) 4 (R) 19 2 7 3 121Cost (2004 $ millions) 0 329 67 57 106 72 168 163 108 176 228 144 135 203 79 180 242 110 147 207 190 171 159 3,442aA Type I barrier is built on a new highway project or a physically altered existing highway.bA Type II barrier is built to abate noise along an existing highway (often referred to as retrofit abatement) and is not mandatory.cAll other types of barriers are nonfederally funded.dHave not been assigned a year of construction or a cost.Forty-five miles of barriers, while assigned a year of construction, cannot be assigned a cost.California did not provide data for the years 1999 - 2004 and therefore these years may not be comparable with previous years.SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Environment and Planning,Highway Traffic Noise Barrier Construction Trends(Washington, DC: May 2006), tables 1 and 3.Table 4-56: Highway Noise Barrier Construction (Miles)KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.NOTES4/18/2011NTS 2002, FHWA

# 1975 1980 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

Exposure

People ( thousands ) 7,000 5,200 3,400 2,700 1,700 1,500 1,300 1,100 680 874 867 570 505 491 498 481 468 387 286

Percent of U.S. resident population 3.25 2.29 1.43 1.08 0.65 0.57 0.49 0.41 0.25 0.31 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.09

U

. S

. res id en t popu l a ti on ( m illi ons ) 215.5 227.2 237.9 249.5 262.8 265.2 267.8 270.2 272.7 282.2 285.1 287.8 290.3 293.0 295.8 298.6 301.6 304.4 307.0

b 

# Estimates are for areas surrounding airport property of 250 of the largest civil airports with jet operations in the United States. They exclude

Exposure to aircraft noise within an airport boundary.

SOURCES

Exposure:

1975-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environment and Energy, personal communication,

June 3, 2010 and Feb. 15, 2011.

Population:

1975-2009: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Population Estimates , available at http://www.census.gov/popest/estbygeo.html as of

Mar. 16, 2011. 

# Table 4-56: Number of People Residing in High Noise Areas Around U.S. Airports a,b,c



# (Within 65 dB DNL noise-level contours )

c 

# 1975 Exposure estimates were made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980–2008 estimates were made by FAA.

Noise Exposure people data for 2000 and forward was re-estimated using an enhanced version of U.S. MAGENTA (Model for Assessing the
Global Exposure of Noise because of Transport Airplanes). The enhanced version of the model uses radar-based traffic data to account for
unscheduled operations including freight, General Aviation and military operations. The enhanced U.S. MAGENTA also includes
improvements to the acoustical model to account for differences in the sound attenuation characteristics between wing-mounted and tailmounted aircraft engines. These enhancements result in computed population noise Exposure estimates that are more accurate and larger
than previous versions of the model. Therefore, it is important to note that the "growth" in the number of people exposed from 1999 to 2000

resulted from improvements in measurement, not deterioration in aviation noise trends. NOTES a 

# Noise-level contours are graphical representations of noise levels on a map, similar to elevation contours on a topographic map. Noiselevel contours are lines that join points of equal sound levels. Areas between given noise-level contour lines would have a noise level between
the two contour values. The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has identified DNL 65 dB as the
highest threshold of airport noise Exposure that is normally compatible with indoor and outdoor activity associated with a variety of land uses,

including residential, recreational, schools, and hospitals. KEY: dB = decibels; DNL = day-night sound level; R = revised.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009TOTAL motor vehicles 8,298 6,576 10,137 9,829 11,073 10,850 12,781 8,413 12,369 10,332 10,811 12,509 11,665 11,664 14,299 14,122 13,296 12,085 11,134 10,071 12,074 12,707 14,016 15,360Passenger cars7,461 5,669 8,405 7,729 8,897 8,565 11,194 7,366 7,824 7,414 7,527 8,244 6,819 7,216 8,085 7,650UUUUUUUUTrucks837 908 1,732 2,100 2,177 2,284 1,587 1,048 4,545 2,918 3,284 4,265 4,846 4,447 6,214 6,472UUUUUUUUTable 4-58: Motor Vehicles Scrapped (Thousands)2002-09: National Automobile Dealers Association, NADA Data:Vehicles in Operation and Scrappage, availableathttp://www.nada.org/Publications/NADADATA/ as of Feb. 7, 2011.KEY:U = data are unavailable.1970-2001: The Polk Co., personal communication, July 31, 2002.NOTESFigures represent vehicles that are not re-registered.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.2009 data covers 15 months of market activity (7/1/08 – 9/30/09) in order to capture the most recent behavior available.SOURCES

# appendix a



# Metric Conversion

Tables1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Highwaya5,706,240 5,937,942 6,002,985 6,176,897 6,211,806 6,218,364 6,223,214 6,250,563 6,278,181 6,284,828 6,287,055 6,296,117 6,308,068 6,350,265 6,286,564 6,304,192 6,334,735 6,354,229 6,383,439 6,395,705 6,407,622 6,430,351 6,464,318 6,489,078 6,506,221UClass I railb,c333,672 321,544 316,202 308,222 265,255 234,584 192,732 187,691 181,946 177,712 175,953 174,234 170,235 164,359 161,852 160,017 159,727 157,421 161,136 159,528 157,172 153,956 152,567 151,782 151,410 151,151AmtrakcNNNN38,624 38,624 38,624 40,234 40,234 40,234 40,234 38,624 40,234 40,234 35,406 37,015 37,015 37,015 37,015 36,492 35,818 35,417 34,936 34,936 34,083 34,083TransitdCommuter railcNNNNN5,752 6,649 6,498 6,457 6,583 6,583 6,695 5,926 7,109 8,324 8,354 8,383 8,382 10,993 10,959 11,065 11,455 11,220 11,483 11,685 12,169Heavy railNNNNN2,081 2,174 2,203 2,258 2,336 2,342 2,346 2,379 2,457 2,457 2,478 2,507 2,530 2,530 2,571 2,569 2,610 2,613 2,613 2,613 2,613Light railN N N N N618 777 887 898 865 904 9131,027 1,060 1,087 1,290 1,343 1,444 1,544 1,603 1,910 1,912 2,060 2,158 2,249 2,377Navigable channelse40,234 40,234 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 41,843 40,749 40,749 40,749Oil pipelinef307,295 339,358 351,917 363,533 351,469 343,764 335,954 328,029 316,309 312,181 306,339 292,759 285,715 289,478 287,506 285,599 284,847 254,675 259,088 257,316 (R) 263,078 (R) 262,193 (R) 262,141 (R) 267,563 (R) 272,922 276,884Gas pipelineg1,015,416 1,235,204 1,469,761 1,575,971 1,692,666 1,787,635 2,044,469 1,959,297 1,957,093 2,055,243 2,149,327 2,143,125 2,115,745 2,143,284 2,209,056 2,195,686 2,216,582 2,274,896 2,353,793 2,304,812 2,389,575 (R) 2,388,868 (R) 2,420,117 (R) 2,451,692 (R) 2,466,662 2,478,2471960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), page 58.2001-03: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as ofMay 22, 2009.1960-96: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ohio River Division, Huntington District,Ohio River Navigation System Report, 1996, Commerce on theOhio River and its Tributaries(FortBelvoir, VA: 1996), page 2.1997-99: Ibid.,Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center Databases, personal communication, Aug. 3, 2001.2004-09: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as ofNov. 30, 2010.Gas pipeline:1960-80: American Gas Association,Gas Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5-1 and similar tables in earlier editions, personal communication, May 07, 2009.1985-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Pipeline Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as ofNov. 30, 2010.2000-04: Ibid., personal communication, Apr. 21, 2006.2005-06: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, Dec. 12, 2006.2007-08: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, personal communication, May 13, 2009 and Dec. 15, 2009.Oil pipeline:1985-2001: Amtrak, Corporate Planning and Development,Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix(Washington, DC: Annual Issues).2002-09: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77, and similar tables in earlier editions.Transit:1985-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Nov. 16, 2009.1996-2009: Ibid.,National Transit Database(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 23 and similar tables in earlier edition, available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram as of Dec.21, 2010.Navigable channels:1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-212.1996-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, table HM-20, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Dec. 21, 2010.Class I rail:1960-09: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 3, and similar tables in earlier editions.Amtrak:1980: Amtrak,Corporate Planning and Development, personal communication (Washington, DC).NOTE1 mile = 1.609344 kilometersSOURCESHighway:Table 1-1M: System Kilometers Within the United StatesdTransitsystem length is measured in directional route-kilometers. Directional route-kilometers are the distance in each direction over which public transportation vehicles travel while inrevenue service. Directional route-kilometers are computed with regard to direction of service, but without regard to the number of traffic lanes or rail tracks existing in the right-of-way.Beginning in 2002, directional route-kilometers data for theCommuterandLight railmodes include purchased transportation. 2005 and later years directional route-kilometer data for theHeavy railmode include purchased transportation.eThese are estimated sums of all domestic waterways which include rivers, bays, channels, and the inner route of the Southeast Alaskan Islands, but does not include the Great Lakes ordeep ocean traffic. The Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center monitored 20,297 kilometers as commercially significant inland shallow-draft waterways in 2001. Beginning in 2007,waterways connecting lakes and the St. Lawrence seaway inside the U.S. are included.fIncludes trunk and gathering lines for crude-oil pipeline. CO2 or other is excluded for 2004 to 2008. The large drop in kilometer between 2000 and 2001 is due to a change in the source ofthe data.gExcludes service pipelines. Data not adjusted to common diameter equivalent. Kilometers as of the end of each year. Data includes gathering, transmission, and distribution mains. Prior to1985 data also include field lines. See table 1-10 for a more detailed breakout ofOil and Gas pipelinekilometers. Length data reported inGas Factsprior to 1985 was taken from theAmerican Gas Association's member survey, the Uniform Statistical Report, supplemented with estimates for companies that did not participate.Gas Factslength data is now based oninformation reported to the U.S. Department of Transportation on Form 7100. Since data for 1985 and later years are obtained from the Pipeline and Hazardous Material SafetyAdministration, data for these years are not comparable with prior years or with numbers published in the previous NTS reports.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aAll public road and street kilometers in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For years prior to 1980, some kilometers of nonpublic roadways are included. No consistent data on privatroad kilometers are available. Beginning in 1998, approximately 70,000 kilometers of Bureau of Land Management Roads are excluded.bData represent kilometers of road owned (aggregate length of road, excluding yard tracks, sidings, and parallel lines).cPortions ofClass I freight railroads,Amtrak, andCommuter railnetworks share common trackage.Amtrakdata represent kilometers of road operated.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 (R)1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (R)2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL paved and unpaved 5,706 5,938 6,003 6,177 6,212 6,218 6,223 6,251 6,278 6,285 6,287 6,296 6,331 6,370 6,355 6,325 6,357 6,377 6,406 6,419 6,430 6,454 6,488 6,513 6,531Pavedb, total1,980 2,341 2,669 2,986 3,336 3,402 3,629 3,669 3,706 3,666 3,769 3,827 3,831 3,878 3,895 3,945 4,031 4,061 4,148 4,204 4,149 4,187 4,232 4,241 4,400Low and intermediate typec1,082 1,220 1,443 1,556 1,676 1,634 1,649 1,657 1,651 1,625 1,678 1,709 1,716NNNNNNNNNNNNHigh-typec899 1,121 1,226 1,430 1,660 1,769 1,980 2,012 2,055 2,041 2,091 2,118 2,115NNNNNNNNNNNNUnpavedd,total3,726 3,597 3,334 3,191 2,876 2,816 2,594 2,582 2,572 2,619 2,518 2,469 2,500 2,492 2,460 2,380 2,326 2,315 2,258 2,215 2,281 2,267 2,256 2,272 2,131KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.cBeginningin 1997,data no longer available forpaved minor collectors and localpublic roadsNOTES1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Jan. 7, 2010.dUnpaved mileage includes the following categories: unimproved roadways using the natural surface and maintained to permit passability; graded and drained roadways of naturalearth aligned and graded to permit reasonably convenient use by motor vehicles, and that have adequate drainage to prevent serious impairment of the road by normal surfacewater–surface may be stabilized; and soil, gravel, or stone roadways drained and graded with a surface of mixed soil, gravel, crushed stone, slag, shell, etc.–surface may bestabilized. The percentage of unpaved roads that are nonsurfaced dropped from approximately 42% in the 1960s to about 37% in the first half of the 1970s, to about 32% in 1980and has held at about 22% since 1985.A public road is any road under the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public authority (federal, state, county, town or township, local government or instrumentality thereof) andopen to public travel. No consistent data on private road mileage are available (although prior to 1980 some nonpublic roadway mileage are included). Most data are provided by thestates to the US DOT Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Some years contain FHWA estimates for some states.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Roads and Streets in the United States by Type of Surfacea(Thousands of Kilometers)a1960-95 data include the 50 states and the District of Columbia; 1996-2008 data include the 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto RicobPaved mileage includes the following categories: low type (an earth, gravel, or stone roadway that has a bituminous surface course less than 1" thick); intermediate type (a mixedbituminous or bituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of less than 7"); high-type flexible (a mixed bituminous orbituminous penetration roadway on a flexible base having a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type composite (a mixed bituminous or bituminous penetrationroadway of more than 1" compacted material on a rigid base with a combined surface and base thickness of 7" or more; high-type rigid (Portland cement concrete roadway with orwithout a bituminous wearing surface of less than 1").1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995(Washington, DC), table HM-212, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Jan. 7, 2010.SOURCES

# 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TOTAL lane-kilometers 12,749,503 12,903,711 12,956,959 13,016,041 13,074,455 13,087,501 13,104,911 13,129,436 13,162,268 13,264,917 13,133,628 13,161,188 13,235,639 13,280,089 13,349,784 13,381,890 13,420,032 13,472,974 13,551,624 13,610,790 13,653,625 13,747,278

Urban, total 2,245,429 2,482,154 2,688,403 2,708,127 2,830,403 2,902,894 2,938,464 2,961,365 2,989,596 3,029,873 3,044,248 3,051,294 3,082,703 3,165,650 3,229,046 3,393,543 3,539,197 3,642,525 3,715,335 3,772,074 3,849,593 3,931,200

Interstate 77,986 92,207 100,124 101,109 108,254 111,341 113,993 114,870 115,535 116,286 117,492 117,954 118,950 119,867 120,873 128,089 133,456 138,381 141,532 143,666 146,069 146,368

Other arterial b 

# 536,995 598,111 642,733 647,536 673,041 700,686 712,093 717,491 723,368 730,035 730,739 724,866 734,152 736,347 744,893 779,198 813,247 843,036 857,673 869,350 888,965 915,059

Collector c 

# 233,561 261,320 270,000 266,005 283,465 289,123 295,078 297,780 300,823 303,925 301,805 299,876 303,474 305,032 307,132 333,707 350,274 362,984 373,131 376,350 390,612 406,331

Local 1,396,888 1,530,515 1,675,546 1,693,477 1,765,643 1,801,744 1,817,300 1,831,224 1,849,870 1,879,627 1,894,212 1,908,598 1,926,127 2,004,404 2,056,148 2,152,549 2,242,220 2,298,124 2,342,999 2,382,708 2,423,947 2,463,442

Rural, total 10,504,074 10,421,557 10,268,556 10,307,914 10,244,052 10,184,606 10,166,447 10,168,070 10,172,671 10,235,043 10,089,380 10,109,894 10,152,936 10,114,439 10,120,738 9,988,347 9,880,835 9,830,449 9,836,290 9,838,716 9,804,032 9,816,078

Interstate 210,792 212,284 218,663 219,680 214,794 212,655 211,252 212,298 213,983 214,308 214,415 215,971 216,597 216,713 216,569 209,833 205,817 202,076 200,170 198,773 197,668 196,144

Other arterial b 

# 816,095 820,773 832,581 833,339 847,664 846,364 852,659 854,089 857,549 864,200 865,816 867,908 869,781 872,807 875,501 859,837 856,243 852,236 853,147 853,718 853,928 864,848

Collector c 

# 2,303,401 2,360,568 2,361,876 2,361,810 2,319,815 2,308,561 2,304,885 2,281,129 2,279,896 2,283,075 2,278,467 2,275,537 2,276,686 2,275,862 2,267,167 2,234,598 2,222,041 2,210,189 2,202,341 2,203,997 2,198,491 2,219,178

Local 7,173,786 7,027,931 6,855,435 6,893,084 6,861,779 6,817,027 6,797,650 6,820,554 6,821,243 6,873,460 6,730,682 6,750,479 6,789,872 6,749,058 6,761,501 6,684,079 6,596,733 6,565,948 6,580,632 6,582,228 6,553,946 6,535,908

a 

# Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

b 

# Urban other arterial includes other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, and minor arterial. Rural other arterial includes other principal arterial and minor arterial prior to 2009

and other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial and minor arterial for 2009.

c 

# Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors.

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-60, available at

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 11, 2011. 1.609344 kilometer = 1 mile. 

# Table 1-6M: Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Kilometers by Functional System a



# NOTES

In estimating rural and urban lane kilometers, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration assumes that rural minor collector and urban/rural local roads are two

lanes wide.

2009 data exclude 1,325 kilometers of federal agency owned roads and 114 kilometers of other non federal agency owned roads. 2008 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal agency
owned roads. 2007 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads and 703 kilometers of local government owned roads. 2006 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads
and include 441 kilometers of miscoded roads. 2005 data exclude 1,239 kilometers of federal agency owned roads.

SOURCES

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC)

, table
HM-260, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 11, 2011.

# 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Urban VKT, total (millions) 1,376,416 1,680,313 2,052,693 2,073,635 2,193,623 2,268,647 2,332,337 2,397,173 2,452,457 2,499,240 2,567,901 2,619,397 2,677,583 2,714,387 2,780,296 2,905,683 3,045,305 3,141,230 3,181,749 3,209,867 3,191,476 3,214,446

Interstate 259,494 347,921 448,848 459,186 488,058 510,804 532,012 549,636 565,812 581,670 602,896 616,796 633,221 643,715 657,607 696,255 731,262 754,895 768,113 777,820 766,194 764,379

Other arterial b 

# 779,227 930,635 1,125,306 1,138,640 1,199,956 1,245,597 1,284,094 1,311,889 1,343,196 1,362,514 1,388,857 1,413,250 1,449,040 1,470,837 1,508,530 1,567,398 1,641,674 1,686,945 1,706,062 1,718,989 1,709,487 1,693,145

Collector c 

# 133,645 144,162 171,068 172,652 186,789 189,721 193,263 204,272 208,104 209,450 212,281 211,794 217,860 221,962 228,324 247,438 260,888 270,431 278,754 281,090 282,261 288,356

Local 204,050 257,595 307,470 303,157 318,821 322,525 322,968 331,375 335,345 345,607 363,868 377,557 377,462 377,872 385,835 394,592 411,482 428,959 428,819 431,969 433,533 468,567

Rural VKT, total (millions) 1,081,527 1,175,993 1,398,324 1,421,941 1,422,816 1,427,015 1,461,833 1,501,983 1,545,282 1,608,180 1,661,693 1,710,126 1,743,164 1,787,494 1,815,598 1,746,758 1,722,397 1,670,398 1,669,001 1,666,159 1,593,923 1,577,522

Interstate 217,397 248,414 322,147 329,933 330,812 335,239 346,923 359,498 374,277 386,653 404,782 418,697 431,594 440,347 450,555 434,434 429,688 416,482 415,071 412,697 391,537 389,256

Other arterial b 

# 422,894 455,127 532,477 538,736 553,714 562,574 575,065 593,196 609,695 630,955 649,345 665,174 676,888 687,966 698,141 670,446 659,741 642,019 634,885 633,221 602,334 599,429

Collector c 

# 304,919 332,602 386,983 395,303 378,051 364,188 371,000 380,043 387,900 408,934 414,998 425,596 430,067 437,917 442,581 424,323 419,928 404,890 404,549 404,773 388,106 371,271

Local 136,318 139,850 156,716 157,968 160,239 165,014 168,844 169,245 173,410 181,639 192,568 200,659 204,615 221,264 224,320 217,554 213,040 207,007 214,497 215,469 211,946 217,566

Urban VKT per lane-kilometer, total (thousands) 613 677 764 766 775 782 794 (R) 809 820 825 844 858 869 857 861 856 860 862 856 851 829 818

Interstate 3,327 3,773 4,483 4,542 4,508 4,588 4,667 (R) 4,785 4,897 5,002 5,131 5,229 5,323 5,370 5,440 5,436 5,479 5,455 5,427 5,414 5,245 5,222

Other arterial b 

# 1,451 1,556 1,751 1,758 1,783 1,778 1,803 (R) 1,828 1,857 1,866 1,901 1,950 1,974 1,997 2,025 2,012 2,019 2,001 1,989 1,977 1,923 1,850

Collector c 

# 572 552 634 649 659 656 655 686 692 689 703 706 718 728 743 741 745 745 747 747 723 710

Local 146 168 184 179 181 179 178 181 181 184 192 198 196 189 188 183 184 187 183 181 179 190

Rural VKT per lane-kilometer, total (thousands) 103 113 136 138 139 140 144 148 152 157 165 169 172 177 179 175 174 170 170 169 163 161

Interstate 1,031 1,170 1,473 1,502 1,540 1,576 1,642 1,693 1,749 1,804 1,888 1,939 1,993 2,032 2,080 2,070 2,088 2,061 2,074 2,076 1,981 1,985

Other arterial b 

# 518 555 640 646 653 665 674 695 711 730 750 766 778 788 797 (R) 780 771 753 744 742 705 693

Collector c 

# 132 141 164 167 163 158 161 167 170 179 182 187 189 192 195 190 189 183 184 184 177 167

Local 19 20 23 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 29 30 30 33 33 33 32 32 33 33 32 33 

# Table 1-36M: Roadway Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane-Kilometers by Functional Class a



# 1 mile=1.609344 kilometers.

Component values may not add to totals due to rounding.

SOURCES

1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-202, available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi as of Mar. 18, 2009. b 

# Urban other arterial includes other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, and minor arterial. Rural other arterial includes other principal arterial and minor arterial prior to 2009, and includes other freeways and expressways, other

principal arterial and minor arterial for 2009.

b 

# C ollector is the sum of major and minor collectors.

NOTES

See table 1-6M for estimated highway Lane-kilometers by functional class. KEY: R = revised.

1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-60, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011. 1995-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-2, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 14, 2011. 2009 data exclude 1,325 kilometers of federal agency owned roads and 114 kilometers of other non federal agency owned roads. 2008 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal agency owned roads. 2007 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal

owned roads and 703 kilometers of local government owned roads. 2006 data exclude 1,268 kilometers of federal owned roads and included 441 kilometers of miscoded roads. 2005 data exclude 1,239 kilometers of federal agency owned roads. a 

# Includes the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VMT):

Lane-kilometers:

1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information Management, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (Washington, DC), table HM-260, available at

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 29, 2011.

# 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Air, total 53,750 92,740 189,166 237,217 352,556 466,929 577,550 563,568 588,318 598,885 640,839 667,376 718,817 745,307 766,630 808,626 (R) 855,091 808,544 777,971 813,082 897,840 939,467 947,026 977,750 939,061

Air carrier, certificated, domestic, all services 50,049 85,659 174,520 218,871 328,898 447,134 556,629 544,095 570,937 582,953 625,068 649,995 699,505 725,190 745,548 785,934 830,629 782,956 777,971 813,082 897,840 939,467 947,026 977,750 939,061

General aviation a 

# 3,701 7,081 14,645 18,347 23,657 19,795 20,921 19,473 17,381 15,933 15,772 17,381 19,312 20,117 21,082 22,692 24,462 25,589 UUUUUUU

Highway, total b 

# 2,047,212 2,502,912 3,286,284 3,870,399 4,270,411 4,848,878 5,731,210 5,794,157 5,950,903 6,064,114 6,175,877 6,225,055 6,386,498 6,581,197 (R) 6,760,265 6,927,051 7,065,142 7,473,462 7,510,870 7,599,112 7,796,390 (R) 7,866,385 7,933,046 (R) 7,987,433 7,840,214

Passenger car b,c,g 

# 1,842,173 2,244,718 2,817,796 3,144,925 3,237,982 3,370,965 3,671,543 3,540,975 3,553,795 3,561,931 3,620,609 3,680,388 3,761,146 3,844,827 3,965,147 4,015,104 4,094,907 4,114,257 4,217,107 4,251,702 4,322,420 (R) 4,344,110 4,298,629 (R) 4,252,689 4,108,725

Motorcycle b,c,g 

# U U 5,274 9,965 19,725 19,009 19,995 18,759 19,226 19,609 19,940 17,344 17,561 17,846 18,203 18,736 18,533 18,926 19,523 19,574 20,688 (R) 21,367 24,628 (R) 27,839 29,603

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle c,h 

# U U 363,090 584,622 838,104 1,107,376 1,608,947 1,797,569 1,933,896 2,016,283 2,042,728 2,021,571 2,089,410 2,176,919 2,221,791 2,305,586 2,361,976 2,701,852 2,695,316 2,745,707 2,865,873 (R) 2,904,621 3,020,240 (R) 3,103,329 3,093,096

Truck, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more h 

# 158,602 207,234 43,583 55,693 64,073 73,130 83,527 85,131 86,702 91,366 98,627 100,914 103,114 107,654 109,469 113,143 113,459 137,581 122,094 125,138 126,239 (R) 126,327 129,301 (R) 131,989 135,105

Truck, combination 46,436 50,960 56,543 75,195 110,527 125,630 151,827 155,535 160,146 165,949 175,309 185,800 191,349 200,499 206,574 213,051 217,294 259,376 223,276 225,566 229,122 (R) 231,790 228,799 (R) 233,429 230,953

Bus d 

# UUUUU 152,767 195,371 196,189 197,138 208,977 218,663 219,038 223,918 233,451 239,081 261,430 258,974 241,469 233,554 231,425 232,048 (R) 238,170 231,449 (R) 238,158 242,732

Transit, total e 

# UUUU 64,139 63,699 66,213 65,505 64,762 63,382 63,706 64,065 62,739 64,664 66,957 69,651 72,582 74,847 74,184 73,510 74,908 75,840 79,669 83,482 86,441

Motor bus d 

# UUUU 35,068 34,055 33,766 33,941 32,728 32,584 30,307 30,285 27,040 28,178 28,765 30,069 30,267 31,516 31,670 30,865 30,450 31,261 32,815 32,811 34,115

Light rail U U U U 613 563 919 1,065 1,128 1,135 1,341 1,384 1,537 1,647 1,795 1,915 2,156 2,297 2,304 2,375 2,537 2,735 3,003 3,107 3,349

Heavy rail UUUU 16,991 16,781 18,467 16,943 17,280 16,465 17,168 16,993 18,556 19,402 19,770 20,764 22,279 22,817 21,989 21,897 23,101 23,203 23,692 25,972 27,117

Trolley bus U U U U 352 492 311 314 320 303 301 301 296 304 292 300 309 301 302 283 279 278 264 250 259

Commuter rail 6,754 6,643 7,390 7,263 10,486 10,515 11,397 11,819 11,780 11,169 12,868 13,267 13,439 12,935 14,005 14,104 15,128 15,359 15,288 15,378 15,635 15,241 16,671 17,923 17,754

Demand responsive d 

# U U U U U5 8 6 6 9 4 7 3 1 7 9 7 9 0 4 9 2 9 9 7 7 6 2 9 8 5 5 8 2 6 9 0 0 9 4 6 1,007 1,048 1,108 1,133 1,188 1,212 1,252 1,358

Ferry boat i 

# U U U U U U4 6 0 4 5 4 4 3 6 4 1 8 4 1 8 4 1 8 4 1 1 4 0 9 4 5 1 4 7 4 4 8 0 4 7 5 4 8 5 5 9 0 5 7 5 5 7 8 5 7 9 6 1 3 6 2 8

Other

i 

# U U U U6 2 8 7 0 7 2 0 0 2 3 8 2 9 3 4 0 4 3 7 3 4 3 9 8 3 0 9 3 2 1,053 1,125 1,018 1,074 1,098 1,012 1,199 1,355 1,434 1,555 1,860

Rail

Intercity/Amtrak f 

# 27,462 21,340 9,944 6,326 7,247 7,765 9,748 10,095 9,803 9,976 9,529 8,924 8,127 8,314 8,536 8,578 8,848 8,946 8,800 9,141 8,869 8,660 8,706 9,309 9,943

1985: Amtrak, Amtrak FY95 Annual Report (Washington, DC: 1996), Statistical Appendix, page 4.

1990-2002: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), Statistical Appendix. All other data: 1993-95: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, Aug. 13, 2001. Transit:

Ferryboat:

1992: American Public Transit Association, personal communication, July 19, 2000.

1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010. 1970-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.

1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tires or more truck, combination truck, and bus:
1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 , available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM2003-08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), page 77. 1960-1995: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2 and similar tables in earlier editions.

1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database , available at http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010.

Rail, Intercity / Amtrak:

1960-80: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues). 1965-70: Ibid., Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1973 (Washington, DC: 1974), part III, table 2.

1975-80: Ibid., Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: 1976, 1981), page 4 (December 1976) and page 2 (December 1981).

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual December issues), page 3, line1.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010. General aviation:

Highway:

Passenger car and motorcycle:
1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/index.html as of July 28, 2000, table VM1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010 .

Motorcycle: f 

# Amtrak began operations in 1971. Does not include contract commuter passengers.

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers i 

# Ferry boats are included in Other in 1980 and 1985.



# Transit data from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle: SOURCES

Air:

Air carrier, domestic, all services:

1985-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm as of Mar. 05, 2010. e 

# Prior to 1985, excludes demand responsive and most rural and smaller systems funded via Sections 18 and 16(b)2, Federal Transit Act. The series is not continuous between 1980 and 1985. Transit rail modes are

measured in car-Kilometers. Car-Kilometers measure individual vehicle-Kilometers in a train. A 10-car train traveling 1 Kilometer would equal 1 train-Kilometer and 10 car-Kilometers.

1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., Transportation in America, 2002 (Washington, DC: 2002)

, pages 45-46. g 

# Motorcycles are included in Passenger car in 1960 and 1965.

h 

# Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles are included in single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck in 1960 and 1965.

1960: Civil Aeronautics Board, Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 (Washington, DC: 1970), part III, table 2. NOTES

Air carrier passenger-kilometers are computed by summing the products of the aircraft-kilometers flown on each interairport segment multiplied by the number of passengers carried on that segment. Highway

passenger-kilometers from 1960 to 1994 are calculated by multiplying vehicle-kilometers of travel as cited by FHWA by the average number of occupants for each vehicle type. Average vehicle occupancy rates are
based on various sources, such as the National Household Travel Survey, conducted by the Federal Highway Administration, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Transit

passenger-kilometers are the cumulative sum of the distances ridden by each passenger. Rail passenger-kilometers represent the movement of 1 passenger for 1 Kilometer.

Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding. 

# 2007 data for Bus, Paratransit (Demand responsive), and Other are not comparable to earlier years due to change in the method of data collection and estimation by the American Public c 

# U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), provides data separately for passenger car and motorcycle in its annual Highway Statistics series. However, the 1995 summary report

provides updated data for passenger car and motorcycle combined. Passenger car figures in this table were computed by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics by subtracting the

most current motorcycle figures from the aggregate passenger car and motorcycle figures.

d 

# Motor bus and demand responsive figures are also included in the bus figure for highway. 

# Table 1-40M: U.S. Passenger-Kilometers (Millions)

KEY: R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a 

# All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

b 

# In July 1997, FHWA published revised passenger-miles data for the highway modes for a number of years. The major change reflected the reassignment of some vehicles from the passenger car category to the other

2-axle 4-tire vehicle category. Passenger-miles for passenger car, motorcycle, and other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles were derived by multiplying vehicle-miles for these vehicles by average vehicle occupancy rates, provided
by the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (1977, 1983, and 1995) and the National Household Travel Survey (2001).1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008TOTAL U.S. tonne-kilometers of freight (millions)U 2,706,838 3,221,739 3,335,607 4,363,158 4,306,056 4,839,335 4,888,912 4,990,309 5,020,175 5,277,541 5,502,687 5,582,528 5,555,831 5,594,959 5,704,438 5,704,172 (R) 5,738,168 (R) 5,801,434 5,879,329UUUUUAir carrier, domestic, all servicesa807 1,975 3,955 5,066 6,611 7,528 13,233 12,935 14,337 15,585 17,232 18,279 18,777 19,857 20,206 20,735 21,874 (R) 19,081 (R) 19,520 22,236 24,019 (R) 22,987 (R) 22,427 22,105 20,109Intercity truckb416,092 524,130 601,508 662,827 810,284 890,583 1,246,816 1,276,016 1,308,135 1,366,534 1,454,132 1,521,291 1,563,630 1,633,709 1,677,508 1,731,527 1,756,346 1,787,006 1,832,265 1,845,405UUUUUClass I rail835,555 1,018,882 1,116,600 1,101,187 1,341,653 1,280,372 1,509,566 1,516,728 1,557,470 1,619,560 1,752,990 1,906,268 1,979,686 1,969,394 2,010,092 2,092,813 2,140,261 2,183,347 2,200,194 2,265,056 2,427,347 2,476,733 2,586,920 2,584,946 2,594,715Domestic water transportationc,dU 715,099 870,428 826,321 1,345,855 1,303,711 1,216,951 1,238,639 1,250,736 1,152,878 1,189,759 1,179,260 1,116,421 1,032,799 982,262 957,539 942,849 907,644 893,620 884,957 906,891 863,248 819,962 807,585 759,945CoastwiseU 441,708 525,275 461,126 921,460 892,009 699,522 733,100 733,360 654,658 668,084 642,892 595,794 510,761 459,692 427,378 414,445 400,848 384,977 407,213 408,584 384,650 331,640 332,950 303,495LakewiseU 110,838 115,946 100,033 90,149 70,347 88,956 80,794 81,444 82,398 85,063 87,166 85,168 90,760 90,014 83,284 84,502 74,245 78,332 69,406 81,369 75,808 77,532 75,762 73,383InternalU 160,161 227,487 263,378 331,914 339,746 426,886 423,332 434,544 414,477 434,725 447,232 433,306 429,265 430,540 444,889 441,727 430,489 428,371 406,387 414,772 400,568 408,468 396,554 380,994IntraportU 2,392 1,721 1,785 2,331 1,609 1,587 1,413 1,387 1,346 1,887 1,970 2,153 2,012 2,016 1,989 2,176 2,063 1,940 1,950 2,167 2,221 2,323 2,320 2,074Oil pipelined334,334 446,751 629,248 740,206 858,756 823,862 852,770 844,594 859,632 865,617 863,427 877,589 904,015 900,073 904,891 901,825 842,842 841,090 855,836 861,675 875,399 886,933 848,682 814,226U1.459972 tonne-kilometers= 1 ton-milebThe methodology was changed in 1990 for intercity trucks. Therefore figures prior to 1990 are not comparable to those after 1990.Table 1-49: U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (Millions)SOURCEScExcludes intraterritorial traffic, for which ton-miles were not compiled.dThe large increase between1975 and 1980 was a result of a new Alaska pipeline and consequent water transportation of crude petroleum from AlaskanNOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aIncludes freight, express, and mail revenue ton-miles as reported on U.S. DOT Form 41.Intercity truck:1960-2003: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2007(Washington, DC: 2007), p. 40.Class I rail:Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual Issue), p. 27.Air carrier, domestic, all services:1960-65: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969(Washington, DC: 1970).1970-80: Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 2, line 3.1985-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington,DC: Annual Issues), p. 3, line 3.Domestic water transportation:1980-2007: Ibid.,Shifts in Petroleum Transportation(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce of the U.S.(New Orleans, LA: Annual Issues), part 5, section 1, table 1-4, and similar tables inearlier editions available at http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/wcsc.htm as of September 2, 2009.Oil pipeline:1960-70: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 1998(Washington, DC: 1998), p. 44.1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines,Shifts in Petroleum Transportation(Washington, DC: Annual Issue), table 4.1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL U.S. ton-miles of freight(R) 4,969,620 (R) 4,915,544 (R) 4,665,313 (R) 4,747,646 (R) 4,876,494 (R) 4,838,132 (R) 4,859,174 (R) 5,072,668 (R) 5,251,540 (R) 5,208,871 (R) 5,287,736 (R) 5,308,407 (R) 5,469,427 (R) 5,500,046 (R) 5,759,311 (R) 5,991,826 (R) 6,093,814 (R) 6,101,563 (R) 6,173,311 (R) 6,278,087 (R) 6,319,854 (R) 6,361,648 (R) 6,437,017 (R) 6,445,673 (R) 6,629,495 (R) 6,672,534 (R) 6,760,826 6,728,531Air7,066 7,431 7,504 8,570 9,490 9,796 10,716 12,658 13,622 14,906 15,213 14,541 16,045 16,848 17,563 18,571 20,089 20,294 20,644 21,170 23,082 19,400 20,202 22,237 24,018 22,987 22,427 22,106Truck(R) 919,160 (R) 920,948 (R) 944,002 (R) 983,894 (R) 1,031,882 (R) 1,046,352 (R) 1,073,218 (R) 1,131,184 (R) 1,169,042 (R) 1,209,404 (R) 1,238,995 (R) 1,266,962 (R) 1,299,503 (R) 1,354,607 (R) 1,442,108 (R) 1,509,428 (R) 1,550,171 (R) 1,621,117 (R) 1,663,775 (R) 1,717,218 (R) 1,741,211 (R) 1,770,966 (R) 1,818,164 (R) 1,846,237 (R) 1,870,760 (R) 1,885,273 (R) 1,885,180 1,922,873Railroad1,360,694 1,349,014 1,182,577 1,227,836 1,314,108 1,279,241 1,301,177 1,389,806 1,497,469 1,526,588 1,554,005 1,521,187 1,603,603 1,657,092 1,782,732 1,922,797 (R) 2,010,520 2,030,951 2,114,554 2,195,309 2,257,582 2,334,980 2,344,032 2,341,159 (R) 2,459,187 (R) 2,530,612 (R) 2,709,565 2,656,613Domestic water transportation1,345,853 1,356,917 1,294,220 1,342,541 1,296,045 1,303,713 1,275,141 1,307,281 1,299,417 1,190,680 1,216,951 1,238,639 1,250,733 1,152,877 1,189,756 1,179,260 1,116,422 1,032,799 982,262 957,539 942,848 907,646 893,620 884,956 906,891 863,246 819,962 807,573Coastwise921,460 926,739 923,735 948,617 867,111 892,009 848,082 856,738 819,913 706,464 699,522 733,100 733,360 654,657 668,083 642,891 595,794 510,761 459,693 427,378 414,445 400,848 384,977 407,214 408,583 384,650 331,640 332,950Lakewise90,149 90,734 52,009 62,907 72,683 70,347 63,068 73,111 84,912 85,128 88,956 80,793 81,443 82,398 85,062 87,166 85,167 90,761 90,013 83,284 84,502 74,245 78,332 69,406 81,369 75,808 77,532 75,762Internal331,914 337,522 316,853 329,411 354,562 339,747 362,244 375,703 392,785 397,342 426,886 423,332 434,543 414,477 434,724 447,232 433,307 429,265 430,540 444,889 441,726 430,489 428,370 406,386 414,772 400,568 408,468 396,539Intraport2,330 1,921 1,623 1,606 1,689 1,609 1,748 1,729 1,807 1,746 1,587 1,413 1,387 1,345 1,886 1,971 2,153 2,012 2,016 1,988 2,175 2,063 1,940 1,951 2,167 2,221 2,323 2,323Pipeline1,336,846 1,281,234 1,237,010 1,184,805 1,224,970 1,199,030 1,198,922 1,231,739 1,271,990 1,267,292 1,262,572 1,267,078 1,299,542 1,318,621 1,327,152 1,361,770 1,396,612 1,396,402 1,392,076 (R) 1,386,852 (R) 1,355,130 (R) 1,328,657 (R) 1,360,999 (R) 1,351,084 1,368,640 (R) 1,370,416 (R) 1,323,692 1,319,366Oil and oil products858,464 823,424 826,344 811,744 829,264 823,424 843,864 857,004 877,443 852,624 852,770 844,594 859,632 865,617 863,427 877,589 904,015 900,073 904,891 (R) 901,825 (R) 842,842 (R) 841,090 (R) 855,836 (R) 861,675 875,399 886,933 (R) 848,682 814,226Natural Gas478,383 457,809 410,666 373,060 395,706 375,606 355,058 374,736 394,547 414,669 409,802 422,484 439,911 453,004 463,724 484,181 492,597 496,330 487,185 485,027 512,288 487,568 505,163 489,409 493,240 (R) 483,483 (R) 475,010 505,140U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), special tabulation.1.459972 tonne-kilometers = 1 ton mile.Table 1-50M: U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (Millions)KEY:R = revised.NOTESBTS developed a more comprehensive and reliable estimates of ton-miles for the air, truck, rail, water, and pipeline modes than are presented in table 1-49. These improved estimates are not comparable todata in table 1-49M.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007TOTAL freight 997.8 1,154.8 1,389.5 1,537.7 1,813.4 1,622.4 1,963.0 1,897.9 1,934.2 1,930.7 2,009.2 2,032.5 2,072.1 2,116.6 2,122.4 2,107.0 (R) 2,199.5 2,171.1 (R) 2,123.0 2,172.0 2,315.1 2,293.0 2,348.2 2,326.0Foreign307.8 402.5 527.0 679.2 835.9 702.5 944.9 919.5 941.2 961.7 1,012.2 1,040.9 1,073.6 1,107.3 1,129.8 1,143.8 (R) 1,229.0 1,225.4 (R) 1,196.8 1,250.2 1,365.2 1,359.6 1,419.7 1,399.3Imports191.7 244.8 307.8 432.3 469.5 374.4 544.3 503.8 532.3 588.6 652.7 610.2 664.6 715.1 762.7 780.9 852.5 863.5 848.1 911.5 988.0 995.1 1,025.9 975.8Exports116.1 157.8 219.2 246.9 366.4 328.1 400.6 415.7 408.9 373.1 359.5 430.6 409.0 392.2 367.1 362.9 376.5 362.0 348.6 338.7 377.2 364.5 393.8 423.5Domestic690.0 752.2 862.5 858.5 977.5 920.0 1,018.1 978.4 993.0 969.0 997.0 991.6 998.5 1,009.3 992.6 963.2 970.5 945.7 926.2 921.8 949.9 933.4 928.5 926.7Inland264.0 335.3 428.3 457.2 485.3 485.0 564.8 544.7 563.4 550.9 561.0 562.7 564.3 572.0 567.0 566.6 570.1 562.3 551.6 553.0 568.1 566.1 569.4 564.2Coastal189.8 182.8 216.3 210.4 299.0 281.0 270.9 267.2 258.7 246.5 251.3 241.9 242.6 238.7 226.5 207.6 205.9 202.9 196.3 202.7 200.1 193.8 183.1 186.7Great Lakes 140.7 139.4 142.5 117.3 104.4 83.4 99.9 93.8 97.4 99.7 104.1 105.3 104.2 111.3 110.8 103.3 103.7 90.7 92.0 81.4 93.9 87.3 87.9 86.8Intraport94.5 93.3 73.9 71.0 85.4 67.4 78.4 68.6 69.7 67.5 75.2 75.4 80.7 81.5 81.7 80.4 85.8 84.6 81.7 78.8 82.8 81.8 82.9 84.4Intraterritory0.9 1.3 1.5 2.6 3.3 3.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.5 5.4 6.2 6.6 5.7 6.5 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.6 5.8 5.0 4.4 5.3 4.7Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freight (Million short tonnes)NOTESConversion: 1 short ton=.90718474 short tonnesSOURCES1965-2007: Ibid.,Waterborne Commerce of the United States(New Orleans, LA, Annual Issues), available athttp://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc as of July 14, 2009.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.1960: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2004(New Orleans, LA),part 5, tables 1-1, 1-3, and 1-6.KEY: R = revised.Beginning in 1996, shipments of fish are excluded from domestic tonnage totals.

# Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent Tonnekilometers Percent

Crude oil, total 484.0 100.0 1099.4 100.0 1147.8 100.0 917.2 100.0 855.5 100.0 793.1 100.0 710.9 100.0 663.0 100.0 617.6 100.0 548.9 100.0 549.8 100.0 560.6 100.0 555.4 100.0 546.2 100.0 549.4 100.0 534.3 100.0 489.8 100.0 578.7 100.0

Pipelines

a 

# 420.5 86.9 529.4 48.2 488.2 42.5 488.8 53.3 490.4 57.3 493.9 62.3 492.6 69.3 487.8 73.6 468.8 75.9 413.8 75.4 404.4 73.6 418.4 74.6 415.4 74.8 414.2 75.8 428.5 78.0 438.7 82.1 389.2 79.5 482.8 83.4

Water carriers b 

# 59.3 12.2 565.6 51.4 655.8 57.1 425.1 46.4 361.6 42.3 295.5 37.3 215.1 30.3 172.1 26.0 146.0 23.6 132.9 24.2 143.2 26.0 139.7 24.9 137.4 24.7 129.5 23.7 118.4 21.6 93.1 17.4 97.7 19.9 92.3 15.9

Motor carrier s c 

# 2.0 0.4 3.6 0.3 2.6 0.2 2.2 0.2 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.3 0.4 2.0 0.3 1.8 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.8 0.3 1.9 0.3 1.8 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.5 0.4

Railroads 2.2 0.5 0.7 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.2
Refined petroleum products, total 752.2 100.0 718.7 100.0 597.6 100.0 654.9 100.0 670.0 100.0 699.3 100.0 685.6 100.0 694.5 100.0 715.2 100.0 726.0 100.0 720.1 100.0 701.7 100.0 734.2 100.0 771.4 100.0 773.3 100.0 714.5 100.0 729.8 100.0 709.1 100.0

Pipelines

a 

# 319.7 42.5 329.4 45.8 335.6 56.2 364.0 55.6 387.2 57.8 410.1 58.6 407.5 59.4 417.1 60.1 433.0 60.5 429.1 59.1 436.7 60.6 437.4 62.3 446.3 60.8 461.2 59.8 458.4 59.3 410.1 57.4 425.0 58.2 436.8 61.6

Water carriers 375.8 50.0 336.4 46.8 206.1 34.5 230.4 35.2 223.7 33.4 225.0 32.2 216.5 31.6 214.8 30.9 215.3 30.1 224.0 30.8 213.0 29.6 192.6 27.4 213.2 29.0 231.0 29.9 232.7 30.1 218.0 30.5 217.7 29.8 191.0 26.9

Motor carrier s c 

# 38.3 5.1 35.5 5.0 39.3 6.6 41.2 6.3 35.9 5.4 40.9 5.8 38.0 5.5 39.0 5.6 40.3 5.6 43.9 6.1 43.4 6.0 42.9 6.1 46.6 6.3 48.5 6.3 48.8 6.3 49.3 6.9 48.9 6.7 48.8 6.9

Railroads 18.4 2.4 17.5 2.4 16.5 2.7 19.4 3.0 23.2 3.5 23.4 3.3 23.7 3.4 23.7 3.4 26.6 3.7 29.1 4.0 27.0 3.8 28.8 4.1 28.2 3.8 30.8 4.0 33.3 4.3 37.1 5.2 38.3 5.2 32.6 4.6
Combined crude and petroleum products, total 1,236.2 100.0 1,818.1 100.0 1,745.4 100.0 1,572.1 100.0 1,525.5 100.0 1,492.4 100.0 1,396.5 100.0 1,357.5 100.0 1,332.8 100.0 1,275.0 100.0 1,269.9 100.0 1,262.3 100.0 1,289.6 100.0 1,317.6 100.0 1,322.7 100.0 1,248.9 100.0 1,219.7 100.0 1,288.0 100.0

Pipelines

a 

# 740.2 59.9 858.8 47.2 823.9 47.2 852.8 54.2 877.6 57.5 904.0 60.6 900.1 64.5 904.9 66.7 901.8 67.7 842.8 66.1 841.1 66.2 855.8 67.8 861.7 66.8 875.4 66.4 886.9 67.1 848.7 68.0 814.2 66.8 919.6 71.4

Water carriers b 

# 435.1 35.2 902.0 49.6 862.0 49.4 655.5 41.7 585.3 38.4 520.5 34.9 431.6 30.9 386.9 28.5 361.3 27.1 356.8 28.0 356.2 28.1 332.3 26.3 350.5 27.2 360.5 27.4 351.1 26.5 311.1 24.9 315.4 25.9 283.2 22.0

Motor carrier s c 

# 40.3 3.3 39.1 2.2 41.9 2.4 43.4 2.8 38.4 2.5 43.4 2.9 40.4 2.9 41.3 3.0 42.3 3.2 45.7 3.6 45.0 3.5 44.7 3.5 48.5 3.8 50.2 3.8 50.8 3.8 51.4 4.1 51.4 4.2 51.2 4.0

Railroads 20.6 1.7 18.2 1.0 17.7 1.0 20.4 1.3 (R) 24.4 1.6 24.5 1.6 24.4 1.7 24.4 1.8 27.3 2.0 29.6 2.3 27.6 2.2 29.5 2.3 28.9 2.2 31.5 2.4 33.9 2.6 37.7 3.0 38.8 3.2 33.6 2.6

1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC), table 6.

1980-85: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3. NOTES

Details may not add to totals due to rounding in the source publication.

1.459972 tonne-kilometers = 1 ton mile.

SOURCES 

# 2006 2007 2008

a 

# Beginning with 2006 data, Pipeline data were taken from PHMSA F 7000-1-1. Previously, data were extracted from FERC Form No. 6, which
included data for federally-regulated pipelines. For 2005, data for federally regulated Pipelines were estimated to include about 90 percent of the total

national ton-miles, so the Pipeline statistics for that year were adjusted to include an additional 10 percent of ton-miles. From 1990 through 2004, the
federally regulated estimate was 84 percent with a 16 percent addition for other Pipeline ton-miles.

b 

# The large increase in Water carrier Ton-miles between 1975 and 1980 reflects the entrance of the Alaska pipeline, moving crude petroleum for water
transportation to U.S. refineries. 

# 2004 2005 1999

c 

# The amount carried b y Motor carriers is estimated

. 

# 2000 2001 2002 2003

1990-2009: Ibid., (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1, 2, and 3, available at http://www.aopl.org/publications/?fa=reports as of Mar. 23, 2011. 

# Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode (billions )

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998

# 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 (R) 2008 2009

Total petroleum demand 21,016 24,541 31,156 34,533 36,086 32,625 (R) 35,400 34,654 (R) 35,373 35,602 36,464 36,332 37,637 38,150 38,843 39,921 40,370 40,288 40,330 40,944 42,511 42,615 42,155 41,959 39,332 37,210

Transportation 10,688 12,524 16,153 18,584 20,055 20,543 22,815 22,550 22,867 23,185 23,734 24,217 24,862 25,123 25,766 26,479 27,095 26,811 27,339 27,497 28,406 28,811 29,172 29,290 27,878 26,737

Industrial 6,067 7,164 8,219 8,595 10,049 8,164 8,734 8,426 9,053 8,880 9,284 9,087 9,550 9,800 9,616 9,912 9,621 9,725 9,716 9,740 10,407 10,206 10,345 10,008 9,017 8,203

Residential and commercial 3,682 4,083 4,547 4,014 3,203 (R) 2,767 2,490 2,413 2,407 2,350 2,329 2,232 2,362 2,249 2,083 2,251 2,447 2,406 2,261 2,436 2,418 2,296 1,954 1,967 1,943 1,859

Electric utilities 579 771 2,237 3,340 2,779 1150 1,360 1,264 1,045 1,186 1,117 796 862 978 1,378 1,278 1,207 1,347 1,014 1,271 1,279 1,303 684 693 493 411

Transportation as percent of total
petroleum demand 50.86 51.03 51.85 53.82 55.58 62.97 (R) 64.45 65.07 (R) 64.65 65.12 65.09 66.66 66.06 65.85 66.33 66.33 67.12 66.55 67.79 67.16 66.82 67.61 69.20 69.81 70.88 71.85

SOURCES

1960-70: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1997, DOE/EIA-0384(97) (Washington, DC: July 1998), tables 2.1, 5.12b, and A3.

1975-2009: Ibid., Monthly Energy Review (Washington, DC: May 2010), tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.ei a.doe.gov/mer/consump.html as of June 14, 2010. The sum of components may not add to totals due to rounding. 

# Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Petajoules)

KEY:

R = revised.

NOTES

Transportation's share of U.S. petroleum demand in this table differs slightly from table 4-1 because this table takes into account differences within sectors in the use of various grades of petroleum-based fuel that have a different

Btu content per unit volume.

1,055.06 petajoules = 1 quadrillion British thermal unit (Btu).

# 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Air

Certificated carriers a



# Jet fuel (million liters) 7,397 14,721 29,742 28,610 32,249 38,289 46,228 43,002 43,903 45,273 47,320 48,498 49,919 51,700 50,358 54,853 52,631 49,635 46,512 47,003 50,649 50,286 49,284 49,206 47,202

General aviation b



# Aviation gasoline (million liters) 916 1,105 2,086 1,560 1,968 1,594 1,336 1,340 1,189 1,014 1,007 1,086 1,092 1,106 1,178 1,307 1,260 1,057 1,047 1,031 1,033 (R) 1,368 1,331 (R) 1,328 (P) 1,321

Jet fuel (million liters) N 212 787 1,715 2,900 2,616 2,510 2,184 1,870 1,719 1,756 2,120 2,300 2,430 3,084 3,662 3,679 3,477 3,552 3,529 4,659 5,486 5,939 5,843 (P) 5,866

Highway

Gasoline, diesel and other fuels (million liters)

Passenger car and motorcycle 155,849 188,222 256,950 281,078 265,683 271,414 264,067 244,163 248,425 254,554 257,707 258,424 262,781 265,335 272,175 278,207 277,375 279,180 286,413 286,352 286,192 280,442 284,776 281,548 270,646

Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle c 

# N U 46,610 72,229 90,078 103,580 134,802 144,667 154,933 162,209 166,982 172,632 179,255 186,953 191,019 200,093 200,395 202,602 209,031 229,994 240,059 247,638 229,719 234,076 231,663

Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck N 52,420 15,021 20,517 26,206 28,008 31,635 30,934 31,180 32,131 34,190 34,887 35,617 36,249 25,805 35,477 36,200 36,595 39,068 33,616 33,914 34,228 36,273 38,020 37,433

Combination truck N 25,203 27,815 34,739 49,350 53,015 61,070 63,629 65,170 67,183 70,609 74,865 76,437 76,850 95,233 92,884 97,155 96,573 100,236 90,151 91,573 92,406 106,395 108,056 101,504

Bus 3,131 3,312 3,104 3,986 3,854 3,157 3,388 3,271 3,324 3,517 3,649 3,663 3,747 3,886 3,937 4,347 4,210 3,883 3,784 3,668 5,148 5,031 4,347 4,334 4,200

Transit

d



# Electricity (million kWh) 2,908 2,584 2,561 2,646 2,446 4,216 4,837 4,853 4,716 4,865 5,081 5,068 (R) 4,923 (R) 4,908 (R) 4,962 (R) 5,126 (R) 5,382 (R) 5,485 (R) 5,529 (R) 5,508 (R) 5,657 (R) 5,765 5,770 6,216 6,337

Motor fuel (million liters)

Diesel 787 939 1,026 1,382 1,632 2,304 2,464 2,518 2,593 2,568 2,567 2,568 (R) 2,025 (R) 2,041 (R) 2,122 (R) 2,180 (R) 2,236 (R) 2,256 (R) 2,548 (R) 2,098 (R) 2,052 (R) 1,819 2,000 1,949 1,890

Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels e 

# 727 469 257 30 42 174 129 129 141 173 227 230 (R) 96 (R) 97 (R) 84 (R) 80 (R) 89 (R) 98 (R) 134 (R) 101 (R) 117 (R) 306 178 194 257

Compressed natural gas N N N N N N N N 4 6 18 41 (R) 43 (R) 73 (R) 109 (R) 132 (R) 165 (R) 199 (R) 249 (R) 301 (R) 328 (R) 355 419 408 427

Rail, Class I (in freight service)

Distillate / diesel fuel (million liters) 13,109 13,597 13,419 13,843 14,778 11,773 11,792 11,000 11,375 11,689 12,621 13,173 13,548 13,533 13,563 14,063 14,006 14,044 14,120 14,483 15,365 15,513 15,868 15,376 14,710

Amtrak

Electricity (million kWh) N N N 180 254 295 330 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 456 518 537 551 531 549 578 582

Distillate / diesel fuel (million liters) N N N 238 242 246 310 310 310 314 278 274 270 286 288 300 359 367 320 282 260 248 236 234 240

Water

Residual fuel oil (million liters) 14,960 11,708 14,286 15,369 33,887 17,375 23,947 25,639 24,844 19,994 20,390 22,282 21,582 18,965 21,276 22,100 24,264 20,477 18,351 14,664 17,755 19,603 21,780 23,950 19,176

Distillate / diesel fuel oil (million liters) 2,979 2,468 3,100 4,156 5,595 6,431 7,817 7,745 8,398 8,157 8,288 8,854 9,429 9,743 9,823 9,158 8,560 7,738 7,870 8,392 8,099 7,592 7,204 7,283 4,495

Gasoline (million liters) N N 2,264 2,763 3,982 3,986 4,921 6,473 4,982 3,307 3,314 4,014 3,761 3,737 3,620 4,157 4,256 3,762 4,093 4,192 3,804 4,773 4,684 4,624 4,302

Pipeline

Natural gas (million cubic meters) (R) 9,828 (R) 14,173 (R) 20,449 (R) 16,507 (R) 17,970 (R) 14,265 (R) 18,683 (R) 17,027 (R) 16,642 (R) 17,678 (R) 19,407 (R) 19,831 (R) 20,145 (R) 21,279 (R) 17,994 (R) 18,273 (R) 18,185 (R) 17,696 (R) 18,885 (R) 16,749 (R) 16,032 (R) 16,537 16,543 17,595 18,348 

# Table 4-5M: Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation

# 1960-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Natural Gas Annual 2008, DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: March 2010), table 15 and similar tables in earlier editions,

available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.html as of May 28, 2010. NOTE

1 gallon = 3.785412 liters; 1 cubic foot = 0.028316 cubic meters.

Certificated air carriers: KEY: kWh = kilowatt-hour; N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a 

# Domestic operations only.

b 

# Includes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations. Data for 1996 are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are therefore not

comparable to earlier years. See the accuracy statement in the appendix for more detailed information.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 ( Washin g ton, DC: Jul y 1997 )

, table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 29, 2010.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28,

2010.

Transit: d 

# Data from 1997-2008 are not comparable to data before 1997 due to different sources.

. 

# Prior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat,

demand responsive vehicles, and most rural and small systems.

e 

# Gasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressed natural gas. c 

# 1965 data is included in Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck category.

SOURCES

Air:

1960-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at

http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of Mar. 4, 2010.

General aviation:

1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation - 1972 edition (Washington, DC: 1973), table

9.12.

1975-93: Ibid., General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similar tables in earlier editions.

1994-2008: Ibid., FAA Aerospace Forecasts Fiscal Years 2009-2025 (Washington, DC: March 2009), tables 22 and 30, and similar tables in earlier editions, available

at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/2009-2025/media/2009%20Forecast%20Doc.pdf as of May 28, 2010.

Highway:

Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:

1960-96: American Public Transportation Association, 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: June 2009), tables 26, 27, 28 and similar tables in

earlier editions.

Rail:

1960-2008: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 40.

Amtrak:

1975-2008: National Railroad Passen g er Corporation ( Amtrak ) , Ener gy Mana g ement Department and Government Affairs Department, personal communication, Jan.

7, 2010. 1997-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transportation Database , table 17 and similar tables in previous years,

available at www.ntdprogram.gov as of Mar. 8, 2010.

Gasoline:

Pipeline: Water:

Residual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:

1960-80: American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 10, 10a, 12, and 12a.

1985-2008: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2, 4, and similar

tables in earlier editions.

1970-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-24 and similar tables

in earlier editions, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of May 28, 2010.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19992000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007AirCertificated carriersaJet fuel278 554 1,119 1,077 1,213 1,441 1,755 1,639 1,675 1,703 1,764 1,805 1,883 1,932 1,899 2,051(R) 2,117 (R) 1,975 (R) 1,841 (R) 1,863 (R) 2,007 (R) 1,991 (R) 1,9511,949General aviationbAviation gasoline31 37 70 52 66 53 45 45 40 34 34 36 37 37 39 44 42(R) 35 (R) 35 (R) 35 (R) 35 (R) 4645 45Jet fuelU 8 30 65 109 98 94 82 70 65 66 80 87 91 116 138 138(R) 131 (R) 134 (R) 133 (R) 175 (R) 206223 220HighwayGasoline, diesel and other fuelsPassenger car and motorcycle5,430 6,558 8,952 9,793 9,256 9,456 9,200 8,507 8,655 8,869 8,978 9,003 9,155 9,244 9,482 9,693 9,664 9,727 9,978 9,976 9,971(R) 10,235 (R) 9,8929,806Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleU U 1,624 2,516 3,138 3,609 4,696 5,040 5,398 5,651 5,818 6,014 6,245 6,513 6,655 6,971 6,982 7,059 7,283 8,013 8,364(R) 7,764 (R) 8,0038,152Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truckcU 2,026 581 793 1,013 1,083 1,223 1,196 1,205 1,242 1,322 1,349 1,377 1,401 998 1,371 1,399 1,415 1,361 1,171 1,181(R) 1,253 (R) 1,2991,323Combination truck U 974 1,075 1,343 1,908 2,049 2,361 2,460 2,519 2,597 2,730 2,894 2,955 2,971 3,682 3,591 3,756 3,733 3,875 3,485 3,540(R) 4,052 (R) 3,7073,761Bus 121 128 120 154 149 122 131 126 128 136 141 142 145 150 152 168 163 150 146 142 199(R) 164 (R) 151151TransitdElectricity10 9 9 10 9 15 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21(P) 23Motor fuelDiesel 30 36 40 53 63 89 95 97 100 99 99 99 101 105 108 112 115 109 106 104 107 107 108(P) 104Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelse25 16 9 1 1 6 4 4 5 6 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6(R) 76 7 8 10(P) 19Compressed natural gasUUUUUUUU0 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 16 18 21(P) 20Rail, Class I (in freight service)Distillate / diesel fuel 507 526 519 535 571 455 456 425 440 452 488 509 524 523 524 544 541 543 546 560 594(R) 603617 598AmtrakElectricity U U U1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U U U U UUDistillate / diesel fuel U U U 9 9 10 12 12 12 12 11 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 U U U U U UWaterResidual fuel oil 624 489 596 641 1,414 725 999 1,070 1,037 834 851 930 900 791 888 922 1,012 854 766 612 741 818 909 999Distillate / diesel fuel oil 115 95 120 161 216 249 302 299 325 315 320 342 364 377 380 354 331 299 304 324 313 293 278 282Gasoline U U 79 96 139 139 171 226 174 115 115 140 131 130 126 145 148 131 143 146 133 167 163 161PipelineNatural gas 378 544 786 634 690 548 718 654 639 679 746 762 774 817 691 702 699 680 725 643 616(R) 635 (R) 635678Table 4-6M: EnergyConsumption by Mode ofTransportation(Petajoules)Jet fuel = 37,626,700 joules/literAviation gasoline = 33,501,698 joules/literAutomotive gasoline = 34,839,537 joules/literDiesel motor fuel = 38,657,950 joules/liter1994-2007: Ibid.,FAA Aerospace Forecasts FY 2009-2025(Washington, DC: March 2009), table 34 and similar tablesin earlier editions, available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/ as of August 20, 2009.Highway:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of September 28, 2009.American Public Transportation Association,Public Transportation Fact Book, Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 29, 30, 31 and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of September 28, 2009.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:U.S. Department of Energy,Natural Gas Annual,DOE/EIA-0131(04) (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 15 andsimilar tables in earlier editions.1960-80: American Petroleum Institute,Basic Petroleum Data Book(Washington, DC:Annual issues), tables 10, 10a,12, and 12a.1985-2007: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2, 4, and similar tables in earlier editions.Gasoline:1970-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC:Annual issues), table MF-24 and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of September 28, 2009.Rail:Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts(Washington, DC: Annual issues).Amtrak:1975-2001: Amtrak, Energy Management Department, personal communication.U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of TransportationStatistics, Office of Airline Information,Fuel Cost and Consumption, available athttp://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information as of August 20, 2009.1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation-1972 edition(Washington, DC: 1973), table 9.12.General aviation:Water:Residual and distillate / diesel fuel oil:Pipeline:1995-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of September 28, 2009.Transit:Electricity / motor fuel / compressed natural gas:1975-93: Ibid.,General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 5.1, and similartables in earlier editions.The following conversion rates were used:Distillate fuel = 38,655,829 joules/literKEY:P = preliminary; R = revised, U = data are unavailable.aDomestic operations only.bIncludes fuel used in air taxi operations, but not commuter operations.dPrior to 1984, excludes commuter rail, automated guideway, ferryboat, demand responsive vehicles, and most ruraland smaller systems.Electricity 1kWh = 3,600,000 joules/kWh, negating electrical system losses. To include approximate electrical systemlosses, multiply this conversion factor by 3.c1965 data includes other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.1.055056 petajoules = 1 trillion British thermal unit (Btu).eGasoline and all other nondiesel fuels such as liquefied natural gas, methanol, and propane, except compressedNOTESCompressed natural gas = 38,657,950 joules/literResidual fuel = 41,723,829 joules/literNaturalgas = 38,413,974joules/m31960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008TOTAL demand 230,005 269,471 339,178 389,882 396,854 407,121 430,044 424,806 434,878 441,300 449,392 455,209 464,074 470,279 484,449 498,845 499,261 (R) 506,261 (R) 522,543 526,764 534,295 532,036 529,178 529,569 514,726Highway 209,820 253,541 324,025 376,094 383,019 391,960 414,614 408,496 420,084 430,282 437,904 443,125 452,412 457,800 472,018 487,345 487,879 490,900 (R) 506,247 509,679 516,402 513,546 510,585 512,596 500,450Nonhighway, total 20,185 15,930 15,152 13,788 13,834 15,160 15,430 16,310 14,795 11,018 11,488 12,083 11,662 12,479 12,431 11,500 11,382 (R) 15,361 16,297 17,086 17,893 18,490 18,593 16,972 14,276Agriculture 8,675 7,432 7,313 5,924 4,009 4,091 2,579 2,949 3,049 3,204 3,452 3,508 3,475 3,727 3,433 2,661 2,469 3,034 3,149 3,229 4,141 4,080 4,651 4,015 2,399Aviationa5,011 1,898 1,488 1,551 1,563 1,444 1,366 1,282 1,303 1,289 1,379 1,389 1,301 1,267 1,329 1,219 1,120 1,347 1,293 1,152 1,190 1,257 1,346 1,369 1,127Marine 230 365 2,264 2,762 3,983 3,986 4,923 6,472 4,994 3,307 3,394 4,014 3,761 3,737 3,619 4,156 4,256 3,762 4,093 4,192 3,909 4,776 4,684 4,624 4,302Otherb6,270 6,235 4,087 3,551 4,280 5,639 6,562 5,608 5,448 3,218 3,263 3,172 3,124 3,749 4,050 3,464 3,537 7,218 7,762 8,512 8,654 8,377 7,912 6,964 6,449KEY:R = revised.2002-07: Ibid., personal communication, June 21, 2010.2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 21, 2010.NOTESHighway:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics,Summary to 1995(Washington, DC: 1996), table MF-221, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.1995-2001: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MF-21, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.SOURCES2002-07: Ibid., personal communication, June 21, 2010.2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables MF-21 and MF-24, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 21, 2010.Table 4-7M: Domestic Demand for Gasoline (Million liters) by ModeNonhighway:1960-2001: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables MF-21 and MF-24, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of June 17, 2010.aDoes not include aviation jet fuel.bIncludes state, county, and municipal use, industrial and commercial use, construction use, and miscellaneous.All nonhighway uses of gasoline were estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.1 gallon = 3.785412 liters.1960 19651970 19751980 19851990 1991 1992 1993 1994199519961997 1998 1999 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002(R) 2003(R) 2004(R) 2005(R) 2006(R) 20072008 2009Number of aircraft 2,135 2,125 2,679 2,495 3,808 4,678 6,083 6,054 7,320 7,297 7,370 7,411 7,478 7,616 8,111 8,228 8,055 8,497 8,194 8,176 8,186 8,225 8,089 8,044 7,856 7,857Average kilometers flown per aircraft (thousands) 784 1,074 1,528 1,500 1,236 1,191 1,250 1,239 1,077 1,128 1,169 1,222 1,259 1,272 1,233 1,281 1,387 1,289 1,343 1,450 1,574 1,615 1,635 1,684 1,669 1,544Aircraft-Kilometers (millions)Domestic operations 1,381 1,825 3,328 3,135 4,060 4,902(R) 6,378 (R) 6,203 (R) 6,429 (R) 6,689 (R) 7,046 (R) 7,448 (R) 7,736 (R) 7,897 (R) 8,095 (R) 8,572 (R) 9,1128,923 9,037 9,826 10,625 10,809 10,630 10,835 10,374 9,559International operations 293 457 764 607 645 668(R) 1,224 (R) 1,298 (R) 1,455 (R) 1,542 (R) 1,570 (R) 1,606 (R) 1,679 (R) 1,793 (R) 1,909 (R) 1,972 (R) 2,0632,033 1,965 2,031 2,259 2,472 2,599 2,707 2,734 2,570Fuel consumption (million liters)Domestic operations(R) 7,398 (R) 14,721 (R) 30,31828,61032,24938,289 46,648 43,557 44,527 45,268 46,880 47,967 50,033 51,341 50,479 54,518 56,272 52,496 48,916 49,520 53,339 52,904 51,839 51,791 48,020 42,924International operations(R) 2,141 (R) 4,846 (R) 8,0867,3786,6149,418 14,797 14,913 15,596 15,571 16,196 16,817 17,483 18,605 18,636 19,875 20,850 20,198 19,226 19,755 21,169 22,616 22,779 23,487 23,419 21,657Aircraft-Kilometers flown per literDomestic operations (R) 0.19 (R) 0.12 (R) 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 (R) 0.14 (R) 0.14 (R) 0.14 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.16 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.15 (R) 0.16 (R) 0.16 (R) 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22International operations (R) 0.14 (R) 0.09 (R) 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.07 (R) 0.08 (R) 0.09 (R) 0.09 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 (R) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travela1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics,available athttp://www.bts.gov/xml/air_traffic/src/index.xml#CustomizeTable as of June 7, 2010.Fuel consumption:1960-75: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, available athttp://www.bts.gov/programs/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html as of June 25, 2004.1980-2008: Ibid.,Fuel Cost and Consumption, available at http://www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml as of Apr. 28, 2010.1960: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics 1969(Washington, DC: 1970), part III, tables 2 and 13.1965-1970: Ibid.,Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973(Washington, DC: 1974), part III, tables 2 and 13.1975-1980: Ibid.,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington, DC: December 1976), pp. 4 and 14; and (December 1981), pp. 2 and 3.1985-1995: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington,DC: Annual December Issues), pp. 2 and 3, line 27 plus line 50.1998-2008: Aerospace Industries Association,Aerospace Facts and Figures(Washington DC: Annual Issues), "Active U.S. Air Carrier Fleet", p. 94 andsimilar pages in earlier editions.Aircraft-miles flown:SOURCESNumber of aircraft:1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 1970 edition(Washington, DC: 1970),table 5.3.1970-75: Ibid.,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1979(Washington, DC: 1979), table 5.1.1990-97: Ibid.,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1997(Washington, DC: unpublished), personal communication, Mar. 19, 1999.1980-85: Ibid.,FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1986(Washington, DC: 1986), table 5.1.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.NOTESaAircraft operatingunder 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135Table 4-9M: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel19601965197019751980198519901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Vehicles registered (thousands)a73,85890,358111,242137,913161,490177,133193,057192,314194,427198,041201,802205,427210,441211,580215,496220,461225,821235,331234,624236,760237,243(R) 247,421241,194Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions)1,156,7351,428,7951,785,9282,136,6682,457,9432,856,3063,451,0163,495,5763,616,4393,695,6623,794,1703,898,9514,000,5854,122,6484,235,0244,330,8354,420,7474,501,7974,595,4954,651,7284,771,364(R) 4,811,0214,850,749Fuel consumed (million liters)219,100269,158349,503412,549435,171459,174494,962486,664503,036519,593533,134544,471557,837569,273588,174611,007615,334618,833638,532643,781675,834(R) 661,640662,182Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)15.715.816.115.515.216.117.918.218.618.718.819.019.019.519.719.619.619.119.619.620.1(R) 1920Average kilometers traveled per gallon5.35.35.15.25.66.27.07.27.27.17.17.27.27.27.27.17.27.37.27.27.1(R) 7.37.3Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters)2,9662,9793,1422,9912,6952,5922,5642,5312,5872,6242,6422,6502,6512,6912,7292,7712,7252,6302,7222,7192,849(R) 2,6742,745KEY: R = revised.aIncludes personal passenger vehicles, buses, and trucks.NOTESeetables 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, and 4-15 for individual highway vehicles.SOURCES1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables MF-21, MV-1, and VM-1.

# 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Vehicles registered (thousands)

Passenger cars 61,671 75,258 89,244 106,706 121,601 127,885 133,700 128,300 126,581 127,327 127,883 128,387 129,728 129,749 131,839 132,432 133,621 137,633 135,921 135,670 136,431 136,568 135,400 135,933 137,080

Motorcycles 574 1,382 2,824 4,964 5,694 5,444 4,259 4,177 4,065 3,978 3,757 3,897 3,872 3,826 3,879 4,152 4,346 4,903 5,004 5,370 (R) 5,768 6,227 6,679 7,138 7,753

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions)

Passenger cars a 

# 944,685 1,163,556 1,475,768 1,664,062 1,789,591 2,006,852 2,265,956 2,185,489 2,208,020 2,212,848 2,262,738 2,314,237 2,365,501 2,418,129 2,493,802 2,525,222 2,575,412 2,620,546 2,669,055 2,690,950 2,735,708 2,749,437 2,720,651 2,691,575 2,600,459

Motorcycles U U 4,828 9,012 16,415 14,645 15,450 14,806 15,450 15,933 16,415 15,772 15,965 16,224 16,549 17,033 16,848 15,512 15,372 15,413 16,290 16,824 (R) 19,392 21,920 23,310

Fuel consumed (million liters)

Passenger cars a 

# 155,849 188,222 256,723 280,650 264,911 270,725 263,344 243,466 247,702 253,804 256,931 257,681 262,030 264,571 271,396 277,406 276,582 278,450 285,690 285,627 285,427 (R) 293,059 283,940 281,548 270,646

Motorcycles U U 227 428 772 689 723 697 723 750 776 742 751 763 779 801 793 731 723 725 766 715 837 917 970

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)

Passenger cars a 

# 15.3 15.5 16.5 15.6 14.7 15.7 16.9 17.0 17.4 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.0 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.1 (R) 20.1 19.8 19.0

Motorcycles U U 1.7 1.8 2.9 2.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.0 (R) 4.1 (R) 4.2 (R) 4.3 (R) 4.1 3.9 (R) 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.0

Average kilometers traveled per liter

Passenger cars a 

# 6.1 6.2 5.7 5.9 6.8 7.4 8.6 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.4 (R) 9.6 9.6 9.6

Motorcycles U U 21.3 21.1 21.3 21.3 21.4 21.3 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 (R) 23.5 (R) 23.2 23.9 24.0

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters)

Passenger cars a 

# 2,527.1 2,501.0 2,876.6 2,630.1 2,178.5 2,116.9 1,969.7 1,897.6 1,956.9 1,993.3 2,009.1 2,007.1 2,019.8 2,039.1 2,058.5 2,094.7 2,069.9 2,023.1 2,101.9 2,105.3 2,092.1 2,145.9 (R)2,097.0 2,071.2 1,974.4

Motorcycles U U 80.4 86.2 135.6 126.6 169.8 166.8 177.9 188.4 206.6 190.4 194.0 199.5 200.7 193.0 182.4 149.0 144.5 135.0 (R) 132.9 (R) 114.9 (R) 125.3 128.5 125.2

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables MV-201 and VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hs spubs.cfm as of

Mar. 23, 2009.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2 010. See table 4-12 for other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.

Average miles traveled per vehicle

, Average miles traveled per gallon , and Average fuel consumed per vehicle are derived by calculation.

1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

1 Mile = 1.609344 Kilometers.

SOURCES NOTES 

# Table 4-11M: Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY:

R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a 

# 1960 and 1965 data include Motorcycles

.

