NASA/SP--1999-7602

NASA Publications Guide for Authors

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

November 1999

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000011412 2018-05-14T14:04:53+00:00Z
The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated

to the advancement of aeronautics and space

science. The NASA Scientific and Technical

Information (STI) Program Office plays a key

part in helping NASA maintain this

important role.

The NASA STI Program Office is operated by

Langley Research Center, the lead center for

NASA's scientific and technical information.

The NASA STI Program Office provides

access to the NASA STI Database, the largest

collection of aeronautical and space science

STI in the world. The Program Office is also

NASA's institutional mechanism for

disseminating the results of its research and

development activities. These results are

published by NASA in the NASA STI Report

Series, which includes the following report

types:

TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of

completed research or a major significant

phase of research that present the results

of NASA programs and include extensive

data or theoretical analysis. Includes

compilations of significant scientific and

technical data and information deemed to

be of continuing reference value. NASA

counterpart of peer-reviewed formal

professional papers, but having less

stringent limitations on manuscript

length and extent of graphic

presentations.

CONFERENCE PUBLICATION.

Collected papers from scientific and

technical conferences, symposia,

seminars, or other meetings sponsored or

co-sponsored by NASA.

SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific,

technical, or historical information from

NASA programs, projects, and missions,

often concerned with subjects having

substantial public interest.

TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. Englishlanguage translations of foreign scientific

and technical material pertinent to

NASA's mission.

Specialized services that complement the STI

Program Office's diverse offerings include

creating custom thesauri, building

customized databases, organizing and

publishing research results ... even providing

videos.

For more information about the NASA STI

Program Office, see the following:

• Access the NASA STI Program Home

Page at http://www.sti.nasa.gov

• E-mail your question via the Internet to

help@sti.nasa.gov

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM.

Scientific and technical findings that are

preliminary or of specialized interest,

e.g., quick release reports, working

papers, and bibliographies that contain

minimal annotation. Does not contain

extensive analysis.

CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and

technical findings by NASA-sponsored

contractors and grantees.

Fax your question to the NASA STI Help

Desk at (301) 621-0134

Phone the NASA STI Help Desk at

(301) 621-0390

Write to:

NASA STI Help Desk

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320
NASA/SP--1999-7602

NASA Publications Guide for Authors

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program

November 1999
Acknowledgments

The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program gratefully acknowledges the

STI Publications Policy Review Committee (PPRC); Sue McDonald and Joyce Turner-Waits

of the PPRC who were chairpersons for the review of this guide; the assistance of the NASA

Center for AeroSpace Information in compiling the draft; and Eloise Johnson, NCI

Information Systems, Inc., Langley Research Center, and Luanne Jorewicz, Indyne, Inc.,

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, for editing the document.

Available from:

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

(301) 621-0390

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161-2171

(703) 605-6000

This report is also available in electronic form at URL http://www.sti.nasa.gov/and

http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi.bin/ntrs
Contents

1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................

2 General Information and Requirements ...................................................................................... 1

2.1 Selection of Publication Channel ......................................................................................... 1

2.2 NASA STI Report Series ..................................................................................................... 2

2.3 Production Methods ............................................................................................................. 5

2.4 Electronic Dissemination ..................................................................................................... 5

2.5 Dissemination ....................................................................................................................... 5

3 Other Publications Requirements ................................................................................................ 7

3.1 Acknowledgment of Contributors ........................................................................................ 7

3.2 Copyright .............................................................................................................................. 8

4 Documentation Format and Page Mechanics .............................................................................. 9

4.1 Page Mechanics and Layout ................................................................................................. 9

4.2 Sections of Report .............................................................................................................. 11

4.3 Tables and Figures ............................................................................................................. 15

5 Special Preparation Concerns .................................................................................................... 17

5.1 Titles and Headings ............................................................................................................ 17

5.2 Cross-References ................................................................................................................ 18

5.3 Trade Names and Trademarks ............................................................................................ 18

5.4 Spacecraft Designations ..................................................................................................... 19

5.5 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 19

5.6 Numerals ............................................................................................................................ 19

5.7 Mathematical Presentation ................................................................................................. 19

5.8 International System of Units ............................................................................................. 20

°°°

111
5.9 Proofreading ....................................................................................................................... 20

5.10 Checklists, Questions, and Other Information ................................................................. 20

Appendix A--Types of NASA STI Publications, Related STI Report Series, and Suggested

Distribution ................................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix B----Author Checklist To Publish Documents in the NASA STI Report Series ........... 22

Appendix C--Publications Review Checklist .............................................................................. 23

Appendix D--Report Documentation Page .................................................................................. 24

Appendix E--Restriction Notices ................................................................................................. 25

Appendix F--Back of NASA STI Report Title Page ................................................................... 26

Appendix G--References to Electronic Documents in NASA STI Reports ................................ 27

Appendix H--NASA STI Database Subject Divisions and Categories ........................................ 29

Appendix I--Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ' s) ..................................................................... 30

Appendix J-- Acronyms and Definitions ..................................................................................... 32

References ..................................................................................................................................... 34

Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 35

iv
1 Introduction

Publication of scientific and technical information (STI) is one of the responsibilities of

NASA as a Government Agency. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 established a

requirement for NASA to provide "the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of

information concerning its activities and the results thereof." Persons engaged in NASA-funded

or NASA-sponsored research and development and related efforts are therefore required to

publish the results of their work in the NASA STI series or through other externally accessible

channels.

An Agency-wide committee of publications professionals prepared the standards and

conventions presented in this guide for authors. The committee began with NASA SP-7047,

NASA Publications Guide (ref. 1), and revised it based on requirements in NPG 2200.2A,

Guidelines for Documentation, Approval, and Dissemination of NASA Scientific and Technical

Information (ref. 2) and current professional publications standards.

