Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications1SummaryIssues with hybrid procedures as originally proposed– Vehicle cycles and weightings would under-predict hybrid performance– Hybrid engine evaluation with engine FTP not aligned with vehicleevaluationCreation of vehicle cycles based on engine FTP andengine SET would address this problem, but time islimited for cycle validationlimitedforcyclevalidationProposed NPRM modifications1. Use vehicle FTP for hybrid engine dyno (pre-transmission powerpack)l ti t l l t bl b k li itevaluationto calculate reasonablebrake powerlimit2. Modify weighting of EPA proposed cycles to match hybrid potentialbenefit of vehicle FTP cycle (ensuring similar benefit with allprocedures)VocationalTransient 55mphCruise 65mphCruiseNPRM42%21%37%NewProposal75%9%16%2p(relative weighting of 65 mph and 55 mph held constant)Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications3IntroductionIn the NPRM, EPA has proposed three vehiclecycles & a range of weightings for evaluation ofcycles&arangeofweightingsforevaluationofvehiclesIssues with existing proposalIssueswithexistingproposal– Proposed cycles are not aligned with conventional enginecycles so may not show same relative differences for newtechnology evaluated at engine or vehicle leveltechnologyevaluatedatengineorvehiclelevel– Proposed cycles are not aligned with criteria emissionscycles presenting opportunity for unexpected results– Weightings will under-predict hybrid benefit– Cycles will not provide similar benefit for pre-transmissionhybrid using engine FTP and other methods using vehicle4hybridusingengineFTPandothermethodsusingvehiclecyclesVehicle Cycles for CO2 EvaluationObjectives for vehicle cycles for CO2evaluation– Reasonable match with real world•No cycle will be a perfect matchNocyclewillbeaperfectmatch– Avoid proliferation of cycles and certifications–Keepdevelopmentcostslowde e op e cos s o• Make use of existing cycles as much as possible– Reasonable metric• Allow evaluation of relative differences in technology• Absolute number is less important5Aligning Vehicle and Engine CyclesSET and FTP are good cycles to evaluateCO2 performanceCO2performance– Reasonable match with real world CO2SET and FTP have been proposed for theSETandFTPhavebeenproposedfortheconventional engine programSET and FTP are used for criteria emissionsSETandFTPareusedforcriteriaemissionsevaluation–Significant industry experience with these cyclesSignificantindustryexperiencewiththesecycles6Engine FTP isreasonable match forreal world operationEngine FTP transient test showsgood match with real world forvocational applicationsvocationalapplications.Engine FTP provides reasonableevaluation of conventionalvehicle C02.vehicleC02.Underlying assumptions– Torque curve scales with vehiclesize.– Engines will be appropriatelymatched to vehicles.– Engine power is directly linked tovehicle powervehiclepower.– Engine will behave in samemanner in test cell and vehicle.7FTP as a Model for VocationalC FTP lt f i i tifi ti t tCompareFTPresultsfrom emissions certificationtestcell with results from the field6.7L,8.3L & 11L engines–field data from 9 data setsgCO2Predicted from FTP Test v Actual Field DataFTP ModelDifferenceFull FTP Cold & Hot Cycle Composite4.0%CO2Predicted from FTP Test v.Actual Field Data8Line-Haul Duty Cycle Analysis8 line-haul duty cycles overlaid with SET points and NTE– Based on fuel burned at mode, as opposed to time at mode–Very little fuel spent outside of 13 mode “surface” and NTE Zone– Line-Haul maps well to the 13 SET modes18001200130014001500160017001800

r que ( ft-lb)600700800900100011001200

Engine To r0100200300400500500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100220095006007008009001000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200Engine Speed (RPM)SET as a Model for Line HaulCompare SET results from emissions certification testCompareSETresultsfromemissionscertificationtestcell with results from the field11L and 15L engines – field data from all 8 data sets13 mode test cell data from independent emissions testCO2Predicted from SET Test v Actual Field DataSET ModelDifferenceFull 13 Mode SET Emissions Results with ESCWeighting Factors3.7%CO2Predicted from SET Test v.Actual Field DataWeightingFactors10Case for Vehicle CyclesAdvantages of vehicles cycles basedon SET and FTPonSETandFTP– Ensure equivalent evaluation of technologyperformance whether evaluated at engine orgvehicle– Align CO2 and criteria emissions frameworks–Allow calculation of brake energy for hybrid engineevaluation–Align hybrid and conventional powertrainAlignhybridandconventionalpowertrainevaluation11Case for Vehicle CyclesAction needed– Define vehicle FTP cycle (vFTP)• Vehicle speed vs. time–Define a normalized engine FTP with definedmotoring•Engine speed, torque, available brake power vs. timeEnginespeed,torque,availablebrakepowervs.time– Define a vehicle SET cycle (vSET)• Vehicle speed vs. time–Define a normalized post-transmission FTP• Speed, torque, available brake power vs. time12Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications13Introduction to Vehicle FTPObjective: Create a vehicle cycle based on theengine FTP–Power is aligned between cyclesy– Performance of hybrid system is similar between engine andvehicle cyclesEngine FTP contains information about vehicleEngineFTPcontainsinformationaboutvehiclepower requirements– FTP describes engine power requirements to meet vehiclepositive power requirements– FTP contains some information about vehicle negativetorque (braking) requirements (motoring portions of FTP)• No friction brake informationCreation of a vehicle cycle based on the engine FTPrequires some assumptions about vehicles, and14requiressomeassumptionsaboutvehicles,andabout brakingCritical Constraints on Vehicle FTP1.Engine FTP power matches vehicle positivepower requirements–Power aligned vs. time2.Vehicle speed = 0 during engine FTP idle3Distance traveled between 6 3 and 6 5 miles.Distancetraveledbetween6.3and6.5milesper 1036.705(b)(1)4.Available brakingenersimilar betweengyengine and vehicle FTP– Vehicle braking aligns with engine FTP motoring5Cycle characteristics comparable to HD UDDS.CyclecharacteristicscomparabletoHDUDDS– Acceleration, deceleration, hybrid benefit15Approach to create vehicle FTP:Critical AssumptionsLong idle means vehicle speed = 011.22500 p

m )0.20.40.60.81500100015002000 = vehicle sto p

ine Speed (rp m-0.2005000200400600800 1000 1200 1 =

EngTime (s)5 57.520002500 R ate

r pm)Deceleration rates during motoring are specified-0.51.53.55.550010001500 D eceleration R (m/s2)

n gine Speed ( r16-2.500200 400 600 800 1000 1200 D

E nTime (s)Creation of Vehicle FTP1stapproach: no gradeConservation of energyUse GEM vehicle characteristics– Vehicle drag coefficient, rolling resistance, mass, accessoryload– Use class 8 GEM vehicle: relatively high mass to power ratioto ensure vehicle accelerations are not too aggressiveAssume vehicle deceleration rates–AssumevehicledecelerationrateseffeffPPP)(aVmVFFFPvehgraderolldragwheeleng)(@aldifferentiontransmissiaccessoryenginewheelengeffeffPPP)(@017Approach to create vehicle FTP:Critical AssumptionsGEM model vehicle characteristics for differentcategories of vehicles are reasonableCl 2b5 Cl 67 Cl 7 Cl 8–ass-,ass6-7,Class7,Class8Use Class 8 vehicle characteristics to create vFTPClass8 Class7 Class6‐7 Class2b‐5P_accessory kW 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36RollingResistance0 0060 0060 0060 006RollingResistancef....AeroDragCd 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7FrontalArea m^2 9.8 9.8 9 9Mass kg 30391 22680 11408 7257Tirem0 48920 48920 3890 378Radius....TransmissionEff 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.93Differential&DriveshaftEff0.9801 0.98 0.98 0.98AirDensitykg/m^21 21 21 21 218AirDensitykg/m^21.21.21.21.2FinalDriveRatio 2.64 3.73 3.36 2.85Braking Power for Flat vFTP, UDDS and ARB TransientvFTP no grade (Class 8)400-20000200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Power (kW)vFTPnograde(Class8)HD UDDS (Class 8)-600-400

