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S. HRG. 111–741 

S. 2956, THE PECHANGA BAND OF LUISEN ̃O 

MISSION INDIANS WATER RIGHTS SETTLEMENT 

ACT, AND S. 3290, THE BLACKFEET WATER 

RIGHTS SETTLEMENT ACT OF 2010 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS 

SECOND SESSION 

JULY 22, 2010 

Printed for the use of the Committee on Indian Affairs 

( 

(II) 

COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS 

BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota, Chairman 

JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming, Vice Chairman 

DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii 

KENT CONRAD, North Dakota 

DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii 

TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota 

MARIA CANTWELL, Washington 

JON TESTER, Montana 

TOM UDALL, New Mexico 

AL FRANKEN, Minnesota 

JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona 

LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska 

TOM COBURN, M.D., Oklahoma 

MIKE CRAPO, Idaho 

MIKE JOHANNS, Nebraska 

ALLISON C. BINNEY, Majority Staff Director and Chief Counsel 

DAVID A. MULLON JR., Minority Staff Director and Chief Counsel 

(III) 

C O N T E N T S 

Page 

Hearing held on July 22, 2010 ............................................................................... 1 

Statement of Senator Dorgan ................................................................................. 1 

Statement of Senator Tester ................................................................................... 71 

WITNESSES

Augare, Hon. Shannon, Member, Blackfeet Tribal Business Council ................. 74 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 76 

Baucus, Hon. Max, U.S. Senator from Montana ................................................... 114 

Bloomquist, John E., Attorney, Pondera County Canal and Reservoir Company ....................................................................................................................... 103

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 105 

Macarro, Hon. Mark, Chairman, Pechanga Band of Luisen ̃ o Indians ................ 3 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 6 

Stone, Matthew G., General Manager, Rancho California Water District ......... 64 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 66 

Weiner, Jay, Assistant Attorney General, State of Montana; Legal Counsel, 

Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission .................................. 83 

Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 85 

APPENDIX

Blackfeet Tribe, prepared statement ...................................................................... 122 

King, Tracy, President, Fort Belknap Community Council, prepared statement ...................................................................................................................... 117 

Letters regarding: 

S. 2956 ............................................................................................................... 130 

S. 3290 ............................................................................................................... 135 

Main, William ‘‘Snuffy’’, Chairman, Gros Ventre Treaty Committee, prepared 

statement .............................................................................................................. 128 

(1) 

S. 2956, THE PECHANGA BAND OF LUISEN ̃ O 

MISSION INDIANS WATER RIGHTS 

SETTLEMENT ACT, AND S. 3290, THE 

BLACKFEET WATER RIGHTS SETTLEMENT 

ACT OF 2010 

THURSDAY, JULY 22, 2010 

U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS, Washington, DC. 

The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:30 p.m. in room 

628, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Byron L. Dorgan, 

Chairman of the Committee, presiding. 

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. BYRON L. DORGAN, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM NORTH DAKOTA 

The CHAIRMAN. We are going to call the hearing to order. This 

is a hearing of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee. It is a legislative hearing on S. 2956, the Pechanga Band of Luisen ̃ o Mission Indians Water Rights Settlement Act. And S. 3290, the Blackfeet 

Water Rights Settlement Act of 2010. 

Before we begin the discussion of these two pieces of legislation, 

let me just observe that yesterday was a very important day as far 

as this Committee is concerned, and as far as Indian Country is 

concerned. The House of Representatives passed the Tribal Law 

and Order Act, which originated here in this Committee. We spent 

a long, long time and a lot of effort to put together the Tribal Law 

and Order Act, to pass it through this Committee, and pass it 

through the Senate. 

Yesterday, it passed the House of Representatives. I talked to 

President Obama about it yesterday afternoon. He is excited about 

it. He was also very helpful and pushed very hard to get it passed. 

So that is a significant victory and I just want at the start of this 

hearing to say we have now in this same year passed the Indian 

Health Care Improvement Act, which is an issue that had not been 

dealt with for 17 years by the Congress. We have also passed the 

Tribal Law and Order Act, both of which are very significant 

achievements. 

The staff of this Committee and the people who worked on it 

with us here in the Senate should be very proud. I know that it 

is going to make a difference and it is going to save lives and it 

is going to have a significant impact on American Indians all across 

this Country. 

2 

We are going to hold a hearing on bills that would approve settlement of Indian water rights litigation. The bills are important 

for securing water supplies for affected Indian tribes, for States 

and also for non-Indian water users. They settle longstanding 

claims against the United States for failing to protect tribal water 

rights. 

The bills provide legal certainty and needed infrastructure to ensure that everyone can provide reliable water supplies for their 

communities and can contribute to economic development. 

The first bill, dealing with the Pechanga Band, is a bill for which 

a hearing was requested by Senator Boxer of California and Senator Feinstein. But Senator Boxer especially has asked that I hold 

this hearing today. I am happy to do that. She is, I believe, at a 

Foreign Relations Committee hearing, but she will be submitting 

a statement for our permanent record and is a very strong supporter of this bill. 

This bill would settle the Pechanga Band’s water rights in the 

Santa Margarita River watershed northwest of San Diego, California. Securing the Band’s water rights is necessary to meet their 

growing need to supply water for commercial, agricultural, municipal and domestic uses. 

The second panel will provide testimony on S. 3290, the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act of 2010. Let me just say that 

Senator Tester has done a really extraordinary job and is pushing 

very hard to resolve these issues. I know that he has wanted this 

hearing for some time. I am pleased that we will be able to do that 

today. 

The settlement of the Blackfeet water rights will provide water 

and infrastructure improvements for municipal and domestic use 

for irrigation, for livestock and other economic development on the 

Blackfeet Reservation in north central Montana. 

Although the Administration was not able to testify today, we 

have spoken with them about these bills, and we will see their formal views on both pieces of legislation as we prepare for further 

consideration of the two bills. 

With that, I welcome the witnesses who have traveled to be here 

with us today. Many have traveled long distances and we appreciate your willingness to do that. 

I have to leave after the first panel today. Senator Tester will 

Chair the Committee for the second panel. I appreciate his courtesy 

as well. 

We would ask the witnesses to limit their remarks to five minutes. Their prepared statements, of course, will be part of the permanent record of this Committee and will be submitted in their entirety. 

The hearing record will remain open for two full weeks following 

today’s hearing, in the event that others wish to present formal testimony that would be included as a part of the hearing record. We 

would invite people to do that as well. 

With that, let me call on the witnesses today. The first witness 

is the Honorable Mark Macarro, Chairman of the Pechanga Band. 

Mr. Macarro, thank you very much for being with us. Mr. Chairman, you and I have worked together on a number of things. I apVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
3 

preciate the outstanding work you do for American Indians all 

across this Country. 

You may proceed, and you may summarize. Your entire statement will be part of the permanent record of the Committee. 

STATEMENT OF HON. MARK MACARRO, CHAIRMAN, 

PECHANGA BAND OF LUISEN ̃ O INDIANS 

Mr. MACARRO. Thank you for that, Senator Dorgan. 

Good morning. Good morning, Senator Tester. 

My name is Mark Macarro. I am the Chairman of the Pechanga 

Band of Luisen ̃ o Indians. 

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Chairman, let me just say, I am going to ask 

Senator Tester to hold for a moment. Senator Reid is returning a 

call that I have to take for a moment. So you proceed, and I will 

be right back. 

Mr. MACARRO. Thank you. 

My name is Mark Macarro. I am the Chairman of the Pechanga 

Band of Luisen ̃ o Indians. We are in Temecula, 60 miles north of 

San Diego. 

I am honored to be here today to testify on S. 2956, the Pechanga 

Water Settlement Bill. I have been involved with Pechanga’s struggles over our water rights over the past 20 years. I know first-hand 

what this settlement means to the Pechanga people. It means wet 

water. 

Before I discuss the details of the settlement, I would like to first 

thank Senator Boxer and Senator Feinstein for their strong support of the Band in our efforts to introduce and move our water settlement bill. We would not be here today without their staunch 

support and commitment to the Band’s efforts. 

I would also like to thank this Committee for holding a hearing 

on our bill before the August recess. Pechanga greatly appreciates 

Chairman Dorgan’s leadership and commitment to Indian water 

settlements and Indian Country in general. 

We understand how busy the legislative schedule is for the rest 

of this year. But we hope there is still time for passage of our 

water settlement this year. 

Last but not least, I would like to thank the Federal negotiation 

team for their active participation throughout the settlement process. The Federal negotiation team has been an ally and a strong 

advocate during the negotiation process. Pechanga is dedicated to 

continuing to work with the Federal negotiation team to resolve 

any potential remaining issues in order to gain the Administration’s support of our bill. 

One member in particular of the Federal negotiation team is Patrick Barry of the Indian Resources Section, Department of Justice. 

I was a young man when I got to meet Patrick Barry, and his involvement in the water case that this is all about. And I think he 

is toward the senior end of his career now in Justice. And I think 

I am in the middle of mine. So we will see how that plays out. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. MACARRO. But it has been well over two decades that we 

have both been working on this settlement. In fact, we met with 

members of the team day before yesterday, on Tuesday, to further 

discuss the Administration’s concern. In my opinion, it was a very 

4 

productive meeting and I firmly believe that we will be able to 

reach a deal with the Administration. 

Water is central to who we are as a people. It is in our name. 

Pechaa’anga or Pechaanga, means at Pechaa’a, and Pechaa’a 

means at the place where water drips. 

Today, our tribal government operations, such as our environmental monitoring and natural resource management programs, 

exist to fully honor and protect the land and our culture upon it. 

In particular, we are concerned about watershed and wellhead protection for our surface and groundwater resources and the availability of water for our community now and into the future. It is 

of upmost importance to the Band that our water rights are federally recognized in order to protect our water in the basin and ensure that the basin will continue to provide for generations of 

Pechanga people into the future. 

This settlement has been decades in the making and stems from 

a 1951 Federal District Court case known as United States v. 

Fallbrook Public Utilities District. It also involves my tribe, 

Pechanga, Ramona and Cahuilla, two other tribes in the upper watershed, in which the court determined that each of the tribes had 

a prima facie entitlement to water in the Santa Margarita River 

watershed, without specifying the actual amount of each tribe’s 

water right. 

Until recently, we had sought to avoid litigation and instead 

worked with those entities around Pechanga to develop mutual private agreements for sharing the limited water resources in our 

basin. These efforts at negotiated management of water resources 

were successful and they resulted in two agreements: in 2006, the 

Groundwater Management Agreement with Rancho California 

Water District, RCWD; and in 2007, the Recycled Water Agreement 

with Eastern Municipal Water District. Both of these agreements 

have been successfully implemented and are in effect today. 

Significantly, though successful, neither of these agreements 

soght to address the scope or settlement of the Band’s overall water 

rights to the Santa Margarita River watershed. However, when the 

other two tribes in our basin, Ramona and Cahuilla, initiated litigation in the Fallbrook case, we began serious negotiation efforts 

with RCWD, EMWD and the United States to reach a settlement 

with these parties rather than litigate our claims. 

The bill before you today is a result of hard work and compromise by all the parties involved. The Band’s written testimony 

provides an in-depth description of the Pechanga Settlement Agreement. But today I would briefly like to outline the provisions of the 

settlement that are particularly important to the Band. 

First, the Pechanga Settlement Agreement recognizes Pechanga’s 

Federal reserve right to water in the Santa Margarita River watershed under the Fallbrook decree as 4,900 acre feet per year. 

Second, the settlement agreement allocates 75 percent of the 

groundwater in the Wolf Valley Basin to Pechanga and 25 percent 

to Rancho California Water District. This equates to 1,575 acre feet 

per year to Pechanga, and 525 acre feet per year to Ranch California Water District. 

Third, the settlement agreement extends our existing recycled 

water agreement with Eastern Municipal Water District up to 90 

5 

years. It allows Rancho California Water District to use a portion 

of that water which was a key provision for the settlement to work. 

Fourth, the settlement agreement extends Metropolitan Water 

District’s existing service area onto the Pechanga Reservation to a 

greater portion of the reservation, so that Pechanga becomes a 

Metropolitan Water District customer with the ability to receive 

imported water to fulfill our tribal water rights. 

Finally, the settlement provides funding for necessary infrastructure for Pechanga to receive that Metropolitan Water District 

Water to pay the connection fees to Metropolitan and Eastern Municipal Water Districts and provide a subsidy to bring down the 

cost of the extremely expensive Met Water. 

All the elements of the settlement were carefully constructed to 

create a settlement that is beneficial to all parties involved. During 

our negotiations Pechanga was very aware of the fact that there 

are limited water resources in the state of California, and on top 

of that, we are in difficult economic times. That being said, the 

United States must fulfill its trust responsibilities and programmatic responsibilities to Pechanga. 

We are open to being convinced by the United States otherwise, 

but we feel that this is a fair and cost-effective water settlement, 

and we believe that the Federal contribution of approximately $50 

million is justified by Pechanga’s waivers against the United States 

and in recognition of the United States’ programmatic responsibility to the Band. 

I want to thank you again for the opportunity for our water bill 

to be heard. I am happy to answer any questions that you may 

have with respect to the Pechanga water settlement. Thank you. 

[The prepared of Mr. Macarro follows:] 

6 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. MARK MACARRO, CHAIRMAN, PECHANGA BAND OF

LUISEN ̃ O INDIANS


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The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much for the testimony. 


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Next we will hear from Mr. Matt Stone, who is the General Manager of the Ranch California Water District in Temecula, California. Mr. Stone, you may proceed. 

STATEMENT OF MATTHEW G. STONE, GENERAL MANAGER, 

RANCHO CALIFORNIA WATER DISTRICT 

Mr. STONE. Good morning, Chairman Dorgan, and good morning 

Senator Tester. My name is Matthew Stone. I am the General 

Manager of Rancho California Water District, also known as 

RCWD, in Riverside County, California. 

I appreciate very much the opportunity to be here on behalf of 

RCWD to present testimony regarding S. 2956, the Water Rights 

Settlement between Pechanga, RCWD, Eastern Municipal and the 

United States. 

First, I would like to thank you, Mr. Chairman, and the other 

Committee members, for scheduling, preparing and holding this 

hearing. We recognize this is a busy time for the Committee and 

for the Senate. Therefore, we appreciate you and your staff making 

this possible. Mr. Rollie Wilson of your staff has been extremely 

helpful for us in preparing for this hearing this morning. 

We would also like to give special thanks to the bill’s sponsor, 

Senator Barbara Boxer, and her staff for their continued support, 

as well as the bill’s co-sponsor, Senator Diane Feinstein. We would 

like to acknowledge also that Congressman Joe Baca has introduced a companion bill in the House, which currently has six cosponsors. 

I would also like to personally acknowledge Chairman Macarro 

this morning, who is here representing Pechanga. We have been 

through a lot over the last few years. It has been a journey to try 

to put this puzzle together. We have had a little adventure along 

the way, including a blizzard in Las Vegas. I think that is a testament to, we obviously have to advocate for our respective interests 

and sides, but we both are trying to work toward a settlement. 

I have prepared and submitted to the Committee my written testimony. So this morning I just want to take a few minutes to provide you with some background related to Ranch California and the 

Santa Margarita watershed, including a brief description of the 

water rights disputes and how the parties found their way here 

with a proposed solution. 

While RCWD is supportive of the settlement, I can’t over-emphasize that the proposal is a compromise by all parties, which resolves uncertainty and creates a platform for future cooperation 

and partnering. While RCWD believed it had a strong basis for defending the challenge to its rights, as I am sure Pechanga did as 

well, there is a cost in terms of money, time, and lost opportunity 

during an extended litigation process. So the outcome on that path 

is not certain. 

A little history regarding Rancho California Water District. The 

district was formed in 1965 to provide a continuing and reliable 

supply to the community as it has now developed into the city of 

Temecula, portions of the city of Murietta and Southwest Riverside 

County. We provide supply and wastewater collection and treatment and recycling services to over 130,000 people in an area encompassing 160 square miles and over 40,000 service connections. 

65 

We deliver approximately 80,000 acre feet of water per year to 

our customers for domestic, agriculture, commercial and industrial 

uses. The sources of our water include local water, imported water 

and reclaimed water. A substantial portion of our water supply 

comes from the Santa Margarita watershed, and much of the history of this watershed is written in courts and in conflict. The unresolved nature of Pechanga’s water rights claims creates uncertainty for RCWD and its 130,000 residents. 

The watershed also faces significant supply issues and challenges 

which are common throughout Southern California, including population and demand growth, reliance on imported water, periodic 

drought and water quality issues that arise over time from inputs 

of nutrients and salts from a variety sources, including agriculture, 

municipal wastewater discharge, urban runoff, septic systems and 

other sources. In response to these challenges, RCWD is in the 

process of implementing its water reclamation project as envisioned 

in our integrated resource plan, which would substantially expand 

the use of recycled water and better integrate the storage of raw, 

imported water in our service area. 

The water reclamation project involves an initial phase to construct a pipeline to allow RCWD to store imported water in its existing Vail Lake facility for use during dry periods. This pipeline 

is under construction as we speak. Subsequent phases of the 

project are proposed to develop a delivery system for recycled water 

as well as a recycled water demineralization facility and brine disposal project. These components of our project will significantly improve supply reliability and salinity management in our watershed. 

We have recently completed an updated feasibility study for the 

remaining components of the project. 

As has been pointed out, the water rights in the Santa Margarita 

watershed have been under some form of court jurisdiction going 

back to 1928. In 1951, the U.S. initiated litigation in the U.S. v. 

Fallbrook case. And as again noted by the Chairman’s testimony 

today, part of that was the finding in interlocutory judgment 41 

that there are unquantified rights. 

Based on the prima facie evidence in that proceeding, the 

Pechanga believe they have 4,994 acre feet of reserved water 

rights. Part of the effort, then, in working through the Federal negotiating team process was to develop a solution to provide adequate supply. 

I think we have provided an overview of the settlement in our 

testimony, so I won’t repeat that here this morning. I would just 

like to in closing thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the 

Committee, for the opportunity to testify. I want to reiterate that 

we think the settlement is beneficial for all parties. We have 

worked hard to get here. And we look forward to concluding this 

settlement, hopefully this year, and fostering regional cooperation 

for many, many years to come. 

Thank you very much. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Stone follows:] 

66 

1The companion bill to S. 2956 is H.R. 5413 sponsored by Joe Baca (D–CA) and co-sponsored 

by six additional members. 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF MATTHEW G. STONE, GENERAL MANAGER, RANCHO

CALIFORNIA WATER DISTRICT

Good morning Chairman Dorgan, Vice Chairman Barrasso, and members of the 

Committee. My name is Matthew Stone and I am the General Manager of Rancho 

California Water District (RCWD) in Riverside County, California. I appreciate the 

opportunity to appear on behalf of RCWD to present testimony regarding S. 2956 

on the Pechanga Band of Luisen ̃ o Mission Indians Water Rights Settlement (Settlement) between Pechanga, RCWD, Eastern Municipal Water District (EMWD), and 

the United States. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and Committee members, Rollie Wilson, and other 

members of your staff for your assistance in scheduling and preparing for this hearing. And special thanks to the bill’s sponsor, Senator Barbara Boxer, and her staff 

for their continued support, as well as the bill’s co-sponsor Senator Dianne Feinstein.1

My testimony provides background information and an overview of the terms of 

the Settlement and its benefits. 

I. BACKGROUND 

RCWD is a ‘‘special district’’ organized and operated pursuant to the California 

Water Code and is governed by a seven-member Board of Directors that is elected 

by the voters of the region. RCWD serves the area known as Temecula/Rancho California, which includes the City of Temecula, portions of the City of Murrieta, and 

unincorporated areas of southwest Riverside County, California. 

RCWD provides water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and water recycling services to over 130,000 people in an area encompassing 160 square miles. 

RCWD has an infrastructure network to serve its service area. The District has 940 

miles of water mains, 36 storage reservoirs, one surface reservoir (Vail Lake), 47 

groundwater wells, and over 40,000 service connections. RCWD receives its imported water (treated and untreated) through six Metropolitan Water District of 

Southern California (MWD) water turnouts (three in EMWD’s service area and 

three in Western Municipal Water District’s (WMWD) service area). 

RCWD currently delivers 80,000 acre feet per year (AFY) for domestic, commercial, agricultural and landscape uses. RCWD’s customer profile includes a significant agricultural industry that produces avocados, citrus and wine grape products, 

which add significantly to the local and regional economy. In addition, RCWD services residential, business and manufacturing customers in Temecula and Murrieta. 

Larger employers in the service area include Abbott Vascular, International Rectifier, and Professional Hospital Supply. There is a wide range of local businesses 

that thrive on tourism in our wine region, historic old town, and Pechanga’s casino. 

But the region has suffered from the impacts of the housing downturn, as Riverside 

was once the third fastest growing county in the nation. 

RCWD’s existing water supplies include: Groundwater—Temecula and Pauba 

groundwater basins; Imported Water—MWD’s Colorado River Aqueduct and the 

State Water Project; Recycled Water—Santa Rosa Water Reclamation Facility operated by RCWD, and the Temecula Valley Regional Water Reclamation Facility operated by EMWD. RCWD also manages the water storage rights in Vail Lake, which 

was created through the construction of the Vail Dam in 1949. Storm runoff stored 

in Vail Lake is released during the subsequent months into groundwater recharge 

basins. 