Section 2 of this guide presents descriptions of each type of report in the NASA STI Report

Series and briefly discusses the applicable production methods and appropriate dissemination of

these reports. In a subsection on selection of the appropriate publication channels, it also

suggests other avenues for releasing STI. Section 3 discusses professional and ethical concerns,

such as authorship, contributors, and copyright. Section 4 provides recommended standards for

document format, makeup, and organization. Section 5 presents miscellaneous preparation

concerns.

Contact the NASA STI Lead Center or your center publications office to discuss specific

preparation, production, review and approval, printing or reproduction, distribution, and

scheduling requirements for your proposed publications. Additional publishing guidance may be

found on the STI webpage at uniform resource locator (URL) http://www.sti.nasa, gov/.

2 General Information and Requirements

2.1 Selection of Publication Channel

Various external publication channels in addition to the NASA STI Report Series are available

to you. Non-NASA channels include oral presentations, periodicals, books, or proceedings

volumes by non-NASA publishers. All releases are subject to approval as prescribed in reference

2 and the originating NASA center approval procedures.

2.1.1 NASA STI Report Series

The NASA STI Report Series is a channel for publication of NASA scientific and technical

information. Make the initial selection of the appropriate report series type in consultation with

the NASA STI Lead Center or the publications office of your originating center, based on the

content of the document and the intended readership. The selection of the report series type is

subject to review as part of the originating center's review process. (See section 2.2.)

2.1.2 Presentations at Professional Meetings

Presentations at society meetings and other professional gatherings ensure the timely

dissemination of NASA scientific and technical findings to appropriate audiences. You may obtain
TM (Technical Memorandum) numbers for your presentations; this allows you to distribute

copies to attendees and ensures that the paper is included in the NASA STI Database. Such

TM's may be published in proceedings published by the meeting sponsor.

2.1.3 Non-NASA Publications

Appropriate non-NASA publications for NASA STI include professional society journals, trade

journals, and similar periodicals produced by professional, technical, or academic organizations.

Proceedings of scientific and technical conferences, symposia, and workshops are also distribution

channels for NASA STI. Manuscripts submitted to such channels for publication must have NASA

prior approval.

2.1.4 Duplicate Publication

Publication of STI through non-NASA channels does not preclude the publication of

equivalent information by NASA. For example, significant findings could be reported in a

journal and more detailed documentation of these findings could then be published as a NASA

TP (Technical Publication). However, you should not publish identical material through

different channels, with the following exceptions for the TM series:

• Preprints of presentations at professional meetings

• Preprints of journal articles

2.2 NASA STI Report Series

The benefits of publishing and disseminating your document in the NASA STI Report Series

are given in section 2.5. The NASA STI Report Series comprises six types of technical reports.

The six report types (Technical Publication, Technical Memorandum, Contractor Report,

Conference Publication, Special Publication, and Technical Translation) are described in this

guide. The appropriate NASA STI Report Series type is selected according to document content

and the needs of the readership. Make the selection based on the descriptions provided herein,

with assistance from your center publications office, if needed. Appendix A is a quick-reference

tool for matching manuscript contents with the appropriate STI report type and distribution. The

selection is subject to approval as part of the STI Lead Center or originating center's review

process.

When a document is approved for publication, the publications office at the originating center

obtains a report number from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI). The NASA

numbering scheme has been changed to meet ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and

year 2000 standards and now fits the format: NASA/TM--1999-123456, where TM is report

series type. All STI that is published or released via any media must have a signed NASA Form

1676 (NASA Scientific and Technical Document Availability Authorization (DAA)) on file at

the originating center. A copy of NASA Form 1676 can be located at URL

http://www.sti.nasa.gov/daa.htm.

You may choose the type of dissemination that your NASA STI Report Series document

receives, except in the case of CR's. Section 2.5 explains your dissemination options. For CR's,

you should use the following guidance:
• Widerdissemination(calledstandarddistributionin section2.5.1.1)for documentsthat contain

findingsof completedsignificantscientificandtechnicalwork

• Narrower dissemination (called nonstandarddistribution in section 2.5.1.2) for those

documentsthatarepreliminaryor of interestto a limitednumberof people

2.2.1 TechnicalPublication

The TechnicalPublication (TP) seriesconsistsof reports of completedresearchor of a

significantphaseof researchthatpresentstheresultsof NASA programs. TP's usuallyinclude

extensivedataor theoreticalanalysis,but theymaybe compilationsof significantscientific and

technicaldataor informationdeemedto beof continuingvalue. TP's aretheNASA counterpart

to peer-reviewedformal professionalpapersbut have less stringentlimitations on manuscript

lengthandextentof graphicspresentation.Technicalreviewof a TPis doneby acommitteeof

peersor anexpert singlereviewer. In addition to reportsdocumentingresearch,the typesof

documentsassignedto this seriesincludethefollowing:

• Bibliographieswith abstractsand/orextensiveannotation

• Technicalhandbooks,critical tables,andextensive-usedatacompilations

• Designstandards

• Scientificandtechnicaltextbooksandmanuals

• State-of-the-art summaries, including critical reviews or surveys of a body of scientific or

technical literature

• Technical reports or monographs that provide complete and comprehensive treatment of

significant contributions to scientific and technical knowledge or a critical evaluation of

selected, previously published research

2.2.2 Technical Memorandum

The Technical Memorandum (TM) series records scientific and technical findings that are

preliminary or of interest to a limited number of readers, such as quick-release reports, working

papers, and bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. TM's do not contain extensive

analysis. Technical review is the responsibility of the author's technical management. Peer

review is not required for a TM. Types of documents assigned to this series include the

following:

• Working papers for professional peers beyond the basic work group

• Individual papers prepared for presentation at or preprints for professional meetings or

symposia, which may or may not be published later in proceedings volumes (such as a NASA

CP) or journals

• Collections of proceedings of professional meetings or symposia sponsored or cosponsored by

NASA. TM's are normally preliminary papers, abstracts, or viewgraphs. (See also section

2.2.4.)