# 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Number registered (thousands) 14,211 20,418 27,876 37,214 48,275 53,033 57,091 59,994 62,904 65,738 69,134 70,224 71,330 75,356 79,085 84,188 85,011 87,187 (R) 91,845 95,337 99,125 101,470 101,235

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 197,949 323,478 468,319 629,254 925,373 1,044,464 1,137,806 1,200,571 1,231,148 1,271,382 1,314,094 1,369,132 1,397,353 1,450,054 1,485,519 1,517,945 1,554,681 1,583,746 1,653,060 1,675,409 1,742,099 1,790,026 1,784,123

Fuel consumed (million liters) 46,610 72,229 90,078 103,580 134,802 144,667 154,933 162,209 166,982 172,634 179,255 186,953 191,020 200,093 200,395 202,602 209,031 229,994 240,060 222,843 229,719 234,076 231,663

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 13.9 15.8 16.8 16.9 19.2 19.7 19.9 20.0 19.6 19.3 19.0 19.5 19.6 19.2 18.8 (R) 18.0 18.3 18.2 18.0 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6

Average kilometers traveled per liter 4.2 4.5 5.2 6.1 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.4 6.9 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7
Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 3,279.9 3,537.5 3,231.4 2,783.4 2,792.4 2,727.8 2,713.8 2,703.8 2,654.6 2,626.1 2,592.9 2,662.2 2,678.0 2,655.3 2,533.9 (R) 2,406.6 2,458.9 2,638.0 2,613.7 2,337.4 2,317.5 2,306.9 2,288.4

1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway S tatistics Summary to 1995, FHWAPL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as

of Mar. 23, 2009.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010. 1 Gallon = 3.785412 Liters.

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers. 

# Table 4-12M: Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: R = revised.

NOTES

Nearly all vehicles in this category are light trucks, which include vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. In 1995, the

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data.

The new categories are passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination

truck. Prior to 1993, some minivans and sport utility vehicles were included under the passenger car category.

SOURCES1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 199719981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Number registered (thousands)3,681 4,232 4,374 4,593 4,487 4,481 4,370 4,408 4,906 5,0245,2665,293 5,735 5,763 5,926 5,7045,651 5,849 6,161 6,395 6,649 6,807 6,791Vehicle-kilometers (millions)43,613 55,683 64,052 73,064 83,525 85,134 86,744 91,411 98,653 100,914 103,114 107,654 109,469 113,143 113,459 116,594 122,094 125,138 126,239126,327129,301131,989 135,105Fuel consumed (million liters)15,021 20,517 26,206 28,008 31,635 30,934 31,180 32,131 34,190 34,886 35,617 36,249 36,874 35,477 36,200 36,595 39,068 33,616 33,91235,96537,29538,020 37,433Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)11.8 13.2 14.6 15.9 18.6 19.0 19.9 20.7 20.1 20.1 19.6 20.3 19.1 19.6 19.1 20.4 21.6 21.4 20.519.819.419.4 19.9Average kilometers traveled per liter2.9 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.73.53.53.5 3.6Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters)4,080.1 4,848.5 5,991.7 6,097.9 7,050.3 6,903.7 7,135.4 7,289.4 6,968.4 6,944.4 6,763.4 6,848.1 6,429.7 6,156.2 6,108.7 6,416.1 6,913.9 5,747.8 5,504.35,623.75,608.95,585.7 5,512.2In 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle categories beginning with 1993 data to include passenger cars, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks, and combination trucks. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single framewith at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 data have been reassigned to the most appropriate category.1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters and 1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.SOURCES1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway StatisticsSummary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of April 16, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Aug. 3, 2010.KEY:R = revised.aBeginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey(VIUS) for its baseline estimate of single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey(TIUS) forits baseline estimates. Therefore, post-1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.NOTESTable 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travela1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 199719981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008Number registered (thousands)787905 1,131 1,417 1,403 1,709 1,691 1,675 1,680 1,682 1,696 1,747 1,790 1,997 2,029 2,097 2,154 2,277 1,908 2,010 2,087 2,170 2,221 2,216Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions)51,01656,488 75,156 110,562 125,690 151,761 155,463 160,130 165,923 175,258 185,879 191,349 200,499 206,574 213,051 217,294 219,811223,276225,566 229,122 231,791 228,799 233,429 230,953Fuel consumed (million liters)25,203 27,81534,739 49,350 53,015 61,070 63,629 65,170 67,183 70,609 74,864 76,437 76,850 95,233 92,884 97,155 96,573100,23690,151 91,573 104,814 106,395 108,056 101,504Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)64.962.4 66.5 78.0 89.6 88.8 91.9 95.6 98.7 104.2 109.6 109.6 112.0 103.4 105.0 103.6 102.0 98.1 118.2 114.0 111.1 105.5 105.1 104.2Average kilometers traveled per liter2.02.0 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters)32,044.430,732.3 30,721.9 34,830.6 37,779.5 35,736.6 37,620.7 38,898.8 39,982.9 41,991.8 44,148.0 43,763.7 42,933.9 47,679.9 45,788.0 46,339.0 44,830.644,027.847,240.0 45,550.9 50,228.3 49,037.3 48,652.2 45,807.9NOTES1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.Table 4-14M: Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and TravelaaBeginning in 1998, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) used the Census Bureau's1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey(VIUS) for its baseline estimate ofcombination trucks. Prior to 1998, the FHWA used the Census Bureau's1992 Transportation Inventory and Use Survey(TIUS) for its baseline estimates. Therefore, post1997 data may not be comparable to 1997 and earlier years.KEY:R = revised.1965-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway StatisticsSummary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997),table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC:Annual issues),table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 2010.1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.SOURCES

# 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Number registered (thousands) 272 314 378 462 529 593 627 631 645 654 670 686 695 698 716 729 746 750 761 777 795 807 822 834 843

Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 6,920 7,564 7,242 9,817 9,817 7,242 9,173 9,334 9,334 9,817 10,300 10,300 10,562 11,011 11,277 12,331 12,215 11,389 11,016 10,916 10,945 11,233 10,917 11,233 11,449

Fuel consumed (million liters) 3,131 3,312 3,104 3,986 3,854 3,157 3,388 3,271 3,324 3,517 3,649 3,664 3,747 3,886 3,938 4,347 4,210 3,883 3,784 3,668 5,149 (R) 4,240 4,347 4,334 4,200

Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands) 25.4 24.1 19.2 21.2 18.6 12.2 14.6 14.8 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.0 15.2 15.8 15.8 16.9 16.4 (R) 15.2 14.5 14.1 13.8 13.9 13.3 13.5 13.6

Average kilometers traveled per liter 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.1 (R) 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7

Average fuel consumed per vehicle (liters) 11,503.9 10,539.0 8,221.3 8,624.9 7,287.5 5,319.5 5,403.5 5,180.9 5,155.0 5,373.6 5,443.0 5,345.4 5,393.5 5,571.0 5,503.7 5,964.5 5,641.8 5,181.1 4,973.9 4,723.3 6,474.3 (R) 5,253.3 5,288.8 5,193.7 4,980.9

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.

1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available

at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Mar. 23, 2009. 

# Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: R = revised.

NOTES

This table Includes data for both publicly and privately owned school, transit, and other commercial buses.

1995-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of Apr. 26, 20 10. 1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

SOURCES1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Number of vehicles (thousands) 65 62 61 62 75 94 93 97 103 108 116 116 94 98 100 103 106 111 112 115 117 122 126 126 129 136Vehicle-kilometers traveled (millions) 3,449 3,232 3,031 3,502 3,680 4,491 5,217 5,321 5,399 5,528 5,580 5,713 4,427 4,592 4,780 5,007 5,154 5,341 5,525 5,594 5,710 5,799 5,907 6,066 6,268 6,418Electric power consumed (million kJ) (R) 31,406,400 (R) 27,907,200 (R) 27,658,800 (R) 28,576,800 (R) 26,416,800 (R) 45,532,800 (R) 52,239,600 (R) 52,412,400 (R) 50,932,800 (R) 52,542,000 (R) 54,874,800 (R) 54,734,400 (R) 53,166,175 (R) 53,003,439 (R) 53,584,844 (R) 55,357,631 (R) 58,121,648 (R) 59,233,940 (R) 59,716,280 (R) 59,486,622 (R) 61,098,196 (R) 62,262,849 (R) 62,318,230 (R) 67,127,693 (R) 68,438,551 70,118,453Primary energy consumed (thousand liters)Diesel 787,744 940,296 1,024,332 1,381,903 1,633,027 2,304,324 2,464,417 2,517,897 2,592,795 2,568,444 2,567,365 2,567,592 2,025,035 2,040,977 2,121,525 2,179,979 2,235,701 2,255,796 2,547,732 2,098,201 2,051,686 1,818,723 1,999,591 1,949,313 1,890,434 2,325,884Gasoline and other nondiesel fuelsb726,421 470,148 258,165 28,678 43,154 173,008 128,348 130,472 140,738 172,887 227,136 229,888 95,494 97,382 83,684 79,862 89,492 98,453 133,983 101,033 116,870 305,558 177,562 194,192 257,102 536,272Compressed natural gasNNNNNNNN3,819 5,977 18,302 40,655 43,443 73,204 109,018 131,826 165,333 198,772 248,980 300,774 327,798 355,322 418,830 407,700 426,818 538,1201996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, tables 19 and 17 and similar tables in previous editions, available atwww.ntdprogram.gov as of Dec. 9, 2010.This table is not comparable to previous editions due to a change in the unit of measure of power consumption.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.SOURCE1960-95: American Public Transportation Association,2009 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 7, 17, 29,30, 31 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Apr. 1, 2010.Table 4-16M: Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumptionaand TravelNOTESData prior to 1996 are not comparable to data from 1996 onward due to a change in sources with differing methodologies. 2009 data forGasoline and other nondiesel fuelsisnot comparable to previous years' data due to a change in the reporting requirements that require transit agencies to submit energy consumption data for both purchasedtransportation (PT) services and directly operated (DO) transportation services. The major effect of this reporting change occurred within the following modes: DemandResponse, Motor Bus, Publico, and Vanpool.The heat equivalent factor used in joule conversion for electric = 3,600 kJ/kWh, negating electrical system losses. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, andthus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.KEY:kJ = kilojoule; kWh = kilowatt hour; N = data do not exist.aPrior to 1984,excludes commuter rail,automatedguideway,urban ferryboat,demand responsive vehicles,and most rural and smaller systems.b1960 to 1991 data include propane. Series not continuous between 1991 and 1992. 1992 to 1995 data include propane, liquefied natural gas, bio/soy fuel, biodiesel,hydrogen, methanol and ethynol, except compressed natural gas. 1996 to 2001 data include only propane, liquified natural gas, methanol and ethynol. 2002 to 2009 datainclude the above, and also biodiesel and grain fuel.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Number in useLocomotivesa29,031 27,780 27,077 27,846 28,094 22,548 18,835 18,344 18,004 18,161 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,774 22,015 22,779 23,732 24,143 24,003Carsb1,965,486 1,800,662 1,784,181 1,723,605 1,710,827 1,421,686 1,212,261 1,189,660 1,173,136 1,173,132 1,192,412 1,218,927 1,240,573 1,270,419 1,315,667 1,368,836 1,380,796 1,314,136 1,299,670 1,278,980 1,287,920 (R) 1,316,522 (R) 1,361,250 1,385,709 1,392,972Kilometers traveled (millions)Freight train-kilometersc651 677 687 648 690 559 611 603 628 653 710 738 754 764 764 789 811 804 804 830 861 881 (R) 905 875 844Locomotive unit-kilometers N N N 2,380 2,464 1,976 2,060 1,992 2,057 2,124 2,261 2,326 2,358 2,290 2,317 2,420 2,419 2,378 2,323 2,388 2,476 2,555 2,671 2,589 2,509Car-kilometers 45,335 47,212 48,103 44,508 47,117 40,105 42,099 41,244 42,049 43,264 45,842 48,897 51,040 50,952 52,556 54,478 55,667 55,109 55,812 57,220 59,660 60,692 62,692 61,454 59,909Average kilometers traveled per vehicle (thousands)Locomotives N N N 85.5 87.7 87.6 109.4 108.6 114.2 117.0 122.2 123.6 122.4 116.3 114.4 119.5 120.8 120.4 113.3 115.0 112.5 112.2 112.6 107.2 104.5Cars 23.1 26.2 27.0 25.8 27.5 28.2 34.7 34.7 35.8 36.9 38.4 40.1 41.1 40.1 39.9 39.8 40.3 41.9 42.9 44.7 46.3 (R) 46.1 (R) 46.1 44.3 43.0Average kilometers traveled per literTrains 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Cars 3.46 3.47 3.58 3.22 3.19 3.41 3.57 3.75 3.70 3.70 3.63 3.71 3.77 3.77 3.87 3.87 3.97 3.92 3.95 3.95 3.88 3.91 3.95 4.00 4.07Fuel consumed (million liters)13,109 13,597 13,419 13,843 14,778 11,773 11,792 11,000 11,375 11,689 12,621 13,173 13,548 13,533 13,563 14,063 14,006 14,044 14,120 14,483 15,365 15,513 15,868 15,376 14,710Average fuel consumed per locomotivea(thousand liters)451.5 489.5 495.6 497.1 526.0 522.1 626.0 599.7 631.8 643.7 682.0 700.3 703.1 687.5 669.4 694.3 699.3 711.3 688.6 697.2 697.9 681.0 668.7 636.9 612.8Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and TravelKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.aFor 1960-80, the total includes a small number of steam and electric units, which are not included in the per locomotive fuelconsumption figure.bIncludes cars owned by Class I railroads, other railroads, car companies, and shippers.cBased on the distance run between terminals and/or stations; does not include yard or passenger train-kilometers.NOTES1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.SOURCES1993-2001, 2003-04: Ibid.,Analysis of Class I Railroads(Washington, DC: Annual issues).2005-08: Association of American Railroads, personal communication, June 13, 2007, Apr. 24, 2008, and Apr. 28, 2010.All data except for locomotive unit-miles:Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2009(Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 33, 34, 40, 49, and 51, and similar tables in earlier editions.Locomotive unit-miles:1975-92, 2002: Ibid.,Railroad Ten-Year Trends(Washington, DC: Annual issues).

# 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Number in use

Locomotives 355 419 291 318 316 336 360 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 276 258 319 270 278

Cars 1,913 2,128 1,854 1,863 1,786 1,796 1,853 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 1,211 1,186 1,191 1,164 1,177

Kilometers traveled (millions)

Train-kilometers 48 48 48 53 55 55 56 55 51 48 51 53 55 56 58 61 60 60 58 58 60 61

Car-kilometers 407 378 404 484 504 494 488 489 470 444 463 502 550 592 608 609 534 496 426 425 429 437

Locomotive fuel consumed

Electric (million of kWhs) (R) 180 (R) 254 (R) 295 (R) 330 (R) 303 300 301 309 336 363 390 416 443 470 (R) 456 (R) 518 (R) 537 (R) 551 (R) 531 (R) 549 (R) 578 582

Diesel (million liters) a 

# (R) 239 (R) 240 (R) 245 (R) 311 (R) 310 (R) 309 (R) 313 (R) 278 (R) 274 (R) 270 (R) 286 (R) 288 (R) 300 (R) 359 (R) 367 (R) 320 (R) 282 (R) 260 (R) 248 (R) 236 (R) 234 240

Average kilometers traveled per car (thousands) 213 178 218 260 282 275 263 264 273 257 268 256 276 313 292 210 329 410 359 357 369 372 

# Table 4-18M: Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel

KEY: kWh = kilowatt hour; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

SOURCES

Number of locomotives and cars:

1975–80: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication. a 

# The conversion factor has changed to "3.785412 liters/gallon" from "3.78541178 liters/gallon" in the previous version of this table, in order to be consistent with this conversion
factor used in the other NTS tables. The reported data will not change due to the change of the precision of the conversion fac tor, however, the precision of the underlying data have
changed.

1975-2001: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication.

2001-08: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), personal communication, Jan. 7, 2010. NOTES

1 Gallon = 3.785412 liters.

1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers.

Car-miles:

1975: Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts 1975 (Washington, DC: 1976), p. 40.

1980–85: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), State and Local Affairs Department and Public Affairs Department, pe rsonal communication.

1990–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, personal communication, Aug. 22, 2001.

2001–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

Locomotive fuel consumed: 1985–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report , Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

2001–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

Miles traveled:

Train-miles:
1975–2002: National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak), Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).

2003–08: Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier editions.

# Motor
gasoline Distillate

and residual

fuel oil Jet fuel and
aviation gas Other d 

# Total

FY 1998, total 34.1 188.8 502.1 18.5 743.4 195.7 150.6 45.2 1,134.9

Agriculture 3.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 3.6 2.1 1.6 2.1 9.4

Defense 14.2 170.6 491.9 14.7 691.4 106.8 98.0 32.4 928.6

Energy 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 1.8 15.7 6.8 5.9 30.2

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 9.7 3.4 1.5 14.8

Health and Human Services 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.1 3.5 0.2 7.7

Interior 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.7 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.0 3.7

Justice 2.4 0.2 1.7 0.0 4.3 3.8 4.5 0.4 13.1

NASA 0.1 0.5 1.2 0.0 1.8 6.9 3.4 0.2 12.2

Postal Service 10.7 5.1 0.0 0.8 16.6 16.8 8.0 0.0 41.4

Transportation 0.0 4.7 6.2 1.7 12.7 5.1 1.5 0.0 19.2

Veterans Affairs 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 9.8 14.5 1.6 27.7

Other a 

# 1.7 3.9 0.9 0.1 6.7 14.5 5.1 0.8 27.0

FY 2007, total (R) 48.4 (R) 223.1 486.9 (R) 5.8 (R) 764.2 (R) 203.8 138.0 (R) 38.6 (R) 1,144.7

Agriculture 2.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 3.2 2.0 1.7 0.2 7.1

Defense 18.8 204.8 480.8 3.3 707.6 106.8 73.3 24.6 912.3

Energy 0.7 

# 1.7 0.0 0.4 2.8 (R) 17.6 6.5 (R) 6.3 (R) 33.3

GSA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 10.6 7.6 1.8 20.0

Health and Human Services (R) 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 (R) 1.1 3.5 5.4 0.4 (R) 10.3

Interior 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.9 4.2 2.2 1.3 0.1 7.8

Justice (R) 3.1 (R) 0.3 0.1 (R) 0.0 (R) 3.5 6.3 11.1 0.8 (R) 21.7

NASA 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.1 1.7 5.8 2.8 0.8 11.2

Postal Service 13.6 3.3 0.0 0.4 17.3 23.7 6.9 0.4 48.3

Transportation 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.6 3.4 0.8 0.0 5.8

Veterans Affairs 0.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.1 11.3 16.4 2.0 31.8

Other c 

# 6.2 8.3 4.3 0.2 19.1 10.7 4.2 1.1 35.0

FY 2008 P 

# , total 49.2 189.6 532.6 19.1 790.5 185.5 153.4 35.9 1,165.2

Agriculture 2.2 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.3 2.0 1.3 0.3 6.9

Defense 20.3 170.3 527.0 16.4 733.9 106.2 73.3 24.7 938.2

Energy 0.7 1.5 0.0 0.3 2.5 17.6 6.2 3.4 29.8

GSA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 10.3 7.2 1.7 19.4

Health and Human Services 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.6 5.9 0.4 10.9

Interior 1.9 1.2 0.1 1.1 4.2 2.3 1.2 0.2 7.9

Justice 2.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.1 5.2 10.7 0.5 19.4

NASA 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.2 5.8 3.0 0.9 10.9

Postal Service 13.9 2.8 0.0 0.1 16.9 9.8 21.8 0.3 48.8

Transportation 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.7 3.0 0.2 5.1

Veterans Affairs 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.0 11.2 15.7 2.0 30.9

Other c 

# 5.7 10.7 4.2 0.5 21.1 10.7 4.2 1.2 37.1 

# Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Petajoules)

KEY: Btu = British thermal unit; FY = fiscal year; GSA = General Services Administration; NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration; P = preliminary. 

# 1 Trillion BTU=1.05506 Petajoules

a 

# Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S Infor mation Agency, U.S.

Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department of State, Federal

Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Department of the Treasury, National Archives and Records Administration, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Railroad

Retirement Board, Federal Trade Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and Environmental Protection Agency. 

# Petroleum

Electricity Natural gas Coal and

other e 

# Total1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20032004 2005 2006Air, certificated carrierDomestic operations5,659 6,633 6,677 5,078 3,764 3,308 3,233 3,062 2,992 2,988 2,913 2,873 2,742 2,731 2,703 2,655 2,546 2,550 2,358 (R) 2,292 (R) 2,235 (R) 2,112 2,031International operations6,031 6,748 7,202 5,550 2,845 3,345 2,980 3,022 2,792 2,687 2,718 2,736 2,693 2,733 2,804 2,703 2,513 2,599 2,570 (R) 2,739 (R) 2,549 (R) 2,500 2,419HighwayaPassenger car2,947 2,921 3,174 3,109 2,850 2,799 2,498 2,395 2,428 2,481 2,472 2,439 2,418 2,397 2,384 2,407 2,353 2,358 2,360 (R) 2,341 2,301 (R) 2,350 2,311Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 4,465 4,308 3,743 3,259 2,976 2,804 2,790 2,803 2,849 2,975 2,977 2,992 2,995 3,024 2,956 2,612 2,702 (R) 2,918 2,918 (R) 2,673 2,633Motorcycle b b 1,639 1,543 1,393 1,243 1,460 1,257 1,305 1,352 1,400 1,491 1,489 1,490 1,490 1,490 1,490 1,343 1,291 1,291 1,291 (R) 1,170 1,150Transit motor busNNNN1,798 2,222 2,441 2,470 2,647 2,586 2,728 2,724 2,751 2,772 2,709 2,651 2,719 2,424 2,327 2,304 (R) 2,341 (R) 2,224 2,138AmtrakN N N 1,562 1,408 1,370 1,354 1,297 1,334 1,326 1,269 1,205 1,411 1,442 1,402 1,381 1,399 U U U U U UKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.aFor 1995 and subsequent years, highway passenger-miles were taken directly fromHighway Statisticsrather than derived from vehicle-miles and averagebIncluded in passenger car.Table 4-20M: Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Kilojoule per passenger-kilometer)NOTESTo calculate total joules, multiply fuel consumed (see tables 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-25) by 37,626,700 joules/liter for air carrier, 34,839,537 joules/liter for passenger car,other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, and motorcycle, and 38,657,950 joules/liter for transit motor bus and Amtrak diesel consumption; and 3,599,851 joules/KwH for Amtrakelectric consumption1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.SOURCESAir:Certificated air carriers:Passenger-kilometers:1960-80: Air Transport Association, Internet site http://www.airlines.org as of Aug. 30, 2004.Fuel consumed:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Internet site http://www.bts.gov/oai/fuel/fuelyearly.html as ofMar. 27, 2008.1985-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Air Carrier Traffic Statistics(Washington DC: Annual December issues).Highway:Passenger car:1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Motorcycle:Amtrak:Amtrak, State and Local Affairs Department, personal communication April 22, 2008.1970-85: Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1985,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A.1990-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Transit motor bus:American Public Transportation Association,2008 Public Transportation Fact Book(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 2 and 28, and similar tables in earlier editions.1960 1965 1970 (R) 1975 (R) 1980 (R) 1985 (R) 1990 (R) 1991 (R) 1992 (R) 1993 (R) 1994 (R) 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008 2009Aircraft-kilometers (millions)Domestic operations1,381 1,825 3,328 2,635 3,663 4,869 6,378 6,203 6,429 6,689 7,046 7,448 7,736 7,897 8,095 8,572 9,112 8,923 9,037 9,826 10,625 10,809 10,630 10,835 10,374 9,553International operations293 457 764 537 538 668 1,224 1,298 1,455 1,542 1,570 1,606 1,679 1,793 1,909 1,972 2,063 2,033 1,965 2,031 2,259 2,472 2,599 2,707 2,730 2,570Available seat-kilometers (millions)Domestic operations84,040 152,545 343,048 346,452 525,827 728,641 918,225 887,653 912,562 936,834 962,630992,094 1,028,392 1,049,334 1,064,768 1,124,715 1,168,8531,134,267 1,106,127 1,121,674 1,208,397 1,220,922 1,200,5371,228,8361,181,685 1,100,538International operations21,480 47,529 83,622 103,220 136,011 177,958 293,950 300,091 331,250 340,909 339,746347,011 355,194 368,039 382,079 391,040 408,850395,445 365,526 363,003 401,270 435,612 453,107477,216493,415 468,885Passenger-kilometers (millions)Domestic operations49,177 83,504 167,608 192,464 307,008 443,959 556,629 544,096 570,938 582,948 625,086 650,033 699,504725,288 744,730 785,263 829,775782,956 778,234 813,646 898,282 939,467 947,026 977,758 938,698 888,380International operations13,367 27,019 44,358 56,109 86,795 117,863 203,361 201,508 223,619 231,369 239,966 249,258 259,928272,552 277,096 290,115 310,278287,015 276,811 271,337 312,493 340,150 356,703 377,320 387,024 366,876Fuel consumed (million liters)Domestic operations7,397 14,721 29,742 28,610 32,249 38,289 46,228 43,002 43,903 45,273 47,320 48,498 49,919 51,700 50,358 54,853 56,272 52,496 48,916 49,520 53,339 52,904 51,839 51,791 48,021 42,924International operations2,143 4,845 8,491 7,378 6,614 9,418 14,906 14,717 15,442 15,565 16,373 17,078 17,633 18,782 18,607 19,974 20,850 20,197 19,226 19,755 21,169 22,616 22,779 23,487 23,419 21,657Seats per aircraftDomestic operations60.9 83.6 103.1 131.5 143.6 149.6 144.0 143.1 141.9 140.1 136.6 133.2 132.9 132.9 131.5 131.2 128.3 127.1 122.4 114.2 113.7 113.0 112.9 113.4 113.9 115.2International operations73.3 104.0 109.4 192.1 252.7 266.2 240.2 231.2 227.6 221.1 216.4 216.1 211.5 205.3 200.1 198.3 198.2 194.5 186.0 178.7 177.7 176.2 174.3 176.3 180.7 182.4Seat-kilometers per literDomestic operations11.4 10.4 11.5 12.1 16.3 19.0 19.9 20.6 20.8 20.7 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.3 21.1 20.5 20.8 21.6 22.6 22.7 22.7 23.1 23.2 23.7 24.6 25.6International operations10.0 9.8 9.8 14.0 20.6 18.9 19.7 20.4 21.5 21.9 20.7 20.3 20.1 19.6 20.5 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.0 18.4 19.0 19.3 19.9 20.3 21.1 21.7Energy intensity (Kilojoule/passenger-kilometer)Domestic operations(R) 5,659 (R) 6,633 (R) 6,677 5,593 3,952 3,245 3,125 2,974 2,893 2,922 2,848 2,807 2,685 2,682 2,544 2,628 2,552 2,523 2,365 2,290 2,234 2,119 2,060 1,993 1,925 1,818International operations(R) 6,031 (R) 6,748 (R) 7,202 4,948 2,867 3,007 2,758 2,748 2,598 2,531 2,567 2,578 2,552 2,593 2,527 2,591 2,528 2,648 2,613 2,739 2,549 2,502 2,403 2,342 2,277 2,221Load factor (percent)Domestic operations(R) 58.5 (R) 54.7 (R) 48.9 55.6 58.4 60.9 60.6 61.3 62.6 62.2 64.9 65.5 68.0 69.1 69.9 69.8 71.0 69.0 70.4 72.5 74.3 76.9 78.9 79.6 79.4 80.7International operations(R) 62.2 (R) 56.8 (R) 53.0 54.4 63.8 66.2 69.2 67.1 67.5 67.9 70.6 71.8 73.2 74.1 72.5 74.2 75.9 72.6 75.7 74.7 77.9 78.1 78.7 79.1 78.4 78.2NOTESTable 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All ServicesaKEY:R = revised.aU.S. owned carriers only. Operations of foreign-owned carriers in or out of the United States not included.SOURCESAircraft-kilometersinclude all four large certificated air-carrier groups (majors, nationals, large regionals, and medium regionals), scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo.Fuel consumedincludes majors, nationals, andlarge regionals, scheduled and charter, passenger, and all-cargo.Passenger-kilometersinclude all four large certificated air-carrier groups, scheduled and charter, passenger service only.International operations include operations outside the United States, including those between the United States and foreign countries and the United States and its territories or possessions.Heat equivalent factor used for conversion is 37,626.7 Kilojoules/liter.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.Derived by calculation.3.785412 litres = 1 gallon.Load factor: Ratio ofPassenger-kilometerstoAvailable seat-kilometers.Aircraft-kilometers, available seat-kilometers, and passenger-kilometers:1960-70: Air Transport Association, available at http://www.air-transport.org/ as of July 31, 2002.1975-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,T1: U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class, available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/Fields.asp?Table_ID=264, as of Dec. 15, 2010.Fuel consumed:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption, available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp as of Dec. 15, 2010.Seats per aircraft, seat-kilometers per liter, energy intensiveness and load factor:1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (R) 2005 2006Vehicle-kilometers (millions)Passenger car944,685 1,163,556 1,475,768 1,664,062 1,789,591 2,006,852 2,265,956 2,185,489 2,208,020 2,212,848 2,262,738 2,314,237 2,365,736 2,418,844 2,494,483 2,525,061 2,575,412 2,620,546 2,669,055 2,690,950 2,735,708 2,749,437 2,707,996Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 197,949 323,478 468,319 629,254 925,373 1,044,464 1,137,806 1,200,571 1,231,148 1,271,382 1,314,834 1,369,552 1,396,911 1,450,019 1,485,519 1,517,945 1,554,681 1,583,746 1,653,060 1,675,409 1,752,597Motorcycleb b4,828 9,012 16,415 14,645 15,450 14,806 15,450 15,933 16,415 15,772 15,933 16,254 16,576 17,059 16,848 15,512 15,372 15,413 16,290 16,824 19,957Passenger-kilometers (millions)aPassenger car1,842,699 2,245,035 2,817,961 3,144,658 3,238,000 3,369,966 3,672,523 3,540,557 3,553,432 3,561,478 3,621,024 3,680,570 3,761,037 3,844,723 3,965,424 4,015,313 4,094,907 4,114,257 4,217,107 4,251,702 4,322,420 4,344,110 4,278,636Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 363,712 584,192 838,468 1,107,229 1,609,344 1,797,637 1,934,431 2,016,508 2,042,258 2,021,336 2,088,929 2,177,442 2,222,504 2,306,190 2,361,976 2,701,852 2,695,316 2,745,707 2,865,873 2,904,621 3,038,437Motorcycleb b4,828 9,656 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 19,312 17,703 17,703 17,703 17,703 19,312 18,533 18,926 19,523 19,574 20,688 21,367 25,347Average occupancy ratePassenger car1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.81 1.68 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleN N 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.78 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73Motorcycleb b1.00 1.07 1.18 1.32 1.25 1.30 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.13 1.10 1.22 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27Fuel consumed (million liters)Passenger car 155,849 188,222 256,723 280,650 264,911 270,725 263,344 243,466 247,702 253,804 256,931 257,681 262,030 264,570 271,395 277,406 276,582 278,450 285,690 285,627 285,427 293,063 283,841Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicleN N 46,610 72,229 90,078 103,580 134,802 144,667 154,933 162,209 166,982 172,634 179,254 186,954 191,019 200,093 200,395 202,602 209,031 229,994 240,060 222,843 229,631Motorcycleb b227 428 772 689 723 697 723 750 776 742 750 765 780 801 793 730 723 725 766 715 833Energy intensity (Btu/passenger-kilometer)cPassenger car2,793 2,768 3,008 2,947 2,702 2,653 2,368 2,271 2,302 2,353 2,343 2,312 2,301 2,272 2,260 2,281 2,230 2,235 2,237 2,218 2,181 2,228 2,191Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle N N 4,232 4,083 3,548 3,089 2,766 2,657 2,645 2,656 2,700 2,820 2,834 2,835 2,838 2,865 2,802 2,476 2,561 2,766 2,766 2,533 2,496Motorcyclea a1,553 1,463 1,320 1,178 1,236 1,191 1,236 1,282 1,327 1,384 1,398 1,426 1,455 1,370 1,412 1,273 1,223 1,223 1,223 1,106 1,085For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle fuel consumed is subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle fuel consumedfrom VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues),table VM-1.Passenger-miles:1960-97: Vehicle-miles multiplied by vehicle occupancy rates.1998-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Fuel consumed:1970-94: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.For 1970-94, the unrevised motorcycle vehicle-miles are subtracted from the combined passenger car and motorcycle vehicle-milesfrom VM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tableVM-201A.Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle:1970-94: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: 1986), table VM-201A.Motorcycle:1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.Vehicle-miles:Passenger car:1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tableVM-201A.1995-2006: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1.,p p , p yp y ,p yp gcar category. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires. Pre-1993 datahave been reassigned to the closest availablecategory.Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles data for 1960 through 1999 have been rounded to the nearest billion miles.SOURCES:These new categories include passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck, and combination truck.KEY:Btu = British thermal unit; N = data do not exist; R = revised.Table 4-22M:Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and MotorcyclesIn 1995, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration revised its vehicle type categories for 1993 andlater data.bIncluded in passenger car.cEnergy Intensity (Btu/passenger-kilometer) is calculated by converting the fuel consumption in liters to the energy equivalentBtu units and dividing by the passenger-miles.The heat equivalent factor used for Btu conversion is 33,021.5046605 Btus/liter.NOTES:1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Average U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency (kmpl)(calendar year)Passenger cara(R) 6.8 (R) 7.4 (R) 8.6 (R) 9.0 (R) 8.9 (R) 8.8 (R) 8.8 (R) 9.0 (R) 9.0 9.1 (R) 9.2 (R) 9.1 (R) 9.3 (R) 9.4 (R) 9.3 (R) 9.4 (R) 9.6 (R) 9.4 (R) 9.6 (R) 9.6 9.6 UOther 2-axle 4-tire vehicle(R) 5.2 (R) 6.1 (R) 6.9 (R) 7.2 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.3 (R) 7.2 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.5 (R) 7.4 (R) 6.9 (R) 6.9 (R) 7.5 (R) 7.6 (R) 7.6 7.7 UNew vehicle fuel efficiency (kmpl)b(model year)Light-duty vehiclePassenger car 10.3 11.7 11.9 12.1 11.9 12.1 12.0 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.9 12.8 13.3 13.3 13.9Domestic 9.6 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.5 11.8 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.8 12.2 11.9 12.2 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.7 13.0 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.9Imported 12.6 13.4 12.7 12.8 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.9 12.6 12.8 12.4 12.3 12.0 12.3 12.2 12.7 12.2 12.7 12.6 13.7 13.4 13.9Light truck (<8,500 lbs GVWR)c7.9 8.8 8.8 9.1 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.1 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.3CAFE standards (kmpl)b(model year)Passenger car 8.5 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7Light truckdU8.3 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8NOTESU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Summary of Fuel Economy Performance(Washington, DC: Annual Issues),available at http://www.nhtsa.gov/ as of Sept. 10, 2010.SOURCESAverage U.S. passenger car fuel efficiency:1980-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997),table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Sept. 10, 2010.1995-2008: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.cfm as of Sept. 10,2010.New vehicle fuel efficiency (based on model year production) and CAFE standards:The fuel efficiency figures for light duty vehicles represent the sales-weighted harmonic average of the combined passenger car and light truck fuel economies.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light TrucksKEY:CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; kmpl = kilometers per liter; R = revised; U = data are not available.aFrom 1980 to 1994, passenger car fuel efficiency includes motorcycles.bAssumes 55% city and 45% highway-miles. The source calculated average miles per gallon for light-duty vehicles by taking the reciprocal of the sales-weightedaverage of gallons per mile. This is called the harmonic average. These data were then converted to metric units.cBeginning with FY 1999, the total light truck fleet ceased to be categorized by either domestic or import fleets.dNo combined figure is available for 1980. In 1980, CAFE standard for 2 wheel drive, and 4 wheel drive light trucks were 6.8, and 6.0 kmpl respectively.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (R) 1996 (R) 1997 (R) 1998 (R) 1999 (R) 2000 (R) 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Vehicle-kilometers (millions)(R) 2,537 (R) 2,460 2,268 2,456 2,699 2,998 3,428 3,487 3,505 3,556 3,479 3,514 2,692 2,744 2,841 2,931 2,993 3,079 3,077 2,997 2,976 2,961 2,956 2,995 3,050 3,060Passenger-kilometers (millions)NNNN(R) 35,068 (R) 34,055 33,766 33,941 32,728 32,584 30,307 30,285 25,460 26,565 27,248 28,253 28,365 29,535 29,104 27,463 26,847 27,413 28,149 28,131 29,449 28,976Energy consumedDiesel fuel (million liters)787 939 1,026 1,382 1,632 1,961 2,132 2,169 2,241 2,179 2,139 2,134 1,763 1,754 1,773 1,804 1,853 1,862 1,773 1,672 1,668 1,421 1,597 1,535 1,526 1,462Compressed Natural Gas (million liters)N N N N N N N N N N N 38 38 67 103 126 159 193 246 296 323 351 413 402 421 470Bio-diesel (million liters)N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 3 3 8 195 61 78 125 134Liquefied natural gas (million liters)N N N N N N N N N N N 6 8 12 10 17 33 37 53 44 50 55 58 57 56 52Gasoline (million liters)NNNNNNNNNNN9 4 5 6 4 4 5 4 3 5 3 7 7 11 11Other major fuelsa(million liters)N N N N N N N N N N N N 43 34 169 3 4 8 8 8 11 8 4 3 4Powerb(million KWH)NNNNNNNNNNNN00111131211111Energy consumed, total (Billion kilojoules)NNNNNNNNNNNN69,603.1 69,471.5 69,992.2 71,266.4 73,643.6 74,333.7 71,846.4 68,022.7 68,388.6 65,720.8 68,316.9 66,321.8 67,780.2 65,974.7Diesel fuel 30,437.9 36,291.4 39,657.1 53,412.7 63,070.9 75,816.8 82,409.4 83,830.3 86,638.2 84,251.6 82,689.4 82,499.6 68,159.8 67,799.1 68,541.0 69,750.9 71,645.9 71,973.7 68,535.1 64,642.3 64,463.8 54,914.0 61,728.8 59,336.9 58,981.3 56,523.4Compressed Natural GasNNNNNNNNNNN237.4 240.3 420.4 647.0 789.9 999.5 1,211.3 1,542.7 1,856.4 2,027.0 2,198.5 2,589.3 2,521.5 2,640.4 2,950.1Bio-dieselNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN103.1 113.4 282.7 6,849.6 2,138.2 2,745.3 4,379.6 4,721.4Liquefied natural gasNNNNNNNNNNN152.1 200.4 288.9 229.9 392.1 781.3 874.6 1,252.9 1,049.4 1,178.0 1,294.8 1,381.4 1,354.1 1,330.4 1,237.7GasolineNNNNNNNNNNN303.3 132.0 174.5 199.4 142.6 133.7 162.5 139.3 121.6 189.9 101.8 243.3 251.3 373.5 394.4Other major fuelsaNNNNNNNNNNNN867.4 786.0 368.0 182.2 73.0 100.9 245.8 224.8 226.4 349.1 222.9 101.5 65.1 122.0PowerbN N N N N N N N N N N N 3.2 2.6 6.8 8.710.2 10.7 27.5 14.8 20.7 13.0 13.0 11.2 10.0 7.7Energy intensity (kilojoules/passenger-kilometer)NNNNNNNNNNNN2,734 2,615 2,569 2,522 2,596 2,517 2,469 2,477 2,547 2,397 2,427 2,358 2,302 2,277Gasoline = 34,839.54 kilojoules/liter.Liquefied petroleum gas = 25,446.80 kilojoules/liter.Liquefied natural gas = 23,635.15 kilojoules/liter.Ethanol = 23,579.40 kilojoules/liter.1.055056 kilojoules = 1 British thermal unit (Btu).SOURCES1960-95: American Public Transportation Association,2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Appendix A: Historical Tables(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 2, 6, 30, 32 and similar tables inearlier editions, available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx as of Aug 23, 2010.Kerosene = 37,626.70 kilojoules/liter.Bunker fuel = 41,723.83 kilojoules/liter.The following conversion rates were used:Diesel =38,657.95 kilojoules/liter.Data from 1996 and after are for those vehicles used for directly operated (DO) services only .NOTES1996-2009: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transit Database, tables 17, 19, and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Dec. 20, 2010.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.Grain additive = 33,696.80 kilojoules/liter.Bio-Diesel = 35,174.00 kilojoules/liter.Electricity 1KWH = 3,412 Btu, negating electrical system losses. This table includes approximate electrical system losses, and thus the conversion factor is multiplied by 3.Methanol = 18,005.07 kilojoules/liter.aBefore 2002,Other major fuelsinclude liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, and bunker fuel. From 2002 to 2009,Other major fuelsinclude liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, bunkerfuel, kerosene, and grain additive.bPowerincludes electric propulsion and electric battery.Table 4-24M: Energy Intensity of Transit Motor BusesKEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised.Compressed Natural Gas = 6,271.117 kilojoules/liter.Data from 1996 and after are not comparable to the data for earlier years or to the data published in previous editions of the report due to different data sources used.Energy consumed, totaldoes not include the other types of energy identified in table 17 in theNational Transit Databasedue to the lack of information on the unit of measurement for such data before2008.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (R) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Revenue freight tonne-kilometers (millions) 835,555 1,018,882 1,116,600 1,101,187 1,341,653 1,280,372 1,509,566 1,516,728 1,557,470 1,619,560 1,752,990 1,906,268 1,979,686 1,969,394 2,010,092 2,092,813 2,140,261 2,183,347 2,200,194 2,265,056 2,427,347 2,476,733 2,586,920 2,584,946 2,594,715 2,236,990Car-kilometers (millions)45,335 47,212 48,103 44,508 47,117 40,105 42,099 41,244 42,049 43,264 45,842 48,897 51,040 50,952 52,556 54,478 55,667 55,109 55,812 57,220 59,660 60,692 62,692 61,454 59,909 51,684Tonnes per car load(R) 40.3 (R) 44.4 (R) 49.8 (R) 55.2 (R) 60.9 (R) 61.4 (R) 60.4 (R) 60.1 (R) 59.9 (R) 58.4 (R) 57.5 (R) 59.2 (R) 60.4 (R) 57.5 (R) 58.2 (R) 57.5 (R) 56.8 (R) 58.1 (R) 57.4 (R) 56.5 (R) 55.655.3(R) 55.256.0 57.2 58.2Fuel consumed (million liters)13,109 13,597 13,419 13,843 14,778 11,773 11,792 11,000 11,375 11,689 12,621 13,173 13,548 13,533 13,563 14,063 14,006 14,044 14,120 14,483 15,365 15,513 15,868 15,376 14,710 12,083Energy intensity (kilojoule / revenue freight tonne-kilometer)(R) 606 (R) 516 (R) 465 (R) 486 (R) 426 (R) 355 (R) 302 (R) 280 (R) 282 (R) 279 (R) 278 (R) 267 (R) 265 (R) 266 (R) 261 (R) 260 (R) 253 (R) 249 (R) 248 (R) 247 (R) 245242 237 230 219 209Energy intensity (kilojoule / car-kilometer)(R) 11,178 (R) 11,133 (R) 10,784 (R) 12,023 (R) 12,124 (R) 11,347 (R) 10,827 (R) 10,310 (R) 10,457 (R) 10,444 (R) 10,642 (R) 10,414 (R) 10,261 (R) 10,267 (R) 9,976 (R) 9,979 (R) 9,726 (R) 9,851 (R) 9,779 (R) 9,784 (R) 9,9569,880 9,784 9,672 9,492 9,037NOTES1.055056 kilojoules = 1 British thermal unit (Btu).KEY:R = revised.Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Class I RailroadaFreight ServiceThe heat equivalent factor used for joule conversion is 38,655.900 joules/liter.1.459972 tonne-kilometer = 1 ton-mile.1.609344 kilometers = 1 mile.Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts2010(Washington, DC: 2010), pp. 34, 37, and 40, and similar tables in earlier editions.0.9071847 tonnes = 1 ton.3.785412 liters = 1 gallon.SOURCEaThe threshold for classification as a Class I Railroads is based on operating revenues; the 2009 threshold is $389.8 million.

# appendix b



# Glossary

14 CFR 121 (Air): Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, part 121. Prescribes rules governing the operation of do m estic, flag, and supple m ental air

carriers and co mm ercial operators of large

aircraft.

14 CFR 135 (Air): Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, part 135. Prescribes rules governing the operations of co mm uter air carriers (scheduled)

and on-de m and air taxi (unscheduled).

ACCIDENT (Aircraft): As defined by theNational Transportation Safety Board, an occurrence incidental to flight in which, as a result of the operation of an aircraft, any person (occupant or nonoccupant) receives fatal or serious injury or any aircraft receives substantial da m age.

ACCIDENT (Auto m obile): See Crash (Highway)

ACCIDENT (Gas): 1) An event that involves the release of gas fro m a pipeline or of liquefied natural gas (LNG) or other gas fro m an LNG facilityresulting in personal injury necessitating inpatient hospitalization or a death; or esti m ated property da m age of $50,000 or m ore to the operator or others, or both, including the value of the gas that escaped during the accident; 2) An event

that results in an e m ergency shutdown of an LNG facility; or 3) An event that is significant in the judg m ent of the operator even though it did not

m eet the criteria of 1) or 2).

ACCIDENT (Hazar d ous liqui d or gas): Release of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide while being transported, resulting in any of the following: 1) An explosion or fire not intentionally set by the operator; 2) Loss of 50 or m ore barrels of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide; 3) Release to the

at m osphere of m ore than 5 barrels a day of highly volatile liquids; 4) Death of any person; 5) Bodily

har m resulting in one or m ore of the following: a)The loss of consciousness, b) The necessity of carrying person fro m the scene, c) The necessity for

m edical treat m ent, d) Disability that prevents the discharge of nor m al duties; and 6) Esti m ated

da m age to the property of the operators and/or others, exceeding $50,000. ACCIDENT (Highway-Rail Gra d e-Crossing): An

i m pact between on-track railroad equip m ent and

an auto m obile, bus, truck, m otorcycle, bicycle,

far m vehicle, or pedestrian or other highway user at a designated crossing site. Sidewalks, pathways,

s houlders, and ditches associated with the crossing are considered to be part of the crossing site.

ACCIDENT (Rail): A collision, derail m ent, fire, explosion, act of God, or other event involving operation of railroad on-track equip m ent (standing or m oving) that results in railroad da m age exceeding an established dollar threshold.

ACCIDENT (Recreational Boating): An occurrence involving a vessel or its equip m ent that results in 1) A death; 2) An injury that requires

m edical treat m ent beyond first aid; 3) Da m age to a vessel and other property, totaling to m ore than
$500 or co m plete loss of a vessel; or 4) The disappearance of the vessel under circu m stances that indicate death or injury. Federal regulations (33 CFR 173-4) require the operator of any vessel

that is nu m bered or used for recreational purposes to sub m it an accident report.

ACCIDENT (Transit): An incident involving a

m oving vehicle. Includes a vehicle, object, or person (except suicides) or a derail m ent/left roadway.

ACTIVE AIRCRAFT (General Aviation): All legally registered civil aircraft that flew one or

m ore hours.

AERIAL APPLICATION FLYING (General Aviation): The operation of aircraft for the purposes ofdispensing any substances required for agriculture, health, forestry, seeding, firefighting, and insect control purposes.

AERIAL OBSERVATION FLYING (General Aviation): Any use of an aircraft for aerial m appingand photography, surveying, patrolling, fish spotting, search and rescue, hunting, sightseeing, orhighway traffic advisory not included under Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 135.

#  

# Appendix B : Glossary



# AIR CARRIER: A person who undertakes directly, by lease, or other arrange m ent to engage in air transportation. More specifically, the co m

m ercial syste m of air transportation co m prising large certificated air carriers, s m all certificated air
carriers, co mm uter air carriers, on-de m and air taxis, supple m ental air carriers, and air travel

clubs.

AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER: A facility established to provide air traffic controlservice to aircraft operating on an IFR (instrum ent flight rule) flight plan within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight.

AIR TAXI: An aircraft operator who conducts operations for hire or co m pensation in accordance with 14 CFR 135 (for safety purposes) or FAR Part 135 (for econo m ic regulations/reportingpurposes) in an aircraft with 30 or fewer passenger seats and a payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or less. An air taxi operates on an on-de m and

basis and does not m eet the flight scheduled qualifications of a co mm uter air carrier (see below).

AIRCRAFT REVENUE HOURS: The airborne hours in revenue service, co m puted fro m the

m o m ent an aircraft leaves the ground until it

lands.

AIRCRAFT REVENUE MILES: The m iles (co m

puted in airport-to-airport distances) for each interairport hop actually co m pleted in revenue service, whether or not perfor m ed in accordance with the scheduled pattern. For this purpose, operation to a flag stop is a hop co m pleted even if a landing is not actually m ade. In cases where theinterairport distances are inapplicable, aircraftm iles flown are deter m ined by m ultiplying the

nor m al cruising speed for the aircraft type by the

airborne hours.

AIRPORT: A landing area regularly used by aircraft for receiving or discharging passengers or

cargo.

AIRPORT/AIRWAY TRUST FUND: See Trust

Funds.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS: The Energy Policy Act

of 1992 defines alternative fuels as m ethanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohol; m ixtures containing 85 percent or m ore (but not less than 70 percent as deter m ined by the Secretary of Energy by rule to provide for require m ents relat

ing to cold start, safety, or vehicle functions) by volu m e of m ethanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels.

Includes co m pressed natural gas, liquid petroleu m gas, hydrogen, coal-derived liquid fuels, fuels

other than alcohols derived fro m biological m aterials, electricity, or any other fuel the Secretary of Energy deter m ines by rule is substantially not petroleu m and would yield substantial energy security and environ m ental benefits.

AMTRAK: Operated by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation of Washington, D.C., this rail syste m was created by the Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-518, 84 Stat. 1327) andgiven the responsibility for the operation of intercity, as distinct fro m suburban, passenger trains between points designated by the Secretary of Transportation.

ARTERIAL HIGHWAY: A m ajor highway used pri m arily for through traffic.

ASPHALT: A dark brown to black ce m ent-like

m aterial containing bitu m ens as the predo m inant constituent. The definition includes crude asphalt and finished products such as ce m ents, fluxes, the asphalt content of e m ulsions, and petroleu m distillates blended with asphalt to m ake cutback asphalt. Asphalt is obtained by petroleu m processing.

AVAILABLE SEAT-MILES (Air Carrier): The aircraft m iles flown in each interairport hop m ultiplied by the nu m ber of seats available on that hop for revenue passenger service.

AVERAGE HAUL: The average distance, in m iles,

one ton is carried. It is co m puted by dividing tonm iles by tons of freight originated.

AVERAGE PASSENGER TRIP LENGTH (Bus/ Rail): Calculated by dividing revenue passengerm iles by the nu m ber of revenue passengers.

AVIATION GASOLINE (General Aviation): All special grades of gasoline used in avi at ion reciprocating engines, as specified by A m erican Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) Specification D910 and Military Specification MIL-G5572.

Includes refinery products within the gasoline

range m arketed as or blended to constitute aviation gasoline.

BARREL (oil): A unit of volu m e equal to 42 U.S. gallons.

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (Highway): A m easure m ent of the percentage of alcohol in the blood by gra m s per deciliter.

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT: The quantity of

heat needed to raise the te m perature of 1 pound of water by 1 °F at or near 39.2 °F.

BULK CARRIER (Water): A ship with specialized holds for carrying dry or liquid co mm odities, such as oil, grain, ore, and coal, in unpackaged bulk

for m . Bulk carriers m ay be designed to carry a single bulk product (crude oil tanker), or acco m

m odate several bulk product types (ore/bulk/oil carrier) on the sa m e voyage or on a subsequent voyage after holds are cleaned.

BUS: Large m otor vehicle used to carry m ore than 10 passengers, includes school buses, intercity buses, and transit buses.

BUSINESS TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): A trip taken for business or business co m bined withpleasure, or for attending a convention, conference, or se m inar.

CAFE STANDARDS: See Corporate Average Fuel

Econo m y Standards.

CAR-MILE (Rail): The m ove m ent of a railroad

car a distance of 1 m ile. An e m pty or loaded carm ile refers to a m ile run by a freight car with or

without a load. In the case of inter m odal m ovem ents, the designation of e m pty or loaded refers

to whether the trailers/containers are m oved with or without a waybill.

CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY (Air Carrier): A certificate issued by the Depart m ent of Transportation to an

air carrier under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act authorizing the carrier to engage in air transportation.

CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIER: An air carrier holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Depart m ent of Transportation (DOT) to conduct scheduled services

interstate. These carriers m ay also conduct nonscheduled or charter operations. Certificated air carriers operate large aircraft (30 seats or m ore or

a m axi m u m load of 7,500 pounds or m ore) in accordance with FAR Part 121. See also Large

Certificated Air Carrier.

CERTIFICATED AIRPORTS: Airports th at service air carrier operations with aircraft seating

m ore than 30 passengers. CHAINED DOLLARS: A m easure used to express real prices, defined as prices that are adjusted to re m ove the effect of changes in thepurchasing power of the dollar. Real prices usually reflect buying power relative to a reference year. The “chained-dollar” m easure is based onthe average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is “chained” because the second year in each pair, with its weights,

beco m es the first year of the next pair. Prior to1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a weighted m easure of goods and services ina single year. See also Constant Dollars and Current Dollars.

CLASS I RAILROAD: A carrier that has an annual operating revenue of $250 m illion or m oreafter applying the railroad revenue deflator form ula, which is based on the Railroad Freight Price Index developed by the U.S. Depart m ent of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics. The for m ula is the current year's revenues x 1991 average index/current year's average index.

COASTWISE TRAFFIC (Water): Do m estic traffic receiving a carriage over the ocean, or the Gulf ofMexico (e.g., between New Orleans and Baltim ore, New York and Puerto Rico, San Francisco and Hawaii, Alaska and Hawaii). Traffic betweenGreat Lakes ports and seacoast ports, when having a carriage over the ocean, is also considered

coastwise.

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION: Ratio of the

sa m pling error (or standard error) of a statistic to

the value of that statistic. Also referred to as relative standard error.

COLLECTOR (Highway): In rural areas, routes that serve intracounty rather than statewide travel. In urban areas, streets that provide direct access to neighborhoods and arterials.

COLLISION WITH OBJECT (Transit): An incident in which a transit vehicle strikes an obstacleother than a vehicle or person (e.g., building, utility pole). Reports are m ade if the accident results in a death, injury, or property da m age over $1,000.

COLLISION WITH PEOPLE (Transit): An incident in which a transit vehicle strikes a person.

Excludes suicides and suicide atte m pts. Reports

are m ade if the incident results in death, injury, or property da m age over $1,000.

#  

# Appendix B : Glossary



# COLLISION WITH VEHICLE (Transit): An incident in which a transit vehicle strikes or is struck by another vehicle. Reports are m ade if the incident results in a death, injury, or property da m age over $1,000.

COMBINATION TRUCK: A power unit (truck tractor) and one or m ore trailing units (a se m itrailer or trailer).

COMMERCIAL BUS: Any bus used to carry passengers at rates specified in tariffs; charges m ay be

co m puted per passenger (as in regular route service) or per vehicle (as in charter service).

COMMERCIAL SERVICE AIRPORT: Airport receiving scheduled passenger service and having

2,500 or m ore enplaned passengers per year.

COMMUTER AIR CARRIER: Different definitions are used for safety purposes and for econo m ic regulations and reporting. For safety analysis, co mm uter carriers are defined as air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135 that carry passengers for hire or co m pensation on at least five round trips per week on at least one route

between two or m ore points according to published flight schedules, which specify the ti m es, days of the week, and points of service. On March 20, 1997, the size of the aircraft subject to 14

CFR 135 was reduced fro m 30 to fewer than 10 passenger seats. (Larger aircraft are subject to the

m ore stringent regulations of 14 CFR 121.) Helicopters carrying passengers or cargo for hire, however, are regulated under CFR 135 whatever their size. Although, in practice, m ost co mm uter air carriers operate aircraft that are regulated for safety purposes under 14 CFR 135 and m ost aircraft that are regulated under 14 CFR 135 are operated by co mm uter air carriers, this is not necessarily the case.

For econo m ic regulations and reporting requirem ents, co mm uter air carriers are those carriers that operate aircraft of 60 or fewer seats or a

m axi m u m payload capacity of 18,000 pounds or

less. These carriers hold a certificate issued under section 298C of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958,

as a m ended.

COMMUTER RAIL (Transit): Urban passenger

train service for short-distance travel between a central city and adjacent suburb. Does not include rapid rail transit or light rail service. COMPACT CAR: An auto m obile industry designation usually consisting of cars with a wheelbase

between 100 and 104 inches.

COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS: Natural gas

co m pressed to a volu m e and density that is practical as a portable fuel supply. It is used as a fuel for natural gas-powered vehicles.

CONSTANT DOLLAR: Do ll ar value adjusted for changes in the average price level by dividing a

current dollar a m ount by a price index. See also

Chained Dollar and Current Dollar.

CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS (CAFÉ): Originally established by Congress for new auto m obiles and later for light trucks. Under CAFE, auto m obile m anufacturers are required by law to produce vehicle fleets with

a co m posite sales-weighted fuel econo m y not lower than the CAFE standards in a given year. For every vehicle that does not m eet the standard, a fine is paid for every one-tenth of a m ile per gallon that vehicle falls below the standard.

CORPORATE FLYING (General Aviation): Corporate aircraft piloted by a professional crew.

CRASH (Highway): An event that produces injury and/or property da m age, involves a m otor vehicle in transport, and occurs on a trafficway or

while the vehicle is still in m otion after running off the trafficway.

CRUDE OIL: A m ixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in natural underground

reservoirs and re m ains liquid at at m ospheric pressure after passing through surface-separating

facilities.

CURRENT DOLLAR: Dollar value of a good or

service in ter m s of prices current at the ti m e the good or service is sold. See also Chained Dollar

and Current Dollar.

DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE (Water): The carrying capacity of a vessel in long tons (2,240 pounds). It is the difference between the nu m ber of tons of water a vessel displaces “light” and the

nu m ber of tons it displaces when sub m erged to

the “load line.”

DEMAND-RESPONSIVE VEHICLE (Transit): A nonfixed-route, a nonfixed-schedule vehicle that operates in response to calls fro m passengers or their agents to the transit operator or dispatcher.

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# DERAILMENT/LEFT ROADWAY (Transit): A

noncollision incident in which a transit vehicle

leaves the rails or road on which it travels. This also includes rollovers. Reports are m ade for all

occurrences.

DESTINATION OF TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): The place the survey respondent na m es as the destination of the trip. If m ore than one location is visited on the sa m e trip, the farthest point

fro m the origin is considered the destination.

DIESEL FUEL: A co m plex m ixture of hydrocarbons with a boiling range between approxi m ately

350 and 650 °F. Diesel fuel is co m posed pri m arily of paraffins and naphthenic co m pounds that auto-ignite fro m the heat of co m pression in a diesel engine. Diesel is used pri m arily by heavy-duty road vehicles, construction equip m ent, loco m otives, and by m arine and stationary engines.

DISTILLATE FUEL OIL: A general classification for one of the petroleu m fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. Included are No. 1, No. 2 and No. 4 fuel oils and No. 1, No. 2,

and No. 4 diesel fuels. Distillate fuel oil is used
pri m arily for space heating, on- and off-highway diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuel for agricultural m achinery), and electric
power generation.

DISTRIBUTION MAINS (Gas): A network of pipelines, services, and equip m ent that carry or control the supply of gas fro m the point of local supply to, and including, the sales m eters.

DOMESTIC FREIGHT (Water): All waterborne

co mm ercial m ove m ents between points in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, excluding traffic with the Pana m a Canal Zone.
Cargo m oved for the m ilitary in co mm ercial vessels is reported as ordinary co mm ercial cargo;

m ilitary cargo m oved in m ilitary vessels is

o m itted.

DOMESTIC OPERATIONS (Air Carrier): Al l ai r carrier operations having destinations within the 50 United States, the District of Colu m bia, the

Co mm onwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

DOMESTIC PASSENGER (Water): Any person traveling on a public conveyance by water between points in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. DRY CARGO BARGES (Water): Large flat-botto m ed, nonself-propelled vessels used to transport dry-bulk m aterials such as coal and ore.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS TRUST

FUND: See Trust Funds.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The ratio of energy inputs to the outputs fro m a process; for exa m ple,

m iles traveled per gallon of fuel ( m pg).

ENPLANED PASSENGERS (Air Carrier): See Revenue Passenger Enplane m ents.

ETHANOL: A clear, colorless, fla mm able oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of 78.5 °C. in the anhydrous state. It is used in the United States as a gasoline octane enhancer and oxygenate (10-percent concentration). Ethanol can be used in high concentrations in vehicles opti m ized for its use. Otherwise known as ethyl alcohol, alcohol, or grain-spirit.

FATAL CRASH (Highway): A police-reported crash involving a m otor vehicle in transport on a trafficway in which at least one person dies within 30 days of the crash as a result of that crash.

FATAL INJURY (Air): Any injury that results in death within thirty days of the accident.

FATALITY: For purposes of statistical reportingon transportation safety, a fatality shall be considered a death due to injuries in a transportation crash, accident, or incident that occurs within 30 days of that occurrence.

FATALITY (Rail): 1) Death of any person fro m an injury within 30 days of the accident/incident
( m ay include nontrain accidents/incidents); or 2)

Death of a railroad e m ployee fro m an occupational illness within 365 days after the occupational illness was diagnosed by a physician.

FATALITY (Recreational Boating): All deaths (other than deaths by natural causes) and m issing persons resulting fro m an occurrence that involves a vessel or its equip m ent.

FATALITY (Transit): A transit-caused death confir m ed within 30 days of a transit incident. Incidents include collisions, derail m ents, personal casualties, and fires associated with transit agency

revenue vehicl es , transit facilities on transit property, service vehicles, m aintenance areas, and rights of way.

FATALITY (Water): All deaths and m issing persons resulting fro m a vessel casualty.

#  

# Appendix B : Glossary



# FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION (FERC): The Federal agency with jurisdiction over, a m ong other things, gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification.

FERRY BOAT (Transit): Vessels that carry passengers and/or vehicles over a body of water. Generally stea m or diesel-powered, ferry boats m ayalso be hovercraft, hydrofoil, and other highspeed vessels. The vessel is li m ited in its use to the carriage of deck passengers or vehicles or both, operates on a short run on a frequent schedule between two points over the m ost direct water routes other than in ocean or coastwise service,and is offered as a public service of a type norm ally attributed to a bridge or tunnel.

FIELD AND GATHERING GAS PIPELINES: A network of pipelines ( m ains) transporting natural gas fro m individual wells to a co m pressor station, processing point, or m ain trunk pipeline.

FLAG STOP (Air): A drop-off or pick-up point along a predeter m ined route that is visited only by request or if a signal to stop is given.

FOSSIL FUELS: Any naturally occurring organic

fuel for m ed in the Earth's crust, such as petroleu m , coal, and natural gas.

FREIGHT REVENUE (Rail): Revenue fro m the transportation of freight and fro m the exercise of transit, stopoff, diversion, and reconsign m ent privileges as provided for in tariffs.

FREIGHTERS (Water): General cargo carriers, full containerships, partial containerships, roll-on/ rolloff ships, and barge carriers.

FULL-SIZE CAR: As designated by the auto m obile industry, cars with a wheelbase between 110

and 114 inches.

GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINES: Pipelines installed for the purpose of trans m itting gas fro m a source or sources of supply to one or m ore distribution centers, or to one or m ore large volu m e

custo m ers; or a pipeline installed to interconnect sources of supply. Typically, trans m ission lines differ fro m gas m ains in that they operate at higher pressures and the distance between connections is

greater.

GASOHOL: A blend of finished m otor gasoline(leaded or unleaded) and alcohol (generally ethanol but so m eti m es m ethanol) li m ited to 10 percent by volu m e of alcohol. GASOLINE: A co m plex m i xture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without s m all quantities of additives that have been blended to produce a fuel suitable for use in spark ignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded or unleaded grades of finished m otor gasoline, blending co m ponents, and gasohol. Leaded gasoline is no longer used in highway m otor vehicles

in the United States.

GENERAL AVIATION: 1) All facets of civil aviation, except facets of those air carriers holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity.2) All civil aviation activity except that of air carriers certificated in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Parts 121, 123, 127, and 135. The types of aircraft used in general aviation range fro m corporate m ultiengine jet aircraft piloted by professional crews to a m ateur-built single-engine piston-driven acrobatic planes to balloons and dirigibles. 3) All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and nonscheduled air transport operations for taxis,

co mm uter air carriers, and air travel clubs that do

not hold Certificates of Public Convenience and
Necessity.

GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM: A data collection syste m that uses a nationally representative probability sa m ple selected fro m all policereported highway crashes. It began operation in

1988.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: The total output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States, valued at

m arket prices. As long as the labor and property are located in the United States, the suppliers (workers and owners) m ay be either U.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING (gvwr) (Truck): The m axi m u m rated capacity of a vehicle, including the weight of the base vehicle, all added equip m ent, driver and passengers, and all

cargo.

HARBOR MAINTENANCE TRUST FUND: See

Trust Funds.

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# HAZARDOUS MATERIAL: Any toxic substance or explosive, corrosive, co m bustible, poisonous,

or radioactive m aterial that poses a risk to the public's health, safety, or property-particularly when transported in co mm erce.

HEAVY RAIL (Transit): An electric railway with the capacity to transport a heavy volu m e of passenger traffic and characterized by exclusive rights-of-way, m ulticar trains, high speed, rapidacceleration, sophisticated signaling, and highplatfor m loading. Also known as “subway,” “elevated (railway),” or “ m etropolitan railway
( m etro).”

HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSING (Rail): A

location where one or m ore railroad tracks are crossed by a public highway, road, or street or a private roadway at grade, including sidewalks and pathways at or associated with the crossing.

HIGHWAY TRUST FUND: A grant-in-aid type

fund ad m inistered by the U.S. Depart m ent of Transportation, Federal Highway Ad m inistration. Most funds for highway i m prove m ents are apportioned to States according to for m ulas that give weight to population, area, and m ileage.

HOUSEHOLD TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): A trip in which one or m ore m e m bers of a household travel together.

HIGHWAY-USER TAX: A charge levied on persons or organizations based on their use of public roads. Funds collected are usually applied toward highway construction, reconstruction, and

m aintenance.

INCIDENT (Haz m at): Any unintentional release

of hazardous m aterial while in transit or storage.

INCIDENT (Train): Any event involving the

m ove m ent of a train or railcars on track equipm ent that results in a death, a reportable injury, or illness, but in which railroad property da m age does not exceed the reporting threshold.

INCIDENT (Transit): Collisions, derail m ents, personal casualties, fires, and property da m age in excess of $1,000 associated with transit agency revenue vehicles; all other facilities on the transit property; and service vehicles, m ai ntenance areas, and rights-of-way.

INJURY (Air): See SERIOUS INJURY (air and general aviation). INJURY (Gas): Described in DOT For m s 7100.1or 7100.2 as an injury requiring “in-patient hospitalization” (ad m ission and confine m ent in a hospital beyond treat m ent ad m inistered in an

e m ergency roo m or out-patient clinic in which

confine m ent does not occur).

INJURY (Hazar d ous Liqui d Pipeline): An injury resulting fro m a hazardous liquid pipeline accident that results in one or m ore of the following: 1) Loss of consciousness, 2) A need to be carried

fro m the scene, 3) A need for m edical treat m ent, and/or 4) A disability that prevents the discharge

of nor m al duties or the pursuit of nor m al duties beyond the day of the accident.

INJURY (Highway): Police-reported highway injuries are classified as follows:

Incapacitating Injury: Any injury, other than a fatal injury, that prevents the injured person fro m walking, driving, or nor m ally continuing the activities the person was capable of perfor m ingbefore the injury occurred. Includes severe lacerations, broken or distorted li m bs, skull or chest injuries, abdo m inal injuries, unconsciousness at

or when taken fro m the accident scene, andinability to leave the accident scene without assistance. Exclusions include m o m entary unconsciousness.

Nonincapacitating Evident Injury: Any injury, other than a fatal injury or an incapacitating injury, evident to observers at the scene of the

accident. Includes lu m ps on head, abrasions, bruises, m inor lacerations, and others. Excludes

li m ping.

Possible Injury: Any injury reported or clai m ed

that is not evident. Includes m o m entary unconsciousness, clai m of injuries not obvious, li m ping,

co m plaint of pain, nausea, hysteria, and others.

INJURY (Highway-Rail Gra d e Crossing): 1) An injury to one or m ore persons other than railroad

e m ployees that requires m edical treat m ent; 2) An injury to one or m ore e m ployees that requires

m edical treat m ent or that results in restriction of

work or m otion for one or m ore days, or one or

m ore lost work days, transfer to another job, term ination of e m ploy m ent, or loss of consciousness; 3) Any occupational illness affecting one or m ore railroad e m ployees that is diagnosed by a physician.

#  

# Appendix B: Glossary



# INJURY (Rail): 1) Injury to any person other than

a railroad e m ployee that requires m edical treatm ent, or 2) Injury to a railroad e m ployee that
requires m edical treat m ent or results in restriction

of work or m otion for one or m ore workdays, one

or m ore lost workdays, ter m ination of e m ploym ent, transfer to another job, loss of consciousness, or any occupational illness of a railroad

e m ployee diagnosed by a physician.

INJURY (Recreational Boating): Injury requiring

m edical treat m ent beyond first aid as a result ofan occurrence that involves a vessel or its equipm ent.

INJURY (Transit): Any physical da m age or har m to a person requiring m edical treat m ent or any physical da m age or har m to a person reported at

the ti m e and place of occurrence. For e m ployees, an injury includes incidents resulting in ti m e lost

fro m duty or any definition consistent with a transit agency's current e m ployee injury reporting
practice.

INJURY (Water): All personal injuries resulting

fro m a vessel casualty that require m edical treatm ent beyond first aid.

INLAND AND COASTAL CHANNELS:Includes the Atlantic Coast Waterways, the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the New York State Barge Canal Syste m , the Gulf Coast Waterways, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Mississippi
River Syste m (including the Illinois Waterway), Pacific Coast Waterways, the Great Lakes, and all other channels (waterways) of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, that are usable for co mm ercial navigation.

INSTRUCTIONAL FLYING: Flying under thesupervision of a flight instructor (excludes proficiency flying).

INTERCITY CLASS BUS I: As defined by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, an interstate

m otor carrier of passengers with an average annual gross revenue of at least $1 m illion.

INTERCITY TRUCK: Truck that carries freight beyond local areas and co mm ercial zones.

INTERMEDIATE -SIZE CAR: As designated by

the auto m obile industr y, a car with a wheelbase

between 105 and 109 inches. INTERNAL TRAFFIC (Water): Vessel m ovem ents (origin and destination) that take place solely on inland waterways located within the boundaries of the contiguous 48 states or within

the state of Alaska. The ter m “internal traffic” also applies to carriage on both inland waterways and the water of the Great Lakes; carriage between offshore areas and inland waterways; and carriage occurring within the Delaware Bay,Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound, and the San Francisco Bay, which are considered internal bodies of

water rather than ar m s of the ocean.

INTERSTATE HIGHWAY: Li m ited access, divided highway of at least four lanes designated by the Federal Highway Ad m inistration as part of the Interstate Syste m

.

INTRAPORT (Water): Move m ent of freight within the confines of a port whether the port hasone or several channels included in the port definition. Does not include car-ferries and general

ferries m oving within a port.

INTRATERRITORY TRAFFIC (Water): Traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, which are considered a single unit.

JET FUEL: The ter m includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel. Kerosene-type jet fuel is used pri m arily for co mm ercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. Naphtha-type jet fuel is used pri m arily for m ilitary turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

LAKEWISE OR GREAT LAKES TRAFFIC: Waterborne traffic between U.S. ports on the Great Lakes syste m . The Great Lakes syste m is treated as a separate waterways syste m rather than as a part of the inland syste m

.

LARGE CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIERS: Anair carrier holding a certificate issued under section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as

a m ended, that: 1) Operates aircraft designed to

have a m axi m u m passenger capacity of m ore than

60 seats or a m axi m u m payload capacity of m ore than 18,000 pounds, or 2) Conducts operations

where one or both ter m inals of a flight stage areoutside the 50 states of the United States, the Dist r ict of Colu m bia, the Co mm onwealth of PuertoRico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Large certificated air carriers are grouped by annual operating revenues: 1) Majors ( m ore than $1 billion in annual operating revenues), 2) Nationals (between $100 m illion and $1 billion in annual

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# operating revenues), Large regionals ($20 m illion and $99,999,999 in annual operating revenues), and 4) Mediu m regionals (less than $20 m illion in annual operating revenues).

LARGE REGIONALS (Air): Air carrier groups with annual operating revenues between $20 m illion and $99,999,999.

LARGE CAR: As designated by the auto m obile industry, a car with a wheelbase greater than 114

inches.

LARGE TRUCK: Trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit

trucks and truck tractors.

LEASE CONDENSATE: A m ixture consisting pri m arily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons, which are recovered as a liquid fro m natural gas in lease or field separation facilities. This category excludes natural gas liquids, such as butane andpropane, which are recovered at natural gas processing plants or facilities.

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE: A vehicle category that

co m bines light auto m obiles and trucks.

LIGHT RAIL: A streetcar-type vehicle operated on city streets, se m iexclusive rights-of-way, or exclusive rights-of-way. Service m ay be provided by step-entry vehicles or by level boarding.

LIGHT TRUCK: Trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups,vans, truck-based station wagons, and sport utility vehicles.

LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG): Natural gas, pri m arily m ethane, that has been liquefied by reducing its te m perature to -260 °F. at at m ospheric pressure.

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG): Propane, propylene, nor m al butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene produced at refineries or natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate new natural gas plant liquids.

LOCOMOTIVE: Railroad vehicle equipped withflanged wheels for use on railroad tracks, powered directly by electricity, stea m , or fossil fuel,

and used to m ove other railroad rolling equip m ent.

LOCOMOTIVE-MILE: The m ove m ent of a locom otive unit, under its own power, the distance of

1 m ile. MAINS (Gas): A network of pipelines that serves

as a co mm on source of supply for m ore than one gas service line.

MAJORS (Air): Air carrier groups with annual operating revenues exceeding $1 billion.

MEDIUM REGIONALS (Air): Air carrier groups with annual operati ng revenues less than $20

m illion.

MERCHANDISE TRADE EXPORTS: Merchandise transported out of the United States to foreign countries whether such m erchandise is exported fro m within the U.S. Custo m s territory,
fro m a U.S. Custo m s bonded warehouse, or fro m a U.S. Foreign Trade Zone. (Foreign Trade Zones are areas, operated as public utilities, under the

control of U.S. Custo m s with facilities for handling, storing, m anipulating, m anufacturing, and exhibiting goods.)

MERCHANDISE TRADE IMPORTS: Co m

m odities of foreign origin as well as goods of

do m estic origin returned to the United States withno change in condition or after having been processed and/or asse m bled in other countries. Puerto

Rico is a Custo m s district within the U.S. Custo m s territory, and its trade with foreign countries

is included in U.S. i m port statistics. U.S. i m port statistics also include m erchandise trade between the U. S. Virgin Islands and foreign countries even though the Islands are not officially a part of the

U.S. Custo m s territory.

METHANOL: A light, volatile alcohol produced

co mm ercially by the catalyzed reaction of hydrogen and carbon m onoxide. Methanol is blended with gasoline to i m prove its operational efficiency.

METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE): A colorless, fla mm able, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon that contains 18.15 percentoxygen. It is a fuel oxygenate produced by reacting m ethanol with isobutylene.

MID-SIZE CAR: See Inter m ediate-Size Car.

MINI-COMPACT CAR: An auto m obile industry designation usually consisting of cars with a

wheelbase of less than 95 inches.

MINOR ARTERIALS (Highway): Streets and highways linking cities and larger towns in rural areas, in distributing trips to s m all geographic areas in urban areas (not penetrating identifiable neighborhoods).

#  

# Appendix B : Glossary



# MOTOR BUS (Transit): A rubber-tired, self-propelled, m anually steered bus with fuel supply onboard the vehicle. Motor bus types include: intercity, school, and transit.

MOTORCYCLE: A two- or three-wheeled m otor vehicle designed to transport one or two people, including m otor scooters, m inibikes, and m opeds.

NATIONALS (Air): Air carrier groups with annual operating revenues between $100 m illion and $1 billion.

NATURAL GAS: A naturally occurring m ixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geologic for m ations beneath the Earth's surface, often in association with petroleu m . The principal constituent is m ethane.

NATURAL GAS PLANT LIQUIDS: Liquids

recovered fro m natural gas in processing plants or field facilities, or extracted by fractionators. They include ethane, propane, nor m al butane, isobutane, pentanes plus, and other products, such as

finished m otor gasoline, finished aviation gasoline, special naphthas, kerosene, and distillate fuel oil produced at natural gas processing plants.

NEAR MIDAIR COLLISION (Air): An incident in which the possibility of a collision occurred as a result of aircraft flying with less than 500 feet of separation, or a report received fro m a pilot or flight crew m e m ber stating that a collision hazard

existed between two or m ore aircraft.

NONOCCUPANT (Auto m obile): Any person who is not an occupant of a m otor vehicle intransport (e.g., bystanders, pedestrians, pedalcyclists, or an occupant of a parked m otor vehicle).

NONRESPONSE ERROR: Error that results

fro m so m e m e m bers of the sa m ple or census not providing infor m ation. Nonresponse bias results

fro m a syste m atic difference between those who do and those who do not respond to the m easurem ent instru m ent.

NONSAMPLING ERROR: All sources of bias or inaccuracy in a study other than sa m pling error.