RCWD operates mostly within the Santa Margarita Watershed, as depicted in the 

attached map, which encompasses an area of approximately 750 square miles 

(475,000 acres) in southwestern Riverside and northern San Diego Counties in 

southern California. Drainage in the basin is provided by the Santa Margarita River 

with flows from Temecula and Murrieta Creeks in the upper watershed. Major tributaries of Temecula Creek include Pechanga Creek and Wilson Creek via Vail Lake. 

Major tributaries of Murrieta Creek include Saint Gertrudis, Tucalota (via Lake 

Skinner), and Warm Springs Creeks. After the convergence of Temecula and 

Murrieta Creeks other major tributaries to the River include De Luz, Sandia, Rainbow, and Fallbrook Creeks. Major lakes in the watershed include Skinner, Vail, Diamond Valley, and O’Neil Lakes. A coastal lagoon lies at the mouth of the River on 

U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) Camp Pendleton. 

Multiple studies have indicated that the Santa Margarita Watershed is the largest and best example of a riparian and estuarine system in southern California. The 

watershed contains a variety of nearly undisturbed natural habitats, including chapVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00070 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
67 

2The purpose and intent of the Title XVI funds that RCWD is entitled to receive for the Water 

Reclamation Project is separate from the federal contribution under the Settlement; indeed, the 

interim and permanent capacity funds are not tied to a specific project and the remaining funds 

serve as Pechanga’s share of the recycled water infrastructure costs. 

arral-covered hillsides, riparian woodlands, and coastal marshes, drained by the 

Santa Margarita River, which is formed near the City of Temecula at the confluence 

of the Temecula and Murrieta Creek systems. Upstream, the Temecula and 

Murrieta Creeks are fed by a number of smaller tributaries. Downstream, the Santa 

Margarita River flows into San Diego County and through the USMC base at Camp 

Pendleton, emptying into the ocean at the Santa Margarita lagoon. 

The watershed currently faces significant water supply issues and challenges that 

are common throughout southern California, including rapid population and water 

demand growth; significant reliance on imported water supply; and water quality 

issues arising from excessive inputs of nutrients from a variety of sources including 

agriculture, nursery operations, municipal wastewater discharges, urban runoff, septic systems, and golf course operations. Surface waters and groundwater supporting 

surface water in the Santa Margarita Watershed have been under some form of 

court jurisdiction since 1928. A Watermaster has been assigned by the United 

States District Court for the Southern District of California to oversee all water uses 

within the Santa Margarita Watershed. Specific water rights in the watershed have 

not been adjudicated. However, the Stipulated Judgment assigns two-thirds of all 

natural waters to the United States of America (Camp Pendleton) and the remaining one-third to RCWD. 

Rights to utilize the water and groundwater stored in Vail Lake are defined in 

the 1940 Stipulated Judgment in the case of Santa Margarita versus Vail and Appropriations Permit 7032 issued by the State Water Resources Control Board. 

RCWD stores local runoff in Vail Lake, which was created in 1949 through construction of Vail Dam on Temecula Creek. RCWD has a surface water storage permit in 

Vail Lake for up to 40,000 AF from November 1 to April 30. During these months, 

RCWD releases available water from Vail Lake to the Valle de los Caballos spreading basins, about 1.5 miles downstream, for groundwater recharge. From May 

through October, existing State permits prohibit storage and require inflow to pass 

through Vail Lake to Temecula Creek and ultimately to the lower watershed. 

RCWD must meet Gorge flow requirements as set by the Cooperative Water Resource Management Agreement between the United States on behalf of Camp Pendleton and RCWD. RCWD currently meets this requirement by discharging untreated water from MWD into Murrieta Creek. 

Eight sub-basins within the Temecula and Pauba Basins provide RCWD with 

groundwater. The amount of groundwater produced annually from these basins varies depending on rainfall, recharge, and the amount and location of pumping. However, besides RCWD, others pump from the eight sub-basins, including: WMWD, 

Pechanga Indian Reservation, and other private pumpers. Groundwater extractions 

are under court oversight in the watershed. Groundwater basins in the upper watershed are not adjudicated. 

RCWD continually faces increasing water demands, variability in water supplies 

due to successive years of drought and imported water shortages, and water quality 

challenges necessitating more creative and innovative solutions to meet the water 

needs of its customers. In response to such challenges, RCWD is in the process of 

implementing its Water Reclamation Project, which will substantially expand the 

use of recycled and raw water in Riverside County in order to meet local water demands through 2050. The Water Reclamation Project involves the construction of 

a pipeline to transport raw water from MWD’s aqueduct system to Vail Lake during 

low demand and high supply winter periods, a delivery system for recycled water 

to RCWD’s agricultural users, and the construction of a demineralization/desalination plant. The Project is funded in part under the Title XVI Water Reclamation 

and Reuse Program administered by the United States Department of the Interior 

Bureau of Reclamation. (43 U.S.C. § 390h–32.) 2

II. OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT 

The Settlement would assist in the resolution of decades of litigation initiated in 

1951 by the United States regarding water rights in the Santa Margarita River Watershed (United States v. Fallbrook Public Utility District et al., Civ No. 3:51–cv– 

01247 (S.D.C.A)). The Fallbrook litigation eventually expanded to include all water 

users within the Santa Margarita Watershed, including three Indian Tribes (the 

Pechanga Band of Luisen ̃ o Mission Indians, the Ramona Band of Cahuilla Indians, 

and Cahuilla Band of Indians). The United States, as trustee, represents all three 

Tribes before the Fallbrook Court. 

68 

In Interlocutory Judgment 41, the Court concluded that each of the three Tribes 

have a recognized federally reserved water right without specifying the amount of 

each of the Tribe’s water right. However, the Court developed ‘‘prima facie’’ findings 

with respect to each of the Tribe’s quantifiable water rights. The prima facie evidence established the reserved right and set forth the number of acres to which the 

reserved water right applied. Pechanga believes that, based on the prima facie evidence established in Interlocutory Judgment 41, Pechanga’s reserved water rights 

are at least 4,994 AFY. Pechanga requested that the Secretary of the Interior seek 

settlement of the water rights claims involving Pechanga, the United States, and 

non-Federal third parties through a Federal Negotiation Team formed in August 

2008. Consistent with the United States’ policy to resolve Indian water rights settlements expeditiously whenever possible, in less than two years the parties have managed to reconcile their disagreement over Pechanga’s water rights claims. 

Under the terms of the Settlement, RCWD has agreed to allocate an additional 

25 percent of the Wolf Valley Groundwater Basin to Pechanga. Additionally, RCWD 

will wheel imported water made available to Pechanga under an Extension of Service Area Agreement (ESAA) with MWD in perpetuity. And RCWD agrees to provide 

desalination and brine disposal for recycled water utilized in the Wolf Valley Basin, 

which will improve groundwater quality in the basin for both RCWD and Pechanga. 

Thus, RCWD’s contribution to the Settlement involves more than a foregoing of its 

assertion of water rights but instead involves implementation of a partnership to 

utilize, convey and improve the quality of local and imported water. In summary, 

the Settlement will: 

1) Establish an initial safe yield of 2100 AFY in the Wolf Valley Groundwater 

Basin (of which Pechanga would receive 75 percent and RCWD would receive 

25 percent) and a means for ongoing management and determination of the 

safe yield; 

2) Facilitate the provision of interim and permanent capacity for delivery of imported water from MWD to its member agency EMWD and then through 

RCWD’s distribution system to Pechanga in exchange for a federal contribution of $17.9 million; 

3) Allow RCWD to purchase between 300 and 475 AFY of recycled water that 

Pechanga is currently entitled to purchase from EMWD, depending on availability; 

4) Provide for Pechanga’s share of the costs in the amount of $2.5 million for 

RCWD to design and construct an additional recycled water pond to increase 

seasonable storage capacity in its existing recycled water system necessary 

to accommodate the EMWD recycled water received by RCWD under the Settlement; 

5) Provide for Pechanga’s share of the costs in the amount of $4.46 million for 

RCWD’s design and construction of a demineralization and brine disposal 

project to lower the salinity of recycled water received by Pechanga from 

EMWD (or, if such facilities are not constructed, for availability of funds to 

Pechanga for an alternative salinity management solution); and 

6) Provide for mutual waivers of claims for water rights in the Santa Margarita 

River Watershed to prevent future disputes between the parties over 

Pechanga’s water rights claims. 

The Settlement is beneficial for all parties involved in that it promotes a reliable 

water supply for Pechanga by incorporating it into RCWD’s water distribution system, improves the quality and reliability of recycled and groundwater supplies for 

RCWD, and fosters a regional solution to Pechanga’s water rights claims by incorporating EMWD and MWD. The federal monetary contribution of $50 million to the 

Settlement is relatively modest compared to other recent Indian water rights settlements. The Settlement would also avoid many additional years of litigation at great 

expense to the parties and the uncertainty concerning the availability of scarce 

water supplies in the region. 

III. CONCLUSION 

Thank you again, Mr. Chairman and other Members of the Committee for the opportunity to present this important Indian water rights settlement, which will significantly improve the reliability and quality of local water supplies for RCWD and 

Pechanga. RCWD would greatly appreciate your support of S. 2956 to move the bill 

one step closer to approval. 

Attachment 

69 

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Stone, thank you very much for your testimony. 

Let me ask a question about the actual water that Pechanga 

Band could use. I know you are interested in real water, in actual 

water. The water supplies in California I know, just by reading, 


722b39.eps
70 

that those water supplies are relatively scarce. So can you elaborate on how the water supply, the actual water supply will be provided, and will it have impact on other uses in California? 

Mr. MACARRO. How much time do we have? 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. MACARRO. We are completely dependent on aquifer water, 

water underneath our reservation. So all references to the basin 

basically are the sole source currently of water to the tribe. 

For the Band’s water, our most productive well happens to be a 

well that is closest to Rancho California’s water wells in the Wolf 

Valley portion of the basin. I think over the decades there has been 

this, from our perspective, apparent competition for water. There 

have been hydrologic studies and various degrees of linkages to, or 

hydrologic links between the basins that they pump from and we 

pump from. 

So I think a key part of this agreement shows that we recognize 

that we impact each other’s water resource. And the best long-term 

policy is to come up with a policy that manages the resource for 

both of us, all of us that live in the valley. 

So what we tried to do then is part of the protection of that resource is to not over-pump it. We have come up with some, I think 

some paradigms that work for us that describe safe yield, so that 

we don’t destroy the aquifer that we pump from; we don’t overpump it. We manage it. Of course, it becomes more critical in 

drought years and when less is available. The aquifer, the basins, 

are recharged through rain events. The more rain we have, the 

more water we have. 

So when we put this together, it quickly became apparent that 

to meet everybody’s needs, over the long term, over the next few 

decades, and looking out 50 to 100 years, that some imported water 

was going to have to be made available. Part of those calculations 

were going to come from other water districts and primarily Metropolitan Water District as well. 

So we looked for ways to use existing infrastructure, we looked 

for ways to be as efficient. And I think in the end, this settlement 

represents I think the best nexus of efficiency and cost and just 

overall conservation. So what we end up with is an end product 

that provides, I think rather than impacting water, taking away 

water from other places, I think we are looking at moving water 

through an aggregate system of Metropolitan Water District that 

might otherwise be coming to our area and delivering it both to the 

tribe and to Rancho California Water District as those needs, not 

until those needs are there. That is also a critical element of this 

settlement. 

In other words, we are not going to be getting water that we 

don’t need right now. It won’t be until the need is necessary, that 

it is made known and present some time down the road. 

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Chairman, my understanding, I would ask 

Mr. Stone this as well, the settlement settles the rights of individual allottee landowners on the reservation. Is that correct? 

Mr. MACARRO. That is correct. I wasn’t able to address that in 

my oral remarks. It is substantially addressed in our written testimony, and I will say that the proposed statute confirms existing 

statutory protections for allottees, and includes new ones. 

71 

A key feature is that the statute requires us to develop a water 

code that protects allottee water rights. And then that water code 

has to be approved by the Secretary. Finally, these protections are 

the same as those provided to allottees in all other pending water 

rights settlements. So it is essentially similar language, if you have 

seen this language already in recent water bills, the language is 

similar. 

The CHAIRMAN. All right. And one final question. The other primary water users sharing the water resource is testifying today. 

Are there other local governments or commercial users that support this settlement? 

Mr. MACARRO. I believe that, well, the answer is yes. Because of 

who they serve water to, I think it is fair to say, and I will let Mr. 

Stone address that as well, but I think it is fair to say that everybody that they provide water to, residents, commercial interests, 

agricultural interests, is also supportive of this. Because it takes an 

unknown and creates a known quantity out of it. That is a critical 

element to planning for the future for all of us. 

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Stone? 

Mr. STONE. Yes, I think one of the historical features at Rancho 

California Water District is that we have a responsibility as an 

agent to represent water rights holders in the groundwater basin 

which we overlie. That is a legal construction that was developed 

by the former landowner as the district was created. The board 

takes that trust responsibility very seriously and has deliberated 

the pros and cons of settling or litigating. 

But they are the representation of those underlying landowners, 

and water rights holders in our service area. 

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Tester? 

STATEMENT OF HON. JON TESTER, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM MONTANA 

Senator TESTER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

A couple questions for Chairman Macarro. You spoke of Federal 

contribution of about $50 million. In your testimony, it is broken 

down into a recycled water infrastructure of 6.96. What exactly 

does that entail? 

Mr. MACARRO. The 6.96? 

Senator TESTER. Yes. What exactly is the recycled water infrastructure? What are we talking about? 

Mr. MACARRO. Those are share of costs that go to storage ponds 

and to brine facilities, about $2.5 or so million toward storage 

ponds, about $4.7 million to the brine facility, desalination facility. 

Senator TESTER. Okay. And there is almost $18 million for delivery capacity. I assume that is water, pipes? 

Mr. MACARRO. Transmission, yes. 

Senator TESTER. And then there is a water fund, and it is broken 

down from there, but it is a little over $25 million. Can you just 

kind of explain the thought around the water fund and how it was 

set up and its adequacy going into the future? 

Mr. MACARRO. Yes. That involves, part of the trust responsibility 

here is the guarantee of water to the tribe into the long-term future. The way we anticipate that working is that it has to happen 

72 

with Metropolitan Water District being part of the equation, Met 

being the large wholesaler in California for water. 

So those dollars paid initial connection fees and they also paid 

the ongoing annual fees as a Met customer to the tribe. And so that 

is, I think that is, and it is a critical part of those whole settlement. 

So le me say that most of the Federal contribution is directed toward programmatic responsibilities that ensure that our Tribe is 

able to use its reserved right entitlement. So it is a critical part of 

the wet water equation. 

Senator TESTER. Where is the Governor in support of this bill? 

Mr. MACARRO. The Governor? 

Senator TESTER. Yes. 

Mr. MACARRO. He is very supportive, I am sure. 

[Laughter.] 

Senator TESTER. Not that you are speaking for the Governor, but 

just curious. Has he played a role in this? 

Mr. MACARRO. I don’t think he has played a role. But I can’t say 

that for certain. I know he has been very busy with the economy 

in the State. 

Senator TESTER. Right. Administration, you had talked about the 

Administration, you met with the Administration a couple of days 

ago. 

Mr. MACARRO. And on an ongoing basis, yes. 

Senator TESTER. That is good. And they had expressed some concerns, is that what I gathered from it? Could you give me an idea 

what those concerns revolve around? 

Mr. MACARRO. Costs. Generally costs. What does the $50 million 

involve? Everything that you have asked. We have looked at this, 

we have broken it down into four components. The $18 million for 

the pipeline, $2.5 million for the ponds, $4.7 million from the desal 

facility and then the Federal contribution to the subsidy fund. 

Senator TESTER. Thank you very much. Appreciate both your testimonies. Thank you. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Tester, thank you. 

We thank both of you for your testimony. We would hope you 

would be available for written questions that we wish to submit to 

you. 

Mr. MACARRO. We would. 

The CHAIRMAN. We will then take this under further consideration. As I indicated, Senator Boxer had requested that we hold 

this hearing. Senator Feinstein is a co-sponsor of the legislation. It 

will be helpful if you also will submit, or if you will solicit letters 

from other interests in your region and perhaps the Governor as 

well, to see if we can get some letters of support from them as we 

consider this. 

Mr. MACARRO. Can I add something, actually not related to this? 

The CHAIRMAN. Yes. 

Mr. MACARRO. But given the timing, I just want to thank you 

personally, certainly on behalf of my Tribe for the critical role you 

played chairing this Committee, as well as the entire Committee, 

for making the priorities you have of the legislation for reauthorization of Indian Health Care and certainly Tribal Law and Order. 

I remember in particular when you came in front of NIGA two 

73 

years ago, and you stated flatly and clearly these were your priorities. And here we are today with both of these things passed, a 

tremendous watershed for Indian Country. 

And I want to thank you, Senator Tester, Chairman Dorgan, it 

was amazing to see it happen. Thank you. 

The CHAIRMAN. I appreciate that a lot. We have a great staff, bipartisan staff on this Committee. We have worked very hard on 

these issues to complete them. We still have the special diabetes 

fund that we have to reauthorize, there are a number of things yet 

to do between now and the end of the year. But I think we have 

made substantial progress. 

Certainly in holding hearings on water issues, they are not the 

most exciting issues around, because many of them have languished for years and years and years trying to be resolved. But 

they are very important in the life of tribal governments, to quantify these water rights and try to address these issues. So we appreciate your being here and appreciate both of you taking the time 

to travel to Washington for this hearing. 

Thank you very much. 

Next we are going to have the second panel. And the Energy 

Committee is now meeting on the third floor, so I have to be at the 

Energy Committee markup at 11 o’clock. Senator Tester has agreed 

to Chair. Senator Tester, if you don’t mind, I will depart to go to 

the Energy Committee. And if you want to take the Chair and introduce the next panel, I would appreciate that. 

Senator TESTER. [Presiding.] I want to thank the witnesses for 

being here today for the Blackfeet Water Settlement, S. 3290. And 

I want to thank you all for making this trip on such short notice. 

You had one week and you are here. Since I go back to Montana 

every weekend, I know that it truly is a sacrifice to come here during the summer, where you step into a sauna when you step off the 

airplane. 

But we certainly appreciate your being here, Shannon Augare, 

who is a Blackfeet tribal member, who is soon to be State Senator. 

I want to congratulate you on the primary victory, and since you 

have no general election appointment, you are in. Jay Weiner, 

State of Montana Water Rights Compact Commission. Jay has 

done great work for a long, long time on water rights issues in the 

State of Montana through that commission. And we very much appreciate that. John Bloomquist, Attorney for the Pondera County 

Canal and Reservoir Company. John is somebody that I have 

known for quite a while now, and a very good attorney, especially 

when it comes to water rights issues. And we appreciate you being 

here too. 

We are here to discuss S. 3290, the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act of 2010. Senator Baucus and I, Senator Baucus may 

show up here at some point in time, if he does, I will defer to him. 

We introduced that legislation back in April of this year. It is an 

important piece of legislation, because water is the foundation of 

life, particularly in rural communities. It is critically important for 

domestic and municipal users, for irrigation, livestock and for economic development on the whole. 

It has been the policy in Montana and the United States to negotiate rather than litigate water rights. So negotiation is important, 

74 

because our diverse communities have many competing interests. 

Nobody gets everything they want. It is important that as communities, we work together to solve our problems rather than fighting 

with one another. 

That is why I am proud of the way these folks have worked together over the years. The negotiation started some 20 years ago. 

During that time, tribal, State, Federal Government and non-Indian water users have negotiated in good faith to craft a settlement 

in way that works for the entire community. They did such a good 

job that the State legislature ratified this compact in 2009, when 

they last met. 

The bill we are considering today will ratify the compact at the 

Federal level. It will resolve claims against the United States and 

authorize funding to improve the reservoir water infrastructure. 

The bill we are talking about today is a good bill, it is a good start. 

It is not perfect. But over the coming months, I do look forward to 

working with you, each and every one of you sitting at the table 

today, and the Administration. I doubt that it will be perfect for 

everybody, but I think that we can work to get a bill that everybody can live with and will work for the people of North Central 

Montana that are impacted by this water settlement. 

So by working together, we will get it done. Again, I want to 

thank you all for being here on short notice. I know you are busy, 

it is summer time, and you always have things to do. But we appreciate your commitment to this piece of legislation and to the 

people you represent. 

With that, Shannon, I will start out with you. You can testify, 

same rules apply, if you can keep it to five minutes, it will be great. 

Your entire written testimony will be a part of the record. 

STATEMENT OF HON. SHANNON AUGARE, MEMBER, 

BLACKFEET TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL 

Mr. AUGARE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, members of the Committee. My name is Shannon Augare. I am a member of the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council and I am honored to be here on behalf 

of the Blackfeet Tribe in support of the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement. 

I am very familiar with this matter, as you mentioned, Mr. 

Chairman, having worked on the ratification of the Blackfeet 

Water Rights Compact as a member of the Montana House of Representatives. I want to thank the Committee for holding this hearing on Senate Bill 3290, a bill that I believe is critical to the future 

of the Blackfeet people. I also want to thank and acknowledge my 

colleagues, the distinguished Vice Chairman of our Tribe, Rusty 

Tatsey, and councilman Jay St. Goddard for being here. 

Today, we together thank you and Senator Baucus for your leadership and for your strong support of the Tribe in introducing this 

bill, and for your understanding of the importance of this bill to 

Blackfeet Country. I also want to thank your staff and the Committee staff for their hard work on this incredibly important bill. 

The Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement is a culmination of over 

two decades of work by the Tribe, State and Federal Government. 

And I know that is a lot of time and a lot of work. I am only 30 

years old, that is two-thirds of my life. It represents a historical 

75 

breakthrough in the Tribe’s over a century long battle to secure 

and protect its water rights. S. 3290 ratifies the Blackfeet Montana 

Water Rights Compact, resolves significant water-related claims 

against the Federal Government, and most importantly establishes 

the critical infrastructure needed for the development of a self-sustaining economy on the Blackfeet Reservation, and of course, a permanent homeland for our Blackfeet people. 

The Blackfeet Reservation was established by treaty in 1855. The 

Reservation originally encompassed much of the State of Montana 

but has been reduced in size by various Federal actions and reservation. It is now about 1.5 million acres. It is located along the 

Rocky Mountain front in North Central Montana adjacent to the 

ever-beautiful Glacier National Park. The Reservation is renowned 

for its spectacular mountain scenery, majestic plains and abundant 

fish and wildlife. The Tribe has over 16,000 members, about half 

of whom live on the Reservation. 

Six separate drainages are encompassed within the Reservation: 

St. Mary, the Milk, Cut Bank Creek, Two Medicine, Badger Creek 

and Birch Creek. The annual water supply is approximately 1.5 

million acre feet, nearly a third of which is in the St. Mary River. 

Water is critical to the continuing survival of our Blackfeet people, 

culturally and economically, and has become increasingly critical as 

development and competition for water occurs around us, and as 

supplies become shorter. We understand that scientists have predicted that our glaciers in Glacier Park will soon disappear in a 

matter of decades. Safe and clean drinking waters are essential for 

the growing population on our Reservation. And water is critical to 

our economy, which is heavily dependent on stock raising and agriculture. 

Unemployment on the Reservation can run as high as 70 to 80 

percent. Water has historically been a contentious issue on the Reservation. In the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty, the United States 

and Canada divided up the St. Mary and Milk Rivers on the Reservation without any consideration or mention of the Blackfeet 

water rights. The bulk of the United States’ share of the St. Mary 

River, some 180,000 acre feet of water annually, has been diverted 

off-reservation over 100 years by means of various facilities built 

on the Reservation, including a 29-mile canal, which carries the 

water to Milk River, then carries it downstream to serve the Federal Milk River project. 

The southern boundary stream, Birch Creek, was the subject of 

early conflicts resulting in a 1908 Federal court decree in a case 

brought by the Federal Government at the time, at the same time 

as the Winters case. While the paramount right of the Tribe was 

recognized, the Tribe was awarded only a portion of the water necessary to irrigate its irrigable lands, leaving it open for the Tribe 

to seek additional water in the future. 

Since then, Birch Creek has become fully utilized through 80,000 

acres irrigated adjacent to the Reservation, making it difficult as 

a practical matter for additional water to be made available to the 

Tribe. Allotment of the Reservation has brought further water conflicts between the Tribe and the purchasers of the allotment. Given 

the historical water rights issues of the Reservation, the Blackfeet 

Water Rights Compact is truly a milestone, achieved after nearly 

76 

two decades of negotiations among the Tribe, the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission and representatives of 

the Federal Government. The compact approved the Montana legislature in April of 2009. Tribal approval is also required through a 

vote of our tribal membership. 

The project costs have been developed by the Tribe’s technical 

consultants and projects are currently being reviewed by the Bureau of Reclamation DEC Team, which will issue its report shortly. 

The Tribes believe that the costs are fully justified under the trust 

obligations of the Federal Government and by the Tribe’s water-related claims against the United States. 

The State has committed to a $20 million contribution to the settlement, $4 million of which has already been appropriated. In addition, in the 2007 legislature, they appropriated $15 million for 

the Birch Creek agreement, for a total State contribution of $35 

million. The Tribe is fully prepared to address any Federal questions or concerns that may be identified by the Administration. Of 

course, the Federal Government was involved in our negotiations 

from the beginning, and we have met with Federal Representatives 

on a number of occasions throughout the negotiation process. 

We have also initiated discussion on the bill’s provisions which 

we expect to continue. And we too hope that we can see some quick 

action on this bill this year. 

I want to thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee. I look forward to responding to any questions you may 

have. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Augare follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. SHANNON AUGARE, MEMBER, BLACKFEET TRIBAL

BUSINESS COUNCIL

Mr. Chairman, and members of the Committee, my name is Shannon Augare. I 

am a member of the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council. I am honored to be here 

on behalf of the Blackfeet Tribe in support of the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement 

Act. I am very familiar with this matter, having worked on the ratification of the 

Blackfeet water rights compact as a member of the Montana Legislature. 

I want to thank the Committee for holding this hearing on S. 3290, a bill that 

is critical to the future of the Blackfeet People. I also want to thank Senator Max 

Baucus and Senator Jon Tester for their strong support of the Tribe in introducing 

this bill, and their understanding of the importance of this bill to the Blackfeet 

Tribe. I also want to thank their staffs and the Committee staff for their hard work 

on this bill. 

The Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement is the culmination of over two decades of 

work by the Tribe and many other people, including those who are testifying here 

today. It represents an historical breakthrough in the Tribe’s over century long battle to secure and protect its waters rights. S. 3290 ratifies the Blackfeet-Montana 

Water Rights Compact, resolves significant water related claims against the Federal 

Government and most importantly establishes the critical infrastructure needed for 

the development of a self-sustaining economy on the Blackfeet Reservation and a 

permanent homeland for the Blackfeet People. 

The Blackfeet Reservation and the Blackfeet People 

The Blackfeet People have occupied the area where the Blackfeet Reservation is 

located since time immemorial. As we say: ‘‘We know who we are and where we 

come from. We come from right here. We know, and have always said, that we have 

forever lived next to the Rocky Mountains.’’ 

Our first treaty, known as Lame Bull’s Treaty, was signed in 1855. Executive orders and statutes would follow, each taking huge chunks of our traditional land. In 

the end, as a small grace, we ended up with the land that was most sacred to us: 

our present day reservation. But this was not due to any good intentions. The simple fact is that the land we wanted most was the land they wanted least. 

77 

In 1896 we had the Northern Rockies taken from us because speculators believed 

there were rich minerals to be had. When mineral riches didn’t pan out, this most 

sacred part of our homeland became Glacier National Park in 1910. To this day we 

question the legitimacy of the 1896 transaction. But thereafter, the modern-day reservation boundaries were set. The present Reservation is about 1.5 million acres. 

Although the United States had promised our reservation would never be allotted 

in the 1896 Agreement by which the Northern Rockies were lost, the Federal Government went back on its word and lands within the reservation were allotted to 

individual Tribal members under allotment acts in 1907 and 1919. 

The Tribe now has over 16,000 members, about half of whom live on the Reservation. Our people have worked hard to survive in the sometimes harsh climate of the 

Rocky Mountains, and have attempted to live in the modern world while maintaining the cultural and spiritual ties to the land and its resources. 

Water is the Essential Element that Binds Us Together 

Water is critical to the Blackfeet People. It is central to our culture and our traditions. It is an essential element of our way of life, and it is crucial to our continuing 

survival culturally, traditionally and economically. Six different drainages are encompassed within the Reservation: the St. Mary, the Milk, Cut Bank Creek, Two 

Medicine River, Badger Creek and Birch Creek. These are the veins and arteries 

of the Reservation and provide life to the Blackfeet People and bind us together as 

a People. 

Water is the source of creation. We believe that rivers and lakes hold special 

power through habitation of Underwater People called the Suyitapis. The Suyitapis 

are the power source for medicine bundles, painted lodge covers, and other sacred 

items. Contact with supernatural powers from the sky, water and land is made 

through visions and dreams and manifests itself in animals or particular objects. 

The beaver ceremony is one of the oldest and most important religious ceremonies, 

and beaver bundles have particular significance. The ceremonial importance of 

water is especially present in the use of sweat lodges as a place to pray, make offerings and cleanse and heal. The sweat lodge remains a part of the religious and spiritual lives of many tribal members. 

Various species of plants also have great importance and are culturally and religiously significant to the Tribe and Tribal members. Particular species of plants are 

essential for religious ceremonies and for their healing and medicinal effects. Both 

water quantity and quality are critical to the survival of these plant species, and 

to the central role of the plant species in the continuing religious and cultural practices of Tribal members. 

Pristine water quality is also essential to the cultural and religious practices of 

the Tribe. Preservation of a high level of water quality is therefore integrally related 

to tribal members’ ability to continue religious, spiritual and cultural practices. 

Water is the lifeblood that not only sustains the Blackfeet people but our way of 

life. The water resources of the Blackfeet Reservation are essential to the lives of 

tribal members, the economic, cultural and spiritual well being of the Tribe, and the 

continuing viability of the Reservation as a homeland to the Blackfeet people. 

The Blackfeet Reservation’s location along the eastern Rocky Mountain Front 

makes it the home of spectacular mountain scenery and abundant fish and wildlife. 

Large game animals, including moose, elk, and deer abound. The Reservation provides significant habitat for grizzly bears and other bears, and for other animals 

such as lynx, pine marten, fisher, mink, wolverine, weasel, beaver, otter, grey wolf, 

swift fox and others. Numerous bird species are also found on the Reservation including bald eagle, golden eagle, osprey, ferruginous hawk, northern goshhawk, harlequin duck, piping plover, whooping crane, and all migratory and shoreline birds, 

as well as game birds such as the sharptail grouse, ringnecked pheasant, mountain 

dove, Hungarian partridge and two species of grouse. The fishery on the Reservation 

is renowned, and includes the west slope cutthroat trout, northern pike, lake trout, 

rainbow trout, mountain white fish, lake white fish, brook trout, brown trout, Yellowstone cutthroat trout, walleye, and many others. The threatened bull trout is 

also be found on the reservation. The habitats of these wildlife species and fish depend directly on the water resources of the Reservation to support them and allow 

them to thrive. 

At the same time, water is vital for our communities to thrive and prosper. Safe 

and clean drinking water supplies are essential for the growing population on the 

Reservation, and water is critical to our economy which is heavily dependent on 

stock raising and agriculture. 

The Reservation also possesses significant timber, and oil and gas resources and 

other resources. Oil and gas production has occurred on the Reservation since the 

1930s, and the Tribe has recently experienced a significantly increased interest in 

78 

new development on the Reservation. The Tribe has also been working hard to develop wind energy and the hydroelectric potential on the Reservation. All of these 

activities are dependent on adequate supplies of water. 

Fortunately, we are blessed with an abundant supply of water. Over 518 miles 

of stream and 180 water bodies, including eight large lakes, are located on the reservation. More than 1.5 million acre-feet of water arise on or flow through the 

Blackfeet Reservation on an annual basis. Despite the significant water supply, or 

maybe because of it, historically others have sought to appropriate it for themselves, 

and water has become a precious resource in more modern times. 

The Water Wars 

In 1909, the United States entered in to the Boundary Water Treaty with Canada. 

Although the treaty divided the Milk River and St Mary River between the two 

countries, not a word was mentioned about the Blackfeet, or the fact that these 

streams arise on or near the Blackfeet Reservation, and that the Blackfeet have 

rights to them. 

Not long after the Boundary Waters Treaty, the United States withdrew significant lands on the Reservation under the 1902 Reclamation Act, and began construction of the St. Mary facilities that would divert most of the United States’ share 

of the St. Mary River off the Reservation for use by the Milk River Project over a 

hundred miles away, notwithstanding that there was an equally feasible project on 

the Blackfeet Reservation to which the water could have been brought. The diversion is accomplished through facilities on the Reservation, including Sherburne 

Dam, and a twenty-nine mile canal through the Reservation that eventually empties 

into the Milk River. The Milk River flows north into Canada and then back into 

the United States near Havre, Montana, where it is heavily utilized by the Milk 

River Project and by the Fort Belknap Reservation. There are few historical acts, 

other than loss of land, that have engendered more passion and outrage than this 

wholesale transfer of Reservation water to serve non-Indians far downstream, without a word about or any consideration of Blackfeet Tribe’s water rights or the Blackfeet water needs. The Tribe is left not only with no access to and no benefit from 

its own water, but a tangled web of confusing and non-existent rights of way and 

easements for the St. Mary Diversion facilities on the Reservation. 

At the same time that the St. Mary diversion was taking place, there was a concerted effort by water users just south of the Reservation to appropriate for themselves the waters of Birch Creek, the southern boundary of the Reservation. The situation eventually led to litigation in a case brought by the United States contemporaneously with the Winters case. The case sought the removal of the Conrad Investment Company’s dam on Birch Creek which was intended to send water to 

irrigators adjacent to the southern boundary of the Reservation. In Conrad Investment Company v. United States, decided by the Ninth Circuit in 1908, the same 

year as the Winters case, the court upheld the Tribe’s prior and paramount right 

to the water. But the court did not award the full amount of water necessary to 

irrigate all of the Tribe’s irrigable lands, leaving it open for the Tribe to claim additional water in the future. United States v. Conrad Investment Company, 156 Fed. 

123 (D. Mont. 1907), aff’d Conrad Investment Co. v. United States, 161 Fed. 829 (9th 

Cir. 1908). In the meantime, Birch Creek has been fully appropriated through development of 80,000 acres of irrigation immediately adjacent to the Reservation. 

In an attempt to control the water through the land, the Conrad Investment case 

served as the springboard to the first Blackfeet allotment act in 1907. Over a span 

of two congresses, the Blackfeet allotment act moved forward with various water 

rights provisions intended to make Blackfeet water rights subject to state law, to 

enjoin the United States from prosecuting any further suits against water users, 

and later to give preference to settlers on surplus lands to appropriate water on the 

Reservation. See, John Shurts, Indian Reserved Water Rights: The Winters Doctrine 

in its Social and Legal Context, 1880s–1930s (University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). 

These efforts largely failed, thanks in part to a veto from President Theodore Roosevelt, but the 1907 Allotment nevertheless became law notwithstanding that in the 

1896 Agreement by which the Northern Rockies were lost to the Tribe, the Federal 

Government agreed that there would be no allotment of the Reservation. See Art. 

V of the Agreement of September 26, 1895, ratified by the Act of June 10, 1896, 

29 Stat 321, 353. 

Allotment brought the third serious dispute between the Tribe and non-Indian 

water users. The Bureau of Indian Affairs Blackfeet Irrigation Project was authorized in the 1907 Allotment Act. However, many of the prime irrigation lands both 

within the Project and in other areas of the Reservation on Cut Bank Creek and 

the Milk River quickly went out of trust. The Tribe’s water rights have gone unprotected from the use of water by non-Indian development on former allotments. NuVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00082 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
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merous disputes have arisen over the years of varying severity, and the need to resolve the Tribe’s water rights has increasingly become critical. 

Traditionally, the Tribe has taken the approach of sharing the resource cooperatively, but more recent years have brought shortages during the late irrigation season in both the Milk and Cut Bank Creek, and the dilapidated condition of the 

Blackfeet Irrigation Project has become a serious impediment to water use within 

the Project. Plans to rehabilitate the hundred year old St. Mary Diversion facilities 

have further raised water right concerns, and the need for the Tribe to finally 

achieve some benefit from those facilities. 

Water Rights Compact 

Given the historical water rights issues on the Reservation, the Blackfeet Water 

Rights Compact is truly a milestone achievement after nearly two decades of negotiations among the Tribe, the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission 

and the Federal Government. The Compact was complete in December 2007. It was 

approved by the Montana Legislature in April, 2009 (85–20–1501 MCA), and it is 

now before this Committee for ratification in the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement 

Act. It will further require approval of the Tribe through a vote of the Tribal membership. In general, the Compact: 

• Establishes the Tribe’s water right as all surface and groundwater less the 

amount necessary to fulfill state water rights in all drainages (Milk River, Cut 

Bank Creek, Two Medicine River and Badger Creek) except for the St. Mary 

River and Birch Creek. 

• Establishes a St. Mary water right of 50,000 acre-feet, and requires the parties 

to identify how the water will be provided to fulfill the Tribe’s water right in 

a manner that does injure the Milk River Project. 

• Establishes a Birch Creek water right of 100 cfs, plus 25 cfs for in stream flow 

during the summer and 15 cfs during the winter. 

• Protects non-irrigation use and some irrigation uses through ‘‘no-call’’ provisions. 

• Provides for water leasing off the Reservation. 

• Closes on-reservation streams to new water appropriations under state law. 

• Provides for Tribal administration of the Tribal water, and State administration 

of state law water rights, and creates a Compact Board to resolve disputes. 

• Provides for an allocation of water stored in Tiber Reservoir (in an amount to 

be determined by Congress). 

• Mitigates the impacts of the Tribe’s water rights on Birch Creek water users 

through a separate Birch Creek Agreement by which the Tribe defers new development on Birch Creek for 15 years and provides 15,000 acre-feet of water 

per year to Birch Creek water users from Four Horns Reservoir, the total agreement not to exceed 25 years. 

For obvious historical reasons, the St. Mary River and Birch Creek proved to be 

the most difficult issues for the parties to resolve. 

The Compact includes a Birch Creek Management Agreement as an Appendix to 

the Compact that requires the Tribe and the Pondera County Canal and Reservoir 

Company to develop annual water management plans, to meet annually, along with 

the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and to otherwise cooperatively manage their water 

uses. 

In addition, in the separate Birch Creek Agreement, which is mentioned above, 

the Tribe has committed to enlarge the Four Horns Reservoir on the Reservation, 

a storage facility of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project, to provide mitigation water to 

Birch Creek water users. The Tribe will defer new development of Birch Creek 

water for a fifteen year period, during which the enlargement will occur. When the 

enlargement of Four Horns is complete, the Tribe will provide 15,000 acre-feet of 

water to Birch Creek water users, for a total agreement term of 25 years. Given 

that Birch Creek is currently a fully utilized stream without taking into account an 

increased Blackfeet water right, mitigation measures were the only reasonable and 

feasible way to reach agreement there. 

As to the St. Mary River, additional identification and study of alternatives to 

provide the Tribe’s water right will be necessary and are included as part of the 

legislation. A substantial portion of the United States’ share of the St. Mary River 

is diverted to the Bureau of Reclamation’s Milk River Project, as described above. 

Therefore it will be necessary to identify alternatives to provide the Tribe’s water 

right. In the meantime, S. 3290 provides that the Tribe will receive it water right 

through an allocation of Sherburne Dam, the Milk River Project storage facility on 

80 

the Blackfeet Reservation. The Tribe will lease back the water to the Project, until 

a permanent water supply is identified and implemented for the Tribe. Such an arrangement is the only way to ensure that the water rights of both the Tribe and 

the Milk River Project are fulfilled. 

Upon completion of the Compact, a separate concern was raised by the Fort 

Belknap Indian Community relating to the Milk River, and the potential for conflict 

between the Blackfeet and Fort Belknap Milk River water rights. While the Blackfeet Tribe believes that the potential for conflict is very low, the two tribes have met 

on a number of occasions to resolve any possible conflict. Language was agreed upon 

to be inserted in our respective settlement legislation. The language was included 

in an agreement signed by the Blackfeet Tribe, but not yet signed by Fort Belknap. 

The language appears in the Blackfeet legislation in Sec. 11, and we believe it fully 

protects Fort Belknap. The provision requires the Secretary to insure that the water 

rights of both tribes are fulfilled. This is a particular federal responsibility due to 

the United States trust responsibility to both tribes, and particularly because the 

Federal Government was party to the negotiations of both tribes. 

State Approval and State Contribution 

As described above, the Blackfeet water rights compact was approved by the State Legislature in April 2009. The State of Montana has committed to contribute $20 

million to the Compact. Along with the approval of the Compact in 2009, the State 

legislature appropriated $4 million toward the $20 million state contribution, and 

has committed to appropriate the remaining amount in the 2011 legislature. In 

2007, the Montana Legislature also appropriated $15 million for Birch Creek mitigation. Of these funds, $14.5 million has been placed in an escrow fund for the Tribe 

as part of the Birch Creek Agreement (to which the Tribe currently has access to 

the interest), and $500,000 was used for engineering studies for the Four Horns enlargement. Therefore, the State has committed to a $35 million contribution to the 

Blackfeet settlement. This is very major contribution on the part of the State, one 

of the larger, if not the largest contribution, for an Indian water rights settlement 

in Montana. 

Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act 

S. 3290, the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act, carries forth the terms of the 

Blackfeet water rights compact, and addresses the issues of particular federal responsibility and federal concern. The bill would do the following: 

• Approves and ratifies the Compact and the Birch Creek Agreement. 

• Provides for an allocation of Tiber Dam water. 

• Provides 50,000 acre feet of Sherburne Dam water to the Tribe in fulfillment 

of the Tribe’s St. Mary water right, to be leased to the Milk River Project until 

a permanent alternative(s) to provide the St. Mary right is identified and implemented. Authorizes funding to undertake the necessary investigation and studies, planning, design and construction to provide the St. Mary water right to 

the Tribe. 

• Requires resolution of all rights of way issues related to the Milk River Project 

facilities, involving tribal lands and allotted land. 

• Authorizes the rehabilitation and improvement of the Blackfeet Irrigation 

Project, including the enlargement of Four Horns Reservoir. 

• Establishes a Blackfeet Water Settlement Fund and authorizes $125M for the 

Blackfeet Irrigation Project and $93.2 for each of five years for other water 

projects and water related projects. 

• Provides for a waiver of water related claims against the Federal Government. 

