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Call Center: Contract 

Management Needs 

Improvement to Reduce the 

Risk of Overbilling

Report No. 15-P-0042 December 23, 2014

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL

Spending Taxpayer Dollars
Report Contributors: Janet Kasper

Michael Petscavage

Anthony Grear

Richard Valliere

Abbreviations

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FY Fiscal Year 

GSA General Services Administration

OEI Office of Environmental Information

OIG Office of Inspector General

Are you aware of fraud, waste or abuse in an

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(888) 546-8740

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OIG_Hotline@epa.gov

More information at www.epa.gov/oig/hotline.html.

EPA Office of Inspector General

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15-P-0042

December 23, 2014

Why We Did This Review

The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) Office 

of Inspector General received a 

hotline complaint that alleged

possible contractor fraud on an 

Office of Environmental 

Information (OEI) contract, or 

mismanagement by the 

contractor and/or OEI. The 

contractor billed the EPA 

$11,490,228 for call center and 

related services through 

September 2014. Our objective 

was to determine whether the 

contractor is incorrectly billing 

the EPA, resulting in 

overbillings to the government.

This report addresses the 

following EPA goal or 

cross-agency strategy:

 Embracing EPA as a highperforming organization.

Send all inquiries to our public

affairs office at (202) 566-2391

or visit www.epa.gov/oig.

The full report is at:

www.epa.gov/oig/reports/2014/ 

20141223-15-P-0042.pdf.

Call Center: Contract Management Needs 

Improvement to Reduce the Risk of Overbilling 

 What We Found

The EPA does not have assurance that the pricing of the 

task order related to a contract was reasonable. In one 

contract modification, the number of calls and emails to a 

helpdesk (contact volume) was used to justify increasing 

the total fixed price amount. In a subsequent modification, 

ticket volume, which represents reported issues that may be the result of one or 

more calls and emails, was used to justify changes that led to a decrease in 

price. Inconsistent application of vague contract methodology increases the risk 

that the EPA may be overcharged for call center services.

The contractor was not able to provide the details we requested regarding 

contact volume and there is no evidence that the EPA requested or received the 

information prior to increasing the task order price. This increases the EPA’s risk 

of being overcharged for call center services. If the EPA periodically requested 

and verified detail data for “contact volume” used to justify increases in billing, it 

would be more apt to timely detect potential fraud, waste, abuse and 

mismanagement.

 Recommendations and Planned Agency Corrective Actions

We recommend that the Assistant Administrator for Administration and 

Resources Management: 

 Require, in negotiation with the contractor, modification of the task order to 

provide an explicit definition of call volume and explicitly define the basis on 

future modifications.

 Eliminate the conflict between clause 1 and clause 24 in the task order and 

require the contracting officer to recover $910,776 of unsupported charges.

 Require the contracting officer to negotiate with the contractor to modify the 

task order to require, as a monthly deliverable from the contractor, detailed 

data supporting the call volume used for billing. 

We also recommend that the Assistant Administrators for the Office of 

Administration and Resources Management and OEI ensure periodic review of 

detailed call volume information and information on the number of tickets 

received in order to verify the accuracy of the summary information included in 

the monthly progress report. The EPA agreed with our recommendations and 

provided a corrective action plan with dates for each recommendation.

 Noteworthy Achievements 

OEI improved communication with program offices about increases in call center 

costs. To address unexpected year-end increases in costs, OEI now provides 

customers with a Monthly Utilization Report to inform them of actual usage. Also, 

beginning in fiscal year 2014, OEI now allocates call center costs and bills 

customers monthly based on actual usage, rather than estimated usage. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Inspector General

At a Glance

The EPA was

overbilled by 

$910,776 for 

helpdesk services. 
December 23, 2014

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Call Center: Contract Management Needs Improvement to Reduce 

the Risk of Overbilling

Report No. 15-P-0042

FROM: Arthur A. Elkins Jr. 