• Theses or dissertations that relate to Agency work, written by NASA employees only

• Bibliographies that present listings of STI literature, without evaluation, written by NASA

employees, contractors, and grantees

• Abbreviated conference records, such as figure preprints or abstracts and figures only

3
2.2.3 Contractor Report

The Contractor Report (CR) series consists of reports of scientific and technical findings

obtained from NASA-sponsored research. CR's containing findings of completed or significant

scientific and technical work comparable to a TM are given standard distribution (see section

2.5.1.1). CR's that are preliminary or of interest to a limited number of people receive

nonstandard distribution (see section 2.4.1.2). Reports prepared by contractors or grantees are

processed into the NASA STI Report Series only after the contract technical monitor has

approved the report as an acceptable deliverable under the terms of the contract or grant. Review

of this series document is by the NASA contract technical monitor, contracting officer's technical

representative, and/or other NASA technical reviewer.

Although final versions of these reports are usually published as CR's, a report authored by a

contractor or grantee may be selected by the cognizant NASA monitoring office for publication

in another NASA Report Series. Such reports must meet all criteria for the selected series and

must be reviewed and approved at the level required for that series.

Contractor- and grantee-produced final reports should contain appropriate acknowledgment of

NASA support and identify the contractor grant under which the work was conducted.

2.2.4 Conference Publication

The Conference Publication (CP) series consists of collections of papers (not just abstracts

and viewgraphs) from NASA-sponsored scientific and technical conferences, symposia,

seminars, or other meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. (A preprint may be included in

this series if it will not be published later as a collection of full papers.)

2.2.5 Special Publication

The Special Publication (SP) series records scientific, technical, or historical information from

NASA programs, projects, and missions, often concerned with subjects having substantial

general public interest. Professional review of this series is controlled by the originating NASA

Headquarters Office or NASA center. The types of documents assigned to this series include

• Scientific summaries of mission results

• Atlases of scientific imagery

• Selected outlook studies, comprehensive program descriptions, and retrospective assessments

• Contractor or grantee results and findings of general interest to a wide public audience

• Histories and chronologies

• Management publications, such as those that document requirements, plans, theories, or

techniques for management or administration of NASA-sponsored scientific and technical

work; such documents can include NASA projects or programs that have application to more

than one NASA center, to other government agencies, or to partnerships with industrial or

international organizations. (Although reports discussing methods of scheduling, funding, or

staffing may be included, reports that carry specific costs or labor figures are not appropriate to

this series.)

• Regularly published abstracts, continuing bibliographies, indexes, publication guides, and

announcement journals
2.2.6 TechnicalTranslation

The TechnicalTranslation(TT) seriesconsistsof English-languagetranslationsof foreignlanguagescientificandtechnicalmaterialpertinentto NASA'smission. A translationof material

protectedby copyright is a derivative work, the distribution of which is constrainedby

international copyright law. Translateddocumentsare assignedreport numbers and are

accessionedinto the NASA STI databaseby NASA CASI; however,distributionis restrictedto

theU.S.Government.

2.3 Production Methods

Publications included in the NASA STI Report Series shall be professional in appearance and

capable of electronic transmission. Instructions in appendix B, Author Checklist To Publish

Documents in the NASA STI Report Series, and appendix C, Publications Review Checklist,

provide general guidelines for the publication and approval process. For specific instructions,

contact your center publications office.

Nonprint methods, such as microphotography, video, and electronic media (e.g., Internet and

CD-ROM) may be used as the primary dissemination method or may accompany or supplement

printed NASA STI. See section 2.4 for factors to be considered in electronic dissemination.

Nonprint methods must conform to the specifications given in NPG 2200.2A, sections 2.6.1.4

and 2.6.2.5.

2.4 Electronic Dissemination

Although the STI Program will continue to maintain formal STI in a central repository

through NASA CASI, new Agency procedures and systems are in place to support the electronic

dissemination and storage of formal STI. Center publications offices can provide you with

specifications for electronic versions of formal publications.

The following guidelines are provided for the release of informal STI. Informal STI, such as

drafts of proposed reports or articles and collections of data or images, need not be disseminated

through the previously mentioned channels. In considering electronic release of informal STI,

you, your authors, and your organization are encouraged to consider several factors:

• That release of any STI requires document availability determination and prior export control

approval (NPG 2200.2A, paragraph 4.2.3)

• That you and your organization have the responsibility to maintain the availability of the

information and to inform users of the preliminary, or other, nature of the information

• Whether the informal STI merits the additional reviews and other steps necessary for

transition to formal STI

2.5 Dissemination

The advantages of publishing and disseminating your report in the NASA STI Report Series

are not only that it gains wide dissemination but also that it is archived (i.e., recorded for

posterity) at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) through the NASA

CASI. Your NASA STI is distributed to the widest practical and appropriate audience unless the

information must be protected (e.g., due to national security, export control laws, trade secret,
patent,otherproprietarystatus,or PrivacyAct consideration).Beforeyou releaseor distribute

yourNASA STI to thepublic, youmusthavea signedandapprovedNASA Form 1676or your

center'sequivalentonfile atyour center(NPG2200.2A,fig. A6-1).

Except for CR's, you may choosethe type of disseminationthat your documentreceives.

Your optionsaregivenbelow. (For CR's, seesection2.2.3.)Contactyour centerpublications

office for moreinformationontypesof dissemination,mailinglabels,andprintingrequirements.

2.5.1 Initial Distribution

Initial distribution is made at the time your report is first produced. You choose the

distribution based on your document content and your intended readership with additional

guidance from appendix A, your center's publications and export control offices, and your

technical management. (For CR's, see section 2.2.3.) You may choose either standard (wider)

distribution or nonstandard (more restricted) distribution, as indicated in sections 2.5.1.1 through

2.5.1.2. Indicate your preferred distribution on the document's Report Documentation Page or

RDP (see appendix D) in block 12a. A copy of the RDP is available from your center

publications office or from the STI Program's webpage at URL http://sti.nasa.gov.