• Establishes a tribal water right in Lewis and Clark National Forest in the 

amount claimed by the United States on behalf of the Tribe. 

• Reserves a claim to water in Glacier National Park for the Tribe’s hunting, fishing and timbering rights reserved in the 1895 Agreement. 

• Requires the Secretary to resolve any conflict involving Milk River water between the Tribe and Ft. Belknap. 

The Tribe has identified a number of projects that are critical to the implementing 

the Tribe’s water right under the Compact. The projects include rehabilitation and 

build-out of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project, including the Four Horns enlargement, 

irrigation development on the Milk River, Cut Bank Creek and Birch Creek, and 

a regional water system to provide a long term municipal water supply to several 

communities on the Reservation, including East Glacier, Browning, Starr School, 

and Seville, and a separate water supply for the Town of Babb. 

81 

Badger/Fisher Unit-Water Supply Augmentation and Irrigation Project Rehabilitation & Betterment (including Four Horns Enlargement) 

The components for this project include an enlarged & rehabilitated feeder canal 

from Badger Creek to an off-stream dam & reservoir, Four Horns Dam, an enlarged 

Four Horns Dam from about 20,000 AF to 70,000 AF (actually a new dam just 

downstream from the existing dam), an enlarged and rehabilitated main canal from 

the dam to the Badger-Fisher Unit of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project, irrigation unit 

rehabilitation and betterment, including some on-farm improvements, and a water 

supply pipeline (gravity) from Four Horns Dam to off-reservation water users. The 

Four Horns enlargement is critical to the implementation of the Compact as set 

forth above. 

The rehabilitation and betterment of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project is essential 

to continuing irrigation in this hundred year old project. The Project was authorized 

by the 1907 allotment, as part of the Indian Appropriations in the Act of May 1, 

1907, 34 Stat. 1035. Currently, nearly 30,000 acres of land are included in the 

project, but the Project has never been completed. In addition, the current dilapidated state of the project severely limits full irrigation to lands in the project. 

Two Medicine River Irrigation Development 

This project includes selective betterment and on-farm improvements on the Two 

Medicine Unit of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project and a major enlargement of Mission Lake with pumping facilities. 

Birch Creek Irrigation Development 

This project includes selective betterment and on-farm improvements on the Birch 

Creek Unit of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project. 

Milk River Irrigation Development 

Much of the economically developable run-of-the-river irrigation (no storage facilities) has been already developed on the Milk River by non-Indians within the Reservation. New irrigated acreage will require new storage. This project may include 

the purchase and rehabilitation of existing irrigated lands, and development of new 

Tribal irrigated lands, including the construction of new storage and irrigation 

water delivery systems. This project will allow the Tribe to establish its own irrigation in the Milk River drainage, something it has not been able to do without storage given the existing non-Indian irrigation. 

Cut Bank Creek Irrigation Development 

Much of the economically developable run-of-the-river irrigation (no storage facilities) has been already developed on Cut Bank Creek by non-Indians within the Reservation. New irrigated acreage will require new storage. This project may include 

purchase and rehabilitation of existing irrigated lands, and developing new Tribal 

irrigated lands, including the construction of new storage and major water delivery 

systems. Like the Milk River Project, this project will allow the Tribe to establish 

irrigation in the Cut Bank Creek Drainage which it has been unable to do without 

storage given the existing non-Indian irrigation. 

Regional Water System 

The Blackfeet Tribe, Indian Health Service (IHS) and other entities have designed 

and are currently constructing a Phase 1 regional water system within the Reservation. The source is at Lower Two Medicine Lake, with an associated water treatment plant, with water service pipelines going to the towns of East Glacier and 

Browning. The current project focuses on current needs. The proposed project would 

provide a 50 year water long-term community water supply and would include enlarging the treatment plant and Phase 1 pipelines and extending the pipeline from 

Browning to serve Indian communities to the eastern boundary of the Reservation, 

including the Star School and Seville areas. 

For many years, East Glacier has been under a boil order issued by EPA. The 

Town of Browning has had frequent problems with its current water supply which 

is provided by groundwater wells. These wells have experienced supply and quality 

problems that have affected a continuous water supply for Browning. The Seville 

water supply is currently provided through an agreement with the City of Cut 

Bank. However, the ability of Cut Bank to continue to provide water to this reservation community given the City’s own water supply problems is in doubt. Therefore, 

it is critical for another supply for Seville to be provided. 

It is also critical to establish a long term supply of water to Reservation communities. The Tribe has continually had to address community water supply problems 

by cobbling together short term fixes. At the same time, the Reservation population 

has significantly increased, and projections are that such increases will continue. A 

82 

long term supply will provide the necessary stability that will allow for long term 

community growth. 

St. Mary River Water Development 

Components of this project include enlarging Lower St. Mary’s Lake and Spider 

Lake and other potential off-stream storage facilities and improvements. These 

projects may serve as potential projects to supply the Tribe’s St. Mary water right. 

A municipal water system for the Town of Babb is also included. Like other Reservation communities, Babb now relies on an inadequate and problematic well system. A potential 500-acre irrigation project has further been identified that will 

allow the Tribe some irrigation benefits which now accrue only to the Bureau of 

Reclamation’s Milk River Project. 

Blackfeet Stock Water and Irrigation Developments 

This project would include individual stock water and irrigation developments 

scattered throughout the Reservation. The project would allow individual Indian allotment holders that are not within any irrigation project to develop small irrigation 

developments and also stock water development for their cattle. 

Compact Administration 

A permanent Blackfeet Water Rights/Water Resource Office would be responsible 

for implementing the water rights compact, developing a revised water code, administering water rights on the Reservation, developing a water management plan and 

implementing the water rights settlement projects. 

The Cost of Settlement 

The Tribe’s technical consultant, DOWL HKM of Billings, Montana, has assisted 

the Tribe in the development of the above projects and has prepared reports on each 

of the projects and the associated costs. Separate costs have been developed for each 

of the projects. $125 million has been provided for in the legislation for the Four 

Horns enlargement which is required to fulfill the commitment to provide mitigation 

water to Birch Creek water users, and is set out separately in the legislation. The 

cost of the remaining projects will potentially exceed the remaining $466 million. 

The Tribe proposes to construct the most critical projects within the funds provided 

for in the legislation. Much of the cost is associated with the rehabilitation and betterment of the Badger-Fisher, Two Medicine and Birch Creek units of the Blackfeet 

Irrigation Project. The Regional Water System is estimated to cost $107,481,500. All 

of the projects are currently being reviewed by a Bureau of Reclamation DEC Team 

(design, engineering and construction), and the DEC Team’s report will be issued 

shortly. 

The costs of settlement are fully justified by the needs of the Reservation and the 

potential Tribal claims against the United States associated with the St. Mary Diversion, the environmental and resource damages caused by the diversion facilities, 

claims relating to the 1909 Boundary Water Treaty, the failure of the United States 

to properly operate and maintain the Blackfeet Irrigation Project, and the failure 

of the United States to protect the Tribe’s water right from development by others. 

Conclusion 

The Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement represents the hard work of many people. 

The settlement has critical importance to the future of the Blackfeet people. The legislation will secure the water rights of the Tribe through ratification of the Tribe’s 

water rights compact, and will also provide the necessary funding for the development of vital reservation water projects, including drinking water projects, water 

storage projects and irrigation and stock development. The settlement will significantly contribute to the development of a strong Reservation economy and a better 

life for the Blackfeet people. 

The Tribe is prepared to address any federal concerns that may be identified, and 

has initiated contact with the Administration for this purpose. 

We thank the Committee and Committee staff and look forward to responding to 

any questions you may have. 

Attachment 

83 

Senator TESTER. Thank you, Shannon. 

Jay Weiner? 

STATEMENT OF JAY WEINER, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY 

GENERAL, STATE OF MONTANA; LEGAL COUNSEL, MONTANA 

RESERVED WATER RIGHTS COMPACT COMMISSION 

Mr. WEINER. Thank you, Senator Tester. 

My name is Jay Weiner, I am an Assistant Attorney General 

with the State of Montana and legal counsel to the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission. It is my privilege and 

honor to be here today to testify in support of S. 3290, ratifying the 

Blackfeet Tribe’s water rights settlement. 

As you have heard, this settlement is a long time in coming. I 

am a little bit older than Shannon, but the 20 years that this has 

been in negotiation reflects about half of my life. 

This is the product of truly significant hard work by the Tribe, 

by the State of Montana. We appreciate the participation of the 


722b40.eps
84 

United States in our process as well. I want to thank the Tribe for 

the leadership they have shown. I would also be remiss today if I 

did not make mention of Susan Cottingham, the program director 

of the Compact Commission, who is retiring at the end of this 

month. The work that she has put in over the years has been invaluable in the success that Montana has had in the numerous 

water rights settlements that we have concluded. 

My written testimony expands at some length about the specifics 

of the settlement. So what I just want to touch on today is what 

we believe is the critical balance that was struck in the settlement. 

And you heard a little bit of that from the prior panel as well, that 

to make these negotiated settlements work, a balance needs to be 

struck between recognizing the legitimate, significant senior water 

rights claims of a tribe with the reliance on that water that nonIndian users have come to have over the 150 or so years that there 

has been settlement in Montana. Roughly 15 percent of Montana’s 

agricultural economy depends on water that is involved in the 

Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement. It was certainly a priority of 

the State during these negotiations to ensure that we could meet 

those two goals. I believe the settlement has faithfully done that. 

One of the critical ways that we did that, and Shannon made 

mention of this as well, is that the State has contributed and continues to contribute $35 million to mitigate the impact of the 

Tribe’s Birch Creek water right on non-Indian irrigators who also 

take water out of Birch Creek, which is the Reservation’s southern 

boundary stream. The centerpiece of that plan is the rehabilitation 

and enlargement of the Four Horns Reservoir, which is a storage 

facility on the Badger Creek drainage to the north of Birch Creek. 

The State contributed half a million dollars out of the 2007 legislative session to preliminary engineering studies. And we believe 

that those studies show that it is both cost-effective and reasonable 

to significantly enlarge the Four Horns Reservoir to make it capable of serving its current users as well as bringing additional water 

over to Birch Creek, which is a critical part of making the settlement work. 

As I said, the State has put $35 million into that, $19 million of 

which has already been appropriated. We expect to see the additional $16 million in the Governor’s budget that will be submitted 

to the 2011 session of the Montana legislature that will convene 

this January. 

I should also note that the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement is 

important for the United States being able to recognize and utilize 

the full share of its entitlements out of both the St. Mary and the 

Milk River which are subject to the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty 

with Canada. That is a treaty that apportioned significant crossboundary streams. Our feeling in Montana is that we were an 

after-thought to some extent and the Canadians got a very good 

deal and we did not get such a good deal. 

But this settlement is critical to making sure that what we do 

get from that treaty we are able to make benefit of for all of us 

who live south of the 49th parallel. That is a critical portion of this 

settlement as well. 

Finally, I know that a representative from the Fort Belknap 

Tribe was invited to be here today. Unfortunately, he could not atVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00088 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
85 

tend. I know that he has submitted written testimony, and I would 

like to say, because the Compact Commission negotiated the settlement with the Fort Belknap Tribes as well as the Blackfeet Tribe, 

that we believe our technical analysis indicates that the possibility 

of actual conflict on the Milk River, which is a stream that originates on the Blackfeet Reservation, runs up into Canada and then 

back down into Montana and runs across the Fort Belknap Reservation, the possibility of conflict between the two tribes based on 

what we are proposing to quantify in their respective settlements 

is extraordinarily remote. We believe there is really no practical 

likelihood of any actual conflict arising. 

That said, the Blackfeet Tribe and the Fort Belknap Tribes recognizing the possibility of theoretical conflict had negotiated for a 

memorandum of understanding which empowered the Secretary to 

effectively mediate between the two tribes in the event that in the 

future a conflict were to arise. That provision is embodied in S. 

3290. So we do not believe there is any meaningful prospect of 

inter-tribal conflict that would result from the approval of this settlement. 

And I see that my time is running short, so I will conclude my 

remarks. I again express my gratitude for the hard work, Senator 

Tester, that you and your staff have put in, that Senator Baucus 

and his staff have put in. We are very appreciative of all of the 

work that you have done on all the Indian water rights settlements 

that have come up from Montana. We look forward to continuing 

to work with both your offices, with the Committee, with our partners, the Blackfeet Tribe, and with the United States, to get this 

settlement into shape that it can be ratified hopefully this year. 

Thank you very much for the opportunity to be here. 

Senator TESTER. As do we, Jay. Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Weiner follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JAY WEINER, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF

MONTANA; LEGAL COUNSEL, MONTANA RESERVED WATER RIGHTS COMPACT

COMMISSION

Chairman Dorgan and distinguished members of the Senate Committee on Indian 

Affairs, I thank you for the opportunity to provide written testimony on this important matter. My name is Jay Weiner, and I am a Montana Assistant Attorney General and staff attorney for the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission. I am here to testify on behalf of Chris Tweeten, the Chairman of the Montana 

Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission, the State of Montana and Governor 

Brian Schweitzer, in support of S. 3290, the Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act 

of 2010, and to urge your approval of this bill. 

The Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission was created by the 

Montana legislature in 1979 to negotiate, on behalf of the Governor, settlements 

with Indian Tribes and federal agencies claiming federal reserved water rights in 

the state of Montana. The Compact Commission was established as an alternative 

to litigation as part of the statewide water adjudication and is charged with concluding compacts ‘‘for the equitable division and apportionment of waters between 

the state and its people and the several Indian tribes’’ and the Federal Government. 

(Mont. Code Ann. § 85–2–702 (2009).) 

Montana has been remarkably successful in resolving both Indian and federal reserved water rights claims through settlement negotiations. To date, we have concluded and implemented water rights Compacts with the tribes of the Fort Peck, 

Northern Cheyenne and Rocky Boy’s Reservations, as well as with the United 

States Forest Service, National Park Service, Agricultural Research Service, Bureau 

of Land Management, and several units of the Fish and Wildlife Service. The Congress has previously ratified the Northern Cheyenne and the Rocky Boy’s Compacts, 

and both tribes have seen substantial economic and social benefits from the comVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00089 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
86 

pleted settlements. In addition, we have reached Compact agreements with the 

tribes of the Blackfeet, Crow and Fort Belknap Reservations that are in the process 

of approval. Earlier this year, this Committee recommended to the full Senate a ‘‘do 

pass’’ on Senate Bill 375, as amended, ratifying the Crow Water Rights Settlement. 

The Blackfeet Tribe-Montana Compact has already been approved by the Montana 

legislature (Mont. Code Ann. § 85–20–1501 (2009)), and is now before Congress for 

ratification pursuant to S. 3290. 

Concurrent with the initiation of the Montana general stream adjudication and 

the establishment of the Compact Commission in 1979, the United States filed suit 

in federal court to quantify the rights of tribes within the State, including the 

Blackfeet Tribe. Those federal cases have been stayed pending the adjudication of 

tribal water rights in state court. Should the negotiated settlement of the Blackfeet 

Tribe’s water right claims fail to be approved, then the claims of the Blackfeet Tribe 

will be litigated before the Montana Water Court. The Blackfeet Tribe has always 

had the senior water rights in the basins that are the subject of the settlement embodied in S. 3290—this Compact does not create those rights, it simply quantifies 

them. 

The Blackfeet Indian Reservation is located in north-central Montana, bounded by 

Glacier National Park and the Lewis and Clark National Forest to the west, Canada 

to the north and prairies to the east and south. The Reservation encompasses 1.5 

million acres (roughly one and a half times the size of Rhode Island), making the 

Reservation one of the largest in the United States. The Reservation is home to approximately half of the 16,000 enrolled Tribal members. Unemployment on the Reservation is estimated at being up to 70 percent. The region is arid, with approximately 13 inches of average annual precipitation. Ranching and farming comprise 

the major uses of land on the Reservation, with the principal crops being wheat, 

barley and hay. 

The provisions in S. 3290 will recognize and quantify water rights as well as offReservation storage allocations that will allow the Blackfeet Tribe to provide for its 

growing population and to develop its natural resources. The State of Montana and 

the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council agree that this is a fair and equitable settlement that will enhance the ability of the Tribe to develop a productive and sustainable homeland for the Blackfeet People. We appreciate the efforts of the Tribe and 

the Federal Government to work with the State to forge this agreement, and, in 

doing so, to listen to and address the concerns of non-Indian water users both on 

and off the Reservation. This settlement is the product of over two decades of negotiations among the parties, which included an intensive process of public involvement. 

The primary sources of water on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation are the St. 

Mary River, the Milk River, the Two Medicine River, and Badger, Birch and Cut 

Bank Creeks. (See Attachment A.) Collectively, these watercourses contain approximately 1.5 million acre-feet per year (AFY) of water, with the St. Mary River alone 

accounting for roughly one-third of that total. The St. Mary River originates in the 

mountains of Glacier National Park and flows north and east across the Reservation 

before crossing into Canada. The Two Medicine River and Badger and Birch Creeks 

originate in the mountains to the west of the Reservation and flow east, ultimately 

uniting to form the Marias River just east of the Reservation. Birch Creek delineates the Reservation’s southern boundary. The Milk River and Cut Bank Creek are 

prairie streams. The Milk River flows northeast into Canada before re-entering the 

United States just west of Havre, Montana, while Cut Bank Creek flows south and 

east until it joins the Marias River. The St. Mary and Milk Rivers are both subject 

to an apportionment agreed to between the United States and Canada in the 1909 

Boundary Waters Treaty (BWT), and implemented by a 1921 Order of the International Joint Commission that was established by the BWT. Indian water rights 

were not considered during the negotiation or implementation of the BWT. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) manages the Blackfeet Irrigation Project on the Reservation. The Blackfeet Irrigation Project serves land in the Birch Creek, Badger 

Creek, Two Medicine River and Cut Bank Creek drainages. 

The Blackfeet Tribal Water Right is quantified separately for each drainage basin 

within the Reservation. The Tribal Water Right for the St. Mary River drainage 

within the Reservation is 50,000 AFY, not including the flows of Lee and Willow 

Creeks. This water right is subject to the limitation that its exercise may not adversely impact the water rights held by the Bureau of Reclamation’s Milk River 

Project (MRP), which diverts almost the entire United States’ share under the BWT 

of the St. Mary River into the Milk River for use by MRP irrigators in northern 

Montana approximately 200 miles downstream of the Reservation. The balance between tribal rights and MRP needs, and the protection of these off-Reservation 

water users, was a critical aspect of the negotiations of this settlement. 

87 

In 1902, when Congress authorized, and the Bureau of Reclamation began to develop, the MRP, insufficient attention was given to the senior water rights of the 

Blackfeet Tribe. Historically, the Tribe has received neither benefits from nor compensation for the St. Mary River water used by the MRP, which can account for up 

to 90 percent of the MRP’s water supply in dry years. At the same time, water users 

in this federal project have for generations depended on the St. Mary River water 

delivered to Project facilities for their livelihoods. This settlement addresses these 

two factors by providing for an interim allocation to the Tribe of 50,000 AFY of St. 

Mary River Water stored in Sherburne Reservoir, which is located contiguous to the 

Reservation and just inside Glacier National Park. That water is to be leased by 

the Tribe back to the Bureau of Reclamation for use by the MRP, at a rate to be 

negotiated between the Tribe and the United States, while studies are conducted 

to identify a permanent solution capable of satisfying the Tribe’s water rights while 

keeping the MRP whole. The Tribe is also entitled to groundwater in the St. Mary 

drainage that is not subject to the BWT’s apportionment, as well as the entire 

United States’ share under the BWT of the natural flow of Lee and Willow Creeks 

(which are located in the St. Mary River drainage), except for the water in those 

streams that is subject to existing water rights under state law. 

The Blackfeet Tribal Water Right in the Milk River is quantified as the entire 

United States’ share under the BWT of the Milk River, as well as all non-BWT 

groundwater in the Milk River drainage on the Reservation, except for the water 

that is subject to existing water rights under state law. In addition, the Tribe has 

agreed to afford protections for those existing water rights under state law, including a no-call provision for uses other than irrigation, and a 10 year phase-in for new 

development of tribal irrigation. The tribes of the Ft. Belknap Indian Community 

also claim water rights in the Milk River downstream of the point at which the Milk 

River re-enters the United States from Canada. Staff for the Compact Commission, 

which also negotiated a settlement of the water rights of the Ft. Belknap Indian 

Community that was approved by the State legislature in 2001 (Mont. Code Ann. 

§ 85–20–1001 (2009)), has evaluated the potential of competing demands on the Milk 

River between the Blackfeet Tribe and the Ft. Belknap Indian Community and has 

concluded that the possibility of actual conflict is exceedingly remote. Nevertheless, 

the Blackfeet Tribe and the Ft. Belknap Indian Community have negotiated a 

memorandum of understanding over Milk River water uses pursuant to their respective settlements, which contemplates that the Secretary of the Interior shall, with 

the consent of the tribal governments, identify and implement alternatives to resolve any such conflict that might someday arise. This provision is included in S. 

3290 as well. 

The Blackfeet Tribal Water Right in Cut Bank Creek is quantified as all of the 

water (both surface and underground) in that drainage within the Reservation, except for the water that is subject to existing water rights under state law. The Tribe 

has also agreed to afford existing water rights under state law in the Cut Bank 

Creek drainage the same protections as are provided for in the Milk River drainage. 