BrakingTime (s)-200002004006008001000 1200

P ower (kW)HDUDDS(Class8)-600-400

Braking PTime (s)-20000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

w er (kW)ARB Transient (Class 8)19-600-400

Braking Po wTime (s)Engine Power for Flat vFTP, UDDS and ARB TransientvFTP no grade (Class 8)0100200300400

e Power (kW)HD UDDS (Class 8)0020040060080010001200

Engin eTime (s)0100200300400

n e Power (kW)020040060080010001200

Engi nTime (s)400ARB Transient (Class 8)0100200300400

i ne Power (kW)200100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Eng iTime (s)Vehicle FTP no GradeHybrid potential of no gradevFTPis lowHybridpotentialofnograde6070FlatvFTPTotal Distance: 6.5 miles102030405060

Speed (mph)010020040060080010001200Time(s)Brakingenergyis low:Braking/Tractionenergy FlatvFTP UDDS ARBTransientClass2b‐518.3% 20.8% 33.6%Class6‐717 0%22 2%30 3%Hybrid fuel consumption reduction vs. conventionalg gy- speed limit- braking energy onlycaptured during motoring50kWClass6717.0%22.2%30.3%Class7 11.8% 17.1% 22.2%Class8 9.7% 14.5% 18.6%100kWClass2b‐524.0% 24.6% 39.0%Class6‐726.3% 29.6% 42.9%Class721 3%28 1%34 4%21Class721.3%28.1%34.4%Class8 18.1% 25.1% 30.3%Creation of Vehicle FTP with gradevFTP no grade met major criteria, but hybrid potentialbenefit low2ndapproach: add gradeHD UDDS provides referenceCreated from the same data set at engine FTP–CreatedfromthesamedatasetatengineFTP– Provides reasonable accelerations and decelerationsApproach– Use stretched UDDS and engine FTP + GEM class 8 vehicleassumptions to calculate grade (limited to 7%) sin)(@gmVVFFPhlldh l– Use grade + engine FTP + vehicle assumptions + brake power guess• Iterate modifying brake power until criteria are met sin)(@gmVVFFPvehrolldragwheeleng22aVmPVFFFPvehbrakegraderolldragwheeleng)(@Critical Constraints on Vehicle FTP1.Engine FTP power matches vehicle positivepower requirements–Power aligned vs. time2.Vehicle speed = 0 during engine FTP idle3Distance traveled between 6 3 and 6 5 miles.Distancetraveledbetween6.3and6.5milesper 1036.705(b)(1)4.Available brakingenersimilar betweengyengine and vehicle FTP– Vehicle braking aligns with engine FTP motoring5Cycle characteristics comparable to HD UDDS.CyclecharacteristicscomparabletoHDUDDS– Acceleration, deceleration, hybrid benefit6.Elevation change is zero23Vehicle FTP no Grade vs. StretchedUDDS70Flat vFTP5060Stretched UDDS40

d (mph)StretchBreak &Add idle2030

spee d10240200400600800100012000time (s)vFTP: Calculation of Gradebased on UDDSPositive engine power grade calculated using delta betweenengine FTP power and stretched UDDS calculated enginepower requirementspowerrequirementsGrade assumed 0% during motoring portions of engine FTPGrade limited to 7%304001020

G rade (%)7%-20-100

G25020040060080010001200-30Time (s)Vehicle FTP with Grade vs. UDDSGrade + Engine power + vehicle assumptions + brake powerGrade+Enginepower+vehicleassumptions+brakepowerused to calculate vehicle FTPBrake power & motoring grade balanced to meet zeroelevation gain requirement6070vFTPvFTPStretched UDDSelevationgainrequirementEngine Motoring4050

p h)Plot of vFTP with grade vs. UDDS30

speed (m1020260200400600800100012000time (s)vFTP with grade20

)Altitude-200

Altitude (m02004006008001000-402030

s)vFTP10

Speed (m/27020040060080010000Time (s)vFTP with grade510GradeforvFTP505020040060080010001200

Grade (%)‐10‐5Time(s)28Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications29GEM Cycles2025ARB Transient Cycle1015

Speed (m/s)010020030040050060070005Time (sec)25ARB 55mph Cycle30ARB 65mph Cycle152025

e ed (m/s)15202530

e ed (m/s)01002003004005006007000510Time (sec)

Sp e01002003004005006007008000510Time (sec)

Sp e30Time(sec)Time(sec)GEM Cycles Statistics:Standard MetricsCyclevFTP UDDS TransientARBCycleTime sec1200 1060 668CycleDistance miles6.41 5.55 2.84dhMax.Speemp60.8 58.047.5Avg.Speedmph32.5 29.119.0Max.Accelerationm/s^21.55 1.961.32Avg.Accelerationm/s^20.41 0.480.29Max.Deceleration m/s^2‐2.26‐2.07‐2.43Avg.Deceleration m/s^2‐0.43‐0.58‐0.38NumberofStops8 14 5DurationStoppedsec486353112DurationStoppedinCycle%ofdurationstopped %40.5 33.316.831Acceleration & DecelerationComparison of acceleration and decelerationevents in vFTP with grade and UDDSRk d di t ib ti i ilvFTP600UDDSRanges, peaks, anddistributions very similar500600700400500600200300400200300-2.5-2-1.5-1-0.500.511.520100Acceleration (m/s2)-2.5-2-1.5-1-0.500.511.520100Acceleration (m/s2)32Engine Power for vFTP, UDDS and ARB Transient(Conventional powertrain simulation with PSAT)vFTP (Class 8)100200300400

P ower (kW)vFTP(Class8)0020040060080010001200

Engine PTime (s)HD UDDS (Class 8)100200300400

P ower (kW)HDUDDS(Class8)0100020040060080010001200

Engine PTime (s)ARB T i t (Cl 8)100200300400

o wer (kW)ARBTransient(Class8)3301000100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Engine P oTime (s)Brake Power for vFTP, UDDS and ARB Transient(Conventional powertrain simulation with PSAT)vFTP (Class 8)-20000200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

P ower (kW)vFTP(Class8)HD UDDS (Class 8)-600-400

Braking PTime (s)-300-200-100002004006008001000 1200

P ower (kW)HDUDDS(Class8)-600-500-400300

Braking PTime (s)-20000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

w er (kW)ARB Transient (Class 8)34-600-400

Braking Po wTime (s)Cycle MetricsStandard cycle metrics don’t necessarily provideguidance on hybrid potential benefitguidanceonhybridpotentialbenefitCritical parameters for potential hybrid benefit from acycle:–Availableregenenergy– Power to capture regen energy– Idle avoidance timeProposed cycle metrics(vehicle independent)y ( p)– Kinetic intensity• Correlates with brake energy– Normalized brake power• Determines how much power is required to capture brake energy– % idle time35Cycle Metrics: Aerodynamic Velocityand Characteristic Acceleration302025

m/s)NavistarVocationalOEM data15

y namic Velocity (LinehaulUDDSCILCC510

Aerod yARBOrange CountyvFTP0500.050.10.150.20.25vFTP36Characteristic Acceleration (m/s2)Cycle Metrics: Kinetic IntensityKinetic Intensity correlates well with brake energy / positive traction0.002KineticIntensitycorrelateswellwithbrakeenergy/positivetractionenergy0 00140.00160.00180.0010.00120.0014

n tensity (1/m)Series10.00060.0008

Kinetic I nARB 4sUDDS 4svFTP 4s00.00020.0004370 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45brk / trqCycle Metrics: CharacteristicAccelerationvs % Stop Time0.25vs.% Stop Time0.2

m /s2)0.15

c Acceleration (LinehaulVocationalUDDS0 050.1

Characteristi cCILCCARBOrange County00.05010203040506070vFTP38010203040506070Percentage of Stop TimeCycle Metrics: Kinetic Intensity vs.StopTimeKinetic Intensity + Stop time correlates with potential hybrid benefit0.00160.00180.002l0.00120.0014

n sity (1/m)VocationalARB4sUDDS4sFTP40.00060.00080.001

i netic Inte nvFTP4s0.00020.0004

K i00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70PercentageofStopTimeCycle Braking Energy DistributionPower of breaking energy is also critical to hybrid benefit0.91UDDS0.70.8

c aptured0.50.6

a king energy cclass 2b-5class 6-7class 70.30.4

r action of br aclass 8Cycle braking energy distributiondepends on vehicle class00.10.2

f rp400501001502002503003500power limit (kW)400ClassNon-Dimensional Power Limit250300350400

wer [kW]Class8Class7100150200250

minal Engine Po7Cl 67Class 2b0501000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