TO: Nanci Gelb, Acting Assistant Administrator

Office of Administration and Resources Management

Renee P. Wynn, Acting Assistant Administrator and Chief Information Officer

Office of Environmental Information

This is our report on the subject audit conducted by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This report contains findings that describe the problems 

the OIG has identified and corrective actions the OIG recommends. This report represents the opinion of 

the OIG and does not necessarily represent the final EPA position. Final determinations on matters in this 

report will be made by EPA managers in accordance with established audit resolution procedures.

The offices responsible for implementing this audit report’s recommendations are the Office of 

Acquisition Management within the Office of Administration and Resource Management, and the Office 

of Technology Operations and Planning within the Office of Environmental Information.

Action Required

In accordance with EPA Manual 2750, the offices provided acceptable and complete planned corrective 

actions in response to OIG recommendations. All recommendations are resolved and no final response 

to this report is therefore required.

We will post this report to our website at http://www.epa.gov/oig.

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
Call Center: Contract Management Needs Improvement 15-P-0042

to Reduce the Risk of Overbilling

Table of Contents

Chapters

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

Purpose ..................................................................................................... 1

Background................................................................................................ 1

Responsible Offices ................................................................................... 1

Noteworthy Achievements ........................................................................ 1

Scope and Methodology ............................................................................ 2

2 Task Order Price Not Consistently Determined ............................................. 3

Inconsistent Methodology Utilized.............................................................. 3

Conclusion................................................................................................. 5

Recommendations..................................................................................... 5

Agency Response and OIG Evaluation ...................................................... 6

3 Increased Price During FY 2012 Unsupported ............................................... 7

Contractor Did Not Provide Detailed Support for Increased Billing ............. 7

Conclusion................................................................................................. 8

Recommendations..................................................................................... 8

Agency Response and OIG Evaluation ...................................................... 9

Status of Recommendations and Potential Monetary Benefits..................... 10

Appendices

A Agency Response to Draft Report................................................................... 11

B Distribution ....................................................................................................... 14
15-P-0042 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

Purpose

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Inspector General 

(OIG) received a hotline complaint that alleged possible contractor fraud on an 

Office of Environmental Information (OEI) contract, or mismanagement by the 

contractor and/or OEI. The EPA Call Center is a one-stop access point for both 

internal EPA customers and the general public that provides problem resolution, 

referral services, and technical support. The timeframe for the billings in the 

hotline were for fiscal years (FYs) 2012 and 2013. Our objective was to determine 

whether the contractor was incorrectly billing the EPA resulting in overbillings to 

the government.

Background

The EPA issued a task order under a General Services Administration (GSA)

contract for call center services. GSA uses a variety of contracting vehicles to 

manage procurement for both its own operations and its government customers.

The task order issued under the GSA contract had a period of performance 

beginning on October 1, 2010. The task order contained a one-year base period

with five option periods ending on September 30, 2016. 

The EPA Call Center provides problem resolution, referral services, and technical 

support. The service includes the management, implementation, and oversight of 

all contractual operations needed to deliver these services. The costs to EPA 

customers also includes overhead, EPA management, utilities, and space rental. 

Responsible Offices

The offices responsible for implementing this audit report’s recommendations are

the Office of Acquisition Management within the Office of Administration and 

Resource Management, and the Office of Technology Operations and Planning 

within the Office of Environmental Information.

Noteworthy Achievements

One of the issues mentioned in the hotline complaint was that the customer did 

not receive timely notice that it would be charged more money than was 

estimated. Based on our review, the increased charges were not communicated 

until the end of the fiscal year. To address this issue, OEI now provides customers 

with a Monthly Utilization Report to inform them of their actual usage. 
15-P-0042 2

Additionally, beginning in FY 2014, OEI now allocates call center costs and bills 

customers monthly based on actual usage. 