The quantifications of the Tribal Water Right in the Two Medicine River and Badger Creek drainages are done in the same fashion as the Cut Bank Creek quantification, though the protections accorded by the Tribe to existing water rights under 

state law in these two drainages extend the no-call protection to all existing water 

rights under state law, not just non-irrigation water rights. (This more expansive 

no-call protection also extends to existing water rights in the St. Mary River drainage.) 

The quantification of the Tribal Water Right in Birch Creek was a major component of the negotiations. The Tribe’s water rights in Birch Creek were judicially recognized as early as the 1908 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in the Conrad 

Investment Company case (161 F. 829 (9th Cir.1908)), which was decided very shortly after the United States Supreme Court ruled in the seminal Indian water rights 

case Winters v. United States (207 U.S. 564 (1908)). The Blackfeet Irrigation Project 

diverts water from Birch Creek for project water users on the Reservation, but historically the Tribe has taken far less water from Birch Creek than that to which 

it was legally entitled. There is also extensive water resource development immediately to the south of Birch Creek, where roughly 80,000 irrigated acres, as well 

as municipalities, are served by the facilities of the Pondera County Canal and Reservoir Company (PCCRC). PCCRC also operates Swift Dam, which abuts the southwest corner of the Reservation. During the irrigation season, PCCRC’s use diverts 

nearly all of the water available in Birch Creek. As the unconstrained development 

of the Tribe’s Birch Creek water right recognized in this settlement has the potential to cause significant impacts to existing users, the balance between tribal and 

off-Reservation water use from Birch Creek was a major component of the negotiations. 

88 

The settlement quantifies a substantial Tribal Water Right in Birch Creek. The 

quantification consists of a senior irrigation right of 100 cubic feet per second (cfs) 

of Birch Creek natural flow, as well as a seasonably variable in-stream flow right 

(25 cfs from October 1 to March 31, and 15 cfs from April 1 to September 30), and 

all groundwater in the Birch Creek drainage that is not hydrologically connected to 

Birch Creek. In addition, the Tribe is entitled to the remainder of the water in Birch 

Creek after full satisfaction of existing uses under state law. As part of the protection of existing water rights under state law for which the State bargained, the 

Tribe agreed in the Compact to limit the development of its Birch Creek irrigation 

right to the Upper Birch Creek Drainage. There are also very specific administration provisions in the Compact concerning the manner in which the Tribe may 

change the use of its Birch Creek irrigation right to other beneficial purposes. In 

addition, a Birch Creek Management Plan (Attachment B) has been appended to the 

Compact, which commits the Tribe, the BIA and the operators at PCCRC to meet 

prior to each irrigation season to develop management plans to maximize the beneficial use of Birch Creek for all water users, and to adapt those plans as conditions 

warrant during the course of each irrigation season. 

When the Compact Commission initially presented this proposed settlement 

framework at public meetings south of the Reservation, the response was overwhelmingly negative, as stakeholders believed that the risks posed to their livelihoods by full tribal development of its Birch Creek water rights were insufficiently 

mitigated. Consequently, the parties returned to the negotiating table and entered 

into an Agreement Regarding Birch Creek Water Use (the Birch Creek Agreement) 

on January 31, 2008. The Birch Creek Agreement (Attachment C) is a critical component of the overall settlement. Under the Birch Creek Agreement, the State 

agreed to put $14.5 million into an escrow fund payable to the Tribe after final approval of the Compact by the Montana Water Court. (In anticipation of settlement, 

the 2007 session of the Montana legislature fully funded this amount.) In the interim, the Tribe is entitled to receive the interest from that fund, up to $650,000 

per year. In exchange for these payments, the Tribe agreed to defer any development of its Birch Creek water rights beyond their current use for a period of 15 

years from the effective date of the Birch Creek Agreement. In addition, the Tribe 

agreed to prioritize in this settlement authorization and funding for the Four Horns 

Project. 

The Four Horns Project involves the repair and improvement of the Four Horns 

Dam and Reservoir and associated infrastructure, features of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project located on the Reservation in the Badger Creek drainage. Preliminary 

engineering studies, funded by a $500,000 appropriation from the State, indicate 

that the storage capacity of the reservoir can be substantially increased in a cost 

effective fashion, and that a delivery system can be constructed economically to 

move excess water from the reservoir across to Birch Creek for the benefit of all 

Birch Creek water users. The studies suggest that this can be accomplished without 

reducing the access of Badger Creek water users, including those within the Blackfeet Irrigation Project, to the quantity of water currently stored in Four Horns that 

they use. The State has committed to spend $20 million toward the construction of 

this Four Horns Project, $4 million of which has already been appropriated. 

One of the essential mitigation benefits secured by the State in exchange for the 

financial and other commitments made in the Birch Creek Agreement is the Tribe’s 

agreement to deliver 15,000 AFY of water from Four Horns to Birch Creek, for the 

benefit of Birch Creek water users, from the time construction is completed on the 

facilities necessary to make such deliveries possible until a date 25 years from the 

effective date of the Birch Creek Agreement. This provision of supplemental water 

is expected to offset the impacts of the Tribe’s development of its Birch Creek water 

rights after the expiration of the 15 year deferral period. In addition, the existence 

of infrastructure capable of bringing Four Horns water across to Birch Creek provides the Tribe with a potential market for surplus water from Four Horns into the 

future. With the Birch Creek Agreement in place, PCCRC and other off-Reservation 

stakeholders supported ratification of the Compact by the Montana legislature in 

2009. 

The settlement also includes provisions allowing the Tribe to lease to water users 

off the Reservation those portions of its water rights that it has stored or directly 

used. The Tribe must offer water users on Birch Creek, Cut Bank Creek, the Milk 

River and the St. Mary River, respectively, a right of first refusal on water leased 

from those drainages to users downstream. Water from Birch Creek, Cut Bank 

Creek and the Milk River, all of which are within the Missouri River Basin, may 

only be leased for use at other locations within the Missouri River Basin. 

In addition, under S. 3290, the United States will allocate to the Tribe a portion 

of the water in the Bureau of Reclamation’s storage facility on Lake Elwell, located 

89 

along the Marias River in central Montana. The bill provides for the Tribe’s allocation to be all water not yet allocated from that storage facility, less the quantity 

of water agreed to by the Tribe and the Ft. Belknap Indian Community that may 

be allocated to Ft. Belknap in the future pursuant to its own water rights settlement. The bill further provides that nothing in this allocation to the Blackfeet Tribe 

requires the United States to provide any facility for the transportation of the 

Tribe’s allocation from Lake Elwell to any point. The Tribe may lease water from 

this Lake Elwell allocation so long as it is for use within the Missouri River Basin. 

The settlement also closes all of the on-Reservation basins to new appropriation 

under Montana law. In all cases, both under Tribal Code and State law, the development of new small domestic and stock uses are not precluded by the basin closures. For all on-Reservation basins, water rights under state law will become part 

of the Tribal Water Right if the Tribe reacquires the land and the appurtenant 

water right. This structure will allow the Tribe to reconsolidate both land and water 

resources within the Reservation. 

The Tribe will administer the Tribal Water Right. The State will administer water 

rights recognized under state law. The Blackfeet Irrigation Project will use part of 

the Tribal Water Right and will continue to be administered by the BIA under applicable federal law. The Blackfeet Tribe will enact a Tribal Water Code to provide 

for administration of the Tribal Water Right in conformance with the Compact, this 

Act, and applicable federal law. In the event a dispute arises, the Compact provides 

for an initial effort between the water resources departments of the State and the 

Tribe to resolve the dispute. Should the informal process fail to reach resolution, the 

Compact establishes a Compact Board to hear disputes. Decisions of the Compact 

Board may be appealed to a court of competent jurisdiction. 

The Compact will recognize and protect the Blackfeet Tribe’s water rights and 

provides for the improvement of agricultural water systems and tribal economic development. The Compact promotes development for the benefit of the Blackfeet People while protecting other water uses. The Compact is the full and final settlement 

of all of the Tribe’s water rights claims within the Blackfeet Reservation and the 

Tribe waives any claims to water rights not contained or reserved in the Compact. 

We urge your support in ratifying the Compact by passage of this Act. 

Attachments 

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Senator TESTER. John Bloomquist? 

STATEMENT OF JOHN E. BLOOMQUIST, ATTORNEY, PONDERA 

COUNTY CANAL AND RESERVOIR COMPANY 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. Thank you, Senator Tester, members of the 

Committee and staff. My name is John Bloomquist, I am an attorney from Helena, Montana, and I am testifying on behalf of the 

Pondera County Canal and Reservoir Company, which I will refer 

to in my remarks as PCCRC. 

PCCRC is a non-profit corporation located in Valier, Montana. Its 

history dates back more than 124 years to settlement and development under the Carey Land Act and other Federal laws. 

Today, PCCRC supplies water to approximately 450 water users 

for irrigation and stock water purposes, covering over 80,000 acres 


722c13.eps
104 

of irrigated lands that are the foundation of the regional agricultural economy. PCCRC also supplies municipal water to the citizens of the city of Conrad. 

The major source of water for the project is Birch Creek, which 

is located along the southern boundary of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. The waters of Birch Creek are also stored in two major 

reservoirs operated by PCCRC, Swift Dam and Lake Frances. 

PCCRC is interested in the compact, primarily because of the potential impact on its water supply. It is estimated that the impact 

of the Tribal Water Right on Birch Creek will reduce project water 

supplies by approximately 15,000 acre feet per year. This would affect 22,500 acres of irrigation within the project, reducing producers’ revenue by just under $8 million per year, reducing land 

values by $500 to $600 per acre on affected areas and reducing improvement value by $225 to $300 per acre. 

That is why legislation ratifying the compact should include adequate mitigation measures. We are pleased that S. 3290 does so by 

directing the Secretary to make improvements to the Four Horns 

Dam, which will assist in providing mitigation water to PCCRC, 

and by establishing a fund to mitigate long-term impacts on project 

users. 

With that background, let me go to the heart of the matter to explain why it is appropriate for the Federal legislation to establish 

a fund to mitigate the compact’s long-term impacts on PCCRC. The 

first reason is that the impact is the direct result of Federal policies. The settlement of water rights claims reflects one set of important Federal policies. The PCCRC itself reflects another. The 

PCCRC project exists in large part as a project developed under the 

Federal Carey Land Act, which encouraged settlement and development of associated irrigation projects. 

We believe both Federal policies should be furthered in the legislation and are in fact furthered by the establishment of the mitigation fund. The second reason for the mitigation fund is, although 

there is some uncertainty about the precise magnitude of the economic impact on the project, 25 years from now everyone agrees 

that it will be substantial. In many cases, the impact of the water 

compact on non-tribal water users is mitigated directly and permanently as this compact does for the Milk River project. 

However, with respect to PCCRC, the direct mitigation is temporary with a 10-year deferment period, followed by a 15-year period where 15,000 acre feet of Four Horns water would be delivered 

to the company. After 25 years, the direct mitigation ends. 

For farm families who have been on land for generations, 25 

years is not a very long time. Without a mitigation fund, irrigators 

will have to either pay sharply higher costs or alternatively, get out 

of farming. In either case, the economic impact will be great, not 

only to PCCRC and its users, but to the entire regional economy. 

We suggest that the most fair and efficient way to address this 

is by establishing the mitigation fund, which is set forth in the legislation. Initially capitalize the fund at $27 million. That fund 

would be administered by a Federal agency, and the fund would be 

available to support appropriate mitigation measures. For example, 

it may be used to lease water from the Blackfeet Tribe, construct 

105 

water savings projects, or if necessary, purchase PCCRC shares for 

the retirement of irrigation lands. 

We would be happy to work with the Committee to provide further details about the appropriate operations of the mitigation 

fund. 

In conclusion, we commend Senator Baucus and you, Senator 

Tester, for your work on this legislation. We also commend the 

State of Montana and the Blackfeet Tribe and the Federal officials 

who have been involved in the long and difficult negotiation of the 

compact. We particularly appreciate the State’s and the Tribe’s 

support for including mitigation provisions in the legislation. We 

are committed to work with the parties to produce a bill that settles water rights claims and provides economic opportunities to all 

residents in North Central Montana. 

Thank you, Senator. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Bloomquist follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JOHN E. BLOOMQUIST, ATTORNEY, PONDERA COUNTY

CANAL AND RESERVOIR COMPANY

Mr. Chairman and Committee Members, my name is John E. Bloomquist and I 

am an attorney from Helena, Montana and I am appearing before you today on behalf of the Pondera County Canal and Reservoir Company. On behalf of the Pondera 

County Canal and Reservoir Company, I wish to express our thanks for the invitation to testify on S. 3290, a bill which is critical to the water users of the Pondera 

County Canal and Reservoir Company and to a very large region of north central 

Montana. I also wish to express our thanks to Senators Max Baucus and Jon Tester, 

and their staffs for their hard work on this bill and in particular the provisions of 

the bill which relate to Birch Creek water supplies. 

I. Introduction and Overview 

The Pondera County Canal and Reservoir Company (‘‘PCCRC’’ or the ‘‘Company’’) 

is a non-profit corporation located in Valier, Montana which owns and operates, for 

the benefit of its users, an irrigation and water supply project situated in north-central Montana. PCCRC supplies water to approximately 450 water users for irrigation and stock watering purposes as well as providing municipal water to the citizens of the City of Conrad in Pondera County, Montana. 

Water associated with the PCCRC project is supplied to PCCRC’s users via an extensive system of canals and storage reservoirs which were developed by the Company’s predecessors beginning in the mid to late 1880’s. The major source of water 

for the project is known as ‘‘Birch Creek,’’ which is located along the southern 

boundary of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in north-central Montana. 

PCCRC is the successor to water rights developed and appropriated from Birch 

Creek for use within the Company’s water supply project. The waters of Birch Creek 

are also stored in two major reservoirs owned by PCCRC (Swift Dam and Lake 

Frances) for distribution to the Company’s water users for irrigation and municipal 

purposes. In addition, Lake Frances is utilized by recreationalists and anglers in 

this region of Montana for the fishing and recreational opportunities provided by the 

reservoir. 

Because of the critical importance of Birch Creek to PCCRC’s water supply, the 

Company has been actively involved in following negotiations among the State of 

Montana, the Blackfeet Tribe, and the United States in the efforts to quantify the 

Blackfeet Tribe’s reserved water rights for Birch Creek and other water sources. 

PCCRC has actively monitored and commented on in the negotiations conducted by 

the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission (RWRCC), the Blackfeet 

Tribe, and the United States for approximately 20 years. 

The negotiations of the Tribal Water Right (TWR) for Birch Creek have been 

closely followed by PCCRC due to the critical nature of Birch Creek as the major 

water source for the Company’s water users. Over the years, PCCRC and its representatives have closely monitored the various proposals discussed by the state, 

tribal, and federal negotiation teams regarding the quantification and use of the 

TWR for Birch Creek. 

Throughout the negotiation process, the chief issue for PCCRC, on behalf of its 

water users, has been to evaluate the impact on the Company’s water supply of any 

106 

Birch Creek TWR which would ultimately be negotiated by the state and the Tribe. 

PCCRC’s main issue throughout the process has been to make sure the Company’s 

water supply is not adversely affected by the quantification and ultimate development of the TWR for Birch Creek. 

In negotiations for the Birch Creek TWR, PCCRC has consistently advocated various proposals which recognize the existence of a substantial Birch Creek TWR for 

use and development by the Blackfeet Tribe while also recognizing the importance 

of the Company’s Birch Creek water supply for its users. In this vein, PCCRC has 

been very active in suggesting proposals for mitigation of impacts on PCCRC’s water 

supply by the development of the TWR on Birch Creek. Mitigation, and the concept 

of developing and implementing various measures to protect water users who may 

be affected by the development of tribal water rights, has been an effective mechanism in Montana in achieving a variety of water settlements between the State of 

Montana and various Indian Tribes in Montana. 

The concept of mitigation of impacts of the Birch Creek TWR has been recognized 

by the State of Montana and the Blackfeet Tribe. Mitigation, in the context of the 

Montana-Blackfeet Compact, includes two important components. The first component involves the development and construction of additional water storage opportunities within the Blackfeet Indian Reservation associated with the Four Horns Dam 

and Reservoir. Four Horns Dam and Reservoir, and the development and betterment of the dam, reservoir, and associated water delivery systems represent a viable 

opportunity to improve water storage capabilities on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation for the benefit of the Blackfeet Tribe, while also providing a viable source of 

mitigation water which could be available to Birch Creek to offset the impacts to 

PCCRC’s water supply by development of the negotiated Birch Creek TWR. PCCRC 

believes the provisions included in S. 3290 concerning improvements to the Four 

Horns Dam, reservoir, and water delivery system is a critical component of the Montana-Blackfeet Tribe water rights compact and strongly supports congressional approval and authorization of these projects on the Blackfeet Reservation. 

The second component of mitigation of impacts of the Birch Creek TWR involves 

adequate funding to assure that mitigation projects become a reality, and that mitigation from the development of the Birch Creek TWR provides long-term solutions, 

not only for the Tribe but for other Birch Creek water users as well. 

Regarding mitigation funding, PCCRC has actively worked with the State of Montana and the Blackfeet Tribe to secure state funding for deferment of implementation of the Birch Creek TWR for a period of years, as well as assuring the delivery 

of water from an improved Four Horns Dam and Reservoir system to PCCRC’s 

water delivery system from Birch Creek. As set forth in the Birch Creek Agreement 

which accompanies the Montana-Blackfeet Compact, the Tribe has agreed to defer 

development of its Birch Creek TWR above historic use for a period of 15 years. In 

addition, the Tribe has agreed to deliver to Birch Creek approximately 15,000 AcreFeet (‘‘AF’’) per year from an improved Four Horns Dam and Reservoir until the 

25th anniversary of the Birch Creek Agreement. 

In the spring of 2009, the State of Montana and the Blackfeet Tribe amended the 

Birch Creek Agreement to further support the components of successful mitigation 

for a period beyond the 25-year term set forth in the Birch Creek Agreement. On 

February 13, 2009, the state and the Blackfeet Tribe agreed that the Four Horns 

project improvements be included in federal legislation which would ratify the Montana-Blackfeet Water Compact, and that additional funding may be required to mitigate impacts of development of the Birch Creek TWR after the expiration of the 

Birch Creek Agreement. In the amendment to the Birch Creek Agreement, both the 

state and the Blackfeet Tribe agreed to support federal funding for this purpose. 

Based upon the amendment to the Birch Creek Agreement, as set forth above, 

PCCRC supported the Montana-Blackfeet Compact as the compact was presented to 

the 2009 Montana legislature. PCCRC’s support for the compact was grounded upon 

the recognition by both the State of Montana and the Blackfeet Tribe that development of the Birch Creek TWR would at times adversely affect PCCRC’s Birch Creek 

water supply, and that the Four Horns Dam and Reservoir improvements and additional mitigation funding were viable opportunities to mitigate impacts on PCCRC’s 

Birch Creek water supplies from development of the TWR. The 2009 Montana Legislature passed the Montana-Blackfeet Compact, setting the stage for this historic 

agreement to be presented to the United States Congress for ratification. 

S. 3290 contains provisions which recognize the necessity of improving the Four 

Horns dam, reservoir, and delivery facilities so that water stored in Four Horns may 

be delivered to PCCRC’s water system from Birch Creek. In addition, S. 3290 includes provisions which authorize the establishment of a Birch Creek Mitigation 

Fund to be used to mitigate impacts from development of the Birch Creek TWR on 

the water supplies of PCCRC. These provisions contained within S. 3290 are inteVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00110 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
107 

gral to the long-term success of the Montana-Blackfeet Tribe water rights settlement and provide the necessary framework for a successful compact which meets 

the needs of the State of Montana, the Blackfeet Tribe, and the water users of 

PCCRC who depend upon Birch Creek water supplies. 

II. Background of the PCCRC Project and Rationale for S. 3290 Birch Creek 

Mitigation Provisions 

A. History of PCCRC and Use of Water by PCCRC Water Users 

1. PCCRC History 

The history of PCCRC and the associated development and use of the PCCRC 

water supply dates back over 124 years. Water right appropriations and the associated delivery systems of the present day PCCRC were developed in accordance with 

various state and federal laws designed to encourage irrigation and reclamation of 

the arid west for agricultural purposes. In the early days of settlement, homesteaders appropriated water from Birch Creek and Dupuyer Creek for irrigation 

purposes on homestead lands, and public domain lands, at the behest and encouragement of Congress. In fact, several of PCCRC‘s water rights for these sources predate Montana statehood. 

In addition to water rights appropriated by settlers in the region under the Homestead laws, PCCRC also has its origin grounded in a substantial part under the federal Carey Land Act of 1894, wherein, Congress authorized grants of public domain 

lands to certain western states to encourage settlement and reclamation of those 

arid lands. Although lands were granted to the states by the Federal Government 

under the Carey Land Act, it was expected that private enterprise would finance 

and develop the actual reclamation and associated water supply and distribution 

systems associated with irrigation of the lands provided to the states with ultimate 

disposition of the lands to the settlers. PCCRC’s development as a Carey Land Act 

project began in about 1909. As part of the early development of the PCCRC water 

supply system, the Federal Government assessed the available water supply from 

Birch Creek for the project and deemed the water supply to be sufficient to authorize development of the project under the Carey Land Act. A major portion of 

PCCRC’s irrigated acres and development of the water storage and distribution supply serving these lands has as its origin the development of the project under the 

federal Carey Land Act. 