NorClass6-75Nominal Engine Power is defined as the power needed toaccelerate a vehicle traveling at 11 m/s at a rate of 1 m/s2, i.e.Vehicle Mass [kg]Nominal Engine Power = Vehicle mass * 1 [m/s2] * 11 [m/s]Nondimensional Power Limit =Power Limit41-dimensionalPowerLimit=Nominal Engine PowerBrake Power vs. Brake Energy Capture0.91UDDS0.70.8

capturedLines for different0 40.50.6

r aking energyvehicle classescollapse after scalingthe power limit withnominal engine power0.20.30.4

fraction of b rclass 2b-5class 6-7nominalenginepower00 511 500.10.2class6-7class 7class 84200.511.5nondimensional power limit1Two Parameters to Characterize Braking EnergyDistribution0 80.9Peak Braking PowerUDDS1.71ARB1 30.60.70.8

w er capturedARB1.53CILCC1.91HTUF_PD 1.47Orange County 1.87B Mt2 580.40.5

o f braking po wUDDSBus_Metro2.580.20.3

fraction oARBCILCCHTUF_PDOrange_County00.20.40.60.811.21.400.1di i l li itBus_Metro43nondimensionalpowerlimit50% braking energycaptured for CILCC90% braking energy captured forCILCCBrake Power & Brake Energy CapturePower to capture 50% and 90% ofbrake energy of vFTP withinrange of real world data and standard cycles0.4rangeofrealworlddataandstandardcycles0.3

% Capture)0.2

Power Limit (50VocationalUDDSARBCILCC0.1

N ondimensionalOrange CountyHTUP PDvFTP

N440.000.20.40.60.811.21.4Nondimensional Power Limit (90% Capture)Hybrid BenefitPSAT simulation used to evaluate hybrid fuel consumption reductionpHybrid potential simulated for vFTP with grade, UDDS, and ARBComparison with conventional for 50kW & 100kW parallel hybrid systemsfor two class 4 & 6 vehiclesvFTP benefit very similar to UDDSClass4 12000lbs(kgfuel) conventional 50kWHybrid %FCReduction 100kWHybrid %FCReductionEPA Proposal 1.62 1.498%1.498%HD‐UDDS 1.85 1.45 22% 1.45 22%vFTP2.24 1.73 23% 1.75 22%Class6 20000lbs(kgfuel) conventional 50kWHybrid %FCReduction 100kWHybrid %FCReductionEPA Proposal 1.72 1.588%1.579%HD‐UDDS 2.36 1.9 19% 1.85 22%45vFTP2.9 2.33 20% 2.21 24%Vehicle FTP compared to Engine FTPPSAT simulation used to evaluate engine operation over vFTP forconventional powertrainEngine operatingpoints on vFTP verysimilar to engine FTP700Class 6gp gpy g500600200300400

Torque (ft-lb)eFTPvFTP010020046-1000500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Engine Speed (rpm)Vehicle FTP compared to Engine FTPF l ti f i FTP d i i ti lFuelconsumptionfor engineFTPandenginein conventionalpowertrain over vFTP compared using PSATEngine work less on vFTP, but fuel g/kW-hr very similarClass 4 & 6 engine power–weight ratio higher than class 8 vehiclewhich was used to create vFTPTotalFueling TotalEnginePositiveWork FuelEconomykg kWh kg/kWhclass6 eFTP 3.3 13.3 0.246vFTP2.911.660.249Difference:1.1%TotalFueling TotalEngine PositiveWork FuelEconomykg kWh kg/kWhclass4 eFTP 2.4 9.9 0.245FTP2 249 20 24447vFTP2.249.20.244Difference:0.3%Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications48Available Kinetic Energy Limit forHybrid Engine Dynamometer EvaluationgyPre-transmission hybrid systems can useexistingenginedynamometertestproceduresst g e g e dy a o ete test p ocedu es– FTP (or other vehicle) defines transmission inputspeed and torque requirements–Electric motor + engine can meet requirementsElectricmotor+enginecanmeetrequirementsChallenges for using FTP to evaluate hybrid +engine performance:– Definition of available regen braking energyDefinition of vehicle FTP can allow calculationof availableregenenergyofavailable– Use GEM model to calculate available brake power– Brake power can be normalized by peak engine49powerAvailable Kinetic Energy Limit forHybrid Engine Dynamometer EvaluationUsing the engine peak power to normalize the availablebrake energy is a reasonable approach– Available brake energy scales with vehicle mass, and mass scaleswith engine powerwithenginepowerGEM vehicle models– A normalized brake torque limit willallow calculation of appropriatebrake torque limit based on peak power– For a hybrid system, the peaksystem power would be usedinstead of peak engine power50insteadofpeakenginepower– Actual brake torque would dependon system capability, but couldnot exceed limitAvailable Kinetic Energy Limit forHybrid Engine Dynamometer EvaluationgyThe brake power limit can be normalized by peakengine power–normalizedpower =(brakepower limit +100kW)/peakpower( p )p pThe brake power limit can be denormalized:– Brake power limit = normalized power * peak power – 100kW1.40

rNormalizedBrakingPower0 400.600.801.001.20

a lizd Braking Powe r0.000.200.40020040060080010001200

Norm aTime(s)51Denormalized eFTP Braking PowerBrake energy based on denormalized braking powercompares very well with brake energy of 4 GEMvehicles over vFTP0.50.6

n ergyClass 80.30.4

rgy / Traction E nClass70.2

F TP Braking EneClass2b‐5Class6‐700.10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

v F52Denomalized eFTP Total Braking Energy / Total Engine Positive WorkBraking Power Limit for Class 2b-58090

W )BrakingPowerLimitforClass2b‐520304050607080

i ng Power Limit (k W01020020040060080010001200

Brak iTime(s)With50kW LimiteFTPvFTPBraking Energy / PositiveEngine WorkBraking Energy / Traction Energy (preTransmission)5320.2%22.6%eFTPvsvFTP(Class 6 w/ 50 kW Motor)Simulation used to compare hybrid system performanceevaluation usingeFTPandvFTPevaluationusingPowertrain characteristics same in both cases: 50 kWhybrid with GEM model class 6 vehicleAb l t k ifi f l ti i ilAbsolute workspecificfuelconsumption very similarTotalFueling TotalTracEnergy FuelEconomykg kWh kg/kWheFTP 2.7513.30.207vFTP 2.3311.40.204Difference:1.6%54Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications55SummaryCurrent steady (tractor) cycles don’t line up well withth i SET d h hi l d ithe engineSETandhence vehicle andengineevaluations are not consistent.A Vehicle SET could help this problem but gradeAVehicleSETcouldhelpthisproblembutgradewould need to be added to the cyclesVeryhard to have full alignment with engine SETggwithout changing the vehicle cycle for each newvehicle configuration, so this solution will notl t l fi th i i t b t hi lcompletelyfixtheinconsistencybetween vehicleand engine CO2 values.56Current Highway Speed Vehicle Cycles16002017 15 L 455 HP Engine FuelMap Percent Diff from 2014SET12001400

[ lbf ft] - 4Vehicle Cycles Don’tMatch Engine Cycle6008001000

n e Torque [ - 3

- 2 - 2

- 165 MPH(64% of Day Cab86% of Sleeper Cab)200400600

Engi n - 1

0 0 155 MPH(17% of Day Cab9% of Sleeper Cab)6008001000120014001600180020000200Engine Speed [rpm]

1 1

2p )57Class 8 Day Cab Low/Mid Roof Vehicle Operating PointsLine-Haul Duty Cycle Analysis8 line-haul duty cycles overlaid with SET points and NTE– Based on fuel burned at mode, as opposed to time at mode–Very little fuel spent outsideof 13 mode “surface” and NTE Zone– Line-Haul maps well to the 13 SET modes1800