Local distribution (section 2.5.1.3) is an option you may add to accompany either standard or

nonstandard distribution.

2.5.1.1 Standard Distribution. Standard distribution provides the widest dissemination for

your document. Copies of your report are automatically sent to NASA CASI and all NASA

center libraries, to domestic and international subscribers of NASA STI, and to other government

agencies responsible for public document dissemination, such as NTIS (National Technical

Information Service) and GPO (Government Printing Office). GPO sends your document to the

Federal depository libraries. See also section 2.2.3.

2.5.1.2 Nonstandard Distribution. Nonstandard distribution, which is a narrower dissemination,

automatically provides your report to NASA center libraries and NASA CASI and to other

government agencies, such as NTIS and GPO. GPO sends your document to the Federal depository

libraries. See also section 2.2.3.

2.5.1.3 Local Distribution. In addition to choosing either standard or nonstandard distribution,

you may add a locally originated distribution. You or your organization should provide lists or

labels, as required by your center, to your center publications office. Such lists or labels may

include known authors in your field, conference registrants, members of organizations or groups

known to have an interest in your field, and persons who have requested similar prior papers.

For specific information about distribution requirements for your document, contact your center

publications office.

2.5.2 Secondary Distribution

NASA CASI serves as the historical repository for NASA STI. Distribution of a report

subsequent to its initial distribution is made by NASA CASI for a fee in print, electronic, and other

nonprint media to authorized requesters on demand.
3 Other Publications Requirements

The authorizing documents and standards for this guide are listed here. ff conflicting guidance is

encountered, the sequence of the following list governs selection of the appropriate standard:

• NPG 2200.2A, Guidelines for Documentation, Approval, and Dissemination of NASA

Scientific and Technical Information (ref. 2)

• NP-212, NASA Graphics Standard--NASA Insignia (ref. 3)

• Instructions issued by NASA centers that implement the requirements of NPG 2200.2A and

NP-212

• NASA publications containing style specifications (e.g., NASA SP-7047 (ref. 1) and NASA

SP-7013 (ref. 4)

• U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (ref. 5)

• Technical society or other professional style guides

3.1 Acknowledgment of Contributors

3.1.1 Authors

With the exception of NASA histories, the authorship of NASA publications is reserved for

persons who perform the work from which the STI results and who can effectively defend the

main technical content of the publication to a peer group.

When a publication has multiple authors, the authors' names should appear in order of their

relative contribution to the reported results (that is, the first author is the chief contributor and

writer, and the other names follow in order of their contribution to the work).

NASA employees may not be listed as coauthors of NASA CR's. When NASA employees

contribute to rather than monitor contract or grant work, such work should be published in

another series, such as NASA TM' s.

3.1.2 Sources

• Credit statements or citation of source should be included for material from other publications

appearing in a NASA report.

• As the author of a NASA publication, you should document your references sufficiently well

so that the user is able to identify and locate the reference. (See section 4.2.4.2.)

• For copyrighted source material, you are responsible for securing written permission to reprint

from the copyright holder and for including copyright acknowledgment in the manuscript on

the back of the title page.

3.1.3 Sponsors

• When NASA works with or for another agency or organization, you should report your

scientific and technical findings in the NASA STI Report Series and indicate joint project or

sponsorship on the cover, title page, and RDP. (Such publication does not preclude the other

agency or organization from publishing the work in its own series.)
* When NASA is the sponsoring agency, contractor and grantee authors must ensure that

publications clearly indicate the support of NASA. In NASA CR's this is done on the cover,

title page, and RDP. In non-NASA publications support is preferably acknowledged in a

footnote to the publication title.

* When NASA work is sponsored or funded by one center and performed by another center, the

scientific and technical findings should be reported in the NASA STI Report Series. The

center performing the work is responsible for approval, production, and issuance of the

technical report. Appropriate indication of the sponsorship is given on the cover, title page,

and the RDP.

3.1.4 Editors and Compilers

• Recognition of editorship in cover, title, and RDP information is justified only when an editor

has contributed scientific and technical expertise.

• Compilers who manage the work through the production and printing process may also be

acknowledged on the cover, title page, and RDP.

• Editing and production of the report by publications personnel do not constitute scientific and

technical assistance but may warrant mention in an acknowledgment section.

3.1.5 Other Contributors

Contributions by individuals other than the authors to the technical content of NASA STI should

be mentioned in an acknowledgment. The contributions would include voluntary scientific or

technical help received from outside NASA. When an acknowledgment is warranted in an STI

series report, it appears on the back of the title page.

Normal assistance furnished by NASA personnel, however, including professional help from

groups or individuals not directly related to the research, is usually not acknowledged.

Supervisors or technical committees whose comments and advice result from regular work

assignments are generally excluded from these acknowledgments. Credit may be given to

creators of original illustrations and other research art.

3.1.6 Conference Sponsors and Editors

Conference sponsorship is indicated on the title page of any proceedings published by NASA.

When NASA shares sponsorship with a noncommercial organization, the logo or seal of the

cosponsor may appear on the STI Report Series cover with the NASA insignia. Use of the logo

or seal of the cosponsor must be in accordance with NASA NP-212, NASA Graphics Standard--

NASA Insignia. When warranted (see section 3.1.4), proceedings editors and their affiliations

appear on the cover and title page.

3.2 Copyright

Following are general guidelines for transferring copyrights and citing copyrighted material.