Exa m pl es of nonsa m pling errors include processing, recording, or dataentry errors; nonresponse error; and response error.

NONSCHEDULED SERVICE (Air): Revenue flights not operated as regular scheduled service, such as charter flights, and all nonrevenue flights incident to such flight. NONSELF-PROPELLED VESSEL (Water): A vessel without the m eans for self- propulsion. Includes dry cargo and tanker barges.

NONTRAIN INCIDENT: An event that results in a reportable casualty, but does not involve the

m ove m ent of ontrack equip m ent, and does not cause reportable da m age above the threshold

established for train accidents.

NONTRESPASSERS (Rail): A person lawfully on any part of railroad property used in railroadoperations, or a person adjacent to railroad prem ises when injured as the result of railroad operations.

NONVESSEL-CASUALTY-RELATED DEATH:

A death that occurs onboard a co mm ercial vessel but not as a result of a vessel casualty, such as a collision, fire, or explosion.

OCCUPANT: Any person in or on a m otor vehicle in transport. Includes the driver, passengers, and persons riding on the exterior of a m otor vehicle (e.g., a skateboard rider holding onto a

m oving vehicle). Excludes occupants of parked cars unless they are double parked or m otionless on the roadway.

OCCUPATIONAL FATALITY: Death resulting

fro m a job-related injury.

OPERATING EXPENSES (Air): Expenses incurred in the perfor m ance of air transportation, based on overall operating revenues and expenses. Does not include nonoperating inco m e and expenses, nonrecurring ite m s, or inco m e taxes.

OPERATING EXPENSES (Rail): Expenses of furnishing transportation services, including m aintenance and depreciation of the plant used in the

service.

OPERATING EXPENSES (Transit): The total ofall expenses associated with operation of an individual m ode by a given operator. Includes distributions of “joint expenses” to individual m odes and excludes “reconciling ite m s,” such as interestexpenses and depreciation. Should not be confused with “vehicle operating expenses.”

OPERATING EXPENSES (Truck): Includes expenditures for equip m ent m aint ena nce, supervision, wages, fuel, equip m ent rental, ter m inal operations, insurance, safety, and ad m inistrative and general functions.

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# OPERATING REVENUES (Air): Revenues fro m the perfor m ance of air transportation and relatedincidental services. Includes l) Transportation revenues fro m the carriage of all classes of traffic inscheduled and nonscheduled services, and 2) Nontransportation revenues consisting of federal subsidies (where applicable) and services related to
air transportation.

OTHER FREEWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS (Highway): All urban principal arterials with li m

ited access but not part of the Interstate syste m

.
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL (Highway): Major streets or highways, m any of m ultilane or freeway design, serving high-volu m e traffic corridor m ove m ents that connect m ajor generators of

travel.

OTHER RAIL REVENUE: This includes revenues fro m m iscellaneous operations (i.e., diningand bar-car services), inco m e fro m lease of road and equip m ent, m iscellaneous rental inco m e,
inco m e fro m nonoperating property, profit fro m separately operated properties, dividend inco m e,
interest inco m e, inco m e fro m sinking and other reserve funds, release or pre m iu m on funded debt,

contributions fro m other co m panies, and other

m iscellaneous inco m e.

OTHER REVENUE VEHICLES (Transit): Other
revenue-generating m odes of transit service, such as cable cars, personal rapid transit syste m s,

m onorail vehicles, inclined railway cars, etc., not

covered otherwise.

OTHER 2-AXLE 4-TIRE VEHICLES (Truck): Includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility

vehicles.

OTHER WORK (General Aviation): Con-struction work (not Federal Aviation Regulations, Part135), helicopter hoist, parachuting, aerial advertising, and towing gliders.

OXYGENATES: Any substance that when added

to m otor gasoline increases the a m ount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Includes oxygen-be ari ng

co m pounds such as ethanol, m ethanol, and

m ethyl tertiary butyl ether. Oxygenated fuel tends
to give a m ore co m plete co m bustion of carbon into carbon dioxide (rather than m onoxide), thereby reducing air pollution fro m exhaust

e m issions. PASSENGER CAR: A m otor vehicle designed prim arily for carrying passengers on ordinary roads,includes convertibles, sedans, and stations wagons.

PASSENGER-MILE: 1) Air: One passenger transported 1 m ile; passenger- m iles for one interairport flight are calculated by m ultiplying aircraft m iles flow by the nu m ber of passengers carried on the flight. The total passenger- m iles for all flights is

the su m of passenger- m iles for all interairport flights. 2) Auto: One passenger traveling 1 m ile;
e.g., one car transporting two passengers 4 m iles results in eight passenger- m iles. 3) Transit: The

total nu m ber of m iles traveled by transit passengers; e.g., one bus transporting five passengers 3

m iles results in 15 passenger- m iles.

PASSENGER REVENUE: 1) Rail: Revenue fro m the sale of tickets. 2) Air: Revenues fro m the transport of passengers by air. 3) Transit: Fares, transfer, zone, and park-and-ride parking chargespaid by transit passengers. Prior to 1984, fare revenues collected by contractors operating transit

services are not included.

PASSENGER VESSELS: A vessel designed for the

co mm ercial transport of passengers.

PEDALCYCLIST: A person on a vehicle that is powered solely by pedals.

PEDESTRIAN: Any person not in or on a m otorvehicle or other vehicle. Excludes people in buildings or sitting at a sidewalk cafe. The National Highway Traffic Safety Ad m inistration also usesan “other pedestrian” category to refer to pedestrians using conveyances and people in buildings.

Exa m ples of pedestrian conveyances include skateboards, non m otorized wheelchairs, roller

s kates, sleds, and transport devices used as
equip m ent.

PERSON-MILES (A m erican Travel Survey): An

esti m ate of the aggregate distances traveled by all persons on a given trip based on the esti m ated transportation-network- m iles traveled on that
trip.

PERSON TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): A trip taken by an individual. For exa m ple, if three persons fro m the sa m e household travel together, the trip is counted as one household trip and three
person trips.

#  

# Appendix B : Glossary



# PERSONAL BUSINESS TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): A trip taken for a school-related activity or for personal or fa m ily business, including weddings and funerals.

PERSONAL-USE VEHICLE TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): A trip in which the principle

m eans of transportation is a car, pickup truck, orvan; other truck; rental car, truck, or van; recreational vehicle or m otor ho m e; or m otorcycle or

m oped.

PLEASURE TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): A trip taken to visit friends or relatives or for

leisure.

PERSONAL CASUALTY (Transit): 1) An incident in which a person is hurt while getting on or off a transit vehicle (e.g., falls or door incidents), but not as a result of a collision, derail m ent/left roadway, or fire. 2) An incident in which a person is hurt while using a lift to get on or off a transitvehicle, but not as a result of a collision, derailm ent/left roadway, or fire. 3) An incident in which a person is injured on a transit vehicle, but not as a result of a collision, derail m ent/left roadway, or fire. 4) An incident in which a person is hurt while using a transit facility. This includes anyone on
transit property (e.g., patrons, transit e m ployees,trespassers), but does not include incidents resulting fro m illness or cri m inal activity.

PERSONAL WATERCRAFT: Craft less than 13 feet in length designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the

craft rather than within the confines of a hull.

PETROLEUM (Oil): A generic ter m applied to oil and oil products in all for m s, such as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleu m products, natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon co m pounds blended into finished petroleu m products.

PROPERTY DAMAGE (Transit): The dollar

a m ount required to repair or replace transit property (including stations, right of way, bus stops,

and m aintenance facilities) da m aged during an

incident.

PUBLIC ROAD: Any road under the jurisdiction

of and m aintained by a public authority (federal,state, county, town, or township, local governm ent, or instru m entality thereof) and open to public travel. RAIL MOTOR CARS: Self-propelled passenger rail cars that are driven by electric m otors energized fro m an electrified roadway or by a genera

t or driven by a diesel or gas turbine engine.

RAPID RAIL TRANSIT: Transit service using rail cars driven by electricity usually drawn fro m a third rail, configured for passenger traffic, and usually operated on exclusive rights-of-way. It generally uses longer trains and has longer station spacing than light rail.

REFORMULATED GASOLINE: Gasoline whose

co m position has been changed to m eet perform ance specifications regarding ozone-for m ing

tendencies and release of toxic substances into the

air fro m both evaporation and tailpipe e m issions.

Refor m ulated gasoline includes oxygenates and,

co m pared with gasoline sold in 1990, has a lower content of olefins, aro m atics, volatile co m ponents, and heavy hydrocarbons.

RESIDUAL FUEL OIL: The heavier oils that

re m ain after the distillate fuel oils and lighterhydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations and that confor m to A m erican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specifications D396 and 976. Includes, a m ong others, Navy Special oil used in stea m -powered vessels in govern m ent service and No. 6 oil used to power ships. I m ports of residual fuel oil include

i m ported crude oil burned as fuel.

RESPONSE ERROR: Error that results fro m the tendency of people to answer a question falsely,

deliberate m isrepresentation, unconscious falsification, or m isunderstanding of what is required.

REVENUE: Re m uneration received by carriers for transportation activities.

REVENUE PASSENGER: 1) Air: Person receiving air transportation fro m an air carrier for which

re m uneration is received by the carrier. Air carrier

e m ployees or others, except m inisters of religion, elderly individuals, and handicapped individuals,receiving reduced rate charges (less than the applicable tariff) are considered nonrevenue passengers. Infants, for who m a token fare is charged,are not counted as passengers. 2) Transit: Singlevehicle transit rides by initial-board (first-ride) transit passengers only. Excludes all transfer rides and all nonrevenue rides. 3) Rai l: Nu m ber of oneway trips m ade by persons holding tickets.

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# REVENUE PASSENGER ENPLANEMENTS (Air): The total nu m ber of passengers boarding aircraft. Includes both originating and connecting

passengers.

REVENUE PASSENGER LOAD FACTOR (Air): Revenue passenger- m iles as a percent of available

seat- m iles in revenue passenger services. The ter mis used to represent the proportion of aircraft seating capacity that is actually sold and utilized.

REVENUE PASSENGER-MILE: One revenue passenger transported 1 m ile.

REVENUE PASSENGER TON-MILE (Air): One ton of revenue passenger weight (including all baggage) transported 1 m ile. The passenger weight standard for both do m estic and international operations is 200 pounds.

REVENUE TON-MILE: One short ton of freight transported 1 m ile.

REVENUE VEHICLE-MILES (Transit): One vehicle (bus, trolley bus, streetcar) traveling 1 m ile while revenue passengers are on board generates

one revenue vehicle- m ile. Revenue vehicle- m iles reported represent the total m ileage traveled byvehicles in scheduled or unscheduled revenue-producing services.

ROAD OIL: Any heavy petroleu m oil, includingresidual asphaltic oil, that is used as a dust palliative and surface treat m ent on roads and highways. It is generally produced in 6 grades fro m 0,
the m ost liquid, to 5, the m ost viscous.

ROLL ON/ROLL OFF VESSEL: Ships that are designed to carry wheeled containers or other wheeled cargo and use the roll on/roll off m ethod for loading and unloading.

ROUND-TRIP DISTANCE (A m erican Travel Survey): The esti m ated transportation networkm iles traveled at the ti m e of the trip fro m the

household residence to the destination and back.

RURAL HIGHWAY: Any highway, road, or street that is not an urban highway.

RURAL MILEAGE (Highway): Roads outside city, m unicipal district, or urban boundaries.

SAMPLING ERROR: The esti m ated inaccuracy of the results of a study when a population sa m

ple, rather than a census, is used to explain the behavior of the total population. (Also referred to

as m argin of error and standard error.) SCHEDULED SERVICE (Air): Transport service operated pursuant to published flight schedules.

SCHOOL BUS: A passenger m otor vehicle that is designed or used to carr y m ore than 10 passengers, in addition to the driver, and, as deter m ined by the Secretary of Transportation, is likely to be significantly used for the purpose of transporting pre-pri m ary, pri m ary, or secondary school students between ho m e and school.

SCHOOL-BUS-RELATED CRASH: Any crash in which a vehicle, regardless of body design, used as a school bus is directly or indirectly involved, such as a crash involving school children alighting

fro m a vehicle.

SCOW (Water): Any flat-botto m ed, nonself-propelled, rectangular vessel with sloping ends. Large scows are used to transport sand, gravel, or

refuse.

SELF-PROPELLED VESSEL: A vessel that has its

own m eans of propulsion. Includes tankers, containerships, dry bulk cargo ships, and general cargo vessels.

SERIOUS INJURY (Air Carrier/General Aviation): An injury that requires hospitalization for

m ore than 48 hours, co mm encing within 7 days

fro m the date when the injury was received; results in a bone fracture (except si m ple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose); involves lacerations that

cause severe he m orrhages, nerve, m uscle, or tendon da m age; involves injury to any internal organ; or involves second- or third-degree burns or any burns affecting m ore than 5 percent of the body surface.

SMALL CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIER: An air carrier holding a certificate issued under section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as

a m ended, that operates aircraft designed to have a

m axi m u m seating capacity of 60 seats or fewer or

a m axi m u m payload of 18,000 pounds or less.

STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY EXPENDITURES: Disburse m ents for capital outlay, m aintenance and traffic surfaces, ad m inistration and research, highway law enforce m ent and safety,

and interest on debt.

STREETCARS: Relatively lightweight passenger rail cars operating singly or in short trains, orfixed rails in right-of-way that are not always separated fro m other traffic for m uch of the way. Streetcars do not necessarily have the right-of-way at grade crossings with other traffic.

#  

# Appendix B : Glossary



# SUBCOMPACT CAR: As designated by the autom obile industry, a car with a wheelbase between

95 and 99 inches.

SUPPLEMENTAL AIR CARRIER: An air carrier authorized to perfor m passenger and cargo charter services.

TANKER: An oceangoing ship designed to haul liquid bulk cargo in world trade.

TON-MILE (Truck): The m ove m ent of 1 ton of cargo the distance of 1 m ile. Ton- m iles are calculated by m ultiplying the weight in tons of each ship m ent transported by the m iles hauled.

TON-MILE (Water): The m ove m ent of 1 ton of cargo the distance of 1 statute m ile. Do m estic tonm iles are calculated by m ultiplying tons m oved by

the nu m ber of statute m iles m oved on the water (e.g., 50 short tons m oving 200 m iles on a waterway would yield 10,000 ton- m iles for that waterway). Ton- m iles are not co m puted for ports. For
coastwise traffic, the shortest route that safe navigation per m its between the port of origin and destination is used to calculate ton- m iles.

TRAFFICWAY (Highway): Any right-of-way open to the public as a m atter of right or custo m for m oving persons or property fro m one place toanother, including the entire width between property lines or other boundaries.

TRAIN LINE MILEAGE: The aggregate length of

all line-haul railroads. It does not include the

m ileage of yard tracks or sidings, nor does it

reflect the fact that a m ile of railroad m ay include

two or m ore parallel tracks. Jointly-used track is counted only once.

TRAIN-MILE: A train- m ile is the m ove m ent of a
train, which can consist of m any cars, the distance

of 1 m ile. A train- m ile differs fro m a vehicle

- m ile,

which is the m ove m ent of one car (vehicle) the

distance of 1 m ile. A 10-car (vehicle) train traveling 1 m ile is m easured as 1 train- m ile and 10 vehicle- m iles. Caution should be used when

co m paring train- m iles to vehicle- m iles.

TRANSIT VEHICLE: Includes light, heavy, and

co mm uter rail; m otor bus; trolley bus; van pools;

auto m ated guideway; and de m and-responsive

vehicles. TRANSSHIPMENTS: Ship m ents that enter or exit the United States by way of a U.S. Custo m s port on the northern or southern border, but whose origin or destination was a country other

than Canada or Mexico.

TRAVEL PARTY (A m erican Travel Survey):

Household and nonhousehold m e m bers traveling together on a trip.

TRESPASSER (Rail): Any person whose presence on railroad property used in railroad operations is prohibited, forbidden, or unlawful.

TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): Roundtrip travel

to a destination at least 100 m iles fro m ho m e. The following types of trips are excluded: 1) travel as part of an operating crew on a train, airplane, truck, bus, or ship; 2) regular co mm uting to work or school; 3) one-way trips to m ove to a new destination; and 4) trips by m e m bers of the Ar m ed Forces while on active duty.

TROLLEY BUS: Rubber-tired electric transit vehicle, m anually steered and propelled by a

m otor drawing current , nor m a lly through overhead wires, fro m a central power source.

TRUST FUNDS: Accounts that are specifically designated by law to carry out specific purposes and progra m s. Trust Funds are usually financed

with ear m arked tax collections.

TUG BOAT: A powered vessel designed for the towing or pushing of ships, du m b barges, pushedtowed barges, and rafts, but not for the carriage of goods.

U.S. FLAG CARRIER OR AMERICAN FLAG CARRIER (Air): One of a class of air carriers holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Depart m ent of Transportation and approved by the President, authorizing scheduled operations over specified routes between the United States (and/or its territories)

and one or m ore foreign countries.

UNLEADED GASOLINE: See Gasoline.

UNLINKED PASSENGER TRIPS (Transit): The

nu m ber of passengers who board public transportation vehicles. A passenger is counted each ti m e he/she boards a vehicle even if on the sa m e journey fro m origin to destination.

URBAN HIGHWAY: Any road or street within

the boundaries of an urban area. An urban area is an area including and adjacent to a m unicipality or urban place with a population of 5,000 or

# Appendix B : Glossary 

# m ore. The boundaries of urban areas are fixed by state highway depart m ents, subject to the approval of the Federal Highway Ad m inistration, for purposes of the Federal-Aid highway progra m

.
VANPOOL (Transit): Public-sponsored co mm uter service operating under prearranged schedules for previously for m ed groups of riders in 8- to 18-seat

vehicles. Drivers are also co mm uters who receive

little or no co m pensation besides the free ride.

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE (Transit): All activities associated with revenue and nonrevenue (service) vehicle m aintenance, including ad m inistration, inspection and m aintenance, and servicing (cleaning, fueling, etc.) vehicles. In addition, it includes repairs due to vandalis m or to revenue vehicle accidents.

VEHICLE-MILES (Highway): Miles of travel by all types of m otor vehicles as deter m ined by the

states on the basis of actual traffic counts and

established esti m ating procedures.

VEHICLE-MILES (Transit): The total nu m ber of

m iles traveled by transit vehicles. Co mm uter rail,heavy rail, and light rail report individual carm iles, rather than train- m iles for vehicle- m iles.

VEHICLE OPERATIONS (Transit): All activities associated with transportation ad m inistration, including the control of revenue vehicle m ovem ents, scheduling, ticketing and fare collection,

syste m security, and revenue vehicle operation. VESSEL CASUALTY (Water): An occurrence involving co mm ercial vessels that results in 1) Actual physical da m age to property in excess of $25,000; 2) Material da m age affecting the seaworthiness or efficiency of a vessel; 3) Stranding or grounding; 4) Loss of life; or 5) Injury causing

any person to re m ain incapacitated for a period inexcess of 72 hours, except injury to harbor workers not resulting in death and not resulting fro m vessel casualty or vessel equip m ent casualty.

VESSEL-CASUALTY-RELATED DEATH: Fatality that occurs as a result of an incident that involves a vessel or its equip m ent, such as a collision, fire, or explosion. Includes drowning deaths.

WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION: Transport of freight and/or people by co mm ercial vessels under U.S. Coast Guard jurisdiction

.

WAYBILL: A docu m ent that lists goods and shipping instructions relative to a ship m ent.

WEEKEND TRIP (A m erican Travel Survey): Travel by persons who stay one or two nights away, including a Friday and/or Saturday night. Travel over three to five nights including a Fridayand/or Saturday night stay is defined as a longweekend trip.

# appendix c



# Acronyms and Initialisms

AAA American Automobile Association

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers

Association

AAR Association of American Railroads

AAS Air Activity Statistics of Certificated

Air Carriers

AGA American Gas Association

AI Alcohol Involvement

AIA Aerospace Industries Association

ALVW Adjusted Loaded Vehicle Weight

AMIO Alien Migrant Interdiction Operations

AOPL Association of Oil Pipelines

APTA American Public Transit Association

ATS American Travel Survey

ATV All-Terrain Vehicle

BAC Blood Alcohol Concentration

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis

BMA Bicycle Manufacturer's Association

BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Btu British Thermal Unit

CFR U.S. Code of Federal Regulation

CFS Commodity Flow Survey

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

CO Carbon Monoxide

CVS Certification Vehicle Standard

dB Decibels

DNL Day Night Sound Level

dwt Deadweight Tons

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EIA Energy Information Administration

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FARS Fatality Analysis Reporting System

Database FERC Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FRA Federal Railway Administration

FTA Federal Transit Administration

FTP Federal Test Procedure

FTZ Foreign Trade Zone

GAATA General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity

GAMA General Aviation Manufacturers

Association

GES General Estimates System

GIS Geographic Information System

g/mi Grams Per Mile

GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

HC Hydrocarbon

HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System

ICC Interstate Commerce Commission

INM Integrated Noise Model

IO Investigative Officer

IRI International Roughness Index

LDT Light-Duty Truck

LMIS Lloyd's Maritime Information System

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LR Lloyd's Regi st er

LVW Loaded Vehicle Weight

MARAD Maritime Administration

MCMIS Motor Carrier Management Information System

MDPV Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles

MIC Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc.

mmbd Million Barrels Per Day

MOBILE Mobile Source Emissions Factor

Model

#  

# Appendix C: Acronyms and Initialisms



# mpg Miles Per Gallon

MSIS Marine Safety Information System

MTBE Methyl Tributyl Ether

MVMA Motor Vehicle Manufacturers

Association

NANIM Nationwide Airport Noise Impact

Model

NBDA National Bicycle Dealers Association

NDC Navigation Data Center

NHS National Highway System

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration

NMAC Near Mid-Air Collision

NO x 

# Nitrogen Oxides

NOPS National Operations Center

NOPUS National Occupant Protection Use Survey

NPIAS National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems

NPTS Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey

NTD National Transit Database

NTS National Transportation Statistics

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

OAG Official Airline Guide

OAI Office of Airline Information

OIG Office of the Inspector General

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory

OST Office of the Secretary of Transportation

PAR Police Accident Report

PIRS Pollution Incident Reporting System PMT Passenger Miles of Travel

PSI Pollutant Standard Index

PSR Present Serviceability Rating

RFG Reformulated Gasoline

RO/RO Roll-On/Roll-Off

RSPA Research and Special Programs

Administration

RTECS Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

RVP Reid Vapor Pressure

SAMIS Safety Management Information

Statistics

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

SHA State Highway Agencies

SO 2 

# Sodium Dioxide

STB Surface Transportation Board

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TIUS Truck Inventory and Use Survey

TMG Traffic Monitoring Guide

TRFD Transportation-Related Final

Demand

TSFD Transborder Surface Freight Data

TTI Texas Transportation Institute

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USCG U.S. Coast Guard

USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce

USDOD U.S. Department of Defense

USDOT U.S. Department of Transportation

USSR Union of Soviet Social Republic

# appendix d



# Mod a l Profile sFinancial1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002200320042005 2006Operating revenues (thousand dollars)1Domestic totala2,178,339 7,180,161 26,440,297 58,201,660 66,672,151 71,424,865 77,396,919 82,599,270 86,856,624 91,351,103 98,899,810 86,573,051 79,336,448 88,870,097 100,902,509 110,269,243 120,279,816Majors, all services1,942,635 6,272,775 23,012,073 56,138,825 59,846,676 63,226,187 69,515,318 74,942,391 77,650,810 80,800,698 89,293,771 78,599,844 71,730,250 77,196,343 85,605,321 95,955,258 110,175,124Nationals, all services146,481 736,831 3,182,418 1,251,559 4,888,701 6,329,602 6,109,778 5,940,674 7,225,393 9,230,210 9,016,171 7,494,385 6,961,517 10,580,912 14,064,227 13,171,292 9,200,672Large regionals, all servicesNN 245,806 703,526 1,031,404 1,148,504 1,230,628 1,366,503 1,617,586 902,160 589,869 478,822 644,680 1,092,842 1,232,961 1,142,693 904,019International total705,938 2,109,497 6,442,144 17,824,538 22,364,429 23,432,883 25,046,819 27,318,034 26,611,331 27,958,958 31,348,410 28,706,979 27,837,150 28,897,918 33,719,280 39,535,274 44,388,011Majors, all services705,938 2,109,497 5,976,221 17,083,295 19,222,842 19,820,215 20,960,305 23,608,853 23,356,233 24,447,607 28,097,698 25,883,361 24,528,512 24,964,860 29,735,873 34,226,000 38,988,147Nationals, all servicesNN 465,923 380,294 2,568,643 2,819,653 3,751,539 3,338,903 2,668,243 3,026,884 2,801,690 2,503,678 2,959,809 3,408,860 3,399,904 4,803,265 5,160,564Large regionals, all servicesNNN 357,761 572,944 793,015 334,975 370,278 586,855 484,468 449,022 319,940 348,828 524,198 583,502 506,009 239,299Total large-certificateda2,884,877 9,289,658 32,882,441 76,026,198 89,036,580 94,857,748 102,443,738 109,917,304 113,467,954 119,310,062 130,248,220 115,280,030 107,173,597 117,768,015 134,621,789 149,804,516 164,667,827Operating expenses (thousand dollars)1Domestic totala2,052,094 7,001,668 26,465,999 59,183,777 64,456,644 66,667,151 72,145,242 76,125,467 78,796,175 84,816,236 93,548,937 94,949,876 86,826,833 91,520,149 104,621,676 112,363,170 116,140,022Majors, all services1,907,785 6,256,039 23,150,527 57,138,322 57,824,115 58,694,406 64,143,384 68,307,270 70,114,852 74,834,600 84,206,809 86,611,140 79,196,985 80,810,165 89,877,864 98,352,872 106,259,194Nationals, all services144,309 745,629 3,058,289 1,258,274 4,666,546 6,178,809 6,058,307 5,921,639 6,672,705 8,638,079 8,726,001 7,814,067 6,958,543 9,677,656 13,501,703 12,849,910 8,985,641Large regionals, all servicesNN 257,183 676,688 1,077,578 1,055,905 1,328,760 1,502,305 1,600,958 858,956 616,126 524,670 671,305 1,032,329 1,242,109 1,160,389 895,187International total665,660 2,065,605 6,642,095 18,757,740 21,842,021 22,335,258 24,155,202 25,249,593 25,387,024 26,157,262 29,685,280 30,649,400 28,922,103 28,340,403 31,490,257 37,059,043 41,001,911Majors, all services665,660 2,065,605 6,171,366 18,086,050 18,875,302 18,997,478 20,406,144 21,688,642 22,321,441 22,993,261 26,647,046 27,664,641 25,687,398 24,606,982 27,783,564 32,207,742 35,951,166Nationals, all servicesNN 470,729 325,273 2,372,138 2,582,833 3,414,618 3,209,074 2,514,464 2,714,754 2,556,866 2,663,591 2,914,105 3,253,707 3,157,046 4,349,805 4,818,660Large regionals, all servicesNNN 344,097 594,581 754,947 334,440 351,877 551,119 449,247 481,367 321,169 320,601 479,714 549,646 501,496 232,085Total large-certificateda2,717,754 9,067,273 33,108,094 77,941,517 86,298,665 89,002,409 96,300,444 101,375,060 104,183,200 110,973,499 123,234,216 125,599,276 115,748,936 119,860,552 136,111,932 149,422,213 157,141,933Inventory for large-certificated carriersbNumber of carriersc,2Total domestic and international55 39 (R) 52 (R) 58 (R) 66 (R) 84 (R) 88 (R) 72 (R) 74 (R) 75 (R) 66 (R) 61 (R) 62656967 66MajorsNN 14 12 11 11 12 13 13 1314 (R) 1413141417 20NationalsNN (R) 16 15 (R) 22 27 31 (R) 28 27 (R) 28 (R) 29 (R) 26 (R) 25262828 25RegionalsNN (R) 22 (R) 31 (R) 33 (R) 46 (R) 45 (R) 31 (R) 34 (R) 34 (R) 23 (R) 21 (R) 24252722 21Number of aircraft available for service3Total domestic and international2,135 2,690 2,818 4,727 5,221 5,567 5,961 5,770 6,144 6,254 6,522 6,081 5,819 6,675 7,051 6,750 6,758MajorsNN 2,071 3,854 4,085 4,039 4,422 4,352 4,605 4,711 5,118 4,996 4,530 4,948 4,904 5,018 5,626NationalsNN 432 650 819 1,143 1,167 967 1,113 1,319 1,182952 1,079 1,299 1,858 1,478 940RegionalsNN 315 223 317 385 372 451 426 224222133210428289254 192Number of full-time equivalent employeesc,2Total domestic and international169,872 304,690 347,335 555,262 535,394 555,537 575,937 593,542 631,147 659,689 667,778 599,531 590,779 558,246 563,588 547,795 539,833Majors118,189 214,021 312,842 517,754 481,041 484,870 511,270 540,039 564,388 590,197 612,814 557,422 537,776 489,036 478,114 478,142 490,631Nationals12,470 24,913 29,269 30,225 42,785 54,447 51,921 43,630 54,205 60,756 51,384 38,446 48,685 64,348 78,090 63,246 41,908RegionalsNN 5,225 7,283 11,569 16,221 12,747 9,873 12,555 8,737 3,580 3,664 4,318 4,863 7,385 6,407 7,295continuedAir Carrier ProfilePerformance 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002200320042005 2006Aircraft revenue-miles (thousands)4DomesticCertificated, all servicesa,d858,451 2,067,598 2,523,375 3,963,268 4,379,929 4,629,393 4,811,447 4,939,436 5,033,144 5,332,176 5,662,443 5,549,662 5,602,737 6,086,649 6,591,637 6,714,903 6,624,022Majors, all services716,961 1,778,065 2,113,669 3,767,330 3,760,067 3,854,368 4,062,122 4,218,049 4,260,051 4,445,133 4,784,664 4,680,578 4,432,285 4,267,107 4,632,828 4,923,387 5,388,726Nationals, all services94,794 247,055 330,528 120,599 447,024 592,345 591,638 572,654 613,823 801,719 805,439 810,665 915,170 1,259,491 1,498,161 1,434,676 901,647Large regionals, all servicesNN 56,995 70,881 100,478 100,004 110,976 133,571 134,852 58,329 52,390 37,399 37,516 76,478 101,418 121,016 148,692InternationalCertificated, all servicesa,d181,605 474,666 400,971 760,334 979,769 997,656 1,043,312 1,114,063 1,186,222 1,225,217 1,281,702 1,263,543 1,221,086 1,261,917 1,403,378 1,535,929 1,594,357Majors, all servicesNN 330,391 694,479 809,243 815,701 853,424 917,108 1,003,727 1,043,730 1,117,709 1,119,126 1,050,808 1,028,158 1,148,209 1,250,037 1,325,504Nationals, all servicesNN 66,499 24,301 108,392 125,951 145,847 142,658 127,037 134,370 127,550 124,765 141,670 185,397 197,334 231,735 216,064Large regionals, all servicesNN 2,948 33,893 46,040 48,867 32,005 39,516 51,100 41,440 30,848 15,409 25,896 41,241 49,211 40,654 36,701Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldNN 23,204 12,120 88,454 89,811 58,747 29,942 28,775 32,674 25,545 25,264 220,478 490,693 367,854 249,326 201,045Total certificatedd1,040,056 2,542,264 2,924,346 4,723,602 5,359,697 5,627,048 5,854,760 6,053,499 6,219,366 6,557,393 6,944,145 6,813,205 6,823,823 7,348,566 7,995,015 8,250,831 8,218,378Aircraft revenue-hours4DomesticCertificated, all servicesa,d3,672,900 5,133,161 6,247,795 9,717,375 10,721,577 11,378,503 11,871,886 12,133,348 12,443,855 13,090,460 13,901,641 13,510,998 13,676,524 15,294,961 16,405,347 16,694,269 16,415,836Majors, all services2,802,317 4,066,480 4,941,327 9,053,789 8,864,840 9,023,772 9,512,983 9,898,147 9,957,390 10,349,992 11,308,820 11,028,054 10,328,412 9,862,773 10,758,395 11,519,750 12,709,883Nationals, all services606,146 908,935 919,187 458,621 1,362,863 1,832,909 1,934,433 1,828,382 2,002,173 2,515,044 2,403,184 2,305,781 2,407,006 3,383,803 3,917,027 3,761,623 2,373,121Large regionals, all servicesNN 267,522 192,944 273,642 269,811 298,415 366,439 422,770 156,201 137,993 104,522 99,411 187,758 252,384 318,276 381,713InternationalCertificated, all servicesa,d608,736 977,325 819,518 1,556,760 1,978,378 2,021,060 2,113,467 2,235,792 2,381,246 2,456,580 2,595,893 2,565,169 2,487,258 2,593,915 2,881,257 3,155,013 3,281,909Majors, all servicesNN 668,199 1,410,263 1,607,155 1,619,755 1,699,958 1,819,583 1,992,776 2,071,507 2,229,167 2,240,214 2,105,500 2,067,148 2,317,972 2,541,139 2,692,590Nationals, all services N N 140,329 50,293 227,077 262,285 319,919 303,335 275,180 281,706 288,953 282,776 319,353 417,332 431,858 492,092 466,897Large regionals, all services N N 7,583 75,786 108,717 122,659 68,418 82,063 103,813 88,224 66,058 33,173 57,086 91,932 109,372 87,461 80,143Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldNN 123,411 32,439 255,661 268,372 151,227 71,191 70,999 84,366 63,359 81,647 847,014 1,878,130 1,499,596 1,128,941 993,398Total certificatedd4,281,636 6,110,486 7,190,724 11,274,135 12,699,955 13,399,563 13,985,353 14,369,140 14,825,101 15,547,040 16,497,534 16,076,167 16,163,782 17,888,876 19,286,604 19,849,282 19,697,745Revenue passenger-miles (thousands)4DomesticCertificated, all servicesa,d31,098,944 108,441,978204,367,599 345,872,950 388,410,210 403,911,656 434,651,687 452,827,860 462,753,505 488,356,869 515,621,596 486,506,043 481,195,481 505,221,674 557,890,670 583,757,943 590,634,648Majors, all services29,430,428 99,903,229 182,984,795 340,628,946 352,063,855 360,719,108 395,099,254 413,060,869 421,217,665 440,442,129 472,284,794 440,413,336 426,401,276 424,165,007 462,025,653 498,200,614 527,266,645Nationals, all services1,170,779 7,642,071 20,466,712 2,655,442 27,508,958 33,696,612 30,396,752 31,989,076 34,070,192 43,371,272 39,560,329 43,541,665 48,687,149 67,906,918 84,458,947 78,505,474 55,504,378Large regionals, all servicesNN 711,868 2,285,750 5,915,731 5,646,715 6,366,240 6,860,718 6,000,206 3,205,826 2,731,996 1,747,222 1,748,996 3,595,739 5,915,613 4,850,116 5,754,152continuedAir Carrier ProfilecontinuedPerformance (continued)1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002200320042005 2006InternationalCertificated, all servicesa,d8,950,672 39,695,392 63,354,387 126,362,697 149,107,689 154,882,007 161,512,010 169,356,100 172,179,498 180,269,038 192,797,653 178,343,116 171,998,786 168,601,124 194,173,889 211,359,416 219,471,625Majors, all servicesNN 54,318,160 121,910,801 133,299,897 137,389,923 145,330,811 153,564,956 157,398,986 166,320,739 181,585,899 169,335,392 163,576,484 156,267,732 179,788,447 195,635,675 206,669,607Nationals, all servicesNN 8,659,592 3,152,239 12,939,400 15,509,364 14,681,127 13,616,245 12,232,424 11,504,031 7,793,324 7,710,903 6,803,586 8,995,296 11,101,736 14,120,367 12,074,172Large regionals, all servicesNN 330,288 988,679 2,484,738 1,685,684 505,337 760,809 2,261,005 2,034,607 3,218,488 1,185,896 1,540,681 3,211,186 3,200,033 1,528,876 394,327Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldNN 250,571613,790 3,305,320 4,146,257 3,784,176 2,331,287 1,752,525 1,747,303 1,244,419 914,745 4,436,095 9,680,920 5,574,130 2,276,237 2,442,992Total certificatedd40,049,616 148,137,370 267,972,557 472,235,647 537,517,899 558,793,663 596,163,697 622,183,960 634,933,003 668,625,907 708,419,249 664,849,159 653,194,267 673,822,798752,064,559 795,117,359 810,106,273Average passenger revenue / passenger-mile5(Domestic, scheduled service)6.09 6.00 11.49 13.44 13.25 12.90 13.81 13.19 13.55 13.82 13.92 14.11 13.97 (R) 14.57 13.26 12.10 12.51Average passenger fare5(Domestic, scheduled service)30.01 40.65 84.60 107.96 106.82 103.99 110.37 103.77 107.14 110.81 113.31 114.58 115.10 (R) 121.33 111.68 103.93 108.43Revenue passenger enplanements(thousands)4DomesticCertificated, all servicesa,d56,352 153,662 275,182 428,769 489,357 506,775 538,397 553,160 566,377 589,168 616,397 574,882 564,552 596,871 645,674 674,061 675,212Majors, all services 48,678 122,866 223,237 411,797 428,329 432,076 466,743 482,656 486,902 502,305 537,377 496,455 468,938 453,112 487,525 523,288 567,108Nationals, all services5,949 26,726 47,145 13,374 46,461 57,670 58,383 59,690 67,237 80,995 75,156 75,600 81,722 112,715 132,037 131,142 87,167Large regionals, all servicesNN 3,748 3,190 8,854 10,127 9,122 9,665 10,276 4,234 2,444 1,383 1,338 3,542 6,623 7,930 9,383InternationalCertificated, all servicesa,d5,904 16,62026,514 46,121 51,330 52,863 54,519 56,759 57,758 57,694 60,830 56,641 56,904 58,837 67,479 73,090 75,449Majors, all servicesNN 23,949 43,871 42,701 43,590 46,304 48,615 49,608 49,769 53,157 50,097 50,637 50,202 57,929 63,203 67,009Nationals, all servicesNN 2,343 964 6,183 7,235 7,402 6,887 6,228 6,274 5,273 5,664 5,471 6,868 6,931 8,309 7,676Large regionals, all servicesNN 149 825 2,168 1,790 405 631 1,751 1,322 2,151779718 1,600 2,379 1,290 364Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldNN 1,125871 5,992 7,150 4,558 1,776 2,133 1,964 1,668 1,546 12,631 27,669 19,729 11,989 11,953Total certificatedd62,256 169,922 302,821 474,891 540,688 559,638 592,916 609,919 624,135 646,863 677,227 631,522 621,456 655,708713,153 747,151 750,660Revenue passengerLoad factor (%) (scheduled service)4DomesticCertificateda,d58.5 48.958.0 60.464.765.4 67.9 69.1 70.0 69.871.269.170.372.674.477.0 79.0Majors 59.549.3 58.1 60.5 65.0 65.8 68.5 69.6 70.4 70.271.669.370.672.974.877.7 79.4Nationals41.9 43.6 58.4 49.4 63.6 61.8 62.0 63.1 65.1 66.466.567.068.272.573.674.4 77.2Large regionalsNN 47.7 54.7 56.3 63.0 58.1 61.9 63.5 58.746.871.360.471.270.370.1 72.6InternationalCertificateda,d62.2 53.062.8 69.170.671.8 73.3 74.1 72.8 74.476.072.876.676.579.179.5 79.9MajorsNN 62.8 69.0 70.8 72.2 73.7 74.4 72.9 74.576.172.976.876.879.379.8 80.3Nationals NN 65.5 85.7 68.3 67.9 67.8 69.6 70.9 73.773.470.068.364.870.471.4 70.8Large regionalsNN 73.9 63.9 46.2 53.1N 57.2 46.0 0.058.067.059.170.477.60.0 64.3Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldN N46.7 56.857.652.5 62.8 59.3 49.6 47.648.852.261.460.158.951.4 52.9continuedAir Carrier ProfilecontinuedPerformance (continued)1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002200320042005 2006U.S. international passenger travele,6Total passenger-arrivals (thousands)Flag of carrierUnited States1,332 5,531 10,031 19,145 23,291 24,582 25,148 26,744 27,390 27,462 29,837 27,985 26,953 26,557 29,992 31,657 33,364Foreign1,234 4,343 10,231 17,269 20,527 22,328 24,704 27,571 28,791 30,324 32,380 28,715 26,912 27,395 29,591 29,042 29,587Total passenger-departures (thousands)Flag of carrierUnited States1,200 4,949 9,369 17,628 21,355 22,231 22,901 24,302 24,513 25,457 27,431 25,483 23,610 24,070 27,249 29,668 31,492Foreign1,136 4,147 9,886 16,418 18,993 20,795 22,884 25,382 26,350 28,399 30,068 27,111 24,996 25,897 28,682 28,877 27,985Total revenue ton-miles (thousands)f, 4DomesticCertificated, all servicesa,d3,732,949 13,876,802 24,964,907 43,654,40050,632,73952,916,214 56,326,750 58,920,010 60,165,036 63,032,298 66,544,502 61,834,963 62,051,071 65,753,373 72,240,509 74,117,030 74,923,193Majors, all services3,332,483 12,589,057 21,427,53442,027,06444,952,73446,142,919 49,892,293 52,478,725 53,424,348 55,599,788 59,095,406 54,883,338 54,411,945 54,251,883 58,514,663 61,959,817 65,627,369Nationals, all services121,157 850,477 3,336,057640,3983,967,7154,957,793 5,073,195 5,068,024 5,299,740 6,577,361 6,699,944 6,211,281 6,073,565 8,192,062 11,142,320 10,131,320 7,860,786Large regionals, all servicesNN 180,042 944,830 1,256,308 1,353,436 1,048,507 1,231,075 1,161,148 611,809 628,394 597,407 684,963 1,584,694 1,193,008 1,136,544 1,200,010InternationalCertificated, all servicesa,d1,291,336 6,308,7019,689,067 19,975,91324,879,79326,296,958 28,177,722 30,950,867 31,192,066 32,810,134 35,161,434 32,782,793 33,771,616 35,168,498 40,923,680 44,696,422 45,806,946Majors, all servicesNN 7,377,733 18,348,692 20,681,990 21,456,604 22,705,604 24,971,379 25,794,347 27,764,444 30,683,566 28,459,230 28,020,656 27,099,570 30,614,976 32,690,861 34,565,570Nationals, all servicesNN 2,261,534 803,083 2,935,386 3,509,127 4,504,772 4,557,048 4,109,500 3,989,939 3,749,703 3,868,703 5,090,922 7,101,794 8,820,202 9,980,412 9,229,784Large regionals, all servicesNN 44,438 704,369 918,447 1,186,218 668,766 1,038,610 1,211,260 993,874 621,161 303,700 636,385 812,738 1,256,237 1,421,590 1,618,112Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldNN 28,178161,878799,950607,077 611,336 526,016 356,761 305,217 227,762 294,098 904,251 1,879,129 1,622,782 1,492,908 628,507Total certificatedd5,024,285 20,185,503 34,682,153 63,630,313 75,512,531 79,213,173 84,504,472 89,870,877 91,357,103 95,842,432 101,705,936 94,617,756 95,822,687 100,921,870113,164,189 118,813,452 120,730,139Revenue ton-miles of freight(thousands)g,4DomesticCertificated, all servicesa,d552,756 2,708,9004,528,316 9,067,09911,802,77612,524,772 12,860,845 13,640,994 13,886,053 14,201,505 14,982,612 13,172,867 13,931,509 15,231,204 16,451,441 15,741,236 15,859,729Majors, all services321,176U 3,129,087 7,964,164 9,746,353 10,071,016 10,382,373 11,172,436 11,302,581 11,555,576 11,866,926 10,834,520 11,771,815 11,835,383 12,312,098 12,139,755 12,900,706Nationals, all services3,850U 1,289,510 374,853 1,227,775 1,588,798 2,033,376 1,869,146 1,889,221 2,240,026 2,743,705 1,856,834 1,205,023 1,401,369 2,696,425 2,280,772 2,310,348Large regionals, all servicesNN 108,864 716,256 664,768 787,828 411,285 549,046 561,109 296,660 356,013 422,682 510,401 1,225,120 601,447 651,532 624,594InternationalCertificated, all servicesa,d268,156 1,566,105 3,353,371 7,340,0339,970,19110,855,442 12,031,635 14,015,255 13,980,493 14,782,230 15,880,424 14,948,684 16,572,205 18,308,387 21,506,293 23,560,482 23,859,784Majors, all servicesNN 1,945,660 6,157,984 7,352,000 7,717,612 8,172,522 9,614,884 10,054,447 11,132,370 12,524,975 11,525,689 11,663,007 11,472,799 12,636,132 13,127,294 13,898,610Nationals, all servicesNN 1,395,575 487,873 1,641,444 2,004,875 3,041,774 3,195,422 2,892,634 2,838,536 2,970,370 3,097,665 4,410,564 6,202,264 7,710,029 8,568,375 8,022,366Large regionals, all servicesNN 11,409 605,504 671,144 1,017,649 618,232 962,529 985,159 790,413 298,069 185,111 482,784 491,619 936,234 1,268,703 1,578,680Other certificated, all services,domestic and internationaldNN 3,124100,498469,484192,437 232,918 292,786 181,393 130,155 102,978 199,051 460,121 911,037 1,065,369 1,265,286 384,208Total certificatedd820,907 3,755,436 7,884,811 16,407,132 21,772,967 23,380,215 24,892,480 27,656,249 27,866,545 28,983,735 30,863,036 28,121,551 30,503,714 33,539,59237,957,734 39,301,718 39,719,513continuedAir Carrier ProfilecontinuedSafety71960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020012002200320042005 2006Air carrier fatalitiesOperating under 14 CFR 121 (airlines)Scheduled servicesNN0 39 239 160 34231 1289531022132250Nonscheduled servicesNN1 0 0 8 38 5 003000 1 00Operating under 14 CFR 135Scheduled services (commuters)NN 376 259 14 460 1251302 0 02Nonscheduled services (on–demand air taxis)NN 105 51 63 52 63 39 45 3871603542641816Total 499146 143 96 327 229 457 93 46 621686043566784068Air carrier accidentsOperating under 14 CFR 121 (airlines)Scheduled servicesNN 15 21 18 30 31 43 41 4049413551(R) 24 (R) 3425Nonscheduled servicesNN4 3 5 6 6 6 9 11 7 5 63(R) 6(R) 66Operating under 14 CFR 135Scheduled services (commuters)NN 38 15 10 12 11 168 1312772 4 63Nonscheduled services (on–demand air taxis)NN 171 107 85 75 90 82 77 74807260 (R) 73666654Total 9055 228 146 118 123 138 147 135 138148125108 (R) 129100(R) 11288Fatal air carrier accidentsOperating under 14 CFR 121 (airlines)Scheduled servicesNN064233123602 1 32Nonscheduled servicesNN100121000000 1 00Operating under 14 CFR 135Scheduled services (commuters)NN833215051201 0 01Nonscheduled services (on–demand air taxis)NN 46 29 26 24 29 15 17 1222181818(R) 231110Total17 855 38 33 29 35 24 18 19 26 26 18(R) 21251413ePassenger travel totals do not include Canada because the source does not record departures and arrivals to and from Canada.aSome totals include data not in the table; thus totals may not equal sum of table data.bIncludes scheduled and nonscheduled (charter) operators. By Sec. 2 of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 "charter air carrier" and "charter air transportation" replacedsupplemental air carriers and supplemental air transportation, which were formerly Sec. 101(36) and (37) of the Act. The 24 pre-deregulation supplemental carriers now havescheduled service authority.cTotal includes only those carriers who have reported employment statistics to BTS' Office of Airline Information. Full-time equivalent employees count two part-timeemployees as one full-time equivalent employee. Prior to 1980, there was no breakout for part-time employees so earlier numberswill overstate full-time equivalentemployees.dData does not include small-certificated and commuter carriers prior to 2002. Small-certificated and commuter carriers began reporting T1 data in January of 2002 forAlaskan carriers and in October of 2002 for the remainder of the U.S.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.Air Carrier ProfilecontinuedfTotal Revenue Ton-Miles includes passenger, freight, express, and mail.gTotal revenue ton-miles of freight includes freight, express, and mail.NOTESDomestic encompasses operations within and between the 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It also encompassesCanadian and Mexican transborder operations (U.S. airlines only). All other operations are considered international.Data in the Financial and Performance (excluding International Air Passengers) sectins was revised for 1990 to 2005 to be consistent with the online source as of Nov. 2,2007.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.11960-1970: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 and 1973(Washington, DC), pp. 69 and 71. 1980: Civil Aeronautics Board,Air Carrier FinancialStatistics, December 1981 (Washington, DC), pp. 3/28, 42, and 44. 1990-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Form 41 Air CarrierFinancial Reports, Schedules P11 and P12, available at http://www.transtats.bts.gov/databases.asp?Mode_ID=1&Mode_Desc=Aviation&Subject_ID2=0, as of Nov. 2, 200721960: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, http://www.bts.gov/oai/employees/employcov.html as of Oct. 14,2003. 1970-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information,http://www.bts.gov/programs/airline_information/number_of_employees/certificated_carriers/ as of Nov. 2, 2007.3Ibid., personal communication, Oct. 17, 2003, Sept. 10, 2004, Feb. 1, 2007, and Nov. 2, 200741960-1970: Civil Aeronautics Board,Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1969 and 1973(Washington, DC), Part III, tables 2, 4, 7, and 13. 1980: Civil Aeronautics Board,AirCarrier Financial Statistics, December 1981 (Washington, DC), pp. 2, 5, 46, and 86. 1990-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of TransportationStatistics,T1:U.S. Air Carrier Traffic and Capacity Summary by Service Class,available athttp://www.transtats.bts.gov/Tables.asp?DB_ID=130&DB_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary%20Data%20%28Form%2041%20and%20298C%20Summary%20Data%29&DB_Short_Name=Air%20Carrier%20Summary, as of Nov. 2, 20075See sources 1 and 4.61960-70: U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service,Report of Passenger Travel Between the U.S. and Foreign Countries, 1960, 1970(Washington, DC). 1980-2006: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration,U.S. International Air Travel Statistics(Washington,DC: Annual issues), tables IIa and IId. 2006: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries,U.S. International Air Travel Statistics.7National Transportation Safety Board, Internet site http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of November 2007 and personal communication.FINANCIAL1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Expenditures, total ($ millions)895 2,035 8,053 9,907 9,332 10,379 11,605 13,797 16,372 17,553 21,909 26,499UUUUUUUAircraft202 339 2,853 3,398 3,910 4,260 5,298 7,174 9,573 11,262 14,291 18,524UUUUUUUOperating costs693 1,696 5,200 6,509 5,422 6,119 6,307 6,623 6,799 6,291 7,618 7,975UUUUUUUINVENTORYNumber of active aircraft by primary use, total76,549 131,743 211,045 196,800 (R) 176,600 (R) 188,089 (R) 191,129 192,414 204,710 219,464 217,533 211,446 211,244 209,708 219,426 224,352 221,943 231,607 228,663CorporateN 6,835 14,860 10,100 (R) 10,200 (R) 10,600 (R) 9,900 10,411 11,250 10,804 11,003 10,544 10,810 10,493 10,212 10,553 11,054 10,864 11,715BusinessN 26,900 49,391 33,100 26,500 (R) 28,300 (R) 30,700 27,716 32,611 24,543 25,169 25,525 24,153 25,042 24,189 25,524 24,413 24,993 22,432InstructionalN 10,727 14,862 18,600 (R) 15,100 (R) 14,200 (R) 12,700 14,663 11,375 16,081 14,883 14,254 13,203 12,714 13,099 13,399 14,316 14,650 14,975PersonalN 65,398 96,222 112,600 (R) 104,100 (R) 113,400 (R) 113,400 115,630 124,347 147,085 148,192 144,031 145,996 146,722 149,700 151,408 149,026 152,514 154,417Aerial applicationN 5,455 7,294 6,200 (R) 4,400 (R) 5,000 (R) 5,000 4,858 4,550 4,254 4,294 3,779 3,971 3,250 3,202 3,548 3,430 4,164 3,106Aerial observationN N N 4,900 5,100 4,700 (R) 3,000 3,311 3,242 3,240 5,093 5,039 4,535 4,223 4,814 4,663 4,407 5,188 5,304External loadN N N N 100 200(R) 400 186 313 190 234 202 151 194 215 226 212 188 374Other workaN 2,054 2,813 1,400 1,200 1,100 (R) 1,000 679 1,116 2,363 1,787 1,528 1,733 1,726 930 732 729 936 934Air taxi / air toursbN N N 5,800 3,800 (R) 4,000 (R) 4,200 4,948 5,190 4,569 4,019 4,004 4,157 2,791 6,550 7,539 7,814 8,822 7,262SightseeingcNNNN1,300 (R) 800 (R) 700 677 679 832 881 918 641 862 1,050 945 906 1,275 673OtherdN 8,249 17,045 4,100 (R) 4,400 (R) 5,900 (R) 5,600 5,250 6,010 (R) 1,200 (R) 2,500 (R) 2,100 (R) 2,642 (R) 2,300 (R) 5,465 (R) 5,817 (R) 5,636 8,013 7,470Public usee,fNNNNNN(R) 4,500 4,130 4,029 4,138NNNNNNNNNPERFORMANCENumber of flight hours by actual use, total (thousands)13,121 26,030 36,430 30,763 24,092 26,612 26,909 27,713 28,100 31,231 29,960 27,017 27,040 27,329 28,126 26,982 (R) 27,705 27,852 26,009CorporateN N 5,332 2,913 2,486 3,069 2,898 2,878 3,213 3,535 3,341 2,657 3,275 3,227 2,849 3,072 (R) 3,114 3,214 3,092Business5,699 7,204 8,434 4,417 3,012 3,335 3,259 3,006 3,523 3,602 3,588 3,579 3,287 3,377 3,249 3,244 (R) 3,234 3,094 2,505Instructional1,828 6,791 5,748 7,244 (R) 4,382 4,410 4,759 4,956 3,961 5,795 5,050 4,307 4,182 4,393 4,035 3,635 (R) 4,322 3,804 4,427Personal3,172 6,896 8,894 9,276 8,248 9,659 9,037 9,644 9,781 11,072 11,477 11,266 11,025 11,251 10,239 9,266 (R) 9,141 8,676 8,279Aerial applicationN N 2,044 1,872 1,364 1,526 1,713 1,562 1,306 1,408 1,318 1,038 1,182 1,099 1,142 1,031 (R) 946 1,415 922Aerial observationN N N 1,745 1,746 1,391 1,057 1,261 812 1,244 1,545 1,442 1,366 1,262 1,457 1,265 (R) 1,197 1,364 1,427External loadN N N N 135 128 191 112 153 123 161 131 97 103 125 134(R) 136 152 153Other workaN N 1,053 572 241 280 265 139 286 605 496 256 369 414 264 176 (R) 198 145 317Air taxi / air toursbN N N 2,249 1,545 1,527 1,834 2,122 2,583 1,985 2,122 1,587 1,495 1,332 2,764 3,210 (R) 3,041 3,621 2,642SightseeingcN N N N 309 179 195 127 169 218 197 183 134 175 204 191(R) 171 160 152Otherd2,422 5,139 4,925 475 622 1,107 656 819 940 535 665 (R) 571 (R) 628 697 (R) 1,797 (R) 1,759 (R) 2,205 2,207 2,091Public usee,fNNNNNN1,047 1,096 1,373 1,109NNNNNNNNNVehicle-miles(millions)g1,769 3,207 5,204 4,548 3,358 3,795 3,524 3,877UUUUUUUUUUUPassenger-miles (millions)g2,300 9,100 14,700 13,000 9,800 10,800 12,000 12,500 13,100 14,100 15,200 15,900UUUUUUUFuel consumed, total (million gallons)g242 759 1,286 1,016 731 847 896 934 1,126 1,313 (R) 1,305 (R) 1,198 (R) 1,215 1,205 1,504 (R) 1,822 (R) 1,926 1,759 1,954Aviation gasoline242 551 520 353 266 287 289 292 311 345 (R) 333 279 (R) 277 272 273 (R) 295 (R) 283 274 248Jet fuelN 208 766 663 464 560 608 642 815 967 972 (R) 918 938 932 1,231 (R) 1,527 (R) 1,643 1,486 1,706SAFETYFatalities, totalh787 1,310 1,239 770 730 (R) 734 636 631 (R) 624 (R) 621 596 562 581 (R) 633 (R) 559 563 (R) 706 496 494CorporateN 28 66 21 6 15 20 3 0 30 13 12 5 5 10 8 3 5 (P) 0BusinessN 148 126 80 64 73 44 45 42 55 43 50 39 33 45 14 37 25 (P) 32InstructionalN 93 73 62 47 44 40 38 38 38 64 40 42 71 31 45 47 30 (P) 37PersonalN 726 808 492 472 488 413 432 432 383 386 376 407 444 369 415 369 361 (P) 332Aerial applicationN 41 32 17 17 15 10 17 6 14 19 14 14 6 10 14 8 7 (P) 7OtherN 174 134 95 138 112 119 106 112 105 87 73 77 84 95 72 234 73 (P) 89Accidents, total4,793 4,712 3,590 2,242 2,021 (R) 2,055 1,908 (R) 1,840 (R) 1,902 1,905 1,837 1,727 1,715 (R) 1,741 (R) 1,617 (R) 1,670 (R) 1,523 1,652 1,566Fatal429 641 618 444 404 (R) 412 361 350 (R) 364 340 345 325 345 352 314 321 (R) 308 288 275Accident rate (per 100,000 flight hours)i,j36.5 18.1 9.9 7.3 8.4 (R) 7.7 7.1 (R) 6.6 (R) 6.8 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.3 (R) 6.4 (R) 5.7 (R) 6.2 (R) 5.5 5.9 6.0Fatal3.3 2.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 (R) 1.1 1.0 1.1General Aviation ProfileFinancial:Inventory:Performance:Safety:1996Vehicle-milesandfuel consumption data are estimated using new information on nonrespondents and are not comparable to earlier years.1960-1990: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,General Aviation and Air Taxi Acitivity and Avionics Survey(Washington, DC: 1990-2000 issues),table 5.1.SOURCES1960-80: National Transportation Safety Board, RE-50, personal communication.Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data, U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1998 (Washington,DC: July 2000), table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/ as of July 22, 2004.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America,Annual Issues (Washington, DC), pp. 40 and 45, and similar tables in earlier editions.Ibid., tables 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 and similar tables in earlier editions.Fatalities, total:Accidents, total:Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles:1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America,Annual Issues (Washington, DC), pp. 40 and 45, and similar tables in earlier editions.2007-2008: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of June 24, 2010, and personal communication on Mar. 04, 2010.1960-1970: National Transportation Safety Board, RE-50, personal communication.Total fatalities in this profile may not match those in table 2-14 due to when the total fatalities data were received and the data breakdown by type of flying. NTSB constantly updatesand reclassifies accident and fatality data.bIncludesAir toursdone under 14 CFR 135:Air taxioperators and commercial operators.cIncludesSightseeingdone under 14 CFR 91: general operating and flight rules.dThe significant decrease inOtherfor 1990 and later can be attributed to a redefination of the category to only include aerial other, general aviation other, and medical use.1994-95 data for active aircraft by use, and flight hours, have been revised to reflect changes in the adjustment for nonresponse bias based on factors from the 1996 telephone survey.hThe sum ofFatalitiesdoes not necessarily equal the total due to aircraft involved in midair and on-ground collisions.iSuicide/sabotage cases are included inAccidentsandFatalitiesdata but are excluded fromAccident rates.jAccident ratesare calculated by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) using the formula: Accident Rates (per 100,000 flight hours) = Accidents or Fatalities/Flight Hours(thousands)*100.fBeginning in 2000,Public Usewas included inOther Work.Numbers may not add to totals due to changes in sub-categories reported by the source, due to estmation and due to rounding.1980-2006: Ibid.,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data, U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1998 (Washington, DC: July 2000), charts 27, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43, and personalcommunications on Sept. 10, 2002, Dec. 22, 2003, Apr. 30, 2004, Mar. 24, 2005, Nov. 7, 2006, and Oct. 30, 2007.1994-2008: Ibid.,Aviation Forecasts, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 30 and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/ as of June24, 2010.1990-2008: Ibid.,Aviation Accident Statistics, table 10, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/stats.htm as of June 24, 2010.eFederal, state or local government-owned or leased aircraft used for the purpose of fulfilling a government fuction.Expenditure:Number of active aircraft by primary use, total:Number of flight hours by actual use, total:Fuel consumed, total:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,General Aviation and Part 135 Activity Surveys(Washington, DC: 1990-2008 issues), tables 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3,available at http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/ as of Feb. 22, 2010.KEY:N = data do not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aIn 1960, 1970, 1980, classified asIndustrial.NOTESgIncludesair taxioperations. Nautical miles in source multiplied by 1.151 to convert from nautical miles.FINANCIAL1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20012002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Government receipts, total ($ millions)111,193 21,763 39,834 75,444 91,312 96,347 102,771 107,421 111,581 121,650 131,115 132,324 134,765 138,384 145,315 154,690 165,443 192,714Federal, total2,771 6,160 9,949 14,576 17,854 19,851 23,196 21,648 24,509 26,008 30,819 27,670 28,527 29,875 30,911 33,070 34,171 35,490Highway trust funda2,531 5,464 7,615 13,380 16,582 18,835 22,036 20,500 23,396 25,085 29,445 26,365 26,808 27,755 28,576 31,194 32,333 33,277Other240 696 2,334 1,196 1,272 1,016 1,160 1,148 1,113 923 1,374 1,305 1,719 2,120 2,335 1,876 1,838 2,213State and local, total8,422 15,603 29,885 60,868 73,458 76,496 79,575 85,773 87,072 95,642 100,296 104,654 106,238 108,509 114,404 121,620 131,272 157,224State and D.C.6,055 11,737 19,666 40,026 47,699 50,064 52,808 58,087 58,806 63,274 66,434 68,873 68,430 67,792 72,860 77,725 83,685 105,268Local2,367 3,866 10,219 20,842 25,759 26,432 26,767 27,686 28,266 32,368 33,862 35,781 37,808 40,717 41,544 43,895 47,587 51,956Government expenditures, total ($ millions)110,757 20,829 41,763 75,408 90,192 93,478 98,082 101,953 107,975 116,011 122,697 129,900 135,919 143,807 147,489 152,699 161,061 171,753Federal, total197 425 874 664 1,306 1,402 1,598 1,315 1,375 1,428 1,680 1,913 1,761 2,383 3,470 1,902 2,191 2,256Highway trust funda27 83 315 358 965 1,092 1,384 1,103 1,170 1,249 1,304 1,463 1,261 1,685 2,436 758 1,236 1,495Otherb170 342 559 306 341 310 214 212 205 179 376 450 500 698 1,034 1,144 955 761State and local, total10,560 20,404 40,889 74,744 88,886 92,076 96,484 100,638 106,600 114,583 121,017 127,987 134,158 141,424 144,019 150,797 158,870 169,497State and D.C.7,125 14,100 25,936 45,609 55,569 56,981 59,709 61,534 65,507 71,415 76,997 81,803 85,653 88,377 88,026 94,484 100,090 105,013Local3,435 6,304 14,953 29,135 33,317 35,095 36,775 39,104 41,093 43,168 44,020 46,184 48,505 53,047 55,993 56,313 58,780 64,484State highway user tax revenuesc, total ($ millions)5,323 10,284 17,178 35,944 46,437 47,424 49,756 51,381 54,507 56,269 57,144 58,508 58,299 59,642 62,830 64,801 67,345 69,326Motor fuel tax23,374 6,433 9,485 19,658 25,860 26,881 27,555 28,477 29,803 30,753 31,981 32,519 33,046 34,016 35,272 35,831 36,632 37,345Other motor fuel receiptsd, 222 44 92 220 101 108 63 55 58 134 179 298 297 277 194 202 (R) 972 1,181Motor vehicle registration fees31,514 2,873 5,173 10,257 12,388 11,942 13,234 13,631 14,552 14,882 13,704 14,437 13,316 13,606 14,443 15,377 16,117 16,524Other motor vehicle feese, 3235 577 1,490 3,353 4,505 4,416 4,689 4,704 5,068 5,350 5,696 5,764 6,077 5,885 6,373 6,451 (R) 6,574 7,000Motor carrier taxesf, 3110 176 323 695 875 770 726 729 861 740 784 753 703 709 730 786 (R) 812 822Miscellaneous fees368 181 615 1,761 2,708 3,307 3,489 3,785 4,165 4,410 4,800 4,737 4,860 5,149 5,819 6,154 6,239 6,454INVENTORYRural / urban mileage by ownership, total43,545,693 3,730,082 3,859,837 3,866,926 3,906,595 3,912,227 3,919,652 3,944,601 3,906,304 3,917,245 3,936,241 3,948,335 3,966,494 3,974,103 3,981,521 3,995,644 4,016,734 4,048,529Rural mileage, total3,116,125 3,169,412 3,230,936 3,122,282 3,092,810 3,092,521 3,092,887 3,108,493 3,064,650 3,071,181 3,084,000 3,071,332 3,071,768 3,033,133 3,000,247 2,985,804 2,987,371 2,990,869Under state control658,896 707,002 750,479 702,486 690,372 690,924 691,156 692,767 660,834 660,682 661,798 663,134662,855 652,522 648,555 636,339 635,114 634,956Under federal controlg111,912 187,696 246,130 178,188 173,650 170,568 168,938 167,369 118,369 116,846116,698119,270 117,751 120,208 117,740 123,413 123,370 125,783Under local control2,345,317 2,274,714 2,234,327 2,241,608 2,228,788 2,231,029 2,232,793 2,248,357 2,285,447 2,293,653 2,305,504 2,288,928 2,291,162 2,260,403 2,233,952 2,226,052 2,228,887 2,230,130County roads1,742,404 1,732,981 1,542,984 1,616,634 1,624,982 1,626,927 1,627,639 1,642,468 1,647,025 1,649,2911,656,9061,637,616 1,628,510 1,623,786 1,608,094 1,598,718 1,605,540 1,599,849Town, township and municipal roadsh538,651 510,174 458,231 437,460 423,908 424,529 426,170 426,433 426,340 590,206592,623595,197 606,398 580,825 573,871 575,569 571,922 581,634Other local roadsh64,262 31,559 233,112 187,514 179,898 179,573 178,984 179,456 212,082 54,15655,97556,115 56,254 55,792 51,987 51,765 51,425 48,647Urban mileage, total429,568 560,670 628,901 744,644 813,785 819,706 826,765 836,108 841,654 846,064 852,241 877,003 894,726 940,970 981,274 1,009,840 1,029,363 1,057,660Under state control50,158 74,103 97,287 95,778 109,947 111,766 111,924 112,226 110,017 109,956 110,195 109,136 110,434 120,033 126,132 140,913 143,960 148,745Under federal controlgNN 1,495 1,024 1,484 1,509 1,470 1,464 1,485 1,503 1,484 2,234 2,819 3,560 3,561 3,783 4,979 5,191Under local controlNN 530,119 647,842 702,354 706,431 713,371 722,418 730,152 734,605 740,562 765,633 781,473 817,377 851,581 865,144 880,424 903,724County roadsNN 71,357 95,929 115,388 117,518 117,181 117,487 117,016 117,105 116,918 144,065 144,615 156,598 175,601 182,696 185,582 186,518Town and township roadshNN 37,583 42,752 74,630 60,561 60,926 74,402 75,195 605,255 611,473 608,859 624,163 647,448 662,366 668,337 680,424 710,774Other local roadsh379,410 486,567 421,179 509,161 512,336 528,352 535,264 530,529 537,941 12,245 12,171 12,709 12,695 13,331 13,614 14,111 14,418 6,432Rural / urban mileage by functional system, total53,545,693 3,730,082 3,859,837 3,866,926 3,906,595 3,912,226 3,919,652 3,944,597 3,906,292 3,917,240 3,936,222 3,948,335 3,966,485 3,974,107 3,981,512 3,995,635 4,016,741 4,045,420Rural mileage, total3,116,125 3,169,4123,230,936 3,122,282 3,092,810 3,092,520 3,092,887 3,108,488 3,064,649 3,071,181 3,083,979 3,071,331 3,071,761 3,033,138 3,000,236 2,985,796 2,987,375 2,987,758Interstate NN31,905 33,547 32,457 32,580 32,820 32,819 32,808 32,974 33,048 33,06132,992 32,048 31,443 30,905 30,586 30,360Other principal arterialNN 82,569 83,802 97,175 97,948 98,13198,257 98,858 98,856 98,91999,185 98,853 97,038 95,946 95,156 94,937 94,766Minor arterialNN 149,057 144,774 138,120 137,151 137,359137,498 137,308 137,463 137,575137,587 137,568 135,596 135,449 135,408 135,386 135,296Major collectorNN 439,000 436,352 431,115 431,712 432,117432,728 432,408 432,954 433,121433,284 430,946 424,288 420,046 419,999 419,117 419,437Minor collectorNN 299,613 293,922 282,011 274,081 273,198272,350 272,140 271,690 271,803271,377 270,700 267,524 267,842 264,387 262,841 262,899LocalNN 2,228,792 2,129,885 2,111,932 2,119,048 2,119,2622,134,836 2,091,127 2,097,244 2,109,5132,096,837 2,100,702 2,076,644 2,049,510 2,039,941 2,044,508 2,045,000Urban mileage, total429,568 560,670 628,901 744,644 813,785 819,706 826,765 836,109 841,643 846,059 852,243 877,004 894,724 940,969 981,276 1,009,839 1,029,366 1,057,662InterstateNN 9,215 11,527 13,12613,164 13,217 13,249 13,276 13,343 13,379 13,406 13,491 14,460 15,129 15,703 16,044 16,546Other freeways and expresswaysNN 6,774 7,668 8,9948,970 9,027 9,062 9,163 9,125 9,140 9,126 9,323 9,870 10,246 10,560 10,748 10,979Other principal arterialNN 44,155 51,968 53,11052,796 52,983 53,230 53,132 53,206 53,314 53,056 53,439 56,870 59,695 61,803 62,830 63,673Minor arterialNN 66,377 74,659 87,85788,510 89,020 89,196 89,496 89,399 89,789 89,962 90,411 93,888 97,433 101,673 102,975 105,043CollectorNN 68,387 78,254 86,08987,331 87,790 88,042 88,071 88,008 88,200 88,713 89,247 97,114 102,150 106,109 108,833 110,789LocalNN 433,993 520,568 564,609568,935 574,728 583,330 588,505 592,978 598,421 622,741 638,813 668,767 696,623 713,991 727,936 750,632U.S. roads and streets by surface6Paved mileage, total1,230,469 1,658,421 2,072,692 2,254,822 2,342,179 2,378,268 2,380,650 2,409,935 2,420,344 2,451,426 2,501,716 2,523,479 2,577,693 2,612,069 2,577,963 2,601,490 2,629,638 2,635,471Rural919,082 1,188,0801,490,050 1,550,283 1,561,649 1,591,334 1,582,166 1,605,804 1,612,251 1,641,8771,682,140 1,678,795 1,714,714 1,702,1751,629,423 1,625,390 1,637,819 1,629,207Urban311,387 470,341 582,642 704,539 780,530 786,934 798,484 804,131 808,093 809,549 819,576 844,684 862,979 909,894 948,540 976,100 991,8191,006,264Percent paved34.7% 44.5% 53.7% 58.3% 60.0% 60.8% 60.5% 60.9% 61.3% 62.4% 63.3% 63.7% 64.8% 65.5% 64.5% 64.9% 65.2% 65.1%Unpaved mileage, total2,315,224 2,071,661 1,787,145 1,612,104 1,564,416 1,533,958 1,553,537 1,548,349 1,528,549 1,478,977 1,448,319 1,438,723 1,402,995 1,376,283 1,417,527 1,408,757 1,401,791 1,411,779Rural2,197,043 1,981,332 1,740,886 1,571,999 1,531,161 1,501,186 1,518,310 1,510,330 1,490,488 1,436,969 1,409,279 1,400,129 1,364,900 1,333,969 1,373,622 1,363,383 1,352,456 1,361,551Urban118,181 90,329 46,259 40,105 33,255 32,772 35,227 38,019 38,061 42,008 39,040 38,594 38,095 42,314 43,905 45,374 49,335 50,228Percent unpaved65.3% 55.5% 46.3% 41.7% 40.0% 39.2% 39.5% 39.1% 38.7% 37.6% 36.7% 36.3% 35.2% 34.5% 35.5% 35.1% 34.8% 34.9%Number of employeesState and local govt. streets and highways7532,000 607,000 559,000 569,000 544,233 543,143U 548,486 530,097 542,612 546,215 551,706 545,249 545,617 542,642 546,220 545,089 557,526Highway, street and bridge constructioni,8UUUU274,000 278,100 287,500 294,200 308,000 336,300 340,100 345,800 345,900 340,100 347,000 (R) 350,800 348,300UPERFORMANCEVehicle-miles of travel by functional system (millions), totalj, 9718,762 1,109,724 1,527,295 2,144,362 2,357,588 2,422,696 2,484,080 2,552,233 2,628,148 2,690,241 2,746,925 2,781,462 2,855,756 2,890,893 2,962,513 2,989,807 3,014,116 3,049,027Rural mileage, total400,463 539,472 672,030 868,878 908,341 933,289 960,194 999,277 1,032,528 1,062,623 1,083,152 1,105,083 1,128,160 1,085,385 1,070,248 1,037,937 1,037,069 1,036,598Interstate10,514 79,516 135,084 200,173 215,568 223,382 232,565 240,255 251,520 260,166 268,180 274,024279,962 269,945 266,996 258,790 257,913 256,833Other principal arterialNN 132,958 175,133 207,569 215,567 221,403 228,716 237,704 244,045 248,725 253,056 257,587 245,345 241,046 233,999 231,865 232,306Minor arterialNN 129,816 155,733 149,760 153,028 157,444 163,341 165,780 169,275 171,874 173,889 176,218 171,251 168,898 164,933 162,634 161,679Highway ProfileMajor collectorNN 150,186 190,512 182,000 186,212 190,923 201,790 203,580 206,831 209,659 211,312 213,503 203,368 200,792 193,288 193,287 193,476Minor collectorNN 39,282 49,948 48,529 49,936 50,107 52,310 54,288 57,622 57,572 59,650 61,504 60,294 60,139 58,299 58,088 58,323LocalNN 84,704 97,379 104,915 105,164 107,752 112,865 119,656 124,684 127,142 133,152 139,386 135,182 132,377 128,628 133,282 133,981Urban mileage, total318,299 570,252 855,265 1,275,484 1,449,247 1,489,407 1,523,886 1,552,956 1,595,620 1,627,618 1,663,773 1,676,379 1,727,596 1,805,508 1,892,265 1,951,870 1,977,047 2,012,429Interstate13,365 81,532 161,242 278,901 330,577 341,515 351,579 361,433 374,622 383,259 393,465 399,890 408,618 432,633 454,385 469,070 477,283 488,624Other freeways and expresswaysNN 79,690 127,465 147,534 151,509 157,502 159,572 165,632 171,515 177,222 182,758 189,634 199,520 207,929 213,727 217,067 221,528Other principal arterialNN 229,469 335,543 364,200 370,365 377,776 385,123 388,071 392,688 398,772 401,037 408,336 425,622 450,142 463,100 466,949 473,225Minor arterialNN 175,030 236,225 286,165 293,228 299,345 301,932 309,293 313,950 324,398 329,931 339,387 348,794 362,018 371,392 376,082 381,789CollectorNN 83,043 106,297 120,088 126,883 129,310 130,146 131,905 131,603 135,372 137,922 141,874 153,751 162,108 168,038 173,210 176,909LocalNN 126,791 191,053 200,683 205,907 208,374 214,750 226,097 234,603 234,544 224,841 239,747 245,188 255,683 266,543 266,456 270,354Highway demand for petroleum, total (thousand barrels)1,488,095 2,361,310 2,882,143 3,289,554 3,530,071 3,602,159 3,669,491 3,765,003 3,889,758 4,042,708 4,062,573 4,081,742 4,203,095 4,233,039 4,328,176 (R) 4,360,995 4,355,057 4,373,392Motor fuel101,378,095 2,198,310 2,737,143 3,113,214 3,353,320 3,424,616 3,492,285 3,580,620 3,699,500 3,843,128 3,870,337 3,892,3414,016,243 4,049,263 4,131,695 (R) 4,161,592 4,165,0084,193,006Asphalt and road oil11110,000 163,000 145,000 176,340 176,751 177,543 177,206 184,383 190,258 199,580 192,236 189,401186,852 183,776 196,481 (R) 199,403 190,049 180,386SAFETY12Fatalities36,399 52,627 51,091 44,599 40,716 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 41,945 42,196 43,005 42,884 42,836 (R) 43,510 42,642 41,059Injured personsNNN 3,231,000 3,266,000 3,465,000 3,483,000 3,348,000 3,192,000 3,236,0003,189,000 3,033,0002,926,000 2,889,000 2,788,000 2,699,000 2,575,000 2,491,000CrashesNNN 6,471,000 6,496,000 6,699,000 6,770,000 6,624,000 6,335,000 6,279,000 6,394,000 6,323,000 6,316,000 6,328,000 6,181,000 6,159,000 5,973,000 6,024,000fIncludes carrier gross receipt taxes; mileage, ton-mile and passenger-mile taxes; special license fees and franchise taxes; and certificate or permit fees.Earlier editions of NTS, particularly the 1993 Historical Compendium, used crash and injury figures estimated by the National Safety Council, which employed a differentof methods to arrive at its figures. Thus, the injury and crash figures in this edition of NTS may not be comparable with thosefound in earlier editions.1994-2007: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau,State and Local Government Employment and Payroll Data, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), Internetsite http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apesstl.html as of Sept. 4, 2009.gMileage in federal parks, forests, and reservations that are not a part of the state and local highway system.hPrior to 1999, mileage for municipal roads is included with the "other local roads" jurisdiction. Mileage for municipal roadsis included in "Town, Township and MunicipalRoad" jurisdiction after 1999.iData for years 1994 and later are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Prior to 1994, data arebased on the Standard IndustrialClassification System (SIC).jHighway category classifications changed several times before 1980. Actual 1960 data categories were: Main Rural Roads, LocalRural Roads and Urban Streets; 1970data categories were: Rural Interstate, Rural Other Arterial, Other Rural, Urban Interstate and Other Urban.NOTESTotal system mileage may differ when categorized by ownership and functional system due to rounding at different levels of aggregation. Additionally, total system mileagecategorized by surface type is based on sampling and is not comparable to the totals based on the other categorizations.81960-2006: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of Apr. 15, 2008.31960-95: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-202.1996-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table MV-2.41960-70:Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985(Washington, DC: July 1997), table M-203.1980-95: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-210.1996-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-10.51960-95: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables HM-212 and HM-220.71960-90: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), State and Local GovernmentSection.bFigures obtained by addition/subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.cGross amounts collected by state governments from highway users. Does not include tolls. Not all revenues are allocated to highway expenditures.dIncludes distributor and dealer licenses, inspection fees, fines and penalties, and miscellaneous receipts.eIncludes driver licenses, title fees, special title taxes, fines and penalties; estimated service charges and local collections.KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.aThe Federal Highway Trust Fund was created with the enactment of the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. The total receipts shown for1995 are overstated by approxima$1.59 billion due to a fiscal year (FY) 1994 error by the Treasury Department in reconciling estimated deposits to the actual tax revenue. The correction was made after theclose of FY1994 and is shown in FY1995 receipts.Motor vehicle injury and crash data in this profile come from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES,which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes, and the GES sample includesonly crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into accountcrashes which were not reported to the police or which did not result in at least property damage.In 1998, FHWA instituted a new method of creating mileage based tables derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). See Chapter 1 accuracyprofiles for more information about the HPMS.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, please refer to chapter tables for sources.11960-94:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997),table HF-210.1995-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables HF-10A and HF-10.21960-95: Ibid.,Highway Statistics,Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MF-201.1996-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual isssues), table MF-1.1996-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-20.61960-95: Ibid.,Highway Statistics,Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-212.1996-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12.91960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: April 1987),table VM-201.1980-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables VM-2 and VM-2A.121960-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics andAnalysis, NRD-30, personalcommunication.1990-2007: Ibid.,Traffic Safety Facts(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 1 and 4.101960-90: Ibid.,Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallonsdivided by 42).1994-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1 (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons divided by 42).111960-80: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,State Energy Data Report(Washington, DC: July 1982), p. 13.1990-2007: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Petroleum Supply Annual: Volume 1(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 1.FINANCIAL1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20012002 2003 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 2007Personal auto expenditures, totala($ millions)39,886 73,390 209,563 377,492 442,346 462,166 494,691 519,828 529,047 573,429 628,952 631,527 622,369 646,756 695,320 772,607 828,900 863,036New and used carsa,116,600 26,700 57,200 119,000 133,200 132,600 136,000 139,400 147,300 158,400 164,300 162,900 162,100 152,000 152,600 161,600 165,100 158,500Tires, tubes, accessories, and parts12,500 6,100 17,900 29,900 36,000 37,800 40,300 41,900 43,900 47,000 49,000 49,100 50,300 52,000 54,400 57,900 59,800 62,800Gasoline and oil112,000 21,900 86,700 111,200 116,200 120,200 130,400 134,400 122,400 137,900 175,700 171,600 164,500 192,700 230,400 280,700 318,600 340,600Tolls1300700 1,100 2,300 3,400 3,700 4,000 4,400 4,400 4,800 5,100 5,100 5,300 5,500 5,700 6,500 6,900 7,400Insurance premiums less claims paid12,000 3,800 9,400 23,500 32,800 34,500 36,700 37,800 40,400 43,200 43,000 44,600 45,800 49,200 53,700 57,800 60,100 59,400Repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage, rental, and leasing15,500 12,300 34,000 84,900 112,500 125,500 138,700 152,900 161,100 172,600 183,500 189,100 186,000 186,800 189,500 198,400 208,400 224,200Auto registration fees2867 1,668 2,893 6,054 7,423 7,043 7,698 8,163 8,630 8,625 7,607 8,278 7,415 7,478 7,826 8,484 8,774 8,916Driver's license fees2119222370638823823893865917904745849954 1,078 1,194 1,223 1,226 1,220Taxi expenditures ($ millions)1600 1,200 1,900 2,600 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,300 3,500 3,300 3,100 3,200 3,300 3,500 3,600 3,900 4,200 4,500INVENTORYNumber of vehicle registrationsPassenger car361,671,390 89,243,557 121,600,843 133,700,496 127,883,469 128,386,775 129,728,341 129,748,704 131,838,538 132,432,044 133,621,420 137,633,467 135,920,677 135,669,897 136,430,651 136,568,083 135,399,945 135,932,930Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle3e 14,210,591 27,875,934 48,274,555 62,903,589 65,738,322 68,933,798 70,224,082 71,330,205 75,356,376 79,084,979 84,187,636 85,011,305 87,186,663 91,845,327 95,336,839 99,124,775 101,469,615Motorcycle4574,032 2,824,098 5,693,940 4,259,462 3,756,555 3,897,191 3,871,237 3,826,373 3,879,450 4,152,433 4,346,068 4,903,056 5,004,156 5,370,035 5,767,934 6,227,146 6,686,147 7,138,476Motor vehicle licensed drivers587,252,563 111,542,787 145,295,036 167,015,250 175,403,465 176,628,482 179,539,340 182,709,204 184,860,969 187,170,420 190,625,023 191,275,719 194,295,633 196,165,667 198,888,912 200,665,267 202,810,438 205,741,845Number of employees6(based on SIC)Taxicabs120,700 106,400 52,500 32,400 30,800 30,700 30,500 30,600 31,200 31,60031,90031,800 30,800NNNNNAutomotive dealers and service stations1,267,200 1,617,400 1,688,500 2,063,100 2,116,200 2,189,600 2,266,700 2,310,800 2,332,300 2,368,1002,409,6002,424,800 2,432,200NNNNNMotor vehicles, parts, and suppliesN N 434,300 456,000 471,400 492,100 502,800 513,000 516,600 523,700516,800502,100 498,000NNNNNAuto repair, services, and parkingN N 570,900 913,700 968,300 1,020,100 1,080,000 1,119,600 1,145,200 1,196,4001,234,2001,257,200 1,263,200NNNNNNumber of employees7(based on NAICS)Taxi servicehNNN 33,600 31,600 31,600 31,400 31,600 32,300 32,70033,10033,100 31,800 31,400 30,600 30,300 30,600UWholesale motor vehicles and partsNNN 309,400 319,900 334,600 342,500 350,200 353,600 359,500355,700347,300 345,600 342,100 340,700 344,200 349,200 342,010Retail motor vehicle and parts dealersNNN 1,494,400 1,564,700 1,627,100 1,685,600 1,723,400 1,740,900 1,796,6001,846,9001,854,600 1,879,400 1,882,900 1,902,300 1,918,600 1,907,900 1,887,020Gasoline stationsNNN 910,200 902,300 922,300 946,400 956,200 961,300 943,500935,700925,300 895,900 882,000 875,600 871,100 861,000 855,480Parking lots and garageshNNN 67,600 71,100 74,800 78,400 81,800 84,700 88,90092,80095,500 95,900 99,600 101,800 103,400 104,800UAutomotive repair and maintenanceN N N 659,400 701,300 737,900 781,400 810,500 828,300 864,200888,100903,900 899,600 894,200 890,600 886,100 887,400 871,800PERFORMANCEVehicle-miles, total (millions) 587,012 1,042,965 1,412,745 1,992,392 2,276,275 2,238,120 2,294,701 2,363,376 2,428,135 2,480,706 2,533,815 2,581,178 2,634,060 2,665,750 2,737,177 2,759,927 2,785,074 2,795,883Passenger car, totala, 8(c) 587,012 (c) 919,679 (c) 1,121,810 (c) 1,417,822 1,501,402 1,438,294 1,468,854 1,502,556 1,549,577 1,569,100 1,600,287 1,628,332 1,658,474 1,672,079 1,699,890 1,708,421 1,690,534 1,670,994Rural highway, total(c) 313,623 (c) 424,088 (c) 450,659 (c) 547,910 526,763 523,834 535,951 551,080 574,979 584,765 593,391 604,677 608,939 580,060 564,509 543,179 537,608 529,790Rural interstate N (c) 62,342 (c) 89,488 (c) 117,519 119,535 114,933 119,268 120,045 127,335 130,856 134,466 135,966 138,819 132,101 129,415 122,789 123,847 122,183Rural other arterial (c) 233,452 (c) 182,213 (c) 180,857 (c) 211,066 212,418 210,553 216,074 220,180 228,847 231,117 234,743 236,337 238,009 225,437 217,495 210,331 207,029 204,123Other rural roads (c) 80,171 (c) 179,533 (c) 180,314 (c) 219,325 194,810 198,348 200,609 210,855 218,797 222,792 224,182 232,374 232,111 222,522 217,599 210,059 206,732 203,484Urban highway, totalb(c) 273,389 (c) 495,591 (c) 671,151 (c) 869,912 974,639 914,460 932,903 951,476 974,598 984,335 1,006,896 1,023,655 1,049,535 1,092,021 1,135,381 1,165,242 1,152,927 1,141,203Urban interstateN (c) 69,369 (c) 124,480 (c) 184,783 217,174 204,035 210,302 214,016 220,487 224,132 230,510 236,983 243,521 251,904 258,666 266,834 267,106 267,558Other urbanN (c) 426,222 (c) 546,671 (c) 685,129 757,465 710,425 722,601 737,460 754,111 760,203 776,386 786,672 806,014 840,117 876,715 898,408 885,821 873,645Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, total9e 123,286 290,935 574,570 764,633 790,029 815,935 850,739 868,275 901,022 923,059 943,207 966,034 984,094 1,027,164 1,041,052 1,082,491 1,111,278Rural highway, totale 73,591 149,560 227,831 285,325 295,472 306,891 327,316 334,806 351,658 360,355 374,736 384,185 372,891 374,515 361,562 373,037 376,627Rural interstatee 6,766 19,952 46,298 60,849 63,329 65,779 69,030 72,343 76,190 79,088 82,356 85,132 82,513 83,181 80,173 81,548 82,030Rural other arteriale 29,808 56,137 87,474 113,595 118,305 122,211 129,890 132,043 138,475 141,257 146,525 150,758 148,100 148,802 143,976 145,716 145,985Other rural roadse 37,017 73,471 94,059 110,881 113,838 118,901 128,396 130,420 136,993 140,010 145,855 148,295 142,278 142,532 137,413 145,773 148,612Urban highway, totalbe 49,695 141,375 346,739 479,308 494,557 509,044 523,423 533,469 549,364 562,704 568,471 581,849 611,203 652,649 679,490 709,454 734,651Urban interstate e 6,252 23,067 71,500 105,317 109,807 112,908 116,680 121,700 124,399 128,291 127,989 130,174 142,472 155,714 160,470 166,660 170,669Other urbane 43,443 118,308 275,239 373,991 384,750 396,136 406,743 411,769 424,965 434,413 440,482 451,675 468,731 496,935 519,020 542,794 563,982Motorcycle, totala, 8ffff10,240 9,797 9,912 10,081 10,283 10,584 10,469 9,639 9,552 9,577 10,123 10,454 12,049 13,611Rural highway, totalffff4,402 4,098 4,069 4,147 4,279 4,448 4,507 4,383 4,445 4,289 4,382 4,335 4,635 5,546Rural interstateffff1,279 1,058 1,056 1,050 1,112 1,100 1,164 1,121 1,212 1,279 1,354 1,356 1,367 1,420Rural other arterialffff1,698 1,510 1,500 1,552 1,588 1,662 1,680 1,649 1,623 1,472 1,435 1,413 1,602 2,306Other rural roadsffff1,425 1,530 1,513 1,545 1,579 1,686 1,663 1,613 1,610 1,538 1,593 1,566 1,666 1,820Urban highway, totalbffff5,838 5,699 5,843 5,934 6,004 6,136 5,962 5,256 5,107 5,288 5,741 6,119 7,414 8,065Urban interstateffff1,420 1,454 1,516 1,509 1,579 1,690 1,692 1,546 1,670 1,962 2,089 2,270 2,379 2,631Other urbanffff4,418 4,245 4,327 4,425 4,425 4,446 4,270 3,710 3,437 3,326 3,652 3,849 5,035 5,434Passenger-miles, total (millions)31,145,000 1,979,787 2,545,020 3,037,244 3,623,364 3,553,810 3,643,719 3,752,829 3,855,696 3,939,137 4,023,637 4,247,094 4,307,312 4,360,151 4,479,453 (R) 4,517,430 4,562,368 4,584,054Passenger cars(a,c) 1,145,000 (a.c) 1,754,174 (a,c) 2,024,246 (c) 2,140,913 (c) 2,600,050 2,286,887 2,335,478 2,389,065 2,463,828 2,494,870 2,544,457 2,556,481 2,620,389 2,641,885 2,685,827 2,699,305 2,658,621 2,640,170Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclee 225,613 520,774 896,331 1,012,050 1,256,146 1,297,337 1,352,675 1,380,557 1,432,625 1,467,664 1,678,853 1,674,792 1,706,103 1,780,771 1,804,848 1,887,997 1,926,597Motorcycleffff11,264 10,777 10,904 11,089 11,311 11,642 11,516 11,760 12,131 12,163 12,855 13,277 15,750 17,287Average miles traveled per vehicle3Passenger car(c) 9,518 (c) 9,989 (c) 8,813 (c) 10,277 (c) 10,759 11,203 11,323 11,581 11,754 11,848 11,976 11,831 12,202 12,325 12,460 12,510 12,427 12,293Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclee 8,676 10,437 11,902 12,156 12,018 11,837 12,115 12,173 11,957 11,672 11,204 11,364 11,287 11,184 10,920 10,986 10,952Motorcycleffff2,726 2,514 2,561 2,635 2,651 2,549 2,409 1,966 1,909 1,783 1,755 1,679 1,855 1,907Fuel consumed (million gallons)3Passenger cars(c) 41,171 (c) 67,879 (c) 70,186 (c) 69,759 (c) 68,079 68,072 68,897 69,892 71,695 73,283 73,065 73,559 75,471 75,455 75,402 77,418 75,00974,355Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclee 12,313 23,796 35,611 44,112 45,605 47,133 49,388 50,462 52,859 52,939 53,522 55,220 60,758 63,417 58,869 60,685 61,816Motorcyclef f f f205 196 198 202 206 212 209 193 191 192 202 189 221 242Average fuel consumption per vehicle (gallons)3Passenger cars(c) 668 (c) 737 (c) 551 (c) 506 (c) 517530531539544553547534555556553567554547Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclee866854738701694684703707701669636650697690617612609Motorcyclef f f f55 50 51 53 53 51 48 39 38 36 35 30 33 34Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed3Passenger cars(c) 14 (c) 14 (c) 16.0 (c) 20.3 (c) 2121.121.321.521.621.421.922.122.022.222.522.122.422.5Other 2-axle 4-tire vehiclee10.012.216.117.317.317.317.217.217.017.417.617.516.216.217.718.018.0Automobile ProfileMotorcyclef f f f 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 5055.2 56.1 56.2SAFETY10Number of occupants and nonoccupant fatalitiesPassenger carN N 27,449 24,092 21,997 22,423 22,505 22,199 21,194 20,862 20,699 20,320 20,569 19,725 19,192 18,512 17,925 16,520Light TruckN N (R) 1,262 (R) 705 (R) 670 (R) 648 (R) 621 (R) 723 (R) 742 (R) 759 (R) 754 (R) 708 (R) 689 (R) 726 (R) 766 (R) 804 805 802Motorcycle790 2,280 5,144 3,244 2,320 2,227 2,161 2,116 2,294 2,483 2,897 3,197 3,270 3,714 4,028 4,576 4,837 5,154Bicycled490760965859802833765814760754693732665629727786772698Pedestriand7,210 8,950 8,070 6,482 5,489 5,584 5,449 5,321 5,228 4,939 4,763 4,901 4,851 4,774 4,675 4,892 4,795 4,654Occupant fatality ratesPer 100 million vehicle-milesgPassenger car4.7 3.8 (R) 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 (R) 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.11.0Light TruckN N 2.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.11.1MotorcycleN 76.5 50.4 33.9 22.7 22.7 21.8 21.0 22.3 23.5 27.7 33.2 34.2 38.8 39.8 43.8 40.137.9Per 10,000 registered vehiclesgPassenger car5.1 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 (R) 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.31.2Light TruckN N 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.31.2Motorcycle13.8 8.1 9.0 7.6 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.9 6.0 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.27.2Fatal CrashesTotal Fatal CrashesU U U 39,836 36,254 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 37,526 37,862 38,491 38,477 38,444 39,252 38,648 37,248Number of vehicles involved in fatal crashesPassenger car U U 39,059 34,085 30,273 30,940 30,727 30,059 29,040 28,027 27,802 27,586 27,374 26,562 25,682 25,169 24,260 22,716Light Truck U U 12,680 15,620 16,353 17,587 18,246 18,628 19,363 19,959 20,498 20,831 21,668 22,299 22,486 22,964 22,411 21,686Motorcycles U U 5,194 3,276 2,339 2,268 2,176 2,160 2,334 2,532 2,975 3,265 3,365 3,802 4,121 4,682 4,963 5,286Vehicle involvement rate (fatal crashes)Per 100 million vehicle-milesgPassenger carN 5.6 3.5 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.51.4Light TruckN N 4.3 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.91.8MotorcycleN 22.9 50.9 34.3 22.8 23.2 21.9 21.4 22.7 23.9 28.4 33.9 35.2 39.7 40.7 44.8 41.238.8Per 10,000 registered vehiclesgPassenger carN 5.6 3.7 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 (R) 1.9 1.81.6Light TruckN N 4.2 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.32.1MotorcycleN 8.2 9.1 7.7 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.4 7.4KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.NOTES91970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201.1995-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (revised tables used when applicable).10U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),Traffic Safety Facts(Washington, DC: AnnualIssues),tables 1,3, 4, 7, 8, and 10 inTraffic Safety Facts 2007and similar tables in previous issues.1995-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (revised tables used when applicable).41960-94:Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-201.51960-95: Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-Pl-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table DL-201.1996-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table DL-22 (revised tables used when applicable).1995-2007:Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-1 (revised tables used when applicable).61960-2002:U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,BLS Database,Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of April 2004;codes “414120 Taxicabs,” “605500 Automotive Dealers and Service Stations,” “525010 Motor Vehicle Parts, and Supplies” and “807500 AutoRepair, Services, and Parking."81960-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-PL-97-009(Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201.h2007 data are based on the May 2008 OES survey data, which uses 2007 NAICS codes. All other years are based on data that uses 2002NAICS codes, which do not correspond to 2007 NAICS codes. Thus, no comparable data are available in these categories.1994-2007: Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (revised tables used when applicable).71990-2007: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Database, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm asof January2007; codes "48531 Taxi service," "4231 Wholesale motor vehicles and parts," "441 Retail motor vehicle and parts dealers," "447Gasolinestations," "81293 Parking lots and garages," "8111 Automotive repair and maintenance."21960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,FHWA-97-009(Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-202.1996-2007:Ibid.,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-2 (revised tables used when applicable).31960-94:Ibid.,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM–201A, table revised in June1999.1U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,National Income and Product Accounts Tables,table 2.5.5 available athttp://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/Index.asp as of September 3, 2009.Unless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.SOURCESgRates come directly from the source and may differ slightly from rates that could be calculated from the information displayedin this table.eIncluded in single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more truck category.fIncluded in passenger cars.aFigures obtained by addition / subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.bUrban consists of travel on all roads and streets in urban places of 5,000 or greater population.dInvolvement only with motor vehicle.cIncludes motorcycle data.FINANCIAL1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (R) 2006 2007Operating revenues, totala(based on SIC) ($ millions)U U U 127,314 155,713 161,806 172,743 183,153 197,490UUUUUUUUULocal trucking U U U31,397 40,903 43,830 46,589 49,972 55,553UUUUUUUUUTrucking, except local U U U74,465 89,369 91,675 97,586 103,847 109,351UUUUUUUUULocal trucking with storage U U U4,115 4,757 5,154 5,502 5,860 6,144UUUUUUUUUCourier services, except by air U U U17,337 20,684 21,147 23,066 23,474 26,442UUUUUUUUUOperating expenses, totala(based on SIC) ($ millions)U U U 118,968 145,216 151,628 162,825 170,998 179,907UUUUUUUUULocal trucking U U U28,049 36,455 38,695 41,325 43,871 47,478UUUUUUUUUTrucking, except local U U U70,965 84,682 88,061 94,390 98,570 101,584UUUUUUUUULocal trucking with storage U U U3,885 4,543 4,817 5,121 5,439 5,638UUUUUUUUUCourier services, except by air U U U16,069 19,536 20,055 21,989 23,118 25,207UUUUUUUUUOperating revenues, totalb(based on NAICS) ($ millions)UUUUUUUU197,314 207,751 223,197 221,355 222,383 228,311 248,191 (R) 273,420 293,498 303,611Truck transportationUUUUUUUU148,121 155,871 165,421 162,871 164,218 168,486 185,945(R) 206,512221,871228,907Couriers and messengersUUUUUUUU49,193 51,880 57,776 58,484 58,165 59,82562,246(R) 66,90871,627 74,704Truck highway-user taxes, total($ millions)2,830 5,632 9,888 19,356 23,836 25,117 U 28,010 28,697 30,502 31,769 30,689 30,216 31,266 32,780 35,178 37,351 38,010State1,709 3,429 6,731 12,691 13,157 13,844 U 15,750 15,611 16,26616,47617,68616,566 14,312 17,923 18,632 19,573 20,188Federal1,121 2,203 3,157 6,665 10,679 11,273 U 12,260 13,086 14,23615,293 13,003 13,650 16,954 14,857 16,546 17,778 17,822INVENTORYNumber of truck registrations, total 11,914,249 4,586,487 5,790,653 6,195,876 6,587,885 6,719,421 7,012,615 7,083,326 7,732,270 7,791,426 8,022,649 7,857,675 7,927,280 7,756,888 8,171,363 8,481,999 8,819,007 9,027,624Single-unit truck U 3,681,405 4,373,784 4,486,981 4,906,385 5,023,670 5,266,029 5,293,358 5,734,925 5,762,864 5,926,030 5,703,501 5,650,619 5,848,523 6,161,028 6,395,240 6,649,337 6,806,630Combination truck U 905,082 1,416,869 1,708,895 1,681,500 1,695,751 1,746,586 1,789,968 1,997,345 2,028,562 2,096,619 2,154,174 2,276,661 1,908,365 2,010,335 2,086,759 2,169,670 2,220,995Number of employeesTrucking and courier services, except air(based on SIC)U998,500 1,182,000 1,273,900 1,384,200 1,440,000 1,482,100 1,514,200 1,568,800 1,613,700 1,630,5001,619,800 1,590,000 U U U U UTruck transportation (based on NAICS) U U U 1,122,400 1,206,200 1,249,100 1,282,400 1,308,200 1,354,400 1,391,500 1,405,800 1,386,800 1,339,300 1,325,600 1,351,700 1,397,600 1,435,800 1,439,200Couriers and messengers (based on NAICS) U U U 375,000 466,200 516,800 539,900 546,000 568,200 585,900 605,000 587,000 560,900 561,700 556,600 571,400 582,400 580,700Truck drivers and sales workersc(based on NAICS)1,477,000 1,565,000 1,931,000 2,148,000 2,321,000 2,861,000 2,542,000 2,602,000 3,012,000 3,028,660 2,983,950 2,992,700 2,867,530 2,869,770 2,899,010 2,963,550 3,012,220 2,998,850Number of trucking and courier establishmentsaU64,756 69,796 90,709 108,971 112,887 116,861 121,111 119,572 120,687 122,713 122,669 124,481 125,744 128,121 131,086 134,053 135,264PERFORMANCEVehicle-miles,total rural and urban (millions)127,404 62,215 108,491 146,242 170,216 178,156 182,971 191,477 196,380 202,688 205,520 209,032 214,603 217,917 220,811 222,524 222,513 226,963Rural highway, total84,508 39,244 68,776 89,692 100,865 106,031 109,480 114,698 115,142 117,941 120,410 122,736 125,884 123,689 121,330 119,684 118,346 119,617Rural interstateU 10,069 25,111 35,789 40,034 43,351 45,721 49,336 49,896 51,049 52,484 53,225 54,503 52,925 51,296 51,378 50,204 49,819Rural other arterialU 17,625 24,789 31,331 35,040 37,056 37,875 39,193 39,724 40,691 41,649 41,838 42,436 41,342 40,690 39,762 39,277 40,037Other rural roadsU 11,550 18,876 22,572 25,791 25,624 25,884 26,169 25,522 26,201 26,277 27,673 28,945 29,422 29,344 28,544 28,865 29,761Urban highway, totald42,896 22,971 39,715 56,550 69,351 72,125 73,491 76,779 81,238 84,747 85,110 86,296 88,719 94,227 99,481 102,840 104,167 107,346Urban interstateU 5,634 13,135 22,163 25,045 25,639 26,256 28,549 30,193 32,286 32,181 32,690 33,040 35,487 38,083 40,289 40,118 41,405Other urban streetsU 17,337 26,580 34,387 44,306 46,486 47,235 48,230 51,045 52,461 52,929 53,606 55,679 58,740 61,398 62,551 64,049 65,941Passenger-miles, totale(millions)127,405 62,215 108,491 146,242 170,216 178,156 182,971 191,477 196,380 202,688 205,520 209,032 214,603 217,917 220,811 222,524 222,513 226,963Single-unit truckf98,551 27,081 39,813 51,901 61,284 62,705 64,072 66,893 68,021 70,304 70,500 72,448 75,866 77,757 78,441 78,496 80,344 81,954Combination truck 28,854 35,134 68,678 94,341 108,932 115,451 118,899 124,584 128,359 132,384 135,020 136,584 138,737 140,160 142,370 144,028 142,169 145,008Ton-miles(millions)U U 629,675 848,779 987,923 1,034,041 1,061,952 1,110,554 1,139,777 1,176,388 1,192,825 1,213,208 1,245,542 1,264,773 1,281,573 1,291,515 1,294,492UFuel consumed, all trucks (million gallons)15,88211,316 19,960 24,490 27,685 28,993 29,601 29,878 31,975 33,909 35,229 35,179 36,800 32,696 33,150 37,190 37,959 38,550Single-unit truck U 3,968 6,923 8,357 9,032 9,216 9,409 9,576 6,817 9,372 9,563 9,667 10,321 8,880 8,959 9,501 9,852 10,035Combination truck U 7,348 13,037 16,133 18,653 19,777 20,192 20,302 25,158 24,537 25,666 25,512 26,480 23,815 24,191 27,689 28,107 28,515Average fuel consumption per vehicle, all trucks (gallons) 1,333 2,467 3,447 3,953 4,202 4,315 4,221 4,218 4,135 4,352 4,391 4,477 4,642 4,215 4,057 4,385 4,304 4,270Single-unit truck U 1,078 1,583 1,862 1,841 1,835 1,787 1,809 1,189 1,626 1,614 1,695 1,826 1,518 1,454 1,486 1,482 1,474Combination truck U 8,119 9,201 9,441 11,093 11,663 11,561 11,342 12,596 12,096 12,241 11,843 11,631 12,479 12,033 13,269 12,954 12,839Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed, all trucks 8.0 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.8 6.7 6.7 6.0 5.9 5.9Single-unit truck U 6.8 5.8 6.2 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0 10.0 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 8.8 8.8 8.3 8.2 8.2Combination truck U 4.8 5.3 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.1 5.1Average miles traveled per vehicle, all trucks 10,693 13,565 18,736 23,603 25,838 26,514 26,092 27,032 25,397 26,014 25,617 26,602 27,071 28,093 27,023 26,235 25,231 25,141Single-unit truck U 7,356 9,103 11,567 12,491 12,482 12,167 12,637 11,861 12,199 11,897 12,702 13,426 13,295 12,732 12,274 12,083 12,040Combination truck U 38,819 48,472 55,206 64,783 68,083 68,075 69,601 64,265 65,260 64,399 63,404 60,939 73,445 70,819 69,020 65,526 65,290Average length of haul (domestic freight)(miles)272 263 363 391 392 416 426 435 442 458 473 485 U U U U U USAFETYOccupant fatalities, large truckUU 1,262 705 670 648 621 723 742 759 754 708 689 726 766 804 805 802Occupant fatality ratePer 100 million vehicle-miles, large truckUU 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Per 10,000 registered vehicles, large truckUU 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9Vehicle involvement rate (fatal crashes)Per 100 million vehicle-miles, large truckUU 5.0 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0Per 10,000 registered vehicles, large truckUU 9.3 7.7 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.8 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.1Truck ProfileU.S. Census Bureau,Transportation Annual Survey(Washington, DC: December 1998), table 1.U.S. Census Bureau,Service Annual Survey(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 2.1 and similar tables in earlier editions, available athttp://www.census.gov/services/index.html as of July 08, 2009.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.NOTESIn 1995, FHWA revised its vehicle type categories. These new categories include passenger car, other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle, single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or moretruck, and combination truck. Other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles include vans, pickup trucks, and sport/utility vehicles. In previous years, some minivans andsport/utility vehicles were included in the passenger car category. Single-unit 2-axle 6-tire or more trucks are on a single frame with at least 2 axles and 6 tires.Occupant fatality rates (OFR) for Light Trucks have been removed, but can be found in the Automobile Profile. The remaining fatality rates are calculated byNHTSA and may be different from what would be calculated from the data presented.Operating revenues, total and Operating expenses, total (based on SIC):bTruck transportation (NAICS 484)- Industries primarily engaged in over-the-road transportation of cargo using motor vehicles, truck-tractors, and trailers.Couriers and messengers (NAICS 492)- Establishments primarily engaged in providing air, surface, or combined courier delivery services of parcels orprimarily engaged in furnishing local messenger and delivery services of small items within a single metropolitan area or urbancenter.1960-70: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 12.1960: Ibid.,Transportation in America, 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 35.Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2001 (Washington, DC: 2001), p.65.Number of employees: Trucking and courier services, except air (based on SIC):1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC:July 1997), table VM-201.Number of employees: Truck drivers and sales workers (based on NAICS):2002-07: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics,Occupational Employment and Wage estiamates,(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/2008/may/oes_dl.htm#Time as of July 10, 2009.1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation in America, 2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), p. 35.1995-2007: lbid. Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 10, 2009.Ton-miles:U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Traffic Safety Facts 2007, DOT HS 811 002 (Washington, DC: AnnualIssues), tables 3 and 9, July 13, 2009.Average length of haul:Safety:1980-2007: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, as of July 13, 2009.Fuel consumed, Average fuel consumption per vehicle, Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed, and Average miles traveled per vehicle:1970-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC:July 1997), table VM-201A.1995-2007: Ibid., Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 10, 2009.1994-2007: Ibid.,Employment, Hours and Earnings,available at www.bls.gov as of July 13, 2009, SIC 421Number of employees: Truck transportation (based on NAICS) and Couriers and messengers (based on NAICS):2000-2006: American Trucking Association,American Trucking Trends,unpublished data, personal communication, June 30, 2008.Number of truck registrations:1995-2007: Ibid., Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 08, 2009 .Local trucking, with storage (SIC 4214)- Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing both trucking and storage services, including household goods.Courier services, except by air (SIC 4215)- Establishments primarily engaged in the delivery of individually addressed letters, parcels, and packages(generally under 100 pounds).1960-1999: American Trucking AssociationAmerican Trucking Trends, (Washington, DC: Annual issues)1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC:July 1997), table VM-201A.cIn 1999, the Occupational Employment Statistics survey began using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to organize occupational data.Therefore, estimates from 1999 and subsequent years are not directly comparable to previous occupational data.dUrban consists of travel on all roads and streets in urban places of 5,000 or greater population.eAs cited on the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), highway passenger-miles are calculated by multiplying vehicle-miles oftravel and the averagenumber of occupants for each vehicle type.fIncludes other 2-axle 4-tire vehicle in 1960.KEY:R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aLocal trucking (SIC 4212)- Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing trucking or transfer services without storage for freight generally weighingmorethan 100 pounds.Trucking, except local (SIC 4213)- Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing "over-the-road" trucking services or trucking services and storageservices, including household goods either as common carriers or under special or individual contracts or agreements, for freight generally weighing more than100 pounds.Number of trucking and courier establishments:Vehicle-miles, total rural and urban:U.S. Bureau of the Census,County Business Patterns(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), NAICS 484 and 492/SIC 421, available athttp://censtats.census.gov/cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml as of September 28, 2009.Truck highway-user taxes:Operating revenues, total (based on NAICS):Component values may not add to totals due to independent rounding.1960-90: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1909-1994 (Washington, DC: September1994), SIC 421.1990-2007: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Database and Tables, available at http://www.bls.gov/data/ as of July 10, 2009; NAICScodes "484 Truck transportation" and "492 Couriers and messengers."

# FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (R) 2006 2007 2008

Expenditures ($ thousands)

School bus 1 

# 486,000 1,219,000 3,833,000 8,031,000 7,847,000 9,889,000 9,082,000 10,353,000 10,326,000 10,340,000 12,104,000 12,624,000 UUUUUUU

Operating revenues ($ thousands)

Intercity bus, Class I 2,a 

# 463,100 721,700 1,397,378 943,268 1,161,479 1,189,235 985,537 1,080,083 1,074,582 1,326,909 1,133,822 1,117,526 1,120,422 1,345,056 UUUUU

Operating expenses ($ thousands)

Intercity bus, Class I 2,a 

# 405,400 639,000 1,318,372 1,026,213 1,289,834 1,253,537 941,014 1,022,680 1,016,208 1,313,900 1,078,386 1,080,186 1,092,596 1,321,407 UUUUU

INVENTORY

Number of operating companies

Intercity bus, Class I 2,a 

# 1 4 3 7 1 6 1 3 1 2 6 2 4 2 0 2 2 2 0 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 6 3 6UUUUU

Number of vehicles, all buses 3 

# 272,129 377,562 528,789 626,987 670,423 685,503 694,781 697,548 715,540 728,777 746,125 749,548 760,717 776,550 795,274 807,053 821,959 834,436 843,308

Number of employees 4 

# (SIC based)

Intercity and rural bus transportation 40,500 43,400 37,900 26,100 23,600 23,800 23,800 22,200 24,400 23,800 24,700 25,100 23,000 N N N N N N

School buses N N 79,900 111,200 125,900 131,100 132,200 136,500 141,000 146,100 146,700 147,700 148,700 NNNNNN

Number of employees 5 

# (NAICS based)

Interurban and rural bus transportation 38,200 40,900 35,800 24,600 22,300 22,500 22,500 21,000 23,000 22,500 23,400 23,600 22,800 21,900 20,100 20,200 19,600 U U

School and employee bus transportation N N 81,400 114,200 130,000 135,500 136,900 141,500 146,200 151,400 152,000 153,000 161,100 164,800 166,600 168,800 172,300 176,600 182,100

Charter bus industry N N 14,800 26,100 28,300 29,200 31,000 32,000 33,900 36,100 38,200 36,800 35,500 33,200 32,200 31,400 31,200 32,300 33,100

PERFORMANCE

Vehicle-miles, all buses (millions) 6 

# 4,346 4,544 6,059 5,727 6,409 6,420 6,535 6,842 7,007 7,662 7,590 7,077 6,845 6,783 6,801 6,980 6,783 6,980 7,114

Rural highway, total 2,332 2,549 3,035 3,444 3,730 3,854 3,933 4,109 4,251 4,667 4,489 4,165 (R) 3,941 (R) 3,806 (R) 3,691 (R) 3,667 3,521 3,723 3,819

Interstate rural N 339 533 567 683 711 742 794 834 971 978 951 (R) 943 (R) 995 (R) 999 (R) 946 950 986 1,027

Other arterial rural N 944 991 995 1,154 1,171 1,186 1,243 1,282 1,375 1,270 1,133 (R) 1,104 (R) 1,001 (R) 992 (R) 973 959 1,015 1,020

Other rural N 1,266 1,511 1,882 1,893 1,972 2,005 2,072 2,135 2,321 2,241 2,081 (R) 1,894 (R) 1,810 (R) 1,700 (R) 1,748 1,612 1,722 1,772

Urban highway b 

# , total 2,014 1,995 3,024 2,283 2,679 2,566 2,602 2,733 2,756 2,995 3,101 2,912 (R) 2,904 (R) 2,977 (R) 3,110 (R) 3,313 3,263 3,257 3,295

Interstate urban N 277 560 455 627 580 599 647 663 752 791 775 (R) 803 (R) 943 (R) 986 (R) 1,062 1,024 1,052 1,077

Other urban N 1,718 2,464 1,828 2,052 1,986 2,003 2,086 2,093 2,243 2,310 2,137 (R) 2,101 (R) 2,033 (R) 2,124 (R) 2,251 2,239 2,205 2,218

Passenger-miles (millions), all buses 6 

# N N N 121,398 135,871 136,104 138,613 145,060 (R) 148,558 (R) 162,445 (R) 160,919 (R) 150,042 (R) 145,124 (R) 143,801 (R) 144,188 (R) 147,992 143,816 147,985 150,827

Number of revenue passengers (thousands)

Intercity bus, total 1,c 

# 366,000 401,000 370,000 334,000 343,200 366,500 347,900 350,600 357,600 358,900 364,600 356,900 585,600 547,500 534,000 UUUU

Average miles traveled per vehicle, all buses 6 

# 15,970 12,035 11,458 9,133 9,560 9,365 9,386 9,809 (R) 9,793 10,515 (R) 10,173 (R) 9,442 (R) 8,998 (R) 8,734 (R) 8,552 (R) 8,649 8,253 8,365 8,436

Fuel consumed (million gallons), all buses 6 

# 827 820 1,018 895 964 968 985 1,027 1,040 1,148 (R) 1,112 (R) 1,026 (R) 1,000 (R) 968,945 (R) 1,360 (R) 1,120 1,148 1,145 1,110

Average fuel consumption per vehicle (gallons), all

buses 6 

# 3,039 2,172 1,925 1,427 1,438 1,412 1,414 1,472 1,454 1,576 (R) 1,490 (R) 1,369 (R) 1,314 (R) 1,248 (R) 1,710 (R) 1,388 1,397 1,372 1,316

Avera g e miles traveled per g allon of fuel consumed,

all buses 6 

# 5.3 5.5 6.0 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 (R) 7 (R) 7 (R) 7 (R) 7 (R) 7 7 5.0 (R) 6 5.9 6.1 6.4

Average revenue per passenger-mile (cents)

(intercity) 1,d 

# 2.71 3.60 7.26 9.31 11.61 12.19 12.30 12.56 12.75 12.76 12.79 12.91 (R) 9.72 (R) 10.43 (R) 11.12 UUUU

SAFETY

Number of fatalities 7



# School bus-related N N 150 115 (R) 104 (R) 121 136 (R) 128 (R) 126 (R) 164 (R) 143 141 (R) 127 138 130 134 150 141 153

School bus occupants N N 9 11 (R) 3 13 10 10 6 10 (R) 20 18 3 11 7 10 8 5 19

Other vehicle

Occupants N N 88 64 64 (R) 71 101 (R) 95 (R) 90 (R) 126 (R) 98 95 (R) 98 99 90 87 119 112 105

Nonoccupants N N 53 40 (R) 37 (R) 37 25 (R) 23 (R) 30 (R) 28 (R) 26 28 26 28 33 37 23 24 29

Occupant fatalities, all buses 7 

# N N 46 32 21 (R) 32 21 (R) 17 (R) 36 (R) 58 22 34 45 (R) 40 (R) 41 58 27 37 67

School buses N N 14 13 2 12 10 7 (R) 4 8 16 16 2 7 7 8 6 3 14

Cross country buses N N 23 2 7 6 3 (R) 4 13 32 3 3 20 3 23 33 8 19 13

Transit buses N N 6 3 6 (R) 0 5 3 2 (R) 5 1 4 6 11 1 3 1 6 23

Other and unknown N N 3 14 6 14 3 (R) 3 17 13 2 11 17 19 17 14 12 9 17

Fatalities in vehicular accidents e 

# , all buses 8 

# N N 390 340 286 311 367 339 329 373 357 331 331 337 315 340 337 325 307

Occupant fatality rate

Per 100 million vehicle-miles, all buses 6,7 

# N N 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9

Per 10,000 registered vehicles, all buses 3,7 

# N N 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.8

Vehicle involvement rate (fatal crashes)

Per 100 million vehicle-miles, all buses 6,8 

# N N 6.4 5.9 4.5 4.8 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.9 3.8 3.1 5.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.5

Per 10,000 registered vehicles, all buses 3,8 

# N N 7.4 5.4 4.3 4.5 5.3 4.9 4.6 5.2 3.9 2.9 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.4 2.9

4 

# 1960-2002: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey, SIC codes:
"413 Intercity and rural bus transportation" and "415 School buses," available at http://www.bls.gov/data/archived.htm as of January 2005. NOTE

2000-01: Ibid., Transportation in America, 19th Edition (Washington, DC: 2002) KEY:

N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.

a 

# In 2003, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration implemented a program to improve reporting by Class I intercity bus carriers. This accounts for the large

increase in Number of operating companies between 2002 and 2003, and as a result the large increase in Operating revenues and Operating expenses . For all
years, New Jersey Transit has been excluded from the totals because of its status as a publicly run carrier.

b 

# Urban consists of travel on all roads and streets in urban places of 5,000 or greater population.

e 

# Includes all fatalities that occurred in an accident in which a bus was involved. d 

# Average revenue per passenger mile data for 2002 to 2004 is Greyhound Lines passenger service revenue per passenger-mile.

See transit profile for transit bus data.

SOURCES 

# Bus Profile

c 

# Number of revenue passengers data for 1960 to 1980 are for both regular route and charter buses of all classes. 1990 to 2001 data are for regular route and
charter Class I Carriers only. For 2002 to 2004, this category includes charter, tour, sightseeing, airport shuttle, contract and private commuters, and scheduled

services.

8 

# U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2008 , table 25, available at
http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/art-public-reports.aspx as of Feb. 19, 2010. 7 

# U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 75 and 95 and
similar tables in previous issues, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 13, 2010. 3 

# U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-10, available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/ as of July 13, 2010. 1 

# 1960-99: Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation In America, with Historical Compendium (Washington, DC: 2001).

2 

# 1960-95: Interstate Commerce Commission, Annual Report of the ICC (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), Appendix F, tables 1 and 6.

1996-2008: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/ as of July 13, 2010. 1996-2002: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Selected Earnings Data

, Class I Motor Carriers of Passengers (Washington,
DC: Annual Issues).

6 

# 1960-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July
1997), table VM-201A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm as of July 16, 2010. 5 

# 1960-2008: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey , NAICS
codes: "4852 Interurban and rural bus transportation," "4854 School and employee bus transportation," and "4855 Charter bus industry," available at
http://www.bls.gov/ces/data.htm as of July 13, 2010. 2003: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, personal communication, Feb. 16, 2005.

# FINANCIAL 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (R) 2002 (R) 2003 (R) 2004 (R) 2005 (R) 2006 (R) 2007 2008

Passenger operating revenues 1 

# , total ($ millions) 1,407 1,707 6,510 16,053 17,968 18,241 (R) 17,964 (R) 18,310 (R) 19,031 (R) 20,400 (R) 21,774 (R) 23,503 24,186 25,433 26,792 28,597 32,074 33,717 36,462

Operating revenues, total 1,407 1,707 2,805 6,786 (R) 7,398 (R) 8,069 (R) 9,790 (R) 10,218 (R) 10,565 (R) 11,128 (R) 11,585 (R) 11,861 11,906 12,731 13,171 13,696 16,315 15,345 16,084

Passenger fares, total 1,335 1,639 (R) 2,557 5,891 6,756 6,801 (R) 6,965 (R) 7,127 (R) 7,276 (R) 7,504 (R) 7,811 (R) 8,133 8,144 8,510 9,009 9,470 11,819 10,625 11,426

Motor bus 910 1,194 1,791 2,967 3,250 3,287 UUUUUU 3,603 3,691 3,835 4,044 5,961 4,469 4,726

Heavy rail 270 369 717 1,741 1,976 2,018 UUUUUU 2,492 2,654 2,903 3,007 3,218 3,346 3,639

Light rail 74 47 31 83 135 127 U U U U U U 226 229 233 249 293 309 368

Trolley bus 81 30 26 46 55 54 U U U U U U 59 53 55 57 60 59 63

Demand responsive U U U 41 171 146 U U U U U U 184 176 180 193 209 207 216

Ferryboat a 

# U U U 56 41 60 U U U U U U 63 86 91 93 71 117 119

Commuter rail U U U 952 1,083 1,078 UUUUUU 1,447 1,551 1,614 1,727 1,860 1,979 2,161

Other

b 

# U U 3 6 46 31 U U U U U U 69 69 98 101 148 141 133

Other operating revenue 72 68 248 895 (R) 642 (R) 1,268 (R) 2,825 (R) 3,091 (R) 3,288 (R) 3,624 (R) 3,774 (R) 3,728 3,762 4,221 4,163 4,225 4,497 4,720 4,657

Operating assistance c 

# , total U U 3,705 9,267 (R) 10,570 (R) 10,172 (R) 8,174 (R) 8,092 (R) 8,467 (R) 9,271 (R) 10,190 (R) 11,643 12,281 12,702 13,621 14,901 15,759 18,371 20,378

State and local U U 2,611 8,297 (R) 9,655 (R) 9,355 (R) 7,621 (R) 7,488 (R) 7,725 (R) 8,411 (R) 9,205 (R) 10,525 10,979 11,106 11,597 12,658 13,235 15,831 17,811

Federal U U 1,094 970 916 817 (R) 554 (R) 604 (R) 741 (R) 860 (R) 984 (R) 1,117 1,302 1,596 2,024 2,243 2,523 2,540 2,568

Operating expenses 2 

# , total ($ millions) 1,377 1,996 6,711 15,742 17,920 17,849 16,302 16,963 17,580 18,781 20,009 21,529 22,933 24,185 25,427 27,238 29,025 31,304 33,479

Motor bus U U U 8,903 10,144 10,321 8,996 9,422 9,713 10,342 11,026 11,814 12,613 13,316 13,790 14,666 15,796 16,812 17,963

Heavy rail U U U 3,825 3,786 3,523 3,402 3,474 3,530 3,693 3,931 4,180 4,267 4,446 4,734 5,145 5,287 5,888 6,129

Light rail U U U 237 413 376 440 471 493 536 597 676 778 815 887 978 1,070 1,163 1,259

Trolley bus U U U 109 133 139 135 140 146 167 177 172 187 183 185 196 197 199 214

Demand responsive U U U 518 943 1,000 750 873 995 1,104 1,225 1,410 1,636 1,779 1,902 2,071 2,286 2,539 2,861

Ferryboat a 

# U U U 171 200 210 188 201 210 226 242 290 314 318 304 332 367 429 507

Commuter rail U U U 1,939 2,228 2,211 2,294 2,275 2,355 2,569 2,679 2,852 2,995 3,173 3,436 3,657 3,765 4,001 4,294

Other

b 

# U U U 41 73 69 98 108 137 144 131 133 143 156 188 193 256 274 253

Average passenger revenue per passenger-mile 3 

# , all modes ($) U U 0.06 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.21

Motor bus U U 0.08 0.14 0.17 0.17 UUUUUU 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.29 0.22 0.22

Heavy rail U U 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.19 UUUUUU 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22

Light rail U U 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.15 UUUUUU 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18

Trolley bus U U 0.12 0.24 0.29 0.29 UUUUUU 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.37 0.38 0.39

Demand responsive U U U 0.09 0.30 0.24 UUUUUU 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.26

Ferryboat a 

# U U U 0.20 0.16 0.23 UUUUUU 0.21 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.20 0.31 0.31

Commuter rail U U U 0.13 0.14 0.13 UUUUUU 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.20

Other

b 

# U U 0.01 0.05 0.20 0.11 UUUUUU 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.12

Average passenger fare, per unlinked trip 4 

# , all modes ($) 0.14 0.22 0.30 0.67 0.85 0.88 (R) 0.92 (R) 0.89 (R) 0.90 (R) 0.88 (R) 0.90 (R) 0.90 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.03 1.26 1.07 1.11

Motor bus U U 0.31 0.52 0.67 0.68 UUUUUU 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.77 1.13 0.85 0.87

Heavy rail U U 0.34 0.74 0.91 0.99 UUUUUU 0.93 0.99 1.06 1.07 1.10 0.97 1.03

Light rail U U 0.23 0.47 0.48 0.50 UUUUUU 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.72 0.74 0.82

Trolley bus U U 0.18 0.36 0.46 0.45 UUUUUU 0.51 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.61 0.63

Demand responsive U U U 0.60 1.94 1.66 UUUUUU 2.33 2.15 2.17 2.22 2.36 2.28 2.26

Ferryboat a 

# U U U (R) 1.12 0.87 (R) 1.28 UUUUUU 1.25 1.43 1.58 1.59 1.26 1.90 1.94

Commuter rail U U U 2.90 3.19 3.13 UUUUUU 3.49 3.79 3.90 4.08 4.22 4.32 4.58

Other

b 

# U U 0.75 (R) 0.20 (R) 1.41 (R) 0.95 UUUUUU 1.06 1.06 1.15 1.18 1.73 1.67 1.63 

# Transit Profile

# INVENTORY 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (P) 2008

Number of systems d, 5 

# , total 1,286 1,096 1,055 5,078 5,973 5,973 5,973 5,973 5,975 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 5,804 6,429 6,429 6,435 7,700 7,700

Motor bus 1,236 1,075 1,022 2,688 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,262 2,262 2,264 2,264 1,982 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,200 1,086

Heavy rail 31 15 11 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15

Light rail ~ ~ 9 17 22 22 22 22 22 24 25 26 27 27 29 29 33 33 33

Trolley bus 19 655555555555444445

Demand responsive U U U 3,893 5,214 5,214 5,214 5,214 5,214 5,252 5,252 5,251 5,251 5,346 5,960 5,960 5,960 7,300 7,200

Ferryboat a 

# U U 16 27 25 25 25 25 25 30 33 42 42 46 47 47 47 39 32

Commuter rail U U 18 14 16 16 16 16 18 20 19 21 20 21 21 22 22 22 23

Other

b 

# U U 5 35 68 69 73 69 70 81 81 82 82 86 85 87 87 97 100

Number of vehicles 6 

# , total 65,292 61,350 75,388 93,430 116,416 116,341 (R) 93,675 (R) 98,381 (R) 100,346 (R) 103,308 (R) 106,136 (R) 111,266 (R) 112,104 (R) 114,932 (R) 117,402 (R) 121,912 (R) 125,647 (R) 125,607 129,286

Motor bus 49,600 49,700 59,411 58,714 68,123 67,107 (R) 53,339 (R) 54,946 (R) 55,661 (R) 57,352 (R) 58,578 (R) 60,256 (R) 60,719 (R) 61,659 (R) 61,318 (R) 62,284 (R) 64,025 (R) 63,359 63,151

Heavy rail 9,010 9,338 9,641 10,567 10,282 10,166 10,243 10,228 10,296 10,362 10,311 10,718 10,849 10,754 10,858 11,110 11,052 11,222 11,377

Light rail 2,856 1,262 1,013 910 1,051 1,048 (R) 1,097 (R) 1,062 (R) 1,061 (R) 1,160 (R) 1,306 (R) 1,359 (R) 1,448 (R) 1,482 (R) 1,622 (R) 1,645 (R) 1,801 (R) 1,802 1,948

Trolley bus 3,826 1,050 823 610 643 695 675 655 646 657 652 600 616 672 597 615 609 559 590

Demand responsive U U U 16,471 28,729 29,352 (R) 17,738 (R) 19,820 (R) 20,042 (R) 20,761 (R) 22,087 (R) 24,668 (R) 24,808 (R) 25,873 (R) 26,333 (R) 28,346 (R) 29,406 (R) 29,433 30,773

Ferryboat a 

# U U U 108 110 112 (R) 84 (R) 87 (R) 97 (R) 101 (R) 98 (R) 109 (R) 106 (R) 108 (R) 115 (R) 126 (R) 116 (R) 130 131

Commuter rail e 

# U U 4,500 4,982 5,126 5,164 (R) 5,239 (R) 5,425 (R) 5,535 (R) 5,549 (R) 5,497 (R) 5,528 (R) 5,631 (R) 5,866 (R) 6,130 (R) 6,290 (R) 6,300 (R) 6,279 6,494

Other

b 

# U U U 1,068 2,352 2,697 (R) 5,260 (R) 6,158 (R) 7,008 (R) 7,366 (R) 7,607 (R) 8,028 (R) 7,927 (R) 8,518 (R) 10,429 (R) 11,496 (R) 12,338 (R) 12,823 14,822

Number of employees f, 7 

# , total 156,400 138,040 189,300 262,176 294,087 300,491 314,944 320,759 327,752 337,885 347,841 357,266 360,722 337,982 345,871 354,458 357,484 382,673 387,155

Motor bus 121,300 101,598 U 162,189 174,373 181,973 190,152 196,861 198,644 204,179 211,095 214,674 214,825 205,478 212,122 217,332 221,302 188,644 192,213

Heavy rail 35,100 36,442 U 46,102 51,062 45,644 45,793 45,935 45,163 46,311 47,087 47,865 48,464 48,327 47,211 47,806 48,323 55,164 49,982

Light rail + + U 4,066 5,140 4,935 5,728 5,940 6,024 6,058 6,572 7,021 7,598 7,619 8,184 8,181 8,448 9,930 9,939

Trolley bus + + U 1,925 1,848 1,871 2,084 2,037 2,053 2,140 2,223 2,008 2,027 1,964 1,928 1,942 1,845 1,792 1,832

Demand responsive U U U 22,740 35,450 39,882 44,667 44,029 48,406 51,186 52,021 55,846 56,746 42,935 43,642 46,624 46,178 91,394 99,323

Ferryboat a 

# U U U 2,813 2,764 2,829 2,932 3,586 3,632 4,125 2,682 4,820 5,441 5,536 5,970 5,871 4,539 4,079 4,165

Commuter rail U U U 21,443 22,596 22,320 22,604 21,651 22,488 22,896 23,518 23,851 24,391 24,813 25,296 25,321 25,314 28,983 27,144

Other

b 

# U U U 898 854 1,037 984 720 1,342 990 2,643 1,181 1,230 1,312 1,518 1,382 1,535 2,687 2,557

# PERFORMANCE 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Vehicle-miles 8 

# , total (millions) 2,143 1,883 2,287 3,242 3,468 3,550 3,082 3,201 3,347 3,500 3,605 3,735 3,855 3,915 3,972 4,054 4,127 4,238 4,375

Motor bus 1,576 1,409 1,677 2,130 2,162 2,184 1,813 1,849 1,904 1,985 2,041 2,104 2,156 2,177 2,169 2,192 2,214 2,241 2,272

Heavy rail 391 407 385 537 532 537 543 558 566 578 595 608 621 630 642 646 652 657 674

Light rail 75 34 18 24 34 35 37 41 43 48 52 54 61 64 67 69 74 84 88

Trolley bus (R) 101 33 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 13 14 14 13 13 12 11 12

Demand responsive U U U 306 464 507 363 410 469 494 532 578 613 640 651 683 708 752 803

Ferryboat a 

# U U 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Commuter rail U U 179 213 231 238 242 251 259 266 271 277 284 286 295 303 315 325 337

Other

b 

# U U 13.4 16.3 29.5 34.2 67.7 77.0 89.8 112.2 96.8 99.5 103.9 100.8 130.7 144.3 149.3 163 187

Unlinked passenger trips 9 

# , total (millions) 9,395 7,332 8,567 8,799 7,949 7,763 7,565 7,982 8,115 8,523 8,720 9,008 9,018 8,876 8,937 9,176 9,379 9,948 10,257

Motor bus 6,425 5,034 5,837 5,677 4,871 4,848 4,506 4,602 4,754 4,992 5,040 5,215 5,269 5,146 5,094 5,227 5,274 5,278 5,448

Heavy rail 1,850 1,881 2,108 2,346 2,169 2,033 2,157 2,429 2,393 2,521 2,632 2,728 2,688 2,668 2,748 2,808 2,927 3,460 3,547

Light rail 463 235 133 175 284 251 259 259 273 289 316 334 337 338 350 381 407 418 451

Trolley bus 657 182 142 126 118 119 117 121 117 120 122 119 116 109 106 107 100 97 101

Demand responsive U U U 68 88 88 55 88 66 69 73 77 79 82 83 87 88 91 96

Ferryboat a 

# U U 63 50 47 47 43 42 48 50 47 48 50 60 57 59 56 61 62

Commuter rail U U 280 328 339 344 352 357 381 396 413 418 414 410 414 423 441 458 471

Other

b 

# U U 4 29 33 33 76 83 84 88 76 69 65 65 85 85 86 84 81

Passenger-miles 10 

# , total (millions) U U 39,854 41,143 39,585 39,808 38,984 40,180 41,605 43,279 45,100 46,508 46,096 45,677 46,546 47,125 49,504 51,873 53,712

Motor bus U U 21,790 20,981 18,832 18,818 16,802 17,509 17,874 18,684 18,807 19,583 19,679 19,179 18,921 19,425 20,390 20,388 21,198

Heavy rail U U 10,558 11,475 10,668 10,559 11,530 12,056 12,284 12,902 13,844 14,178 13,663 13,606 14,354 14,418 14,721 16,138 16,850

Light rail U U 381 571 833 860 955 1,024 1,115 1,190 1,339 1,427 1,432 1,476 1,576 1,700 1,866 1,930 2,081

Trolley bus U U 219 193 187 187 184 189 182 186 192 187 188 176 173 173 164 156 161

Demand responsive U U N 431 577 607 391 531 513 559 588 626 651 689 704 738 753 778 844

Ferryboat a 

# U U N 286 260 260 255 254 280 295 298 295 301 367 357 359 360 381 390

Commuter rail U U 6,516 7,082 7,996 8,244 8,350 8,037 8,702 8,764 9,400 9,544 9,500 9,555 9,715 9,470 10,359 11,137 11,032

Other

b 

# U U 390 124 232 273 516 579 654 699 632 668 683 629 745 842 891 966 1,156

Average trip length 11 

# , all modes (miles) U U 4.7 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2

Motor bus U U 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9

Heavy rail U U 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.8

Light rail U U 2.9 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6

Trolley bus U U 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Demand responsive U U U 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 6.0 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.8

Ferryboat a 

# U U U U 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.3

Commuter rail U U 23.3 21.6 23.6 24.0 23.7 22.5 22.9 22.1 22.8 22.8 22.9 23.3 23.5 22.4 23.5 24.3 23.4

Vanpool U U U U 32.4 35.0 34.6 33.2 36.5 34.4 34.6 38.4 37.2 33.1 30.8 33.9 33.7 34.6 33.2

Other

g 

# U U 5.8 5.2 0.5 0.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.7 4.3 3.6 4.1 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.2

Average vehicle speed 12 

# , all modes (miles per hour) U U U U 14.7 15.0 (R) 14.9 (R) 14.9 (R) 15.2 (R) 14.9 (R) 14.7 14.7 14.8 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.7 14.0 14.9

Motor bus U U U U 13.0 13.0 (R) 13.1 13.0 13.0 (R) 12.9 (R) 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.6

Heavy rail U U U U 20.7 21.0 (R) 20.7 (R) 20.7 (R) 20.5 (R) 20.5 (R) 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.6 20.4 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.2

Light rail U U U U 14.4 14.0 (R) 14.1 (R) 15.5 (R) 15.7 (R) 15.4 (R) 15.3 15.1 15.3 15.7 15.5 14.9 14.7 15.1 15.0

Trolley bus U U U U 8.2 8.0 (R) 7.7 (R) 7.4 (R) 7.7 (R) 7.6 (R) 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.9 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2

Demand responsive U U U U 14.0 15.0 (R) 14.7 (R) 15.3 (R) 16.5 (R) 14.7 (R) 14.7 14.5 14.7 14.5 14.4 14.7 14.6 12.1 14.6

Ferryboat a 

# U U U U 8.4 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.4 8.3 9.1 9.7 9.8

Commuter rail U U U U 33.8 34.0 (R) 33.1 (R) 33.8 (R) 31.8 (R) 32.9 (R) 28.5 31.6 31.7 31.7 31.5 31.6 31.4 31.4 31.2

Vanpool U U U U 32.6 35.0 37.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 31.0 38.8 38.2 32.7 37.6 38.1 38.3 38.8 39.5

Other

g 

# U U U U 5.7 6.0 17.6 16.5 18.5 21.1 16.9 21.3 20.8 18.0 20.0 21.8 22.5 15.4 16.5

Energy consumption, diesel 13 

# , total (million gallons) 208 271 431 651 678 678 535 539 560 576 591 596 673 554 542 480 528 515 499

Motor bus U U U 563 565 564 466 463 468 477 490 492 468 442 441 375 422 405 403

Heavy rail NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Light rail NA NA NA NA NA NA Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z NA

Trolley bus NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Demand responsive U U U 15 30 29 6 7 10 11 13 15 14 26 17 18 18 16 16

Ferryboat a 

# U U U 20 21 22 20 21 21 23 25 25 25 26 25 25 24 28 26

Commuter rail U U U 53 62 63 43 48 62 65 63 64 165 60 59 62 64 66 54

Other

b 

# UUUZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Energy consumption, other 14 

# , total (million gallons) 192 69 11 33 65 71 37 45 51 56 67 79 101 106 117 175 158 159 181

Gasoline and other nondiesel fuels h 

# 192 68 11 33 60 61 25 26 22 21 24 26 35 27 31 81 47 51 68

Compressed natural gas U U U U 5 11 11 19 29 35 44 53 66 79 87 94 111 108 113

Energy consumption, electric power 15 

# , total (million kWh) 2,908 2,561 2,446 4,837 5,081 5,068 4,923 (R) 4,908 4,962 5,126 5,382 5,485 5,527 5,508 5,655 5,764 5,769 6,214 6,336

Motor bus NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3121110

Heavy rail 2,098 2,261 U 3,284 3,431 3,401 3,332 3,253 3,280 3,384 3,549 3,646 3,683 3,632 3,684 3,752 3,692 3,800 3,881

Light rail 393 157 U 239 282 288 319 360 376 408 450 476 503 500 537 554 605 654 682

Trolley bus 417 143 U 69 103 100 69 78 74 75 77 74 73 69 68 67 62 61 62

Demand responsive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Z Z

Ferryboat a 

# NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Commuter rail U U U 1,226 1,244 1,253 1,186 1,202 1,216 1,241 1,288 1,272 1,252 1,288 1,350 1,375 1,393 1,683 1,694

Other

b 

# U U U 19 21 26 16 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 16 16 17

SAFETY k 

# 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fatalities, all modes 16 

# U U U 339 320 274 264 275 286 299 295 267 280 234 248 236 227 284 252

Transit highway-rail grade crossing fatalities l, 17 

# U U U U U 17 7 12 26 21 20 13 24 21 29 23 21 44 27

Other transit fatalities U U U U U 257 257 263 260 278 275 254 256 213 219 213 206 240 225

Injured persons, all modes i, 16 

# U U U 54,556 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697 53,945 19,260 18,235 18,982 18,131 19,238 20,944 25,584

Transit highway-rail grade crossing injuries l, 17 

# U U U U U 195 184 126 58 159 123 74 108 117 153 194 172 224 308

Other transit injuries U U U U U 57,001 55,104 56,006 55,932 55,166 56574 53871 19152 18118 18,829 17,937 19,066 20,720 25,276

Incidents, all modes 16 

# U U U 90,163 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898 58,149 30,331 19,797 20,939 21,016 22,275 22,718 22,261

Transit highway-rail grade crossing incidents l, 17 

# U U U U U 127 134 119 106 140 148 101 398 276 311 504 131 134 245

Other transit incidents U U U U U 62,344 59,258 61,442 59,988 58,563 59,750 58,048 29,933 19,521 20,628 20,512 22,144 22,584 22,016

Major incidents j 

# U U U U U U U U U U U U 2,282 1,913 2,515 3,335 2,505 2,839 4,300

# 17 

# U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communications, Sept. 5, 2007; Jan. 8, 2010, Mar. 8, 2010 and Sept. 17, 2010. 13 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 15 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables , table 30.

13 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

14 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 15 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables , table 31.

14 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

15 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 15 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables , table 29.

15 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 26, 2010. 11 

# 1996-2008 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

12 

# American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 8 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public Transportation Fact

Book Historical Tables , table 10. 10 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 6 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, tables 45 to 52.

16 

# 1960-2006: Fatalities and Injured persons: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (previously

Safety Management Information Statistics - SAMIS), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/samis/default.asp as of Feb. 22, 2010. 2007-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Transit Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Jan. 08, 2010 and Sept. 17, 2010.

16 

# 1960-2005: Incidents: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Annual Report (previously Safety Management

Information Statistics - SAMIS), available at http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Data/samis/default.asp as of Feb. 22, 2010. 2006-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit

Administration, Office of Program Management, personal communication, Mar. 08, 2010 and Sept. 17, 2010. 5 

# American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book

, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1 and

similar tables in earlier years. Historical table 15.

7 

# American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 27 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public Transportation Fact

Book Historical Tables , table 17.

9 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 22, 2010

10 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

11 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 7 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables , table 3. 6 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 17 and similar tables in earlier years.

8 

# 1960-95: Ibid., American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 8 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables , tables 45 to 52.

8 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

9 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5 and similar tables in earlier years; and 2010 Public

Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables, tables 45 to 52. 6 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 3 

# 1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 45 to 52 and similar tables in earlier

years.

4 

# 2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. 1 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 28, 2010.

3 

# 2002-08: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010.

4 

# 1960-2001: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 45 to 52 and similar tables in earlier

years. Beginning in 2002 passenger fare by mode, other operating revenue and operating assistance data are obtained from Federal Transit Administration and are not comparable with earlier years.

Unless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.

1 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 41, 42 and similar tables in earlier years.

2 

# 1960-95: American Public Transportation Association, 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book Historical Tables (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 38 and similar tables in earlier years.

2 

# 1996-2008: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington, D.C.: Annual Reports), available at

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm as of Sept. 20, 2010. Incident figures include collisions with vehicles, objects, and people, derailments / vehicles going off the road. Accident figures do not include fires and personal casualties. The drop in the

number of injuries and incidents in 2002 is largely due to a change in definitions by the Federal Transit Administration, particularly the definition of injuries . Beginning in 2002, only injuries

requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene qualified as reportable.

For 2007, the Federal Transit Authority (FTA) collected and made available data for rural agencies for the first time. Based on this survey, the American Public Transportation Association

reassessed the distribution of motor bus and paratransit service. Due to this redistribution, data for 2007 and later for the number of motor buses , paratransit ( demand responsive ), other

categories and the number of employees for these modes are not comparable with earlier years.

Energy consumption for purchased transport is not included.

SOURCES Other operating revenue includes other revenue

, non-transported funds and dedicated and other directly generated funds

. d 

# Total is not the sum of all modes since many providers operate more than one mode.

e 

# Includes locomotives which make up roughly 10 percent of commuter rail vehicles.

f 

# Based on employee equivalents of 2,080 hours equals one employee; beginning in 1993, based on number of actual employees.

g 

# Includes cable car, inclined plane, aerial tramway, monorail, automated guideway, publico, jitney and Alaska railroad. KEY: ~ = included in heavy rail figure; + = included in motor bus figure; kWh = kilowatt hours; NA = not applicable; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are unavailable; Z = a value too small to

report.

a 

# Excludes international, rural, rural interstate, island and urban park ferries.

b 

# Includes aerial tramway, automated guideway transit, cable car, inclined plane, monorail, publico, vanpool , jitney and Alaska railroad.

c 

# Beginning in 1992, local operating assistance and other revenuedeclined by about $500 million due to a change in accounting procedures at the New York City Transit Authority. Beginning in

1992, total operating expense declined by about $400 million due to a change in accounting procedures at the New York City Transit Authority.

NOTES

Data may not add to total due to independent rounding.

Beginning in 1996, Operating expenses

, Vehicle miles

, Unlinked passenger trips

, Passenger miles

, Average trip length and Energy consumption data are obtained from Federal Transit

Administration and are not comparable with earlier years. h 

# Liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, propane, and other nondiesel fuels, except compressed natural gas.

i 

# Beginning in 2002, the Federal Transit Administration changed the reporting threshold for injuries. Before 2002, essentially all injuries had to be reported to the National Transit Database.