)1200130014001500160017001800

r que ( ft-lb )600700800900100011001200

Engine To r01002003004005005006007008009001000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200585006007008009001000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200Engine Speed (RPM)SET as a Model for Line HaulCompare SET results from emissions certification testCompareSETresultsfromemissionscertificationtestcell with results from the field11L and 15L engines – field data from all 8 data sets13 mode test cell data from independent emissions testCO2Predicted from SET Test v Actual Field DataSET ModelDifferenceFull 13 Mode SET Emissions Results with ESCWeighting Factors3.7%CO2Predicted from SET Test v.Actual Field DataWeightingFactors59Level Road Cycle Problem55 and 65 MPH le el road operation does not200055and65MPHlevelroadoperationdoesnotrepresent the engine SET or real line haul operation15002000 0 . 5

1 1 1

N *m]SETGrade Contours1000 - 0 . 5

0 0 0

0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5

1

e Torque [ N500 - 1 - 1 - 1

- 0 . 5 - 0 . 5

Engin e55 MPHGEM Cycle65 MPHGEM Cycle1000120014001600180020000 - 1E i S d[ ]60EngineSpeed[rpm]Vehicle SETEngine Operation MatchesEngine SET15002000

d [rpm]4060

p eed [mph]5001000

Eng Spee dEngine SETVehicle SET05001000150020002500020Time [s]

Veh S p2

% ]050010001500200025000Time [s]200005001000150020002500-202

Road Grade [ %100015002000

o rque [Nm]05001000150020002500Time [s]510

u m [none]050010001500200025000500Time [s]

T o050010001500200025000Time [s]

Gear N u61GEM Results for Tractor Class 8 Sleeper High RoofPotential Concerns200050010001500

E ng Speed [rpm]Engine SET2010 Vehicle SET2014 V hi l SETAs vehicle attributeschange, one vehicle cycleis not a perfect match tothe engine SET050010001500200025000500Time [s]

E2014VehicleSET2017 Vehicle SETtheengineSETAs vehicles improve, samevehicle cycle will be at lesstorque100015002000

u e [Nm]torque0500100015002000250005001000Time [s]

Torq u62Time[s]NotesRequires high vehicle speed orgear down toget to high engine speeds.g p g g gg p406080

e d [mph]4060

d [mph]0500100015002000250002040Time [s]

Veh Spe e0500100015002000250002040Time [s]

Veh Spee d202

ad Grade [%]202

o ad Grade [%]05001000150020002500-2Time [s]

Ro05001000150020002500-2Time [s]

R o10

m [none]0500100015002000250005Time [s]

Gear Nu mNet increase in elevation of 1000 ft.63Outline: Vehicle CyclesI t d ti C f hi l lIntroduction:Casefor vehicle cyclesVehicle FTPEvaluation of vFTPEngine FTP with defined motoringVehicle SETProposal for NPRM modifications64BackgroundVehicle cycles based on engine FTP and engine SETmakesensee se se– Consistent evaluation of technology for engine and vehicle tests– Aligns CO2 evaluation with criteria emissions evaluationsAllows equivalent evaluation for different hybrid methods–Allowsequivalentevaluationfordifferenthybridmethods– Allows calculation of reasonable brake energy limit for pretransmission hybrid–Align hybrid and conventional CO2 evaluationsVehicle cycles based on engine FTP and engine SET arereasonlab e– SET and FTP are reasonable match for real world CO2 andproposed for conventional engine program evaluation65SummaryvFTP is reasonable match for real world operation forvocational vehicleso a e c es– Accelerations, deceleration, speed, stop time, brake energycompare reasonably well with real world data and standard cycles–Hybrid potential forvFTPis reasonableHybridpotentialforisreasonable• Good match to HD UDDS cycle– Allows calculation of normalized brake power limit for pretransmission hybrid evaluationtransmissionhybridevaluationvSET is reasonable match for real world operation for linehaul vehicles– Speeds & grades are reasonable– Engine operation on vSET compares reasonably well with engineSET66Proposed Modification to NPRMCreation of vehicle cycles based on engine FTP andCreationofvehiclecyclesbasedonengineFTPandengine SET would address this problem, but time islimited for cycle validationProposed NPRM modifications1. Use vehicle FTP for hybrid pre-transmission powerpack evaluation tocalculate reasonable brakepower limit2. Modify weighting of EPA proposed cycles to match hybrid potentialbenefit of vehicle FTP cycle (ensuring similar benefit with allprocedures)VocationalTransient 55mphCruise 65mphCruiseNPRM42%21%37%NewProposal75%9%16%(relative weighting of 65 mph and 55 mph held constant)67Hybrid Benefit for Cycles with EPA ProposedWeighting for Vocational VehicleBrake energy potential evaluated by calculatingnegative traction energy at wheels / positive tractionenergy at wheels (no losses considered – justpotential)EPA GEM model vehicles used for evaluationBrake energy limited to 50 kW and 100 kW to giveBraking/TractionenergyvFTPUDDSEPACycleswithEPAWeightingEPACycleswithProposedNewindication of practical hybrid system benefit availableBraking/TractionenergyvFTPUDDSEPAWeightingforVocationalProposedNewWeighting50kWClass2b‐5 24.4% 20.8% 7.2% 24.3%Class6‐7 26.3% 22.2% 7.6% 23.1%Cl719 1%17 1%6 0%17 4%ass....Class8 15.9% 14.5% 5.3% 14.8%100kWClass2b‐5 25.4% 24.6% 8.4% 28.3%Class6‐7 35.0% 29.6% 10.7% 32.7%Class732 9%28 1%9 4%27 0%68Class732.9%28.1%9.4%27.0%Class8 28.3% 25.1% 8.6% 24.0%Hybrid Benefit for EPA Cycles with NewWeighting for Vocational Vehicle (PSAT)VocationalTransient 55mphCruise 65mphCruiseEPA42%21%37%New Weighting ProposalEPA42%21%37%NewProposal 75% 9% 16%Hybrid Benefit with Proposed New WeightingClass4 12000lbs(kgfuel) conventional 50kWHybrid %FCReduction 100kWHybrid %FCReductionNewProposal 1.20 0.97 19% 0.97 19%HD‐UDDS 1.85 1.45 22% 1.45 22%vFTP2.24 1.73 23% 1.7522%Class6 20000lbs(kgfuel) conventional 50kWHybrid %FCReduction 100kWHybrid %FCReductionNewProposal 1.39 1.14 18% 1.11 20%HD‐UDDS 2.36 1.9 19% 1.8522%69vFTP2.9 2.33 20% 2.2124%Appendix B

Vocational PTO operational weighting was developed using National Academy of Sciencesand USEPA data. The EMA

membership believes that refuse, utility, and other PTO applications are designed to maximize low speed and stationary

performance over their intended vocational cycle, not to maximize performance during relatively rare high speed

operation. As a result, power train gearing is not optimized for high speed operation. In addition, PTO equipped vehicles

typically operate at a much higher load factor than non PTO vocations due to the increased service body weight when

compared to a conventional box va n or day cab / regional haul application. For these reasons the predominant operating

modes will be in decreasing order PTO, transient and 55 mph cruise. The cycle / PTO weighting methodology is developed

by equating the average vehicle speed for both the Refuse and Utility applications based on the annual VMT. The PTO

weighting for 40% Refuse and 60% Utility is applied from the EPA Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis 1 Equating the Fleet PTO

Average Speed Eq 3 to the GEM CARB 55 and GEM CARB Transient cycl e average speed weighted average shown in Eq 4.

Refuse Truck VMT 1

Utility Truck VMT 1 13,300 miles/year 20,000 miles/year

Refuse PTO weighting 2

Utility PTO weighting 2 60% 40%

Annual days of operation 250 days/year

Nominal daily h ours of service 6.5 hours/day

Eq 1. Refuse Average Speed

= 20

, 000 miles

Year ∗ Year

250 Days ∗ Day

6

. 5 Hours = 12

. 30 miles

h our average

Eq 2. Utility Average Speed

= 13

, 300 miles

Year ∗ Year

250 Days ∗ Day

6

. 5 Hours = 8. 18 miles

h our average

Eq 3. Fleet PTO Average Speed =

= Refuse Average Speed ∗ Refuse PTO Weig hting + Utility Average Speed ∗ Utility PTO Weig hting

= 12 .3 miles

h our ∗ 40 % + 8.2 Miles

h our ∗ 60 % = 9.8 miles

h our Fleet PTO Average Speed

Average Speed for GEM ARB 55 Cycle = 48.7 mph while the GEM ARB Transient Cycle = 15.3 mph

Proposed PTO weighting is 50 % transient, 5% 55 mph cruise and 45% PTO by equating the fleet average PTO speed to the

GEM model according to the following relation.