For more specific information, contact the NASA Headquarters Chief Intellectual Property

Office or the Patent Counsel at your center.
3.2.1 Transferring Copyright

No U.S. copyright protection is available for a work produced by the U.S. Government, that

is, work you produced as an employee of the U.S. Government as part of your official duties. All

works authored as part of your official duties as a NASA employee must include a statement that

the work is not available for U.S. copyright. For works produced by a NASA employee that are

published outside the United States, NASA, as the employer, is the owner of any foreign

copyright that can be asserted on the work.

• Some publishers' copyright transfer forms include a statement and signature block in which

you, as the Government author, certify that the manuscript was prepared as part of your official

duties. If this statement and signature block are missing, the following statement should be

included either on the form or in a cover letter:

The work entitled was prepared as part of my official duties as an

employee of the U.S. Government and, in accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, is not

available for copyright protection in the United States.

• Copyright protection is available for work produced under contract to NASA only if

authority to do so is granted in the contract. Ownership of the copyright may remain

with the contractor or may be assigned to NASA within the terms of the contract.

3.2.2 Citing Copyrighted Material

• Credit should be given for material taken from non-NASA publications and included in a

NASA STI report. (See also section 3.1.2.)

• For copyrighted source material, you are responsible for securing written permission to reprint

from the copyright holder and for including appropriate copyright acknowledgment on the back

of the title page of the report.

4 Documentation Format and Page Mechanics

The guidelines that follow are intended for use in preparing papers for the NASA STI Report

Series. However, they may also be applied to NASA-authored works prepared for release

through other channels. Your center publications office can provide center-specific guidelines

and information about software for preparing reports.

4.1 Page Mechanics and Layout

4.1.1 Page Size

• Standard Page Size. The standard page size is 8 V2 by 11 inches (with 7-1/8 by 9-3/16 inches

being the maximum allowable space for text excluding page number), although other formats

are produced.

• Foldouts. Deviation from the standard 8 V2- by 11-inch page size of a publication, such as

foldouts to present oversize charts, is sometimes necessary. Foldouts should significantly
enhanceareport. Theiruserequiresprior approval.Contactyourcenterpublicationsoffice for

center-specificapprovalprocedures.

* Choosing Page Size. Consult NPG 1490.5A (ref. 6) before choosing a nonstandard page size.

4.1.2 Recommendations for Font Usage

• Font Size. Select a type size no smaller than 10 points for text in printed copy.

• Print Resolution. Set a minimum of 300 dots per inch.

• Type Style. Choose sans serif for titles, text of figures, tables, and graphics; choose serif for

text.

4.1.3 Requirements for Text Placement

A column of text may not end with a head alone, a head and only one line of text, or a short

line that is not the last line of a paragraph. A column may not begin with the last line of a

paragraph. A page may not end with a hyphen.

4.1.4 Page Numbering

• Use lower case roman numerals for pagination of front matter (see section 4.2.2). Reserve

page i for the title page, but do not show the number on the page.

• Number main text pages sequentially throughout with arabic numerals (preferred style). If a

long report has multiple sections or parts, it may be necessary to number sectionally with sets

of numbers that indicate both section and page (e.g., 1-1, 4-2).

• Number back matter such as appendixes sequentially with main text (preferred style). If

necessary, appendixes may be numbered separately, with the appendix designator followed by

a hyphen, then the page number (e.g., A-1, A-2).

• Assign an implied page number to blank pages or pages that have a special layout which

prevents the number from being shown.

4.1.5 Layout Samples and Templates

You can see samples of NASA STI report covers and title pages in appendix 4 of NPG

2200.2A (ref. 2). You can find specifications for standard front and back covers, title pages, and

column formats at http://www.sti.nasa.gov/template/layframe.htm.

A downloadable template package is also available in several software applications. You may

contact your center publications office for further resources.

Although for printed reports the standard cover and title page layouts are required, and those

for text page layouts recommended, you may adapt the layouts as needed for STI produced in

nonprint media. However, you must include the standard elements for both print and nonprint

media.

lO
4.2 Sections of Report

4.2.1 Covers

Use white vellum-finish cover stock. NASA SP's are not required to conform to all the

following specifications for NASA STI report covers. Your center publications office can help

with the design of SP covers.

4.2.1.1 Front Cover

• Standard elements:

- Report number

- NASA insignia (the "meatball")

- Report title

- Author or editor name(s) and affiliation(s)

- Month and year of publication

- Rule

• Other elements:

- Notices. Determine if any are required on the cover to alert the reader of distribution

restrictions. When required, place them at the bottom of the cover. See appendix E for

sample restriction notices.

- Art. Optional. If you decide to include cover art, select either one-color line art or a blackand-white photograph.

• Back of the front cover (also called Cover 2): NASA STI Program Profile. A copy of the

Profile is included in the cover templates at http://www.sti.nasa.gov/templates/layframe.htm.

4.2.1.2 Back Cover. Keep the back cover blank, except for the rule at the bottom. A mailing

label that includes the address, return address, and appropriate postage may be affixed to the

center of the back cover.

4.2.2. Front Matter

The subsections that follow identify standard elements for pages that precede the body, or

text, of a NASA STI report.

4.2.2.1 Title Page

• Standard elements for title page:

- Report number

- NASA insignia ("the meatball")

- Report title

- Author or editor name(s) and affiliation(s)

- Notices. (It is optional to place the same notices on the cover as well as the title page,

except for the distribution notices, such as those shown in appendix E, which must appear

in both places.)

11
- Agency name and address

- Publication date (month and year)

Optional elements, as applicable:

- Contract statement and number

- Conference information (name of the conference, location, dates, and sponsors)

4.2.2.2 Back of Title Page (p. ii). A sample of the back of a report title page showing each of

the following elements is given in appendix F.

• Required element: The "Available from" statement that gives the addresses of NASA CASI

and NTIS. Place these within the bottom 2 inches of the page area. Only the NASA CASI

address is used for a restricted report.

Other standard elements:

- Acknowledgment of significant contributions directly related to the substantive content or

preparation of a report by individuals other than the authors.