Beginning in 2002, only those injuries requiring immediate medical attention away from the scene of the incident are required to be reported.

j 

# From 2002 through 2007, the Federal Transit Administration defined major incidents as safety and/or security incidents resulting in: a fatality, two or more injuries transported for immedia t medical treatment away from the scene, grade crossing collisions with injury or $7500 in total damage, rail transit vehicle collisions resulting in one or more injuries, main-line derailments and
evacuations due to life safety reasons. Since 2008, reported property damages were equal to or greater than $25,000 and major incidents were reclassified as reportable incidents requiring one or

more injuries transported for immediate medical treatment away from the scene.

k 

# These data are for motor bus

, commuter rail

, heavy rail

, light rail

, automated guideway

, demand response , and vanpool

.

l 

# Transit highway-rail grade crossing fatalities

, injuries , and incidents are the result of public transit rail mode operations excluding commuter rail . Almost all transit highway-rail crossings are light
rail crossings. The heavy rail system in Chicago has 5 crossings. For the most part heavy rail operates on rights-of-way that do not include crossings.FINANCIAL19601970f1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (R) 2005 2006Class Ia,1Operating revenues, total ($ millions)9,514 11,992 28,258 28,370 30,809 32,280 32,693 33,118 33,151 33,521 34,102 34,576 35,327 36,639 40,517 46,118 52,152Passenger 640 421 446 94 88 89 59 60 61 61 62 62 61 62 63 65 70Freight 8,025 10,922 26,350 27,471 29,931 31,356 31,889 32,322 32,247 32,680 33,083 33,533 34,110 35,413 39,131 44,457 50,315Other 849 649 1,462 805 790 835 745 736 843 780 957 981 1,155 1,164 1,323 1,597 1,767Operating expenses ($ millions)b8,775 11,478 26,355 24,652 25,511 27,897 26,331 27,291 27,916 28,011 29,040 29,164 29,592 31,440 35,107 37,843 40,980Amtrakc,2Total revenue ($ millions)N 162 429 1,308 1,413 1,490 1,550 1,669 2,244 2,011 2,111 2,109 2,228 (R) 1,994 (R) 1,865 1,886 2,042Total expenses ($ millions) N 301 1,103 2,012 2,246 2,257 2,258 2,359 2,548 2,660 2,876 3,288 3,224 (R) 3,100 (R) 2,950 2,940 3,005INVENTORYClass Ia, 1Number of vehicles, total(R) 1,994,517 (R) 1,811,258 (R) 1,738,921 (R) 1,231,096 (R) 1,210,917 (R) 1,237,739 (R) 1,259,842 (R) 1,290,103 (R) 1,335,928 (R) 1,389,092 (R) 1,400,824 (R) 1,333,881 (R) 1,320,176 (R) 1,299,751 (R) 1,309,935 1,335,024 1,370,239Class I freight cars1,658,292 1,423,921 1,168,114 658,902 590,930 583,486 570,865 568,493 575,604 579,140 560,154 499,860 477,751 467,063 473,773 474,839 475,415Other nonclass I freight cars307,194 360,260 542,713 553,359 601,482 635,441 669,708 701,926 740,063 789,696 820,642 814,276 821,919 811,917 814,147 837,406 871,092Number of Locomotives29,031 27,077 28,094 18,835 18,505 18,812 19,269 19,684 20,261 20,256 20,028 19,745 20,506 20,771 22,015 22,779 23,732Number of companies1067138141211109 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 77Number of employees780,494 566,282 458,994 216,424 189,962 188,215 181,809 177,981 178,222 177,557 168,360 162,155 157,372 154,652 157,699 162,438 167,581Miles of road owned207,334 196,479 164,822 119,758 109,332 108,264 105,779 102,128 100,570 99,430 99,250 (R) 97,817 (R) 100,125 (R) 99,126 (R) 97,662 95,830 94,614AmtrakNumber of passenger vehicles3Train-carsN 1,569 2,128 1,863 1,852 1,722 1,730 1,728 1,962 1,992 1,894 2,084 2,896 1,623 1,211 1,186 1,191Locomotives N 185 419 318 338 313 299 332 345 329 378 401 372 442 276 258 319Number of employees4N 1,500 21,416 24,000 25,049 23,646 23,278 23,555 24,528 25,291 25,624 27,316 22,649 20,905 20,938 19,234 18,659System route mileage5NN 24,000 24,000 25,000 24,000 25,000 25,000 22,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 22,675 22,256 22,007 21,708PERFORMANCEClass IaCar mileage, freight (thousands)128,170,000 29,890,000 29,277,000 26,159,000 28,485,000 30,383,000 31,715,000 31,660,000 32,657,000 33,851,000 34,590,000 34,243,000 34,680,000 35,555,000 37,071,000 37,712,000 38,955,000Train mileage, freight (thousands)1404,464 427,065 428,498 379,582 440,896 458,271 468,792 474,954 474,947 490,442 504,001 499,546 499,668 515,999 534,696 547,566 562,607Locomotive mileage, total (thousands)6NN 1,531,050 1,280,365 1,404,706 1,444,691 1,465,149 1,423,229 1,439,703 1,503,947 1,502,819 1,477,546 1,443,531 1,484,074 1,538,385 U UFreight421,900 1,278,200 1,319,010 1,144,559 1,261,482 1,293,851 1,311,351 1,281,768 1,285,706 1,349,580 1,354,590 1,327,669 1,300,574 1,353,885 1,398,450 U UTrain and yard switchingNN 212,040 135,806 143,224 150,840 153,798 141,461 153,997 154,367 148,229 149,876 142,957 130,190 139,935 U URevenue ton-miles of freight (millions)1572,309 764,809 918,958 1,033,969 1,200,701 1,305,688 1,355,975 1,348,926 1,376,802 1,433,461 1,465,960 1,495,472 1,507,011 1,551,438 1,662,598 1,696,425 1,771,897Average length of haul, freight (miles)1461 515 616 726 817 843 842 851 835 835 843 859 853 862 902 894 906Fuel consumed in freight service (million gallons)13,463 3,545 3,904 3,115 3,334 3,480 3,579 3,575 3,583 3,715 3,700 3,710 3,730 3,826 4,059 4,098 4,192Average miles traveled per vehicleCar14,124 16,502 16,836 21,249 23,523 24,547 25,174 24,541 24,445 24,369 24,693 25,672 26,269 27,355 28,300 28,248 28,429LocomotiveNN 54,497 67,978 75,910 76,796 76,037 72,304 71,058 74,247 75,036 74,831 70,396 71,449 69,879 U UAverage miles traveled per gallonCar8.13 8.43 7.50 8.40 8.54 8.73 8.86 8.86 9.11 9.11 9.35 9.23 9.30 9.29 9.13 9.20 9.29Train 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13AmtrakPassenger train car-miles (millions)7N213 235 301304292 276 288 312 342371 378 379 332 308 265 264Passenger train-miles (millions)2N 26 30 33 34 32 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 37 37 36 36Passenger locomotive-miles (millions)2N N41 49 51 48 U U U U U U U U U UURevenue passengers carried (millions)2N 17 21 22 21 21 20 20 21 22 23 24 23 25 25 25 25Revenue passenger-miles (millions)2N 3,039 4,503 6,057 5,921 5,545 5,050 5,166 5,304 5,330 5,498 5,559 5,314 5,680 5,511 5,381 5,410Average passenger fare (dollars)2N 8.30 17.72 38.50 39.10 39.92 43.31 45.26 44.75 46.85 49.61 51.58 56.05 57.78 56.81 58.29 65.43Average passenger revenue / passenger-mile (cents)2N 4.5 8.2 14.1 14.0 14.9 16.9 17.7 17.8 18.9 20.3 21.8 24.5 25.0 26.0 27.16 29.69Average passenger trip length (miles)2N 182.6 217.0 273.0 279.3 267.9 256.3 255.7 251.4 247.9 244.4 236.6 228.4 230.9 218.6 214.6 220.4Locomotive fuel consumed8Diesel (million gallons)NN64827566717575747675867870 68 UElectric kWh (millions)NN 254 330 309 304 293 282 275 283 350 377 593 666 648 500 URail ProfileSAFETYd,9Number of fatalities, railroads and grade crossings, total2,345 2,331 1,424 1,300 1,226 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 971 951 (R) 868 (R) 895 887 910Passengers on Trains 34 104 3 5 0 12 6 4 14 4 3 7 3 3 16 2Employees on duty 215 179 97 40 31 34 33 37 27 31 24 22 20 19 25 25 16Employees not on duty N N4 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 00Trespassers 637 607 566 700 682 660 620 646 644 570 570 673 646 634 (R) 621 600 665Nontrespassers 1,459 1,535 746 554 505 443 365 363 326 305 (R) 335 269 (R) 267 (R) 206 (R) 242 241 220Contractor employees N N7 3 3 7 9 11 5 12 3 4 10 5 4 5 7Grade crossing only1,421 1,440 772 698 615 579 488 461 431 402 425 421 357 334 (R) 372 358 369Railroad onlye924 785 645 599 611 567 551602577 530 512 550 594 (R) 534 (R) 523 529 54191960-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Systems Support Division, RRS-22, personal communication. 1990-94: Ibid.,Accident /Incident Bulletin(Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 7 and 9. 1995-2005: Ibid.,Interim Railroad Safety Statistics, Annual Report 2005(Washington, DC: 2005), table1-3, and similar tables in earlier editions. 2006: Ibid, Office of Safety Analysis, table 4.08, at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Default.asp as of Dec. 12, 2007.fAmtrak data in this column are for 1972, Amtrak's first full year of operation.NOTEAmtrak figures are based on Amtrak fiscal year (October 1-September 30).SOURCES(Unless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources)1Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2006(Washington, DC: 2004), pp. 3, 9, 10, 27, 33, 34, 36, 40, 49, 52, 77 and similar pages in earlier issues.51980-90: Amtrak, Route Miles by Railroad, Corp. Planning & Development. 1994-2001: Amtrak,National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report, StatisticalAppendix to Amtrak Annual Report,Annual issues. 2002-05: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2006(Washington, DC, 2006), p. 77.61980-2001: Association of American Railroads,Analysis of Class 1 Railroads(Washington, DC: Annual issues). 2002-04: Ibid.,Railroad Ten-Year Trends(Washington,DC: 2005), pp. 119 and 121, personal communication, Feb. 16, 2005.71970-90: Amtrak,Train Information System Reports.1994-99: Amtrak Corporate Reporting, Route Profitability System, Washington DC, personal communication, August2001. 2000-05: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2006(Washington, DC: 2006), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier issues.8Amtrak General Accounting, Pennsylvania, personal communication, June 1999. 2002-05: Amtrak, personal communications, Dec. 9,2005 and Dec. 19, 200721970-2006: Amtrak,National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report, Statistical Appendix to Amtrak Annual Report,Annual issues.31970-80: Amtrak,National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report,1972, 1980, 1990, and 1993-95. 1990-2000: Ibid.,National Railroad Passenger CorporationAnnual Report, Statistical Appendix to Amtrak Annual Report,Annual issues. 2001-05: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2006(Washington, DC, 2006),p.77.41970-90: Amtrak, Public Affairs, personal communication. 1994-1997: Ibid.,National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report,1972, 1980, 1990, and 1993-95.1998-2005: Association of American Railroads,Railroad Facts 2006(Washington, DC: 2006), p. 77 and similar pages in earlier issues.cData for 2003 indicates operating revenues and expenses instead of total revenues and expenses, the data source has changed.dSafety figures from U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration are for all railroads.eFigures may not appear directly in data source.KEY:kWh = kilowatt-hour; N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.aExcluding Amtrak and all non-Class I railroads, except for Section IV.bOperating expenses include equipment, joint facility rents, leased roads and equipment, and all taxes except Federal income.FINANCIAL1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 19971998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Operating revenues ($ millions)1Domestic freight, total1,722 2,070 7,219 7,940 7,745 7,712 7,283 6,940 6,824 6,7956,930 6,235UUUUUCoastal waterways747834 3,155 3,066 2,929 2,774 2,571 2,169 1,952 1,828 1,817 1,784UUUUUInland waterways461621 2,395 2,956 2,868 2,964 2,861 2,899 2,904 2,811 2,960 2,894UUUUUGreat Lakes227239513615577585572615610549556486UUUUULocks, channels287376 1,156 1,303 1,371 1,389 1,279 1,257 1,358 1,607 1,597 1,071UUUUUInternational freighta1,765 3,187 8,279 12,181 13,405 14,997 17,281 14,091 15,679 17,699 21,740 21,397UUUUUPassenger, total281287310 1,391 1,564 1,716 1,843 1,974 2,029 2,088 4,663 4,187UUUUUDomestic passenger, intercity141227100121129140141146152156144UUUUUInternational passengerb267275283 1,291 1,443 2,026 1,703 1,833 1,883 1,936 4,507 4,043UUUUURevenues of U.S. commercial fishing fleet-domesticlandings ($ millions)2354613 2,237 3,522 3,809 3,770 3,487 3,448 3,128 3,467 3,549 3,228 3,092 (R) 3,348 3,756 3,942 3,993INVENTORYNumber of domestic inland vessel operatorsc, 3228 380 403 565 555 557 554UUUUUUUUUUNumber of employees4Ships, boat building, and repairingd141,200 171,800 220,500 187,700 158,200 159,600 158,800 158,300 166,600 167,400 167,900 161,100 146,810 145,350 149,160 153,170 152,650Water transportationdN 212,300 211,200 176,600 172,400 174,500 174,100 178,700 181,300 185,500 193,900 192,400 145,370 145,400 145,340 154,980 160,160Number of employeese, f, total549,281 35,000 19,218 12,132 11,324 10,303 9,250 8,937 8,956 9,036UUUUUUUPassenger / combo8,560 2,178618642642642321321321321UUUUUUUCargo28,668 22,257 9,878 7,019 6,056 5,400 4,964 4,831 4,924 4,757UUUUUUUTankers12,053 10,567 8,722 4,471 4,626 4,261 3,965 3,785 3,711 3,958UUUUUUUMileage of commercially navigable channels125,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000UUUUUNumber of vessels6Total nonself-propelled16,777 19,377 31,662 31,017 30,723 31,360 32,811 33,011 33,509 33,387 33,152 33,042 32,381 31,335 31,296 32,052 UDry cargo barges and scows14,025 15,890 27,426 27,091 26,723 27,342 28,743 29,006 29,526 29,383 29,107 28,888 28,281 27,272 27,197 27,876UTankers2,429 3,281 4,166 3,913 3,966 3,985 4,036 3,971 3,952 3,973 4,011 4,122 4,068 4,031 4,069 4,151URailroad car floats3232067013343332343131343232323025UTotal self-propelled6,519 6,447 7,126 8,236 8,334 8,281 8,293 8,408 8,523 8,379 8,202 8,546 8,621 8,648 8,994 8,976UDry cargo / passenger1,796 1,761 2,036 2,678 2,785 2,804 2,782 2,905 2,938 2,910 2,780 2,697 2,738 2,765 2,948 2,967UFerries, railroad car311767135175172173183213229292579595607629619UTankers489421330213195178161147135142135120108104103100UTowboats / tugs4,203 4,248 4,693 5,210 5,179 5,127 5,177 5,173 5,237 5,098 4,995 5,150 5,180 5,172 5,314 5,290UU.S. merchant marine ships (over 1,000 gross tons)Total U. S. flag72,926 1,579864636543509495477470463454443426 (R) 418412UUPassenger / cargo3091716510131315141211111312 (R) 1518UUFreightersg2,138 1,076471367308295292288289284286283276 (R) 209205UUBulk carriers57382026222015141514151718 (R) 2020UUTankers422294308233200181173161154154142130120 (R) 109104UUPrivately owned1,008U578408354319302285281277UUUUUUUGovernment owned1,918U286228189190193192189186UUUUUUUNumber of recreational boats (thousands)h,82,500 7,400 8,578 10,996 11,430 11,735 11,878 12,313 12,566 12,738 12,782 12,876 12,854 12,795 12,781 12,942 12,746Water Transport ProfilePERFORMANCETon-miles (thousands)i, 9Domestic water freight, totalN 596,195,000 921,835,800 833,543,800 814,919,200 807,727,700 764,686,500 707,409,900 672,795,300 655,861,500 645,799,300 621,686,200 612,080,500 606,146,300 621,170 591,277UCoastwiseN 359,784,000 631,149,200 479,133,600 457,600,700 440,345,100 408,086,100 349,843,000 314,863,900 292,730,000 283,871,600 274,558,800 263,688,200 278,918,700 279,857 263,464UInternalN 155,816,000 227,343,000 292,393,300 297,762,400 306,329,100 296,790,600 294,023,000 294,896,400 304,724,100 302,558,400 294,860,900 293,410,300 278,352,300 284,096 274,367ULakewiseN 79,416,000 61,747,100 60,929,900 58,263,400 59,703,800 58,335,300 62,165,900 61,654,300 57,045,200 57,879,100 50,853,500 53,652,900 47,539,400 55,733 51,924UIntraportN 1,179,000 1,596,400 1,087,000 1,292,700 1,349,600 1,474,500 1,378,100 1,380,700 1,362,200 1,490,200 1,413,000 1,329,000 1,335,900 1,484 1,521UTons of freight hauled(thousands)9Domestic, total760,573 950,727 1,077,483 1,122,299 1,099,011 1,093,035 1,100,679 1,112,527 1,094,112 1,061,787 1,069,798 1,042,472 1,021,001 1,016,136 1,047,088 1,028,910UCoastwise209,197 238,440 329,609 298,637 277,029 266,612 267,389 263,146 249,633 228,802 226,938 223,606 216,396 223,458 220,557 213,668UInternal291,057 472,123 534,979 622,595 618,409 620,324 622,081 630,558 625,028 624,575 628,445 619,784 608,038 609,598 626,598 623,980ULakewise155,109 157,059 115,124 110,159 114,777 116,127 114,870 122,734 122,156 113,887 114,352 100,002 101,466 89,776 103,533 96,226UIntraport104,193 81,475 94,184 86,378 82,870 83,104 89,011 89,816 90,077 88,650 94,558 93,222 90,004 86,909 91,267 90,166UIntraterritory1,017 1,630 3,588 4,529 5,926 6,868 7,327 6,273 7,217 5,873 5,505 5,858 5,097 6,395 5,484 4,871UExports, total127,961 241,629 403,883 441,586 396,246 474,700 450,794 432,313 404,708 399,996 415,042 399,011 384,350 373,324 415,786 401,827UGreat Lakes ports23,150 35,932 45,077 32,898 27,108 32,968 31,855 33,209 36,876 40,233 40,131 40,519 38,066 32,943 36,090 37,291UCoastal ports104,810 205,698 358,806 408,688 369,138 441,732 418,940 399,104 367,831 359,763 374,911 358,491 346,284 340,381 379,697 364,536UImports, total211,316 339,340 517,521 599,970 719,497 672,657 732,592 788,303 840,680 860,775 939,749 951,815 934,941 1,004,791 1,089,065 1,096,885UGreat Lakes ports12,851 26,406 15,515 17,558 23,028 18,897 24,503 24,532 25,558 22,196 23,917 21,391 21,548 23,336 26,086 24,114UCoastal ports198,466 312,934 502,006 582,412 696,469 653,760 708,090 763,771 815,122 838,579 915,832 929,794 929,794 981,455 1,062,979 1,072,771UAverage haul, domestic system (miles)i, 9Coastwise1,496 1,509 1,915 1,604 1,652 1,652 1,526 1,330 1,261 1,279 1,251 1,228 1,219 1,248 1,269 1,233UInternal282330405470482494477466472488481476483457454440ULakewise522506536553508514508507505501506509529530538540UCargo capacity (short tons)6Total nonself-propelled vessels16,355,657 24,026,024 44,875,116 (R) 49,066,020 49,708,960 (R) 51,254,259 54,086,973 54,974,961 55,999,952 56,468,065 56,581,364 57,341,226 56,721,816 55,053,776 55,527,696 57,035,748UDry cargo barges12,147,006 17,695,275 34,486,851 38,189,490 38,643,518 39,971,443 42,748,644 43,710,093 44,718,691 45,049,209 44,814,696 45,281,492 44,688,157 43,094,911 43,282,387 44,777,151UTankers4,208,651 6,330,749 10,388,265 10,757,295 11,065,442 11,169,087 11,338,329 11,264,868 11,281,261 11,418,856 11,678,593 11,957,598 11,925,863 11,860,144 12,158,254 12,172,542UTotal self-propelled vessels15,905,881 19,284,050 23,906,346 19,829,011 16,867,458 15,783,399 14,850,253 14,161,739 12,970,167 13,892,574 13,458,519 12,770,889 12,093,812 11,804,878 12,546,796 12,342,584UDry cargo / passenger12,188,956 10,815,977 8,011,587 7,147,054 7,118,193 6,484,707 6,208,011 6,685,719 6,371,425 6,928,684 6,740,153 6,544,807 6,452,715 6,570,281 7,293,500 6,614,973UTankers3,716,925 8,468,073 15,894,753 12,681,957 9,749,265 9,298,692 8,642,242 7,476,020 6,598,742 6,963,890 6,718,366 6,226,082 5,641,097 5,234,597 5,253,396 5,727,512UFuel consumption (thousand barrels), total1122,014 123,591 273,380 232,036 210,650 225,470 213,721 187,729 183,856 208,604 233,227UUUUUUDiesel fuel and distillate18,730 19,503 35,201 52,310 48,260 47,098 51,848 50,180 50,609 49,157 53,843UUUUUUResidual fuel oil94,084 89,850 213,131 148,764 141,544 153,125 138,214 114,044 110,480 133,301 152,616UUUUUUGasoline9,200 14,238 25,048 30,962 20,846 25,247 23,659 23,505 22,767 26,146 26,768UUUUUUSAFETYFatalities in waterborne transport (vessel casualties only),totalj,10N1782068577525548675145316154484548Freight shipN30800012200133821Tank shipN4453000100000300Passenger vesselN1 5 3 4 4 8 1 314 0 3 629963Tug / towboatN2214131 1 1 3 0 5 0 4 8 0 110 6Offshore supplyNNN21220602000000Fishing vesselN7760474823372233232891514161619Recreational vesselNNN313223 7 7 510 12 14 1 7 912MODUkNNN 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1PlatformNNN1UUUUU0000UUUUFreight bargeNNN02002101000112Tank bargeNNN00000010102000MiscellaneousN4456115 0 3 71434020012Injuries in waterborne transport, totalj,10N105180175180152229119130136131185187255228140177Freight shipN148106 1 7 3 3 2 4 2 712 712 19Tank shipN1991310815653303732Passenger vesselN10105143471423639715010957140815863Tug / towboatN10271919191621121310181712272022Offshore supplyNNN92107 3 5 1 51305516Fishing vesselN13283155413625351924154129372933Recreational vesselNNN21720969112615141137813MODUkN N N13 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 019322PlatformNNN9UUUUU1100UUUUFreight bargeNNN34005102000400Tank bargeNNN33520020202310MiscellaneousNN9812211912209 6 5 914736Fatalities in recreational boating (vessel casualties only),total8739 1,418 1,360865748829709821815734701681750703676697710Air thrustN N N N N 4 1 61124216433PropellerN N N N N475 363 436 462 421 439 326 506 421 433 355 438InboardN1191005036N N N N50 48 34 60 40 39 24 39OutboardN774609454341N N N N326 328 245 372 320 322 259 301Inboard / outboardN28475349N N N N35 49 32 47 47 43 61 69JetNN102558686183827570457566657274SailN44432013481557141937112111Manual (oars, paddle)N205272182140148109150151114137144107113130134135OtherN29145128810000000011Propulsion unknownN219265761351221591211041153714558903311148KEY:N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.cDoes not include vessel operators whose primary area of operation is fishing, towing, passenger transport, ferrying, or crewboat utility service.aThe international water freight operating revenues data was revised inTransportation in America 1998for all years except1994 and 1996. Therefore, the international water freight data for years 1994 and 1996 may not be comparable to other years.bRevenues paid by American travelers to U.S. and foreign flag carriers.dData for 2002 is based on new NAICS classifications and therefore comparisons between 2002 data and data for prior yearsmay be misleading. Prior to 2002 water transportation was calculated based on SIC classifications and included commercialport, marina, and other employees; excluding employees of not-for-hire private businesses. Data for water transportation in2002 includes NAICS categories 483100, 483200, 488300. Data for ships, boat building, and repairing is based on the NAICScategory 336600.eEstimate based on established active jobs for licensed and unlicensed personnel aboard oceangoing ships of 1,000 grosstons and over, privately owned and operated, government-owned ships under bare boat charters, ship managers and GeneralAgency Agreement, supplemented by Military Sealift Command employment totals for ships with Civil Service crews.fData is current as of January 1 of the following year with the exception of 1999 data, which is current as of Apr. 1, 1999. Dueto a change in the source's periodicity, the data for 1999 is not comparable to the data from years prior to 1999.gFreighters data include bulk carriers prior to calendar year 1983.hThe U.S. Coast Guard changed its methodology for counting the number of recreational boats. Figures cited representnumber of numbered boats, not estimates as previously noted for 1960 and 1970.iDoes not include intraterritorial traffic (traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, which are considered asingle unit).j1992-2002 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Data for prior years may not be directlycomparable. Beginning in 2000, numbers may not add to totals because data is now recorded in a new information systemknown as MISLE, which does not associate every fatality and injury with a specific vessel.kMobile Offshore Drilling Units.SOURCESUnless otherwise noted, refer to chapter tables for sources.1Eno Transportation Foundation Inc.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 38, 40, 51, and 58.101970-A321990: U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigations and Analysis, G-MAO-2, personal communication. 1994-2006:Ibid., Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal communication, Feb. 13, 2002, July 2, 2003 and August 29, 2007.2U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Services,Fisheries of the United States(Silver Spring, MD:Annual issues), p. 4 and similar pages in earlier editions.3U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, MAR-450, personal communication.41960-1990: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1909-1994(Washington, DC: September 1994) and1988-1996(Washington, DC: August 1996), SICs 373 and 44. 1994-2006:Ibid., Internet website http://www.bls.gov as of November 2007.5U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,U.S. Merchant Marine Data Sheet(Washington, DC: Annualissues).61960-1998: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Summary of U.S. Flag Passenger & Cargo Vessels(New Orleans, LA: Annualissues). 1999-2005: Ibid.,Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States(New Orleans, LA: Annual issues) part 1,section 1, table 1 and 2.7U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration,Merchant Fleets of the World(Washington, DC: Annual issues),and unpublished revisions.8U.S. Coast Guard,Boating Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues).9U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce of the United States(New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), part 5,section 1, tables 2, 3, and 4.FINANCIAL1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Operating revenues, total ($ millions)895 1,396 7,548 8,506 8,676 9,077 8,637 8,632 8,579 9,067 8,958 9,066UUUUUUUFERC-regulated 770 1,188 6,340 7,164 7,353 7,751 7,310 7,278 7,212 7,645 7,551 7,649 7,812 7,704 8,020 7,917 8,517 8,996 9,244Nonregulated 125 208 1,208 1,342 1,323 1,326 1,327 1,354 1,367 1,422 1,407 1,417UUUUUUUINVENTORYNumber of FERC-regulated companies87 101 130 150 158 161 160 U U 184 U U U 195 195 197 U U 195Number of employees, pipeline companiesa23,100 17,600 21,300 18,500 17,100 15,100 14,500 14,200 13,800 13,060 13,230 13,680 12,360 12,500 12,840 13,040 12,770 13,080 14,220Miles of pipeline (statute miles)b, all lines190,944 218,671 218,393 208,752 190,350 181,912 177,535 179,873 178,648 177,463 176,996 154,877 149,619 139,901 142,200 131,348 140,861 147,235 146,822Crude lines141,085 146,275 129,831 118,805 103,277 97,029 92,610 91,523 87,663 86,369 85,480 52,386 52,854 50,149 50,749 46,234 47,617 46,658 50,214Product lines49,859 72,396 88,562 89,947 87,073 84,883 84,925 88,350 90,985 91,094 91,516 85,214 80,551 75,565 76,258 71,310 81,103 85,666 84,914PERFORMANCEIntercity ton-miles, total (millions)229,000 431,000 588,200 584,100 591,400 601,100 619,200 616,500 619,800 617,700 577,300 576,100 586,200 590,200 599,600 607,500 581,300 557,700 UCrude oilN N 362,600 334,800 322,600 335,900 338,300 337,400 334,100 321,100 283,400 277,000 286,600 284,500 283,700 293,500 300,500 266,600 UPetroleum productsN N 225,600 249,300 268,800 265,200 280,900 279,100 285,700 296,600 293,900 299,100 299,600 305,700 315,900 314,000 280,800 291,100 UTons transported (millions)468.0 790.2 921.0 1,057.4 1,063.6 1,074.3 1,114.1 1,108.0 1,116.3 1,125.2 1,146.8 1,123.4UUUUUUUAverage length of haul (statute miles)Crude oil325 300 871 812 778 797 779 781 767 766UUUUUUUUUPetroleum products269 357 414 387 414 402 413 413 420 418UUUUUUUUUSAFETYFatalitiesN443135024101052042Injured personscN 21 15 7 7 11 13 5 6 20 4 10 0 5 16 2 2 10 2IncidentsN 351 246 180 245 188 194 171 153 167 146 130 (R) 150 (R) 134 (R) 146 (R) 143 (R) 120 120 145KEY:FERC = Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are unavailable.aIncludes companies whose pipelines carry crude petroleum, petroleum products, and nonpetroleum pipeline liquids.cInjured personsdoes not include the 1,851 injuries that required medical treatment, caused by severe flooding near Houston, Texas,reported for October, 1994.bMileages of oil pipeline for years 1960-2000 include regulated and unregulated trunk and gathering crude lines, as well as refined oil trunklines. Beginning in 2001, data include information for FERC-regulated oil pipeline companies only. For years 2001 and after, total miles ofpipeline include both trunk and gathering lines, whereas the individual components, namely, crude and product lines, include the mileages oftrunk lines only. Thus, details do not add to the total for this period.Intercity ton-miles, total and tons transported:Miles of pipeline (statute miles), all lines:Operating revenues, total and nonregulated:NOTEThe reporting criteria changed in 2002 adding small spills down to 5 gallons. The change was instituted on Feb. 7, 2002. For continuity withpast trending, the data from post-2/7/2002 accidents used in the statistical summary includes only accidents meeting the reporting criteria:Accidents with gross loss greater than or equal to 50 barrels; those involving any fatality or injury; fire/explosion not intentionally set; HighlyVolatile Liquid releases with gross loss of 5 or more barrels; or those involving total costs greater than or equal to $50,000.1960-70: Ibid.,Transportation in America, 1998(Washington, DC: 1998), p. 44 andTransportation in America, Supplement, 1999(Washington, DC: 1999).Average length of haul:2002-2008: PennWell Corporation,Oil and Gas Journal: Transportation Special Report(Houston, TX), pp. 63 and similar table in earliereditions.Financial:Inventory:1995-98: Ibid., available at www.bls.gov, SIC 46, as of Apr. 19, 1999.2005: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Oct. 27, 2006.2008: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Mar. 09, 2010.2003: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Aug. 26, 2004.1960-80: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1909-94(Washington, DC:September 1994), SIC 46.1990-1994: Ibid.,Hours and Earnings, United States, 1988-1996(Washington, DC: July 1996), SIC 46.Number of FERC-regulated companies:Number of employees, pipeline companies:Oil Pipeline ProfilePerformance:2001-2008: PennWell Corporation,Oil and Gas Journal: Transportation Special Report(Houston, TX), pp. 76 and similar table in earliereditions.Operating revenues, FERC-regulated:1960-2001: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation In America 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 38 and 39, and similar tablesin earlier editions.Safety:1999-2001: Ibid., available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_doc.htm, SIC 46, as of Feb. 22, 2010.1960-96: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, personal communication.1999: Ibid., available at www.ferc.fed.us/oil/oil_list.htm as of June 21, 2001.2004: Ibid., available at www.ferc.gov/industries/oil/gen-info/reg-central.asp as of Mar. 16, 2005.2002-08: Ibid, available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_doc.htm, NAICS 486100 and NAICS 486900, as of Feb. 22, 2010.1960-2000: Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation In America 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 58 and 59, and similar tablesin earlier editions.The Interstate Commerce Committee regulated oil pipelines in the 1960s and 1970s.SOURCESEno Transportation Foundation, Inc.,Transportation In America 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), pp. 38 and 39, and similar tables in earliereditions.U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Hazardous LiquidPipeline Operators Accident Summary Statistics, available at http://ops.dot.gov/stats/lq_sum.htm as of July 15, 2010, and earlier tables for1970 and 1980 data.1980-98: Ibid.,Transportation in America, 2002(Washington, DC: 2002), p. 53, and similar tables in earlier editions.1999-2007: Association of Oil Pipe Lines,Shifts in Petroleum Transportation(Washington, DC), tables 1, 2 and 3, available athttp://www.aopl.org/publications/ as of Feb. 19, 2010.1960-70: Ibid.,Transportation In America 1999(Washington, DC: 1999), p. 71.1980-99: Ibid.,Transportation In America 2000(Washington, DC: 2000), p. 51.FINANCIAL ($ millions)1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20022003 2004 2005Transmission pipeline companies1Total operating revenues3,190 5,928 41,604 21,756 13,841 12,092 12,050 10,339 9,450 9,555 10,404 10,257 10,096 10,892 11,313 16,547Total operating expensesa2,698 5,088 39,709 19,484 11,333 9,534 9,603 7,862 6,875 6,897 7,856 7,296 7,369 7,822 8,284 10,336Operation and maintenance 2,095 4,203 36,480 17,058 8,389 6,680 6,802 5,381 4,260 4,148 5,172 4,198 4,294 4,341 4,503 6,624Operation expenses 2,031 4,094 36,075 16,429 7,811 6,121 6,314 4,975 3,909 3,823 4,880 3,850 3,971 3,997 4,130 6,077Maintenance expenses 64 109 405 629 578 558 488 406 351 325 292 347 322 344 373 548Taxes (federal, state, local)b319 376 1,991 1,245 1,757 1,582 1,643 1,531 1,560 1,645 1,570 1,859 1,773 2,088 2,302 2,861Federal taxes 223 202 1,327 768 1,172 1,048 1,085 1,076 1,035 1,109 1,029 1,249 1,243 1,603 1,701 2,048State and local taxes 96 174 664 477 585 534 558 455 525 536 541 610 530 485 601 813Distribution pipeline companies2Total operating revenuesN N14,013 18,750 20,911 19,421 30,407 30,864 28,182 28,135 34,696 39,179 31,210 38,199 (R) 40,410 48,957Total operating expensesaN N 13,263 17,125 19,025 17,402 27,917 27,445 25,668 24,564 32,103 36,450 28,266 35,113 (R) 37,330 44,800Operation and maintenance N N 11,791 14,544 15,868 14,170 23,301 23,155 21,396 20,226 27,093 31,486 23,655 29,994 (R) 32,149 40,099Operation expenses N N 11,539 14,020 15,279 13,575 22,433 22,388 20,710 18,270 26,271 30,776 22,902 29,236 (R) 31,355 39,236Maintenance expenses N N 252 524 589 596 868 767 687 1,956 821 710 753 757 (R) 794 862Taxes (federal, state, local)bN N 1,136 1,625 1,931 1,888 2,668 2,415 2,524 2,355 2,916 2,908 2,437 2,914 (R) 2,901 3,222Federal taxes N N 351 580 703 720 1,041 849 1,250 883 1,033 1,216 891 1,108 (R) 1,096 1,075State and local taxes N N 785 1,045 1,228 1,168 1,627 1,566 1,274 1,472 1,883 1,692 1,546 1,806 (R) 1,805 2,147Investor-owned, total industryc, 3Total operating revenuesN N85,918 66,027 63,446 58,435 63,600 62,660 57,548 59,142 72,075 79,276 68,594 75,567 (R) 80,331 102,062Total operating expensesaN N 81,789 60,137 56,789 50,594 56,695 55,422 51,075 51,331 64,961 71,011 59,839 66,623 (R) 71,699 89,334Operation and maintenance N N 74,508 51,628 45,953 40,041 45,785 44,851 41,360 41,415 54,630 58,908 48,675 55,067 (R) 59,952 77,710Operation expenses N N 73,288 49,718 43,879 37,998 43,742 43,258 39,971 38,752 53,138 57,184 47,037 53,477 (R) 58,277 75,725Maintenance expenses N N 1,220 1,910 2,074 2,043 2,043 1,593 1,390 2,664 1,492 1,722 1,637 1,590 (R) 1,675 1,985Taxes (federal, state, local)bN N 4,847 4,957 6,603 5,981 6,362 6,384 5,293 5,605 6,106 7,201 5,870 6,493 (R) 6,420 7,421Federal taxes N N 2,327 2,038 3,112 2,511 2,932 3,066 2,631 2,626 2,690 3,133 2,624 3,315 (R) 3,188 3,643State and local taxes N N 2,520 2,919 3,491 3,470 3,430 3,318 2,662 2,979 3,416 4,068 3,246 3,178 (R) 3,232 3,778INVENTORYPipeline mileage, total4630,950 913,267 1,051,774 1,189,200 1,288,400 1,277,600 1,323,600 1,331,800 1,351,200 1,340,300 1,369,300 1,373,500 1,411,381 1,424,177 1,462,349 1,457,438Transmission183,700 252,200 266,500 292,200 301,500 296,900 292,200 294,000 300,100 301,000 296,600 287,100 309,503 303,999 298,851 296,377Distribution391,400 594,800 701,800 864,600 955,600 949,800 1,001,800 1,003,100 1,022,100 1,007,500 1,045,600 1,066,300 1,079,565 1,097,870 1,139,756 1,117,784Field and gathering55,800 66,300 83,500 32,400 31,300 30,900 29,600 34,700 29,000 31,800 27,100 20,100 22,313 22,308 23,742 23,297Number of employees5Gas utility industry totals206,400 211,700 215,400 204,200 187,200 179,000 179,000 154,600 154,200 143,600 135,600 135,000 140,000 129,000 130,000 131,000Investor-owned companiesd, totalN N 202,700 192,100 175,700 168,900 163,400 145,400 142,400 133,100 125,100 123,000 123,000 114,000 111,000 119,000Transmission pipeline companies 31,400 32,400 45,200 37,400 31,000 28,000 32,300 27,500 28,400 29,400 26,400 26,000 26,000 25,000 25,000 25,000Distribution pipeline companies N N 52,100 64,700 62,400 61,600 79,700 75,000 71,300 71,400 69,500 53,000 55,000 51,000 51,000 51,000Integrated pipeline companies N N 53,200 39,900 39,400 36,400 12,700 12,300 12,000 6,200 6,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 4,000Combination pipeline companies N N 52,200 50,100 42,90042,90038,700 30,600 30,700 26,100 23,200 39,000 36,000 33,000 31,000 39,000Number of interstate natural gaspipeline companiese, 687 89 91 132 79 92 84 101 97 U U U U U U UPERFORMANCE (million cubic ft.)7Marketed production, total12,771,038 21,920,642 20,179,724 18,593,792 19,709,525 19,506,474 19,812,241 19,866,093 19,961,348 19,804,848 20,197,511 20,570,295 19,884,780 19,974,360 (R) 19,517,491 18,950,734Delivered to consumers, total10,382,681 19,018,462 18,216,233 16,818,882 18,898,635 19,660,161 20,005,50820,781,554 20,437,798 20,680,84321,539,964 20,495,108 21,227,012 20,562,727 (R) 20,724,883 20,544,907Consumed, total11,966,537 21,139,386 19,877,293 18,715,090 20,707,717 21,580,665 21,966,61622,736,203 22,245,956 22,405,15123,333,121 22,238,624 23,007,014 22,276,502 (R) 22,388,975 22,241,202Gas used as a pipeline fuel, total347,075 722,166 634,622 659,816 685,362 700,335 711,446 751,470 635,477 645,319 642,210 624,964 666,920 591,492 (R) 566,187 584,779SAFETY8FatalitiesN 26 15 6 21 18 48 10 19 18 37 7 11 12 18 14Injured personsN 233 177 69 113 53 114 72 75 88 77 51 49 (R) 66 44 45IncidentsN 1,077 1,524 198 222 161 187 175 236 172 234 211 (R) 184 (R) 239 (R) 299 351KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileNOTES71960-95: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Natural Gas Annual, 1998(Washington, DC: October 1999),table 98. 1996-2004: Ibid.,Natural Gas Annual, 2004(Washington, DC: 2005), table 1, Internet websitehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.html as of Sept. 26, 2007.11960-70: American Gas Association,Gas Facts, 1979(Arlington, VA: 1980), table 134. 1980-2005: Ibid.,Gas Facts, 2006(Washington, DC: 2007), table 11-2 and similar tables in earlier editions.21980: American Gas Association,Gas Facts, 1979(Arlington, VA: 1980), table 134. 1990-2005: Ibid.,Gas Facts, 2006(Washington,DC: 2007), table 11-1 and similar tables in earlier editions.51960-80: American Gas Association,Gas Facts, 1979(Arlington, VA: 1980), table 153. 1990-2005: Ibid.,Gas Facts, 2006(Washington, DC: 2007), table 13-2, and similar tables in earlier editions.61960-90: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Statistics of Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Companies(Washington, DC: Annual issues), preface. 1991-98: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,FERC Automated System for TariffRetrieval(FASTR database), Internet website http://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/gen-info/fastr/index.asp as of Feb. 18, 2004.aDoes not add due to omission of line from source table for depreciation and other noncash expenses.bFigures obtained by addition / subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.cIndustry total includes integrated and combination company totals in addition to distribution and transmission company totals.dNumber of employees in investor-owned companies is the sum of employees in distribution, transmission, integrated and combinationcompanies.eBeginning in 1991 the number of interstate natural gas pipeline companies is calculated using the Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission's FASTR database, which contains a listing by year of pipeline companies that are regulated and, therefore, requiredto paytariff duties to the federal government. Data for the years prior to 1991 were collected from the Energy Information Administration'sdiscontinued publicationStatistics of Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Companies.Data from the two sources may not be comparable.8U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety, Internetwebsitehttp://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Sept. 26, 2007.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.Gas utility industry totals include employees of privately owned companies.SOURCES31980-2005: American Gas Association,Gas Facts, 2006(Washington, DC: 2007), tables 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, and 11-4 and similar tablesin earlier editions.41960-70: American Gas Association,Gas Facts, 1979(Arlington, VA: 1980), table 44. 1980-2005: Ibid.,Gas Facts, 2006(Washington,DC: 2007), tables 5-1, 5-3, and similar tables in earlier editions.

# appendix e



# Source a nd

Accur a cy St a tement s

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 1 Extent, Condition, and Performance

TABLE 1

- 1. System Mileage Within the United States

Highway

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered reliable. (See box 1 -1 for deta iled information about the HPMS.) The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) collects and reviews state

- reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database

.

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Statistics , FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage

- based tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using area

wide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table

- to

- table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table

HM

- 20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be required.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre

- 1980 data, which were collected via different methods and

spe cial national studies. For instance, pre

- 1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 1979) while post

- 1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public authority and open to public trav el).

Class I Rail

These data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data

are based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700

of the R1 A nnual Report . The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

To obtain railway mileage, AAR subtracts trackage rights from miles of rail traveled on line 57 in the Schedule 700 report. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, including bankruptcies, mergers, and declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also exist because of because of independent rounding of this series by AAR.

Amtrak

These statistics orig inate from the Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report . Amtrak estimates track mileage based on point

- to

- point city timetables that railroad companies provide for engineers. The figures are estimates, but

are considered reliable.

Transit

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit

# agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including vehicle inventories and directly operated mileage. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret

certain data definitions.

Navigable Channels

These statistics originate from a mid

- 1950s U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) estimate that there were approximately 25,000 miles of commercially important navigable channels in the United States. That number has been adjusted from time to time, for example, by addition of the 234

- mile Tennessee

- Tombigbee Waterway in the early 1980s. The 25,000 plus mile number has been universally quoted for decades, but has definitional a nd methodological uncertainties. USACE is currently developing a rigorous, Global Information System (GIS)

- based approach to facilitate tabulation of the lengths of shallow and deep

- draft commercially navigable waterways in the United States; this calculation will be available in several years.

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America , published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Departme nt of Energy (DOE) Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude

- oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno estimated the 1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller lines exceeded in mileage the construction of new, larger, and more profitable lines. Post

- 1985 data were calculated using a base figure reported in a 1982 USDOT study entitled Liquid Pipeline Director and then combined with data from the Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. Lack of additional information raises definitional and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover, the three different information sources introduce data discontinuities, making time comparisons unreliable.

Gas P ipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts , published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The data reported by the AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report

. Utilities reporting represented 98 percent of gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was estimated for nonreporting companies based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time

- series comparisons.

TABLE 1

- 2. Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Operators, and Pipeline Operators

Air Carriers

The data are from the Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly , published by the Office of Airline Information of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). The Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by Carrier Group at the beginning of each fourth quarter edition is used to determine the number of major air carriers

a nd other air carriers in operation at the end of each calendar year. The publication draws its data from the T

- 100 and

T- 100(f) databases maintained by BTS. These databases include data obtained from a 100

- percent census of BTS

Form 41 schedule submissions by large certificated air carriers, which are carriers that hold a certificate issued under section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and that (1) operate aircraft designed to have a maximum passenger seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds or (2) that conduct international operations. Carriers are grouped as major, national, large regional, or medium regional based on their annual operating revenues. The thresholds were last adjusted July 1, 19 99 and the threshold for major air carriers is currently $1 billion. The table combines the number of national, large regional, and medium regional air
carriers into the other air carrier category.

Railroads

# The Association of American Railroads (AAR)'s Ra ilroad Ten

- Year Trends series is the source for the number of

railroads. The number of Class I railroads is based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report . The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the a djusted threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of

the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

The Association of American Railroads determines the number of non

- Class I railroads through an annual survey sent to every U.S. freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a census of railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Interstate Motor Carriers

The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS), maintained by the U.S. Department of Transport ation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, contains information on the safety of all commercial interstate motor carriers and hazardous material (HM) shippers subject to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and the Hazardous Materials Regu lations. All carriers operating in interstate or foreign commerce within 90 days of beginning operations must submit a Form MCS

- 150, Motor Carrier Identification Report. Carriers may also use the form to update their information. The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 requires that reports be periodically updated, but not more than once every two years. MCMIS is updated as soon as information is provided and verified, and periodic archives are made. Historical data are available from summary infor mation previously prepared, including tables and reports. MCMIS began operations in 1980. Safety data since 1990 are available to the public.

Marine Vessel Operators

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) provides the data for marine vessel operators through the Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States . Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by various means, including the U.S. Coast Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector publications. However, an annual survey of companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland water vessels either did not receive or respond to the annual survey.

Pipeline Operators

The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) in the U.S. Department of Transportation's Research and Special Pr ograms Administration collects annual report data from natural gas transmission and distribution operators as required by 49 CFR 191.17 and 191.11, respectively. Annual data must be submitted by March 15 of the following calendar year. No annual report is required for hazardous liquid pipeline operators. However, information is available through the pipeline safety program. Since 1986, the program has been funded by fees assessed to each OPS

- regulated pipeline operator based on per

- mile of hazardous pipeline operated. Data for each operator and each mile of pipeline are

stored in the OPS user

- fee database, which is revised annually as updated fees are assessed.

Totals for pipeline operators in this table will differ from those in other tables due to differences in the regulatory authority of USDOT and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). FERC regulates only interstate pipelines, whereas DOT regulates both interstate and intrastate pipelines, except for rural gathering lines and some offshore pipelines, which fall under jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard or the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service. An OPS official stated that FERC regulates about two

- thirds the amount of pipeline mileage that USDOT regulates.

TABLE 1

- 3. Number of U.S. Airports

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Airport Safety and Standards Administrator's Fact Book (annual issues) furnished the data shown in this table and includes airports certified for air carrier operations with aircraf t that seat 30 or more passengers. These airports include civil and joint civil

- military use airports, heliports, STOLports (short takeoff and landing), and seaplane facilities. The FAA obtained this data via physical inspections and mail

# solicitations of all federally regulated landing facilities. Since this is a census of all U.S. airports, reliability should be high. Data, however, may be subject to reporting errors typical of administrative recordkeeping.

TABLE 1

- 4. Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface

TABLE 1

- 5. U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System

TABLE 1

- 6. Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane

- Miles by Functional Class

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered reliable.(See box 1 -1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration collects and reviews state

- reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database

.

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Stat istics , FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage

- based tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using area

wide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table

- to

- table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table

HM

- 20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be required.

Lane

- miles are calculated by multiplying the centerline length by the number of through lanes. Because the HPMS requires that the number of lanes be reported for all principal arterials, other National Highway System (NHS) roads, and all standard samples, lane length can be computed for the Interstate, other principal arterials, and the NHS on a

100

- percent basis. For minor arterials, rural major collectors, and urban collectors, lane length is calculated based on standard sample sections using the reported number of through lanes, length of section, and an expansion factor. FHWA uses the expanded sample to check that the centerline length of a state's functional system matches the universe functional system length. If the centerline length and functional system length do not match, FHWA may ask a state to make adjustments.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre

- 1980 data, which were collected via different methods and special national studies. For instance, pre

- 1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 1979) while post

- 1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public authority and open to public travel).

TABLE 1

- 7. Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year

These numbers originate from Amtrak's Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report and the U.S. Department of Transp ortation, Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database.

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every station, locomotive, and car it operates. Those records include for each vehicle the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be considered very reliable.

TABLE 1

- 8. ADA Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency

TABLE 1

- 9. ADA Lift - or Ramp

- Equipped Transit Buses

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including certain aspects of station and vehicle accessibility. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit

# agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret

certain data definitions.

TABLE 1

- 10. U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America , published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude

- oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno estimated the 1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller line s exceeded in mileage the construction of new, larger, and more

- profitable lines. Figures from 1985 and later years are calculated from a base figure that Eno obtained from the 1982 U.S. Department of Transportation study Liquid Pipeline Director and

then incorporated that figure with data from the Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. Lack of additional information raises definitional and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover,

the three different information sources introduce data discontinuities making time comparisons less reliable.

Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The data reported by AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report. Utilities reporting in 1991 represented 98 percent of total gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was estimated for the nonreporting companies based on recent histo rical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time

- series comparisons.

TABLE 1

- 11. Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

TABLE 1

- 12. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

Civilian Aircraft

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) provided this data in their annual issues Aerospace Facts and Figures

, "Civil Aircraft Shipments." AIA collects their data from aircraft company reports, the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), and the U.S. Department of Commerce's (DOC) International Trade Administration. DOC data provide total number of shipments and exports, and the difference computed by AIA equals domestic shipm ents. DOC collects shipments data separately for individual factories or establishments and not at the company level. A potential limitation of this approach is when a factory producing aircraft for shipment also makes aircraft parts. If the

establishment has 80 percent of its production in aircraft and 20 percent in parts, all of the output is attributed to aircraft shipments.

Transport

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) is the source of these data. AIA obtains quarterly data from Boeing Corp., now the sole U.S. manufacturer of transport aircraft, and publicly available financial disclosure information filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) via Form 10

- k. SEC requires a publicly traded company to file an annual report 90 days after the end of the company's fiscal year to provide an overview of that business.

Helicopters

AIA surveyed and received data from all 10 major helicopter manufacturers on their sales and deliveries.

General Aviation

The general aviation figures are taken from the General Aviation Statistical Databook published by the GAMA. General aviation refers usually to the small aircraft industry in the United States. GAMA collects quarterly data from the 10 to 14 manufacturers who nearly equal a census of the general aviation sector.

# Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recreational Vehicles

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflat ed sales figures in the past, but Ward's does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

Motorcycle

The Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. (MIC) publishes the Motorcycle Statistical Annual , which is the source for these data. MIC derived the estimate for new retail motorcycle sales for each state from the MIC Retail Sales Report , and adjusted for total retail sales. Motorcycle company reports provided sales data. Prior to 1985, all

- terrain vehicles (ATVs) were included in the motorcycle total. In 1995, the Motorcycle Industry Council revised its data for the years 1985 to present to exclude all terrain vehicles from its totals.

Bicycle

The National Bicycle Dealers Association (NBDA) reported these data, which are based on Bicycle Manufac turers Association (BMA) information through 1996. BMA stopped reporting members' shipments in 1996. Moreover, BMA represents the largest bicycle manufacturers (Huffy, Roadmaster, and Murray), and thus the data do not reflect specialty bike makers or other manufacturers. The Bike Council estimated 1997 through 2001 figures in the table. According to a Bicycle Council representative, the estimates are a combination of domestic forecasts produced by a panel of industry experts and import data from monthly U.S . census databases.

Transit

The American Public Transit Association provided these figures, which are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. These data are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report . STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, including bankruptcies, mergers, and declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also have occurred because of independent rounding in this series by the AAR.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration (MARAD), which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type, reports these data in annual issues of its Merchant Fleets of the World . MARAD compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and agreements with other classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from government agencies, and input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods have been maintained for more

# than 30 years but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship types over time. For example, tank barges are now included in the tanker ship

- type grouping rather than the barge grouping.

TABLE 1

- 13. Active Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft

Air Carrier, Certificated, All Services

Prior to 1995, data originated from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),

FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation . Later data are from the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), Aerospace Facts and Figures . However, Aerospace Facts and Figur es is compiled from the FAA Statistical Handbook of

Aviation . U.S. air carrier fleet data are based on reports collected by FAA field offices from carriers. The reports include information on the number of aircraft by type used in air carrier service. The FAA points out that this information is not an inventory of the aircraft owned by air carriers, but represents the aircraft reported to the FAA as being used in air carrier fleet service. The reported aircraft are all aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for compensation or hire under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

General Aviation

The 1960

- 1980 figures originated from the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation . Later data are from FAA annual

issues of the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity (GAATA) Survey re port, table 3.1.The FAA collects both aircraft registration data and voluntary information about aircraft operation, equipment, and location. Before 1978, the FAA mandated owners to annually register their aircraft for the Aircraft Registration Master File. This was a complete enumeration of operating aircraft. Registrants were also asked to voluntarily report information on hours flow, avionics equipment, base location, and use. The FAA changed their data collection methodology in 1978. The annual registra tion requirement became triennial and the General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was initiated to sample aircraft operation and equipment data.

The General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was renamed the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey in 1993 to reflect the fact that the survey includes air taxi aircraft. This survey is conducted annually and encompasses a stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United

States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. FAA established three stratification design variables in the survey: 1) the average annual hours flown per aircraft by aircraft type, 2) the aircraft manufacturer/model characteristics, and 3) the sta te of aircraft registration.

Data Reliability

Because of the change in 1978, the reliability of comparisons over time will be affected. The FAA asserted that the change to a triennial registration deteriorated the Aircraft Registration Master File in two ways. First, the resulting lag in registration updates caused the number of undeliverable questionnaires to steadily increase over the three

- year period. Second, inactive aircraft would remain in the registry, inflating the general aviation fleet count. In addition, a new regulation added two categories of aircraft to the general aviation fleet. However, FAA concluded that these changes resulted in no more than a five

- percent error in the fleet population estimate.

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate (derived from sample survey results) and multiplying it by 100.This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled seven

- tenths of a percent in 1997 for the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision.

Nonsampling errors could include problems such as nonresponse, respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide correct information, differences in interpretation of questions, and da ta

- entry mistakes. Readers should note that non

response bias might be a component of reliability errors in the data from 1980 to 1990.The FAA conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no significant differences or inconsistencies in respondents' and nonrespondents' replies. The FAA discontinued the telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990, and the FAA found notable differences and thus adjusted its fleet estimates. The 1991 through 1996 data have been revised to reflect nonresponse bias. In 1997, a sample of 29,954 aircraft was identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 251,571 registered general aviation aircraft. Just over 65 percent of the sample responded to the survey.

# Highway, Total (registered vehicles)

The 1960 to 1980 figures are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
document, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, table MV

- 201 and related tables. Data quality and consistency will be less reliable for these years because of a diversity of registration practices from state to state. Users should recognize that motor vehicle statistical information is not necessarily comparable across all states or within a state from year to year. For instance, the FHWA reported that separate data on single

- unit trucks and combinations was

unobtainable from all states in 1990.

After 1980, the FHWA began to use the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) database, which improved data reliability. FHWA reviews state

- reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to these specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in

the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database

.

If choosing to compare state data, the FHWA recommends that users carefully select a set of peer states that have characteristics similar to the specific comparison. Improperly selected peer states are likely to yield invalid data comparisons. Characteristics that a user needs to consider in determining compatibility of a peer state include similarities and differences in urban/rural areas, population densities, degrees of urbanization, climate, geography, state laws and practices that influence data definitions, administrative controls of public road systems, state economies, traffic volumes, and degrees of centralization of state functions. The FHWA has developed a set of variables that users may use to determine appropriate peer states.

Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicle (truck)

Sources for these figures included FHWA's Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 (table VM

- 201A) and annual issues

of Highway Statistics (table V M- 1). FHWA compiles these figures from the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS). Since 1963, Census has conducted the TIUS every five years with the last survey completed in 1997.The Census Bureau changed the name of the survey to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) in 1997. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks.

Ch ronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 to 1.5 million), and sma ll (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) singl e- unit light, 4) single

- unit heavy, and 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail

- out/mail

- back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners report data only for the vehicles selected. In the 1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau survey ed about 131,000 trucks registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses different from the state of truck registration.

The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling errors. Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two

tenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most
recent survey.

Transit

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) , National Transit Database. These data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and

# validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Railroad (all categories )

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report . Thus, data estimates are considered very reliable. The STB defines Class I railr oads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the
adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

AAR determines the number of non

- Class I railroads through an annual, comprehensive survey sent to every U.S. freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a 100 percent census of all railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those records include the year built, service status (operating or not operating on a daily basis), and location. This data should be considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

The source for Inland Nonself

- Propelled Vessels, Self

- Propelled Vessels, and flag passenger and cargo vessels is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States , annual issues. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by various means, including the U.S. Coast Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector publications. However, an annual survey of companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies, and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland vessels either did not receive or respond to the

annual sur vey.

Oceangoing Steam Motor Ships

Merchant Fleets of the World , published annually by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration (MARAD), is the source of these data. MARAD, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type,

c ompiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service (LMIS).The parent company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from 200 offices worldwide, from data transfers and agreements with
other classification societies, f rom questionnaires to ship owners and ship builders, from feedback from government agencies, and from input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data

- gathering methods have been maintained for more than 30 years. The same official did caution that there are sometimes inconsistencies in groupings of ship types over time. For example, propelled tank barges are now included in the tanker ship

- type grouping.

Recreational Boats

Boating Statistics , published annually by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), is the source. The USCG derives these figures from state and other jurisdictional reporting of the actual count of valid boat numbers issued. In accordance with federal requirements, all 55 U.S. states and territories require motor

- powered vessels to be numbered. However, over half the states do not require nonpowered vessels to be numbered. Accuracy can also be diminished by noncompliance of boat owners with numbering and registration laws. In 1996, the USCG estimated that approximately eight million recreational boats are not numbered and, thus, are excluded from the reported number of recreational vessels. The USCG did not provide estimates for the number of boats without numbering in their reports

# after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail to report by publication deadlines, and the USCG provided estimates based on the previous year's estimate.

TABLE 1

- 14. U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use

These statistics originate from two sources. The R.L. Polk Co. provides numbers for commercial fleet vehicles from state registrations. Bobit Publishing Co. also obtains fleet vehicle sales data from automobile manufacturers. These two sources cover nearly 100 percent of fleet vehicles in the United States. Thus, the data should be very accurate.

TABLE 1

- 15. Annu al U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales

TABLE 1

- 16. Retail New Passenger Car Sales

TABLE 1

- 17. New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases

TABLE 1

- 18. Retail Sales of New Cars by Sector

The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, uses data from Ward's Automotive Reports. The sectoral break down is derived from registration data obtained from R.L. Polk. Ward's obtains sales data directly from

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

TABLES 1

- 20 and 1

- 21 . Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales

- Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domest ic and Imported Automobiles and Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods

These data originate from Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Light

- Duty MPG and Market Shares System database, which relies on information from monthly Ward's Automotive Reports. Comparisons and observations are made on sales and fuel economy trends from one model year to the next. ORNL has adopted several conventions to facilitate these comparisons, such as the use of sales

- weighted average to estimate fuel economy and vehicle

charact eristics. For example, "sales

- weighted" miles per gallon refers to a composite or average fuel economy based on the distribution of vehicle sales. ORNL's methodology for sales

- weighting can be found in the Appendix of the Highway Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Report: Model Year 1990 (the latest published report). The method was changed dramatically in 1983, and data reliability prior to that year is questionable. This information is now published annually in ORNL's Transportation Energy Data Book.

TABLE 1

- 22. Number of Trucks by Weight

These data are derived from the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) conducted in 1997 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. This survey, formerly known as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), has been conducted every 5 years since 1963. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks. Chronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 to 1.5 million), and small (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) single

- unit light, 4) single

- unit heavy, an d 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail

- out/mail

- back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners repo rt data only for the vehicles selected. In the 1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau surveyed about 131,000 trucks registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses different from the state of truck registration.

# The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling erro rs. Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two

tenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most
recent survey.

TABLE 1 -23 . World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries

Motor Vehicle Production, Factory Sales, and New Passenger Car Retail Sales

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or lo w.

Used Passenger Car Sales and Leased Passenger Cars

ADT Automotive Used Car Market Report is the source of these data. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is the original source of 1999 data. According to an ADT representative, publishing deadlines require ADT to use WSJ numbers until they can be replaced with National Automotive Dealers Association data. ADT Automotive's Market Analysis Department also gathers figures from CNW Marketing/Research and the R.L. Polk Co. CNW estimates used car sales volumes by collecting state title transfer data and determining if a transaction was made between private individuals or between a consumer and a franchised or independent dealer. This estimate is evaluated by comparing
total transactions with state automobile sales revenues. Polk, an additional source of data, maintains a state vehicle registration database. For 1998, the ADT representative stated that Polk's data were within 5 percentage points of

CNW estimates.

TABLE 1 -24 . Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type, compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and agreements with other classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from government agencies, and input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods have been maintained for more than 30 years, but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship types over time. For example, tank barges are now inc luded in the tanker ship

- type grouping rather than the barge grouping.

TABLE 1 -25 . U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions

These data originate from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). The NPIAS includes all commercial service airports, all reliever airports, and selected general aviation airports. It does not include more than 1,000 publicly owned public use landing areas, privately owned public use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports serve 92 percent of general aviation aircraft (based on an estimated fleet of 200,000 aircraft). In 1998, the NPIAS encompassed 3,344 of the 5,357 airports with public access. Runway pavement condition is classified as follows:

Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.

Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.

Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints.

On a rotating basis, the FAA arranges annual inspections for about 2,000 of the approximately 4,700 public

- use airports. The inspections are based on funding availability and not on statistical criteria, and nearly all runways are inspected every two years. Inspections are primarily made to collect information for pilots on airport conditions. The FAA relies on state and local agencies to perform inspections, so some inaccuracy may arise from variation in their

# adherence to federal guidelines regarding pavement condition reporting. In 1998, the U.S. General Accounting Office found that Pavement Condition Index information was available for about 35 percent of NPIAS airports (GAO/RCED

98

- 226).

TABLE 1 -26 . Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in t he United States

The R.L. Polk Co. is a private enterprise that purchases state registration data to maintain a database of operational vehicles. Its data represent a near census of registered vehicles in the United States, and the age estimate should be

c onsidered very reliable.

TABLE 1 -27 . Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) collects pavement condition data from each state through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. The FHWA uses two rating schemes

- the Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) and the International Roughness Indicator (IRI). IRI is used to measure the condition of Interstates, other principal arterials, rural minor arterials, and other National Highway System roadways. PSR is used to measure the condition of rural major collectors and urban minor arterials and collectors. Rural minor collectors are not measured. Where IRI data are not reported for sampled sections, the PSR data are collected. Using the PSR

, values range from 0.1 to 5.0, where 5.0 denotes new pavement in excellent condition and 0.1 denotes pavement in extremely poor condition. On the IRI scale however, lower values indicate smoother roads (e.g., <60 for interstate pavement in very good condi tion to >170 for interstate pavement in poor condition).

The IRI is an objective measure of pavement roughness developed by the World Bank. The PSR is a more subjective measure of a broader range of pavement characteristics and therefore less comparable. Prior to 1993, all pavement conditions were evaluated using PSR values. Beginning with data published in Highway Statistics 1993 , the FHWA began a transition to the IRI, which should eventually replace the PSR. The change from PSR to IRI makes comparisons between pre

- 1993 pavement condition data and 1993 and later pavement condition data difficult. Thus, trend comparisons should be made with care.

FHWA indicates that the protocol of measuring pavement roughness is not followed by all states, and some did not report for all required mileage. Totals only reflect those states reporting usable or partially usable data. Column percentages may not sum to 100 and may differ slightly from percentages in source tables, which were adjusted so that they would add to 100 .FHWA believes that the IRI data are of "reasonably good quality."

TABLE 1 -28 . Condition of U.S. Bridges

These figures are from the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Bridge Inventory Database. State highway agencies are required to maintain a bridge inspection program and inspect most bridges on public roadways at a minimum of every two years. With FHWA approval, certain bridges may be inspected less frequently. A complete file of all bridges is collected and maintained, representing a very reliable assessment of bridge conditions. However, some inaccuracy may be attributable to variations in state inspector's adherence to the National Bridge Inspection Standards.

TABLE 1 -29 . Average Age of Urban Transit Veh icles

TABLE 1

- 30

. Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities

TABLE 1 -31

. Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure

These figures are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), Nat ional Transit Database. The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including vehicle inventories. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered

accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data definitions.

TABLE 1 -32. Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built

# The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). Figures reported by AAR are based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB)

via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report . STB defin es Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

TABLE 1 -33. Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle those records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be considered very reliable.

TABLE 1 -34 . U .S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age

The data are from the U.S. Army Corps of Engin eers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States (WTLUS), annual issues. The WTLUS database contains information on vessel operators and characteristics and descriptions for all domestic vessel operations. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center, primarily through a survey of vessel operating companies. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland vessel fleets either did not receive and/or did not respond to the annual

survey.

TABLE 1 -35. U.S. Vehicle

- Miles

TABLE 1 -36. Roadway Vehicle

- Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane

- Mile by Functional Class

TABLE 1

- 40

. U.S. Passenger

- Miles

Air Carrier, Certificated, Domestic, All Services

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, reports aircraft revenue

- miles and passenger

- miles in its publ ication Air Traffic Statistics . These numbers

are based on 100

- percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors arise from nonreporting but amount to less than 1 percent of all air carrier passenger

- miles. Th e figures do not include data
for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. These, if added, may raise total air passenger

- miles by about 5 percent.

General Aviation

Passenger

- mile numbers for 1975 to present are calculated by adjusting the Interstate Commerce Commission's 1974 figure for air passenger

- miles by the percentage change in annual hours flown by general aviation aircraft as published in the USDOT, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation . Numbers in the handbook are based on the General Aviation and Air Taxi Survey (GAATA). In 1993, the GAATA stopped including commuter aircraft. Commuter

- miles collected before 1993 by the GAATA were, according to one FAA

o fficial, woefully underreported. Therefore, problems with the estimate of general aviation aircraft include: a break in the series between 1992 and 1993, a possible outdated factor used to calculate passenger

- miles, and the classification of commuter opera tions.

Highway

Highway vehicle

- miles of travel (vmt) are estimated using data from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS), a database maintained by FHWA that contains information on highway characteristics supplied by individual

states. Annual vm t by highway functional system is calculated as the product of the annual average daily traffic (AADT) along each highway section, the centerline length of each highway section, and the number of days in the

# year. Also, expansion factors are used for roadways that are sampled rather than continuously monitored. Vmt by vehicle type is estimated using vehicle share estimates supplied by states.

FHWA has established methods for collecting, coding, and reporting HPMS data in two manuals: Traffic Monitoring

Guid e (TMG) and Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual . The prescribed sampling process for collecting highway volume data, which is used to estimate AADT, is based on statistical methods. However, in practice, several factors affect the ultimate quality of the data. FHWA discusses many of these issues in their annual Highway Statistics report and other publications. However, BTS is not aware of any study or report that has statistically quantified the accuracy of vmt estimates. Some of the primary issues related to data quality are noted

here.

1. The sampling procedures suggested in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual are designed to produce traffic volume estimates with an average precision level of 80

- percent confidence with a 10

- percent allowable error at the state level. FHWA provides additional guidance to states through annual workshops and other avenues to help them follow these procedures as closely as possible. However, the actual data quality and consistency of HPMS information are dependent on the programs, actions, and maintenance of sound databases by numerous data collectors, suppliers, and analysts at the state, metropolitan, and other local area levels. Not all states follow the recommended sampling, counting, and estimating procedures conta ined in the Traffic Monitoring Guide , and the exact degree to which the states follow these guidelines overall is unknown. However, FHWA believes that most states generally follow the guidelines.

2. Estimates for higher

- level roadway systems are more accur ate than those for lower level ones, since traffic volumes on higher

- level roadways are sampled at a higher rate. The TMG recommends that traffic counts be collected for all Interstate and principal arterial sections on a three

- year cycle. Under this schem e, about one

- third of the traffic counts for these roadway sections in a given year are actually measured, while volumes on the remainder are factored to represent present growth. Although some States collect data at all traffic count locations every year, most use some variation of the TMG data collection guidelines. Volumes on urban and rural minor arterials, rural major collectors, and urban collectors are collected using a sampling procedure. States are not required to report volumes for rural/urban local systems and rural minor collectors, though most do so. However, the methods used to estimate travel on these roadways vary from state to state since there are no standard guidelines for calculating travel on these roadways.

3. Vmt estimates by vehicle type are less accurate than are estimates for total motor vehicle vmt for several reasons:1) vehicle classification equipment can frequently misclassify vehicles (see B.A. Harvey et al, Accuracy of Traffic Monitoring Equipment , GDOT 9210, (Georgia Tech Research Institute:1995)); 2) vehicle shares are often determined by methods or by special studies that are not directly compatible with HPMS data definitions and/or purposes, and observed local

- level vehicle classification counts are difficult to apply on a statewide basis; and 3) vehicle type definitions can vary among states.

4. Vmt estimates for combination trucks in HPMS differ from survey

- based estimates from the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), as much as 50 percent for some categories of combination trucks. Much of this discrepancy appears to be due to differences in truck classification definitions and biases introduced by data collection practices. See R.D. Mingo et al.1995. Transportation Research Record , No. 1511 (Washington, DC: National Acade my Press),
pp. 42

- 46.

5. FHWA adjusts questionable data using a variety of standard techniques and professional judgement. For example, national average temporal adjustment factors developed from HPMS and other national highway monitoring programs are appl ied to State data, when necessary, to compensate for temporal deficiencies in sampling practices. Also, in estimating vmt by vehicle type, FHWA employs an iterative process to reconcile vmt, fuel economy (miles per gallon), fuel consumption, and vehicle re gistration estimates. Fuel consumption, total vmt by highway functional class, and registrations by vehicle group are used as control totals. This process limits the size of errors and ensures data consistency.

6.Passenger

- miles of travel (pmt) are calculated by multiplying vmt estimates by vehicle loading (or occupancy) factors from various sources, such as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey conducted by FHWA and TIUS. Thus, pmt data are subject to the same accuracy issues as vmt, along with uncertainties associated with estimating vehicle

- loading factors.

Transit

# The American Public Transit Association (APTA) figures are based on information in USDOT, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA adjusts the FTA data to

i nclude transit operators that do not report to the FTA database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail (vehicle

- miles)

Data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage opera ted.

Intercity Train

The AAR passenger

- miles number is based on an almost 100

- percent count of tickets and, therefore, is considered

accurate.

TABLE 1 -38 . Average Length of Haul: Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes

Freight

Air Carrier and Truck

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures.

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. The STB defined Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable

t hreshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Water

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unlo ading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., provided these figures, which are estimates based on U.S. Department of Energy and Association of Oil Pipe Lines reports. Figures are derived by dividing estimated pipeline ton

- miles by estimated crude and petroleum products tonnage.

# Passenger

Air Carrier

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, reports average trip length in its publication Air Traffic Statistics . These numbers are based on 100

- percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers via BTS Form 41.The figures do not
include data for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines.

Bus

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures based on Class I carrier passenger data and

vehicle

- miles data from Highway Statistics , an annually published report of the USDOT, Federal Highway

Administration.

Commuter Rail

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Intercity/Amtrak

The Statistical Appendix to the Amtrak Annual Report is the source of these data. Amtrak data are based on 100 percent of issued tickets, and thus should be accurate.

TABLE 1 -42 . Long

- Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 1995

TABLE 1 -43. Long

- Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 1995

The data presented in these tables are estimates derived from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS) conducted for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The survey's estimation procedure inflates unweighted sample results to independent estimates of the total population of the United States. Values for missing data are estimated through imputation procedures.

Since ATS estimates come from a sample, they are subject to two possible types of error: nonsampling and sampling. Sources of nonsampling errors include inability to obtain information about all sample cases, errors made in data collection and processing, errors made in estimating v alues for missing data, and undercoverage.

The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error, but the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, the user should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of

cases or on small differences between estimates.

Standard errors for ATS estimates that indicate the magnitude of sampling error as well as complete documentation of the source and reliability of the data may be obtained from detailed ATS reports. Because of methodological differences, users should use caution when comparing these data with data from other sources.

TABLE 1 -44. Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports

The Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers (A AS) is the source of these data. Published by USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI), the AAS presents traffic statistics for all scheduled and nonscheduled service by large certificated U.S. air carriers for each a irport served within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation Administration. The publication draws its data from the T

- 100 and T

- 3 databases maintained by OAI. These data are based on a 100

-

# percent reporting of enplanements, departures, and tonnage information by large certificated U.S. air carriers via BTS

Form 41.

Prior to 1993, the AAS included all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplanements for certificated air carriers but did not include enplanements for air carriers offering charter service only. Prior to 1990, the freight category was divided into both freight and express shipments and the mail category was divided into U.S. mail (priority and nonpriority) and foreign mail. Beginning in 1990, only aggregate numbers were reported for freight and mail.

TABLE 1 -45 . Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United Stat es from Selected Foreign Countries

TABLE 1 -46. Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries

The International Trade Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce publishes the U.S. International Air

Travel Statis tics Report annually. The passenger data is based on information collected by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service using the INS Form I

- 92. All passengers on international flights must complete the I

- 92 form with the exception of those passengers on flights arriving or departing from Canada.

The international passenger arrivals and departures data for Canada is obtained from Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports , which is published by Statistics Canada. Three surveys are conducted by Statistic s Canada in order to collect the necessary passenger data. Since all data is not received by the time of publication and data is occasionally updated or resubmitted by the participating carriers, data should be considered preliminary for the years

referenc ed in the source publication.

TABLE 1 -49. U.S. Ton

- Miles of Freight

Air Carrier

Air Carrier Traffic Statistics , published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), Office of Airline Information (OAI), is the source of these data. Large certificated U.S. air carriers report domestic freight activities to OAI via BTS Form 41.The information reported in the table represents transportation of freight (excluding passenger baggage), U.S. and foreign mail, and express mail within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It also covers transborder traffic to Canada and Mexico by U.S. carriers. The data does not include information on small certificated air carriers, which represent less than 5 percent of freight ton

- miles.

Intercity Truck

The data are estimates from Transportation in America , pu blished by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). Eno's estimates of intercity truck ton

- miles are based on historic data from the former Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), estimates from the American Trucking Association, and other sources. Eno supplements its estimates by using additional information on vehicle

- miles of truck travel published in Highway Statistics by the Federal Highway Administration. Users should note that truck estimates in the tables do not include local truck

movements.

C lass I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB). The data represent all revenue freight activities of the Class I railroads and are not based on information from the Rail Waybill Sample. The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Domestic Water Transport

# The data are from W aterborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The data for 1960, 1965, and 1970 are from Transportation in America , published by the Eno Transportation
Foundation, Inc., and the data for 1975 to 1998 are from Shifts in Petroleum Transportation , by the Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL). Eno's data are based on information from the fo rmer Interstate Commerce Commission's Transport Economics . Common carrier oil pipelines reported all freight activities to the ICC.

AOPL obtains barrel

- miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which requires petroleum shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel

- miles to ton

- miles using conversion figures in the American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book . Since 16 percent of pipeline shipments are intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to FERC data.

TABLE 1

- 51

. Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments: 2001

The value of U.S. air, maritime, and land imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the other's import data to replace its own export data. U.S. international merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no longer derived exclusively from the administrative records of the Departments of Commerce and Treasury, but from Revenue Canada. Import value is for U.S. general imports, customs value basis. Export value is FAS (free along ship) and represents the value of exports at the U.S. port of export, including the transaction price and inland freight, insurance, and other charges. Trade levels reflect the mode of transportation as a shipment entered or exited a U.S. Customs port.

Truck, rail pipeline, mail, and miscellaneous modes are included in the total for land modes. Data present trade activity between the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands and Canada and Mexico. These statistics
do not include traffic between Guam, Wake Island, and America Samoa and Canada and Mexico. These statistics also exclude imports that are valued at less than $1,250 and for exports that are valued at less than $2,500.

TABLE 1 -56. U.S. Waterborne Freight

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b. Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Foreign waterborne statistics are derived from Census Bureau and U.S. Customs data, which excludes traffic between Guam, Wake Island, and American Samoa and any other foreign country, and imports and exports used by U.S. Armed Forces abroad. Individual vessel movements with origins and destinations at U.S. ports, traveling via the

Panama Canal are considered domestic traffic.

TABLE 1 -57. Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons

Data on the weight of U.S. maritime imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the other's import data to replace its own export data. The United States' merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no

# longer derived exclusively from U.S. government administrative records, but from Revenue Canada. Maritime weight data are initially processed and edited by the Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau (Census) as part of the overall edits and quality checks performed on all U.S. international merchandise trade data. After Census processing, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Maritime Administration (MARAD) perform additional maritime

specific processing and quality edits on maritime

- related data elements, including the weight of maritime imports and exports. The USACE and MARAD began performing this function in October 1998 after the Foreign Waterborne Trade data program was transferred from the Census Bureau. Prior to October 1998, the USACE historically performed additional specializ ed edits at the port level, including reassignment of some tonnage data to the actual waterborne port rather than the reported U.S. Customs port.

TABLE 1 -58

. Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997 , 2002, and 2007

TABLE 1 -59 . Value, Tons, and Ton - Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic
Establishment, 2007

TABLE 1 -62 . U.S. Hazardou s Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode

, 2007

TABLE 1 -63 . U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2007

These data are collected via the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) undertaken through a partnership between the U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau (Census), and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. For the 1997 CFS, Census conducted a sample of 100,000 domestic establishments randomly selected from a universe of about 800,000 multiestablishment companies in the mining, manufacturing,
wholesale trade, and selected retail industries. It excluded establishments cla ssified as farms, forestry, fisheries, governments, construction, transportation, foreign, services, and most retail.

Reliability of the Estimates

An estimate based on a sample survey potentially contains two types of errors

- sampling and nonsampling. Samp ling errors occur because the estimate is based on a sample, not on the entire universe. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources in the collection and processing of the data and occur in all data, not just those from a sample survey. The accuracy of a survey result is affected jointly by sampling and nonsampling errors.

Sampling Variability

Because the estimates are derived from a sample of the survey population, results are not expected to agree with those that might be obtained from a 100

- per cent census using the same enumeration procedure. However, because each establishment in the Standard Statistical Establishment List had a known probability of being selected for sampling, estimating the sampling variability of the estimates is possible. T he standard error of the estimate is a measure of the variability among the values of the estimate computed from all possible samples of the same size and design. Thus, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approx imates the results of a complete enumeration. The coefficient of variation is the standard error of the estimate divided by the value being estimated. It is expressed as a percent. Note that measures of sampling variability, such as the standard

error or c oefficient of variation, are estimated from the sample and are also subject to sampling variability. Standard errors and coefficients of variation for CFS data presented in this report are given in Appendix B of the 1997 Economic Census report, and are available online www.census.gov/econ/wwwse0700.html

.

Nonsampling Errors

In the CFS, as in other surveys, nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, including 1) nonresponse; 2) response errors; 3) differences in the interpretation of questions; 4) mistakes in coding or recoding the data; and 5) other errors of collection, response, coverage, and estimation.

A potentially large source of nonsampling error is due to nonresponse, which is defined as the inability to obtain all intended measurements or responses from selected establishments. Nonresponse is corrected by imputation.

TABLE 1

- 60

. Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode

# The Transborder Surface Freight Data (TSFD) is derived from official U.S. international merchandise import and export data. (For a description of U.S. merchandise trade statistics, see www.census.gov/foreign

trade/www/index.html .) As of December 1995, about 96 percent of the value of all U.S. imports has been collected electronically by the Automated Broker Interface System. About 55 percent of the value of all U.S. export s is collected electronically through the U.S./Canada Data Exchange and the Automated Export Reporting Program. The balance is collected from administrative records required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury.

The TSFD incorporates all data, by surface mode, on shipments entering or exiting the United States from or to Canada or Mexico. Prior to January 1997, this dataset also included transshipments

- shipments entering or exiting the United States by way of U.S. Customs ports on the northern or southern borders even when the actual origin or final destination of the goods was other than Canada or Mexico. (In other U.S. Bureau of the Census trade statistics, transshipments through Canada and Mexico are credited to the true country of origin or final destination.) To make this dataset more comparable to other U.S. Census Bureau trade statistics, detailed information on transshipments has been removed. The TSFD presents a summary of transshipments by country, direction of trade, and mode of

transpo rtation. Shipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., intransits) are beyond the scope of this dataset because they are not considered U.S. international trade shipments.

In general, the reliability of U.S. foreign trade statistics is very good. Users should be aware that trade data fields (e.g., value and commodity classification) are typically more rigorously reviewed than transportation data fields (e.g., the mode of transportation and port of entry/exit). Users should also be aware that the use of foreign trade data to describe physical transportation flows may not be accurate. For example, this dataset provides surface transportation information for individual U.S. Customs districts and ports on the northern and southern borders. However, because of filing procedures for trade documents, these ports may or may not record where goods physically cross the border. This is because the information filer may choose to file trade documents at one port while shipments actually enter or exit at another port. The TSFD, however, is the best publicly available approximation for analyzing transborder transportation flows. Since the dataset was introduced in April 1993, it has gone through several refinements and improvements. When improba bilities and inconsistencies were found in the dataset, extensive analytical reviews were conducted and improvements made. However, accuracy varies by direction of trade and individual field. For example, import data are generally more accurate than export data. This is primarily because the U.S. Customs Bureau uses import documents for enforcement purposes while it performs no similar function for exports. For additional information on TSFD, the reader is referred to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics Internet site at www.bts.gov/transborder.

TABLE 1 -61. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode

Pipelines

The Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) obtains barrel

- miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which requires petroleum shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel

- miles to ton

- miles using conversion figures in the American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book . Since 16 percent

of pipeline shipments are intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to FERC data to include intrastate shipments. AOPL also conducts periodic studies to estimate intrastate shipments.

Water Carriers

Data are from Wate rborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report domestic freight and tonnage information to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Motor Carriers

AOPL estimates ton

- miles by multipl ying tons by the average length of haul. For crude, the tonnage of the prior year is projected by using a growth rate established by data from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information

Administration's Petroleum Supply Annual , vol. 1, table 37. For products, the same calculation is made but with a growth rate estimated by the American Trucking Association in Financial and Operating Statistics, Class I and II,

# Motor Carriers , Summary table VI

- B. Average length of haul is determined from the prior six years of data for ton

miles and tonnage of crude and petroleum products moved by motor carriers.

Railroad

AOPL calculates ton

- miles by multiplying tonnage by average length of haul. Tonnage data for crude and products

comes from the Association of American Railroad's Freight Commodity Statistics , U.S. Class I Railroads. The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Commission provides the average length of haul for crude and products in its Carload Way Bill Statistics.

TABLE 1 -64 . Passengers Deni ed Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1 -65 . Mishandled

- Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1 -66. Flight Operations Arriving On Time for the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

These numbers are based on data filed with the U.S. Department of Transportation on a monthly basis by the largest

U.S. air carriers
- those that have at least one percent of total domestic scheduled

- service passenger revenues. Data cover nonstop scheduled service flights between points within the United States (including territories). The largest U.S. carriers account for more than 90 percent of domestic operating revenues. They include Alaska Airlines,
America West Airlines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwes t Airlines, Trans World Airlines, Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, and US Airways. However, there are other carriers offering domestic scheduled passenger service that are not required to report. In some cases, major airlines sell tickets for flights t hat are actually operated by a smaller airline that is not subject to the reporting requirement.

TABLE 1

- 67

. FAA

- Cited Causes of Departure and En route Delays

The source of these data, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), counts a flight as delayed if it departed or arrived more than 15 minutes after its scheduled gate departure and arrival

times. FAA calculates d elayed departures based on the difference between the time a pilot requests FAA clearance to taxi and the time an aircraft's wheels lift off the runway, minus the airport's standard unimpeded taxi

- out time.