Scope and Methodology

We conducted this performance audit from May 2014 through September 2014, in 

accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those 

standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, 

appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and 

conclusions based on our audit objective. We believe that the evidence obtained 

provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit 

objective.

To answer the objective, we interviewed OEI staff and managers in headquarters 

and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. We also interviewed staff from the 

Office of the Chief Financial Officer, as well as the contracting officer in 

Research Triangle Park. Finally we reviewed the following documentation:

 Contract GS-35F4797H and task order 1669, including modifications to 

the task order.

 Blanket Purchase Agreement No. ITS-EPA II 0001.

 Working Capital Fund’s “Draft Service Evaluation" of the EPA's Call 

Center (December 2013).

 The EPA Call Center Standard Operating Procedures.

We did not identify other relevant prior audit reports related to our objective.
15-P-0042 3

Chapter 2

Task Order Price Not Consistently Determined

The EPA does not have assurance that the pricing of the task order related to a 

contract is reasonable. In one contract modification, contact volume was used to 

justify increasing the total fixed price amount. In a subsequent modification, 

ticket volume was used to justify changes that led to a decrease in price. 

According to the task order, if the maximum call volume is exceeded by 

30 percent for three consecutive months, the contractor reserves the right to 

change the band level. Further, if the minimum call volumes for the selected band 

are not met for three consecutive months, the EPA has the right to request a lower 

band level appropriate for the call volume. However, the task order did not 

explicitly define call volume. This inconsistent application of vague contract 

methodology increases the risk that the EPA may be overcharged for call center 

services. 

Inconsistent Methodology Utilized 

Task Order 1669 includes a pricing schedule which establishes pricing based on 

minimum and maximum call volume capacity. Under the task order, call volume 

capacity is used to establish a fixed price per month to be billed to the 

government.

During the base and option periods, clause 24 of the task order establishes 

parameters for changing the pricing based on call volume. Task order 1669, 

clause 24, states in part, "If the maximum call volume is exceeded by 30 percent

for three (3) consecutive months. The contractor reserves the right to change the 

band level. If minimum call volumes for the selected band are not met for three 

(3) consecutive months, EPA has the right to request a lower band level 

appropriate for the call/contract volume.” The band relates to the pricing level of 

the task order. Raising and lowering the band increases or decreases the fixed 

price per month charged to the government for the call center services.

The EPA used contact volume to change the price of task order 1669 in one 

instance and ticket volume to change it in another. Under modification 7, the task 

order was changed in March 2012 (retroactively applied to January 2012) to 

increase the task order price by using the number of contacts (phone calls and 

emails) as the basis. Since the contacts were 30 percent over the maximum 

defined in the task order for three months, the contractor requested a modification 

to the task order. However, as shown in Table 1 below, while contacts were over 

30 percent of the maximum, tickets were not. 
15-P-0042 4

Table 1: Comparison of Contacts and Tickets to 30 Percent over Maximum Call 

Volume – Oct. 2011- Dec. 2011

Oct. 2011 Nov. 2011 Dec. 2011

Min. Call Vol. 4,200 4,200 4,200

Max. Call Vol. 7,199 7,199 7,199

30% over Max. 9,359 9,359 9,359

Actual Contacts 11,852 13,307 12,418

Actual Tickets 7,206 7,824 7,544

Source: OIG analysis of contact and ticket data, provided by the EPA, for October through 

December 2011. The detail of the actual contact data could not be provided, see Chapter 3 

for additional information.

For task order modification 22, tickets were used for the basis of decreasing the 

task order price, not contacts. Since ticket volume was below the minimum call 

volume for October through December 2013, the EPA issued modification 22,

lowering the task order pricing starting February 2014. However, the number of 

contacts for those three months were not below the minimum call volume. See

Table 2 below.