- Notices. Keep notices to a minimum. Avoid using notices that call attention to unedited

material or that deny the technical responsibility of the issuing office. Place notices on the

back of the title page to alert the reader that a particular publication

a) is a presentation of preliminary findings, subject to revision as analysis proceeds

b) is a formal draft or working paper, intended to solicit comments and ideas from a

technical peer group

c) uses a trademark for accurate reporting and does not intend endorsement

d) is a preprint

An example notice is shown below

This is a preprint of a paper intended for presentation at a conference. Because changes may

be made before formal publication, this is made available with the understanding that it will

not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the author.

URL' s. ff the report is available in electronic form, note on the back of the title page (just

below the required "Available from" statement) and on the RDP in either block 12a

(preferred) or block 11.

4.2.2.3 Optional Front-Matter Elements

• Foreword (by someone other than the author) and/or preface (by the author) (Special

Publications, Conference Publications, and reference works may contain either or both.)

• Table of contents (Short reports may not need one, but longer reports do.)

• List of tables

• List of figures or illustrations

12
• List of acronyms,symbols,and abbreviationsusedin text (may alternatelybe placedasan

appendixor afterintroductionin text)

4.2.3 Body

4.2.3.1 Introduction. The primary function of an introduction is to define the subject,

significance,purpose,objectives,and scopeof the work. The introductionmay also include

backgroundinformation. Introductionswill varyto someextent,dependingonthenatureof the

materialin thereport.

4.2.3.2 SymbolsList. An alphabetical-orderor logical-ordersymbolslist (with definitionsand

units)maydirectlyfollow theintroductionor maybeplacedasfront matteror in anappendix,ff

the list includes symbolsfrom both the Latin and Greek alphabets,the symbolsin the Latin

alphabetprecedethosein the Greek. The list of subscriptand superscriptsymbolsusually

follows themainsymbolslist, but maybeincludedin themain list (for example,whenaprimary

symbol and subscriptor superscriptaredefined as a unit or when a symbolis used as both

primarysymbolsandsubscriptor superscript).

4.2.3.3 Main Text. The centralthemeof a scientific andtechnicalpaperis developedin the

main text. The overallorganizationof a report variesaccordingto its subjectandcomplexity.

For example,experimentalinvestigationscontain comprehensivedescriptionsof specimens,

apparatus,and procedures. Theoretical investigations,on the other hand, emphasizethe

applicationof newinformationto thestateof theart. Typicalreportsubsectionsare"Procedure,"

"Tests,""Discussion,"and"Results."

4.2.3.4 Concluding Section. Most formalNASA publicationshavea concludingsection,such

as "ConcludingRemarks,""Conclusions,"or "Summaryof Results." This sectionshouldbe

self-containedbecausemanypeoplewill read it first to determinewhetherto read the entire

report. Nomaterialthathasnot alreadybeenpresentedin anothersectionof thereport shouldbe

presentedin this section.

4.2.4 Back Matter

4.2.4.1 Appendixes. Appendixes present supplementary information that might otherwise

interfere with an orderly presentation of the text. You must refer to each appendix in the text and

give each a title. When you use more than one appendix, identify each by a capital letter in the

order mentioned in the report. Appendixes may include a list of abbreviations and acronyms

used in the text. (See also sections 4.2.2.3 and 4.2.3.2.)

When an appendix is written by someone other than the author(s) of the main report, that

person's name and affiliation should appear after the title of the appendix proper and after the

appendix title on the table of contents page. A credit such as "With appendix [number and title]

by [author]" should be placed on the report title page, in the table of contents, and in block 6 of

the RDP.

4.2.4.2 References and Bibliography

• What to Cite. Cite all works consulted in the preparation of a paper--particularly those from

which you take information--in the text where appropriate and in the reference list.

13
* Responsibility for Citations. Styling and accuracy of references are your responsibility as the

author.

• Style and Format. Follow accepted practice in your discipline, or contact your center

publications office for examples of standard basic formats.

• References to Unpublished Information. Unpublished sources may include pending publications,

oral meeting papers, interviews, e-mail, or personal communications. Clearly identify these as

such in the text of the report. Provide information that will make these sources as accessible as

possible to the reader, either in a note to the text or in the reference list. Any of the citation

methods used in various disciplines may be used. Always begin the reference list entry with the

name of the source (person or entity), and provide as many reference citation elements as are

available.

• References to Electronic Documents. At a time when electronic publication is on the rise,

procedures and formats for citing electronic documents are still evolving. See appendix G for

examples of current citation styles.

• Limited Distribution. In publicly available works, citing documents with limited distribution

is permissible. However, the fact that a document is limited in distribution should not be

mentioned in the reference citation. Place at the end of the citation the words "Available

from" and the name of the organization responsible for the control and distribution of the

document.

4.2.4.3 Report Documentation Page (RDP). The RDP (Standard Form 298, appendix D) is

required for all reports published in the NASA STI Report Series, and is used for other types of

information as determined by individual center publications offices. Directions for preparing the

RDP are given on the back of the form. The information given here offers further guidance.

• Research and Technology Objective and Plans (RTOP) Number. Place in block 5, Funding

Number.

• Symposium Presentation Preprinted as a Technical Memorandum or Published as a

Conference Publication. Identify the symposium in block 11, Supplementary Notes.

• Authors With Different Affiliations. The affiliation of each author should be listed in block 11,

Supplementary Notes, if they are different.

• Subject Categories. Required. CASI uses these categories to distribute reports to subscribers.

See appendix H to select categories; then place the number of the category in block 12a,

Distribution/Availability Statement.

• Abstract. Enter an abstract of no more than 200 words in block 13, Abstract. Compose the

abstract to be informative rather than descriptive. Include the following elements:

- Objectives of the investigation

- Methods used (e.g., simulations, experiment, or remote sensing)

- Results obtained

- Conclusions reached

• Subject Terms. Required; provide at least three. Select from the NASA Thesaurus (ref. 7) and

place them in block 14.