Eq 4.

= 15 .3 Avg Transient Cycle miles

h our ∗ 50 % + 48 .7 Avg ARB 55 Cycle Miles

h our ∗ 5% = 10 .1 miles

h our ≈ 9.8 mile

h our Fleet PTO Avg Speed

The remaining operational time is comprised of a mixed stationary and mobile PTO operation of 45%.

1 National Academy of Sciences, “Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium

- and Heavy

- Duty Vehicles”, Committee to

Access Fuel Economy Technologies for Medium

- and Heavy

- Duty Vehicles, p140, 2010.

2 Draft Regulatory Impa ct Analysis: Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium

- and

Heavy

- Duty Engines and Vehicles”, United States Environmental Protection Agency, p3

- 38, 2011. EPA

- 420 -D- 10

- 901

.

### Appendix C : Proposed Vehicle FTP Cycle with Grade

Time Vehicle Speed Grade

[s] [mph] [%]

0 0.00 0.0

1 0.00 0.0

2 0.00 0.0

3 0.00 0.0

4 0.00 0.0

5 0.00 0.0

6 0.00 0.0

7 0.00 0.0

8 0.00 0.0

9 0.00 0.0

10 0.00 0.0

11 0.00 0.0

12 0.00 0.0

13 0.00 0.0

14 0.00 0.0

15 0.00 0.0

16 0.00 0.0

17 0.00 0.0

18 0.00 0.0

19 0.00 0.0

20 0.00 0.0

21 0.00 0.0

22 0.00 0.0

23 0.00 0.0

24 0.00 0.0

25 0.00 0.0

26 0.00 0.9

27 0.33 7.0

28 1.67 7.0

29 2.83 7.0

30 4.02 2.3

31 5. 64 5.7

32 7.39 7.0

33 8.84 7.0

34 9.15

- 5.4

35 9.70

- 7.0

36 11.37

- 7.037 13.05

- 7.0

38 14.74

- 7.0

39 16.42

- 7.0

40 16.85

- 7.0

41 16.10

- 7.0

42 15.23

- 7.0

43 14.22

- 7.0

44 13.02 1.9

45 12.47

- 0.5

46 13.05

- 2.8

47 14.26 4.4

48 15.09 6.0

49 15.42 6.0

50 15.96 6.0

51 16.59 1.5

52 17.61 6.0

53 18.34 1.3

54 18.65

- 2.1

55 19.67 3.7

56 20.47 3.8

57 20.57 2.6

58 20.69

- 3.0

59 21.56

- 4.6

60 23.20

- 4.0

61 23.64

- 4.0

62 22.76

- 4.0

63 21.81

- 4.0

64 20.79 6.5

65 19.86 7.0

66 19.19 7.0

67 18.75 7.0

68 18.44 1.6

69 18. 62 7.0

70 19.11

- 5.0

71 18.76

- 5.0

72 17.68

- 5.0

73 16.46

- 5.0

74 15.06

- 5.0

75 13.41 7.0

76 11.91 6.8

77 11.09 2.7

78 10.90

- 1.7

79 11.40

- 3.980 12.38

- 0.3

81 13.02

- 6.5

82 12.31

- 6.5

83 10.32

- 4.5

84 9.71

- 6.3

85 11.05

- 0.6

86 11.88

- 1.9

87 12.21

- 7.0

88 13.30 3.0

89 13.73

- 5.5

90 12.77

- 5.5

91 11.47

- 5.5

92 9.84

- 5.5

93 7.62

- 5.5

94 3.57 0.0

95 1.34 0.0

96 0.00 0.0

97 0.00 0.0

98 0.00 0.0

99 0.00 0.0

100 0.00 0.0

101 0.00 0.0

102 0.00 0.0

103 0.00 0.0

104 0.00 0.0

105 0.00 0.0

106 0.00 0.0

107 0.00 0.0

108 0.00 0.0

109 0.00 0.0

110 0.00 0.0

111 0.00 0.0

112 0.00 0 .0

113 0.00 0.0

114 0.00 0.0

115 0.00 0.0

116 0.00 0.0

117 0.00 0.0

118 0.00 0.0

119 0.00 0.0

120 0.00 0.0

121 0.00 0.0

122 0.00 0.0123 0.00 0.0

124 0.00 0.0

125 0.00 0.0

126 0.00 0.0

127 0.00 0.0

128 0.00 0.0

129 0.00 0.0

130 0.00 0.0

131 0.00 0.0

132 0.00 0.0

133 0.00 0.0

134 0.00 0.0

135 0.00 0.0

136 0.00 0.0

137 0.00 0.0

138 0.00 0.0

139 0.00 0.0

140 0.00 0.0

141 0.00 0.0

142 0.00 0.0

143 0.00 0.0

144 0.00 0.0

145 0.00 0.0

146 0.00 0.0

147 0.00 0.0

148 0.00 0.0

149 0.00 0.0

150 0.00 0.0

151 0.00 0.0

152 0.00 0.0

153 0.00 0.0

154 0.00 0.0

155 0.00 0.0

156 0.00 0 .0

157 0.00 0.0

158 0.00 0.0

159 0.00 0.0

160 0.00 0.0

161 0.00 0.0

162 0.00 0.0

163 0.00 0.0

164 0.00 0.0

165 0.00 0.0166 0.00 0.0

167 0.00 0.0

168 0.00 0.0

169 0.00 0.0

170 0.00 0.0

171 0.00 0.0

172 0.00 0.0

173 0.00 0.0

174 0.00 0.0

175 0.00 0.0

176 0.00 0.0

177 0.00 0.0

178 0.00 0.0

179 0.00 0.0

180 0.00 0.0

181 0.00 0.0

182 0.00 0.0

183 0.00 0.0

184 0.00 0.0

185 0.00 0.0

186 0.00 0.0

187 0.00 0.0

188 0.00 0.0

189 0.00 0.0

190 0.00 0.0

191 0.00 0.0

192 0.00 0.0

193 0.00 0.0

194 0.00 0.0

195 0.00 0.0

196 0.00 0.0

197 0.00 0.0

198 0.00 0.0

199 0.00 0 .0

200 0.00 0.0

201 0.00 0.0

202 0.00 0.0

203 0.00 0.0

204 0.00 0.0

205 0.00 0.0

206 0.00 0.0

207 0.00 0.0

208 0.00 0.0209 0.00 0.0

210 0.00 0.0

211 0.00 0.0

212 0.00 0.0

213 0.00 0.0

214 0.00 0.0

215 0.00 0.0

216 0.00

- 7.0

217 2.80

- 7.0

218 5.59

- 7.0

219 8.39

- 7.0

220 11.19 0.8

221 14.30 2.4

222 16.03 3.9

223 17.30

- 6.5

224 19.72

- 7.0

225 23.18 4.0

226 25.27

- 7.0

227 26.91

- 7.0

228 28.90 4.0

229 29.43

- 0.8

230 29.50

- 4.4

231 30.49

- 7.0

232 32.03 0.4

233 32.91 4.0

234 32.55 0.9

235 32.27

- 0.7

236 32.66

- 3.8

237 33.50

- 7.0

238 34.97

- 4.0

239 36.45 1.6

240 36.96 0.7

241 37.02 4 .0

242 36.97

- 3.5

243 36.38

- 3.5

244 35.56

- 3.5

245 34.72

- 3.5

246 33.85 1.2

247 33.41 7.0

248 32.94 7.0

249 31.98 7.0

250 30.99 7.0

251 29.92 7.0252 28.73 7.0

253 27.34 7.0

254 25.86 7.0

255 24.49 7.0

256 23.19 6.4

257 21.87 7.0

258 17.40 7.0

259 12.92 7.0

260 8.45 7.0

261 3.97 7.0

262 0.00 0.0

263 0.00 0.0

264 0.00 0.0

265 0.00 0.0

266 0.00 0.0

267 0.00 0.0

268 0.00 0.0

269 0.00 0.0

270 0.00 0.0

271 0.00 0.0

272 0.00 0.0

273 0.00 0.0

274 0.00 0.0

275 0.00 0.0