Table 2: Comparison of Contacts and Tickets to Minimum Call Volume –

Oct. 2013- Dec. 2013

Oct. 2013 Nov. 2013 Dec. 2013

Min. Call Vol. 6,125 6,125 6,125

Max. Call Vol. 10,499 10,499 10,499

Actual Contacts 6,516 7,795 7,940

Actual Tickets 5,490 5,853 4,669

Source: OIG analysis of contact and ticket data for October through December 2013, provided 

by the EPA.

Task Order Does Not Clearly Define Methodology

The task order does not clearly define the criteria and methodology to be used to 

increase or decrease the task order price. Specifically, the term “call volume” is not

defined. Prior to task order modification 22, the EPA interpreted call volume as 

contacts, and used contact information to raise or lower task order price. However, 

in modification 22, the EPA used a basis of ticket volume to lower the task order 

price. A contact does not always result in a ticket and so the number of tickets will 

always be less than the number of contacts. The lack of clarity in the definition of 

call volume allowed the EPA to use different methodology to justify a reduction in 

the price. Furthermore, the EPA was experiencing expenditures that exceeded 

project revenue on the call center which provided an incentive for the EPA to 

interpret call volume as tickets instead of contacts to lower the price. OEI, in 

justifying modification 22, provided a general statement to the contracting officer, 

requesting that the price be lowered because the call center, for the previous three 
15-P-0042 5

months, had incurred a call volume lower than the minimum. OEI provided 

detailed numbers which it described as call volume, however, the amounts provided 

were tickets and not contacts as had been used earlier to raise the task order price. 

Based on the contact level (phone calls and emails), the call center had not incurred 

a call volume lower than the minimum in any of the three months. The contracting 

officer stated that she nonetheless, processed this modification because of a 

different clause in the task order (Clause 1) that says that the government can use 

any band at any time. However, this is contrary to the pricing schedule included in 

the task order which provides for the band pricing to be based on different call 

volumes. The government cannot simply change from one band to another any time 

it chooses. In order for the government to change to another band level it must be 

based on call volume. Based on the proposal language, the agency intends to 

consistently define call volume as the number of contacts in the future.

Clause 1 states that the government can use any band at any time. Clause 24 in the 

task order stipulates that the price can change if call volume goes 30 percent

above the maximum or below the minimum, for three consecutive months. These 

clauses are at best ambiguous, and perhaps one clause cannot even be interpreted 

and implemented as consistent with the other.

Conclusion

As a result of not having clearly defined methodology, the EPA and the contractor 

can interpret the task order clauses to their advantage and adjust the task order 

price accordingly. Therefore, the EPA does not have assurance the pricing of the 

task order is reasonable. The EPA can be overcharged for the call center services 

and pass along the overages to the customers.

Recommendations

We recommend that the Assistant Administrator for Administration and 

Resources Management require the contracting officer negotiate with the 

contractor to modify the task order to:

1. Provide an explicit definition of call volume and explicitly define the basis 

for modification of the task order in the future.

2. Eliminate the conflict between clause 1 in the task order which states that 

the government can change the band whenever it wants and clause 24

which states that the band can be changed based on changes in call 

volume.
15-P-0042 6

Agency Response and OIG Evaluation

The agency agreed with Recommendations 1 and 2 and provided a completion 

date of November 30, 2014, for both recommendations. To address the 

recommendations, the agency will modify the task order to clarify the definition 

of call volume. We believe the proposed corrective action, along with the planned 

completion date, meets the intent of the recommendations. These 

recommendations will remain open pending completion of the proposed 

corrective actions. The complete agency response to the draft audit report is in 

Appendix A.
15-P-0042 7

Chapter 3

Increased Price During FY 2012 Unsupported

The EPA cannot determine whether the contractor charged the EPA properly for 

call center services. The EPA did not request detailed information to support the 

contractor’s claim that call center contacts increased and therefore an increase in 

the task order price was necessary. The contractor was also not able to provide the 

information at our request. According to the Federal Acquisition Regulation, the 

contracting officer determines whether the contractor has performed the contract 

appropriately and may require the contractor to substantiate performance with 

evidence. The evidence for the increased task order price was not substantiated. 