Users should note that taxi

- out time varies by airport due to differences in configurations. The cause of delay is also recorded, e.g., weather, terminal volume, closed runways, etc.

USDOT guidance defines departure as the time the aircraft parking brake is released and gate arrival as the time the

brake is set. According to the USDOT's Office of the Inspector General (OIG), FAA's omission of part of a plane's ground movement compromises the data's validity. A recent OIG report noted that the FAA tracks ground time only after a pilot requests clearance and fails to track a plane's time in the ramp area. OIG found that ramp time comprised 28.7 percent to 40.5 percent of the average taxi

- out time at the three major New York area airports (OIG Audit Report

CR

- 2000

- 112), and would not be counted as an FAA dela y.

Reliability

Several data collection changes complicate comparisons over time. For example, FAA modified its method for calculating volume

- related delays that resulted in a 17 percent drop in such delays. Decreases in volume

- related delays from 1998 to 1 999 totaled less than one percent. Moreover, prior to 1999, USDOT did not provide a clear definition of what a departure was. An OIG Audit (CE

- 1999

- 054) report noted that air carriers used four different departure events: 1) rolling of aircraft wheels; 2) release of parking brake; 3) closure of passenger and/or cargo doors; and 4) a combination of door closures and release of the parking break. The same report also noted errors in the reporting of departure times by the air carriers.

Data are now manually entered in FAA's Operations Network (OSPNET) database, and reporting errors may arise and decrease reliability. The FAA monitors data quality assurance by spot checking the reported delay data and requesting that discrepancies be reviewed by the responsible facility. According to an OIG Audit (CR

- 2000

- 112), however, mistakes are not reliably corrected and many air traffic controllers suggested that delays are underreported sometimes by as much as 30 percent.

TABLE 1 -68. Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancell ations, and Diversions

# A second data source for air

- carrier delay is the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI). This information originates from the Airline Service Quality Performance data. These figures are

colle cted from the largest airlines

- those that have at least one percent or more of total domestic scheduled service passenger revenues. Delays are categorized by phase of flight (i.e., gate

- hold, taxi

- out, airborne, or taxi

- in delays). These data differ from FAA's OSPNET information due to differences in definition of delay.

While the FAA tracks delays on the taxiway, runway, and in the air, BTS tracks delays at the departure and arrival gates. OAI calculates delays as the difference between scheduled and actual gate departure. If a flight leaves the gate within 15 minutes of its scheduled time, then OAI would record it as departed on

- time even if it sat for several hours on the ramp or runway, in which case the delay would be accounted for as a late arrival.

T ABLE 1 -69. Annual Person

- Hours of Delay Per Auto Traveler

TABLE 1

- 70 . Travel Time Index

TABLE 1 -71. Annual Roadway Congestion Index

TABLE 1 -72. Annual Congestion Index and Cost Values

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 1

- 60through 62.TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). TTI utilizes these data as inputs to its congestion

estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and estimations can be found at this website http://mobility.tamu.edu

.

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average travel volume per lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle

- miles of travel (vmt) and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the system so that the combined index measures conditions on the freeway and principal arterial street systems. Values greater than one are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion

index should examine this website http://mobility.tamu.edu

.

Annual person

- hours of delay results from the multiplication of daily vehicle

- hours of incident and recurring delay times 250 working days per year times 1.25 persons per vehicle. Two types of costs are incurred due to congestion: time delay and fuel consumption. Delay costs are the product of passenger vehicle hours of delay times $12.85 per
hour person time value times 1.25 occupants per vehicle. Fuel costs are calculated for passenger and commercial vehicles from the multiplication of peak period congestion speeds, the average fuel economy, fuel costs, and vehicle

hours of delay.

In previous reports, the TTI methodology assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, occurred in congested conditions. TTI indicated that this assumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Thus, their 2002 estimates now vary by urban area anywhere from 18 percent to 50 percent of travel that occurs in congestion. TTI's model structure applies to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these amounts, travel is then classified under 5 categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, severely congested, and extremely congested (a new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested an d congested was changed in 2002. Previous editions classified congested travel when areawide traffic levels reached 14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 5,500vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the current edition, these values are 15,500 and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day, respectively. Previous years values

have been re

- estimated based on these new assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI Internet site for more detailed algorithms and estimation procedures at http://mobility.tamu.edu

.

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in their models. State and local officials also review the TTI data and estimations. Some of the limitations acknowledged in the TTI report include the macroscopic character of the index. Thus, it does not account for local variations in travel patterns that may affect travel times. The index also does not

# account for local improvements, such as ramp metering or travel speed advantages obtained with transit or carpool

lanes.

TABLE 1 -73. Amtrak On

- Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause

Amtrak determines on

- time performance through its computer system maintained at the National Operations Center (NOPS) in Wilmington, Delaware. If a train is delayed, a call is made to the NOPS for recordkeeping. These data can be supplemented with computer entries made for locomotive or car malfunctions that cause delays. These data

should be considered reliable.

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 2 Safety

**AIR DATA**

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Injured Persons by Transportation Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 9. U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 10. U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 11. U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2

- 12. U.S . Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2

- 13. U.S. On

- Demand Air Taxi Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 14. U.S. General Aviation Safety Data

National Transportation Safety Board investigators perform onsite and offsite investigations of all accidents involving U.S. registered air carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, 14 CFR 135, and general aviation U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. The investigators compile information on

fatal ities and injuries for all accidents. The counts for fatalities and serious injuries are expected to be extremely accurate. (See glossary for serious injury definition.)

Exposure data (aircraft

- miles, aircraft

- hours, and aircraft

- departures) are obtained from the FAA, which in turn gets some of its exposure data from the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) and other exposure data from its own General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics (GAATAA) Survey. The OAI data represent 100 percent reporting by airlines. Tables that include air carriers (14 CFR 121, scheduled and nonscheduled service) and commuter air carriers (14 CFR 135, scheduled service only) use OAI exposure data.

Tables that include on

- demand air taxi (14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service) and general aviation use GAATAA Survey results. For information about the GAATA Survey, please refer to the chapter 1 data accuracy statement for

table 1

- 9.

The coefficients of variation for aircraft

- hours vary by year, but are usually in the 9 to 10 percent range for on

- demand air taxi and are approximately 2 percent for general aviation.

TABLE 2

- 15. Number of Pilot

- Reported Near Midair Collisions by Degree of Hazard

Near Midair Collision reports are provided voluntarily by air carriers, general aviation companies, and the military, and this information is added to the Near Midair Collisions System database. Factors that may influence whether or not a

near midair colli sion is reported include the pilot's or other crew members’ perception of whether a reportable near

# midair collision occurred, which in turn can depend on factors such as visibility conditions; the reporter's flying experience; or the size of the aircraft involved. A reportable incident is one in which an aircraft is within 500 feet of another aircraft and a possibility of collision existed.



# HIGHWAY DATA

TABLE 2

- 1.Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 5. Highway

- Rail Grade

- Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 17. Motor Vehicle Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 18. Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle

- Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System

TABLE 2

- 19. Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 20. Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of V ehicles and Alcohol

Involvement

TABLE 2

- 21. Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 22. Motorcycle Ride Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 23. Truck Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 24. Bus Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 26. Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration in Highway Crashes

TABLE 2

- 28. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions

TABLE 2

- 29. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit

Fatalities

Highway fatality data come from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), which is compiled by trained FARS analysts at USDOT, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regional offices. Data are gathered from a census of police accident reports (PARs), state vehicle registration files, state drivers licensing files, state highway department data, vital statistics, death certificates, coroner/medical examiner reports, hospital medical reports, and emergency medical service reports. A separate form is completed for each fatal crash. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is estimated when not known. Statistical procedures used for unknown data in FARS can be found in the NHTSA report: Transitioning to Multiple Imputation - A New Method to Impute Missing Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) values in FARS , DOT HS 809 403 (Washington, DC: January 2002).

Data are collected from relevant state agencies and electronically submitted for inclusion in the FARs database on a

continuous basis. Cross

- verificati on of PARs with death certificates ensures that undercounting is rare. Moreover,

# when data are entered, they are checked automatically for acceptable range values and consistency, enabling quick corrections when necessary. Several programs continually monitor the data for completeness and accuracy. Periodically, sample cases are analyzed for accuracy and consistency.

Note that the FARS data do not include motor vehicle fatalities on nonpublic roads. However, previous NHTSA analysis found that these fatalities account for 2 percent or fewer of the total motor vehicle fatalities per year. (See glossary for highway fatality definition.)

Injuries and Crashes

NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES) data are a nationally representative sample of police

- reported c rashes that contributed to an injury or fatality or resulted in property damage, and involved at least one motor vehicle traveling on a trafficway. Trained GES data collectors randomly sample PARs and forward copies to a central contractor for coding into a standard GES system format. Documents such as police diagrams or supporting text provided by the officers may be further reviewed to complete a data entry.

NHTSA suggests that about half of motor vehicle crashes in the United States are not reported to police and that the majority of these unreported crashes involve minor property damage and no significant personal injury. A NHTSA study of injuries from motor vehicle crashes estimated the total count of nonfatal injuries at over 5 million compared

with th e GES's estimate of 3.2 million in 1998. (See glossary for highway crash and injury definitions.)

(See U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2008

, DOT HS 811 170 (Washington, DC: 2009), appendices B and C for further information on GES, including a table of standard errors applicable to GES data.)

TABLE 2

- 30. Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use

The National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), conducted biennially between 1994 and 2010 by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is the source for these data.

In 1994 and 1996, NOPUS consisted of three separate studies: 1) the Moving Traffic Study, which provides information on overall shoulder belt use, 2) the Controlled Intersection Study, which provides more detailed information about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users, and child restraint use, and 3) the Shopping Center Study, which provides information on rear

- seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. In 1998, the Shopping Center Study was dropped from the survey. The Controlled Intersection Study includes the collection of license plate information to link seat belt use to vehicle type. As the results of the Controlled Intersection Study for 2000 were not available prior to publication, only the Moving Traffic Study data were used in this table.

In 1998, NOPUS separated pickups from the light truck category, thereby creating three categories of passenger

veh icles: passenger cars, pickup trucks, and other passenger vehicles. Other passenger vehicles include vans, minivans, and sport utility vehicles. In this table, 1998 and 2000 data for pickup trucks and other passenger vehicles are combined into the light truck category to allow comparison to data from the earlier surveys. Since 2003, however, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) no longer computes an overall light truck belt use estimate. Instead, belt use is computed separately for motorists in: (1) vans and sport utility vehicles, and (2) pickup trucks. Additionally, NHTSA no longer reports separate statistics for passengers and drivers, except at the overall

level.

In 1994, operators and riders wearing any type of helmet were counted as helmeted. In 1996, 1998, and 2000, motorcycle helmets that meet USDOT standards are counted as valid protection, whereas those that do not meet USDOT standards were treated as if the operator/rider were not wearing a helmet.

Data collection from the Moving Traffic Study was conducted at 1,823 sites across the country in 2009. Shoulder belt use was obtained for drivers and right

- front passengers only. Three observers (two observers in 1994 and 1996) were stationed for 30 minutes at interstate/highway exit ramps, controlled (intersections with stop signs or traffic signals), and uncontrolled intersections. Every day of the week and all daylight hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m.) were covered in each survey. Commercial and emergency vehicles were excluded.

# NOPUS was d esigned as a multistage probability sample to ensure that the results would represent occupant protection use in the country. In the first stage, counties were grouped by regions (northeast, midwest, south, west), level of urbanization (metropolitan or not), and level of belt use (high, medium, or low). Fifty counties or groups of counties were selected based on vehicle miles of travel in those locations. In the next stage, roadways were selected from two categories: major roads and local roads. Of the originally selected sites, some were found to be ineligible during mapping and data collection, and at some sites no vehicles were observed. In 2006, a newly designed sample of observation sites emerged; subsequent years’ NOPUS surveys used a combination of sites from the old and new samples. In 2009, a blend of 65 percent of sites were determined using the new methodology and 35 percent of sites were obtained from the old methodology. In 2009, a total of 100,000 passenger vehicles were observed, down from

116, 000 in 2008. 947 motorcycles were also observed during the 2009 NOPUS.

Each reported estimate has been statistically weighted according to the sample design. Two kinds of error can be attributed to all survey research: sampling and nonsampling. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. The source information provides two standard errors along with each estimate. Nonsampling errors could include problems such as vehicles not counted, incorrect determination of restraint use, and data entry mistakes, among others.

TABLE 2

- 31. Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints

The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to calculate the number of lives saved by the use of restraints. The methodology used is outlined in a NHTSA report, Research Note, Estimating Lives Saved by Restraint Use in Potentially Fatal Crashes (Washington, DC: June 1995). The general approach is to adjust the observed number of fatalities by a determined effectiveness rate for each type of restraint. This equates to subtracting the actual fatalities from the potential fatalities to determine the number of lives saved. This meth od is more accurate than earlier

estimation methods since all calculations are derived from NHTSA's count of fatalities in which restraints were used. Reported restraint use is believed to be accurate for fatalities.

The key to NHTSA's calculations is the effectiveness estimate for preventing fatalities for each type of restraint. With the exception of an adjustment in the effectiveness estimate for front outboard air bag

- only restraint use in passenger cars (NHTSA, Fourth Report to Congress, Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use

, Washington, DC, May 1999), a list of effectiveness estimates can be found in a NHTSA report, Estimating Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes in Light of Increases in Restraint Use , published in March 1998.This report also includes additional references describing the determination of these effectiveness estimates.



# TRANSIT DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 32

. Transit Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2

- 33

. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents

TABLE 2

- 34 . Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents

TABLE 2

- 38

. Re ports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode

The data for this report are obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD) Reporting System. Transit agencies are required to file an NTD report at regular intervals if they are recipients of Urbanized Area Formula Funds. In 2008, 692 agencies reported to the NTD. Of that total, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated 9 or fewer

# vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters were included in the NTD, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of passenger

- miles traveled on transit.

Transit operators report fatalities, injuries, accidents, incidents, and property damage in excess of $1,000. Electronic reporting has recently been implemented for the NTD. Certification from a company's Chief Executive Officer must accompany all NTD reports along with an independent auditor's statement. Upon receipt, an NTD report is reviewed and outstanding items noted in writing to the agency that submitted the form. (See glossary for transit fatality, injury, and accident definitions.)

Four major categories of transit safety are collected: 1) collisions, 2) derailments/buses going off the road, 3) personal casualties, and 4) fires. These major categories are divided into subcategories. The collisions category comprises collisions with vehicles, objects, and people (except suicides). Of the four major categories, only the first two are included in the definition of transit accidents adopted in this report (see glossary). Understanding this definition of accident is relevant to understanding how double counting is removed in the grand total of U.S. t ransportation fatalities and injuries. (See cross modal comments in box 2 -1 .)

Transit data submitted to the NTD are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret data.

Security

FTA collects security da ta from transit agencies serving urbanized areas of over 200,000 in population, using Form 405, and manages it in the National Transit Database (NTD). The reporting of security data follows the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (Washington, DC: 1984) an d is divided into two categories: 1) Reported Offenses, including violent and property crime, and 2) Arrests, consisting of less serious crimes. The figures for violent and property crime are based on records of calls for service, complaints, and/or investigations. They do not reflect the findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a prosecutor. Security data were first reported in 1995 and were not compiled for earlier years.

In 2008, the number of agencies reporting to this database was 692. Of tha t, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated nine or fewer vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters are included in the full database in 2000.



# RAILROAD DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 5. Highway

- Rail Grade

- Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 39

. Railroad and Grade

- Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class

TABLE 2

- 40

. Railroad and Grade

- Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class

TABLE 2

- 41

. Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident

TABLE 2

- 42

. Railroad Passenger Safety Data

# TABLE 2

- 39. Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2

- 40. Fatalities and Injuries of On

- Duty Railroad Employees

Railroads are required to file a report for each train accident resulting in property damage in excess of $9,200 (2010 threshold), each highway

- rail accident, and each incident involving the operation of a railroad resulting in a fatality or a reportable injury. (See glossary for reportable injury, train accident and incident, and nontrain incident definitions.)

Reporting requirements, which are fixed in law, are very broad and encompass events not strictly related to transportation. For example, if a passenger falls on a staircase and breaks a leg in the station while going to a train, the injury would be reported and appear in the data as a rail injury.



# WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 45

. Waterborne Transportation Safety Data and Property Damage Related to Vessel

Casualties

TABLE 2

- 46

. Waterborne Transporta tion Safety Data Not Related to Vessel Casualties

U.S. waterborne fatality and injury data are based on reports required by CFR Part 4.05

- 10. This code requires that the owner, agent, master, operator, or person in charge file a written report of any marine casualty or accident within five days of the accident. Reports must be delivered to Investigative Officers (IOs) at a U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office or Marine Inspection Office at the U.S. Department of Transportation, who use these reports as gu ides to investigate the marine casualty or accident. The IO ensures that all the entries on the forms are filled out and errors are corrected. Regulations require IO notification of marine casualties for certain circumstances, including loss of life; injuries that require medical treatment beyond first aid; and, for individuals engaged or employed onboard a vessel in commercial service, injuries that render a person unfit to perform routine duties.

Incidents requiring an investigation include death, injury resulting in substantial impairment, and other incidents determined important to promoting the safety of life or property or to protect the marine environment. These incidents are investigated in accordance with procedures set forth in the regulations. Furthermore, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act mandates that certain incidents be reported to the U.S. Coast Guard. The reports are entered into the Marine Safety Information System, which is later analyzed and transferred to the Marine Safety Managemen t System maintained in Washington, DC.



# RECREATIONAL BOATING DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

# TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mod e

TABLE 2

- 47

. Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2

- 48

. Personal Watercraft Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 49

. U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Years

Operators of boats involved in an accident resulting in 1) a fatality, 2) an injury requiring medical treatment beyond first aid, 3) damage to the vessel or other property greater than $25,000 or complete loss of vessel, or 4) the disappearance of a person from the vessel under circumstances indicating death or injury are required to file a report with the U.S. Coast Guard. If a person dies within 24 hours of the occurrence, requires medical treatment beyond first aid, or disappears from the vessel, reports must be made within 48 hours of the occurrence. In cases involving only damage to the vessel and/or property, reports are to be submitted within 10 days of the occurrence. Although there is no quantitative estimate of the response rate, there may be considerable underreporting, especially of nonfatal

acc idents, because of the difficulty of enforcing the requirement and because boat operators may not always be

aware of the law.



# NATURAL GAS AND LIQUID PIPELINE DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 6. Hazardous Materials Safety Data and Property Damage Data

Incidents resulting in certain unintentional releases of hazardous materials must be reported under 49 CFR 171.16. Each carrier must submit a report to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) within 30 days of the incident, including information on the mode of transportation invol ved, results of the incident, and a narrative description of the accident. These reports are made available on the incident database within 60 days of receipt.

Fatalities and injuries are counted only if they are directly due to a hazardous material. For example, a truck operator killed by impact forces during a motor vehicle crash would not be counted as a hazardous

- material fatality. PHMSA verifies all reported fatalities and injuries by telephone with the carrier submitting the report. Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if subsequently detected and reported, it may not be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Although PHMSA acknowledges that there is some level of underreporting, it believes that the underreporting is limited to small, nonserious incidents. As incident severity increases, it is more likely that the incident will come to PHMSA's attention and will ultimately be reported. Additionally, the reporting requirements were extended to intrastate highway carriers on October 1, 1998, and the response rate from this new group is expected to increase over time. Property damage figures are estimates determined by the carrier prior to the 30

- day reporting deadline and are generally not subsequently updated. Prop erty damage figures, therefore, may underestimate actual damages.

TABLE 2

- 50

. Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety and Property Damage Data

U.S. fatality and injury data for natural gas pipelines are based on reports filed with the U.S. Depart ment of Transportation (USDOT), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS). Accidents must be reported as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after discovery. Reports are sent to the Information Systems Manager at the OPS. Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if subsequently detected and reported, it may not be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Property damage figures are estimates. (See glossary for gas and liquid pipeline fatality data and injury definitions.)

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 3 Transportation and the Economy

TABLE 3

- 1 & 3 -2 . U.S. Gross Domestic Product Attributed to For

- Hire Transportation Se rvices (Current and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3 -3 & 3-4 . U.S. Gross Domestic Product Attributed to Transportation

- Related Final Demand (Current and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3

- 5 & 3.6 . U.S. Gross Domestic Demand Attributed to Transportation

- Related Final Demand (Current

and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3- 7 & 3-8 . Contributions to Gross Domestic Product: Selected Indu stries (Current and chained 2005 dollars)

TABLE 3 -9 . Gross Domestic Product by Major Social Function

Tables 3

- 1 through 3 -8 present data on transportation's contributions to the economy through consumption (or the money spent on transportation activity). The Survey of Current Business (SCB) published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The SC B is a monthly journal that contains estimates of U.S. economic activity, including industry contributions to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is defined as the net value of the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. BEA constructs two complementary measures of GDP

- one based on income and the other on expenditures (product). Together, they represent the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA), our nation's principle framework for macroeconomic estimates. The product side results from the addition of labor, capital, and taxes for producing output. Consumption derives from household, business, and government expenditures and net foreign purchases.

Table s 3-5 and 3

- 6 present transportation's economic i mpact in a different form, Gross Domestic Demand (GDD). Also derived from the national accounts, GDD is the sum of personal consumption, gross private domestic investment, and government purchases. GDD includes imports, but excludes exports, thus counting only what is consumed, purchased, or invested in the United States.

GDP Methodology

The 1960 through 1985 data in table 3

- 1 are from the November 1993 issue of the SCB. The 1990 through 1991 data and 1992 through 1996 data are from an August 1996 and November 1997 SCB issue respectively. The October 1999 issue introduced a revised methodology for GDP estimates (Yuskavage 1996). This section describes BEA's methodology for estimating transportation's share of GDP.

BEA's current

- dollar estimates of GDP by industry rely on several sources, including the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the Health Care Financing Administration, and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Some of the tables in this chapter report chained

- dollar figures. BEA derived chained dollars by using the Fisher Ideal Quantity Index to calculate changes between adjacent years (Parker and Triplett 1996; Landerfeld and Parker 1997). Annual changes are then chained to form a time series that incorporates the effects of relative price and output composition changes. Please refer to page 142 of the August 1996 issue of the Survey of Current Business for the mathematical formulas (Yuskavage 1996). This method produced separate estimates of gross output and intermediate inputs for a sector's GDP calculation. BEA updated the reference year for the chained

- dollar estimates from 1992 to 1996.

Transportation GDP in chained dollars was estimated using the double

- deflation method, which relies on a chain

- type quantity index formula, and requires gross output and intermediate input information. Principal source data for the transportation categories include: 1) operating revenues of air carriers and Federal Express from the U.S. Department of Transportation and public sources (air); 2) operating revenues for Class I motor carriers from historical records of the Interstate Commerce Commission and Census Bureau annual surveys (trucking and warehousing); 3)

# BEA personal consumption expenditures (PCE), BLS, and trade sources (local and interurban passenger transit); 4) operating revenues for Class I railroads and Amtrak (rail); and 5) other trade sources (pipelines).Data sources for water were not provided (Yuskavage, 1996).

Table 3

- 1 reported current dollar estimates from various SCB issues. BEA derived the 1991 data and subsequent years in four steps:

1. BEA's benchmark input

- output (I

- O) tables produced input compositions for 1977, 1982, and 1987.

2. BEA estimated 1978 through 1981 and 1983 through 1986 input compositions by interpolating the 1977, 1982, and 1987 figures

. 3. BEA estimates the 1977 through 1987 imported and domestically imported shares of each detailed input.

4. BEA estimates the 1988 through 1994 input compositions based on the 1987 figures and the Economic

Censuses of 1992.

For intermediate input estimations, BEA deflates each of the current

- dollar inputs. (BEA deflates import and domestic production separately.) For deflation, quantities are approximated by real values (expressed at present with 1996 as the base period) that are calculated by divi ding the current

- dollar value of the component by its price index. BEA develops estimates for import prices with data from a variety of sources, but primarily from the BLS import price

series.

Reliability and Accuracy

BEA views GDP as a reliable measure of output because of the source data underlying the estimates. The following reliability comments are based on the Valliant (1993) SCB article and Ritter (2000). GDP data originate from three types of sources. The foundational data come first from the economic censuses conducted every five years. These approach complete enumerations of sectoral activity in state and local governments, manufacturing, services, retail trade, wholesale trade, construction, transportation, communications and utilities, mining, fi nance, insurance, and real

estate. Annual estimates form the second tier of GDP data and emanate form sources such as IRS tax returns and smaller surveys of establishments. The Annual Retail Trade Survey, for instance, forms one of the major components

of the annual estimates. The U.S. Census Bureau collects sales and end

- of

- year inventory data from about 22,000 retail firms totaling $2 trillion of the $8.8 trillion GDP amount. While considered reliable by many economists,
sampling variability may introduce errors into these annual estimates. Moreover, the Census Bureau imputes (substitutes estimates for missing or clearly incorrect data) about 11 percent of reported national annual retail sales because of accounting inconsistencies or raw survey data errors. The third component of the GDP flows from quarterly estimates.

In the October 1993 SCB, Valliant described the reliability and accuracy of the quarterly estimates of GDP, providing insights into the pre

- 1985 data in terms of dispersion and bias. BEA followed a schedule that produced three successive "current" estimates; advanced, preliminary, and final. BEA analysts developed a dispersion and bias

measure based on the difference between these three estimates.

Dispersion is the average of the absolute values of the revisions, or, the difference between P, representing the percentage change in the current estimates, and L representing the percentage change in the latest available estimates, divided by n, representing the number of quarterly changes. Bias is the average of the revisions. According to the October 1993 SCB, dispersion averaged 1.6 percent from 1958 to 63 and dropped to 1.1 percent for 1968 to 1972. BEA stated that these declines in dispersion correspond with more accurate initial and final estim ates subsequent to the late 1950s.For years after 1973 until 1991, the BEA concluded that more accurate source data for preliminary and final estimates did not improve reliability by much. BEA also determined that bias was not large enough from 1978 to 1991 to be significant under normality assumptions at the five - percent confidence level. Overall, for the period beginning in 1978 and covering the 1985 data from table 3

- 1, the BEA concluded there was no evidence of reliability increases. BEA also questioned its own estimating procedures and, in particular, the use of disparate sources of data, which may explain why reliability levels have not increased.

The NIPA framework also undergoes major updates referred to as comprehensive, or benchmark revisions. Eleven of these have been completed including one in 1996 and most recently on October 28, 1999 that provided the data for

tables 3

- 1 through 3 -8 .The major change encompassed a definitional change reflecting our evolving economic system. Software became a business investment rather than just a "purchased input," or the equivalent of raw material. Unless the company increased the price of its product to cover software purchases, no impact registered in the GDP. With this benchmark revision, the Census Bureau increased the 1996 estimate by $115 billion, or 1.5

# percent

-- the amount of software investments made in that year. Another change involved the Census Bureau's interpretation of the value of "unpriced" banking services such as ATM (automatic teller machine) c ontributions to an establishment's productivity. Previously, banking service productivity relied only on an index constructed from labor input. Economists argued that this ignored productivity gains from technological improvements such as ATMs and

electron ic banking. The BLS developed a productivity based instead of bank transactions, and this was used in the 1999 revision. For more detail, readers should refer to Moulton and Seskin (1999).

Sources of Error for GDP Estimates

The GDP estimates can contain several kinds of error. One source of error arises from estimates based on preliminary or incomplete tabulations of source data or BEA judgment in the absence of data. Errors may also arise because of sampling errors and biases in monthly, quarterly, annual, or periodic tabulations. Another source of potential error may arise when data are seasonally adjusted. Readers should refer to the October 1993 SCB issue for more detail (Young 1993).

NIPA and Transportation

- Related Final Demand

For tables 3

- 7 and 3 -8

, transportation

- related final demand (TRFD) is from NIPA reported in the SCB. It represents the sum of all consumer and government expenditures for transportation purposes, plus the value of goods and services purchased by business as investment for transportation purposes. Since TRFD includes only expenditures on the final products of the economy, it is comparable to GDP and provides a measure of transportation's importance from a consumption perspective.

NIPA tables report the composition of production and the distribution of incomes earned in production. The totals of these produce a GDP estimate that should theoretically be equal, but there is always a difference referred to as the "statistical discrepancy." NIPA is based on four subaccounts of national economic activity. These include 1) the personal income and outlay account, 2) the gross savings and investment account, 3) the government receipts and expenditures account, and 4) the foreign transactions account.

Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) for transportation include 1) road motor vehicles, such as new and used automobiles, and motorcycles; 2) motor vehicle parts, such as tires, tubes, accessories; 3) motor fuels and lubricants; and 3) transportation services, such as repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage, rental, leasing, tolls, insurance, and purchased local and intercity transportation services. Motor vehicles used primarily for recreation, boats,
noncommercial trailers, and aircraft are excluded.

Gross private domestic fixed investment in transportation includes private purchases of transportation structures and equipment. Transportation structures include railroads and petroleum pipelines. Transportation equipment consists of automobiles, trucks, buses, truck trailers, aircraft, ships and boats, and railroad equipment.

Goods and services that are counted as part of transportation

- related exports include 1) civilian aircraft, engines, and parts; 2) road motor vehicles, engines, and parts; 3) passenger fares, including receipts of U.S. air and ocean/cruise carriers for transporting non

- U.S. residents between the United States and foreign countries or between two foreign points; and 4) other transportation. The total for road motor vehicles, engines and parts excludes boats, aircraft, and

n oncommercial trailers. Other transportation includes 1) the freight revenues of U.S.

- operated ocean, air, and other carriers (e.g., rail, pipeline, and Great Lakes shipping) for international transport of U.S. exports and for transporting foreign freight between foreign points; 2) port expenditure receipts (representing payments for goods and services purchased in the United States by foreign

- operated carriers); and 3) receipts of U.S. owners from foreign operators

for the charter of vessels and rental of f reight cars and containers.

Goods and services that are counted as part of transportation

- related imports include 1) civilian aircraft, engines, and parts; 2) road motor vehicles, engines, and parts; 3) passenger fares, including payments to foreign air an d ocean/cruise carriers for the transportation of U.S. residents between the United States and foreign countries or between two foreign points; and 4) other transportation. The total for road motor vehicle, engines and parts excludes
boats, aircraft, and n on

- commercial trailers. Other transportation includes 1) freight revenues of foreign

- operated ocean, air, and other carriers (e.g., rail, pipeline, and Great Lakes shipping) for international transport of U.S. imports and for the transportation of foreign freight between foreign points; 2) port expenditure receipts (representing payments for goods and services purchased in foreign countries by U.S.

- operated carriers); and 3) payments to foreign owners from U.S. operators for the charter of vessels and renta l of freight cars and containers.

# Transportation

- related government purchases include federal, state, and local purchases of transportation services, and government expenditures on transportation

- related structures and equipment. Federal, state, and local purchases represent the sum of consumption expenditures and gross inventory. Defense

- related purchases include expenditures on the transportation of materials (care and movement of goods by water, rail, truck, and air); the rental of trucks and other transportation equipment and warehousing fees; and travel of persons (care and movement of Department of Defense military civilian employees), including tickets for all modes of travel, per diem, taxi fares, automobile rental, and mileage allowances for privately owned vehicles.

Further References

This data source and accuracy statement is based on several papers that have appeared in the SCB. Data users who desire more methodological detail can refer to the list of references at the end of this chapter.

TABLE 3

- 10

. National Transportation and Economic Trends

The Statistical Abstract of the United States published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, is the source of the population data. The Current Population Reports are the source of the Abstract's data that are collected through the Current Population Survey (CPS). This is a monthly survey administered by the Census Bureau of a scientifically selected sample representative of the noninstitutional civilian population in 754 areas covering every state and the District of Columbia. Like other surveys, the CPS is subject to sampling error. Readers should note that estimates based on the CPS may not agree with census counts because different procedures are used. Changes i n the CPS also mean that annual comparisons must be made with caution. For instance, in 1994, the CPS methodology was dramatically changed, and the estimates began to incorporate 1990 census population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount.

Indus trial production data come from the Industrial Production Index, produced by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and published in the Economic Report of the President . For annual figures, individual industrial production (IP) indexes are constructed from a variety of sources, including the quinquennial Censuses of Manufactures and Mineral Industries; the Annual Survey of Manufactures, prepared by the Census Bureau; the Minerals Yearbook, prepared by the U.S. Department of the Interior; and publications of the U.S. Department of Energy. The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) uses these data in a modeling framework to produce estimates of industrial production. Below are brief discussions on three major sources for the IP indexes; the survey of

manuf actures, the census of manufactures, and the electric utility survey.

Annual Survey of Manufacturers

The Census Bureau conducts a mail survey of approximately 55,000 manufactures with three different sample strata. The sampling frame is based on previously surveyed firms and is updated annually based partially on IRS administrative records and other sources. Large manufactures (shipments > $500 million, and > 250 employees), some computer manufacturing firms, and all remaining firms with at least 250 employees are selected. Establishments with employment generally ranging from 20 to 250 employees are sampled with a probability proportional to a composite measure of establishment size. Approximately 5,000 of the smallest firms (5 to 20 employees) are also sampled and receive a shorter survey instrument. Additional information on the survey, readers

should refer to www.census.gov/econ/www/ma0300.html

.

Census of Manufacturers

The Census of Manufactures collects data through mail surveys from approximately 237,000 multiunit and single

- unit firms with a minimum payroll figure. This census is supplemented by IRS administrative data from over 142,000 firms not contacted by mail. For additional information on the census, readers should refer to www.census.gov/econ/www/ma0100.html

.

Electric Utility Survey

Since 1971, the FRB has conducted the Monthly Survey of Industrial Electricity Use based on responses from utilities and manufacturing and mining firms that are cogenerators. This survey is the basis for estimates of the amount of electricity power used by 120 industrial sectors. More than 40 industrial prod uction series estimates are based on data from this survey and compose 28 percent of the Industrial Production Index in 1994 value

- added proportions.

# Survey responses are voluntary and are gathered from a panel of 175 utilities and 186 cogenerating companies with a monthly response rate near 95 percent. In 1992, an additional 71 new cogenerators joined the panel. This resulted, according to an FRB statistical analysis, in a decrease of the standard deviation of errors for electricity growth rates from 3.0 to 1.9 percentage points. Overall, the estimates for total power use produce a standard error of about 0.5 percentage points. The panel accounts for approximately 73 percent of industrial electric power use in the United

States.

The Survey of Current Business , published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, is the source of GDP estimates. Readers should refer to the source and accuracy statement for tables 3

- 1 through 3

- 5

for information on GDP estimates.

TABLE 3

- 11

. Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End

- Users

The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) Monthly Energy Review , tables 9.4 and

9.7 , provided price data, except for railroad fuel. Pre

- 1981 data were reported by the EIA from Bureau of Labor Statistics reports. Beginning in 1983, the EIA administered a series of surveys to collect data on petroleum prices, market distribution, supply, and demand. The EIA

- 782 series encompasses three surveys: 1) Form EIA

- 782A, Refiners'/Gas Plant Operators' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report; 2) Form EIA

- 782B, Resellers'/Retailers' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report; and 3) Form EIA

- 782C, Monthly Report of Prime Supplier Sales of Petroleum Products Sold for Local Consumption.

EIA developed a method for comparing data from the new surveys with older information gathered by various methods. As a result, a number of adjustment factors were developed and used to "backcast" price estimates. Readers who require a more detailed description of this methodology should refer to EIA's petroleum data publications web page ( www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/pet frame.html ) and the explanatory notes section.

Changes in sample elements or collection methods may affect data continuity. Two regulatory changes affected data collection in October 1993.The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 required that oxygenated gasoline be sold in the
winter months in ozone nonattainment areas. Thus, the EIA

- 782 forms were modified to collect information on fuels divided among conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated categories. Second, requirements for the production and selling of low

- sulfur diesel were required and necessitated the separation of diesel fuel into high - and low

- sulfur categories. Moreover, surveys prior to October 1993 did not include propane. The EIA followed several different sampling designs during two periods in the 1980s and thus, there may be some price estimate discontinuity for periods between December 1983 and January 1984 as well as between August and September of 1988.

Data Collection

The 782 series occurs on a monthly schedule via mail. The 782A and 782C surveys reflect a census of about 115 and 190 firms, respectively. The 782B samples about 2,000 firms. The EIA first stratifies by sales volume for the form 782B survey to ensure that dealers with 5 percent or more of the market are captured with certainty. The remaining elements of the frame were assigned a probability of selection to form a 2,200 firm survey. These "noncert ainty" companies were poststratified by geographic area and type of sales category.

Data Reliability

EIA has studied its sampling effects on reliability and determined that the sample size of 2,000 should yield a less

than 1

- percent price coefficient of va riation in its estimates. Errors can arise because of nonresponse, but an EIA official indicated that the response rates for the 1997

- 1999 782A, B, and C surveys averaged 95 percent, 86 percent, and 96 percent, respectively. Because survey data invariably contain incomplete data (because of reporting errors or nonresponse), EIA estimates or "imputes" missing data. Readers requiring imputation algorithms should refer to the 782 series explanatory notes referred to above.

TABLE 3

- 12

. Price Trend of Gasoline v . Other Consumer Goods and Services

Data in this table were reproduced from the American Petroleum Institute's (API) Basic Petroleum Data Book . API noted that data reported prior to 1981 was obtained from Platt's Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac . Platt's is part of Standard and Poor's, and an independent third party organization that tracks the petroleum industry. Platt's reported the retail price of gasoline based on telephone interviews with gas stations in 55 cities. More detailed historical

# information on their data collection methods could not be ascertained and the data's reliability is uncertain. API reported the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) as its data source for 1981 to 2001 retail gasoline prices. The remainder of this section discusses the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI) data collection and estimation methods used to derive the average retail price of gasoline.

BLS uses the CPI as a measure of average price changes paid by urban consumers for a fixed basket of goods and

services. BLS estimates th e CPI with a survey

- based approach. Survey results define a categorization of goods and services, a representative sample of items to track, and weights according to the consumption of an average consumer during a base period.

Sample Design

BLS relies on two sampling frames for their CPI estimates. One represents the universe of retail outlets from which households may purchase defined groups of commodities and services including gasoline. A second represents
households across urban areas. Moreover, the household frame is based on an "urban

- consumer" population and consists of households in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) and in urban places with more than 2,500 inhabitants. This "all urban" CPI (CPI

- U) provides the estimates for retail gasoline prices shown in table 3

- 9.Thus, this frame does not represent non

- urban consumers.

For the retail outlet sampling frame, BLS relies on the Point

- of

- Purchase Survey (CPOPS) conducted by the Census Bureau in 94 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) identified by BLS. PSUs are based on urban counties, groups of contiguous urban counties, or MSAs. For the household sample, a noncompact clustering procedure was employed which dispersed households evenly within a Census enumeration district (ED). More detailed sampling design

information can be found in BLS's Handbook of Methods at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm

.

Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 91 PSUs located in 85 urban areas throughout the country. The sample size for the CPOPS totals about 21,000 retail and service establishments

supermarkets, department stores, gasoline stations, hospitals, etc. Food, fuels, and a few other items are pri ced monthly in all 85 locations. BLS field representatives collect all price information through visits or telephone calls in the household surveys. Price changes are computed based on a sample of outlets selected from locations identified by consumers. Specific sample items are then selected from each sample outlet to ensure that the market basket is representative of where households shop.

Estimation

BLS routinely updates its price estimates for specific items among the collection of goods and services, for example, a new car model year. BLS employs three techniques to produce new price estimates. First, an item that is directly comparable to the previous discontinued good will be used to provide a price estimate. However, a substitute item may be inapprop riate when goods change slightly in their characteristics. BLS relies on Hedonic regression modeling as a second "quality adjustment" for price estimates. This statistical technique can model the importance of various quality characteristics that add value to a particular good (the fiber content and construction of apparel products for instance). A researcher can estimate a Hedonic regression model that identifies the factors most important is determining the price of a good, and BLS field representatives will note these in their data collection. Imputation is a third quality adjustment used for "noncomparable" substitutions where BLS estimates the price change from previous averages. Detailed algorithms can be found in chapter 17 of the BLS Handbook of Meth ods at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm

.

Effective January 1999, BLS began using a new formula for calculating the basic components of the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI

- U) and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI- W). The new formula, the geometric mean estimator, is used in index categories that comprise approximately 61 percent of total consumer spending represented by the CPI

- U. Based on BLS research, it is expected that use of the new formula will reduce the annual rate of increase in the CPI by approximately 0.2 percentage point per year. Additional information on this change was published in the April 1998 CPI Detailed Report and is available on the

Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm

.

Accuracy

One of the CPI's limitations is that it represents price movements for urban residents and may not correctly represent nonurban consumption patterns. The CPI may also contain sampling error because it is estimated from a sample of

# consumer purchases. Nonsampling error may occur if respondents provide BLS field representatives with inaccurate or incomplete information. Another potential source of error identified by BLS may occur because of a time lag

between the Point

- of

- Purchase Survey and the initiation o f price collection for commodities and services at resampled outlets. Because of the time lag, the products offered by the outlet at the time pricing is initiated may not coincide with the set from which the CPOPS respondents were purchasing.

The CPI is also subject to response error when data are not collected because of non

- response. BLS established a nonresponse auditing program in 1986.It reported that response rates in 1990 for transportation commodities and services were above 90 percent.

Bias

Four categories of bias were identified in the BLS report, Measurement Issues in the Consumer Price Index

, published in 1997. First, because of the fixed

- weight nature of the index, the CPI creates substitution bias by placing too much weight on items measured in previous surveys from which consumers may have shifted away. Second, the study found that the index did not account for consumers switching to discount stores. Third, a quality change bias was also identified when the differences between goods priced in two different periods cannot be accurately measured nor deduced from the accompanying price difference between the goods. Finally, the report noted that the CPI also had a new product bias because the index inadequately reflected consumer value of pr oducts introduced

into the market. The commission concluded that the CPI overstated the true cost

- of

- living change by 1.1 percentage points per year.

TABLE 3 -13 . Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services and Warehousing Services (NAICS)

TABLE 3 -14 . Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment (NAICS)

Data shown in these tables are drawn from annual issues of The Supplement to Producer Price Indexes published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the U.S. Department of Labor. These indexes represent a measure of outputs in all goods

- producing American industries as well as partial coverage of service industries including transportation. BLS defines a price as the net revenue accrued to a specified production establishment from a specified kind of buyer for a specific product shipped under specific transaction terms on a specified day of the month. BLS collects this data series through surveys of a sample of establishments that report their prices from economic transactions.

Data Collection

A BLS field economist visits an establishment or cluster of establishments selected for price sampling. The economist uses a disaggregation procedure to select a sample of transactions from all the establishment's revenue

- producing activities. This disaggregation procedure assigns a probability of selection to each shipping or receipt category proportionate to its value within a reporting unit. In most cases, the final price index produced by the BLS requires that 1) there are at least three different respondents to a survey, 2) at least two reporting units provide price information in a given month, and 3) no single respondent accounts for 50 percent or more of the weight for a given

item.

BLS regional offices review field data for consistency and completeness. The national office then conducts a final review and a survey is then tailored specifically to establishments or clusters of establishments. BLS refers to these as repricing schedules and sends them to reporting establishments on a regular basis. Most prices refer to a reporting schedule on a particular day of the month, usually, the first Tuesday or the 13th of a month.

Estimation

BLS collects prices for over 100,000 items. It utilizes several different weighting schemes for the numerous indexes

pro duced because some products will have a greater effect on the movement of groupings of individual products. BLS utilizes the net output of shipment values as weights for the 4

- digit SIC industries. Net output values include only shipments from establishmen ts in one industry to other industry establishments and, thus, differ from gross shipment values. The latter would include shipments among establishments in the same industry, even if those establishments are separate firms. BLS also makes seasonal adjustments if statistical tests and economic rationale justify them, and computes data when a participating company does not deliver a price report. BLS bases the missing price estimation on the average of price changes for similar products reported by other est ablishments.

# Accuracy

As in all surveys, the accuracy of producer price indexes depends on the quality of information voluntarily provided by participating establishments. One of the accuracy concerns of BLS revolves around the preferred use of realistic

t ransaction prices (including discounts, premiums, rebates, allowances, etc.) rather than list or book prices. Before BLS fully changed its data collection method in 1986, a survey indicated that about 20 percent of traditional commodity indexes were based on list prices. The newer and more systematic methodology decreased the use of list prices. BLS documentation (available at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom ) provided no more details on sampling error, response rates, or the availability of generalized variance parameters or techniques for estimating them.

TABLE 3 -15 . Personal Expenditures by Category

TABLE 3 -16. Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory

Data used in these tables are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Report of Consumer Expenditure Survey

. The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) collects information from U.S. households and families on their buying habits (expenditures), income, and consumer characteristics. The strength of the survey is that it allows data users to relate the expenditures and income of consumers to the characteristics of those consumers. BLS uses 11 standard characteristics to classify consumers, including income, b efore

- tax income class, age, size of the consumer unit, composition of the consumer unit, number of earners, housing tenure, race, type of area (urban or rural), region, and occupation.

The CEX is a national probability sample of households. The sampling frame (i.e., the list from which housing units are chosen) for this survey is generated from the 1990 census 100

- percent detail file, which is augmented by a sample drawn from new construction permits. Coverage improvement techniques are also utilized to el iminate recognized deficiencies in the census.

Data Collection

The current survey consists of two separate surveys (Interview and Diary), each utilizing a different data collection technique and sample. Data is collected for each survey from approximately 5,000 households. In the Interview survey, each consumer unit (CU) in the sample is interviewed every three months over five calendar quarters. The interviewer uses a structured questionnaire to collect both the demographic and expenditure data in the Inte rview survey. The interviewer collects the demographic data in the Diary survey whereas the respondent enters the expenditure data on the diary form. Both surveys accept proxy responses from any eligible household member who is at least 16 years old if an adult is not available after a few attempts to contact that person. The respondent family completes the Diary (or recordkeeping) survey at home for two consecutive one

- week periods.

A reinterview program for the CEX provides quality control. The program pr ovides a means of evaluating individual interviewer performance to determine how well the procedures are being carried out in the field. A member of the supervisory staff conducts the reinterview. Subsamples of approximately 6 percent of households in the Interview survey and 17 percent in the Diary survey are reinterviewed on an ongoing basis. A new diary form with more categories and expanded use of cues for respondents was introduced in 1991, based on results from earlier field and laboratory studies.

Estimation

Missing or invalid data on demographic or work experience are imputed. No imputation is done for missing data on expenditures or income. Selected portions of the Diary data are also adjusted by automated imputation and allocation routines when respondents report insufficient detail to meet publication requirements. These procedures are performed annually on the data. The imputation routines assign qualifying information to data items when there is clear evidence of invalid nonresponse.

The statisti cal estimation of the population quantities of interest, such as the average expenditure on a particular item by a CU or the total number of CUs in a particular demographic group, is conducted via a weighting scheme. Each CU included in the survey is assig ned a weight that is interpreted as representing the number of similar families in the universe of interest, the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population. Readers should refer to http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch16 c.htm for the detailed weighting method.

# Beginning with 1997 data, BLS introduced a new calibration method to compute weights in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. The weights are calculated using a model

- assisted, design

- based regression estimator.

Accuracy

The Consumer Expenditures Survey is a sample survey and hence is subject to two types of errors, nonsampling and sampling. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, such as differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of the respondent to provide correct information, mistakes in recording or coding the data obtained, and other errors of collection, response, processing, coverage, and estimation for missing data. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown. Sampling errors occur because the survey data are collected from a sample and not from the entire population. Tables with coefficients of variation and other reliability statistics are available on request from the national office. However, because the statistics are shown at the detailed item level, the

tables are extensive.

TABLE 3 -17. Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile

Your Driving Costs produced by the American Automobile Association (AAA) provided the data for this table. Prior to 1985, the cost figures are for a mid

- sized, current model, American car equipped with a variety of standard and optional accessories. After 1985, the cost figures are for a composite of three current model American cars:

1. A 1999 Chevrolet Cavalier LS,

2. A 1999 Ford Taurus SEL Deluxe, and

3. A 1999 Mercury Grand Marquis LS.

Thus, the estimates are not reliable estimates for all cars.

Fuel costs were based on an average price of $1.195 per gallon of regular unleaded gasoline, weighted 20 percent

full

- serve and 80 percent self

- serve. Insurance figures were based on personal use of vehicles driven less than 10 miles to or from work, with no young drivers. Normal depreciation costs were based on the vehicle's trade

- in value at the end of four years or at 60,000 miles. American Automobile Association (AAA) analysis covers vehicles equipped with standard and optional accessories, including automatic transmission, air cond itioning, power steering, power disc
brakes, AM/FM stereo, driver

- and passenger side air bag, anti

- lock brakes, cruise control, tilt steering wheel, tinted glass, emission equipment and rear window defogger.

TABLE 3 -18 & 3 -29 . Average Passenger Fare (Curre nt and chained 2000 dollars)

TABLE 3 -22. Total Operating Revenues

Air

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), Office of Airline Information, reports passenger fares and operating revenues in its publication Air Car rier Financial Statistics . These numbers are based on 100 percent reporting by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors from nonreporting may occur but amount to less than one percent of all passenger or freight activity. The figures do not include data for all airlines;

such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines.

Class I Bus

Class I passenger motor carriers are required to report financial and operating information to BTS using form MP

1.(Prior to 1996, Class I carriers were required to report to the Interstate Commerce Commission.) Class I passenger motor carriers are defined as those having annual gross operating revenues, as adjusted for inflation, of $5,000,000 or more. This table does not include Class I carriers whose data had not been received at the time of publication. Thus, these data do not represent total Class I passenger motor carrier activity.

Transit

# The American Public Transit Association (APTA) reports these figures, which are based on the annual National Transit Database (NTD) report published by the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including capital expenditures, revenues and expenses. These data are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Re liability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private and very small operators and rural operators).

Rail

Data are from Railroad Facts published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figures are

based on 100

- percent reporting by all nine Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Sched ule

700 of the R1 Annual Report . STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million in 1991 and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the "Railroad Freight Rate Index" published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9
million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated, 91 percent of total freight rail revenue, and 88 percent of railroad employment.

Intercity/Amtrak

Average passenger fare data are based on 100 percent of issued tickets, and thus should be accurate. Created as a publicly

- owned for

- profit corporation, Amtrak collects its own financial data and reports this information in its annual report. Auditing should ensure the accuracy of the operating revenue figures.

Trucking and Courier Services (except air)

The Census Bureau's Transportation Annual Survey (formerly known as the Motor Freight Transportation and Warehousing Survey) is the source of this information. The sample survey represents all employer firms with one or more establishments engaged primarily in providing commercial motor freight transportation or public warehousing services. It excludes motor carriers that operate as auxiliary establishments to nontransportation companies, as well as independent owner

- operators with no paid employees. Thus, the data do not represent the total trucking industry.

In 1999, Transportation Annual Survey was merged with the Census Bureau's Service Annual Survey (SAS) and is

the source of data for years 1998 and later. SAS provides estimates of operating revenue of taxable firms and revenue and expenses of firms exempt from federal income taxes for selected service industries. Unlike the Transportation Annual Survey, the SAS is based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

As with all sample surveys, two types of errors are possible: sampling and nonsampling. Nonsampling errors may include response errors and mistakes in coding or keying data. For additional information about the survey and data reliability, the reader is referred to the Census Bureau website at www.census.gov

.

Water (Domestic)

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. is the source of these data. Eno estimates these figures by multiplying ton

- mile figures by estimated revenue per ton

- mile. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reports the ton

- mile figures in its publication Waterborne Commerce of the United States , and the revenue per ton

- miles figures are estimated by Eno.

Oil Pipeline

Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., publishes these data, which are based on Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) data and reported by the Oil Pipeline Research Institute for years 1977 to the present. FERC data originates from required quarterly reports filed by pipeline companies. Prior to 1977, the data are based on the former Interstate Commerce Commission data for regulated pipelines, and estimated to be 16 percent of the total of nonregulated pipelines.

# Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from Gas Facts , published annually by the American Gas Association (AGA).AGA data are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report and estimates for those companies not reporting based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time

- series comparisons.

TABLE 3 -23 . Employment in For

- Hire T ransportation and Selected Transportation

- Related Industries (NAICS)

Employment data by industry are from the National Employment, Hours, and Earnings estimates published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor. These estimates originate from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey program. The CES is a monthly survey conducted by state employment security agencies in cooperation with the BLS. The survey provides employment, hours, and earnings estimates based on payroll rec ords of nonfarm business establishments, including government.

BLS uses a stratified sample based on a sector's employment size, or the degree of variability among its establishments, or both. This ensures that BLS captures a more representative survey from employers with large payrolls. Thus, large establishments are certain of selection while smaller ones have less of chance.

Data Collection

Data are collected electronically from about two

- thirds of the respondents and by mail or fax from the remainder. T he primary type of electronic reporting is touch

- tone phone self

- response; others are computer

- assisted phone interviews and phone voice recognition technology. Increasingly, data are collected through electronic data interchange from a small but growing number of companies that have a large number of establishments across the country. Mail respondents submit Form 790 to the BLS each month. It is then edited and returned to the respondent for use again the following month. All firms with 250 employees or more are asked to participate in the survey, as well as a sample of smaller firms.

Estimation

Employment estimates are made at what is termed the basic estimating cell level and aggregated upward to broader levels of industry detail by simple addition. Basic cells are defined by industry (usually at the 3
- or 4

- digit SIC level) and are stratified within industry by geographic region and/or size class in the majority of cases. Within the wholesale trade, retail trade, and services divisions, most industries are stratified into three to five size classes (beginning in 1984).

Most national employment estimates are multiplied by bias adjustment factors to produce the monthly published estimates. Bias adjustment factors are used primarily to compensate for the inability to capture the entry of new firms on a timely basis. New firms contribute a substantial amount to employment growth each year, but there is a lag between the creation of a firm and its inclusion on the sample frame (i.e., the Unemployment Insurance universe file). It is, therefore, necessary to use modeling techniques to capture this segment of the population. BLS also performs seasonal adjustments for certain SIC industries.

Accuracy

BLS does not publish data reliability information along with estimates. Instead, it provides estimation formula and the necessary parameters so that users can estimate standard errors. For additional information, see the "Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error" in the BLS monthly publication Employment and Earnings

.

The CES survey, which began over 50 years ago, predates the introduction of probability sampling as the internationally recognized standard for sample surveys. Instead, a quota sample has bee n used since its inception. Quota samples are at risk for potentially significant biases, and recently completed BLS research suggests that, despite the large CES sample size, employment estimates based on that sample at times diverge substantially from

th ose that a more representative sample would have been expected to produce. This leads to an over

- reliance on bias adjustment in the estimation procedure. Because bias adjustment is primarily based on past experience, it is limited in its ability to accurat ely reflect changing economic conditions on a timely basis.

# Government Employment

The Office of the Secretary provides employment figures for the U.S. Department of Transportation. State and local highway department employment figures are from the State an d Local Government Employment and Payroll

Estimates , published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The data are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Employment and payroll data pertain to the month of October. At present, data are collected for one pay period that includes October 12 (regardless of the period's length) through the Public Employment Survey (PES).

Employment refers to all persons gainfully employed by and performing services for a government. Employees

include all persons paid for personal services performed from all sources of funds, including persons paid from federally funded programs, paid elected officials, persons in a paid leave status, and persons paid on a per meeting, annual, semiannual, or quarterly basis. Excluded from employment statistics are unpaid officials, pensioners, persons whose work is performed on a fee basis, and contractors and their employees.

The Census Bureau derives full

- time equivalent (FTE) employment by summing the number of full

- time employees reported and converting the number of hours worked by part

- time employees to a full

- time equivalent amount. Up until 1985 data, the method used to calculate FTEs was based solely on payroll data. Effective with 1986 data, the annual employment survey started collecting data on the number of hours worked by part

- time employees in order to provide a more accurate representation of full

- time equivalent employment. No October 1985 FTE employment data

are available.

Beginning in 1999, the Public Employment Survey (PES) was conducted using a separate sample of approximately 11,000 government units to improve data accuracy and survey efficiency. Government units meeting any of the following criteria are included in the survey: 1) counties with popula tions greater than 100,000; 2) cities with populations greater than 75,000; 3) townships in New England and Mid

- Atlantic with populations greater than 50,000; 4) special districts with FTEs greater than 1000; 5) independent school districts with enrollment greater than 10,000; and 6) all dependent and independent schools providing college level education. In 1999, government units were sampled to obtain a relative standard error of 3 percent or less for FTE and total payroll for each of the states by type

o f government groups.

Prior to 1993, the PES used a joint sample of approximately 24,000 units for both employment and finance. From 1993 to 1998, the sample size was reduced to around 14,000 units. The standard error for the PES prior to 1999 was designed to be around 3 percent for major state - or county

- level estimates of finance variables (state

- level for 1993

- 1998 and county

- level prior to 1993).Employment estimates are made using regression, except when the number of noncertainty cases contributing to the estimate is less than 20, where a simple unbiased estimate is used.

TABLE 3 -24 . Employment in Transportation and Transportation

- Related Occupations

TABLE 3 -26. Median Weekly Earnings of Full

- Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation by Detailed

Occ upation

Employment by detailed transportation occupation data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The OES is a periodic mail survey of nonfarm establishments that collects occupational employment data on workers by industry. The OES program surveys approximately 725,000 establishments in 400 detailed industries. The average response rate for the last three years, according to a BLS official, averaged about 70 percent.

The sample is selected primarily from the list of business establishments reporting to the state unemployment insurance program. The OES sample initially stratifies the universe of establishments by three

- digit industry code and

size - class code. Establishments employing 250 employees or more are sampled with certainty. Establishments employing fewer than 250 employees but more than 4 employees are sampled with probability proportional to the size class employment within each three

- digit industry. Establishments employing four or fewer employees (i.e., size class 1 establishments) are not sampled. Instead, the employment for these establishments are accounted for by assigning a larger sampling weight to establishments employing five to nine employees (i.e., size

- class 2 establishments).Within each three

- digit industry/size
- class cell, establishments are systematically selected into the sample through a single random start.

Data Collection

# Employers are the source of occupational data. Within establishments, the main source of occupational data reported by respondents is personnel records. Data are collected from respondents primarily by mail. Occasionally, visits are made to large employers and to other respondents who indicate particular difficulty in completing the questionnaires. Ordinarily, two mailings follow the initial mailing. After the third mailing, a subsample of the remaining nonrespondents is drawn and contacted by telephone. The OES survey follows a 3

- year cycle. Three surveys are conducted alternately for manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and the balance of nonmanufacturing industries.

Estimation

During the sample selection process, each sampled establishment is assigned a sampl ing weight that is equal to the reciprocal of its probability of selection. For example, if an establishment on the sampling frame had a 1 in 10 chance of being selected into the sample, then its sampling weight is 10. For establishments that did not respo nd to the survey, a nonresponse adjustment factor is calculated and applied against the sampling weights of the responding

establishments within each state/3

- digit industry/size

- class cell. Multiplying these adjustment factors by sampling weights increases the weight of the responding establishments so they can account for the missing employment data of the nonresponding establishments.

Accuracy

The OES survey uses a subsample replication technique to estimate variances in occupational employment at the 3

- digit industry/size

- class level. For additional information on occupational employment estimates and measurements of sampling error associated with the estimates, the reader is referred to http://stats.bls.gov/oes/home.htm

.

TABLE 3 -25. Average Wage and Salary Accruals per Full

- Time Equivalent Employee by Transportation Industry (NAICS)

TABLE 3

- 27

. Total Wage and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (NAICS)

The Survey of Current Business (tables 6.3c and 6.6c) published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, is the source of transportation wage and salary data. These estimates are based on BLS tabulations of employee wages that are covered by State unemployment insurance. As a component of the income side of National Income and Product Account, wages and salaries comprise part of the GDP calculation. These data reflect the monetary remuneration of employees in terms of wage accruals less disbursements. It is defined as the difference between wages and salaries on a "when

- earned" basis, or accrued, and wages and salaries on a "when

paid," or disbursed basis. This computation was instituted in 1992 because a significant portion of bonus payments

were missed i n previous calculations. Readers should also refer to the earlier discussion of GDP methods and reliability for more detail.

TABLE 3 -28. Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (NAICS)

The Bureau of Labor Statistic's (BLS) Industry Productivity Measures is the source of transportation labor productivity data. BLS develops industry productivity measures based on various data sources.

For rail, BLS uses freight ton

- mile and passenger miles that are collected by the Surface Transportation Board (STB), the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and Amtrak. BLS also aggregates four different air transportation outputs to form a single productivity index: domestic passenger

- miles, domestic freight ton

- miles, international

passen ger

- miles, and international freight ton

- miles. Air transportation data come from Air Carrier Traffic Statistics

and Air Carrier Financial Statistics , published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. For petroleum pipeline, BLS relies on data from the Association of Oil Pipelines and derived an output

index based on trunkline barrel

- miles. A barrel

- mile is one barrel of petroleum moved through one mile of pipeline.

Estimation

BLS generally calculates labor productivity by dividing an index of output (in this case, ton

- miles) by an index of hours. Output is derived with a weight adjusted Tornqvist formula that produces an output ratio for one year. BLS then combines these in a series that produces a chained output index. The hour indexes are developed from data in BLS's Current Employment Statistics (CES; see discussion above for table 3

- 12) and are the results of dividing the annual aggregate hours for each year by a base

- period figure. Readers who need more detail, suc h as mathematical

# specifications or equations, should refer to Kunze and Jablonski (Kunze and Jablonski 1998) or call the Office of Productivity and Technology at BLS.

Accuracy

BLS provides no measures of reliability. However, BLS makes an assumption that transportation outputs should be measured using the production of passenger

- miles or freight

- miles. Another school of thought might assume that many transportation firms or facilities are actually providing capacity rather than actual use. Thus, an argument can be made that productivity should be based on capacity rather than use. In fact, this is how BEA measures transportation output. To evaluate the BLS assumption, one study compared the two approaches by examining the different growth rates produced by BLS and BEA and found that in 25 of 35 service industries, the differences are within one percentage point. For transportation, differences in growth rates across BLS and BEA estimates were two percentage points or less (Kunze and Jablonski 1998).

Beginni ng with 1997 data, the indices for bus and petroleum pipelines did not meet BLS publication standards and
are considered less reliable than those for other modes. These industries had between 14,000 and 15,000 employees, far below the 50,000

- employee threshold established for transportation industries by BLS. However, they both met a basic test of variability of the annual percent changes in the output per hour measure.



# GOVERNMENT REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES

TABLE 3

- 29 & 3- 30 . Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation

- Related Revenues and Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current and constant 1996 dollars)

TABLE 3 -31

. Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User Coverage, Fiscal Year (Current and chained 2000 $ millions)

TABLE 3

- 32 & 3

- 33 . Federal Transportation

- Related Expenditures by Mode, Fiscal Year (Current and constant 1996 dollars)

TABLE 3

- 34 . Cash Balances of the Transportation

- Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year

The main sources for federal

- level data are th e Budget of the United States Government and the Appendix to the Budget . These data are the actual figures as reported for the various transportation

- related programs in the appendices of each year's budget document. 1 

# The figures are consistent from year to year and follow the definitional structure required by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

.

Primary sources for state and local transportation

- related revenues and expenditures data are censuses and surveys collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. All units of government are included in the Census of Governments, which is

taken at five

- year intervals for years ending in 2 or 7, and these data are full counts, which are not subject to sampling error.

State and local government data for noncensus years are obtained by annual surveys, which are subject to sampling error. For U.S. totals of local government revenues and expenditures in this report, sampling variability is less than 3

percent.

Federal figures in this report correspond to the federal fiscal year, which begins on October 1, while state and local data are for fiscal years that generally start in July. While this may create a small error in totals for any given year, the data are suitable for illustrating trends in public transportation finance. Programs terminated before 1985 are excluded from the tables. The totals for transportation revenues and expenditures in this report are the sum of the Census Bureau's state and local numbers plus the total of the federal numbers.

The source of the chained dollar deflators is The National Income and Product Account Tables , Bureau of Economic Analysis, table 7.1, "Quantity and Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product." All inflation

- adjusted data are for the base year 1996, instead of 1992 as in previous editions of National Transportation Statistics . Note that deflators used for the federal data differ from those used for state and local data. Thus, if expenditures are totaled across different levels of government in chained dollars before and after federal grant transfers, the totals will not match.

# Transportation Revenues

Transportation revenue estimates include transportation

- related user charges, taxes, or fees earmarked for transportation

- related expenditures. Estimates include transit fares f rom systems owned and operated by state and local governments, including those systems operated under contract by a private firm under day

- to

- day financial oversight by government.

Federal transportation revenues generally consist of trust

- fund collections from user charges, such as fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, registration and licensing fees, and air passenger ticket taxes. Damage payments made by private parties are deposited in the funds to reimburse the government for related fund expenditures.

The five transportation

- related Federal trust funds are established by law:

1. Highway Trust Fund (HTF), which includes both highway and transit accounts;

2. Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF);

3. Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF);

4. Inland Waterways Trust Fund (IWATF); and

5. Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF).

Highway Revenues

The Highway Trust Fund (HTF) was established by the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. Highway Trust Fund revenues are derived from various excise taxes on highways users (e.g., motor fuel, motor vehicles, tires, and parts and accessories for trucks and buses) and interest earned on balances. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21 st 

# Century (TEA- 21), which was enacted in June 1998, made important changes to the Federal Highway Trust Fund legislat ions (FHWA, 1999):



# • extension of deposit provisions of almost all highway user taxes through September 30, 2005;



# • after September 30, 1998, the HTF can no longer earn interest on balances, and the balance in the highway account would be transferred to the general fund;



# • TEA

- 21 keys Federal

- aid highway funds to receipts of the Highway Account of the HTF; and



# • the Transit Account share of fuel tax rose from 2 cents per gallon to 2.86 cents per gallon.

The Excise tax on gasoline is the most important source of the HTF revenues and has changed five times since 1985. It increased from 9 cents per gallon in 1985 to 9.1 cents per gallon on January 1, 1987; to 14.1 cents per gallon on December 1, 1990; to 18.4 cents per gallon on October 1, 1993; to 18.3 cents per gallon on January 1, 1996; and to 18.4 cents per gallon on October 1, 1997 (FHWA, 1999).

Money paid into the fund is earmarked primarily for the Federal

- aid Highway program, which is apportioned to states for planning, constructing, and improving the nation's highway system, roads, and bridges. Effective April 1983, the Highway Revenue Act of 1982 created the Mass Transit Account within the HTF.

Some portion of the HTF is dedicated to budget deficit reduction and the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund (LUSTTF). For example, 4.3 cents per gallon of the federal excise tax on gasoline has been assigned to the general fund since January 1, 19 96, and 0.1 cents per gallon was apportioned to the LUSTTF since October 1, 1997 (FHWA, 1999). These funds are not considered as transportation

- related in this report.

State and local highway revenues include state and local taxes on motor fuels, motor vehicle licenses, and motor vehicle operator licenses, along with state and local charges for regular toll highways and local parking charges. Regular highway charges (revenues) include reimbursements for street construction and repairs, fees for curb cuts

a nd special traffic signs, and maintenance assessments for street lighting, snow removal, and other highway or street services unrelated to toll facilities. Local governments use special assessments and property taxes that may be commingled with other local revenue in a general fund to finance local road and street programs. Consistent with federal revenues, state and local transportation revenues in this report do not include general funds that may be allocated to transportation.

Transit Revenues

# As mention ed above, the Highway Revenue Act of 1982 created the Mass Transit Account within the HTF. Effective April 1983, the act provided one cent per gallon of the federal excise tax on gasoline sales to be set

- aside for the Mass Transit Account to help finance transit capital projects. The rate was increased to 1.5 cents per gallon on December 1, 1990; to 2 cents per gallon on January 1, 1996; and to 2.86 cents per gallon on October 1, 1997 (FHWA, 1999). Although highway users pay these taxes, the funds are treated as federal transit revenues.

State and local transit revenues include revenues from operations of public mass transportation systems (rapid transit, subway, bus, railway, and commuter rail services), such as fares, charter fees, advertising income, and other operations revenues. They exclude subsidies from other governments to support either operations or capital projects.

Air Revenues

The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, as amended by Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of 1990 and 1993, the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, and the Taxpayers Relief Act of 1997, provides for the transfer of receipts received in the U.S. Treasury from the passenger ticket tax and certain other taxes paid by airport and airway users to the Airport and Airways Trust Fund (AATF). Effective October 1, 1997, the Taxpayers Relief Act of 1997 extends aviation excise taxes for 10 years and includes the following major provisions (FAA, 1999):

1. retains existing freight weigh bill, general aviation fuel and gas taxes, and a 6

- dollar departure tax on domestic flights to and from Alaska and Hawaii;

2. converts the 10 percent ad valorem tax on domestic passenger tickets to a combination of ad valorem and flight segment tax over three years beginning October 1, 199 7;

3. imposes a new 7.5 percent tax on payments to airlines for frequent flyer and similar awards by banks and credit card companies, merchants, frequent flyer program partners

- other airlines, hotels, or rental car companies and other businesses;

4. increases the current 6

- dollar international departure tax to 12 dollars per passenger and adds a 12

- dollar
international arrival tax;

5. lowers tax rates on flights to certain rural airports to 7.5 percent without a flight segment component; and

6. transfers revenues from the 4.3 cents

- per

- gallon aviation fuel taxes currently dedicated to reduce the national U.S. deficit from the general fund to the AATF.

Most of this trust fund is used to finance the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) capital programs, namely, Facilities and Equipment; Research, Engineering, and Development; and Airport Improvement Program. Within certain limits set by Congress, some of the remaining money is used to cover FAA operation and maintenance expenses. The portion of the FAA's operation and Maintenance expenses not paid from the trust fund revenues are financed by U.S. Treasury general funds.

State and local revenues from air transportation are derived from airport charges. Beginning in 1992, local governments began collecting passenge r facility charges and spending these revenues (both subject to FAA approval) to finance capital programs.

The collection of passenger facility charges was authorized by the Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of

1990. 2



# Waterway and Marine Revenues

Federal water revenues come from four primary sources: the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF), the Inland Waterways Trust Fund (IWATF), the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF), and tolls and other charges collected by

the Panama Canal Commission.

The Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund was established in accordance with the Harbor Maintenance Revenue Act of 1986. Revenues for this fund are derived from receipts of a 0.125 percent ad valorem user fee imposed on commercial users of specified U.S. ports, Saint Lawrence Seaway tolls. On March 31, 1998, per a U.S. Supreme Court ruling, the tax on exports was terminated (OMB, 2000). This fund is used to finance up to 100 percent of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' harbor operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, including O&M costs associated with Great Lakes navigational projects, and the fund fully finances the operation and maintenance of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corp.

# The Inland Waterways Trust Fund was established by the Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978 and amended by the Water Resources Development Act of 1986. The trust fund has been in effect since fiscal year 1981. The sou rces for the fund are taxes imposed on fuel for vessels engaged in commercial waterway transportation and investment interest. From this tax of 24.3 cents per gallon, 4.3 cents goes for deficit reduction, and a statutory maximum of 20 cents (raised to that level from the previous maximum of 19 cents at the beginning of 1995) goes to the Trust Fund. The funds are earmarked for financing one

- half of the construction and rehabilitation costs of specified inland waterway projects.

The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989. Revenues for this fund are raised through tax collection of 5 cents on each barrel of oil produced domestically or imported (OMB, 1999). The resources from this fund are used to finance oil pollution prevention and cleanup activities by various federal agencies. For the U.S. Coast Guard, the fund finances oil spill recovery and payment of claims. Beginning in 1997, the fund also finances the annual disbursement to the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute.

The Panama Canal Commission was established by the Panama Canal Act of 1979 to manage, operate, and maintain the Panama Canal under the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. The treaty period ended on December 31, 1999, when the Republic of Panama assumed full responsibility for the canal. During the treaty period, the commission collected tolls and other revenues, which were deposited in the U.S. Treasury in an account known as the Panama Canal Revolving Fund. Money from this fund was used to finance canal operations and capital programs, which were reviewed annually by Congress. The revenues reported under this category for FY 2000 are for the first quarter (October 1999
- December 1999) of Panama Canal operations.

State and local water revenues are derived from canal tolls, rents from leases, concession rents, and other charges for use of commercial or industrial water transport and port terminal facilities and related services. Fees and rents related to water facilities provided for recreational purposes, such as marina and public docks, and toll ferries are not

included.

Rail Revenues

There are no governmental transportation revenues for rail (Rail generates fuel taxes that are designated for deficit reduction and, thus, are not considered transportation revenues in these tables).

Pipeline Revenues

The Pipeline Safety Program is funded by user fees assessed on a per

- mile basis. The assessments are made on each pipeline operator regulated by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) of the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) in the U.S. Department of Transportation. There are no state and local revenues for pipeline.

General Support Revenues

General support revenues come from the Emergency Preparedness Fund, which is generated from fees paid by registered shippers of hazardous materials. RSPA administers and distributes the revenues to states, territories, and tribes through the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness (HMEP) grant program, which is authorized by

Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law.

Transportation Expenditures

Expenditures, rather than obligations, are used in these tables because they represent the final, actual costs to the government, by year, for capital goods and operating services required by transportation programs. Obligations suggest government commitment to future transportation expenditures, but do not indicate when the funds will actually be disbursed or even if the amounts obligated will be spent.

It is important to recognize that in some accounts in the Budget of the United States Government , expenditures for a particular year understate total government disbursements. This is because certain offsetting collections of fees and assessments from the public are not treated as government revenues, but deducted from disbursements to determine expenditures. These collections are those mandated, by statute, to directly fund agency expenditures rather than be transferred to the U.S. Treasury. For this reason, expenditures do not necessarily indicate how much the federal government actually spends on transportation each year.

# Highway Expenditures

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) expenditures include funds for Federal Aid Highways (financed from the HTF) and the Interstate Substitution and Railroad Crossing Demonstration (financed from the general fund). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) expenditures include: operations, research, and highway traffic safety grants. Federal highway expenditures also include road const ruction activities managed by the Department of the Interior's National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Reclamation, and Bureau of Land Management; the Department of Agriculture's Forest Service; the Department of Housing and Urban

Develo pment; and other federal agencies.

State and local governments' highway expenditures reported by the Census Bureau are generally slightly lower than those reported in FHWA's Highway Statistics because the FHWA includes some highway expenditure data, such a s law enforcement activities and patrols, and policing of streets and highways not included in the Census data. Box 3 -1 outlines the major differences in Census Bureau and FHWA calculation of state and local highway transportation

financial statistics.

Transit Expenditures

Federal expenditures include grants to states and local agencies for the construction, acquisition, and improvement of mass transportation facilities and equipment and for the payment of operating expenses. Several other items are also included: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) commuter rail subsidies related to the transition of Conrail to the private sector; res earch and administrative expenses of the Federal Transit Administration (FTA); and Federal interest payment contribution to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA).

Air Expenditures

Federal expenditures reported here consist of all FAA expenditures, such as those associated with constructing, operating, and maintaining the national air traffic system; administration of the airport grant program; safety regulation; and research and development. NASA expenses related to air transportation are also included.

State and local expenditures for air include the operation and maintenance of airport facilities, as administered by local airport and port authorities - quasigovernment agencies with responsibilities for promoting safe navigation and operations for air modes.

Waterway and Marine Expenditures

Federal expenditures comprise those parts of the U.S. Coast Guard's expenses that are transportation

- related, such as aids to navigation, marine safety, and marine environmental protection. All expenses of the U.S. Maritime Administration are included, such as subsidies for construction and operation of vessels by U.S.

- flag operators, research and development, and training of ship officers. Also included are those expenses of the U.S. Army Corp s of Engineers for construction and operations and maintenance of channels, harbors, locks and dams; protection of navigation; the salaries and expenses of the Federal Maritime Commission; and the expenses of the Panama Canal Commission. Expenditures of the Panama Canal Commission for FY 2000 include outlays for the first quarter of operations, including severance pay and accumulated leave. FY 2001 expenses are for the settlement of remaining accident and contract claims against the Commission.

State and local governments incur water transportation expenditures by operating and maintaining water terminal facilities within ports and harbors.

Rail Expenditures

Federal rail transportation expenditures include:

1. expenses for rail safety enforcement;

2. inspection and program administration;

3. railroad research and development;

4. financial assistance to states for planning, acquisition, rail facility construction, and track rehabilitation with respect to low volume freight lines;

# 5. grants to Amtrak, including funds to upgrade the high

- speed line between Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, DC, owned by Amtrak (the Northeast Corridor Improvement Program); annual appropriations to cover operating losses; and funds to invest in new equipment and facilities;

6. t he purchase of redeemable preference shares for track rehabilitation and line acquisition; and

7. loan guarantee defaults for railroad rehabilitation and improvement and Conrail labor protection. 3



# The local rail freight assistance program, a program of FRA grants to state governments, has had a 70:30 percent

federal

- state funding share since 1982.

Pipeline Expenditures

The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) reimburses state agencies up to 50 percent of their costs to carry out state pipeline safety programs. Federal expenditures are for the enforcement programs, research and developm ent, and grants for state pipeline safety programs.

General Support Expenditures

General fund expenditures include all of the expenses of the following agencies: Office of Inspector General, National Transportation Safety Board, all expenses of the Research and Special Programs Administration, (except pipeline expenditures) and the Office of the Secretary of Transportation (except for payments to Air Carriers and the Commission on Aircraft Safety).