As mentioned above, under the Carey Land Act, both the Federal Government 

and state of Montana assessed the water supply for the project, and after confirming 

water supplies were sufficient, encouraged PCCRC’s predecessors to construct and 

finance much of the water supply and distribution systems which serve PCCRC’s 

shareholders today. Under the auspices of both state and federal statutes, corporations were established to construct the water supply systems which eventually provided water to settlers who acquired lands served by the project. PCCRC itself is 

the successor ‘‘operating company’’ to it predecessor ‘‘construction company’’ which 

financed and developed the system which serves irrigators and communities in the 

Valier and Conrad areas of north central Montana. 

As a result of the development of a major portion of the water supply system 

under the terms of the Carey Land Act, PCCRC is owned and controlled by shareholders of the Company who are the successors of the original homesteaders and 

settlers who reclaimed arid lands using the project water supply. PCCRC holds the 

water rights used by its shareholders from Birch Creek, Dupuyer Creek, and other 

area sources for the benefit of its water users. PCCRC also operates Swift Reservoir 

on Birch Creek and Lake Frances near the town of Valier, the two major storage 

reservoirs associated the project, as major components of the Company’s Birch 

Creek water delivery system. As also required under the Carey Land Act, PCCRC’s 

predecessors developed and constructed over 500 miles of canals and laterals to 

serve the acres irrigated by the project. 

As a result of development of the project under the Federal Carey Land Act, 

PCCRC supplies water to approximately 450 shareholders for agricultural purposes, 

as well as supplying the city of Conrad with its municipal water supply. PCCRC 

is responsible for managing the water supply and distribution works which supplies 

water to over 80,000 acres of irrigated lands in the area. These 80,000 acres of irrigated lands provide the foundation of the local and regional agricultural economy 

of this area of Montana. 

B. PCCRC Water Supply System 

1. Birch Creek 

Birch Creek provides PCCRC shareholders with approximately eighty-five percent 

(85 percent) of the water used in the Company’s storage and distribution system. 

108 

1 Establishment of the BIP by Congress occurred in 1907. See, 34 Stat. 1035–1036. 2 As provided herein, the TWR is summarized for purposes of this written testimony. Articles 

II, III, and IV of the Compact should be reviewed together and in conjunction with the two (2) 

Birch Creek agreements, in order to properly examine the extent and potential effect of the 

Birch Creek TWR. 

Near the headwaters of Birch Creek, PCCRC owns and operates Swift Reservoir 

which was constructed in about 1912 and reconstructed after a catastrophic flood 

in 1964 to store and regulate a portion of the Company’s water supply. The construction of Swift Reservoir was done by PCCRC’s predecessors as part of the Carey 

Land Act obligations of the Company. Swift Reservoir can store over 30,000 acrefeet of Birch Creek water which the Company can regulate and release from Birch 

Creek to the Company’s main Birch Creek diversion system, known as the ‘‘B 

Canal.’’ From Birch Creek, via the B Canal, the Company diverts water to its main 

storage facility known as ‘‘Lake Frances’’ situated near the town of Valier, Montana. 

Lake Frances has a storage capacity of approximately 115,000 acre-feet and was 

constructed in 1909, also as part of the Company’s predecessors Carey Land Act obligations. Lake Frances, in addition to being the project’s main storage and distribution reservoir, also serves as a popular recreation site for anglers and 

recreationalists in this region of Montana. 

2. Dupuyer Creek 

Dupuyer Creek also serves as source of PCCRC’s water supply which is stored 

and distributed to its shareholders. Although an important source of water, Dupuyer 

Creek supplies the Company with approximately fifteen percent (15 percent) of 

PCCRC’s water supply requirements, substantially less than the Company’s reliance 

on Birch Creek. 

PCCRC holds several water rights for the waters of Dupuyer Creek which are diverted from the creek via the Company’s ‘‘D Canal’’ and delivered to the distribution 

and storage system. Although Dupuyer Creek is an important source of the Company’s water supply, Birch Creek, and water supplied by Birch Creek at the Company’s B Canal diversion, is the predominant source of supply for the users of the 

PCCRC water supply system. 

C. Historic Water Distribution from Birch Creek Supplies 

In addition to PCCRC using water from Birch Creek, the Blackfeet Irrigation 

Project (BIP) operated by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also diverts water 

from Birch Creek for irrigation purposes on the Blackfeet Reservation. 1 Pursuant 

to the decree in United States v. Conrad Investment Co., 156 F. 123 (D. Mont. 1907), 

aff’d. 161 F. 829 (9th Cir. 1908), diversions from Birch Creek for the BIP have historically varied from approximately 11 cubic feet per second (‘‘c.f.s.’’) to 50 c.f.s. during the irrigation season, or as expressed volumetrically, from approximately 1,495 

AF to 7,450 AF/year, based on available Company records. 

In addition to use of Birch Creek water by the Blackfeet Tribe for irrigation purposes, PCCRC has worked with the Tribe and allowed on average approximately 6 

c.f.s to flow past the B Canal diversion for instream flow purposes. The volume of 

water associated with the 6 c.f.s. bypassing the B Canal on Birch Creek over the 

course of a year results in approximately 4,380 AF/year of Birch Creek water for 

instream use by the Tribe. Under the Montana-Blackfeet Compact, the Blackfeet 

Tribe’s water right on Birch Creek has been quantified at levels that exceed historic 

demands of the Tribe for the water of Birch Creek. 

D. Birch Creek Tribal Water Right as Established in Montana-Blackfeet Compact 

1. Article III, Section C., Birch Creek Tribal Water Right 

Under the Montana-Blackfeet Compact, the components of the Birch Creek TWR 

may be summarized as follows: 2

a. Irrigation—100 c.f.s. Direct Use water right of the natural flow of Birch 

Creek for use in the Upper Birch Creek Drainage; 

b. Instream Flow—a natural flow right in Birch Creek of 15 c.f.s. from October 

1 to March 31; and 25 c.f.s. from April 1 to September 30 of each year; 

c. Additional Flow Right—after satisfaction of all state-based water rights, Tribe 

may divert or authorize use of all natural flow in Birch Creek as measured at 

State Highway 358 bridge; 

d. Groundwater Right—all groundwater not hydrologically connected to Birch 

Creek; 

e. Priority Date—October 17, 1855; 

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f. Period of Use—b., c., and d. above year round and a. above April to October 

1 of each year; 

g. Points/Means of Diversion—as authorized by Tribal Water Code; 

h. Call Protection—other than rights from Birch Creek, all other sources in 

Basin 41M protected from call for water under the instream flow TWR; 

i. Birch Creek Management Plan—TWR for irrigation also governed by Birch 

Creek Management Plan Agreement; and 

j. Commencement of Development—TWR for irrigation and instream flow subject to Agreement on Birch Creek Water Use. 

2. Impact of Birch Creek TWR on PCCRC Water Supply 

Under the Montana-Blackfeet Compact, the TWR on Birch Creek does not have 

a volumetric cap or limit. As such, the compact does not establish a readily identifiable block of Birch Creek water from which to assess firm impacts on the PCCRC 

Birch Creek supply. However, based upon PCCRC water use records, and based 

upon the terms of the TWR as set forth in the compact, and the ancillary agreements, estimates have been presented by state and tribal representatives which calculate the impact on PCCRC water supplies to be approximately 15,000 AF/year. 

Assuming an average delivery of irrigation water by PCCRC to its water users 

of 8 inches per acre, an impact of a loss of 15,000 AF/year to PCCRC will affect 

22,500 acres of irrigation within the PCCRC project. Given this potential substantial 

impact on PCCRC water users and acres served under the PCCRC project, PCCRC 

has actively participated with state and tribal representatives in examining a variety of mitigation measures in an attempt to lessen effects from development of the 

compacted Birch Creek TWR and to achieve long-term security for the Company’s 

water supply. 

Because PCCRC is a very efficient user of water for irrigation purposes, PCCRC 

has been able to serve project shareholders and acres under the project with water 

within the Company’s historic diversion and distribution patterns. However, any additional loss of water supply as a result of development of the Birch Creek TWR 

could have serious adverse effects on PCCRC’s water users and the local and regional economy. 

E. Proposals to Mitigate Impacts of the Birch Creek TWR on PCCRC Water Users 

The State of Montana, the Blackfeet Tribe, and PCCRC have identified various 

alternatives to help mitigate full development of the proposed TWR on Birch Creek. 

These alternatives include proposals for projects which would provide additional 

water to Birch Creek as well as proposals for state-based water users to lease water 

from the Blackfeet Tribe, or to otherwise mitigate a loss of Birch Creek water supplies on the PCCRC project. S. 3290 includes important provisions in this regard. 

1. Blackfeet/Montana Agreement Regarding Birch Creek Water Use 

Due to impacts of the Birch Creek TWR on PCCRC’s Birch Creek water supplies, 

the state and the Tribe have negotiated the ‘‘Agreement on Birch Creek Water Use’’ 

as part of the TWR for Birch Creek. Under the agreement, which is a collateral 

agreement to the compact, the Tribe has agreed to defer any additional use of the 

negotiated TWR on Birch Creek, over and above a set level of use for irrigation and 

instream flow purposes, for a period of 15 years. In addition, the Tribe and the state 

agreed that they would jointly seek federal funding authorization in any federal legislation for the betterment and improvement of Four Horns Dam and Reservoir on 

the Blackfeet Reservation, including construction of facilities to deliver a minimum 

of 15,000 AF/year of water from an enlarged Four Horns to PCCRC’s Birch Creek 

water delivery system. Under the Birch Creek Agreement, the Tribe has agreed to 

deliver water from an improved Four Horns Dam and Reservoir to Birch Creek for 

an additional ten-year period. As such, under the Birch Creek Agreement, PCCRC’s 

water supplies should remain relatively secure for approximately 25 years. 

2. Birch Creek Agreement Amendment 

In February 2009, the state and the Blackfeet Tribe amended the Birch Creek 

Agreement. The amendment was largely a result of concerns expressed by PCCRC 

that the long-term security of the Company’s Birch Creek water supply was placed 

at risk. Under the February 2009 amendment, the state and the Tribe agreed that 

mitigation of impacts of development of the Birch Creek TWR is necessary to avoid 

adverse effects to PCCRC’s water supply and that those impacts can be mitigated 

by improvements to the Four Horns Project situated on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. Under the amendment, the state and Tribe agreed that improvements to 

the Four Horns Project would be included in the federal legislation and further 

agreed that additional funding would be required to mitigate impacts of developVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00113 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
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ment of the Birch Creek TWR beyond the 25-year term set forth in the Birch Creek 

Agreement. Both the state and Tribe agreed to support federal funding for this purpose. 

As a result of the Birch Creek Agreement and the amendment to the Birch Creek 

Agreement, PCCRC supported passage of the Montana-Blackfeet Compact by the 

2009 Montana Legislature. Based upon these agreements and upon inclusion of provisions within S. 3290 that recognize mitigation for Birch Creek, PCCRC has supported introduction of this important federal legislation. 

3. Provisions of S. 3290 to Mitigate Development of the TWR 

S. 3290 includes important provisions to implement the mitigation measures contemplated by the Birch Creek Agreement and amendment. Provisions included within S. 3290 addressing the need to fully develop the Four Horns Dam and Reservoir; 

to construct facilities to deliver not less than 15,000 acre-feet of water per year for 

delivery to PCCRC’s water delivery system under the Birch Creek Agreement; the 

ability to lease water from an improved Four Horns Dam and Reservoir system; and 

the establishment of a Birch Creek mitigation fund are all provisions of the federal 

legislation which are necessary to achieve mitigation of impacts on PCCRC’s water 

supply associated with the development of the Birch Creek TWR. See, Sections 5 

and 11, S. 3290. PCCRC believes these provisions of S. 3290 are critical to the longterm success of the Compact and its ancillary agreements. PCCRC believes these 

provisions provide the necessary framework for the historic agreements made by the 

State of Montana and the Blackfeet Tribe to be successful for both Tribal and nontribal water users on Birch Creek. 

PCCRC believes the mitigation provisions of S. 3290 for Birch Creek are essential 

to the long-term success of the Compact. While PCCRC understands certain aspects 

of mitigation and the provisions in this regard in S. 3290 may need further refinement, PCCRC believes mitigation provisions will assure the development of beneficial improvements for Four Horns Dam and Reservoir, as well as securing the benefits of these improvements for the Blackfeet Tribe. PCCRC also believes the mitigation provisions of S. 3290 are important to avoid unnecessary adverse effects on 

PCCRC’s water supplies on Birch Creek associated with development of the Birch 

Creek TWR. By securing a long-term solution to water supplies on Birch Creek, S. 

3290 will assure that the Blackfeet Tribe benefits from implementation of the Montana-Blackfeet Compact and that PCCRC’s water users will continue to have access 

to necessary water supplies upon which the project was historically developed. 

III. Conclusion 

PCCRC commends the hard work of all involved with the complexities of the Montana-Blackfeet Compact. PCCRC remains committed to continue working with the 

State of Montana, the Blackfeet Tribe, and the Administration in securing federal 

legislation to ratify the compact and the ancillary agreements on Birch Creek. 

PCCRC is ready to address any concerns which may be identified with the federal 

legislation in an effort to assure the successful implementation of the compact for 

all water users on Birch Creek. 

On behalf of PCCRC, we thank the Committee and the Committee’s staff for the 

opportunity to provide PCCRC’s view of S. 3290 and look forward to continued input 

on this important legislation. 

Senator TESTER. I want to thank you for being here, too, John. 

I appreciate the testimony of all three of you. It is unfortunate 

Tracy could not make it, Tracy King, President of the Fort 

Belknap. We will encourage him to get that written testimony in, 

so it can all be a part of the record. 

I also want to recognize Rusty Tatsey and Jay St. Goddard, and 

Jeannie Whiting for being here from the Tribe. We very much appreciate you guys making the trip also. 

I am going to start with Shannon. I have a few questions for you. 

The Blackfeet Tribe, is their support for the bill solid? Is it weak? 

Are there concerns? Give me an idea of the lay of the land as far 

as support for this bill in Blackfeet Country. 

Mr. AUGARE. The Blackfeet Tribe, I believe, needs to have an understanding of what State and Federal Government is proposing to 

them. The State of Montana has already pulled together their apVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00114 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
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propriations package. We are waiting on Federal Government to 

act so we can take a vote of the people. 

So we are waiting on your work, Senator. 

Senator TESTER. So there needs to be an education process? 

Mr. AUGARE. Right. 

Senator TESTER. Assuming we get this bill through sooner rather 

than later, do you have a plan to educate folks on what this bill 

does? 

Mr. AUGARE. We have begun a discussion around what a media 

market campaign might look like. But again, we are waiting for the 

final package that Federal Government will produce. 

Senator TESTER. Okay. On Fort Belknap, it was touched on a bit 

by Jay, I have been told that there are some concerns there. Are 

you aware of the concerns? Do you feel as solid as Jay does about 

the fact that you think there is very, very little chance of it becoming a problem? 

Mr. AUGARE. Good question. We have been committed to the idea 

of holding open dialogues with the Fort Belknap Tribal Business 

Council. We remain committed to that open dialogue. We do want 

to address their concerns. So we are very openly engaged about 

that process with them. 

Senator TESTER. Has dialogue occurred up to now? 

Mr. AUGARE. Yes, I believe so. Yes. And there is a provision in 

the bill that allows for further discussions to occur. So their concerns are addressed in an appropriate manner. 

Senator TESTER. A difficult question, too bad Tracy isn’t here, 

like I said. But he got waylaid in the flight. Is your relationship 

good with them? Is there animosity there, or are folks sympathetic 

to get the thing done? 

Mr. AUGARE. I believe we all want to resolve our water rights 

issues in an expeditious manner. From my understanding, their 

water right compact has been in process since 2000. We have completed ours in 2007. We look at our relationship with the Fort 

Belknap community tribal business council as a positive one. But 

we are not wanting to delay this action any further. We want to 

complete the process. 

Senator TESTER. All right. The bill authorizes an appropriation 

for the Blackfeet land and water development fund. What kinds of 

projects do you envision occurring from this fund? 

Mr. AUGARE. We have a number of projects identified. We are 

right now waiting for the DEC review to be completed. We will be 

providing your office and other interested parties, of course, with 

that report once it is issued. 

Senator TESTER. Okay, and my last question for you, how does 

the Tribe feel about the mitigation measures that John Bloomquist 

explained that the Pondera Canal Company is proposing? 

Mr. AUGARE. We remain supportive, so long as it, I will emphasize repeatedly, does not delay our compact. We want to meet an 

agreement soon. But we are supportive. 

Senator TESTER. Before I get to you, Jay, I see Senator Baucus 

has entered the house. Did you have anything you would like to 

say, Max? 

Senator BAUCUS. At the appropriate time. 

Senator TESTER. We are asking questions, but you are busy. 

112 

Senator BAUCUS. We are all busy. 

Senator TESTER. Okay, good enough. We will keep going. 

Jay, in other water compacts we have considered this year, the 

Department of Interior was always concerned about non-Federal 

cost share. Montana is contributing $35 million to this process. Do 

you think that is fair? 

Mr. WEINER. Senator Tester, $35 million is more than Montana 

has ever been asked to contribute before. We contributed $15 million to the Crow Settlement that this Committee has heard. Thirtyfive million dollars, we believe, reflects the benefits that we have 

sought and that we believe is a fair amount, yes. 

Senator TESTER. Good. Are there other things that they have 

contributed or could contribute that are non-monetary? 

Mr. WEINER. Certainly. The State has put extensive resources 

over the two decades of negotiation into technical analyses that will 

assist the Blackfeet Tribe as they develop their water code to help 

both the Tribe and the State understand the water resources on 

the Reservation. The State has put significant technical resources 

into looking at water use of the Bureau of Reclamation’s Milk River 

project, which diverts almost the entire United States share of the 

St. Mary River across the Blackfeet Reservation and down to Milk 

River project lands, 200 miles off the Reservation. And the technical work the State has done in relation to both the Blackfeet and 

the Fort Belknap settlements we believe are of significant value directly to the United States in their operation of their Milk River 

project. 

Senator TESTER. Okay. Mitigation measures that the Pondera 

Canal Company is providing, does Montana support those? 

Mr. WEINER. Montana has the same position as the Blackfeet 

Tribe, which is that we do support Pondera’s request, but we would 

like this bill to move as soon as possible. 

Senator TESTER. Okay. When you started your testimony, you 

said this has been going on for about half your life. You have been 

in the business of water for a while. Are you aware of the Federal 

Government providing any similar mitigation funds, mitigation 

measures, for non-Indian water users off-reservation? 

Mr. WEINER. I am not familiar with the Federal Government providing funds directly to a private irrigation company, but I am certainly familiar with the Federal Government working with non-Indians off the reservation both in and outside of Bureau of Reclamation projects. 

Senator TESTER. Thank you. Thank you for your testimony and 

your answers. 

John, once again, good to have you here. The Pondera Canal 

Company, what is their support on this bill? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. Senator, thank you again for the invitation as 

well. Our support for the bill, we certainly supported the introduction of the bill and movement of the bill with mitigation. We view 

the mitigation as a necessary component of a successful compact. 

That mitigation, taking the two forms that are presented in the 

bill, which is the improvement, development of the Four Horns 

project, which we believe provides the necessary mitigation water 

to offset impacts of development of the tribal water right on Birch 

Creek, and two, the mitigation fund, which provides long-term seVerDate Nov 24 2008 14:22 Feb 14, 2011 Jkt 062623 PO 00000 Frm 00116 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 S:\DOCS\62623.TXT JACK PsN: JACKF
113 

curity. Those two components, we believe, are necessary for a successful compact, and we support the bill wholeheartedly with those. 

As far as the mitigation fund goes, and I understand their issues, 

perhaps the Administration or Interior on that fund, we plan on 

meeting with them later today to start to identify some of those 

issues. But again, we believe that Federal monies here are appropriate, given the underlying Federal policies that are involved here. 

I think actually Senator Dorgan hit it on the head during the last 

bill when he talked about these very old conflicts and settlements 

that have languished for years and years and years. In this era of 

water rights settlements, or to achieve these water rights settlements in this era, we are going to have to have the necessary tools. 

Mitigation is not only in this compact a critical tool, but in others 

as well, and I think will be a necessary tool. 

So we are supportive of this measure. We need the mitigation to 

be in place, both the wet water, if you will, and the fund. 

Senator TESTER. I just want to refresh my memory on some 

things that you brought up in your testimony. Swift Dam and Lake 

Frances, do they supply the irrigators with water at this point in 

time, the irrigation district with water? They do? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. Yes, Senator. Swift, just for edification, Swift 

Dam is a storage reservoir on Birch Creek in the headwaters area, 

which is a regulating reservoir, developed in about 1912 with construction of the project. Lake Frances is the primary storage reservoir offstream from Birch Creek and stores about 112,000 acre 

feet. Those are linked to the entire system. 

Senator TESTER. So those two, just help me out with this, John, 

those two supply 80 percent of the water supply for the irrigated 

land? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. Senator Tester, Birch Creek supplies approximately 85 percent of the water for the project. 

Senator TESTER. Where does the other 15 percent come from? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. We have some from Dupuyer Creek, which is 

just south, and then a very small amount from the Dry Fork, 

Marias River. 

Senator TESTER. And also for my memory, the Four Horns Reservoir, its renovation will come out of the State dollars? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. The renovation of Four Horns, the State has 

contributed $20 million, pledged $20 million to mitigation of the 

Four Horns project. The balance is going to be necessary from this 

legislation. 

