COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Russell, AtLee and Senior Judge Haley

DEBORAH WILSON

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 0883-19-2 PER CURIAM

NOVEMBER 26, 2019

HANOVER COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF SOCIAL SERVICES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANOVER COUNTY

J. Overton Harris, Judge

(John R. Working; The Railside Law Group, PLLC, on brief), for 

appellant.

(Dennis A. Walter, County Attorney; Lisa Ashworth Seward, Senior 

Assistant County Attorney; Catherine L. Scott, Guardian ad litem for 

the minor child, on brief), for appellee.

Deborah Wilson (mother) appeals the circuit court order terminating her parental rights to 

her child, K.J. Mother argues that the circuit court erred by finding that the evidence was sufficient 

to terminate her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). She also contends that the circuit 

court violated her due process rights “by terminating her parental rights without first providing a 

fundamentally fair process, where she could meet the department’s expectations, and where she 

made substantial progress in meeting their [sic] goals.” Upon reviewing the record and briefs of 

the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the 

decision of the circuit court. See Rule 5A:27.

 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED 
- 2 -

BACKGROUND1

“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of 

Human Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).

In March 2018, mother, who was a resident of New York, reportedly was in Virginia to 

visit relatives and give birth to K.J. Both mother and K.J. tested positive for opiates, cocaine, 

and cannabinoids.

2

The Hanover County Department of Social Services (the Department) met with mother at 

the hospital, and she denied using opiates and cocaine. She admitted to marijuana use. Mother 

submitted to a drug screen, which was positive for morphine and negative for marijuana, opiates, 

and cocaine. Mother told the Department that she previously had been diagnosed with anxiety 

and depression for which she took medication, but she was no longer in treatment. Mother 

indicated that she was living with her adult daughter and grandchildren in Richmond. The 

Department visited the home and found it to be “adequately furnished with no noticeable safety 

concerns.” Mother agreed to participate in several services, including a substance abuse 

evaluation and treatment, mental health treatment, early intervention services for K.J., and 

ongoing services from the Department.

 

1 The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing 

relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and factual 

findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion. 

Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we 

unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder 

of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 

(2017).

2 K.J. is mother’s third child who was born substance-exposed. Mother did not have 

custody of her other two children.
- 3 -

The Department contacted the New York City Child Protective Services and learned that 

it had investigated mother ten times over the years for concerns about another child, who was in 

foster care due to allegations of abuse and neglect. Mother had not participated in any services 

for the child’s return. The Department also received a summary of mother’s criminal history, 

which included thirty-five arrests.

A few days later, the Department received a report that mother had not been compliant 

with the hospital policies when she visited K.J. and that she had failed the “overnight” test with 

him. The medical providers did not believe that it was safe for K.J. to be in mother’s care.

The Department met with mother and her adult daughter and expressed its concerns with 

mother about the information from New York, her behaviors in the hospital, and her drug use. 

The Department discussed the possibility of K.J. being released to the care of mother’s adult 

daughter and mother not having any unsupervised contact with K.J. However, when mother’s 

adult daughter tested positive for marijuana, the Department petitioned for the emergency 

removal of K.J. The Hanover County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR 

court) entered an emergency removal order on April 16, 2018, and a preliminary removal order 

on April 19, 2018. The JDR court adjudicated K.J. as abused and neglected and entered a 

dispositional order on June 4, 2018.

The Department required mother to complete a substance abuse evaluation and follow all 

treatment recommendations, participate in a psychological and parenting evaluation, submit to 

random drug and alcohol screens, abstain from alcohol and illegal substances, participate in 

visitations, maintain contact with the Department, maintain safe and stable housing, demonstrate 

financial stability, and sign any necessary release forms for the Department. The Department 

conducted a Structured Decision Making (SDM) Family Risk Assessment and SDM 
- 4 -

Reunification Risk Review and determined that K.J. was at a “very high” risk for future neglect 

and “high” risk for future abuse if he were reunited with mother.

Mother did not appear for her initial appointment for the substance abuse evaluation, but 

she subsequently completed the evaluation. Mother denied using opiates and cocaine and said 

that she was clean when K.J. was born. Mother did not believe marijuana was a drug and stated 

that she had no intention to stop using it permanently. She reportedly used “a very large amount 

of marijuana” every day. Many of her friends and family also used marijuana. Mother told the 

evaluator that she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and had a history of depression, 

anxiety, and anger issues. She had not been taking her medication and had been experiencing 

auditory hallucinations. The evaluator recommended intensive substance abuse treatment for 

mother, as well as parenting classes and anger management classes. Due to mother’s mental 

health issues, the evaluator recommended a psychological/psychiatric evaluation. The evaluator 

expressed some reservations about the future because mother did not appear “motivated for 

treatment.”