Limitations of the Source Data Sets

The database covers civilian transportation

- related activities of government agencies including those of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Coast Guard.

As mention earlier, federal government data are compiled for the federal fiscal year, which begins on October 1, whil e state and local data are for fiscal years that generally start in July except for four states with other starting dates (Alabama and Michigan in October, New York in April, and Texas in September). While this may create a small error in totals for any given year, the data are suitable for illustrating trends in public transportation finance.

Readers should note that state and local governments data for census years are full counts and not subject to sampling errors, whereas the data for noncensus years are estimated from annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, which are subject to sampling variability of less than three percent. The Census Bureau's database also does not include detailed modal information on interest earnings and bond issue proceeds on the revenue side nor bond retirement and interest payments on the expenditure side

Revenues

Transportation

- related revenues like local government property taxes on vehicles, equipment, and streets, and state income taxes to support rail and intercity bus services are not covered because they are not shown in the source materials used to compile the database. In addition, taxes collected from users of the transportation system that go into the general fund are not included. For example, rail generates fuel taxes that are designated for deficit reduction and hence are not considered as transportation revenues. The portion of the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) that goes to the general fund is not considered as transportation revenues.

Expenditures

It is important to recognize that in some accounts in the Budget of the United States Government , expenditures for a particular year understate total government disbursements. This is because certain offsetting collections of fees and assessments from the public are not treated as government revenues, but deducted from disbursements to determine expenditures. These collections are those mandated, by statute, to be applied directly to finance agency expenditures rather than being transferred to the Treasury.

In addition, the Census Bureau's highway expenditures data do not include highway law enforcement expenditures, which form a part of the state and local highway expenditures published in the Highway Statistics . To maintain

# consistency between the different modes regarding the types of expenditures included, these additional data from the Highway Statistics report have not been used.

Data Adjustments

Revisions and corrections to previously published data have been made in most cases. The base year for chained dollar estimates for current data sets is 1996, while the earlier version was presented in chained 1992 dollars. Moreover, the following adjustments have been incorporated.

Revenues

Transportation

- related revenues of the Aquatic Resources Fund have been added to water transportation revenues. In this case, only the excise tax charged on motor boat fuels for the Boat Safety Program is assumed to be transportation

- related.

The preceding data series did not account for revenues of Pollution Fund, Off

- Shore Oil Pollution Fund, and Deep Water Port Liability Fund prior to FY 1990. The current data sets includes revenues for these funds prior to FY 1990.

Expenditures

Not all expenditures for the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), as reported by the Office of Management and Budget, are considered transportation

- related. A new approach has been used to arrive at more accurate USCG transportation

related expenditures. Similar to the previous approach, the current approach includes all expenditures for Environmental Compliance and Restoration, Alteration of Bridges, and Oil Spill Recovery. Part of the expenditures for Operations, Acquisition, Construction and Improvement, Research & Development, and Test and Evaluation are considered as transportation. Within these program areas, only Aids to Navigation, Marine Safety, and Marine
Environmental Protection activities are included in the earlier data sets. In the current version, more activities like

Search and Rescue and Ice Operations have been included. In addition, Boat Safety Program expenditures have

also been included.

Trust fund share of pipeline safety was added to the Research and Special Programs Administration expenditures since FY 1994. This item was not covered in the previously published data.

Federal Grants

Federal grants to state and local governments for the Boat Safety Program have been included. These were not included in the previously reported data.

Data for federal transit grants are obtained from the Office of Management and Budget public budget database. In the previous data series, they were estimated by deducting direct federal transit expenditures grants from the total federal transit expenditures.



# REFERENCES

Corrado, C., C. Gilbert, et al. (1997). "Industrial production and capacity utilization: historical revision and recent developments." Federal Reserve Bulletin 83(2): 67.

Korn, E.L. and B.I. Graubard.1991."A Note on the Large Sample Properties of Linearization, Jackknife and Bal anced Repeated Replication Methods for Stratified Samples." The Annals of Statistics 19 (4):2275

- 2279.

Krewski, D. and J.N. K. Rao.1981."Inference from Stratified Samples: Properties of Linearization, Jackknife and Balanced Repeated Replication Methods." The Annals of Statistics 9(5):1010

- 1019.

Kunze, K. and M. Jablonski (1998). Productivity in service

- producing industries . Brookings Workshop on New

Service- Sector Data, Washington, DC.

# Landerfeld, J. S. and R. P. Parker (1997). "BEA's chain indexes, time series, and measures of long

- term economic growth." Survey of Current Business 77(5): 58.

Moulton, B.R. and Seskin, E.P. (1999)."A preview of the 1999 comprehensive revision of the National Income and Product Accounts:statistical changes." Survey of Current Business 79 (October 1999): 6

- 17.

Parker, R. P. and J. E. Triplett (1996). "Chain

- type measures of real output and prices in the U.S. national income and product accounts: an update." Business Economics 31(4): 37.

Ritter, J.A. (2000)."Feeding the national accounts." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. March/April:11

- 20

SCB (1991). "Gross Domestic Product as a measure of U.S. Production." Survey of Current Business

.

Seskin, E. P. and R. P. Parker (1998). "A guide to the NIPA's." Survey of Current Business 78(3):26.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.1997.Measurement Issues in the Consumer Price

Index.Referenced at http://stats.bls.gov/cpigm697.htm on May 13, 1999.

Valliant, R.1993. "Poststratification and Conditional Vairance Estimation." Journal of the American Statistical

Association 88 (421):89

- 96.

Young, A. H. (1993). "Reliability and accuracy of the quarterly estimates of GDP." Survey of Current Busines s 73(10):

29.

Young, A. H. and H. S. Tice (1985). "An introduction to national economic accounting." Survey of Current Business

65: 59.

Yuskavage, R. E. (1996). "Improved estimates of gross product by industry, 1959

- 94." Survey of Current Business 76(8): 133.

1 

# The federal budget is broken down into 20 functional categories, of which one is transportation (function 400). Function 400 is not tied to any one department or agency, but instead aggregates transportation functions wherever in the federal government they occur. Thus, the transportation function may include many activities, such as highway construction and safety, airways and airports, maritime subsidies, U.S. Coast Guard operations, railroads, and mass transit. It also covers

grants

- in

- aid programs to support state and local activities. A good summary of the federal budget process can be found in Stanley E. Collender, The Guide to the Federal Budget, Fiscal Year 1996 (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. 1995).

2 

# Public Law 101

- 508, 104 Stat. 1388 (November 5, 1990).

3 

# Funds in the Conrail Labor Protection Program were provided for benefits to Conrail employees deprived of employment because of work force reductions and other actions. This program no longer exists since Conrail has been returned to th e private sector. In 1988, the unobligated balances available from this program were transferred to the USCG, and in 1990 they were returned to the U.S. Treasury.

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 2 Safety

**AIR DATA**

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Injured Persons by Transportation Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 9. U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 10. U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 11. U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2

- 12. U.S . Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation

TABLE 2

- 13. U.S. On

- Demand Air Taxi Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 14. U.S. General Aviation Safety Data

National Transportation Safety Board investigators perform onsite and offsite investigations of all accidents involving U.S. registered air carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, 14 CFR 135, and general aviation U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. The investigators compile information on

fatal ities and injuries for all accidents. The counts for fatalities and serious injuries are expected to be extremely accurate. (See glossary for serious injury definition.)

Exposure data (aircraft

- miles, aircraft

- hours, and aircraft

- departures) are obtained from the FAA, which in turn gets some of its exposure data from the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) and other exposure data from its own General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics (GAATAA) Survey. The OAI data represent 100 percent reporting by airlines. Tables that include air carriers (14 CFR 121, scheduled and nonscheduled service) and commuter air carriers (14 CFR 135, scheduled service only) use OAI exposure data.

Tables that include on

- demand air taxi (14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service) and general aviation use GAATAA Survey results. For information about the GAATA Survey, please refer to the chapter 1 data accuracy statement for

table 1

- 9.

The coefficients of variation for aircraft

- hours vary by year, but are usually in the 9 to 10 percent range for on

- demand air taxi and are approximately 2 percent for general aviation.

TABLE 2

- 15. Number of Pilot

- Reported Near Midair Collisions by Degree of Hazard

Near Midair Collision reports are provided voluntarily by air carriers, general aviation companies, and the military, and this information is added to the Near Midair Collisions System database. Factors that may influence whether or not a

near midair colli sion is reported include the pilot's or other crew members’ perception of whether a reportable near

# midair collision occurred, which in turn can depend on factors such as visibility conditions; the reporter's flying experience; or the size of the aircraft involved. A reportable incident is one in which an aircraft is within 500 feet of another aircraft and a possibility of collision existed.



# HIGHWAY DATA

TABLE 2

- 1.Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 5. Highway

- Rail Grade

- Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 17. Motor Vehicle Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 18. Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle

- Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System

TABLE 2

- 19. Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 20. Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of V ehicles and Alcohol

Involvement

TABLE 2

- 21. Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 22. Motorcycle Ride Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 23. Truck Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 24. Bus Occupant Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 26. Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration in Highway Crashes

TABLE 2

- 28. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather and Light Conditions

TABLE 2

- 29. Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit

Fatalities

Highway fatality data come from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), which is compiled by trained FARS analysts at USDOT, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regional offices. Data are gathered from a census of police accident reports (PARs), state vehicle registration files, state drivers licensing files, state highway department data, vital statistics, death certificates, coroner/medical examiner reports, hospital medical reports, and emergency medical service reports. A separate form is completed for each fatal crash. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is estimated when not known. Statistical procedures used for unknown data in FARS can be found in the NHTSA report: Transitioning to Multiple Imputation - A New Method to Impute Missing Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) values in FARS , DOT HS 809 403 (Washington, DC: January 2002).

Data are collected from relevant state agencies and electronically submitted for inclusion in the FARs database on a

continuous basis. Cross

- verificati on of PARs with death certificates ensures that undercounting is rare. Moreover,

# when data are entered, they are checked automatically for acceptable range values and consistency, enabling quick corrections when necessary. Several programs continually monitor the data for completeness and accuracy. Periodically, sample cases are analyzed for accuracy and consistency.

Note that the FARS data do not include motor vehicle fatalities on nonpublic roads. However, previous NHTSA analysis found that these fatalities account for 2 percent or fewer of the total motor vehicle fatalities per year. (See glossary for highway fatality definition.)

Injuries and Crashes

NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES) data are a nationally representative sample of police

- reported c rashes that contributed to an injury or fatality or resulted in property damage, and involved at least one motor vehicle traveling on a trafficway. Trained GES data collectors randomly sample PARs and forward copies to a central contractor for coding into a standard GES system format. Documents such as police diagrams or supporting text provided by the officers may be further reviewed to complete a data entry.

NHTSA suggests that about half of motor vehicle crashes in the United States are not reported to police and that the majority of these unreported crashes involve minor property damage and no significant personal injury. A NHTSA study of injuries from motor vehicle crashes estimated the total count of nonfatal injuries at over 5 million compared

with th e GES's estimate of 3.2 million in 1998. (See glossary for highway crash and injury definitions.)

(See U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2008

, DOT HS 811 170 (Washington, DC: 2009), appendices B and C for further information on GES, including a table of standard errors applicable to GES data.)

TABLE 2

- 30. Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use

The National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), conducted biennially between 1994 and 2010 by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is the source for these data.

In 1994 and 1996, NOPUS consisted of three separate studies: 1) the Moving Traffic Study, which provides information on overall shoulder belt use, 2) the Controlled Intersection Study, which provides more detailed information about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users, and child restraint use, and 3) the Shopping Center Study, which provides information on rear

- seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. In 1998, the Shopping Center Study was dropped from the survey. The Controlled Intersection Study includes the collection of license plate information to link seat belt use to vehicle type. As the results of the Controlled Intersection Study for 2000 were not available prior to publication, only the Moving Traffic Study data were used in this table.

In 1998, NOPUS separated pickups from the light truck category, thereby creating three categories of passenger

veh icles: passenger cars, pickup trucks, and other passenger vehicles. Other passenger vehicles include vans, minivans, and sport utility vehicles. In this table, 1998 and 2000 data for pickup trucks and other passenger vehicles are combined into the light truck category to allow comparison to data from the earlier surveys. Since 2003, however, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) no longer computes an overall light truck belt use estimate. Instead, belt use is computed separately for motorists in: (1) vans and sport utility vehicles, and (2) pickup trucks. Additionally, NHTSA no longer reports separate statistics for passengers and drivers, except at the overall

level.

In 1994, operators and riders wearing any type of helmet were counted as helmeted. In 1996, 1998, and 2000, motorcycle helmets that meet USDOT standards are counted as valid protection, whereas those that do not meet USDOT standards were treated as if the operator/rider were not wearing a helmet.

Data collection from the Moving Traffic Study was conducted at 1,823 sites across the country in 2009. Shoulder belt use was obtained for drivers and right

- front passengers only. Three observers (two observers in 1994 and 1996) were stationed for 30 minutes at interstate/highway exit ramps, controlled (intersections with stop signs or traffic signals), and uncontrolled intersections. Every day of the week and all daylight hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m.) were covered in each survey. Commercial and emergency vehicles were excluded.

# NOPUS was d esigned as a multistage probability sample to ensure that the results would represent occupant protection use in the country. In the first stage, counties were grouped by regions (northeast, midwest, south, west), level of urbanization (metropolitan or not), and level of belt use (high, medium, or low). Fifty counties or groups of counties were selected based on vehicle miles of travel in those locations. In the next stage, roadways were selected from two categories: major roads and local roads. Of the originally selected sites, some were found to be ineligible during mapping and data collection, and at some sites no vehicles were observed. In 2006, a newly designed sample of observation sites emerged; subsequent years’ NOPUS surveys used a combination of sites from the old and new samples. In 2009, a blend of 65 percent of sites were determined using the new methodology and 35 percent of sites were obtained from the old methodology. In 2009, a total of 100,000 passenger vehicles were observed, down from

116, 000 in 2008. 947 motorcycles were also observed during the 2009 NOPUS.

Each reported estimate has been statistically weighted according to the sample design. Two kinds of error can be attributed to all survey research: sampling and nonsampling. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. The source information provides two standard errors along with each estimate. Nonsampling errors could include problems such as vehicles not counted, incorrect determination of restraint use, and data entry mistakes, among others.

TABLE 2

- 31. Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints

The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to calculate the number of lives saved by the use of restraints. The methodology used is outlined in a NHTSA report, Research Note, Estimating Lives Saved by Restraint Use in Potentially Fatal Crashes (Washington, DC: June 1995). The general approach is to adjust the observed number of fatalities by a determined effectiveness rate for each type of restraint. This equates to subtracting the actual fatalities from the potential fatalities to determine the number of lives saved. This meth od is more accurate than earlier

estimation methods since all calculations are derived from NHTSA's count of fatalities in which restraints were used. Reported restraint use is believed to be accurate for fatalities.

The key to NHTSA's calculations is the effectiveness estimate for preventing fatalities for each type of restraint. With the exception of an adjustment in the effectiveness estimate for front outboard air bag

- only restraint use in passenger cars (NHTSA, Fourth Report to Congress, Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use

, Washington, DC, May 1999), a list of effectiveness estimates can be found in a NHTSA report, Estimating Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes in Light of Increases in Restraint Use , published in March 1998.This report also includes additional references describing the determination of these effectiveness estimates.



# TRANSIT DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 32

. Transit Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2

- 33

. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents

TABLE 2

- 34 . Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents

TABLE 2

- 38

. Re ports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode

The data for this report are obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD) Reporting System. Transit agencies are required to file an NTD report at regular intervals if they are recipients of Urbanized Area Formula Funds. In 2008, 692 agencies reported to the NTD. Of that total, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated 9 or fewer

# vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters were included in the NTD, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of passenger

- miles traveled on transit.

Transit operators report fatalities, injuries, accidents, incidents, and property damage in excess of $1,000. Electronic reporting has recently been implemented for the NTD. Certification from a company's Chief Executive Officer must accompany all NTD reports along with an independent auditor's statement. Upon receipt, an NTD report is reviewed and outstanding items noted in writing to the agency that submitted the form. (See glossary for transit fatality, injury, and accident definitions.)

Four major categories of transit safety are collected: 1) collisions, 2) derailments/buses going off the road, 3) personal casualties, and 4) fires. These major categories are divided into subcategories. The collisions category comprises collisions with vehicles, objects, and people (except suicides). Of the four major categories, only the first two are included in the definition of transit accidents adopted in this report (see glossary). Understanding this definition of accident is relevant to understanding how double counting is removed in the grand total of U.S. t ransportation fatalities and injuries. (See cross modal comments in box 2 -1 .)

Transit data submitted to the NTD are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret data.

Security

FTA collects security da ta from transit agencies serving urbanized areas of over 200,000 in population, using Form 405, and manages it in the National Transit Database (NTD). The reporting of security data follows the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (Washington, DC: 1984) an d is divided into two categories: 1) Reported Offenses, including violent and property crime, and 2) Arrests, consisting of less serious crimes. The figures for violent and property crime are based on records of calls for service, complaints, and/or investigations. They do not reflect the findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a prosecutor. Security data were first reported in 1995 and were not compiled for earlier years.

In 2008, the number of agencies reporting to this database was 692. Of tha t, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated nine or fewer vehicles, and 15 were deleted because their data were incomplete. Thus, 576 individual reporters are included in the full database in 2000.



# RAILROAD DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 5. Highway

- Rail Grade

- Crossing Safety Data and Property Damage

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 39

. Railroad and Grade

- Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class

TABLE 2

- 40

. Railroad and Grade

- Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class

TABLE 2

- 41

. Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident

TABLE 2

- 42

. Railroad Passenger Safety Data

# TABLE 2

- 39. Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2

- 40. Fatalities and Injuries of On

- Duty Railroad Employees

Railroads are required to file a report for each train accident resulting in property damage in excess of $9,200 (2010 threshold), each highway

- rail accident, and each incident involving the operation of a railroad resulting in a fatality or a reportable injury. (See glossary for reportable injury, train accident and incident, and nontrain incident definitions.)

Reporting requirements, which are fixed in law, are very broad and encompass events not strictly related to transportation. For example, if a passenger falls on a staircase and breaks a leg in the station while going to a train, the injury would be reported and appear in the data as a rail injury.



# WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 7. Transportation

- Related Occupational Fatalities

TABLE 2

- 45

. Waterborne Transportation Safety Data and Property Damage Related to Vessel

Casualties

TABLE 2

- 46

. Waterborne Transporta tion Safety Data Not Related to Vessel Casualties

U.S. waterborne fatality and injury data are based on reports required by CFR Part 4.05

- 10. This code requires that the owner, agent, master, operator, or person in charge file a written report of any marine casualty or accident within five days of the accident. Reports must be delivered to Investigative Officers (IOs) at a U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office or Marine Inspection Office at the U.S. Department of Transportation, who use these reports as gu ides to investigate the marine casualty or accident. The IO ensures that all the entries on the forms are filled out and errors are corrected. Regulations require IO notification of marine casualties for certain circumstances, including loss of life; injuries that require medical treatment beyond first aid; and, for individuals engaged or employed onboard a vessel in commercial service, injuries that render a person unfit to perform routine duties.

Incidents requiring an investigation include death, injury resulting in substantial impairment, and other incidents determined important to promoting the safety of life or property or to protect the marine environment. These incidents are investigated in accordance with procedures set forth in the regulations. Furthermore, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act mandates that certain incidents be reported to the U.S. Coast Guard. The reports are entered into the Marine Safety Information System, which is later analyzed and transferred to the Marine Safety Managemen t System maintained in Washington, DC.



# RECREATIONAL BOATING DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2

- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

# TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mod e

TABLE 2

- 47

. Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data

TABLE 2

- 48

. Personal Watercraft Safety Data

TABLE 2

- 49

. U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Years

Operators of boats involved in an accident resulting in 1) a fatality, 2) an injury requiring medical treatment beyond first aid, 3) damage to the vessel or other property greater than $25,000 or complete loss of vessel, or 4) the disappearance of a person from the vessel under circumstances indicating death or injury are required to file a report with the U.S. Coast Guard. If a person dies within 24 hours of the occurrence, requires medical treatment beyond first aid, or disappears from the vessel, reports must be made within 48 hours of the occurrence. In cases involving only damage to the vessel and/or property, reports are to be submitted within 10 days of the occurrence. Although there is no quantitative estimate of the response rate, there may be considerable underreporting, especially of nonfatal

acc idents, because of the difficulty of enforcing the requirement and because boat operators may not always be

aware of the law.



# NATURAL GAS AND LIQUID PIPELINE DATA

TABLE 2

- 1. Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 2. Transportation Injuries by Mode

TABLE 2- 3. Transportation Accidents by Mode

TABLE 2

- 4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode

TABLE 2

- 6. Hazardous Materials Safety Data and Property Damage Data

Incidents resulting in certain unintentional releases of hazardous materials must be reported under 49 CFR 171.16. Each carrier must submit a report to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) within 30 days of the incident, including information on the mode of transportation invol ved, results of the incident, and a narrative description of the accident. These reports are made available on the incident database within 60 days of receipt.

Fatalities and injuries are counted only if they are directly due to a hazardous material. For example, a truck operator killed by impact forces during a motor vehicle crash would not be counted as a hazardous

- material fatality. PHMSA verifies all reported fatalities and injuries by telephone with the carrier submitting the report. Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if subsequently detected and reported, it may not be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Although PHMSA acknowledges that there is some level of underreporting, it believes that the underreporting is limited to small, nonserious incidents. As incident severity increases, it is more likely that the incident will come to PHMSA's attention and will ultimately be reported. Additionally, the reporting requirements were extended to intrastate highway carriers on October 1, 1998, and the response rate from this new group is expected to increase over time. Property damage figures are estimates determined by the carrier prior to the 30

- day reporting deadline and are generally not subsequently updated. Prop erty damage figures, therefore, may underestimate actual damages.

TABLE 2

- 50

. Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety and Property Damage Data

U.S. fatality and injury data for natural gas pipelines are based on reports filed with the U.S. Depart ment of Transportation (USDOT), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS). Accidents must be reported as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after discovery. Reports are sent to the Information Systems Manager at the OPS. Possible sources of error include a release going undetected; even if subsequently detected and reported, it may not be possible to accurately reconstruct the accident. Property damage figures are estimates. (See glossary for gas and liquid pipeline fatality data and injury definitions.)

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 1 Extent, Condition, and Performance

TABLE 1

- 1. System Mileage Within the United States

Highway

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered reliable. (See box 1 -1 for deta iled information about the HPMS.) The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) collects and reviews state

- reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database

.

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Statistics , FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage

- based tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using area

wide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table

- to

- table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table

HM

- 20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be required.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre

- 1980 data, which were collected via different methods and

spe cial national studies. For instance, pre

- 1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 1979) while post

- 1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public authority and open to public trav el).

Class I Rail

These data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data

are based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700

of the R1 A nnual Report . The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

To obtain railway mileage, AAR subtracts trackage rights from miles of rail traveled on line 57 in the Schedule 700 report. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, including bankruptcies, mergers, and declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also exist because of because of independent rounding of this series by AAR.

Amtrak

These statistics orig inate from the Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report . Amtrak estimates track mileage based on point

- to

- point city timetables that railroad companies provide for engineers. The figures are estimates, but

are considered reliable.

Transit

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit

# agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including vehicle inventories and directly operated mileage. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret

certain data definitions.

Navigable Channels

These statistics originate from a mid

- 1950s U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) estimate that there were approximately 25,000 miles of commercially important navigable channels in the United States. That number has been adjusted from time to time, for example, by addition of the 234

- mile Tennessee

- Tombigbee Waterway in the early 1980s. The 25,000 plus mile number has been universally quoted for decades, but has definitional a nd methodological uncertainties. USACE is currently developing a rigorous, Global Information System (GIS)

- based approach to facilitate tabulation of the lengths of shallow and deep

- draft commercially navigable waterways in the United States; this calculation will be available in several years.

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America , published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Departme nt of Energy (DOE) Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude

- oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno estimated the 1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller lines exceeded in mileage the construction of new, larger, and more profitable lines. Post

- 1985 data were calculated using a base figure reported in a 1982 USDOT study entitled Liquid Pipeline Director and then combined with data from the Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. Lack of additional information raises definitional and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover, the three different information sources introduce data discontinuities, making time comparisons unreliable.

Gas P ipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts , published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The data reported by the AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report

. Utilities reporting represented 98 percent of gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was estimated for nonreporting companies based on recent historical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time

- series comparisons.

TABLE 1

- 2. Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Operators, and Pipeline Operators

Air Carriers

The data are from the Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly , published by the Office of Airline Information of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). The Alphabetical List of Air Carriers by Carrier Group at the beginning of each fourth quarter edition is used to determine the number of major air carriers

a nd other air carriers in operation at the end of each calendar year. The publication draws its data from the T

- 100 and

T- 100(f) databases maintained by BTS. These databases include data obtained from a 100

- percent census of BTS

Form 41 schedule submissions by large certificated air carriers, which are carriers that hold a certificate issued under section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and that (1) operate aircraft designed to have a maximum passenger seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds or (2) that conduct international operations. Carriers are grouped as major, national, large regional, or medium regional based on their annual operating revenues. The thresholds were last adjusted July 1, 19 99 and the threshold for major air carriers is currently $1 billion. The table combines the number of national, large regional, and medium regional air
carriers into the other air carrier category.

Railroads

# The Association of American Railroads (AAR)'s Ra ilroad Ten

- Year Trends series is the source for the number of

railroads. The number of Class I railroads is based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report . The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the a djusted threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of

the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

The Association of American Railroads determines the number of non

- Class I railroads through an annual survey sent to every U.S. freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a census of railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Interstate Motor Carriers

The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS), maintained by the U.S. Department of Transport ation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, contains information on the safety of all commercial interstate motor carriers and hazardous material (HM) shippers subject to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and the Hazardous Materials Regu lations. All carriers operating in interstate or foreign commerce within 90 days of beginning operations must submit a Form MCS

- 150, Motor Carrier Identification Report. Carriers may also use the form to update their information. The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 requires that reports be periodically updated, but not more than once every two years. MCMIS is updated as soon as information is provided and verified, and periodic archives are made. Historical data are available from summary infor mation previously prepared, including tables and reports. MCMIS began operations in 1980. Safety data since 1990 are available to the public.

Marine Vessel Operators

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) provides the data for marine vessel operators through the Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States . Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by various means, including the U.S. Coast Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector publications. However, an annual survey of companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland water vessels either did not receive or respond to the annual survey.

Pipeline Operators

The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) in the U.S. Department of Transportation's Research and Special Pr ograms Administration collects annual report data from natural gas transmission and distribution operators as required by 49 CFR 191.17 and 191.11, respectively. Annual data must be submitted by March 15 of the following calendar year. No annual report is required for hazardous liquid pipeline operators. However, information is available through the pipeline safety program. Since 1986, the program has been funded by fees assessed to each OPS

- regulated pipeline operator based on per

- mile of hazardous pipeline operated. Data for each operator and each mile of pipeline are

stored in the OPS user

- fee database, which is revised annually as updated fees are assessed.

Totals for pipeline operators in this table will differ from those in other tables due to differences in the regulatory authority of USDOT and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). FERC regulates only interstate pipelines, whereas DOT regulates both interstate and intrastate pipelines, except for rural gathering lines and some offshore pipelines, which fall under jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard or the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service. An OPS official stated that FERC regulates about two

- thirds the amount of pipeline mileage that USDOT regulates.

TABLE 1

- 3. Number of U.S. Airports

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Airport Safety and Standards Administrator's Fact Book (annual issues) furnished the data shown in this table and includes airports certified for air carrier operations with aircraf t that seat 30 or more passengers. These airports include civil and joint civil

- military use airports, heliports, STOLports (short takeoff and landing), and seaplane facilities. The FAA obtained this data via physical inspections and mail

# solicitations of all federally regulated landing facilities. Since this is a census of all U.S. airports, reliability should be high. Data, however, may be subject to reporting errors typical of administrative recordkeeping.

TABLE 1

- 4. Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface

TABLE 1

- 5. U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System

TABLE 1

- 6. Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane

- Miles by Functional Class

The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is the source of road mileage data and is considered reliable.(See box 1 -1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration collects and reviews state

- reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in the Traffic Monitoring Guide and the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database

.

Beginning with the 1997 issue of Highway Stat istics , FHWA instituted a new method for creating mileage

- based tables derived from the HPMS. Previously, adjustments to tables developed from sample data were made using area

wide mileage information provided by states. These adjustments are now being made using universe totals from the HPMS dataset. In addition, FHWA has discontinued the process of spreading rounding and other differences across table cells. Thus, users may note minor differences in table

- to

- table totals. FHWA considers mileage totals from table

HM

- 20, "Public Road Length, Miles by Functional System" to be the controlling totals should a single value be required.

Lane

- miles are calculated by multiplying the centerline length by the number of through lanes. Because the HPMS requires that the number of lanes be reported for all principal arterials, other National Highway System (NHS) roads, and all standard samples, lane length can be computed for the Interstate, other principal arterials, and the NHS on a

100

- percent basis. For minor arterials, rural major collectors, and urban collectors, lane length is calculated based on standard sample sections using the reported number of through lanes, length of section, and an expansion factor. FHWA uses the expanded sample to check that the centerline length of a state's functional system matches the universe functional system length. If the centerline length and functional system length do not match, FHWA may ask a state to make adjustments.

Reliability may be diminished for comparisons with pre

- 1980 data, which were collected via different methods and special national studies. For instance, pre

- 1980 mileage data included some nonpublic roadways (95,000 miles in 1979) while post

- 1980 data reports only public road mileage (roads or streets governed and maintained by a public authority and open to public travel).

TABLE 1

- 7. Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year

These numbers originate from Amtrak's Statistical Appendix to Amtrak's Annual Report and the U.S. Department of Transp ortation, Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database.

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every station, locomotive, and car it operates. Those records include for each vehicle the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be considered very reliable.

TABLE 1

- 8. ADA Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency

TABLE 1

- 9. ADA Lift - or Ramp

- Equipped Transit Buses

These data are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including certain aspects of station and vehicle accessibility. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit

# agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret

certain data definitions.

TABLE 1

- 10. U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage

Oil Pipeline

The data are from Transportation in America , published by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). The numbers reprinted here for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 are Eno estimates from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Data Report issues labeled "Crude

- oil and Refined Products Mileage in the United States." Eno estimated the 1980 number based on the assumption that refinement of old, less profitable, and smaller line s exceeded in mileage the construction of new, larger, and more

- profitable lines. Figures from 1985 and later years are calculated from a base figure that Eno obtained from the 1982 U.S. Department of Transportation study Liquid Pipeline Director and

then incorporated that figure with data from the Association of Oil Pipe Lines and the Oil Pipeline Research Institute. Lack of additional information raises definitional and methodological uncertainties for the data's reliability. Moreover,

the three different information sources introduce data discontinuities making time comparisons less reliable.

Gas Pipeline

These statistics originate from annual editions of Gas Facts published by the American Gas Association (AGA). The data reported by AGA are based on gas utilities participation and reporting to the Uniform Statistical Report. Utilities reporting in 1991 represented 98 percent of total gas utility industry sales while the remaining 2 percent was estimated for the nonreporting companies based on recent histo rical experience. Varying percentages of nonreporters from year to year introduce minor reliability problems for time

- series comparisons.

TABLE 1

- 11. Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

TABLE 1

- 12. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances

Civilian Aircraft

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) provided this data in their annual issues Aerospace Facts and Figures

, "Civil Aircraft Shipments." AIA collects their data from aircraft company reports, the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), and the U.S. Department of Commerce's (DOC) International Trade Administration. DOC data provide total number of shipments and exports, and the difference computed by AIA equals domestic shipm ents. DOC collects shipments data separately for individual factories or establishments and not at the company level. A potential limitation of this approach is when a factory producing aircraft for shipment also makes aircraft parts. If the

establishment has 80 percent of its production in aircraft and 20 percent in parts, all of the output is attributed to aircraft shipments.

Transport

The Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) is the source of these data. AIA obtains quarterly data from Boeing Corp., now the sole U.S. manufacturer of transport aircraft, and publicly available financial disclosure information filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) via Form 10

- k. SEC requires a publicly traded company to file an annual report 90 days after the end of the company's fiscal year to provide an overview of that business.

Helicopters

AIA surveyed and received data from all 10 major helicopter manufacturers on their sales and deliveries.

General Aviation

The general aviation figures are taken from the General Aviation Statistical Databook published by the GAMA. General aviation refers usually to the small aircraft industry in the United States. GAMA collects quarterly data from the 10 to 14 manufacturers who nearly equal a census of the general aviation sector.

# Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recreational Vehicles

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflat ed sales figures in the past, but Ward's does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

Motorcycle

The Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc. (MIC) publishes the Motorcycle Statistical Annual , which is the source for these data. MIC derived the estimate for new retail motorcycle sales for each state from the MIC Retail Sales Report , and adjusted for total retail sales. Motorcycle company reports provided sales data. Prior to 1985, all

- terrain vehicles (ATVs) were included in the motorcycle total. In 1995, the Motorcycle Industry Council revised its data for the years 1985 to present to exclude all terrain vehicles from its totals.

Bicycle

The National Bicycle Dealers Association (NBDA) reported these data, which are based on Bicycle Manufac turers Association (BMA) information through 1996. BMA stopped reporting members' shipments in 1996. Moreover, BMA represents the largest bicycle manufacturers (Huffy, Roadmaster, and Murray), and thus the data do not reflect specialty bike makers or other manufacturers. The Bike Council estimated 1997 through 2001 figures in the table. According to a Bicycle Council representative, the estimates are a combination of domestic forecasts produced by a panel of industry experts and import data from monthly U.S . census databases.

Transit

The American Public Transit Association provided these figures, which are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. These data are generally considered accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report . STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated. Historical reliability may vary due to changes in the railroad industry, including bankruptcies, mergers, and declassification by the STB. Small data errors may also have occurred because of independent rounding in this series by the AAR.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration (MARAD), which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type, reports these data in annual issues of its Merchant Fleets of the World . MARAD compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and agreements with other classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from government agencies, and input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods have been maintained for more

# than 30 years but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship types over time. For example, tank barges are now included in the tanker ship

- type grouping rather than the barge grouping.

TABLE 1

- 13. Active Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft

Air Carrier, Certificated, All Services

Prior to 1995, data originated from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),

FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation . Later data are from the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), Aerospace Facts and Figures . However, Aerospace Facts and Figur es is compiled from the FAA Statistical Handbook of

Aviation . U.S. air carrier fleet data are based on reports collected by FAA field offices from carriers. The reports include information on the number of aircraft by type used in air carrier service. The FAA points out that this information is not an inventory of the aircraft owned by air carriers, but represents the aircraft reported to the FAA as being used in air carrier fleet service. The reported aircraft are all aircraft carrying passengers or cargo for compensation or hire under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135.

General Aviation

The 1960

- 1980 figures originated from the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation . Later data are from FAA annual

issues of the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity (GAATA) Survey re port, table 3.1.The FAA collects both aircraft registration data and voluntary information about aircraft operation, equipment, and location. Before 1978, the FAA mandated owners to annually register their aircraft for the Aircraft Registration Master File. This was a complete enumeration of operating aircraft. Registrants were also asked to voluntarily report information on hours flow, avionics equipment, base location, and use. The FAA changed their data collection methodology in 1978. The annual registra tion requirement became triennial and the General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was initiated to sample aircraft operation and equipment data.

The General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey was renamed the General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey in 1993 to reflect the fact that the survey includes air taxi aircraft. This survey is conducted annually and encompasses a stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United

States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. FAA established three stratification design variables in the survey: 1) the average annual hours flown per aircraft by aircraft type, 2) the aircraft manufacturer/model characteristics, and 3) the sta te of aircraft registration.

Data Reliability

Because of the change in 1978, the reliability of comparisons over time will be affected. The FAA asserted that the change to a triennial registration deteriorated the Aircraft Registration Master File in two ways. First, the resulting lag in registration updates caused the number of undeliverable questionnaires to steadily increase over the three

- year period. Second, inactive aircraft would remain in the registry, inflating the general aviation fleet count. In addition, a new regulation added two categories of aircraft to the general aviation fleet. However, FAA concluded that these changes resulted in no more than a five

- percent error in the fleet population estimate.

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate (derived from sample survey results) and multiplying it by 100.This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled seven

- tenths of a percent in 1997 for the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision.

Nonsampling errors could include problems such as nonresponse, respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide correct information, differences in interpretation of questions, and da ta

- entry mistakes. Readers should note that non

response bias might be a component of reliability errors in the data from 1980 to 1990.The FAA conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no significant differences or inconsistencies in respondents' and nonrespondents' replies. The FAA discontinued the telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990, and the FAA found notable differences and thus adjusted its fleet estimates. The 1991 through 1996 data have been revised to reflect nonresponse bias. In 1997, a sample of 29,954 aircraft was identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 251,571 registered general aviation aircraft. Just over 65 percent of the sample responded to the survey.

# Highway, Total (registered vehicles)

The 1960 to 1980 figures are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
document, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, table MV

- 201 and related tables. Data quality and consistency will be less reliable for these years because of a diversity of registration practices from state to state. Users should recognize that motor vehicle statistical information is not necessarily comparable across all states or within a state from year to year. For instance, the FHWA reported that separate data on single

- unit trucks and combinations was

unobtainable from all states in 1990.

After 1980, the FHWA began to use the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) database, which improved data reliability. FHWA reviews state

- reported HPMS data for completeness, consistency, and adherence to these specifications. Some inaccuracy may arise from variations across states in their adherence to federal guidelines in

the Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual for the Continuing Analytical and Statistical Database

.

If choosing to compare state data, the FHWA recommends that users carefully select a set of peer states that have characteristics similar to the specific comparison. Improperly selected peer states are likely to yield invalid data comparisons. Characteristics that a user needs to consider in determining compatibility of a peer state include similarities and differences in urban/rural areas, population densities, degrees of urbanization, climate, geography, state laws and practices that influence data definitions, administrative controls of public road systems, state economies, traffic volumes, and degrees of centralization of state functions. The FHWA has developed a set of variables that users may use to determine appropriate peer states.

Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicle (truck)

Sources for these figures included FHWA's Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995 (table VM

- 201A) and annual issues

of Highway Statistics (table V M- 1). FHWA compiles these figures from the U.S. Bureau of the Census' Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS). Since 1963, Census has conducted the TIUS every five years with the last survey completed in 1997.The Census Bureau changed the name of the survey to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) in 1997. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks.

Ch ronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 to 1.5 million), and sma ll (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) singl e- unit light, 4) single

- unit heavy, and 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail

- out/mail

- back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners report data only for the vehicles selected. In the 1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau survey ed about 131,000 trucks registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses different from the state of truck registration.

The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling errors. Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two

tenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most
recent survey.

Transit

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) , National Transit Database. These data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and

# validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Railroad (all categories )

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report . Thus, data estimates are considered very reliable. The STB defines Class I railr oads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the
adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

AAR determines the number of non

- Class I railroads through an annual, comprehensive survey sent to every U.S. freight railroad. By following up with nonrespondents, the AAR obtains essentially a 100 percent census of all railroads. Use of the current survey instrument began in 1986.

Amtrak

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle, those records include the year built, service status (operating or not operating on a daily basis), and location. This data should be considered very reliable.

Water Transportation

The source for Inland Nonself

- Propelled Vessels, Self

- Propelled Vessels, and flag passenger and cargo vessels is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States , annual issues. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center (NDC) by various means, including the U.S. Coast Guard's registry, maritime service directories, and waterway sector publications. However, an annual survey of companies that operate inland waterway vessels is the principle source of data. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies, and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland vessels either did not receive or respond to the

annual sur vey.

Oceangoing Steam Motor Ships

Merchant Fleets of the World , published annually by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration (MARAD), is the source of these data. MARAD, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type,

c ompiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service (LMIS).The parent company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from 200 offices worldwide, from data transfers and agreements with
other classification societies, f rom questionnaires to ship owners and ship builders, from feedback from government agencies, and from input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data

- gathering methods have been maintained for more than 30 years. The same official did caution that there are sometimes inconsistencies in groupings of ship types over time. For example, propelled tank barges are now included in the tanker ship

- type grouping.

Recreational Boats

Boating Statistics , published annually by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), is the source. The USCG derives these figures from state and other jurisdictional reporting of the actual count of valid boat numbers issued. In accordance with federal requirements, all 55 U.S. states and territories require motor

- powered vessels to be numbered. However, over half the states do not require nonpowered vessels to be numbered. Accuracy can also be diminished by noncompliance of boat owners with numbering and registration laws. In 1996, the USCG estimated that approximately eight million recreational boats are not numbered and, thus, are excluded from the reported number of recreational vessels. The USCG did not provide estimates for the number of boats without numbering in their reports

# after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail to report by publication deadlines, and the USCG provided estimates based on the previous year's estimate.

TABLE 1

- 14. U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use

These statistics originate from two sources. The R.L. Polk Co. provides numbers for commercial fleet vehicles from state registrations. Bobit Publishing Co. also obtains fleet vehicle sales data from automobile manufacturers. These two sources cover nearly 100 percent of fleet vehicles in the United States. Thus, the data should be very accurate.

TABLE 1

- 15. Annu al U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales

TABLE 1

- 16. Retail New Passenger Car Sales

TABLE 1

- 17. New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases

TABLE 1

- 18. Retail Sales of New Cars by Sector

The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, uses data from Ward's Automotive Reports. The sectoral break down is derived from registration data obtained from R.L. Polk. Ward's obtains sales data directly from

manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or low.

TABLES 1

- 20 and 1

- 21 . Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales

- Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domest ic and Imported Automobiles and Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods

These data originate from Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Light

- Duty MPG and Market Shares System database, which relies on information from monthly Ward's Automotive Reports. Comparisons and observations are made on sales and fuel economy trends from one model year to the next. ORNL has adopted several conventions to facilitate these comparisons, such as the use of sales

- weighted average to estimate fuel economy and vehicle

charact eristics. For example, "sales

- weighted" miles per gallon refers to a composite or average fuel economy based on the distribution of vehicle sales. ORNL's methodology for sales

- weighting can be found in the Appendix of the Highway Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Report: Model Year 1990 (the latest published report). The method was changed dramatically in 1983, and data reliability prior to that year is questionable. This information is now published annually in ORNL's Transportation Energy Data Book.

TABLE 1

- 22. Number of Trucks by Weight

These data are derived from the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) conducted in 1997 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. This survey, formerly known as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), has been conducted every 5 years since 1963. The VIUS collects data and the physical and operational characteristics of the nation's truck population. In 1997, 131,000 trucks were surveyed from an estimated universe of over 75 million trucks. Chronological reliability may be diminished due to sampling design changes in 1977, 1982, and 1992. In 1977, the sampling universe was first stratified by the number of trucks in a state: large (> 1.5 million trucks), medium (700,000 to 1.5 million), and small (< 700,000); and then by two truck sizes.

Stratification in 1982 was then based on body type rather than vehicle weight. In 1992 and 1997, the sampling universe was first subdivided geographically and then into five strata: 1) pickups, 2) vans, 3) single

- unit light, 4) single

- unit heavy, an d 5) truck tractor. Cases were then selected randomly within each stratum.

Census delivered a mail

- out/mail

- back survey to the owner identified in the vehicle registration records. Data collection is staggered as state records become available. Owners repo rt data only for the vehicles selected. In the 1992 survey, a method was employed to also collect data on new truck purchases in the latter half of the year to estimate the fleet for the calendar year. This adjustment in the sampling frame had not been done in previous surveys and may diminish chronological reliability. The sample for 1997 was some 22,500 vehicles smaller than for 1992. The 1997 VIUS had two sampling stages. For the first stage, the Census Bureau surveyed about 131,000 trucks registered as of July 1, 1997.The second stage sampled a total of 3,000 truck owners with state mailing addresses different from the state of truck registration.

# The accuracy and reliability of the VIUS survey depends jointly on sampling variability and nonsampling erro rs. Standard errors arising from sampling variability can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error value by the estimate and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two

tenths of a percent in 1992 and 1997 for the VIUS sample. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision and, inversely, a small standard error indicates precision. The 1992 TIUS achieved over 90.2 percent reporting and the 1997 response rate equaled 84.5 percent, thus reliability may have decreased in the most
recent survey.

TABLE 1 -23 . World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries

Motor Vehicle Production, Factory Sales, and New Passenger Car Retail Sales

Ward's Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures is the source of these data. Ward's obtains sales data directly from manufacturers. Readers should note that automobile manufacturers have inflated sales figures in the past, but Ward's does contact companies to verify numbers that appear too high or lo w.

Used Passenger Car Sales and Leased Passenger Cars

ADT Automotive Used Car Market Report is the source of these data. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is the original source of 1999 data. According to an ADT representative, publishing deadlines require ADT to use WSJ numbers until they can be replaced with National Automotive Dealers Association data. ADT Automotive's Market Analysis Department also gathers figures from CNW Marketing/Research and the R.L. Polk Co. CNW estimates used car sales volumes by collecting state title transfer data and determining if a transaction was made between private individuals or between a consumer and a franchised or independent dealer. This estimate is evaluated by comparing
total transactions with state automobile sales revenues. Polk, an additional source of data, maintains a state vehicle registration database. For 1998, the ADT representative stated that Polk's data were within 5 percentage points of

CNW estimates.

TABLE 1 -24 . Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, which classifies vessels as merchant based on size and type, compiles these figures from a data service provided by Lloyd's Maritime Information Service. The parent company, Lloyd's Register (LR), collects data from several sources: its 200 offices worldwide, data transfers and agreements with other classification societies, questionnaires to ship owners and shipbuilders, feedback from government agencies, and input from port agents. According to an LR official, consistent data gathering methods have been maintained for more than 30 years, but cautioned that inconsistencies may occur in groupings of ship types over time. For example, tank barges are now inc luded in the tanker ship

- type grouping rather than the barge grouping.

TABLE 1 -25 . U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions

These data originate from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). The NPIAS includes all commercial service airports, all reliever airports, and selected general aviation airports. It does not include more than 1,000 publicly owned public use landing areas, privately owned public use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports serve 92 percent of general aviation aircraft (based on an estimated fleet of 200,000 aircraft). In 1998, the NPIAS encompassed 3,344 of the 5,357 airports with public access. Runway pavement condition is classified as follows:

Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.

Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.

Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints.

On a rotating basis, the FAA arranges annual inspections for about 2,000 of the approximately 4,700 public

- use airports. The inspections are based on funding availability and not on statistical criteria, and nearly all runways are inspected every two years. Inspections are primarily made to collect information for pilots on airport conditions. The FAA relies on state and local agencies to perform inspections, so some inaccuracy may arise from variation in their

# adherence to federal guidelines regarding pavement condition reporting. In 1998, the U.S. General Accounting Office found that Pavement Condition Index information was available for about 35 percent of NPIAS airports (GAO/RCED

98

- 226).

TABLE 1 -26 . Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in t he United States

The R.L. Polk Co. is a private enterprise that purchases state registration data to maintain a database of operational vehicles. Its data represent a near census of registered vehicles in the United States, and the age estimate should be

c onsidered very reliable.

TABLE 1 -27 . Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) collects pavement condition data from each state through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. The FHWA uses two rating schemes

- the Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) and the International Roughness Indicator (IRI). IRI is used to measure the condition of Interstates, other principal arterials, rural minor arterials, and other National Highway System roadways. PSR is used to measure the condition of rural major collectors and urban minor arterials and collectors. Rural minor collectors are not measured. Where IRI data are not reported for sampled sections, the PSR data are collected. Using the PSR

, values range from 0.1 to 5.0, where 5.0 denotes new pavement in excellent condition and 0.1 denotes pavement in extremely poor condition. On the IRI scale however, lower values indicate smoother roads (e.g., <60 for interstate pavement in very good condi tion to >170 for interstate pavement in poor condition).

The IRI is an objective measure of pavement roughness developed by the World Bank. The PSR is a more subjective measure of a broader range of pavement characteristics and therefore less comparable. Prior to 1993, all pavement conditions were evaluated using PSR values. Beginning with data published in Highway Statistics 1993 , the FHWA began a transition to the IRI, which should eventually replace the PSR. The change from PSR to IRI makes comparisons between pre

- 1993 pavement condition data and 1993 and later pavement condition data difficult. Thus, trend comparisons should be made with care.

FHWA indicates that the protocol of measuring pavement roughness is not followed by all states, and some did not report for all required mileage. Totals only reflect those states reporting usable or partially usable data. Column percentages may not sum to 100 and may differ slightly from percentages in source tables, which were adjusted so that they would add to 100 .FHWA believes that the IRI data are of "reasonably good quality."

TABLE 1 -28 . Condition of U.S. Bridges

These figures are from the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Bridge Inventory Database. State highway agencies are required to maintain a bridge inspection program and inspect most bridges on public roadways at a minimum of every two years. With FHWA approval, certain bridges may be inspected less frequently. A complete file of all bridges is collected and maintained, representing a very reliable assessment of bridge conditions. However, some inaccuracy may be attributable to variations in state inspector's adherence to the National Bridge Inspection Standards.

TABLE 1 -29 . Average Age of Urban Transit Veh icles

TABLE 1

- 30

. Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance Facilities

TABLE 1 -31

. Condition of Rail Transit Infrastructure

These figures are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), Nat ional Transit Database. The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including vehicle inventories. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receive Urbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally considered

accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data definitions.

TABLE 1 -32. Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built

# The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). Figures reported by AAR are based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB)

via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report . STB defin es Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was $261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

TABLE 1 -33. Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets

Amtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle those records include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should be considered very reliable.

TABLE 1 -34 . U .S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age

The data are from the U.S. Army Corps of Engin eers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States (WTLUS), annual issues. The WTLUS database contains information on vessel operators and characteristics and descriptions for all domestic vessel operations. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center, primarily through a survey of vessel operating companies. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and response rates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the total number of companies operating inland vessel fleets either did not receive and/or did not respond to the annual

survey.

TABLE 1 -35. U.S. Vehicle

- Miles

TABLE 1 -36. Roadway Vehicle

- Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane

- Mile by Functional Class

TABLE 1

- 40

. U.S. Passenger

- Miles

Air Carrier, Certificated, Domestic, All Services

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, reports aircraft revenue

- miles and passenger

- miles in its publ ication Air Traffic Statistics . These numbers

are based on 100

- percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors arise from nonreporting but amount to less than 1 percent of all air carrier passenger

- miles. Th e figures do not include data
for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. These, if added, may raise total air passenger

- miles by about 5 percent.

General Aviation

Passenger

- mile numbers for 1975 to present are calculated by adjusting the Interstate Commerce Commission's 1974 figure for air passenger

- miles by the percentage change in annual hours flown by general aviation aircraft as published in the USDOT, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation . Numbers in the handbook are based on the General Aviation and Air Taxi Survey (GAATA). In 1993, the GAATA stopped including commuter aircraft. Commuter

- miles collected before 1993 by the GAATA were, according to one FAA

o fficial, woefully underreported. Therefore, problems with the estimate of general aviation aircraft include: a break in the series between 1992 and 1993, a possible outdated factor used to calculate passenger

- miles, and the classification of commuter opera tions.

Highway

Highway vehicle

- miles of travel (vmt) are estimated using data from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS), a database maintained by FHWA that contains information on highway characteristics supplied by individual

states. Annual vm t by highway functional system is calculated as the product of the annual average daily traffic (AADT) along each highway section, the centerline length of each highway section, and the number of days in the

# year. Also, expansion factors are used for roadways that are sampled rather than continuously monitored. Vmt by vehicle type is estimated using vehicle share estimates supplied by states.

FHWA has established methods for collecting, coding, and reporting HPMS data in two manuals: Traffic Monitoring

Guid e (TMG) and Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual . The prescribed sampling process for collecting highway volume data, which is used to estimate AADT, is based on statistical methods. However, in practice, several factors affect the ultimate quality of the data. FHWA discusses many of these issues in their annual Highway Statistics report and other publications. However, BTS is not aware of any study or report that has statistically quantified the accuracy of vmt estimates. Some of the primary issues related to data quality are noted

here.

1. The sampling procedures suggested in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual are designed to produce traffic volume estimates with an average precision level of 80

- percent confidence with a 10

- percent allowable error at the state level. FHWA provides additional guidance to states through annual workshops and other avenues to help them follow these procedures as closely as possible. However, the actual data quality and consistency of HPMS information are dependent on the programs, actions, and maintenance of sound databases by numerous data collectors, suppliers, and analysts at the state, metropolitan, and other local area levels. Not all states follow the recommended sampling, counting, and estimating procedures conta ined in the Traffic Monitoring Guide , and the exact degree to which the states follow these guidelines overall is unknown. However, FHWA believes that most states generally follow the guidelines.

2. Estimates for higher

- level roadway systems are more accur ate than those for lower level ones, since traffic volumes on higher

- level roadways are sampled at a higher rate. The TMG recommends that traffic counts be collected for all Interstate and principal arterial sections on a three

- year cycle. Under this schem e, about one

- third of the traffic counts for these roadway sections in a given year are actually measured, while volumes on the remainder are factored to represent present growth. Although some States collect data at all traffic count locations every year, most use some variation of the TMG data collection guidelines. Volumes on urban and rural minor arterials, rural major collectors, and urban collectors are collected using a sampling procedure. States are not required to report volumes for rural/urban local systems and rural minor collectors, though most do so. However, the methods used to estimate travel on these roadways vary from state to state since there are no standard guidelines for calculating travel on these roadways.

3. Vmt estimates by vehicle type are less accurate than are estimates for total motor vehicle vmt for several reasons:1) vehicle classification equipment can frequently misclassify vehicles (see B.A. Harvey et al, Accuracy of Traffic Monitoring Equipment , GDOT 9210, (Georgia Tech Research Institute:1995)); 2) vehicle shares are often determined by methods or by special studies that are not directly compatible with HPMS data definitions and/or purposes, and observed local

- level vehicle classification counts are difficult to apply on a statewide basis; and 3) vehicle type definitions can vary among states.

4. Vmt estimates for combination trucks in HPMS differ from survey

- based estimates from the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), as much as 50 percent for some categories of combination trucks. Much of this discrepancy appears to be due to differences in truck classification definitions and biases introduced by data collection practices. See R.D. Mingo et al.1995. Transportation Research Record , No. 1511 (Washington, DC: National Acade my Press),
pp. 42

- 46.

5. FHWA adjusts questionable data using a variety of standard techniques and professional judgement. For example, national average temporal adjustment factors developed from HPMS and other national highway monitoring programs are appl ied to State data, when necessary, to compensate for temporal deficiencies in sampling practices. Also, in estimating vmt by vehicle type, FHWA employs an iterative process to reconcile vmt, fuel economy (miles per gallon), fuel consumption, and vehicle re gistration estimates. Fuel consumption, total vmt by highway functional class, and registrations by vehicle group are used as control totals. This process limits the size of errors and ensures data consistency.

6.Passenger

- miles of travel (pmt) are calculated by multiplying vmt estimates by vehicle loading (or occupancy) factors from various sources, such as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey conducted by FHWA and TIUS. Thus, pmt data are subject to the same accuracy issues as vmt, along with uncertainties associated with estimating vehicle

- loading factors.

Transit

# The American Public Transit Association (APTA) figures are based on information in USDOT, Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA adjusts the FTA data to

i nclude transit operators that do not report to the FTA database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Class I Rail (vehicle

- miles)

Data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage opera ted.

Intercity Train

The AAR passenger

- miles number is based on an almost 100

- percent count of tickets and, therefore, is considered

accurate.

TABLE 1 -38 . Average Length of Haul: Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes

Freight

Air Carrier and Truck

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures.

Class I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of

the R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. The STB defined Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable

t hreshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Water

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unlo ading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., provided these figures, which are estimates based on U.S. Department of Energy and Association of Oil Pipe Lines reports. Figures are derived by dividing estimated pipeline ton

- miles by estimated crude and petroleum products tonnage.

# Passenger

Air Carrier

The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, reports average trip length in its publication Air Traffic Statistics . These numbers are based on 100

- percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers via BTS Form 41.The figures do not
include data for all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines.

Bus

The Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures based on Class I carrier passenger data and

vehicle

- miles data from Highway Statistics , an annually published report of the USDOT, Federal Highway

Administration.

Commuter Rail

The American Public Transit Association (APTA) provided these data, which are based on the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the database (private, very small, and rural operators).

Intercity/Amtrak

The Statistical Appendix to the Amtrak Annual Report is the source of these data. Amtrak data are based on 100 percent of issued tickets, and thus should be accurate.

TABLE 1 -42 . Long

- Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 1995

TABLE 1 -43. Long

- Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 1995

The data presented in these tables are estimates derived from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS) conducted for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The survey's estimation procedure inflates unweighted sample results to independent estimates of the total population of the United States. Values for missing data are estimated through imputation procedures.

Since ATS estimates come from a sample, they are subject to two possible types of error: nonsampling and sampling. Sources of nonsampling errors include inability to obtain information about all sample cases, errors made in data collection and processing, errors made in estimating v alues for missing data, and undercoverage.

The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error, but the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, the user should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of

cases or on small differences between estimates.

Standard errors for ATS estimates that indicate the magnitude of sampling error as well as complete documentation of the source and reliability of the data may be obtained from detailed ATS reports. Because of methodological differences, users should use caution when comparing these data with data from other sources.

TABLE 1 -44. Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports

The Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers (A AS) is the source of these data. Published by USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI), the AAS presents traffic statistics for all scheduled and nonscheduled service by large certificated U.S. air carriers for each a irport served within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation Administration. The publication draws its data from the T

- 100 and T

- 3 databases maintained by OAI. These data are based on a 100

-

# percent reporting of enplanements, departures, and tonnage information by large certificated U.S. air carriers via BTS

Form 41.

Prior to 1993, the AAS included all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplanements for certificated air carriers but did not include enplanements for air carriers offering charter service only. Prior to 1990, the freight category was divided into both freight and express shipments and the mail category was divided into U.S. mail (priority and nonpriority) and foreign mail. Beginning in 1990, only aggregate numbers were reported for freight and mail.

TABLE 1 -45 . Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United Stat es from Selected Foreign Countries

TABLE 1 -46. Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries

The International Trade Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce publishes the U.S. International Air

Travel Statis tics Report annually. The passenger data is based on information collected by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service using the INS Form I

- 92. All passengers on international flights must complete the I

- 92 form with the exception of those passengers on flights arriving or departing from Canada.

The international passenger arrivals and departures data for Canada is obtained from Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports , which is published by Statistics Canada. Three surveys are conducted by Statistic s Canada in order to collect the necessary passenger data. Since all data is not received by the time of publication and data is occasionally updated or resubmitted by the participating carriers, data should be considered preliminary for the years

referenc ed in the source publication.

TABLE 1 -49. U.S. Ton

- Miles of Freight

Air Carrier

Air Carrier Traffic Statistics , published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), Office of Airline Information (OAI), is the source of these data. Large certificated U.S. air carriers report domestic freight activities to OAI via BTS Form 41.The information reported in the table represents transportation of freight (excluding passenger baggage), U.S. and foreign mail, and express mail within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It also covers transborder traffic to Canada and Mexico by U.S. carriers. The data does not include information on small certificated air carriers, which represent less than 5 percent of freight ton

- miles.

Intercity Truck

The data are estimates from Transportation in America , pu blished by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. (Eno). Eno's estimates of intercity truck ton

- miles are based on historic data from the former Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), estimates from the American Trucking Association, and other sources. Eno supplements its estimates by using additional information on vehicle

- miles of truck travel published in Highway Statistics by the Federal Highway Administration. Users should note that truck estimates in the tables do not include local truck

movements.

C lass I Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data are

based on 100

- percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB). The data represent all revenue freight activities of the Class I railroads and are not based on information from the Rail Waybill Sample. The STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.

Domestic Water Transport

# The data are from W aterborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Oil Pipeline

The data for 1960, 1965, and 1970 are from Transportation in America , published by the Eno Transportation
Foundation, Inc., and the data for 1975 to 1998 are from Shifts in Petroleum Transportation , by the Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL). Eno's data are based on information from the fo rmer Interstate Commerce Commission's Transport Economics . Common carrier oil pipelines reported all freight activities to the ICC.

AOPL obtains barrel

- miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which requires petroleum shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel

- miles to ton

- miles using conversion figures in the American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book . Since 16 percent of pipeline shipments are intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to FERC data.

TABLE 1

- 51

. Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments: 2001

The value of U.S. air, maritime, and land imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the other's import data to replace its own export data. U.S. international merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no longer derived exclusively from the administrative records of the Departments of Commerce and Treasury, but from Revenue Canada. Import value is for U.S. general imports, customs value basis. Export value is FAS (free along ship) and represents the value of exports at the U.S. port of export, including the transaction price and inland freight, insurance, and other charges. Trade levels reflect the mode of transportation as a shipment entered or exited a U.S. Customs port.

Truck, rail pipeline, mail, and miscellaneous modes are included in the total for land modes. Data present trade activity between the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands and Canada and Mexico. These statistics
do not include traffic between Guam, Wake Island, and America Samoa and Canada and Mexico. These statistics also exclude imports that are valued at less than $1,250 and for exports that are valued at less than $2,500.

TABLE 1 -56. U.S. Waterborne Freight

The data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b. Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.

Foreign waterborne statistics are derived from Census Bureau and U.S. Customs data, which excludes traffic between Guam, Wake Island, and American Samoa and any other foreign country, and imports and exports used by U.S. Armed Forces abroad. Individual vessel movements with origins and destinations at U.S. ports, traveling via the

Panama Canal are considered domestic traffic.

TABLE 1 -57. Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons

Data on the weight of U.S. maritime imports and exports are captured from administrative documents required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury. In 1990, the United States entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Canada concerning the exchange of import data. As a consequence, each country is using the other's import data to replace its own export data. The United States' merchandise trade statistics, therefore, are no

# longer derived exclusively from U.S. government administrative records, but from Revenue Canada. Maritime weight data are initially processed and edited by the Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau (Census) as part of the overall edits and quality checks performed on all U.S. international merchandise trade data. After Census processing, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Maritime Administration (MARAD) perform additional maritime

specific processing and quality edits on maritime

- related data elements, including the weight of maritime imports and exports. The USACE and MARAD began performing this function in October 1998 after the Foreign Waterborne Trade data program was transferred from the Census Bureau. Prior to October 1998, the USACE historically performed additional specializ ed edits at the port level, including reassignment of some tonnage data to the actual waterborne port rather than the reported U.S. Customs port.

TABLE 1 -58

. Freight Activity in the United States: 1993, 1997 , 2002, and 2007

TABLE 1 -59 . Value, Tons, and Ton - Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by Domestic
Establishment, 2007

TABLE 1 -62 . U.S. Hazardou s Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode

, 2007

TABLE 1 -63 . U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 2007

These data are collected via the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) undertaken through a partnership between the U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau (Census), and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. For the 1997 CFS, Census conducted a sample of 100,000 domestic establishments randomly selected from a universe of about 800,000 multiestablishment companies in the mining, manufacturing,
wholesale trade, and selected retail industries. It excluded establishments cla ssified as farms, forestry, fisheries, governments, construction, transportation, foreign, services, and most retail.

Reliability of the Estimates

An estimate based on a sample survey potentially contains two types of errors

- sampling and nonsampling. Samp ling errors occur because the estimate is based on a sample, not on the entire universe. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources in the collection and processing of the data and occur in all data, not just those from a sample survey. The accuracy of a survey result is affected jointly by sampling and nonsampling errors.

Sampling Variability

Because the estimates are derived from a sample of the survey population, results are not expected to agree with those that might be obtained from a 100

- per cent census using the same enumeration procedure. However, because each establishment in the Standard Statistical Establishment List had a known probability of being selected for sampling, estimating the sampling variability of the estimates is possible. T he standard error of the estimate is a measure of the variability among the values of the estimate computed from all possible samples of the same size and design. Thus, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approx imates the results of a complete enumeration. The coefficient of variation is the standard error of the estimate divided by the value being estimated. It is expressed as a percent. Note that measures of sampling variability, such as the standard

error or c oefficient of variation, are estimated from the sample and are also subject to sampling variability. Standard errors and coefficients of variation for CFS data presented in this report are given in Appendix B of the 1997 Economic Census report, and are available online www.census.gov/econ/wwwse0700.html

.

Nonsampling Errors

In the CFS, as in other surveys, nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, including 1) nonresponse; 2) response errors; 3) differences in the interpretation of questions; 4) mistakes in coding or recoding the data; and 5) other errors of collection, response, coverage, and estimation.

A potentially large source of nonsampling error is due to nonresponse, which is defined as the inability to obtain all intended measurements or responses from selected establishments. Nonresponse is corrected by imputation.

TABLE 1

- 60

. Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode

# The Transborder Surface Freight Data (TSFD) is derived from official U.S. international merchandise import and export data. (For a description of U.S. merchandise trade statistics, see www.census.gov/foreign

trade/www/index.html .) As of December 1995, about 96 percent of the value of all U.S. imports has been collected electronically by the Automated Broker Interface System. About 55 percent of the value of all U.S. export s is collected electronically through the U.S./Canada Data Exchange and the Automated Export Reporting Program. The balance is collected from administrative records required by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury.

The TSFD incorporates all data, by surface mode, on shipments entering or exiting the United States from or to Canada or Mexico. Prior to January 1997, this dataset also included transshipments

- shipments entering or exiting the United States by way of U.S. Customs ports on the northern or southern borders even when the actual origin or final destination of the goods was other than Canada or Mexico. (In other U.S. Bureau of the Census trade statistics, transshipments through Canada and Mexico are credited to the true country of origin or final destination.) To make this dataset more comparable to other U.S. Census Bureau trade statistics, detailed information on transshipments has been removed. The TSFD presents a summary of transshipments by country, direction of trade, and mode of

transpo rtation. Shipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., intransits) are beyond the scope of this dataset because they are not considered U.S. international trade shipments.

In general, the reliability of U.S. foreign trade statistics is very good. Users should be aware that trade data fields (e.g., value and commodity classification) are typically more rigorously reviewed than transportation data fields (e.g., the mode of transportation and port of entry/exit). Users should also be aware that the use of foreign trade data to describe physical transportation flows may not be accurate. For example, this dataset provides surface transportation information for individual U.S. Customs districts and ports on the northern and southern borders. However, because of filing procedures for trade documents, these ports may or may not record where goods physically cross the border. This is because the information filer may choose to file trade documents at one port while shipments actually enter or exit at another port. The TSFD, however, is the best publicly available approximation for analyzing transborder transportation flows. Since the dataset was introduced in April 1993, it has gone through several refinements and improvements. When improba bilities and inconsistencies were found in the dataset, extensive analytical reviews were conducted and improvements made. However, accuracy varies by direction of trade and individual field. For example, import data are generally more accurate than export data. This is primarily because the U.S. Customs Bureau uses import documents for enforcement purposes while it performs no similar function for exports. For additional information on TSFD, the reader is referred to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics Internet site at www.bts.gov/transborder.

TABLE 1 -61. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode

Pipelines

The Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) obtains barrel

- miles from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which requires petroleum shippers to report annual shipments. AOPL then coverts barrel

- miles to ton

- miles using conversion figures in the American Petroleum Institute's (API's) Basic Petroleum Data Book . Since 16 percent

of pipeline shipments are intrastate and not subject to FERC reporting requirements, AOPL makes adjustments to FERC data to include intrastate shipments. AOPL also conducts periodic studies to estimate intrastate shipments.

Water Carriers

Data are from Wate rborne Commerce of the United States , published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). All vessel operators of record report domestic freight and tonnage information to USACE via ENG Forms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargo movements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shore facilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4) cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton

- miles by multiplying the cargo's tonnage by the distance between the points of loading and unloading.

Motor Carriers

AOPL estimates ton

- miles by multipl ying tons by the average length of haul. For crude, the tonnage of the prior year is projected by using a growth rate established by data from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information

Administration's Petroleum Supply Annual , vol. 1, table 37. For products, the same calculation is made but with a growth rate estimated by the American Trucking Association in Financial and Operating Statistics, Class I and II,

# Motor Carriers , Summary table VI

- B. Average length of haul is determined from the prior six years of data for ton

miles and tonnage of crude and petroleum products moved by motor carriers.

Railroad

AOPL calculates ton

- miles by multiplying tonnage by average length of haul. Tonnage data for crude and products

comes from the Association of American Railroad's Freight Commodity Statistics , U.S. Class I Railroads. The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Commission provides the average length of haul for crude and products in its Carload Way Bill Statistics.

TABLE 1 -64 . Passengers Deni ed Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1 -65 . Mishandled

- Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

TABLE 1 -66. Flight Operations Arriving On Time for the Largest U.S. Air Carriers

These numbers are based on data filed with the U.S. Department of Transportation on a monthly basis by the largest

U.S. air carriers
- those that have at least one percent of total domestic scheduled

- service passenger revenues. Data cover nonstop scheduled service flights between points within the United States (including territories). The largest U.S. carriers account for more than 90 percent of domestic operating revenues. They include Alaska Airlines,
America West Airlines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwes t Airlines, Trans World Airlines, Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, and US Airways. However, there are other carriers offering domestic scheduled passenger service that are not required to report. In some cases, major airlines sell tickets for flights t hat are actually operated by a smaller airline that is not subject to the reporting requirement.

TABLE 1

- 67

. FAA

- Cited Causes of Departure and En route Delays

The source of these data, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), counts a flight as delayed if it departed or arrived more than 15 minutes after its scheduled gate departure and arrival

times. FAA calculates d elayed departures based on the difference between the time a pilot requests FAA clearance to taxi and the time an aircraft's wheels lift off the runway, minus the airport's standard unimpeded taxi

- out time.

Users should note that taxi

- out time varies by airport due to differences in configurations. The cause of delay is also recorded, e.g., weather, terminal volume, closed runways, etc.

USDOT guidance defines departure as the time the aircraft parking brake is released and gate arrival as the time the

brake is set. According to the USDOT's Office of the Inspector General (OIG), FAA's omission of part of a plane's ground movement compromises the data's validity. A recent OIG report noted that the FAA tracks ground time only after a pilot requests clearance and fails to track a plane's time in the ramp area. OIG found that ramp time comprised 28.7 percent to 40.5 percent of the average taxi

- out time at the three major New York area airports (OIG Audit Report

CR

- 2000

- 112), and would not be counted as an FAA dela y.

Reliability

Several data collection changes complicate comparisons over time. For example, FAA modified its method for calculating volume

- related delays that resulted in a 17 percent drop in such delays. Decreases in volume

- related delays from 1998 to 1 999 totaled less than one percent. Moreover, prior to 1999, USDOT did not provide a clear definition of what a departure was. An OIG Audit (CE

- 1999

- 054) report noted that air carriers used four different departure events: 1) rolling of aircraft wheels; 2) release of parking brake; 3) closure of passenger and/or cargo doors; and 4) a combination of door closures and release of the parking break. The same report also noted errors in the reporting of departure times by the air carriers.

Data are now manually entered in FAA's Operations Network (OSPNET) database, and reporting errors may arise and decrease reliability. The FAA monitors data quality assurance by spot checking the reported delay data and requesting that discrepancies be reviewed by the responsible facility. According to an OIG Audit (CR

- 2000

- 112), however, mistakes are not reliably corrected and many air traffic controllers suggested that delays are underreported sometimes by as much as 30 percent.

TABLE 1 -68. Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancell ations, and Diversions

# A second data source for air

- carrier delay is the USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI). This information originates from the Airline Service Quality Performance data. These figures are

colle cted from the largest airlines

- those that have at least one percent or more of total domestic scheduled service passenger revenues. Delays are categorized by phase of flight (i.e., gate

- hold, taxi

- out, airborne, or taxi

- in delays). These data differ from FAA's OSPNET information due to differences in definition of delay.

While the FAA tracks delays on the taxiway, runway, and in the air, BTS tracks delays at the departure and arrival gates. OAI calculates delays as the difference between scheduled and actual gate departure. If a flight leaves the gate within 15 minutes of its scheduled time, then OAI would record it as departed on

- time even if it sat for several hours on the ramp or runway, in which case the delay would be accounted for as a late arrival.

T ABLE 1 -69. Annual Person

- Hours of Delay Per Auto Traveler

TABLE 1

- 70 . Travel Time Index

TABLE 1 -71. Annual Roadway Congestion Index

TABLE 1 -72. Annual Congestion Index and Cost Values

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 1

- 60through 62.TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). TTI utilizes these data as inputs to its congestion

estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and estimations can be found at this website http://mobility.tamu.edu

.

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average travel volume per lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle

- miles of travel (vmt) and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the system so that the combined index measures conditions on the freeway and principal arterial street systems. Values greater than one are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion

index should examine this website http://mobility.tamu.edu

.

Annual person

- hours of delay results from the multiplication of daily vehicle

- hours of incident and recurring delay times 250 working days per year times 1.25 persons per vehicle. Two types of costs are incurred due to congestion: time delay and fuel consumption. Delay costs are the product of passenger vehicle hours of delay times $12.85 per
hour person time value times 1.25 occupants per vehicle. Fuel costs are calculated for passenger and commercial vehicles from the multiplication of peak period congestion speeds, the average fuel economy, fuel costs, and vehicle

hours of delay.

In previous reports, the TTI methodology assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, occurred in congested conditions. TTI indicated that this assumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Thus, their 2002 estimates now vary by urban area anywhere from 18 percent to 50 percent of travel that occurs in congestion. TTI's model structure applies to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these amounts, travel is then classified under 5 categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, severely congested, and extremely congested (a new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested an d congested was changed in 2002. Previous editions classified congested travel when areawide traffic levels reached 14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 5,500vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the current edition, these values are 15,500 and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day, respectively. Previous years values

have been re

- estimated based on these new assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI Internet site for more detailed algorithms and estimation procedures at http://mobility.tamu.edu

.

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in their models. State and local officials also review the TTI data and estimations. Some of the limitations acknowledged in the TTI report include the macroscopic character of the index. Thus, it does not account for local variations in travel patterns that may affect travel times. The index also does not

# account for local improvements, such as ramp metering or travel speed advantages obtained with transit or carpool

lanes.

TABLE 1 -73. Amtrak On

- Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause

Amtrak determines on

- time performance through its computer system maintained at the National Operations Center (NOPS) in Wilmington, Delaware. If a train is delayed, a call is made to the NOPS for recordkeeping. These data can be supplemented with computer entries made for locomotive or car malfunctions that cause delays. These data

should be considered reliable.

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 4 Energy and the Environment

PETROLEUM SUPPLY

TABLE 4

- 1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

The petroleum supply system is extremely complicated, with many different processes, products, and entities involved. Briefly, crude oil is produced or imported, transported to refineries where it is refined into various products, and then transported to markets. Imports and exports of crude oil and products must be accounted for, as must be nonpetroleum components of final products, such as natural gas plant liquids and ethanol for gasoline blending.

The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects extensive data at select points in the petroleum supply system. Sixteen surveys are conducted by EIA's Petroleum Supply Reporting System to track the supply and disposition of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas plant li quids:



# • five weekly surveys cover refineries (form EIA

- 800), bulk terminal stocks (form EIA

- 801), product pipelines (form EIA

- 802), crude stocks (form EIA

- 803), and imports (form EIA

- 804).



# • eight monthly surveys cover the same five points plus tanker and barge movement (form EIA

- 817), gas processing facilities (form EIA

- 816), and oxygenates (form EIA

- 819M).



# • one survey (form EIA

- 807) collects propane data on a monthly basis in the warmer months (April

September) and on a weekly basis in the colder months.



# • o ne annual survey determines production capacity of oxygenates and fuel ethanol (form EIA

- 819A), and



# • one annual survey determines refinery fuel use, capacity, and crude oil receipts by transportation mode (form EIA

- 820).

The five weekly surveys target key points in the petroleum supply system. They do not include all companies, but sample 90 percent of volume at each selected point in the supply system. EIA rank

- orders the companies involved in the survey and sends surveys as it scrolls down the list, stopping when it reaches the 90 percent level. Although 100 percent coverage is sacrificed, this method keeps the level of incoming data manageable and avoids burdening the smallest companies. All data are reviewed and anomalies checked.

Monthly surveys provide data that are used in the monthly and annual reports. They are similar to the weekly surveys, but are more exhaustive in both the range of data collected and the depth of the collection. Sample sizes and response rates for several of the key points in the supply system are shown in table 1 .The eight monthly surveys cover the industry more accurately than the weekly surveys and prov ide some double

- check points that the other surveys do not. EIA expends considerable effort to ensure that its data are as accurate as possible. Revisions are made throughout the year. For example, EIA's Annual Energy Review 1996 , released in July 1997, provided a preliminary 1996 number for total petroleum production of 8.30 million barrels per day (mmbd). The Annual Energy

Review 1997 , released a year later, revised that to 8.25 mmbd, and the 1999 Review reported 8.29 mmbd.

No complicated survey is likely to be 100 percent accurate. EIA lists four sources of potential systematic errors:

1. Some members of the target population are missed. EIA reports that it continually reviews the lists and searches industry periodicals and newspapers to identify new actors. Considering the nature of the petroleum industry, it is very unlikely that companies with significant production are not surveyed.

2. Some members of the target population do not respond. EIA reports a 97 percent response rate for monthly surveys. For some points in the supply system, the average response is over 99 percent. Survey respondents are required by law to respond, but some non response is inevitable, especially among small companies. EIA assumes that the nonrespondent's value for that month is the same as for the previous month except for imports. Since imports vary widely, with respondents frequently having no imports, EIA

assu mes a nonresponse means zero imports. It can be assumed that EIA is good at "filling in the blanks."