14
• Classified Reports. Ensure that all elements of the RDP are unclassified and marked as such,

so that CASI may accession them. (See ref. 8, NHB 1620.3C, NASA Security Handbook.)

• Placement of the RDP in the Report. Except for NASA Special Publications, position the

completed RDP as the last page of the report, facing the inside back cover. For SP' s, the RDP

is sent to CASI with, but not printed and bound in, the SP.

4.3 Tables and Figures

After data have been acquired, a decision must be made as to which data are to be presented in

tabular (table) form and which in graphic (figure) form. Similar data should be presented in the

same form throughout a report. To present detailed numerical data, use tables; for other types of

information display, graphs may be more suitable.

4.3.1 Placement of Tables and Figures

• On a Page. Place all tables and figures as close as possible to their first citation in the text,

preferably at the top or bottom of a page. It is permissible to place them before a citation, if

necessary, as long as they are on the same or facing page.

• In a Section. Place tables and figures as close as possible to their first citation in the text unless

it is necessary to group them at the end of the report.

• At the End of a Report. Grouping figures and tables at the end of a report is appropriate only

when such placement facilitates speedy publication or when large groups of figures or tables

create reading or layout problems. In these cases, place figures and tables at the back of the

document, following the references.

• In an Appendix. If tables and figures contain only supplementary information, place them in

an appendix, leaving the text to carry a discussion of the data and summary graphs.

• Orientation. Orient figures upright (portrait), rather than broadside (landscape, side-reading)

whenever feasible.

• Foldouts. Avoid them if possible. Instead, rearrange and spread the figure or table

horizontally across a two-page spread.

• In Electronic Documentation. Significantly different guidance may apply. Contact your

center publications office for guidance.

4.3.2 Titles for Tables and Figures

• Never give two tables or figures the same title within the same document.

• Be as brief as possible, but also be descriptive. Include purpose and content.

• Craft titles so that readers of the table of contents can understand the nature of the illustration

before they look at it. For example, instead of "Comparison," use "Cost Comparison of Two

Launch Options in FY99 Dollars." Or, instead of "Graph of Results," use "Results of

Performance Testing A, B, and C."

15
4.3.3 Tables

Preparationof usefultablesrequirescarefulattentionto detail.

• Organization. Arrange the table so that the values are in columns topped by column labels (in

the following form: concept, symbol, and unit of measure, e.g., Change, A, m/s) and the

constants or independent variables are given in the first column. In addition, organize the firstcolumn entries in the way that will be most helpful to the reader. Ensure structural uniformity.

If column labels change in the middle of a table, the table should probably be divided into two

tables.

• Footnotes. Use table footnotes to present information concerning special conditions relating

to an entry or a class of entries. Identify each footnote by superscript italic letters. If letters

are confusing, use asterisks, daggers, or other symbols.

4.3.4. Figures

Examples of figures are photographs, artwork, graphs, and drawings and diagrams.

4.3.4.1 Photographs. For compatibility, ensure that photographs of similar subjects are of

similar size. Crop photos for emphasis or better composition.

4.3.4.2 Original Artwork. Provide original artwork whenever feasible: glossy, continuous-tone

(not screened) prints or photographs; original drawings; or first-off prints (hard copy) of

electronic art. Electronic files may be incorporated into a report as long as they are of suitable

resolution. See your center's publications and graphics offices for advice.

4.3.4.3 Graphs

• Consistency. For easy comparison by the reader, present similar data in the same type of graph

drawn to the same scale, using the same symbology throughout the report.

• Lines. Make them as simple as possible. It is advisable to have no more than six types of

lines and data points on a graph; it is better to have only four. The lines and data points should

refer to the same condition in related figures.

• Scale. Ordinate and abscissa scales and proportions should be the same on similar figures

(thus allowing overlays).

4.3.4.4 Drawings and Diagrams

• Labels. Place labels directly on a drawing to designate or describe elements of that drawing.

Capitalize the first word of the label. When space is very limited, use letters or numbers rather

than words, arranging them in some spatial order (for example, clockwise around the

drawing). Identify these letters or numbers in a key.

• Leaders. Leaders from a label to an item in a figure go from the beginning of the first word (if

it is from the left of the label) and from the end of the last word (if it is from the right of the

label). Arrowheads are not used on leaders, only on dimension lines.

• Shading. When it is necessary to differentiate parts of a drawing, use shading rather than

color. It is also acceptable to use spaced black dots or lines for this purpose.

16
4.3.4.5 Text in Figures. You can facilitate page makeup by following certain procedures during

the early stages of producing your report. When you prepare figures

• Limit the text in figures to letters, numbers, symbols, words, and short phrases.

• Identify the letters, numbers, and symbols in a key or legend.

• Provide details and explanations in the body of the document where the figure is discussed.

• Place equations in the body of the document.

• Display tabular material in a separate table.

4.3.4.6 Use of Color. Although there are no restrictions on the use of color for documents posted

on the web, NASA has limitations on the use of color in printed documents. The use of color

increases preparation and printing costs and may delay the publication date. Color is used in

printed STI Report Series documents only when necessary to convey scientific and technical

material clearly and unambiguously. If there is some chance that a color visual will be printed in

black and white, try to avoid setting light blues and yellows against white, or red against black.

The use of color must be justified and authorized on a case-by-case basis using center-specific

procedures. For further assistance, contact your center publications office or printing officer.

(See also NPG 2200.2A, section 2.5.2 (ref. 2), and NPG 1490.5A (ref. 6).)