Senator TESTER. The compact just went through the State legislature in 2009. I will assume that you were a part of that discussion? Was there support from the Canal company? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. Senator Tester, we did support the bill and the 

passage of the compact in the Montana legislature. And that support came as a result of the state and the Tribe putting an amendment to the Birch Creek agreement, which we felt gave the commitments to long-term mitigation as well as seeking Federal monies for that purpose. 

Senator TESTER. And you had said earlier you are going to meet 

with Interior tomorrow? 

Mr. BLOOMQUIST. Today actually. This afternoon we have our 

first meeting. 

114 

Senator TESTER. We would love to know how those discussions 

go, as you move forward. I am sure that you all will probably be 

a part of that. 

Thank you all. I appreciate your testimony, appreciate your answers, your questions. 

Senator Baucus, if you would like. 

STATEMENT OF HON. MAX BAUCUS, 

U.S. SENATOR FROM MONTANA 

Senator BAUCUS. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, Senator 

Tester, John. 

It is good to see other friends here, Councilman Augare, Jay Weiner and John Bloomquist. Good to see you all here too. This is a 

good testament of our working together to pass this legislation. 

Just to review, this Act ratifies the water rights compact with 

the Blackfeet Nation. The legislation will bring clean water to reservation families, support tribal agriculture and provide long-term 

economic development. When the United States and the Blackfeet 

people signed a treaty 150 years ago, the Blackfeet Reservation 

was on a tract of land the size of the State of Delaware abutting 

Glacier National Park and the Canadian border. Over 100 years 

ago, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that such treaties imply a commitment, a commitment to reserve sufficient water to satisfy both 

present and future needs of a tribe. 

This legislation is a product of over 10 years of negotiation between diverse groups of users in the area. The State of Montana 

legislature has already appropriated $19 million in support of its 

work to implement the compact to satisfy that Supreme Court ruling, obligation that our Country has to the tribes. 

As you can see from our witnesses at the table, and I can tell 

from the questions you asked and the answers given, the parties 

are dedicated to working together. And we all very much appreciate that. 

And also working with the Committee to move this water compact through Congress. I very much look forward to working with 

the whole group here. We are close. Let’s get it passed. A little 

wrinkle left, but we are all on the same track. It is just a matter 

of getting this wrinkle out so we can get this done to the mutual 

satisfaction of everyone here. I think we can. We have an obligation 

to do that, now that we are so close. I just want to thank everybody 

very much for the effort that they have undertaken, especially you, 

Mr. Chairman, all your efforts to help get this put together. 

Senator TESTER. Thank you, Senator Baucus. I would be remiss 

if I didn’t say thank you for your leadership on a number of things, 

including this. We very, very much appreciate it. And thanks for 

taking time out of your schedule to come in and talk about this important piece of legislation. 

Senator BAUCUS. You bet. It really makes a difference. Seeing is 

believing. We all go out there and look at the leaks and the problems, how important water is down the road for a lot of different 

people. It just underlines the urgency that we pass this very quickly. 

Senator TESTER. Well, I want to repeat, thank you, thank you to 

the folks who testified today. I very much appreciate your coming 

115 

today. It made this hearing possible. I want to thank the members 

of the Council for coming up today, too, I very much appreciate 

Rusty and Jay for you guys coming up, and Jeannie. 

With that, we will adjourn. Thank you all. 

[Whereupon, at 11:37 a.m., the Committee was adjourned.] 

(117) 

A P P E N D I X 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF TRACY KING, PRESIDENT, FORT BELKNAP COMMUNITY

COUNCIL

I am the President of the Fort Belknap Community Council and as a representative of the Fort Belknap Indian Community Council, I would like to present this 

statement on behalf of the six thousand plus members of the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Tribes of the Fort Belknap Indian Community. The Fort Belknap Indian 

Community (FBIC) has serious concerns about the current form of the proposed 

Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act of 2010 (‘‘Act’’ or ‘‘Settlement Act’’) and the 

potential adverse impacts suffered by FBIC should the Blackfeet Tribe fully exercise 

the water rights purportedly acknowledged in the Settlement Act. While FBIC acknowledges that the Blackfeet Tribe does possess water rights, FBIC challenges the 

amount of those water rights set forth in the Settlement Act. Although disappointed 

with the Blackfeet Settlement Act, FBIC remains committed to cooperative discussions with all interested parties, including the Blackfeet Tribe, the State of Montana, and the United States, to collectively resolve areas of disagreement and mitigate negative impacts caused by exercising Settlement Act rights of the Tribes. 

FBIC recognizes that the Blackfeet Tribe is entitled to water rights, and specifically rights in the Milk River. In fact, the Blackfeet Tribe’s entitlement to such 

rights derives from the same treaty of October 17, 1855, that reserved water rights 

in the Milk River for FBIC. Accordingly, these reserved rights of the Blackfeet Tribe 

and FBIC are of equal priority. 

The proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act takes the position that the Blackfeet Tribe 

has a superior claim to these water rights to the detriment of FBIC. This false assumption appears to be the basis for granting all the natural flow of the Milk River 

above the Western Crossing without regard for the water rights granted to the FBIC 

in our Water Compact. Rather than a shared priority as provided in the recognized 

treaty, the Settlement Act describes the Blackfeet Tribe’s right to be senior in priority, and if fully executed, would deprive FBIC of the full benefit of its recognized 

water rights. 

Unlike the proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act, the FBIC Compact recognizes the 

shared interest and expressly provides for a mechanism to allow for consideration 

of the water needs of the Blackfeet Tribe. This provision authorizes a process by 

which the two tribes can reach a compromised settlement on the allocation of their 

water rights to the Milk River, and to account for such a settlement in future operations of the Milk River. This provision of the FBIC Compact that allows for the 

incorporation of an agreement with the Blackfeet Tribe and was negotiated with the 

understanding that the Blackfeet’s claim to water would be based upon a reasonable 

calculation of the Tribe’s needs as determined by their amount of practicably irrigable acreage (PIA) within the Milk River on trust lands above the Western Crossing. To say that the United States and FBIC had agreed to give the Blackfeet Tribe 

all of the natural flow to the Milk River within the Blackfeet Reservation at the 

time the FBIC Compact had been negotiated is unreasonable and totally without 

merit. 

This cooperative measure does not subordinate FBIC’s water rights, nor does it 

mandate FBIC to compromise its fundamental rights. It is simply a confirmation of 

FBIC’s desire to work amicably with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to resolve conflicts 

that may develop as each Tribe exercises their mutually shared water rights. Importantly, this provision is in no way an acknowledgement that the Blackfeet Tribe possesses a superior right to FBIC, which is a position that FBIC strongly refutes and 

rejects. 

Because of the shared right and equal priority, FBIC further challenges the quantity of water and the appropriate measure for determining the quantity of water 

that should be made available to the Blackfeet Tribe. With equal priority, one Tribe 

could potentially only acquire a larger quantity of water than the other Tribe based 

on demonstrating a higher amount of practicably irrigable acreage, or upon a court’s 

decree allocating more water to a specific tribe. However, given limitations on the 

118 

amount of tribal and allotted irrigable lands on the Milk River within the Blackfeet 

reservation, it is not at all clear that the Blackfeet Tribe would successfully be able 

to claim all of the natural flow of the Milk River and as a result some of the natural 

flow would remain available for use by the FBIC to meet their water needs and 

rights. 

Significantly, the Blackfeet Settlement Act seeks to preserve a set amount of 

water for the Blackfeet Tribe based on a standard of quantification that is quite different from the standard utilized to quantify FBIC’s water rights. The proposed Settlement Act claims all the natural flow and merely agrees to hold existing State 

water users harmless. FBIC is unaware of any justification for the sweeping extent 

of this water claim. It is the opinion of our water use experts, Natural Resources 

Consulting Engineers, Inc. (NRCE), that the Blackfeet Tribe’s true claim to water 

in the Milk River is extremely limited because of limited amounts of PIA lands and 

the short growing seasons that would make irrigation not feasible. 

Unlike the FBIC Compact, the proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act incorporates 

non-agriculture water use in the quantification of the Blackfeet Tribe’s water rights. 

The potential impacts on FBIC’s water supply are significant in that the Blackfeet 

Settlement Act seems to indicate that the Blackfeet Tribe is claiming their right to 

water based on quantification that does not involve agricultural uses as required 

under ‘‘reserved rights doctrine’’ that serves as a basis for Indian Water Rights. The 

use of another standard becomes problematic in that it disrupts the rights under 

the FBIC Compact, where rights to water have been quantified utilizing agriculture 

water use and the PIA standard. 

FBIC’s water rights claim has been quantified based primarily on agricultural 

water uses and FBIC expects that the proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act would do 

likewise. Analyses of past Blackfeet Tribe irrigation-based claims had shown that 

the potential impacts to FBIC were less than under the presently proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act. Based on what was understood with the previously anticipated 

smaller impacts, FBIC had been willing to reach a compromised settlement to the 

previously proposed Blackfeet Tribe water claims based on PIA Standard. 

The Blackfeet Settlement Act, as currently proposed, is not based on any specific 

type of water use, agricultural or otherwise. Instead, the current proposed Settlement Act attempts to lay a senior claim to virtually the entire U.S. share of the 

natural flow of the Milk River basin within the Blackfeet Reservation. Furthermore, 

the proposed Settlement Act allows use of the water for any purpose any time of 

the year. FBIC could no longer count on agricultural return flows or on any other 

practical limitations to the Blackfeet Tribe’s use of the natural flow of the Milk 

River located within the Blackfeet Reservation. 

Under a worst case scenario, if the Blackfeet Tribe was to fully consume its 

claimed Milk River water right, denying the availability of this water to any other 

parties in the Milk River system, significant impacts will occur with regard to 

FBIC’s water supply in some years. The average annual impact would be approximately 9 percent. However, this impact is variable; in many years, it would be zero, 

and in the worst 10 percent of all years, it would average about 39 percent, a severe 

impact on FBIC’s water right. 

Moreover, NRCE also concludes that the quantity specified in the proposed Settlement Act would have a significant impact on the Milk River Project as well as the 

FBIC water right. All other existing Milk River users, including the Milk River 

Project, would be impacted by the proposed Settlement Act. NRCE’s technical analysis concluded that the impact on the Milk River Project would average 13,600 acrefeet per year. Additionally, during the 10 percent of years in which the impacts are 

most severe, the average impact would be 54,500 acre-feet per year. The full extent 

of these consequential harms and impacts that would result from the exercise of the 

Blackfeet Tribe’s water right as set forth in the proposed Settlement Act must be 

fully considered. While such impacts may be negligible in the St. Mary River basin, 

the impacts are much more severe in the Milk River basin. 

It is recognized that it may not be feasible or practical now or in the near future 

for these impacts to physically materialize. However, should the proposed Settlement Act come into effect, the mere presence of such a large-scale Blackfeet water 

right to Milk River flows would be a continuing cause for concern to FBIC. The Fort 

Belknap Indian Community is therefore seeking to have their rights protected by 

limiting the Blackfeet Tribes use of water in the Milk River to an amount that could 

be claimed under the PIA standard and other domestic agricultural uses. 

Compounding the problem of the adverse impact that would be sustained by FBIC 

is the fact that with water settlements negotiated through compacts, federal legislation is required for implementation. Any subsequent issue that may arise with a 

provision set forth in the underlying compact itself becomes very difficult to correct 

because any corrections would also require amending a federal statute. 

119 

Here, FBIC’s agreement to include a provision in our Compact to accommodate 

the Blackfeet Tribe’s right to water in the Milk River becomes even more disadvantageous to FBIC’s interest in that the Compact negotiations with the Blackfeet 

Tribe did not apply the same PIA standard for quantifying the Blackfeet Tribe’s 

water right. Once the Settlement Act has been approved by Congress, any subsequent amendment or additional provision needed to address an unresolved issue 

with the Blackfeet Settlement Act would require going back to Congress and seeking 

amending legislation, which would be a very costly and a time consuming process 

for the FBIC. Therefore, it is incumbent upon all the parties to work diligently to 

resolve the impacts caused by the proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act on the water 

rights confirmed to the FBIC in their Compact. 

These issues cause a potentially disrupting and limiting impact on the FBIC’s 

water projects and uses, which are based on the use of water for agriculture and 

other purposes. The FBIC wishes to resolve these issues with the Blackfeet Tribe 

in order to further the water rights settlement negotiations between the United 

States, the FBIC and the State of Montana so that their respective Compacts can 

become effective. 

While this is an issue of heightened concern for the FBIC, what is equally concerning is the response of the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission in addressing this issue. In response to our request that the Commission assist 

the Tribes in formulating a resolution of this matter, we were advised that the Commission would not intervene or assume an active role in effectively resolving a dispute that was characterized as ‘‘a fight between the two tribes.’’ This is not an ‘‘Indian vs. Indian’’ issue, rather, it is a dispute that has come to develop as a direct 

consequence of the Compact Commission’s erroneous assumption that the water 

rights of the Blackfeet Tribe are senior in priority to FBIC and an incorrect quantification standard being applied to Blackfeet Tribe’s water right causing a substantial allocation over and above what is properly deserved under the PIA standard. 

The Tribe feels that under these circumstances, this issue can hardly be characterized as an inter-tribal dispute, and that the State Compact Commission, in light 

of its governing mandate, cannot so easily discount its role and obligation to resolve 

this matter. It is FBIC’s position that the Compact Commission has both a legal and 

an ethical obligation to affirmatively seek a compromised solution that protects the 

interests of all affected parties. This is evidenced by the Commission’s governing 

mandate. The Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission was established by the 

Montana legislature to conclude compacts for the equitable division and apportionment of waters between the State and its people and the several Indian Tribes 

claiming reserved water rights within the state. The mandate of the Compact Commission is to settle water rights disputes within the state, not to create new ones. 

Any determination of reserved water rights on the Blackfeet Reservation necessarily 

requires the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission to reach an understanding with the FBIC where such a determination directly impacts the rights 

of FBIC or its members. By authorizing a tribal compact that wholly undermines 

the very basis of another Tribe’s previously negotiated water rights, the Commission 

will have acted in violation of the terms and provisions of its governing mandate. 

We request that Congress take affirmative steps to ensure that the rights that have 

been negotiated on behalf of FBIC as set forth in the FBIC Compact are not eclipsed 

by the terms of another Tribe’s Settlement Act. 

FBIC does desire to reach a compromised solution with the Blackfeet Tribe to be 

incorporated into a modified Compact that accommodates the interests of both 

Tribes, the State of Montana, and the United States as trustee, and better clarifies 

future tribal operations so as to avoid future litigation that would potentially jeopardize the interests of all affected parties. 

We propose that the following language be added to the proposed Blackfeet Settlement Act: 

Article III§ F 

§ 7. Mitigation of Impacts 

In the unlikely event that the water right conferred upon the Blackfeet Tribe 

in basin 40 F impacts the water rights of the Fort Belknap Indian Community, 

then such impacts will be mitigated out of Project Water from the Milk River 

Project. 

Our proposal represents the best efforts of FBIC to resolve the potential problems 

that are likely to occur in the future between FBIC and the Blackfeet Tribe in the 

development and implementation of our equal water rights claims. The proposal was 

written under the assumption that the problem at hand is not only FBIC’s problem, 

but rather is a problem that directly impacts each of the four major parties involved, 

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and consequently, is a problem that should be solved by all the parties, including 

the Blackfeet Tribe, FBIC, the United States, and the State of Montana. 

We recognize that that the interests of the two Tribes in this matter certainly are 

not diametrically opposed and that a workable solution to this issue can be reached. 

However, it should be noted that unless significant revisions to the terms of the Settlement Act are instituted, FBIC will continue our objections to the passage of the 

Settlement Act. The FBIC’s objection would be based on the fact that while the proposed Settlement Act allows for the full and final settlement of the federal reserved 

water rights on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, it dramatically impacts and limits 

the same rights on the Fort Belknap Reservation in the process. It should be pointed out that under the terms of the Montana Code relating to the water settlement 

process, no compact is effective and binding unless it is approved and ratified by 

‘‘any affected tribal governing body,’’ and that because the interests and rights of 

FBIC would be adversely effected by the implementation of the proposed Settlement 

Act, FBIC would refuse to approve it in its current form. 

FBIC believes it is necessary that the Blackfeet Settlement Act seek to balance 

an equitable recognition of the Blackfeet’s rights with sufficient protections for 

water users at Fort Belknap who have an equal recognized claim. Any determination of a federal reserved water right on the Blackfeet Reservation necessarily requires the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission to reach an understanding with FBIC where such a determination directly impacts the rights of the 

Tribe or tribal members. We believe that it is of paramount importance that the 

State assist the Tribes and work collaboratively with them in seeking solutions to 

this complex problem, especially as the only alternative is to litigate this matter in 

court, an outcome that would obviously be disadvantageous to the interests of all 

affected parties. 

Thank you for your consideration of this matter. 

Attachment 

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1 All but a small part of the water impounded in Lake Elwell flows from the Blackfeet Reservation. 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE BLACKFEET TRIBE

The Blackfeet Tribe is a sovereign Indian Nation residing on the Blackfeet Indian 

Reservation in Montana and exercising jurisdiction and regulatory control within 

the Reservation. Water is the most critical resource issue for the Tribe today. It is 

vital to the treaty promise of a permanent self-sustaining homeland for the Blackfeet people. 

The Blackfeet Reservation 

The Blackfeet Reservation was formally established by Treaty with the United 

States on October 17, 1855 (11 Stat. 657). Located along the eastern slopes of the 

Rocky Mountains, the Reservation is bordered on the north by Canada and on the 

west by Glacier National Park and Lewis and Clark National Forest. Birch Creek 

forms the southern border, and the eastern border is partially formed by Cut Bank 

Creek and Birch Creek as they merge to form the Marias River. The Rocky Mountains, and the streams and rivers that flow from the mountains, have long been one 

of the most culturally and religiously significant area to the Blackfeet People, and 

they are a critical part of the oral history and cultural and religious customs of the 

Tribe. 

The present reservation is only a small part of the historical aboriginal territory 

of the Blackfeet Tribe that encompassed much of the present State of Montana, and 

a large area north into Canada. It was gradually reduced to the present 1.5 million 

acres through various executive orders, an act of Congress, and two congressionally 

ratified agreements in 1888 and 1895. The Reservation was allotted in 1907 (34 

Stat. 1035) and 1919 (41 Stat. 3). The current land ownership is approximately 65 

percent Indian and 35 percent non-Indian. The Tribe has an active land acquisition 

program, and the amount of Indian lands increases regularly. 

Oil and gas, timber resources, and grazing make up a significant portion of the 

Tribe’s revenue base. The Tribe also has a Class II gaming casino in Browning, and 

operates several other smaller enterprises. 

There are 16,000 enrolled members of the Blackfeet Tribe, about half of whom reside on the Reservation. The Tribe is the largest employer, and unemployment 

ranges as high as 67 percent or more. Ranching and irrigation are the mainstay of 

the Reservation economy, and the BIA’s Blackfeet Irrigation Project is a critical part 

of the ranching/irrigation economy. 

Water Resources 

Several drainages are encompassed within the Reservation. To the west, the St. 

Mary’s River originates near the Glacier Park/Reservation border, flows north onto 

the Reservation and then directly north into Canada. The Milk River originates on 

the Reservation as the North Fork, South Fork and Middle Fork. The Middle Fork 

and South Fork merge to form the Milk River proper which flows northeasterly 

through the Reservation into Canada and then back into the United States at the 

eastern crossing near Havre, Montana. Cut Bank, Two Medicine, and Badger and 

Birch all flow easterly through the Reservation and into the Marias River at the 

eastern boundary of the Reservation. Birch Creek is the southern boundary of the 

Reservation. 

The average annual water supply on the Reservation is nearly 1.5 million acre 

feet. A significant portion of the water supply is in the St. Mary River (663,800 acrefeet average annual flow). The estimated average annual flow for all other streams 

is: Milk River—76,100 acre-feet; Cut Bank Creek—137,300 acre-feet; Two Medicine 

River and Badger Creek—431,400 acre-feet and Birch Creek—129,100 acre-feet. 

Water Rights Negotiations 

The Tribe’s water rights were the subject of negotiations among the Tribe, the 

Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission and a Federal Negotiation 

Team for well over a decade. In December 2007, the Tribe and the State reached 

a final compact quantifying the Tribe’s water rights basin by basin and addressing 

issues relating to administration and water marketing. The Compact also provides 

for an allocation of water from the Bureau of Reclamation Lake Elwell (Tiber Dam) 

downstream from the Reservation on the Marias River, as part of the Tribe’s water 

right. 1 Of critical importance to the Tribe is the 50,000 acre foot allocation of St. 

Mary River water which must be provided from newly developed St. Mary water or 

Milk River Project water to be made available through administration of the Milk 

River Project. 

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2 A similar case involving Birch Creek on the Blackfeet Reservation had been filed by the 

same U.S. Attorney that filed the Winters case was decided by the Ninth Circuit in the same 

year. Conrad Investment Co. v. United States, 161 F. 829 (9th Cir. 1908). 

The Tribe and the State also entered into an agreement relating to Birch Creek, 

by which the Tribe will defer additional use of Birch Creek water for fifteen years, 

and then will provide water to non-Indian Birch Creek water users from an enlarged Four Horns Reservoir, one of the storage facilities of the Blackfeet Irrigation 

Project. The agreement is conditioned on congressional approval of the Compact, 

funding for the enlargement, and necessary federal authorization. 