276 0.00 0.0

277 0.00 0.0

278 0.00 0.0

279 0.00 0.0

280 0.00 0.0

281 0.00 0.0

282 0.00 0.0

283 0.00 0.0

284 0.00 0.0

285 0.00 0 .0

286 0.00 0.0

287 0.00 0.0

288 0.00 0.0

289 0.00 0.0

290 0.00 0.0

291 0.00 0.0

292 0.00 0.0

293 0.00 0.0

294 0.00 0.0295 0.00 0.0

296 0.00 0.0

297 0.00 0.0

298 0.00 0.0

299 0.00 0.0

300 0.00 0.0

301 0.00 0.0

302 0.00 0.0

303 0.00 0.0

304 0.00 0.0

305 0.00 0.0

306 0.00 0.0

307 0.00 0.0

308 0.00 0.0

309 0.00 0.0

310 0.00 0.0

311 0.00 0.0

312 0.00 0.0

313 0.00 0.0

314 0.00 0.0

315 0.00 0.0

316 0.00 0.0

317 0.00 0.0

318 0.00 0.0

319 0.00 0.0

320 0.00 0.0

321 0.00 0.0

322 0.00 0.0

323 1.20 0.0

324 2.18 3.0

325 2.89 4.0

326 3.00 5.0

327 2.28 5.0

328 0.00 6 .0

329 0.00 7.0

330 0.00 6.0

331 0.00 0.0

332 0.00 0.0

333 0.00 0.0

334 0.00 0.0

335 0.00 0.0

336 0.00 0.0

337 0.00 0.0338 0.00 0.0

339 0.00 0.0

340 0.00 0.0

341 0.00 0.0

342 0.00 0.0

343 0.00 0.0

344 0.00 0.0

345 0.00 0.0

346 0.00 0.0

347 0.00 0.0

348 0.00 0.0

349 0.00 0.0

350 0.00 0.0

351 0.00 0.0

352 0.00 0.0

353 0.00 0.0

354 0.00 0.0

355 0.00 0.0

356 0.00 0.0

357 0.00 0.0

358 0.00 0.0

359 0.00 0.0

360 0.00 0.0

361 0.00 0.0

362 0.00 0.0

363 0.00 0.0

364 0.00 0.0

365 0.00 0.0

366 0.00 0.0

367 0.00 0.0

368 0.00 0.0

369 0.00 0.0

370 0.00 0.0

371 0.00 0 .0

372 0.00 0.0

373 0.00 0.0

374 0.00 0.0

375 0.00 0.0

376 0.00 0.0

377 0.00

- 5.9

378 0.00 7.0

379 1.15 7.0

380 2.78 7.0381 4.46 7.0

382 7.29 7.0

383 10.59 7.0

384 13.19 7.0

385 15.05 7.0

386 16.30 7.0

387 17.28 7.0

388 18.08 7.0

389 18.41 7.0

390 18.54 7.0

391 18.64 7.0

392 18.80 1.7

393 18.80

- 7.0

394 18.21

- 7.0

395 17.28

- 7.0

396 16.20

- 7.0

397 14.95

- 7.0

398 13.44 1.9

399 13.26

- 3.9

400 15.51 7.0

401 17.15 7.0

402 17.41 7.0

403 17.52 7.0

404 17.62 7.0

405 17.71 7.0

406 17.56

- 7.0

407 18.20 7.0

408 18.46 4.5

409 17.61 5.7

410 16.87 1.4

411 16.31

- 5.5

412 15.73

- 5.5

413 14.62

- 5 .5

414 13.33

- 5.5

415 11.78

- 5.5

416 9.80 5.0

417 8.02 5.0

418 7.39

- 6.4

419 8.38

- 2.0

420 9.95 1.0

421 10.96 1.0

422 12.76 1.0

423 15.15

- 3.1424 16.71

- 7.0

425 16.94

- 7.0

426 16.34

- 7.0

427 15.68

- 7.0

428 14.92

- 7.0

429 14.03

- 7.0

430 14.29

- 7.0

431 15.99

- 7.0

432 16.76

- 7.0

433 16.41

- 7.0

434 16.02

- 7.0

435 15.59

- 7.0

436 15.11

- 0.7

437 14.85

- 0.7

438 14.86

- 0.7

439 15.14

- 0.5

440 15.92 0.0

441 17.20 0.0

442 18.45 0.0

443 19.26 0.0

444 19.89

- 1.2

445 20.39

- 0.5

446 20.56

- 0.4

447 20.63

- 5.9

448 21.30

- 7.0

449 21.60

- 0.1

450 21.60

- 1.9

451 22.36

- 3.4

452 23.45 0.5

453 24.13 0.5

454 24.27 2.8

455 24.16 2 .8

456 23.81 3.3

457 23.31

- 7.0

458 22.95

- 7.0

459 22.88

- 7.0

460 22.81

- 7.0

461 23.47

- 7.0

462 24.15

- 7.0

463 24.15

- 7.0

464 24.15

- 7.0

465 24.16

- 7.0

466 24.16

- 7.0467 24.17

- 7.0

468 24.18

- 7.0

469 24.18

- 7.0

470 24.28

- 7.0

471 24.46

- 7.0

472 25.94

- 7.0

473 28.46

- 7.0

474 30.50

- 6.5

475 31.39

- 6.5

476 31.44

- 6.5

477 31.50

- 6.5

478 31.55

- 6.5

479 31.61

- 4.1

480 32.07

- 2.5

481 32.90

- 7.0

482 34.27

- 4.8

483 35.86 1.6

484 36.39

- 4.8

485 36.71

- 4.8

486 37.56

- 6.0

487 37.98

- 6.0

488 38.00

- 6.0

489 38.01

- 6.0

490 38.02

- 6.0

491 38.03

- 6.0

492 38.05

- 6.0

493 38.06 1.6

494 38.02 0.4

495 38.29 3.7

496 38.62

- 0.5

497 39.11 0.9

498 39.93 5 .2

499 40.20 7.0

500 39.78 7.0

501 39.09 7.0

502 38.42 5.5

503 37.92 5.1

504 37.66 2.2

505 37.48 0.9

506 37.38 2.8

507 37.27

- 1.0

508 37.56 1.7

509 37.93 0.0510 37.41 4.0

511 35.87 4.0

512 33.84 4.0

513 31.77 4.0

514 29.63 4.0

515 27.43 3.0

516 25.23 3.0

517 23.05 3.0

518 20.73 3.0

519 18.23 2.0

520 15.59 2.0

521 12.68 0.0

522 9.30

- 1.0

523 4.47

- 2.0

524 0.00 0.0

525 0.00 0.0

526 0.00 0.0

527 0.00 0.0

528 0.00 0.0

529 0.00 0.0

530 0.00 0.0

531 0.00 0.0

532 0.00 0.0

533 0.00 0.0

534 0.00 0.0

535 0.00 0.0

536 0.00 0.0

537 0.00 0.0

538 0.00 0.0

539 0.00 0.0

540 0.00 0.0

541 0.00 0.0

542 0.00 0.0

543 0.00 0 .0

544 0.00 0.0

545 0.00 0.0

546 0.00 0.0

547 0.00 0.0

548 0.00 0.0

549 0.00 0.0

550 0.00 0.0

551 0.00 0.0

552 0.00 0.0553 0.00 0.0

554 0.00

- 2.8

555 0.00

- 3.6

556 0.00

- 7.0

557 0.00

- 7.0

558 0.00

- 7.0

559 0.00

- 7.0

560 2.80

- 7.0

561 6.02

- 7.0

562 8.57

- 7.0

563 11.07

- 7.0

564 13.68

- 7.0

565 16.52

- 6.5

566 19.38

- 5.0

567 21.92

- 7.0

568 24.34

- 7.0

569 27.02

- 3.2

570 29.42

- 4.5

571 31.57

- 2.0

572 33.53

- 7.0

573 35.76

- 5.8

574 38.34

- 7.0

575 40.84

- 7.0

576 43.37 1.4

577 44.90 2.8

578 45.33 5.0

579 45.25 2.0

580 44.25 2.0

581 42.62 7.0

582 40.94 3.5

583 39.04 3.5

584 36.97 3.5

5 85 34.85 3.5

586 32.66 3.5

587 30.40 3.5

588 28.05 3.5