As a result of not having access to and periodically reviewing detailed data that 

supports contact volume, the EPA runs the risk of being overcharged for call 

center services in the future.

Contractor Did Not Provide Detailed Support for Increased Billing

Under contract number GS-35F4797H, task order 1669, OEI cannot determine 

whether the contractor charged the EPA properly for call center services during 

the time period of January 2012 through September 2012. The task order for the 

service is a fixed-price contract where the agency purchases a number of seats 

based on call volume. The monthly fixed price for option period 1 was established 

at the beginning of the option period that began on October 1, 2011, and was 

based on estimated call volume. Clause 24 in the task order stated that if the 

maximum call volume is exceeded by 30 percent for 3 consecutive months, the 

contractor reserves the right to change the band level. After the first three months 

of option I were complete, the contractor requested that the fixed price per month 

be increased due to increased call volume. As justification for this increase, the 

contractor provided an email stating that the contacts (phone calls, emails and fax) 

had exceeded the maximum call volume for October through December of 2011. 

The contractor also provided an average contact level for that period. However, it 

did not provide the details regarding the contact information. There is no evidence 

that OEI or the contracting officer requested or received detailed information 

prior to increasing the task order price.

We attempted to obtain and review detailed data supporting contact volume for 

November 2011, but neither OEI nor the contractor were able to provide the 

detailed information. The contractor stated that its subcontractor does not have the 

source documentation for the contacts received during November 2011, however, 

the contractor does have source documentation for phone calls dating back to 

Dec. 2011 and emails dating back to Jan 2013. The contractor did provide 

detailed information for a recent month (May 2014). However, based on the 

response from the contractor, the information supporting the contacts (phone calls 

and emails) for the three months that were the basis for increasing the contract 
15-P-0042 8

price (Oct. 2011 through Dec. 2011) cannot be provided. Because neither the 

contractor nor the OEI can provide adequate documentation to support the 

increased contract price, we question the amount as an unsupported increase. The 

calculation of the questioned costs is as follows:

Increase in the monthly fixed price (starting Jan. 2012) $101,197/month x 9 

months = $910,776

FAR section 52.232-32(c)(1), Performance-Based Payments states

The contractor shall not be entitled to payment of a request for performancebased payment prior to successful accomplishment of the event or 

performance criterion for which payment is requested. The Contracting 

Officer shall determine whether the event or performance criterion for which 

payment is requested has been successfully accomplished in accordance with 

the terms of the contract. The Contracting Officer may, at any time, require 

the contractor to substantiate the successful performance of any event or 

performance criterion which has been or is represented as being payable.

There was no verification of contractor data to ensure that significant increases 

were legitimate and that corresponding billings were in accordance with the terms 

of the contract. The contract does not require the contractor to submit detailed 

information on the number of contacts. When asked to provide detailed 

information for November of 2011, the contractor was not able to do so. Thus, 

OEI is unable to verify that contractor charges are proper because the contractor 

cannot provide detailed information on number of contacts.

Conclusion

As a result of not having access to and periodically reviewing detailed data that 

supports contact volume, the EPA runs the risk of being overcharged for call 

center services. If the EPA periodically requested and verified detailed data for 

contact volume used to justify seat increases and billing, it would be more apt to 

timely detect potential fraud, waste and abuse.

Recommendations

We recommend that the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Administration 

and Resources Management require the contracting officer to:

3. Recover the $910,776 of unsupported charges.

4. Negotiate with the contractor to modify the task order to require, as a 

monthly deliverable from the contractor, detailed data supporting the call 

volume used for billing.
15-P-0042 9

We recommend that the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Administration 

and Resources Management and the Assistant Administrator for the Office of 

Environmental Information:

5. Ensure periodic review of call volume information and information on 

number of tickets received in order to verify the accuracy of the summary 

information included in the monthly progress report.