Water Related Claims Against the United States 

As part of a final settlement of its water rights, the Tribe expects to resolve its 

water related claims against the United States. With settlement funding, the Tribe 

will be seeking to rehabilitate and better the Blackfeet Irrigation Project, to construct critical water storage projects, a regional water system serving Reservation 

communities, and other water related projects. The Tribe will also be seeking a resolution of the environmental damages and problems caused by the Milk River Project 

facilities through mitigation and environmental restoration projects, and to resolve 

right of way issues relating to the project. 

These projects and other funding are justified by the Tribe’s claims against the 

Federal Government which include, among others: 

1) the failure of the United States to protect Blackfeet water rights in the negotiation and completion of the 1909 Boundary Water Treaty with Great Britain 

allocating the St. Mary and Milk River between the United State and Canada; 

2) the failure of the United States to protect Blackfeet water rights or to provide 

any benefits to Blackfeet in the 1902 authorization and construction of the Bureau of Reclamation Milk River Project; 

3) the failure of the United States to mitigate or repair the physical and environmental damages caused by the St. Mary diversion facilities utilized to divert 

water off the Reservation for the Milk River Project; 

4) the failure of the United States to properly maintain rights of way for the 

St. Mary diversion facilities, and the Project’s continuing use of land relinquished to the Tribe from the original land withdrawal for the St. Mary diversion facilities; 

5) the failure of the United States to protect Blackfeet water rights against the 

establishment and utilization of state water rights by non-Indians on the Reservation, which state rights utilize a majority of the available water in Milk 

River, Cut Bank Creek and Birch Creek; 

6) the failure of the United States to complete and properly operate and maintain the BIA Blackfeet Irrigation Project; 

7) the failure of the Department of the Interior to provide additional storage to 

the Tribe in fulfillment of the Tribe’s agreement to build a smaller Two Medicine Dam after it failed in the 1960’s, no part of which would extend into Glacier National Park; and 

8) other water related claims. 

Claims Relating to the 1909 Boundary Water Treaty 

The 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty allocates the St. Mary River and the Milk 

River between the United States and Canada. The Treaty was concluded only a year 

after the seminal Supreme Court’s decision in Winters v. United States that first defined the federal reserved water rights doctrine applicable to Indian tribes. Notwithstanding that the Winters case involved the Milk River, one of the two streams allocated under the Boundary Waters Treaty, Blackfeet water rights are not mentioned 

and were not taken into consideration in the 1909 Treaty. 2

Only a few years before the conclusion of the Boundary Water Treaty, the Reclamation Service had identified a feasible Blackfeet Reservation project on the eastern side of the Reservation of up to 100,000 acres utilizing St. Mary water. (Approximately 70,000 acres were on the Reservation and 30,000 acres were off the 

Reservation.) This was one of three alternatives for use of the United States’ St. 

Mary allocation identified and described in the Reclamation Services Fourth Annual 

Report to Congress, House Doc. No. 86, 59th Cong., 1st Sess. (1906) at 177–181. The 

other two projects were: (1) an All American canal that would carry water to the 

downstream Milk River water users in a canal traversing the Reservation and located entirely within the United State; and (2) the project that finally was built and 

exists today, diverting St. Mary’s water into the Milk, through Canada, and back 

124 

to the United States for use by Milk River water users over a hundred miles from 

the Blackfeet Reservation. The Reclamation Service concluded that both the Reservation project and the downstream project were feasible, but Reclamation chose 

to build a project serving only non-Indian water users, thereby rejecting any benefit 

to the Blackfeet Tribe in favor of the non-Indian project. 

Based on the identification of a feasible irrigation project on the Blackfeet Reservation by the Reclamation Service in 1906, the United States was obligated to ensure that water for the Reservation project was taken into consideration in the 1909 

Boundary Waters Treaty, particularly given the recent decision in the Winters case. 

Yet, the United States failed to obtain an allocation of water in the Boundary 

Waters Treaty to satisfy the Tribe’s St. Mary Winters claim and the Milk River 

Project. 

Claims Relating to the Bureau of Reclamation Milk River Project 

For nearly a hundred years, nearly the entire United States’ share of the St. 

Mary’s River has been diverted off the Blackfeet Reservation for use by the Bureau 

of Reclamation’s Milk River Project. Water is stored at Lake Sherburne on the Reservation and is diverted trans-basin through a 29 mile canal on the Reservation that 

discharges into the North Fork of the Milk River. The canal includes two sets of 

large siphons, and a series of five large concrete drop structures near the lower end 

of the canal. Upon discharge into the Milk River, the River flows through Canada 

for 216 miles before it returns to the United States and is stored in Fresno Reservoir northwest of Havre for use by the Milk River Project. 

The Milk River Project was authorized in 1902 as one of the first projects under 

the 1902 Reclamation Act. In large part, the Milk River Project was used to justify 

the United States share of St. Mary River and the Milk River under the 1909 

Boundary Waters Treaty. The Treaty served as the final go ahead for the Milk River 

Project, and construction of the Project was begun immediately upon completion of 

the Treaty. The Blackfeet Tribe has significant claims relating to construction of the 

project. 

Water Rights Claims 

The St. Mary River arises near the western boundary of the Reservation and 

flows only on the Reservation. The River flows directly from the Reservation into 

Canada where it becomes part of the Hudson Bay drainage. The Blackfeet Tribe is 

the sole entity with a clear and direct right to St. Mary’s water. As set forth above, 

at least as of 1906, the Tribe had an identified Winters right to sufficient water to 

feasibly irrigate 70,000 acres of Reservation lands. Nevertheless, the Blackfeet 

Tribe’s water rights were completely ignored in the authorization and construction 

of the Milk River Project. The Milk River Project utilizes nearly the entire U.S. allocation of St. Mary water through the elaborate trans-basin diversion that diverts 

St. Mary water into the Milk River, carrying it downstream for use by the Project. 

For over a hundred years, the United States has directly taken and used Blackfeet 

water for use by the Milk River Project, leaving no available water in the St. Mary 

River to fulfill the water rights of the Tribe, representing a permanent loss of water 

to the Blackfeet Tribe. The Boundary Waters Treaty and the Milk River Project 

have directly facilitated the taking of Blackfeet water and have deprived the Tribe 

and its members of water that would otherwise be used on the Reservation for the 

benefit of the Blackfeet Tribe. 

Failure to Provide Project Benefits to the Blackfeet Tribe 

Since the completion of the Milk River Project in 1917, as much of the United 

States share of St. Mary’s as possible has been diverted from the Reservation for 

use by the Milk River Project users. The Tribe has not been able to use one drop 

of the water, and to this day, the Tribe has not benefitted in any manner from the 

Project, notwithstanding the use of tribal water and Reservation lands by the 

Project. 

The lack of benefit to the Tribe and its members is directly contrary to promises 

made to the Tribe in exchange for the right of way for Project diversion facilities 

and canal. As part of the 1895 Agreement between Tribe and the United States, 

ratified by Congress in the Act of June 10, 1896, 29 Stat. 321, 353, by which the 

Tribe, under significant pressure, ceded its western lands that are now part of Glacier National Park and Lewis and Clark National Forest, the Tribe was asked to 

provide a right of way for the Milk River Project canal and facilities on the clear 

representation that the Project would bring water to Reservation lands. Article VII 

of the 1895 Agreement provides that a right of way shall be granted for, among 

other things, canals and irrigating ditches through the Reservation. 

125 

As documented in the transcript of the negotiations of the 1895 Agreement, the 

provision of the right of way was based on the representation that the Tribe would 

benefit from the Project. As stated to the Tribe: 

In case the Government sees fit to build ditches or canals across the reservation 

men will be employed and paid the same as when railroads are built. I think 

it would be a good thing if this canal was built. You might want the water in 

different places on the reservation where this ditch runs. This is [the] canal 

running from St. Mary’s Lake across to Milk River that I refer to especially. 

Now, I think you all understand pretty well what is meant. 

S. Doc. No. 118, 54th Cong. 1st Sess.(1896) at 20–21. The clear import is that the 

Tribe would benefit from the Milk River Project facilities if it provided rights of 

ways for the Project. Such benefit has never materialized. 

Over the years, the amount of water diverted from the Reservation has expanded. 

Municipal water users were added and additional lands have been brought into the 

Project. There are also other water users who have been able to use Project water 

because of lack of enforcement by the Bureau of Reclamation or the State. Even a 

wildlife refuge (Bowdoin) is provided water from the Project, but not the Blackfeet 

Tribe. In sum, there have been a multitude of entities and individuals who are receiving St. Mary water from the Milk River Project and otherwise benefitting from 

the Project, except for the very entity that has the most direct claim to the water— 

the Blackfeet Tribe. On the other hand, the Tribe has suffered significant environmental and property damage as a result of the Project, and it is the Tribe who 

would be directly impacted by any failure of the Project. 

Environmental and Resource Damages 

At the same time the Milk River Project facilities utilize tribal lands and have 

caused serious environmental problems on the Reservation. Water is stored in 

Sherburne Dam on the Reservation and is released into Swiftcurrent Creek. 

Swiftcurrent joins with another stream, Boulder Creek, and both are diverted into 

Lower St. Mary Lake by a dike. St. Mary Diversion Dam then diverts the water 

into the St. Mary Canal, where it is carried for 29 miles before dumping into the 

North Fork of the Milk River. Two major sets of siphons and five concrete drops 

are part of the facilities. 

Sherburne Dam 

The primary Milk River Project storage facility on the Reservation is Sherburne 

Dam, completed in 1919. It releases water into Swiftcurrent Creek which is diverted 

through the St. Mary diversion facilities into St. Mary Lake.. The current outlet 

structure is unable to pass law flows during the winter months, and as a result 

Swiftcurrent Creek dries up, causing important wintering habitat for the threatened 

bull trough to be lost. 

Bank Erosion and Flooding 

Swiftcurrent Creek and Boulder Creek come together, and both are diverted into 

Lower St. Mary Lake. The banks of Swiftcurrent Creek have eroded below the confluence of Boulder Creek. Both streams provide critical habitat for the threatened 

bull trout. Continued erosion also contributes to regular flooding of tribal and individual member lands at the confluence of the two streams. This flooding also affects 

a tribal graveyard in the area. For years, the Tribe has complained of the annual 

flooding to the Bureau of Reclamation, but to no avail. 

St. Mary Lake 

Swiftcurrent Creek Dike, completed in 1915, diverts all flows from Swiftcurrent 

Creek and Boulder Creek into Lower St. Mary Lake, a beautiful, pristine alpine 

lake. The combined sediment load of both streams is deposited into the Lake, creating a delta approximately 16 acres in size. The sedimentation has destroyed commercial fishing in the lake, and is destroying recreational and aesthetic values relating to the Lake. The diversion of water into St. Mary Lake also causes the level 

of the Lake to fluctuate. This affects use of Tribal lake shore property and the value 

of the lake shore property. 

St. Mary Diversion Dam 

The St. Mary Diversion Dam and head works were constructed around 1910 and 

are used to divert water from St. Mary Lake into the 29 mile St. Mary canal. The 

dam and head works are in poor condition and have a negative impact on the fishery resources. The diversion dam acts as a barrier to fish movement and fish become 

entrained in the canal through the head gates during the irrigation season. These 

facilities affect the threatened bull trout and other Reservation fishery resources. 

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St. Mary Canal 

The St. Mary Canal, completed in 1915, is an unlined earthen canal approximately 29 mile in length, and is in poor condition. It has a number of deficiencies, 

and is responsible for significant seepage. The canal affects surrounding wildlife 

habitat and contributes to environmental damage along its length. 

St. Mary Siphon 

The siphon includes two 90-inch steel barrels approximately 3,200 feet in length 

that traverse the St. Mary Valley. The siphons have had significant leaks, contributing to environmental damage, and represent significant environmental and safety 

hazards to the Reservation. 

Hall Coulee Siphon 

The Hall Coulee Siphon consists of two 78 inch steel pipes, approximately 1,404 

feet in length. Like the St. Mary Siphon, leaks from the siphon have resulted in 

environmental damage, and represent significant environmental and safety hazards 

on the Reservation. 

Drop Structures 

Water from the St. Mary Canal passes through five concrete drops before the 

water is dumped into the North Fork of the Milk River. Like the siphons, the drop 

structures are in deteriorated condition and represent significant environmental and 

safety hazards on the Reservation. 

Babb Community Water System 

The town of Babb is the Reservation community in the vicinity of the St. Mary 

diversion facilities. It is located on Hwy. 89, approximately 10 miles for the Canadian border. Wells serving the north Babb area depend on groundwater recharge 

being recharged from leakage of the St. Mary Canal. Any fix of the canal must take 

into consideration the potential impact to the Babb community water system. 

The Milk River Project diversion facilities on the Blackfeet Reservation are now 

nearly one hundred years old. The rehabilitation of the diversion facilities was authorized by the 2007 Water Resources Development Act (WRDA). The St. Mary provision of the WRDA legislation provides that no construction on the St. Mary rehabilitation may take place until the Blackfeet Tribe’s water rights compact is approved by Congress or January 1, 2011, whichever comes first. 

Claims Against the United States Relating to the St. Mary Diversion 

Facility Right of Way 

In addition to the water rights, property and environmental claims relating to the 

St. Mary diversion facilities, there are significant ownership issues and right of way 

issues that have remained unresolved over the years. The Bureau of Reclamation 

lacks rights of way for portions of the facilities and the canal and lacks flowage 

easements in critical areas. There are also other ownership issues. The following 

issues relating to the Bureau of Reclamation facilities on the Reservation require 

resolution: 

• Ownership issues relating to Sherburne Dam. 

• Issues relating to ownership of timber and oil and gas in the Dam area. 

• Lack of easement or authority to utilize Swiftcurrent Creek. 

• Lack of authority to construct dike that diverts water from Swiftcurrent and 

Boulder Creeks into St. Mary Lake. 

• Lack of flowage easement from St. Mary Lake to diversion. 

• Lack of ownership/right of way/easements relating to Camp 9. 

• Trespass issues relating to Camp 9 and other areas relinquished to the Tribe 

pursuant to the Act of August 28, 1937. 

• Lack of easements/rights of way in Spider Lake area. 

• Flooding/inundation issues relating to dam at Spider Lake. 

• BOR maintenance roads outside of right of way. 

• Lack of flowage easements relating to drops. 

• Use of borrow, fill, and sand and gravel without compensation to tribe. 

• Ownership issues relating in entire reach of St. Mary Canal. 

• Issues relating to BOR leases to private parties on the Reservation. 

127 

Claims Relating to the Blackfeet Irrigation Project 

The Blackfeet Irrigation Project was authorized in 1907, only five years after the 

Milk River Project. The Blackfeet project suffers from similar condition problems as 

the Milk River Project and needs significant rehabilitation. The Project also needs 

to be finally completed. 

The Project is divided into three units: Two Medicine; Badger-Fisher; and Birch 

Creek. There are currently 38,082 assessed acres in the project. Project completion 

or build out is approximately 53,000 acres. Rehabilitation and betterment of the 

project is a major focus of a comprehensive settlement, and is essential to the Birch 

Creek deferral agreement entered into by the Tribe and the State of Montana, a related agreement to the Compact. 

The Bureau of Indian Affairs has failed to complete the Blackfeet Irrigation 

Project As a result the Project does not provide the full economic benefit to the Tribe 

and its members that a fully completed project would provide. The BIA has also 

failed to properly operate and maintain the Project. As a result, the Project is in 

a significantly dilapidated condition and cannot property deliver water to Project 

lands, affecting the ability of Project water uses to make a living and to economically benefit from the Project. 

Claims Against the U.S. Concerning to the Failure to Protect Tribal Water 

Rights in Relation to Non-Indian Development 

On the Milk River, Cut Bank Creek and Birch Creek, the United States allowed 

non-Indian development to occur under state water rights without objection and 

without protecting of the Blackfeet Tribe’s water rights. On the Milk River and Cut 

Bank Creek, substantial non-Indian development was allowed to occur that utilized 

a significant portion of direct flow water, without regard to the prior rights of the 

Blackfeet Tribe, making those streams essentially unavailable to the Tribe without 

the construction of expensive storage. 

On Birch Creek, which was subject to a 1908 federal court decree in Conrad Investment Co. v. United States, 161 F. 829 (9th Cir. 1908), the court awarded only 

the amount of water currently being used at the time, but the court provided that 

the decree could be re-opened when additional water was needed. 161 F. at 835. 

However, the United States allowed non-Indian development to occur that utilized 

all remaining water supplies over and above the amount decreed to the Tribe, without regard to future modification of the decree. By allowing non-Indian development 

to utilize all additional supplies, the United States essentially precluded any additional development by the Tribe as provided for in the decree. 

Claims Relating to the Two Medicine Dam 

In 1964, a disastrous flood occurred on the Blackfeet Reservation, causing significant loss of life and property damage. Lower Two Medicine Dam on the Two Medicine River, one of the Blackfeet Irrigation storage facilities was destroyed. The Reservation was declared a disaster area and funds were quickly appropriated by Congress to partially repair the damage to Reservation homes, and to begin the process 

to replace Two Medicine Dam. In rebuilding the Two Medicine Dam, the Tribe was 

convinced to agree to a smaller facility and lesser storage because of Department 

of the Interior concerns about the dam backing up water into Glacier National Park. 

In exchange the Department of the Interior promised that an additional storage facility would be built for the Tribe further downstream on Two Medicine River. This 

was necessary because the smaller replacement reservoir, unlike the original storage facility, was not sufficient to irrigate all the irrigable lands in the Two Medicine 

Unit of the Blackfeet Irrigation Project. The Two Medicine Dam was replaced, but 

a second storage facility has never been constructed as promised. 

Claims Relating to Divide Creek 

Divide Creek serves as a portion of the western boundary between the Reservation and Glacier National Park. The major eastern entrance to the Park and the 

start of the well-known Going-to-the-Sun Road is located at Divide Creek. Ranger 

facilities are located near the Creek, as is a major Park visitor center and other private resort development. 

Historically, significant erosion has occurred in Divide Creek, and regular flooding 

has occurred. At least since the late 1980’s, because of the significant development 

in the area, the Park Service has responded to flood conditions on Divide Creek with 

stream-clearing and channelization activities using heavy equipment. This has 

caused a loss of aquatic habitat and adverse water quality impacts. The main bridge 

over Divide Creek at the entrance to the Park also contributes to flooding problems 

as debris and other materials are caught under the bridge, creating a logjam and 

increasing the flooding problem in the area. 

128 

Since the early 1990’s, the Park Service has indicated that it would adopt a long 

term plan to address the flood conditions without use of heavy equipment. The Park 

Service completed a Value Analysis for Divide Creek in 1992, identifying a number 

of alternatives for a long-term plan. More recently, in connection with plans for a 

major modification to the Park visitor center and other improvements, it was represented that the required Environmental Assessment would address alternatives to 

the Divide Creek flooding problems. However, the Park Service subsequently concluded that insufficient funding was available to analyze the issues. Therefore, the 

flooding and sedimentation problems at Divide Creek, with resulting adverse impacts to fisheries and water quality, continue to occur with no solution presently in 

sight. 

Conclusion 

The above discussion set out the primary water related claims of the Blackfeet 

Tribe against the United States. These claims represent damages of hundreds of 

millions of dollars due to loss of water, loss of benefits, damages to the environment 

and Reservation property and failure of the United States trust to carry out its trust 

responsibility to the Tribe relating to Tribal water rights and use of water. The 

claims serve as the basis for the federal contribution to the Blackfeet water rights 

settlement. 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF WILLIAM ‘‘SNUFFY’’ MAIN, CHAIRMAN, GROS VENTRE

TREATY COMMITTEE


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Tamara Backstrom, St. Hawthorne, CA 

Nansi Buenrostro, North Hollywood, CA 

Eloise Cornejo-Miller, Anaheim, CA 

Robert Corral, Chino Hills, CA 

Sandra Cruz, Burbank, CA 

Spring Drake, Los Angeles, CA 

Patricia Farias, Los Angeles, CA 

Lisa Garcia, Long Beach, CA 

John Gomez, Jr., Temecula, CA 

Judy Ann Hoofe, Los Angeles, CA 

Fabian M. Ledesma, San Fernando CA 

Janet Logan, West Covina, CA 

Renee Lovan, Ontario, CA 

Mark Lucero, Riverside, CA 

Michael Lucero, San Bernardino, CA 

Ric Macaisa, Los Angeles, CA 

Michael Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Henry Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Jackie Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Karrie Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Lawrence Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Remy Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Katherine Medina, Alhambra, CA 

Regina P. Marquez, Whittier, CA 

Stacy Mestaz, Chino Hills, CA 

Kelly Morningstar Madariaga, Temecula, CA 

Susan Osuna, Los Angeles, CA 

Michael A. Rios, Beaumont, CA 

Joyce Robins, Fontana, CA 

Daniel R. Rodarte, Chino, CA 

Debra Lyn Rodarte, Chino, CA 


722f2.eps
132 

Paul Rodarte, Montebello CA 

Darlene Saunders, Chino Hills, CA 

Brenda Simon, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 

Jessica Solorzano, Ontario, CA 

Christopher Ernest Tavizon, La Crescenta, CA 

Danielle Jeanne Tavizon, La Crescenta, CA 

Janelle Lynn Tavizon, La Crescenta, CA 

Yolanda Valadez, South El Monte, CA 

Helga M. Walston, Riverside, CA 


722f3.eps
133 


722g1.eps
134 


722g2.eps
135 

Æ 


722e3.eps