The Department referred mother for a psychological evaluation, which was completed in 

September 2018. Mother tested in the “extremely low range” for verbal comprehension, which 

indicated that she would “require additional time to process and generalize verbal information, 

and [was] likely to become quickly overwhelmed when presented with complex verbal or written 

information.” The psychologist also concluded that mother met the diagnostic criteria for bipolar 

disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, paranoid personality disorder, and substance use disorder. 

The psychologist found that mother lacked insight into her parenting needs and was “at risk for 

parenting struggles based on her psychiatric symptoms, her distorted reality testing, difficulty 

with empathy and reflection, and deficits in knowledge of parenting skills.” The psychologist 

recommended psychiatric and therapeutic services for mother and, particularly, an intensive 
- 5 -

residential substance abuse treatment program. The psychologist also believed that mother could 

benefit from a life skills coach, mental health skill building, and a parenting coach.

On July 19, 2018, the Department referred mother for services at Richmond Behavioral 

Health Authority (RBHA), but mother did not start services until April 2019. The Department 

repeatedly expressed concern about mother’s “inability to establish a consistent pattern of 

sobriety” and her denial of any drug usage since the birth of K.J. Between May 2018 and 

October 2018, mother tested positive for drugs seven out of thirteen times.

In addition to the referrals for the evaluations and treatment programs, the Department 

scheduled supervised visitations between mother and K.J. Mother missed several of the initial

visitations with K.J. until the Department could arrange transportation for her. When she did 

visit, mother had acted appropriately while visiting with K.J. Beginning in September 2018, 

mother started missing visitations with K.J. again, despite having transportation available to her.

The Department reported that after his birth, K.J. had difficulty feeding and was under 

the care of a gastroenterologist. K.J.’s foster care parents regularly took him to the doctor and 

met his medical, emotional, and developmental needs. K.J. has lived with the same foster care 

family since his discharge from the hospital and had bonded with them. His foster care parents 

expressed a desire to adopt him.

On October 3, 2018, the JDR court did not approve the foster care plan’s goal of return 

home, and on October 31, 2018, the JDR court did not approve the foster care plan’s goal of 

relative placement. The Department investigated several relatives as possible placements for 

K.J., to no avail. The Department ultimately changed the foster care plan’s goal to adoption, 

which the JDR court approved on November 14, 2018. The Department subsequently petitioned 
- 6 -

for the termination of mother’s parental rights. On January 30, 2019, the JDR court terminated 

mother’s parental rights to K.J. Mother appealed the ruling to the circuit court.3

On April 29, 2019, the parties appeared before the circuit court.4 The Department 

continued to offer mother visitation after the JDR court terminated her parental rights, but she 

missed five out of the six visitations. At the time of the circuit court hearing, mother still had not 

received any psychiatric treatment or medication. The circuit court considered the conclusions 

of mother’s psychological evaluation, specifically that when she was not on her medication, she 

experienced “increasing instability” and auditory hallucinations. The circuit court found that 

mother had “failed to remedy her living situation and have a drug-free home environment” and 

“failed to complete a criminal background check despite repeated attempts by the Department.” 

The circuit court considered that the substance abuse evaluation revealed that mother had a 

“Very High Likelihood” of a substance abuse disorder. The circuit court also considered 

mother’s “extensive criminal history involving assaultive behavior” and that she had another 

child removed from her care in New York. Based on the totality of the record, the circuit court 

terminated mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

Termination of parental rights

Mother argues that the circuit court erred by terminating her parental rights under Code

§ 16.1-283(C)(2), which states that a court may terminate parental rights if:

The parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or 

unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months 

from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy 

substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation 

of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the 

 

3 Mother appealed only the JDR court’s ruling that terminated her parental rights, not the 

ruling that approved the foster care plan’s goal of adoption.

4 Mother did not timely file a transcript of the circuit court hearing. See Rule 5A:8(a).
- 7 -

reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health 

or other rehabilitative agencies to such end.

“On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, 

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best 

interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cty. Dep’t of Family Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018) 

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128 (1991)). “Where, as 

here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great weight and will not be 

disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Fauquier Cty. Dep’t 

of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania Cty. 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).

Mother asserts that she made “substantial progress in getting clean” while K.J. was in 

foster care. She contends that K.J. “was not going to ingest drugs because [he] no longer [was] 

in utero and was never breast fed by [mother].” She further notes that the record does not 

indicate that she appeared under the influence at any of her visits with K.J. Mother argues that 

she “did pursue” in-patient treatment, but acknowledges that she never obtained in-patient 

treatment. Mother asserts that she maintained contact and showed concern for K.J., so 

termination of her parental rights was not in his best interests.