589 25.57 3.5

590 22.94 3.5

591 20.11 6.0

592 18.17 6.0

593 17.20 6.0

594 16.07 6.0

595 14.93 6.0596 13.78 7.0

597 10.72 4.7

598 6.24 6.2

599 1.77 7.0

600 0.00 4.7

601 0.00 7.0

602 0.00 5.5

603 0.00 4.7

604 0.00 4.7

605 0.00 2.6

606 0.00 0.0

607 0.00

- 0.6

608 0.75

- 0.6

609 1.90

- 7.0

610 3.81

- 7.0

611 5.91

- 7.0

612 7.93

- 7.0

613 9.86

- 7.0

614 9.37

- 7.0

615 5.32

- 6.5

616 1.45

- 7.0

617 4.28

- 1.9

618 6.78

- 1.7

619 9.12

- 6.4

620 11.69

- 4.6

621 14.17

- 4.3

622 16.35

- 4.3

623 19.18

- 4.0

624 22.35

- 3.8

625 25.17

- 2.5

626 27.60

- 2.5

627 29.73

- 2 .5

628 31.72

- 2.5

629 33.60

- 2.5

630 35.40

- 2.5

631 37.08

- 4.3

632 38.84

- 0.5

633 40.28

- 0.6

634 41.30

- 0.3

635 42.32 3.6

636 42.91 4.9

637 42.94 4.8

638 42.84 4.5639 42.74 4.3

640 42.66 4.3

641 42.57 1.2

642 42.89 3.9

643 43.29 4.7

644 43.30 3.1

645 43.37 0.9

646 43.80 4.0

647 44.07 3.5

648 44.01

- 0.9

649 44.42 2.8

650 44.86 4.4

651 44.84 4.1

652 44.78 1.3

653 45.01

- 1.5

654 45.80 2.3

655 46.46 3.7

656 46.55 7.0

657 46.12 1.5

658 45.95 6.7

659 45.82 3.3

660 45.45

- 0.5

661 45.81 2.3

662 46.27 3.8

663 46.33 4.1

664 46.29 2.1

665 46.47 1.5

666 46.92 4.0

667 47.16

- 0.2

668 47.58 3.0

669 48.04 3.4

670 48.05 3.4

671 48.03 3.0

672 48. 00 2.9

673 47.98 2.4

674 47.95 2.7

675 47.95

- 7.0

676 48.86

- 7.0

677 49.92

- 7.0

678 50.27 2.0

679 50.18 0.6

680 49.92 1.0

681 49.90 0.4682 49.89 0.3

683 49.88 0.6

684 49.87 1.0

685 49.85 1.1

686 49.84 0.6

687 49.83 1.3

688 49.68

- 1.2

689 49.60

- 5.7

690 50.24 0.0

691 50.79 0.1

692 50.78 0.1

693 50.77 1.6

694 50.65 4.2

695 50.14 0.4

696 49.74

- 3.0

697 50.08

- 1.7

698 50.57

- 5.0

699 50.73

- 5.0

700 50.76

- 5.0

701 50.79

- 5.0

702 50.82

- 5.0

703 50.85

- 5.0

704 50.89

- 5.0

705 50.92

- 5.0

706 50.95

- 5.0

707 50.98

- 1.2

708 51.01

- 1.4

709 51.03

- 0.2

710 51.05 0.4

711 51.06

- 0.9

712 51.19

- 3.0

713 51.70

- 2.7

714 52. 35

- 2.0

715 52.86 0.1

716 53.07 0.6

717 53.07 1.1

718 53.07 0.7

719 53.06 0.7

720 53.06 0.6

721 53.06 1.1

722 53.05 1.4

723 53.04 1.3

724 53.03 1.3725 53.02

- 0.8

726 53.25

- 1.3

727 53.73 0.8

728 53.99 0.8

729 53.99 0.8

730 53.98 0.3

731 53.98 1.4

732 53.97 1.5

733 53.96 0.8

734 53.95 0.8

735 53.95 0.4

736 53.95 0.8

737 53.95

- 1.1

738 54.16

- 1.1

739 54.65 2.2

740 54.92 1.6

741 54.91 2.0

742 54.89 1.6

743 54.98

- 1.1

744 55.45 2.0

745 55.83 2.0

746 55.81 2.0

747 55.80 2.0

748 55.78 2.0

749 55.77 2.0

750 55.76 2.1

751 55.74 5.2

752 55.42 2.8

753 54.92

- 3.9

754 55.19 0.4

755 55.65 3.2

756 55.32

- 3.2

757 55.37

- 1.0

758 55. 75

- 5.0

759 55.78

- 5.0

760 55.82

- 5.0

761 55.86

- 1.1

762 55.87

- 0.5

763 55.84

- 0.9

764 55.82

- 0.2

765 55.79 0.9

766 55.75

- 3.2

767 56.19

- 3.4768 57.14 1.2

769 57.60 0.3

770 57.56

- 0.3

771 57.53

- 5.0

772 57.54

- 5.0

773 57.59

- 5.0

774 57.64 0.5

775 57.64

- 4.5

776 58.12

- 4.5

777 58.53

- 4.5

778 58.39

- 4.5

779 58.25

- 4.5

780 58.11

- 4.5

781 57.96

- 4.5

782 57.82

- 4.5

783 57.67

- 1.7

784 57.67

- 3.0

785 57.89

- 5.0

786 58.04

- 5.0

787 58.00

- 5.0

788 57.97

- 5.0

789 57.93

- 5.0

790 57.90

- 0.2

791 57.86 1.7

792 57.80 2.0

793 57.73 2.3

794 57.66 2.3

795 57.58 2.5

796 57.50

- 0.7

797 57.81

- 3.1

798 58.73 2.0

799 59.26 1.5

8 00 59.20 1.2

801 59.17 0.8

802 59.16 0.4

803 59.15 0.8

804 59.15 1.5

805 59.15

- 2.8

806 59.63 2.7

807 59.93 4.7

808 59.42 1.8

809 59.08 2.1

810 59.06 2.1811 59.04 1.4

812 59.02 1.6

813 59.01 1.7

814 59.00 1.7

815 58.98 1.8

816 58.97 1.7

817 58.95 1.3

818 58.94 0.9

819 58.94 0.4

820 58.94

- 3.3

821 59.39 0.4

822 59.87 1.2

823 59.91 1.4

824 59.91 1.2

825 59.90 1.2

826 59.89 1.2

827 59.89 1.6

828 59.88 1.6

829 59.87 1.6

830 59.86 1.6

831 59.85

- 2.2

832 60.25 0.8

833 60.73

- 0.4

834 60.81 0.1

835 60.82 0.7

836 60.82 0.9

837 60.82 1.4

838 60.81 2.0

839 60.80 2.0

840 60.79 1.9

841 60.77 5.5

842 60.34 6.6

843 59.35 1.0

844 58.77 1 .3

845 58.76 1.3

846 58.76 1.0

847 58.75 1.7

848 58.57 2.9

849 58.08

- 0.2

850 57.78

- 0.3

851 57.79

- 1.6

852 57.81

- 1.1

853 57.83

- 1.1854 57.85

- 1.4

855 57.87

- 1.2

856 57.89

- 6.0

857 58.00

- 6.0

858 58.20

- 6.0

859 58.40

- 6.0

860 58.60

- 6.0

861 58.80

- 6.0

862 59.01

- 7.0

863 57.33

- 7.0

864 58.16

- 7.0

865 58.57

- 7.0

866 58.99

- 7.0

867 59.42 0.9

868 59.39 1.2

869 58.91 1.0

870 58.43 5.5

871 57.47 7.0

872 55.86 4.4

873 54.38 4.7

874 53.19 4.6

875 52.01 6.2

876 50.81 6.2

877 49.60 5.7

878 48.39 7.0

879 47.07 7.0

880 45.71 7.0

881 44.47 7.0

882 43.27 7.0

883 42.10 7.0

884 40.89 7.0

885 39.61 7.0

886 38.22 7 .0

887 36.97 7.0

888 36.06 7.0

889 35.24 7.0