# Assuming for illustration purposes that 0.5 percent of production does not respond, and that EIA is 90 percent accurate in covering the gap, then there is a possibility of a 0.05 percent error. Applying that to total production of 8.29 mmbd in 1999 suggests that there could be an error of 0.0041 mmbd (4,100 barrels per day), which would not affect the published number.

3. The most serious problem may be response error. A company may have poor data, perhaps as a result of imperfect measurements, or it may transmit the wrong number. EIA has no control over a company's data quality. Companies have incentive to measure their inputs and products accurately. Otherwise, they may be cheating themselves or risking ill will with their customers or suppliers. However, no instrumentation is perfectly accurate. The high throughput of, say, a refinery with capacity of several hundred thousand barrels per day, with a variety of products changing density and some lost or used on site, is very complicated to measure. Instrumentation errors are likely to be systematic at any one site, although they will be more nearly random in the aggregate for all facilities. There is potential for small but significant overall errors. Mistakes may be made in recording and transferring the data. EIA reviews the data and flags gross errors or missing data for review by the respondent. However, not all errors will be picked up by EIA and/or the

res pondent. Overall, response errors probably are several times as large as nonresponse errors, but it is beyond the scope of this profile to estimate them.

4. The final potential source of systematic error is in the clarity of the survey form, i.e., whether all respondents interpret it correctly. No doubt errors and ambiguities can creep into a form, but at least for petroleum supply, that does not appear to be a major risk. The supply system is not changing rapidly, and EIA should be able to keep with it and the terminology. However the final digit of EIA's published supply data is questionable.

For additional information on survey methodology and statistical reliability, the reader is referred to the EIA reference

cited in the tables or the EIA Internet site at www.eia.doe.gov

.



# FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

TABLE 4

- 1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

TABLE 4

- 2. U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector

TABLE 4

- 3. Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector

TABLE 4

- 4. U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector

TABLE 4

- 7. Domestic Demand for Gasoline

Petroleum consumption is far more complex to measure than supply. Instead of a few hundred companies at most measuring points in the supply system, there are tens of millions of consumers. It would be impossible for any survey of individual consumers to produce the high rate of return of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Inf ormation Administration's (EIA's) supply surveys. EIA's transportation data collection is further limited by the termination of the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS). Therefore, EIA uses surveys of sales of products (e.g., Form E IA

- 821:Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report) or tax collection data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

EIA reviewed the accuracy of its energy consumption data in a 1990 monograph Energy Consumption by End

- Use Sector, a Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys . Unfortunately, this monograph does not
discuss the transportation sector because the consumption and supply surveys were not comparable. However,

some of the results from other sec tors indicate the discrepancies between supply and consumption surveys. Table 4

- 2 shows the ratio of fuel supplied to the sector to consumption reported by the sector in consumption surveys.

In most cases, supply is reported as substantially larger than consumption. Supplies of fuel oil to the commercial sector are reported at almost twice the level of consumption reported by that sector. Some of the discrepancies may be due to definition differences (e.g., fuel oil for apartment buildings is included in commercial supply surveys but not in consumption surveys.) Overall, however, the differences are too large for great confidence in the accuracy of the

data.

# If transportation had been reviewed in the same format, it is likely that the discrepancies would have been larger. Most transportation fuel (gasoline for automobiles) is purchased in small quantities at irregular intervals and cannot be checked simply by looking at a utility bill. Hence, highway transportation energy consumption surveys must be

extensi ve to avoid the risk of large uncertainties in the data. But, with the termination of the RTECS, EIA ceased conducting such surveys. Consumption data must be derived indirectly from sales of petroleum products and tax collection data. While petroleum suppl y may be accurate to one decimal place, it is likely that disaggregating by sector use may be within plus or minus several percentage points, or perhaps about half a quadrillion British thermal unit (Btu) in table 4

- 1.

Motor Gasoline

Almost all gasoline i s consumed in the transportation sector. Small amounts are used in the commercial sector for nonhighway use and the industrial sector, which includes agriculture, construction, and other uses. Subtracting estimates of those uses from the known total sales yields the transportation sector's total, which is further subdivided into highway and marine use. Aviation gasoline is, of course, used entirely in the transportation sector (for a very few high

- performance automobiles as well as small aircraft).

Data on actual sales is collected by the states for revenue purposes. These data are forwarded to FHWA. EIA uses the data from FHWA to allocate highway consumption of motor gasoline among the states. For 1999, FHWA reported 124.7 billion gallons of gasoline sold nationally for highway use. EIA's table 5.12c of the Annual Energy Review 2000 lists 8.33 mmbd of gasoline supplied for the transportation sector, the same as 127.7 billion gallons.

Such close agreement between supply and demand is not totally convincing. Definitions are unique to each state (e.g., whether gasohol is counted as pure gasoline or part gasoline and part renewables), measurement points vary from state to state, and each state handles losses differently. Hence, the total of all states' sales of gasoline is not entirely consistent.

Separation of highway from nonhighway uses of gasoline is, by necessity, based in part on careful estimates. Nevertheless, overall gasoline sales are well documented, and the separation is probably fairly accurate. Re finery output of motor gasoline was 7.93 mmbd in 1999, which is probably accurate to the first decimal place and maybe a little better. The transportation sector's 8.33 mmbd would have about the same accuracy.

Diesel Fuel

Diesel fuel is used in highway vehicles, railroads, boats, and military vehicles. Sales are only about 30 percent of gasoline in the transportation sector, but uncertainties are greater. More diesel than gasoline is used for nonhighway purposes, especially agriculture and construction. In addition, there has been more potential for cheating to avoid the tax; heating oil is virtually the same as diesel fuel and can easily be transferred to a vehicle. However, this is less significant now that tracers have been added to fuel oil. After the addition of tracers, the amount of transportation diesel fuel use jumped.

To estimate diesel fuel sales by mode, EIA starts with the total supply of distillate fuel and subtracts the small amount sold to electric utilities (the most accurately known sector, as measured by EIA Form EIA

- 759). The remainder is divided among the oth er end

- use sectors according to EIA's sales surveys (Form EIA

- 821: Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report, and Form EIA

- 863: Petroleum Product Sales Identification Survey).

This method introduces several potential elements of inaccuracy. First, the surveys of each sector are probably less accurate than the supply surveys noted earlier. Companies and individuals may inadvertently send incorrect data, or not respond at all. Then EIA has to determine what adjustment factor to use for each end

- use sector. S ince each sector will have a different response rate to the surveys, the adjustments will be different. Large adjustments can introduce large errors. EIA has not published its adjustments for the transportation sector. As shown in table 2 , the adjustments in other sectors range from 5 to 96 percent of reported consumption. Even a 20 percent adjustment could introduce an error of one or two percentage points (plus or minus) for any one sector.

Overall, the accuracy of diesel fuel use in the transportation sector should be viewed with some skepticism.

Jet Fuel

# Jet fuel is the only other petroleum

- based fuel that is used in large quantities (over 1 million barrels/day) in the transportation sector. Virtually all of it is used by airlines. These data are accurate because airlines are required to report usage, and because there are relatively few certificated air carriers, data collection s hould be manageable.



# NONPETROLEUM FUELS CONSUMPTION

TABLE 4

- 10. Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles

Collectively, oxygenates, natural gas, electricity, and various alternative fuels amount to only about 3 percent of all energy used in the transportation sector. While this may not be much greater than the error bars associated with petroleum use, it is important to track changes in these fuels accurately.

Oxygenates

Oxygenates, mostly methyl tributyl ether (MTBE), which is derived from natural gas and ethanol, are part of mainstream gasoline supply. They are measured routinely with petroleum supply (forms EIA

- 819A and 819M). Consumption is estimated from production, net imports, and stock changes. Refineries and other entities are required to report data on oxygenates, and EIA also monitors production capability to provide a crosscheck. Thus, oxygenates data are likely to be reasonably accurate.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is used in the transportation sector mai nly as the fuel for compressor stations on natural gas transmission lines. A small but growing amount is used in compressed or liquefied form in vehicles. EIA collects data on natural gas much as it does for petroleum, but the system is much simpler. Natural gas transmission companies may not know exactly how much gas is used in compressor stations, but they have a good idea based on the size of the equipment and the load on the line. The reported numbers probably are reasonably accurate. Data on natural ga sfueled vehicles are collected by DOE via Form

- 886, which is sent to fuel suppliers, vehicle manufacturers, and consumers. In addition, private associations and newsletters are important sources of information on alternative

vehicles and alternative fuels use. Since most groups work cooperatively with DOE, it is likely that the data reported are accurate. EIA tracks the number of natural gas vehicles and the number of refueling stations to provide a cross check on estimates of natural gas consumption.

Elec tricity

Electricity powers intercity trains (Amtrak) and intracity rail systems. In addition, the number of electric vehicles is growing. There is considerable uncertainty over the energy consumed by these modes. Amtrak no longer provides

national totals o f its electricity consumption. Data on intracity transit is based on U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including energy use. Although the data is generally

considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted, reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data.

If electric vehicles become important over the next decade or two, dedicated charging stations may become commonplace, which could provide accurate data. Fleet owners (e.g., electric utilities) can keep accurate records, but individuals who plug their vehicles in at home may not. Electricity use must be estimated from the number of such vehicles and the expected driving cycles. Hence, data on electric power for transportation must be viewed as an

estimate.

It should also be noted that electricity is a form of work that usually is generated from heat with the loss of about two

thirds of the energy. Automobile engines are equivalent to electric generators in that they convert chemical energy to heat and then to work, losing most of the energy as waste heat. When electrical energy is compared to petroleum in transportation, the waste heat must be included for consistency. A kilowa tt

- hour of electricity is equivalent to 3,413 British thermal units (Btu), but about 10,000 Btu of heat are required to produce it. This factor is dropping as generators become more efficient. High efficiency gas turbines may require 8,000 Btu or less, but the average is much higher. It is usually impossible to tell where the power for a specific use is generated, so average figures for a region are used to estimate the waste energy, a factor that further reduces the accuracy of the data.

# Alternative Fuels

In addition to oxygenates, natural gas, and electricity, alternative fuels include ethanol and methanol. EIA tracks the numbers of such vehicles through Form

- 886, state energy offices, federal demonstration programs, manufacturers, and private associations. These numbers probably are fairly accurate although it is difficult to monitor retirements. Fuel consumption is estimated from the types of vehicles in operation, vehicle miles traveled, and expected fuel efficiency. Adjustments are necessary for the relatively few flexible

- fuel vehicles. Obviously, the reported data are estimates only.



# FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE

TABLE 4

- 5. Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4

- 6. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4

- 8. Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 9. Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 11. Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 12. Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 13. Single

- Unit 2- Axle 6

- Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 14. Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 15. Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

Fuel consumption data are collected quite differently than supply data collected by the U.S. Depar tment of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Highway fuel consumption, for example, is based on U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data collected from states in the course of revenue

collection. EIA starts from the fuel delivered to transportation entities.

Highway

Highway fuel data (tables 4

- 5, 4

- 9, and 4

- 11 through 4

- 15) are collected mainly by FHWA. All states plus the District of Columbia report total fuel sold along with travel by highway category and vehicle registration. Data typically flows from state revenue offices to the state departments of transportation to FHWA. Even if reporting is reasonably accurate, some data are always anomalous or missing and must be modified to fit expected patterns. In addition, as discussed earlier, there are some significant differences in methodology and definitions among the states. In particular, states differ in where the tax is applied in the fuel supply system, how gasohol is counted, how nonhighway

use is treate d, and how losses are handled.

Nonhighway use of gasoline and diesel fuel is a particularly large source of potential error. Some states designate nonhighway users as tax

- exempt, others make the tax refundable. In either case, many people won't bother to apply if the amount of money is small. Nonhighway use of diesel fuel is especially large because many construction and agricultural vehicles are diesel powered. Thus, the fraction of petroleum attributed to transportation could be overestimated. On the other hand, some nonhighway fuel finds its way into the transportation system because heating oil can be used as diesel fuel, evading the tax. Tracers are now added to heating oil, which appears to have

reduced the level of such tax evasion

- if found in a truck's fuel tank, the tracer indicates diversion from a nontaxed

source.

Breaking fuel use down by class of motor vehicle introduces the potential for error. FHWA must estimate the miles each class is driven and the fuel economy. Estimation of miles is based on the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), administered by FHWA, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (formerly known

# as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. For information about these two

survey s, the reader is referred to the technical appendix of Our Nation's Travel , available from the FHWA, Office of Highway Information Management; and the 1997 Census of Transportation, available from the Economics and Statistics Administration within the Census Bureau. Fuel economy is based on state

- supplied data, TIUS, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data on new car fuel economy, which must be reduced by about 15 percent to reflect actual experience on the road. Overall, both vehicle

- mi les of travel and fuel economy are estimates.

Fuel consumption by buses is particularly uncertain. FHWA collects data on intercity buses, and the American Public Transit Association (APTA) covers local travel. Very little data are collected on school buses. APTA figures are based on data from the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database, which covers about 90 to 95 percent of total passenger

- miles. These data are generally accurate because FTA reviews and validates

informat ion submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to FTA, s uch as private and very small operators and rural operators. Prior to 1984, APTA did not include most rural and demand responsive systems.

Air

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) i s the

source of these data. The numbers are based on 100

- percent reporting of fuel use by large certificated air carriers (those with revenues of more than $100 million annually) via Form 41.The data are probably reasonably accurate because the airlines report fuel use regularly, and the limited number of airlines aids data management.

Smaller airlines, such as medium size regional and commuter air carriers, are not required to report energy data. OAI estimates that about 8 percent would have to be added to the total of the larger airlines to account for this use, but

that has not been done in table 4

- 5 or 4

- 8.

General aviation aircraft and air taxis are covered in the General Aviation and Air Taxi and Avionics Survey, conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The survey is conducted annually and encompasses a stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. For instance, in 2000, a sample of 31,039 aircraft was identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 256,927 registered general aviation aircraft.

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error by the estimate (derived from the sample survey results) and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two and four

- tenths of a percent in 2000 for the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision, and inversely, a small standard error indicates precision.

Nonsampling errors could include nonresponse, a respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide correct information, differences in interpretation of questions, and data entry mistakes. The reliability of general aviation fleet

data c omparisons over time would decrease because of changes implemented in 1978 and sampling errors discussed above. Readers should note that nonresponse bias may be a component of reliability errors in the data from 1980 to 1990. The FAA conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no significant differences or inconsistencies between respondent and nonrespondent replies. The FAA discontinued the telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990; and the FAA found notable differences and make adjustments to its data to reflect nonresponse bias.

The U.S. Government, in particular the Department of Defense (DOD), uses a large amount of jet fuel as shown in

table4

- 19 (see discussion on government consumption below). However, DOD reports all fuel purchased, including from foreign sources for operations abroad. While the data may be accurate, it is not comparable to EIA's overall U.S. supply and consumption figures on jet fuel.

Inter national operations are included in table 4

- 8 but not table 4

- 5. The fuel use for international operations includes that purchased by U.S. airlines for return trips. OAI does not collect data on foreign airline purchases of fuel in the
United States. Thus, a significant use of U.S. jet fuel is missed. However, these two factors approximately balance

each other out. As shown in table 1

- 34,foreign carrier traffic is just slightly less than U.S. carrier international traffic, so presumably the fuel purchased here by foreign carriers is very close to the fuel purchased abroad by U.S. carriers.

# Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700

of the R1 Annual Report . Thus, the data are considered accurate. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2001, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $266.7 million. Although Class I railroads represent only 1 percent of the nu mber of railroads in the country, they account for over 70 percent of the industry's mileage operated and more than 90 percent of all freight revenue; energy consumption should be of the same order. For passenger travel, information is unavailable. Amtrak no longer provides data on a national basis, and the regional data appears to be inconsistent.

Transit

The APTA figures are based on information in FTA's National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the FTA Database (private and very small operators and rural operators), which accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of the total passenger

- miles. The data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions in federal guidelines.

Water

The EIA collects data on residual and distillate fuel oils and diesel through its Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report survey, form EIA

- 821.The survey targets companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. This survey commenced in 1984 and data from previous years should be used with caution.

Sampling Frame and Design

The sample's target universe includes all companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. EIA derives the sampling frame from the EIA

- 863 database containing identity information for approximately 22,300 fuel oil and

kerosene sellers. EIA st ratifies the sampling frame into two categories: companies selected with certainty and uncertainty. Those in the certainty category varied but included the end use "vessel bunkering," or sales for the fueling of commercial and private watercraft.

Sampling Error, Imputation, and Estimates

EIA reported a 92.5 percent response rate for the 2000 survey. The EIA also provides estimates of the sampling error for geographic areas and U.S. averages are 1.8 for residential distillate fuel oil, 0.8 for nonresidential retail distillate
fuel oil, and 0.1 for retail residual fuel oil. Some firms inevitably ignore survey requests, causing data gaps. EIA estimates the volumes of these firm's sales by imputation; more detailed information and the algorithm can be

obtained at EIA's web site in the technical notes for the Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report. See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/data publications/fuel oil and kerosene sales/foks.html

.

TABLE 4

- 19. U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Energy consumption data are collected by DOE's Office of Federal Energy Management Programs in cooperation with most departments and agencies. DOD is by far the largest consumer, accounting for about 80 percent of the total. As discussed above, the data includes fuel purchased abroad for military bases. Since government agencies are required to report these data, they are probably accurate. However, it is possible that some consumption is missed. For example, some agencies may report only fuel supplied directly, missing consumption such as gasoline purchased by employees while on government business for which they are then reimbursed. In addition, smaller agencies were neglected. Overall, however, the data should provide a fairly good approximation of government energy consumption.



# ENERGY EFFICIENCY

# TABLE 4

- 20. Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes

TABLE 4

- 21. Energy Intensity of Certificate d Air Carriers, All Services

TABLE 4

- 22. Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles

TABLE 4

- 24. Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses

TABLE 4

- 25. Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service

TABLE 4

- 26. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service

TABLE 4

- 27. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service ( Loss

- adjusted conversion factors)

Total energy consumed for each mode can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Miles traveled are known for some modes, such as air carriers, but less accurately for others, most notably automobiles. When the numbers of passengers or tons are required to c alculate energy efficiency, another uncertainty is introduced. Again, air carriers and intercity buses know how many passengers are on board and how far they travel, but only estimates are available for automobiles and intracity buses.

Thus, table 4

- 21 sh ould be quite accurate for certificated air carriers, though it is missing small airlines and private

aircraft. Table 4

- 22 is based on FHWA fuel tax data, derived from state fuel tax revenues. VMT is as discussed for

tables 1

- 9 and 1

- 10.Data for motorcycle s must be adjusted significantly more than for automobiles because less information is collected from the states or from surveys. Transit bus data (table 4

- 24) are very uncertain because, unlike intercity buses, the distance each passenger travels is not measured by ticket sales.

The intermodal comparison of passenger travel in table 4

- 20 must be viewed with considerable caution. Data for the different modes are collected in different ways, and the preparation of the final results is based on different

ass umptions. As noted above, airlines accurately record passenger miles, but the data on occupancy of private automobiles must be estimated from surveys. Even relatively certain data, such as state sales of gasoline, must be
modified to resolve anomalies, and transit data are even harder to make consistent. Furthermore, different groups collect the data for the various modes, and they have different needs, assumptions, and methodologies. Thus, the comparisons are only approximate.

Freight service data (table 4- 25) are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR).AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report . STB def ines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage and 91 percent of all freight revenue; energy data

should be of the same order.

TABLE 4 -28 . Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion

TABLE 4 -29 . Wasted Fuel per Eligible Driver

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 4

- 27

and 4

- 28. TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). (See box 1

- 1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) TTI utilizes these data as inputs for its congestion estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and

estimations can be found at http://mobility.tamu.edu/

.

The sum of fuel wasted in typical congestion (recurring delay) and incident related delays equal the annual wasted fuel for an urban area. Recurring delay is the product of recurring delay (annual hours in moderate, heavy, and severe delays) and average peak period system speed divided by average fuel economy. Incident delay hours are

# multiplied by the average peak period system speed and divided by the average fuel economy to produce the amount

of incident fuel wasted.

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average daily travel volume per lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle

- miles of travel and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the system (freeway and principal arterials) so that the combined index measures conditions overall. This variable weighting factor allows comparisons between areas such as Phoenix

- where principal arterial streets carry 50 percent

of th e amount of travel of freeways

- and cities such as Phoenix where the ratio is reversed. Values greater than one are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion index should

examine http://mobility.tamu.edu/

.

In previous reports, TTI assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, occurred in congested conditions. TTI indicated that this presumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Its 2002 estimates now vary by urban area anywhere from 18 to 50 percent of travel that occurs in congestion. TTI's model structure applies to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these amounts, travel is then classified under 5 categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, severely congested, and extremely congested (a new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested and congested was changed in 1999. Previous editions classified congested travel when area wide traffic levels reached 14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the current edition these values are 15,500 and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day respectively. Previous years values have been re

- estimated based on these new assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI website for more detailed information on its estimation procedures http://mobility.tamu.edu/

.

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in its model, including statewide average fuel cost estimates (published by the American Automobile Association) and the number of eligible drivers for each urban area (taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census).The model

has some limitations because it does not include local variations (such as bottlenecks, local travel patterns, or transportation improvements) that affect travel times. TTI documentation does not provide information on peer

review, sensitivity analysis, or estimation errors for their model. Information about sensitivity analysis or external reviews of the model could not be obtained and users should interpret the data cautiously.



# ENVIRONMENT

TABLE 4 -43 . Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel

TABLE 4 -44 . National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses its Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE) to generate average emissions factors for each vehicle and fuel type. The methods used in the model are theoretically sound, the assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these estimates has been performed. Emissions rate estimates for lig ht

- duty vehicles are considered more reliable than those for heavy

- duty vehicles because in

- use emissions tests are performed on a sample of vehicles each year. Deterioration for heavy

- duty vehicles in the national fleet are based only on manufacturer's engine deterioration tests. In addition, because reformulated fuels (table 4

- 39) are newer than other gasoline fuels (table 4

- 38), in use emissions test data

for reformulated fuels are not as extensive.

The estimates in the tables represent average emissions rates taking into account the characteristics of the nation's fleet, including vehicle type and age, and fuel used. The model also assumes Federal Test Procedure conditions. The model does not take into account actual travel distributions across different highway types with their associated average speeds and operating mode fractions, nor do they consider ambient local temperatures. However, fleet composition and deterioration because of age are considered. Thus, these rates illustrate only trends due to vehicle emissions control improvements and their increasing use in the national fleet and should not be used for other

purposes.

# TABLES 4 -45 , 4 -46 , 4 -47 , 4 -48 , 4 -49 , 4

- 50 . Estimates of National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen
Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Particular Matter, Sulfur Dioxide

Emissions by sector and source are estimated using various models and calculation techniques and are based on a number of assumptions and on data that vary in precision and reliability. The methods used are theoretically sound, the assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these estimates has been performed.

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Highway vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, and VOC are generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE), which uses per

- mile vehicle emissions factors and vehicle travel (vehicle

- miles) to calculate county

- le vel emissions. Emissions rates are then adjusted based on fuel characteristics, vehicle fleet composition, emissions control measures, average vehicle speed, and other factors that can affect emissions. (Emissions rates used in MOBILE are based on vehicle certification tests, emissions standards,

and in

- use vehicle tests and are updated approximately every three years.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the source of vehicle travel estimates used in the model. Although the methodology for this survey data is sound and well documented, analyses have shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the established sampling guidelines.

The non

- highway vehicle emission s are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, fuel usage programs and controls.

Particulate Matter Under 10 Microns (PM

- 10) and 2.5 Microns (PM

- 2.5) in Size

Highway vehicle emissions are estimated using the U.S. Environments Protection Agency's PART model, which

estimates emissions factors for exhaust emissions and brake and tire wear by vehicle type. Exhaust emissions factors are based on certification tests, while brake wear (per vehicle) and tire wear (per tire) are assumed values, which are constant over all years. Per

- mile emissions factors are multiplied by vehicle travel (vehicle

- miles) and adjusted to account for other factors that effect exhaust emissions (e.g., fuel composition, weather, etc.). The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the

source of vehicle

- miles of travel (VMT) estimates used in the model. While the methodology for this survey data is sound and well documented, analyses have shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the established sampling guidelines.

Fugitive dust estimates for paved and unpaved roads are calculated by multiplying VMT on each type of road by emissions factors for each vehicle type and road type.

The non

- highway vehicle emissions are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Rei d vapor pressure, fuel usage programs and controls.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Highway vehicle SO2 emissions are estimated by multiplying vehicle travel (for each vehicle type and highway type) by an emissions factor reflecting each vehicle type and highway type. Highway SO2 emissions factors are based on vehicle type and model year, sulfur content of fuel by type and year, fuel density by fuel type, and vehicle fuel efficiency by type and model year.

In general, estimates for non

- highway vehicles are calculated based on fuel consumption and sulfur content of fuel, though other factors may be considered.

Lead

# In general, lead emissions are estimated by multiplying an activity level by an emissions factor that represents the rate at which lead is emitted for the given source category. This estimate is then adjusted by a factor that represents the assumed effectiveness of control technologies. For lead released during combustion, a top

- down approach is used to share national estimates of fuel consumption by fuel type to each consumption category (e.g., motor fuel, electric utility, etc.) and, subsequently, each source (e.g., passenger cars, light

- duty trucks, etc.).

TABLE 4 -51 . Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

TABLE 4 -52 . Areas i n Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency measures concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air at its air quality monitoring sites, which are operated by state and local agencies. These sites conform to uniform criteria for monitor siting, instrumentation, and quality assurance, and each site is weighted equally in calculating the composite average trend statistics. Furthermore, trend sites must have complete data for 8 of the 10 years in the trend time period to be included. However, monitoring devices are placed in areas most likely to observe significant concentrations of air pollutants rather than a random sampling of sites throughout the nation.

TABLE 4 -53 . U.S. Carbo n Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector

The combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, is the principal anthropogenic (human caused) source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Since fossil fuels are typically 75 percent to 90 percent carbon by weight, emissions from the combustion of these fuels can be easily measured in carbon units, as is shown in the

table.

CO2 emissions data are derived from estimates. The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA), estimates CO2emissions by multiplying energy consumption for each fuel type by its carbon emissions coefficient, then subtracting carbon that is sequestered by nonfuel use of fossil fuels. Carbon emissions coefficients are values used for scaling emissions to specific activities (e.g., pounds of CO2emitted per barrel of oil consumed).

Emissions estimates are based on energy consumption data collected and published by EIA Several small adjustments are made to its energy consumption data to eliminate double counting or miscounting of emissions. For example, EIA subtracts the carbon in ethanol from transportation gasoline consumption because o f its biological origin.

Emissions coefficients are based on the density, carbon content, and heat content of petroleum products. For many fuels, except liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA assumed coefficients to be constant over t ime. For LPG, jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA annualized carbon emissions coefficients to reflect changes in chemical composition or product mix.

Since the combustion of fossil fuels is a major producer of CO2emissions, sources of uncertainty are related to: 1) volumes of fuel consumed; 2) characteristics of fuel consumed; 3) emissions coefficients; and 4) coverage. EIA notes that volumetric fuel data are fairly reliable in the 3 percent to 5 percent range of uncertainty. The density and energy content of fuels are usually estimated. According to EIA, the reliability of these estimates vary. For example, estimates of the energy content of natural gas are reliable to 0.5 percent, while estimates for coal and petroleum products are lower because they are more heterogeneous fuels. The reliability of emissions coefficients depends on whether the characteristics of a fuel are difficult to measure accurately. Finally, uncertainties may result because data may be excluded or unknown sources of emissions not included.

EIA's estimation methods, emissions coefficients, and the reliability of emissions estimates are discussed in detail in U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States , 1998 available on: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html

.

TABLE 4 -54 . Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting U.S. Waterways

The U. S. Coast Guard's (USCG) Marine Safety Information System (MSIS) is the source of these data. It includes data on all oil spills impacting U.S. navigable waters and the Coastal Zone. The USCG learns of spills through direct observation, reports from responsible parties and third parties. Responsible parties are required by law to report spills to the National Response Center (NRC).Reports may be made to the USCG or Environmental Protection Agency pre

-

# designated On Scene Coordinator for the geographic area where the discharge occurs if direct reporting to the NRC

i s not practicable. There is no standard format for these reports, but responsible personnel face significant penalties for failing to do so. Most reports are made by telephone, and USCG personnel complete investigations based on the information provided. The type and extent of an investigation conducted varies depending on the type and quantity of the material spilled. Each investigation will determine as closely as possible source of the pollutant, the quantity of the material spilled, the cause of the accident, as well as whether there is evidence that any failure of material (either physical or design) was involved or contributed to the incident. These are so financial responsibility may be properly assigned for the incidents, as well as proper recommendations for the prevention of the recurrence of similar incidents may be made.

Some spills may not be entered into MSIS because they are either not reported to or discovered by the USCG. The probability of a spill not being reported is inversely proportional to its size. Large spills impact a large area and a large number of people, resulting in numerous reports of such spills. Small spills are less likely to be reported, particularly if they occur at night or in remote areas where persons other than the res ponsible party are unlikely to detect them. Responsible parties are required by law to report spills and face penalties for failing to do so, providing a strong incentive to report spills that might be detected by others. Experience with harbor patrols shows that the number of spills increases as the frequency of patrols increases. However, the volume of material spilled does not increase significantly, indicating that the spills discovered through increased harbor patrols generally involved very small

quan tities.

Data Collection

From 1973 to 1985, data were collected on forms completed by the investigator and later entered into the Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) by data entry clerks at USCG headquarters. Since 1985, data have been entered

direct ly into MSIS by the investigator. From 1985 to 1991, data were entered into a specific electronic form that captured information on the spilled substance and pollution response actions. Since 1995, a growing number of reports of pollution incidents of 100 gallons or less of oil have been captured on a Notice of Violation ticket form,

which are then entered into MSIS.

The information shown in this table comes from the USCG Spill Compendium, which contains spill data from the applications described above. The Compendium contains summary data from 1969 through 2000 and is intended to provide general information to the public, the maritime industry and other interested persons about spills in and around U.S. waterways. For more information about spill data, please refer to the USCG Internet site at http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g

- m/nmc/response/stats/aa.htm

Nonsampling Errors

According to the USCG, nonsampling errors, such as nonreporting and mistakes made in data collection and entry, should not have a major impact on most interpretations of the data, but the impact will vary depending on the data used. The error rate for volume spilled is estimated to be less than 5 percent because larger spills, which account for most of the volume of oil spilled, are thoroughly reviewed at several levels. The error rate for the number of spills is difficult to estimate primarily due to low reporting rates for small spills. Most of the error in spill counts involves spills of less than 100 gallons.

TABLE 4 -55 . Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups

A national inventory of reported spills and corrective actions taken for leaking underground storage tanks is compiled biannually based on state counts of leaking tanks reported by owners as required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. 1 

# These data ma y be affected by general accounting errors, some of which have changed semiannual counts by as many as 2,000 actions.

TABLE 4 -56 . Highway Noise Barrier Construction

State highway agencies (SHAs) provide data on highway noise barrier construction, extent, and costs to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Individual SHA definitions of barriers and costs may differ. This could lead to nonuniformity and/or anomalies among state data, which will in turn affect national totals.

T ABLE 4 -57 . Number of People Residing in High

- Noise Areas Around U.S. Airports

# The number of the people exposed to aircraft noise around airports is estimated by computer modeling rather than by actual measurements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Integrated Noise Model (INM) has been the primary tool for assessing aircraft noise around airports for nearly 30 years. This model uses information on aircraft mix, average daily operations, flight tracks, and runway distribution to generate and plot contours of Day Night Sound Level (DNL).With the addition of a digitized population census database, the model can estimate the number of residents exposed to noise levels of 65 decibels (db) DNL.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produced the first estimate of airport noise exposure in 1975.It reported that 7 million residents were exposed to significant levels of aircraft noise in 1978.This number became the "anchor point" for all future estimates of the nationwide noise impacts. In 1980, FAA developed another methodology for estimating the change in the number of people impacted by noise (from the 1975 anchor value) as a function of changes in both the national fleet and in the FAA's Terminal Area Forecast (TAF). In 1990, the FAA created an improved method of estimating the change in number of people impacted (relative to the 1980 estimates).

In 1993, the FAA began using its newly developed Nationwide Airport Noise Impact Model (NANIM) to estimate the impact of airplane noise on residential communities surrounding U.S. airports that support jet operations. FAA uses this model to determine the relative changes in number of people and land area exposed to 65 db DNL as a result of changes in nationwide aircraft fleet mix and operations. NANIM uses data on air traffic patterns found in the Official Airline Guide (OAG), air traffic growth projections found in FAA's TAF, population figures from the U.S. Census
Bureau, and information on noise contour areas for the top 250 U.S. civil airports with jet operations.

The methodology used in NANIM has been peer reviewed and approved. However, a formal evaluation of the model's accuracy has not been conducted. Some data used in NANIM are updated manually, thus th e possibility of data entry errors does exist. Entries are reviewed and then corrected as appropriate. The aircraft mix and operations files from FAA's TAF and OAG are updated automatically. Changes to either of the sources could introduce errors. For example, it was recently discovered that OAG redefined some aircraft codes and altered some data fields in its database. These changes make it impossible for the NANIM utility program to accurately read the current OAG

database. A rewrite of the source code is necessary to eliminate this error. Also, since airport authorities are not required to produce noise exposure maps and reports unless they intend to apply for Federal grants, 14 of the 50 busiest commercial airports, including JFK and LaGuardia, have not produced (for public consumption) noise exposure maps in several years. In the absence of actual data, the NANIM database contains approximations of the noise contours areas based on airports of similar size and similar operation. Without actual airport da ta, it is impossible to quantify the error introduced by the approximation.

The number of people exposed to aircraft noise for 1998 through 2001 was estimated by the FAA's latest version of
its MAGENTA model. This new, more accurate model is based on 2000 census data and uses input data on aircraft and operations specific to U.S. airports. This revised model also uses the FAA Terminal Forecast (TAF), which provides information on how operations will increase on an airport specific basis. Updated monthly, the TAF allows a more accurate forecast of U.S. operations.

TABLE 4 -58 . Motor Vehicles Scrapped

The Polk Company's Vehicles in Operation database is the source of these data. This database is a census of vehicles that are currently registered in all states within the United States. It is based on information from state department of motor vehicles. Polk updates the database quarterly (March, June, September, and December).

Scrapped vehicles are those that Polk removes from its database when: 1) States indicate registered vehicles have suffered major damage (such as a flood or accident), or 2) No renewal (reregistration) notice is received by Polk within a state's allotted time (normally one year). In the latter case, if a vehicle is subsequently reregistered , it is returned to the database. The Polk data on motor vehicles is broken down into passenger cars and trucks, and this identification comes with the registration data from the DMV.



# REFERENCES

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1994. Accuracy of Petroleum Supply Data . Tammy G. Heppner and Carol L. French, eds.Washington, DC.

# U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1990. Energy Consumption by End

- Use Sector, A Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys , DOE/EIA

- 0533.Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1998. MOBILE5 Information Sheet #7: NOx Benefits of Reformulated Gasoline Using MOBILE5a . Ann Arbor, MI. September 30.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.1998. National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends, Procedure Document, 1900

- 1996 . EPA

- 454/R

- 98

- 008.Research Triangle Park, NC.May.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1996.Memorandum on Release of MOBILE5b.(Revised Chapter 2 for the Users Guide to MOBILE5).October 11.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group.1995. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP

- 42, Volume II: Mobile Sources . Appendix H. Fifth

ed.June 30.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources (OMS). 1995. Draft User's Guide to PART5: A Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles , EPA -AA-AQAB- 94

- 2.Ann Arbor, MI.February.

U.S. EPA, Office of Mobile Sources.1994. Users Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model),EPAAA- TEB

- 94

- 01.Ann Arbor, MI.May.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. 1992. Procedures fo r Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources , EPA

- 450/4

- 81

- 026d (Revised).

1 

# Public Law 94

- 580, 90 Stat. 2795 (October 21, 1976).

# Appendix E Data Source and Accuracy Statements

Chapter 4 Energy and the Environment

PETROLEUM SUPPLY

TABLE 4

- 1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

The petroleum supply system is extremely complicated, with many different processes, products, and entities involved. Briefly, crude oil is produced or imported, transported to refineries where it is refined into various products, and then transported to markets. Imports and exports of crude oil and products must be accounted for, as must be nonpetroleum components of final products, such as natural gas plant liquids and ethanol for gasoline blending.

The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects extensive data at select points in the petroleum supply system. Sixteen surveys are conducted by EIA's Petroleum Supply Reporting System to track the supply and disposition of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas plant li quids:



# • five weekly surveys cover refineries (form EIA

- 800), bulk terminal stocks (form EIA

- 801), product pipelines (form EIA

- 802), crude stocks (form EIA

- 803), and imports (form EIA

- 804).



# • eight monthly surveys cover the same five points plus tanker and barge movement (form EIA

- 817), gas processing facilities (form EIA

- 816), and oxygenates (form EIA

- 819M).



# • one survey (form EIA

- 807) collects propane data on a monthly basis in the warmer months (April

September) and on a weekly basis in the colder months.



# • o ne annual survey determines production capacity of oxygenates and fuel ethanol (form EIA

- 819A), and



# • one annual survey determines refinery fuel use, capacity, and crude oil receipts by transportation mode (form EIA

- 820).

The five weekly surveys target key points in the petroleum supply system. They do not include all companies, but sample 90 percent of volume at each selected point in the supply system. EIA rank

- orders the companies involved in the survey and sends surveys as it scrolls down the list, stopping when it reaches the 90 percent level. Although 100 percent coverage is sacrificed, this method keeps the level of incoming data manageable and avoids burdening the smallest companies. All data are reviewed and anomalies checked.

Monthly surveys provide data that are used in the monthly and annual reports. They are similar to the weekly surveys, but are more exhaustive in both the range of data collected and the depth of the collection. Sample sizes and response rates for several of the key points in the supply system are shown in table 1 .The eight monthly surveys cover the industry more accurately than the weekly surveys and prov ide some double

- check points that the other surveys do not. EIA expends considerable effort to ensure that its data are as accurate as possible. Revisions are made throughout the year. For example, EIA's Annual Energy Review 1996 , released in July 1997, provided a preliminary 1996 number for total petroleum production of 8.30 million barrels per day (mmbd). The Annual Energy

Review 1997 , released a year later, revised that to 8.25 mmbd, and the 1999 Review reported 8.29 mmbd.

No complicated survey is likely to be 100 percent accurate. EIA lists four sources of potential systematic errors:

1. Some members of the target population are missed. EIA reports that it continually reviews the lists and searches industry periodicals and newspapers to identify new actors. Considering the nature of the petroleum industry, it is very unlikely that companies with significant production are not surveyed.

2. Some members of the target population do not respond. EIA reports a 97 percent response rate for monthly surveys. For some points in the supply system, the average response is over 99 percent. Survey respondents are required by law to respond, but some non response is inevitable, especially among small companies. EIA assumes that the nonrespondent's value for that month is the same as for the previous month except for imports. Since imports vary widely, with respondents frequently having no imports, EIA

assu mes a nonresponse means zero imports. It can be assumed that EIA is good at "filling in the blanks."

# Assuming for illustration purposes that 0.5 percent of production does not respond, and that EIA is 90 percent accurate in covering the gap, then there is a possibility of a 0.05 percent error. Applying that to total production of 8.29 mmbd in 1999 suggests that there could be an error of 0.0041 mmbd (4,100 barrels per day), which would not affect the published number.

3. The most serious problem may be response error. A company may have poor data, perhaps as a result of imperfect measurements, or it may transmit the wrong number. EIA has no control over a company's data quality. Companies have incentive to measure their inputs and products accurately. Otherwise, they may be cheating themselves or risking ill will with their customers or suppliers. However, no instrumentation is perfectly accurate. The high throughput of, say, a refinery with capacity of several hundred thousand barrels per day, with a variety of products changing density and some lost or used on site, is very complicated to measure. Instrumentation errors are likely to be systematic at any one site, although they will be more nearly random in the aggregate for all facilities. There is potential for small but significant overall errors. Mistakes may be made in recording and transferring the data. EIA reviews the data and flags gross errors or missing data for review by the respondent. However, not all errors will be picked up by EIA and/or the

res pondent. Overall, response errors probably are several times as large as nonresponse errors, but it is beyond the scope of this profile to estimate them.

4. The final potential source of systematic error is in the clarity of the survey form, i.e., whether all respondents interpret it correctly. No doubt errors and ambiguities can creep into a form, but at least for petroleum supply, that does not appear to be a major risk. The supply system is not changing rapidly, and EIA should be able to keep with it and the terminology. However the final digit of EIA's published supply data is questionable.

For additional information on survey methodology and statistical reliability, the reader is referred to the EIA reference

cited in the tables or the EIA Internet site at www.eia.doe.gov

.



# FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

TABLE 4

- 1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption

TABLE 4

- 2. U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector

TABLE 4

- 3. Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector

TABLE 4

- 4. U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector

TABLE 4

- 7. Domestic Demand for Gasoline

Petroleum consumption is far more complex to measure than supply. Instead of a few hundred companies at most measuring points in the supply system, there are tens of millions of consumers. It would be impossible for any survey of individual consumers to produce the high rate of return of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Inf ormation Administration's (EIA's) supply surveys. EIA's transportation data collection is further limited by the termination of the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS). Therefore, EIA uses surveys of sales of products (e.g., Form E IA

- 821:Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report) or tax collection data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

EIA reviewed the accuracy of its energy consumption data in a 1990 monograph Energy Consumption by End

- Use Sector, a Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys . Unfortunately, this monograph does not
discuss the transportation sector because the consumption and supply surveys were not comparable. However,

some of the results from other sec tors indicate the discrepancies between supply and consumption surveys. Table 4

- 2 shows the ratio of fuel supplied to the sector to consumption reported by the sector in consumption surveys.

In most cases, supply is reported as substantially larger than consumption. Supplies of fuel oil to the commercial sector are reported at almost twice the level of consumption reported by that sector. Some of the discrepancies may be due to definition differences (e.g., fuel oil for apartment buildings is included in commercial supply surveys but not in consumption surveys.) Overall, however, the differences are too large for great confidence in the accuracy of the

data.

# If transportation had been reviewed in the same format, it is likely that the discrepancies would have been larger. Most transportation fuel (gasoline for automobiles) is purchased in small quantities at irregular intervals and cannot be checked simply by looking at a utility bill. Hence, highway transportation energy consumption surveys must be

extensi ve to avoid the risk of large uncertainties in the data. But, with the termination of the RTECS, EIA ceased conducting such surveys. Consumption data must be derived indirectly from sales of petroleum products and tax collection data. While petroleum suppl y may be accurate to one decimal place, it is likely that disaggregating by sector use may be within plus or minus several percentage points, or perhaps about half a quadrillion British thermal unit (Btu) in table 4

- 1.

Motor Gasoline

Almost all gasoline i s consumed in the transportation sector. Small amounts are used in the commercial sector for nonhighway use and the industrial sector, which includes agriculture, construction, and other uses. Subtracting estimates of those uses from the known total sales yields the transportation sector's total, which is further subdivided into highway and marine use. Aviation gasoline is, of course, used entirely in the transportation sector (for a very few high

- performance automobiles as well as small aircraft).

Data on actual sales is collected by the states for revenue purposes. These data are forwarded to FHWA. EIA uses the data from FHWA to allocate highway consumption of motor gasoline among the states. For 1999, FHWA reported 124.7 billion gallons of gasoline sold nationally for highway use. EIA's table 5.12c of the Annual Energy Review 2000 lists 8.33 mmbd of gasoline supplied for the transportation sector, the same as 127.7 billion gallons.

Such close agreement between supply and demand is not totally convincing. Definitions are unique to each state (e.g., whether gasohol is counted as pure gasoline or part gasoline and part renewables), measurement points vary from state to state, and each state handles losses differently. Hence, the total of all states' sales of gasoline is not entirely consistent.

Separation of highway from nonhighway uses of gasoline is, by necessity, based in part on careful estimates. Nevertheless, overall gasoline sales are well documented, and the separation is probably fairly accurate. Re finery output of motor gasoline was 7.93 mmbd in 1999, which is probably accurate to the first decimal place and maybe a little better. The transportation sector's 8.33 mmbd would have about the same accuracy.

Diesel Fuel

Diesel fuel is used in highway vehicles, railroads, boats, and military vehicles. Sales are only about 30 percent of gasoline in the transportation sector, but uncertainties are greater. More diesel than gasoline is used for nonhighway purposes, especially agriculture and construction. In addition, there has been more potential for cheating to avoid the tax; heating oil is virtually the same as diesel fuel and can easily be transferred to a vehicle. However, this is less significant now that tracers have been added to fuel oil. After the addition of tracers, the amount of transportation diesel fuel use jumped.

To estimate diesel fuel sales by mode, EIA starts with the total supply of distillate fuel and subtracts the small amount sold to electric utilities (the most accurately known sector, as measured by EIA Form EIA

- 759). The remainder is divided among the oth er end

- use sectors according to EIA's sales surveys (Form EIA

- 821: Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report, and Form EIA

- 863: Petroleum Product Sales Identification Survey).

This method introduces several potential elements of inaccuracy. First, the surveys of each sector are probably less accurate than the supply surveys noted earlier. Companies and individuals may inadvertently send incorrect data, or not respond at all. Then EIA has to determine what adjustment factor to use for each end

- use sector. S ince each sector will have a different response rate to the surveys, the adjustments will be different. Large adjustments can introduce large errors. EIA has not published its adjustments for the transportation sector. As shown in table 2 , the adjustments in other sectors range from 5 to 96 percent of reported consumption. Even a 20 percent adjustment could introduce an error of one or two percentage points (plus or minus) for any one sector.

Overall, the accuracy of diesel fuel use in the transportation sector should be viewed with some skepticism.

Jet Fuel

# Jet fuel is the only other petroleum

- based fuel that is used in large quantities (over 1 million barrels/day) in the transportation sector. Virtually all of it is used by airlines. These data are accurate because airlines are required to report usage, and because there are relatively few certificated air carriers, data collection s hould be manageable.



# NONPETROLEUM FUELS CONSUMPTION

TABLE 4

- 10. Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles

Collectively, oxygenates, natural gas, electricity, and various alternative fuels amount to only about 3 percent of all energy used in the transportation sector. While this may not be much greater than the error bars associated with petroleum use, it is important to track changes in these fuels accurately.

Oxygenates

Oxygenates, mostly methyl tributyl ether (MTBE), which is derived from natural gas and ethanol, are part of mainstream gasoline supply. They are measured routinely with petroleum supply (forms EIA

- 819A and 819M). Consumption is estimated from production, net imports, and stock changes. Refineries and other entities are required to report data on oxygenates, and EIA also monitors production capability to provide a crosscheck. Thus, oxygenates data are likely to be reasonably accurate.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is used in the transportation sector mai nly as the fuel for compressor stations on natural gas transmission lines. A small but growing amount is used in compressed or liquefied form in vehicles. EIA collects data on natural gas much as it does for petroleum, but the system is much simpler. Natural gas transmission companies may not know exactly how much gas is used in compressor stations, but they have a good idea based on the size of the equipment and the load on the line. The reported numbers probably are reasonably accurate. Data on natural ga sfueled vehicles are collected by DOE via Form

- 886, which is sent to fuel suppliers, vehicle manufacturers, and consumers. In addition, private associations and newsletters are important sources of information on alternative

vehicles and alternative fuels use. Since most groups work cooperatively with DOE, it is likely that the data reported are accurate. EIA tracks the number of natural gas vehicles and the number of refueling stations to provide a cross check on estimates of natural gas consumption.

Elec tricity

Electricity powers intercity trains (Amtrak) and intracity rail systems. In addition, the number of electric vehicles is growing. There is considerable uncertainty over the energy consumed by these modes. Amtrak no longer provides

national totals o f its electricity consumption. Data on intracity transit is based on U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD). The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transit agencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial and operating data, including energy use. Although the data is generally

considered accurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted, reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data.

If electric vehicles become important over the next decade or two, dedicated charging stations may become commonplace, which could provide accurate data. Fleet owners (e.g., electric utilities) can keep accurate records, but individuals who plug their vehicles in at home may not. Electricity use must be estimated from the number of such vehicles and the expected driving cycles. Hence, data on electric power for transportation must be viewed as an

estimate.

It should also be noted that electricity is a form of work that usually is generated from heat with the loss of about two

thirds of the energy. Automobile engines are equivalent to electric generators in that they convert chemical energy to heat and then to work, losing most of the energy as waste heat. When electrical energy is compared to petroleum in transportation, the waste heat must be included for consistency. A kilowa tt

- hour of electricity is equivalent to 3,413 British thermal units (Btu), but about 10,000 Btu of heat are required to produce it. This factor is dropping as generators become more efficient. High efficiency gas turbines may require 8,000 Btu or less, but the average is much higher. It is usually impossible to tell where the power for a specific use is generated, so average figures for a region are used to estimate the waste energy, a factor that further reduces the accuracy of the data.

# Alternative Fuels

In addition to oxygenates, natural gas, and electricity, alternative fuels include ethanol and methanol. EIA tracks the numbers of such vehicles through Form

- 886, state energy offices, federal demonstration programs, manufacturers, and private associations. These numbers probably are fairly accurate although it is difficult to monitor retirements. Fuel consumption is estimated from the types of vehicles in operation, vehicle miles traveled, and expected fuel efficiency. Adjustments are necessary for the relatively few flexible

- fuel vehicles. Obviously, the reported data are estimates only.



# FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE

TABLE 4

- 5. Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4

- 6. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation

TABLE 4

- 8. Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 9. Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 11. Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 12. Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 13. Single

- Unit 2- Axle 6

- Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 14. Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel

TABLE 4

- 15. Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel

Fuel consumption data are collected quite differently than supply data collected by the U.S. Depar tment of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Highway fuel consumption, for example, is based on U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) data collected from states in the course of revenue

collection. EIA starts from the fuel delivered to transportation entities.

Highway

Highway fuel data (tables 4

- 5, 4

- 9, and 4

- 11 through 4

- 15) are collected mainly by FHWA. All states plus the District of Columbia report total fuel sold along with travel by highway category and vehicle registration. Data typically flows from state revenue offices to the state departments of transportation to FHWA. Even if reporting is reasonably accurate, some data are always anomalous or missing and must be modified to fit expected patterns. In addition, as discussed earlier, there are some significant differences in methodology and definitions among the states. In particular, states differ in where the tax is applied in the fuel supply system, how gasohol is counted, how nonhighway

use is treate d, and how losses are handled.

Nonhighway use of gasoline and diesel fuel is a particularly large source of potential error. Some states designate nonhighway users as tax

- exempt, others make the tax refundable. In either case, many people won't bother to apply if the amount of money is small. Nonhighway use of diesel fuel is especially large because many construction and agricultural vehicles are diesel powered. Thus, the fraction of petroleum attributed to transportation could be overestimated. On the other hand, some nonhighway fuel finds its way into the transportation system because heating oil can be used as diesel fuel, evading the tax. Tracers are now added to heating oil, which appears to have

reduced the level of such tax evasion

- if found in a truck's fuel tank, the tracer indicates diversion from a nontaxed

source.

Breaking fuel use down by class of motor vehicle introduces the potential for error. FHWA must estimate the miles each class is driven and the fuel economy. Estimation of miles is based on the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), administered by FHWA, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (formerly known

# as the Truck Inventory and Use Survey) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. For information about these two

survey s, the reader is referred to the technical appendix of Our Nation's Travel , available from the FHWA, Office of Highway Information Management; and the 1997 Census of Transportation, available from the Economics and Statistics Administration within the Census Bureau. Fuel economy is based on state

- supplied data, TIUS, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data on new car fuel economy, which must be reduced by about 15 percent to reflect actual experience on the road. Overall, both vehicle

- mi les of travel and fuel economy are estimates.

Fuel consumption by buses is particularly uncertain. FHWA collects data on intercity buses, and the American Public Transit Association (APTA) covers local travel. Very little data are collected on school buses. APTA figures are based on data from the USDOT, Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Transit Database, which covers about 90 to 95 percent of total passenger

- miles. These data are generally accurate because FTA reviews and validates

informat ion submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA conservatively adjusts the FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to FTA, s uch as private and very small operators and rural operators. Prior to 1984, APTA did not include most rural and demand responsive systems.

Air

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information (OAI) i s the

source of these data. The numbers are based on 100

- percent reporting of fuel use by large certificated air carriers (those with revenues of more than $100 million annually) via Form 41.The data are probably reasonably accurate because the airlines report fuel use regularly, and the limited number of airlines aids data management.

Smaller airlines, such as medium size regional and commuter air carriers, are not required to report energy data. OAI estimates that about 8 percent would have to be added to the total of the larger airlines to account for this use, but

that has not been done in table 4

- 5 or 4

- 8.

General aviation aircraft and air taxis are covered in the General Aviation and Air Taxi and Avionics Survey, conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The survey is conducted annually and encompasses a stratified, systematic design from a random start to generate a sample of all general aviation aircraft in the United States. It is based on the FAA registry as the sampling frame. For instance, in 2000, a sample of 31,039 aircraft was identified and surveyed from an approximate population of 256,927 registered general aviation aircraft.

The reliability of the GAATA survey can be impacted by two factors: sampling and nonsampling error. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicate the magnitude of sampling error. Standard errors can be converted for comparability by dividing the standard error by the estimate (derived from the sample survey results) and multiplying it by 100. This quantity, referred to as the percent standard error, totaled two and four

- tenths of a percent in 2000 for the general aviation fleet. A large standard error relative to an estimate indicates lack of precision, and inversely, a small standard error indicates precision.

Nonsampling errors could include nonresponse, a respondent's inability or unwillingness to provide correct information, differences in interpretation of questions, and data entry mistakes. The reliability of general aviation fleet

data c omparisons over time would decrease because of changes implemented in 1978 and sampling errors discussed above. Readers should note that nonresponse bias may be a component of reliability errors in the data from 1980 to 1990. The FAA conducted telephone surveys of nonrespondents in 1977, 1978, and 1979 and found no significant differences or inconsistencies between respondent and nonrespondent replies. The FAA discontinued the telephone survey of nonrespondents in 1980 to save costs. Nonresponse surveys were resumed in 1990; and the FAA found notable differences and make adjustments to its data to reflect nonresponse bias.

The U.S. Government, in particular the Department of Defense (DOD), uses a large amount of jet fuel as shown in

table4

- 19 (see discussion on government consumption below). However, DOD reports all fuel purchased, including from foreign sources for operations abroad. While the data may be accurate, it is not comparable to EIA's overall U.S. supply and consumption figures on jet fuel.

Inter national operations are included in table 4

- 8 but not table 4

- 5. The fuel use for international operations includes that purchased by U.S. airlines for return trips. OAI does not collect data on foreign airline purchases of fuel in the
United States. Thus, a significant use of U.S. jet fuel is missed. However, these two factors approximately balance

each other out. As shown in table 1

- 34,foreign carrier traffic is just slightly less than U.S. carrier international traffic, so presumably the fuel purchased here by foreign carriers is very close to the fuel purchased abroad by U.S. carriers.

# Rail

The data are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700

of the R1 Annual Report . Thus, the data are considered accurate. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2001, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $266.7 million. Although Class I railroads represent only 1 percent of the nu mber of railroads in the country, they account for over 70 percent of the industry's mileage operated and more than 90 percent of all freight revenue; energy consumption should be of the same order. For passenger travel, information is unavailable. Amtrak no longer provides data on a national basis, and the regional data appears to be inconsistent.

Transit

The APTA figures are based on information in FTA's National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts FTA data to include transit operators that do not report to the FTA Database (private and very small operators and rural operators), which accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of the total passenger

- miles. The data are generally accurate because the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may vary because some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions in federal guidelines.

Water

The EIA collects data on residual and distillate fuel oils and diesel through its Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report survey, form EIA

- 821.The survey targets companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. This survey commenced in 1984 and data from previous years should be used with caution.

Sampling Frame and Design

The sample's target universe includes all companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. EIA derives the sampling frame from the EIA

- 863 database containing identity information for approximately 22,300 fuel oil and

kerosene sellers. EIA st ratifies the sampling frame into two categories: companies selected with certainty and uncertainty. Those in the certainty category varied but included the end use "vessel bunkering," or sales for the fueling of commercial and private watercraft.

Sampling Error, Imputation, and Estimates

EIA reported a 92.5 percent response rate for the 2000 survey. The EIA also provides estimates of the sampling error for geographic areas and U.S. averages are 1.8 for residential distillate fuel oil, 0.8 for nonresidential retail distillate
fuel oil, and 0.1 for retail residual fuel oil. Some firms inevitably ignore survey requests, causing data gaps. EIA estimates the volumes of these firm's sales by imputation; more detailed information and the algorithm can be

obtained at EIA's web site in the technical notes for the Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report. See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/data publications/fuel oil and kerosene sales/foks.html

.

TABLE 4

- 19. U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Energy consumption data are collected by DOE's Office of Federal Energy Management Programs in cooperation with most departments and agencies. DOD is by far the largest consumer, accounting for about 80 percent of the total. As discussed above, the data includes fuel purchased abroad for military bases. Since government agencies are required to report these data, they are probably accurate. However, it is possible that some consumption is missed. For example, some agencies may report only fuel supplied directly, missing consumption such as gasoline purchased by employees while on government business for which they are then reimbursed. In addition, smaller agencies were neglected. Overall, however, the data should provide a fairly good approximation of government energy consumption.



# ENERGY EFFICIENCY

# TABLE 4

- 20. Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes

TABLE 4

- 21. Energy Intensity of Certificate d Air Carriers, All Services

TABLE 4

- 22. Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2

- Axle 4

- Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles

TABLE 4

- 24. Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses

TABLE 4

- 25. Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service

TABLE 4

- 26. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service

TABLE 4

- 27. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service ( Loss

- adjusted conversion factors)

Total energy consumed for each mode can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Miles traveled are known for some modes, such as air carriers, but less accurately for others, most notably automobiles. When the numbers of passengers or tons are required to c alculate energy efficiency, another uncertainty is introduced. Again, air carriers and intercity buses know how many passengers are on board and how far they travel, but only estimates are available for automobiles and intracity buses.

Thus, table 4

- 21 sh ould be quite accurate for certificated air carriers, though it is missing small airlines and private

aircraft. Table 4

- 22 is based on FHWA fuel tax data, derived from state fuel tax revenues. VMT is as discussed for

tables 1

- 9 and 1

- 10.Data for motorcycle s must be adjusted significantly more than for automobiles because less information is collected from the states or from surveys. Transit bus data (table 4

- 24) are very uncertain because, unlike intercity buses, the distance each passenger travels is not measured by ticket sales.

The intermodal comparison of passenger travel in table 4

- 20 must be viewed with considerable caution. Data for the different modes are collected in different ways, and the preparation of the final results is based on different

ass umptions. As noted above, airlines accurately record passenger miles, but the data on occupancy of private automobiles must be estimated from surveys. Even relatively certain data, such as state sales of gasoline, must be
modified to resolve anomalies, and transit data are even harder to make consistent. Furthermore, different groups collect the data for the various modes, and they have different needs, assumptions, and methodologies. Thus, the comparisons are only approximate.

Freight service data (table 4- 25) are from Railroad Facts , published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR).AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report . STB def ines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class I railroads was $ 261.9 million. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage and 91 percent of all freight revenue; energy data

should be of the same order.

TABLE 4 -28 . Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion

TABLE 4 -29 . Wasted Fuel per Eligible Driver

The Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 4

- 27

and 4

- 28. TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Performance Monitoring System database (HPMS). (See box 1

- 1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) TTI utilizes these data as inputs for its congestion estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model and

estimations can be found at http://mobility.tamu.edu/

.

The sum of fuel wasted in typical congestion (recurring delay) and incident related delays equal the annual wasted fuel for an urban area. Recurring delay is the product of recurring delay (annual hours in moderate, heavy, and severe delays) and average peak period system speed divided by average fuel economy. Incident delay hours are

# multiplied by the average peak period system speed and divided by the average fuel economy to produce the amount

of incident fuel wasted.

Structure, Assumptions, and Parameters

Urban roadway congestion levels are estimated using a formula measuring traffic density. Average daily travel volume per lane on freeways and principal arterial streets are estimated using area wide estimates of vehicle

- miles of travel and lane miles of roadway. The resulting ratios are combined using the amount of travel on each portion of the system (freeway and principal arterials) so that the combined index measures conditions overall. This variable weighting factor allows comparisons between areas such as Phoenix

- where principal arterial streets carry 50 percent

of th e amount of travel of freeways

- and cities such as Phoenix where the ratio is reversed. Values greater than one are indicative of undesirable congestion levels. Readers seeking the algorithm for the congestion index should

examine http://mobility.tamu.edu/

.

In previous reports, TTI assumed that 45 percent of all traffic, regardless of the urban location, occurred in congested conditions. TTI indicated that this presumption overestimated travel in congested periods. Its 2002 estimates now vary by urban area anywhere from 18 to 50 percent of travel that occurs in congestion. TTI's model structure applies to two types of roads: freeways and principal arterial streets. The model derives estimates of vehicle traffic per lane and traffic speed for an entire urban area. Based on variation in these amounts, travel is then classified under 5 categories: uncongested, moderately congested, heavily congested, severely congested, and extremely congested (a new category in 1999). The threshold between uncongested and congested was changed in 1999. Previous editions classified congested travel when area wide traffic levels reached 14,000 vehicles per lane per day on highways and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day on principal arterial streets. For the current edition these values are 15,500 and 5,500 vehicles per lane per day respectively. Previous years values have been re

- estimated based on these new assumptions. Readers should refer to the TTI website for more detailed information on its estimation procedures http://mobility.tamu.edu/

.

TTI reviews and adjusts the data used in its model, including statewide average fuel cost estimates (published by the American Automobile Association) and the number of eligible drivers for each urban area (taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census).The model

has some limitations because it does not include local variations (such as bottlenecks, local travel patterns, or transportation improvements) that affect travel times. TTI documentation does not provide information on peer

review, sensitivity analysis, or estimation errors for their model. Information about sensitivity analysis or external reviews of the model could not be obtained and users should interpret the data cautiously.



# ENVIRONMENT

TABLE 4 -43 . Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel

TABLE 4 -44 . National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses its Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE) to generate average emissions factors for each vehicle and fuel type. The methods used in the model are theoretically sound, the assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these estimates has been performed. Emissions rate estimates for lig ht

- duty vehicles are considered more reliable than those for heavy

- duty vehicles because in

- use emissions tests are performed on a sample of vehicles each year. Deterioration for heavy

- duty vehicles in the national fleet are based only on manufacturer's engine deterioration tests. In addition, because reformulated fuels (table 4

- 39) are newer than other gasoline fuels (table 4

- 38), in use emissions test data

for reformulated fuels are not as extensive.

The estimates in the tables represent average emissions rates taking into account the characteristics of the nation's fleet, including vehicle type and age, and fuel used. The model also assumes Federal Test Procedure conditions. The model does not take into account actual travel distributions across different highway types with their associated average speeds and operating mode fractions, nor do they consider ambient local temperatures. However, fleet composition and deterioration because of age are considered. Thus, these rates illustrate only trends due to vehicle emissions control improvements and their increasing use in the national fleet and should not be used for other

purposes.

# TABLES 4 -45 , 4 -46 , 4 -47 , 4 -48 , 4 -49 , 4

- 50 . Estimates of National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen
Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Particular Matter, Sulfur Dioxide

Emissions by sector and source are estimated using various models and calculation techniques and are based on a number of assumptions and on data that vary in precision and reliability. The methods used are theoretically sound, the assumptions are reasonable, but the data vary in quality, and no formal analysis of the accuracy of these estimates has been performed.

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Highway vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, and VOC are generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Mobile Source Emissions Factor Model (MOBILE), which uses per

- mile vehicle emissions factors and vehicle travel (vehicle

- miles) to calculate county

- le vel emissions. Emissions rates are then adjusted based on fuel characteristics, vehicle fleet composition, emissions control measures, average vehicle speed, and other factors that can affect emissions. (Emissions rates used in MOBILE are based on vehicle certification tests, emissions standards,

and in

- use vehicle tests and are updated approximately every three years.) The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the source of vehicle travel estimates used in the model. Although the methodology for this survey data is sound and well documented, analyses have shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the established sampling guidelines.

The non

- highway vehicle emission s are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Reid vapor pressure, fuel usage programs and controls.

Particulate Matter Under 10 Microns (PM

- 10) and 2.5 Microns (PM

- 2.5) in Size

Highway vehicle emissions are estimated using the U.S. Environments Protection Agency's PART model, which

estimates emissions factors for exhaust emissions and brake and tire wear by vehicle type. Exhaust emissions factors are based on certification tests, while brake wear (per vehicle) and tire wear (per tire) are assumed values, which are constant over all years. Per

- mile emissions factors are multiplied by vehicle travel (vehicle

- miles) and adjusted to account for other factors that effect exhaust emissions (e.g., fuel composition, weather, etc.). The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System is the

source of vehicle

- miles of travel (VMT) estimates used in the model. While the methodology for this survey data is sound and well documented, analyses have shown that individual states vary in how rigorously they follow the established sampling guidelines.

Fugitive dust estimates for paved and unpaved roads are calculated by multiplying VMT on each type of road by emissions factors for each vehicle type and road type.

The non

- highway vehicle emissions are calculated annually by running EPA's NONROAD model for all categories except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads, which are calculated via emission factors and relevant activity data. Inputs to the NONROAD model include average temperatures, Rei d vapor pressure, fuel usage programs and controls.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Highway vehicle SO2 emissions are estimated by multiplying vehicle travel (for each vehicle type and highway type) by an emissions factor reflecting each vehicle type and highway type. Highway SO2 emissions factors are based on vehicle type and model year, sulfur content of fuel by type and year, fuel density by fuel type, and vehicle fuel efficiency by type and model year.

In general, estimates for non

- highway vehicles are calculated based on fuel consumption and sulfur content of fuel, though other factors may be considered.

Lead

# In general, lead emissions are estimated by multiplying an activity level by an emissions factor that represents the rate at which lead is emitted for the given source category. This estimate is then adjusted by a factor that represents the assumed effectiveness of control technologies. For lead released during combustion, a top

- down approach is used to share national estimates of fuel consumption by fuel type to each consumption category (e.g., motor fuel, electric utility, etc.) and, subsequently, each source (e.g., passenger cars, light

- duty trucks, etc.).

TABLE 4 -51 . Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

TABLE 4 -52 . Areas i n Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency measures concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air at its air quality monitoring sites, which are operated by state and local agencies. These sites conform to uniform criteria for monitor siting, instrumentation, and quality assurance, and each site is weighted equally in calculating the composite average trend statistics. Furthermore, trend sites must have complete data for 8 of the 10 years in the trend time period to be included. However, monitoring devices are placed in areas most likely to observe significant concentrations of air pollutants rather than a random sampling of sites throughout the nation.

TABLE 4 -53 . U.S. Carbo n Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector

The combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, is the principal anthropogenic (human caused) source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Since fossil fuels are typically 75 percent to 90 percent carbon by weight, emissions from the combustion of these fuels can be easily measured in carbon units, as is shown in the

table.

CO2 emissions data are derived from estimates. The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA), estimates CO2emissions by multiplying energy consumption for each fuel type by its carbon emissions coefficient, then subtracting carbon that is sequestered by nonfuel use of fossil fuels. Carbon emissions coefficients are values used for scaling emissions to specific activities (e.g., pounds of CO2emitted per barrel of oil consumed).

Emissions estimates are based on energy consumption data collected and published by EIA Several small adjustments are made to its energy consumption data to eliminate double counting or miscounting of emissions. For example, EIA subtracts the carbon in ethanol from transportation gasoline consumption because o f its biological origin.

Emissions coefficients are based on the density, carbon content, and heat content of petroleum products. For many fuels, except liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA assumed coefficients to be constant over t ime. For LPG, jet fuel, and crude oil, EIA annualized carbon emissions coefficients to reflect changes in chemical composition or product mix.

Since the combustion of fossil fuels is a major producer of CO2emissions, sources of uncertainty are related to: 1) volumes of fuel consumed; 2) characteristics of fuel consumed; 3) emissions coefficients; and 4) coverage. EIA notes that volumetric fuel data are fairly reliable in the 3 percent to 5 percent range of uncertainty. The density and energy content of fuels are usually estimated. According to EIA, the reliability of these estimates vary. For example, estimates of the energy content of natural gas are reliable to 0.5 percent, while estimates for coal and petroleum products are lower because they are more heterogeneous fuels. The reliability of emissions coefficients depends on whether the characteristics of a fuel are difficult to measure accurately. Finally, uncertainties may result because data may be excluded or unknown sources of emissions not included.

EIA's estimation methods, emissions coefficients, and the reliability of emissions estimates are discussed in detail in U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States , 1998 available on: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html

.

TABLE 4 -54 . Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting U.S. Waterways

The U. S. Coast Guard's (USCG) Marine Safety Information System (MSIS) is the source of these data. It includes data on all oil spills impacting U.S. navigable waters and the Coastal Zone. The USCG learns of spills through direct observation, reports from responsible parties and third parties. Responsible parties are required by law to report spills to the National Response Center (NRC).Reports may be made to the USCG or Environmental Protection Agency pre

-

# designated On Scene Coordinator for the geographic area where the discharge occurs if direct reporting to the NRC

i s not practicable. There is no standard format for these reports, but responsible personnel face significant penalties for failing to do so. Most reports are made by telephone, and USCG personnel complete investigations based on the information provided. The type and extent of an investigation conducted varies depending on the type and quantity of the material spilled. Each investigation will determine as closely as possible source of the pollutant, the quantity of the material spilled, the cause of the accident, as well as whether there is evidence that any failure of material (either physical or design) was involved or contributed to the incident. These are so financial responsibility may be properly assigned for the incidents, as well as proper recommendations for the prevention of the recurrence of similar incidents may be made.

Some spills may not be entered into MSIS because they are either not reported to or discovered by the USCG. The probability of a spill not being reported is inversely proportional to its size. Large spills impact a large area and a large number of people, resulting in numerous reports of such spills. Small spills are less likely to be reported, particularly if they occur at night or in remote areas where persons other than the res ponsible party are unlikely to detect them. Responsible parties are required by law to report spills and face penalties for failing to do so, providing a strong incentive to report spills that might be detected by others. Experience with harbor patrols shows that the number of spills increases as the frequency of patrols increases. However, the volume of material spilled does not increase significantly, indicating that the spills discovered through increased harbor patrols generally involved very small

quan tities.

Data Collection

From 1973 to 1985, data were collected on forms completed by the investigator and later entered into the Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) by data entry clerks at USCG headquarters. Since 1985, data have been entered

direct ly into MSIS by the investigator. From 1985 to 1991, data were entered into a specific electronic form that captured information on the spilled substance and pollution response actions. Since 1995, a growing number of reports of pollution incidents of 100 gallons or less of oil have been captured on a Notice of Violation ticket form,

which are then entered into MSIS.

The information shown in this table comes from the USCG Spill Compendium, which contains spill data from the applications described above. The Compendium contains summary data from 1969 through 2000 and is intended to provide general information to the public, the maritime industry and other interested persons about spills in and around U.S. waterways. For more information about spill data, please refer to the USCG Internet site at http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g

- m/nmc/response/stats/aa.htm

Nonsampling Errors

According to the USCG, nonsampling errors, such as nonreporting and mistakes made in data collection and entry, should not have a major impact on most interpretations of the data, but the impact will vary depending on the data used. The error rate for volume spilled is estimated to be less than 5 percent because larger spills, which account for most of the volume of oil spilled, are thoroughly reviewed at several levels. The error rate for the number of spills is difficult to estimate primarily due to low reporting rates for small spills. Most of the error in spill counts involves spills of less than 100 gallons.

TABLE 4 -55 . Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups

A national inventory of reported spills and corrective actions taken for leaking underground storage tanks is compiled biannually based on state counts of leaking tanks reported by owners as required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. 1 

# These data ma y be affected by general accounting errors, some of which have changed semiannual counts by as many as 2,000 actions.

TABLE 4 -56 . Highway Noise Barrier Construction

State highway agencies (SHAs) provide data on highway noise barrier construction, extent, and costs to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Individual SHA definitions of barriers and costs may differ. This could lead to nonuniformity and/or anomalies among state data, which will in turn affect national totals.

T ABLE 4 -57 . Number of People Residing in High

- Noise Areas Around U.S. Airports

# The number of the people exposed to aircraft noise around airports is estimated by computer modeling rather than by actual measurements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Integrated Noise Model (INM) has been the primary tool for assessing aircraft noise around airports for nearly 30 years. This model uses information on aircraft mix, average daily operations, flight tracks, and runway distribution to generate and plot contours of Day Night Sound Level (DNL).With the addition of a digitized population census database, the model can estimate the number of residents exposed to noise levels of 65 decibels (db) DNL.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produced the first estimate of airport noise exposure in 1975.It reported that 7 million residents were exposed to significant levels of aircraft noise in 1978.This number became the "anchor point" for all future estimates of the nationwide noise impacts. In 1980, FAA developed another methodology for estimating the change in the number of people impacted by noise (from the 1975 anchor value) as a function of changes in both the national fleet and in the FAA's Terminal Area Forecast (TAF). In 1990, the FAA created an improved method of estimating the change in number of people impacted (relative to the 1980 estimates).

In 1993, the FAA began using its newly developed Nationwide Airport Noise Impact Model (NANIM) to estimate the impact of airplane noise on residential communities surrounding U.S. airports that support jet operations. FAA uses this model to determine the relative changes in number of people and land area exposed to 65 db DNL as a result of changes in nationwide aircraft fleet mix and operations. NANIM uses data on air traffic patterns found in the Official Airline Guide (OAG), air traffic growth projections found in FAA's TAF, population figures from the U.S. Census
Bureau, and information on noise contour areas for the top 250 U.S. civil airports with jet operations.

The methodology used in NANIM has been peer reviewed and approved. However, a formal evaluation of the model's accuracy has not been conducted. Some data used in NANIM are updated manually, thus th e possibility of data entry errors does exist. Entries are reviewed and then corrected as appropriate. The aircraft mix and operations files from FAA's TAF and OAG are updated automatically. Changes to either of the sources could introduce errors. For example, it was recently discovered that OAG redefined some aircraft codes and altered some data fields in its database. These changes make it impossible for the NANIM utility program to accurately read the current OAG

database. A rewrite of the source code is necessary to eliminate this error. Also, since airport authorities are not required to produce noise exposure maps and reports unless they intend to apply for Federal grants, 14 of the 50 busiest commercial airports, including JFK and LaGuardia, have not produced (for public consumption) noise exposure maps in several years. In the absence of actual data, the NANIM database contains approximations of the noise contours areas based on airports of similar size and similar operation. Without actual airport da ta, it is impossible to quantify the error introduced by the approximation.

The number of people exposed to aircraft noise for 1998 through 2001 was estimated by the FAA's latest version of
its MAGENTA model. This new, more accurate model is based on 2000 census data and uses input data on aircraft and operations specific to U.S. airports. This revised model also uses the FAA Terminal Forecast (TAF), which provides information on how operations will increase on an airport specific basis. Updated monthly, the TAF allows a more accurate forecast of U.S. operations.

TABLE 4 -58 . Motor Vehicles Scrapped

The Polk Company's Vehicles in Operation database is the source of these data. This database is a census of vehicles that are currently registered in all states within the United States. It is based on information from state department of motor vehicles. Polk updates the database quarterly (March, June, September, and December).

Scrapped vehicles are those that Polk removes from its database when: 1) States indicate registered vehicles have suffered major damage (such as a flood or accident), or 2) No renewal (reregistration) notice is received by Polk within a state's allotted time (normally one year). In the latter case, if a vehicle is subsequently reregistered , it is returned to the database. The Polk data on motor vehicles is broken down into passenger cars and trucks, and this identification comes with the registration data from the DMV.



# REFERENCES

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1994. Accuracy of Petroleum Supply Data . Tammy G. Heppner and Carol L. French, eds.Washington, DC.

# U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1990. Energy Consumption by End

- Use Sector, A Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys , DOE/EIA

- 0533.Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1998. MOBILE5 Information Sheet #7: NOx Benefits of Reformulated Gasoline Using MOBILE5a . Ann Arbor, MI. September 30.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.1998. National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends, Procedure Document, 1900

- 1996 . EPA

- 454/R

- 98

- 008.Research Triangle Park, NC.May.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1996.Memorandum on Release of MOBILE5b.(Revised Chapter 2 for the Users Guide to MOBILE5).October 11.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group.1995. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP

- 42, Volume II: Mobile Sources . Appendix H. Fifth

ed.June 30.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources (OMS). 1995. Draft User's Guide to PART5: A Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles , EPA -AA-AQAB- 94

- 2.Ann Arbor, MI.February.

U.S. EPA, Office of Mobile Sources.1994. Users Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model),EPAAA- TEB

- 94

- 01.Ann Arbor, MI.May.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. 1992. Procedures fo r Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources , EPA

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- 026d (Revised).

1 

# Public Law 94

- 580, 90 Stat. 2795 (October 21, 1976).