“[S]ubsection C termination decisions hinge not so much on the magnitude of the 

problem that created the original danger to the child, but on the demonstrated failure of the 

parent to make reasonable changes.” Yafi, 69 Va. App. at 552 (quoting Toms v. Hanover Dep’t 

of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 271 (2005)). Mother’s mental health and substance abuse 

issues remained unresolved. The circuit court found that mother had failed to obtain psychiatric 

treatment and medication, maintain a drug-free home, and complete a criminal background 

check. Mother reported having auditory hallucinations because she was not taking her 

psychiatric medicine. She also told the substance abuse evaluator that she had no intention of 
- 8 -

stopping her use of marijuana permanently. The substance abuse evaluation revealed that mother 

had a “Very High Likelihood” of a substance abuse disorder. Despite the Department referring 

mother for treatment since July 2018, mother did not complete the intake process with RBHA for 

substance abuse treatment until April 17, 2019, which was twelve days before the circuit court 

hearing. Contrary to her assertions, mother did not demonstrate that she had made substantial 

progress in remedying the conditions that led to K.J. being placed in, and remaining in, foster 

care.

The circuit court did not err in finding that the termination of mother’s parental rights 

was in the best interests of K.J. The psychologist conducting the psychological and parenting 

evaluation stated that “[t]reatment of mental health symptoms and substance abuse is the primary 

need for [mother] to be capable of caring for her child.” Mother did not obtain psychiatric 

treatment and medication, and she did not start seeking substance abuse treatment until April 

2019, a year after K.J. had been in foster care. Mother did not demonstrate that she was in a 

position to care for K.J. “It is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a lengthy period 

of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his [or her] 

responsibilities.” Tackett v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 322 (2013) 

(quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540 (1990)).

Mother also argues that the Department provided inadequate services to her. The circuit 

court, however, found that “the Department made reasonable and appropriate efforts for Mother 

throughout the foster care case.” “‘Reasonable and appropriate’ efforts can only be judged with 

reference to the circumstances of a particular case. Thus, a court must determine what 

constitutes reasonable and appropriate efforts given the facts before the court.” Harrison v. 

Tazewell Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 42 Va. App. 149, 163 (2004) (quoting Ferguson v. Stafford 

Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 338 (1992)). The Department “is not required to 
- 9 -

force its services upon an unwilling or disinterested parent.” Tackett, 62 Va. App. at 323 

(quoting Harris v. Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs., 223 Va. 235, 243 (1982)); see also Logan, 13 

Va. App. at 130. Here, the Department provided numerous services to mother, but she did not 

follow through with the recommendations. She never sought psychiatric treatment and did not 

start substance abuse treatment until April 2019. Mother repeatedly denied drug use, despite 

testing positive for illegal drugs. She also indicated that she did not believe that marijuana was a 

drug. Credible evidence supports the circuit court’s finding that the Department had made 

reasonable and appropriate efforts.

Based on the record before us, the circuit court did not err in terminating mother’s 

parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).

Due process

Mother argues that the circuit court violated her due process rights “without first 

providing a fundamentally fair process, where she could meet the [D]epartment’s expectations, 

and where she made substantial progress in meeting their goals.”

The record does not include a timely filed transcript from the circuit court hearing. See

Rule 5A:8(a) (“[t]he transcript of any proceeding is a part of the record when it is filed in the 

office of the clerk of the trial court within 60 days after entry of the final judgment”).

We find that the transcript from the circuit court hearing is indispensable to a 

determination of the second assignment of error raised on appeal. “If . . . the transcript is 

indispensable to the determination of the case, then the requirements for making the transcript a 

part of the record on appeal must be strictly adhered to. This Court has no authority to make 

exceptions to the filing requirements set out in the Rules.” Shiembob v. Shiembob, 55 Va. App. 

234, 246 (2009) (quoting Turner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 96, 99 (1986)); see also Bay v. 

Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 520, 528-29 (2012). “The burden is upon the appellant to provide 
- 10 -

us with a record which substantiates the claim of error. In the absence [of a sufficient record], 

we will not consider the point.” Robinson v. Robinson, 50 Va. App. 189, 197 (2007) (quoting 

Jenkins v. Winchester Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1185 (1991)); see also Rule 

5A:8(b)(4)(ii). Without a transcript, we are unable to review the parties’ evidence and 

arguments; therefore, a transcript is indispensable to resolving mother’s second assignment of 

error.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.

Affirmed.