Agency Response and OIG Evaluation

The agency agreed with recommendations 3 through 5. For recommendation 3, 

the agency described its plan to give the contactor thirty (30) days from issuance 

of a letter to provide supporting documentation for the increased call volume 

during the audited period. If the contractor cannot produce the required supporting 

documentation demonstrating increased call volume during that period, the 

government will recover the $910,776.00 in unsupported charges. A letter will be 

issued by November 30, 2014. If the Government determines money is owed, 

funds will be recovered by January 31, 2015, according to the corrective action 

plan. For recommendation 4, by November 30, 2014 the agency plans to modify 

the task order to require a monthly deliverable from the contractor detailing the 

data supporting the call volume used for billing. For recommendation 5, the 

agency identified steps to review call volume and ticket volume quarterly 

beginning December 31, 2014.

We believe the proposed corrective actions, along with the planned completion 

dates, meet the intent of the recommendations. The recommendations will remain 

open pending completion of the proposed corrective actions. The complete 

agency response to the draft audit report is in Appendix A.
15-P-0042 10

Status of Recommendations and 

Potential Monetary Benefits

RECOMMENDATIONS

POTENTIAL MONETARY 

BENEFITS (in $000s)

Rec. No.

Page 

No. Subject Status1 Action Official

Planned 

Completion 

Date

Claimed 

Amount

Agreed-To 

Amount

1 5 Require the contracting officer negotiate with the 

contractor to modify the task order to provide an 

explicit definition of call volume and explicitly 

define the basis for modification of the task order 

in the future.

O Assistant Administrator for 

Administration and 

Resources Management

11/30/14

2 5 Require the contracting officer negotiate with the 

contractor to modify the task order to eliminate 

the conflict between clause 1 in the task order 

which states that the government can change the 

band whenever it wants and clause 24 which 

states that the band can be changed based on 

changes in call volume.

O Assistant Administrator for 

Administration and 

Resources Management

11/30/14

3 8 Require the contracting officer to recover the 

$910,776 of unsupported charges.

O Assistant Administrator for 

Administration and 

Resources Management

1/31/15 $910.8 TBD

4 8 Require the contracting officer to negotiate with 

the contractor to modify the task order to require, 

as a monthly deliverable from the contractor, 

detailed data supporting the call volume used for 

billing.

O Assistant Administrator for 

Administration and 

Resources Management

11/30/14

5 9 Ensure periodic review of call volume information 

and information on number of tickets received in 

order to verify the accuracy of the summary 

information included in the monthly progress 

report.

O Assistant Administrator for 

Administration and 

Resources Management 

and Assistant Administrator 

for Environmental 

Information

12/31/14

1 O = Recommendation is open with agreed-to corrective actions pending. 

C = Recommendation is closed with all agreed-to actions completed. 

U = Recommendation is unresolved with resolution efforts in progress.
15-P-0042 11

Appendix A

Agency Response to Draft Report
15-P-0042 12
15-P-0042 13
15-P-0042 14

Appendix B

Distribution

Office of the Administrator

Assistant Administrator for Administration and Resources Management

Assistant Administrator for Environmental Information and Chief Information Officer

Agency Follow-Up Official (the CFO)

Agency Follow-Up Coordinator

General Counsel

Associate Administrator for Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations

Associate Administrator for Public Affairs

Principal Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Administration and Resources Management

Principal Deputy Assistant Administrator for Environmental Information 

Director, Office of Acquisition Management, Office of Administration and Resources Management

Director, Office of Policy and Resource Management, Office of Administration and Resources

Management

Deputy Director, Office of Policy and Resource Management, Office of Administration and

Resources Management

Director, Office of Regional Operations

Audit Follow-Up Coordinator, Office of Administration and Resources Management

Audit Follow-Up Coordinator, Office of Environmental Information