890 34.02 7.0

891 32.37 7.0

892 30.81 7.0

893 29.58 7.0

894 28.26 7.0

895 25.95 7.0

896 23.57 7.0897 22.01 7.0

898 19.21 5.0

899 16.52 5.0

900 12.12 2.0

901 7.08 0.8

902 2.60 0.0

903 0.00 0.0

904 0.00 0.0

905 0.00 0.0

906 0.00 0.0

907 0.00 0.0

908 0.00 0.0

909 0.00 0.0

910 0.00 0.0

911 0.00 0.0

912 0.00 0.0

913 0.00 0.0

914 0.00 0.0

915 0.00 0.0

916 0.00 0.0

917 0.00 0.0

918 0.00 0.0

919 0.00 0.0

920 0.00 0.0

921 0.00 0.0

922 0.00 0.0

923 0.00 0.0

924 0.00 0.0

925 0.00 0.0

926 0.00 0.0

927 0.00 0.0

928 0.00 0.9

929 0.33 7.0

930 1.67 7 .0

931 2.83 7.0

932 4.02 2.3

933 5.64 5.7

934 7.39 7.0

935 8.84 7.0

936 9.15

- 5.4

937 9.70

- 7.0

938 11.37

- 7.0

939 13.05

- 7.0940 14.74

- 7.0

941 16.42

- 7.0

942 16.85

- 7.0

943 16.10

- 7.0

944 15.23

- 7.0

945 14.22

- 7.0

946 13.02 1.9

947 12.47

- 0.5

948 13.05

- 2.8

949 14.26 4.4

950 15.09 6.0

951 15.42 6.0

952 15.96 6.0

953 16.59 1.5

954 17.61 6.0

955 18.34 1.3

956 18.65

- 2.1

957 19.67 3.7

958 20.47 3.8

959 20.57 2.6

960 20.69

- 3.0

961 21.56

- 4.6

962 23.20

- 4.0

963 23.64

- 4.0

964 22.76

- 4.0

965 21.81

- 4.0

966 20.79 6.5

967 19.86 7.0

968 19.19 7.0

969 18.75 7.0

970 18.44 1.6

971 18.62 7.0

972 19.11

- 5 .0

973 18.76

- 5.0

974 17.68

- 5.0

975 16.46

- 5.0

976 15.06

- 5.0

977 13.41 7.0

978 11.91 6.8

979 11.09 2.7

980 10.90

- 1.7

981 11.40

- 3.9

982 12.38

- 0.3983 13.02

- 6.5

984 12.31

- 6.5

985 10.32

- 4.5

986 9.71

- 6.3

987 11.05

- 0.6

988 11.88

- 1.9

989 12.21

- 7.0

990 13.30 3.0

991 13.73

- 5.5

992 12.77

- 5.5

993 11.47

- 5.5

994 9.84

- 5.5

995 7.62

- 5.5

996 3.57 0.0

997 1.34 0.0

998 0.00 0.0

999 0.00 0.0

1000 0.00 0.0

1001 0.00 0.0

1002 0.00 0.0

1003 0.00 0.0

1004 0.00 0.0

1005 0.00 0.0

1006 0.00 0.0

1007 0.00 0.0

1008 0.00 0.0

1009 0.00 0.0

1010 0.00 0.0

1011 0.00 0.0

1012 0.00 0.0

1013 0.00 0.0

1014 0.00 0.0

1015 0.00 0 .0

1016 0.00 0.0

1017 0.00 0.0

1018 0.00 0.0

1019 0.00 0.0

1020 0.00 0.0

1021 0.00 0.0

1022 0.00 0.0

1023 0.00 0.0

1024 0.00 0.0

1025 0.00 0.01026 0.00 0.0

1027 0.00 0.0

1028 0.00 0.0

1029 0.00 0.0

1030 0.00 0.0

1031 0.00 0.0

1032 0.00 0.0

1033 0.00 0.0

1034 0.00 0.0

1035 0.00 0.0

1036 0.00 0.0

1037 0.00 0.0

1038 0.00 0.0

1039 0.00 0.0

1040 0.00 0.0

1041 0.00 0.0

1042 0.00 0.0

1043 0.00 0.0

1044 0.00 0.0

1045 0.00 0.0

1046 0.00 0.0

1047 0.00 0.0

1048 0.00 0.0

1049 0.00 0.0

1050 0.00 0.0

1051 0.00 0.0

1052 0.00 0.0

1053 0.00 0.0

1054 0.00 0.0

1055 0.00 0.0

1056 0.00 0.0

1057 0.00 0.0

1058 0.00 0.0

1059 0.00 0 .0

1060 0.00 0.0

1061 0.00 0.0

1062 0.00 0.0

1063 0.00 0.0

1064 0.00 0.0

1065 0.00 0.0

1066 0.00 0.0

1067 0.00 0.0

1068 0.00 0.01069 0.00 0.0

1070 0.00 0.0

1071 0.00 0.0

1072 0.00 0.0

1073 0.00 0.0

1074 0.00 0.0

1075 0.00 0.0

1076 0.00 0.0

1077 0.00 0.0

1078 0.00 0.0

1079 0.00 0.0

1080 0.00 0.0

1081 0.00 0.0

1082 0.00 0.0

1083 0.00 0.0

1084 0.00 0.0

1085 0.00 0.0

1086 0.00 0.0

1087 0.00 0.0

1088 0.00 0.0

1089 0.00 0.0

1090 0.00 0.0

1091 0.00 0.0

1092 0.00 0.0

1093 0.00 0.0

1094 0.00 0.0

1095 0.00 0.0

1096 0.00 0.0

1097 0.00 0.0

1098 0.00 0.0

1099 0.00 0.0

1100 0.00 0.0

1101 0.00 0.0

1102 0.00 0 .0

1103 0.00 0.0

1104 0.00 0.0

1105 0.00 0.0

1106 0.00 0.0

1107 0.00 0.0

1108 0.00 0.0

1109 0.00 0.0

1110 0.00 0.0

1111 0.00 0.01112 0.00 0.0

1113 0.00 0.0

1114 0.00 0.0

1115 0.00 0.0

1116 0.00 0.0

1117 0.00 0.0

1118 2.83

- 7.0

1119 5.88

- 7.0

1120 8.67

- 7.0

1121 11.47

- 7.0

1122 14.27 0.8

1123 16.92 2.4

1124 18.33 3.9

1125 19.35

- 6.5

1126 21.55

- 7.0

1127 24.84 4.0

1128 26.81

- 7.0

1129 28.37

- 7.0

1130 30.31 4.0

1131 30.83

- 0.8

1132 30.86

- 4.4

1133 31.82

- 7.0

1134 33.33 0.4

1135 34.20 4.0

1136 33.82 0.9

1137 33.51

- 0.7

1138 33.88

- 3.8

1139 34.70

- 7.0

1140 36.14

- 4.0

1141 37.60 1.6

1142 38.09 0.7

1143 38.14 4.0

1144 38.06

- 3 .5

1145 37.47

- 3.5

1146 36.70

- 3.5

1147 35.89

- 3.5

1148 35.06 1.2

1149 34.63 7.0

1150 34.14 7.0

1151 33.15 7.0

1152 32.12 7.0

1153 31.03 7.0

1154 29.82 7.01155 28.41 7.0

1156 26.91 7.0

1157 25.53 7.0

1158 24.21 6.4

1159 22.88 7.0

1160 18.40 7.0

1161 13.93 7.0

1162 9.45 7.0

1163 4.98 7.0

1164 0.50 0.0

1165 0.00 0.0

1166 0.00 0.0

1167 0.00 0.0

1168 0.00 0.0

1169 0.00 0.0

1170 0.00 0.0

1171 0.00 0.0

1172 0.00 0.0

1173 0.00 0.0

1174 0.00 0.0

1175 0.00 0.0

1176 0.00 0.0

1177 0.00 0.0

1178 0.00 0.0

1179 0.00 0.0

1180 0.00 0.0

1181 0.00 0.0

1182 0.00 0.0

1183 0.00 0.0

1184 0.00 0.0

1185 0.00 0.0

1186 0.00 0.0

1187 0.00 0.0

1188 0.00 0 .0

1189 0.00 0.0

1190 0.00 0.0

1191 0.00 0.0

1192 0.00 0.0

1193 0.00 0.0

1194 0.00 0.0

1195 0.00 0.0

1196 0.00 0.0

1197 0.00 0.01198 0.00 0.0

1199 0.00 0.0

1200 0.00 0.0