5 Special Preparation Concerns

Attention to editorial details such as clear, concise sentences and paragraphs, well-constructed

headings and outlines, and consistent use of abbreviations and symbols increases reader

confidence in your work. Whether or not you choose to use the editorial expertise provided by

your center publications office, following a style guide can improve your writing. In addition to

the information in this guide and your center publications office's guides, the following

publications are recommended for use in preparing NASA STI reports. The style guides

published for specific scientific and technical disciplines are also acceptable for use in NASA

STI reports and other papers by NASA authors.

• McCaskill, Mary K.: Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization--A Handbook for Technical

Writers and Editors, NASA SP-7084, 1990 (ref. 9)

• American National Standards Institute: Scientific and Technical Reports--Elements,

Organization, and Design. ANSI-NISO Z39.18-1995, 1995 (ref. 10)

• Swanson, Ellen: Mathematics Into Type: Copyediting and Proofreading of Mathematics for

Editorial Assistants and Authors. American Mathematical Society, 1979, 1986 (ref. 11)

5.1 Titles and Headings

Titles should

• Convey maximum information as succinctly as possible

• Involve careful word selection because much indexing and abstracting is based only on the

title

Headings should

• Be brief and descriptive

17
• Not contain verbs

• Be numbered only when cross-referencing is needed

• Be paired with at least one other heading under the same order level heading

• Be ranked in no more than three levels or sublevels, unless the publication is long or complex

5.2 Cross-References

Be sure to check cross-references in the following items each time your manuscript is revised.

Inattention to these details can cause errors and reduce the confidence of the reader in your

conclusions.

• Text

• Figures

• Tables

• Symbols list

• Glossary (not in most papers--normally included in symbols)

• Appendixes

• Index

• Table of Contents

5.3 Trade Names and Trademarks

A trade name, or commercial name, is any name used by a person to identify his or her business

or vocation. Generally, these names are not registered. A trademark is a word or symbol that is

used to identify a particular product or service in a way that distinguishes it from other similar

products or services. A trademark may be registered.

Use generic names whenever possible and avoid using trade names or trademarks because it is

improper to advertise, endorse, or criticize commercial products or services in NASA publications.

If use of a trade name or trademark is the only way to specify material or equipment that is

necessary to reproduce the results, follow these guidelines:

• Use trademarks only as a proper adjective (i.e., capitalized and modifying the generic term); on

their first appearance in the text, accompany the trademark with the name of its registered owner.

• State in a disclaimer that trade names or trademarks are used in the report for identification

only and that this usage does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or

implied, by NASA. Place this disclaimer on the back of the title page of NASA STI reports or

as a footnote to other documents (such as journal articles and conference proceedings) with

information concerning the trademark or trade name.

• Never compare commercial products; present the data and let the reader make the comparison.

18
5.4 Spacecraft Designations

• Piloted spacecraft are always designated with arabic numerals before and after launch (e.g.,

Apollo 17).

• Unpiloted spacecraft are designated with capital letters before launch and arabic numerals after

successful launch.

• Rockets and launch vehicles are designated by name and roman numeral, including stages of

multicomponent vehicles (e.g., Saturn V, S-IVB stage, and Delta III).

5.5 Abbreviations

• Abbreviate units of measure after numbers.

• Follow the U.S. GPO Style Manual (ref. 5) for standard forms of U.S. Customary Units.

• When using SI units, follow the International System of Units conventions.

• Remember that singular and plural units carry the same abbreviation (e.g., 1 in. and 3 in.).

• Introduce other abbreviations and acronyms in parentheses after the first use of the complete

term to avoid repetition and conserve space (e.g., root mean square (rms)).

• Include an abbreviation, symbols, or acronym list in the front or back matter of the report to

avoid repetition and conserve space.

• In reference lists, use abbreviations for source material cited after the title.

• Abbreviate periodicals and meeting titles according to style sources, such as the American

Chemical Society's CASSI (ref. 12) and the Abbreviations Dictionary (ref. 13).

5.6 Numerals

• Use numerals at all times with units of measure; use numerals for values 10 and greater when

used without units.

• Separate numbers of more than four into groups of three from the decimal point. A small (or

thin) space is the preferred separator, in compliance with recommended international practice for

scientific and technical documents, though a comma is sometimes used.

• Close up four-digit numbers unless they are in aligned columns with numbers of five or more

digits.

5.7 Mathematical Presentation

For a better quality publication, we recommend the following:

• Use the standard symbols established in your discipline.

• Define the symbols at the time of their first appearance in a document.

• Include an alphabetical symbols list in the document where appropriate (in front matter, after

the introduction, or in the appendix).

• Close up numbers and letter symbols in expressions and equations; however, leave a space

before and after mathematical functions (such as "sin" and "lira") and mathematical signs of

19
operation (such as +, -, and ×); before differentials d and after their arguments; after the

arguments of trigonometric and logarithmic terms; and before and after functional notation.

• Number equations in the main text continuously as (1), (2), (3) .....

• Number equations in appendixes by either continuing the numbering of the main text or by

restarting the numbering in each appendix as (A1), (A2), (B 1), (B2).

• Use the same number for any repeated equation.

• Use identifiers such as (la) or (C3a) for equivalent or derivative equations.

• Use a brace to connect groups of equations with the same number.

• Place equation numbers at the right margin, leaving space between the equation and the

number; if there is not enough room for the number on the line with the equation, place it on

the line below the equation.

• Refer to equations in text as equation (6) or (eq. (6)).

5.8 International System of Units

The International System of Units (SI) is the preferred system of weights and measures for NASA

as stated in NPD 8010.2B, Use of the Metric Syswm of Measurement in NASA Programs (ref. 14).

• If you performed your scientific and technical activities using the metric system, document or report

your findings using SI units.

• If you performed your scientific and technical activities using inch-pound measurements, document

or report your findings using U.S. customary units.

• If you need additional information on SI units, symbols, prefixes, and usage in documentation

in both the U.S. and in the international business community, refer to Artusa, Elisa A. SI

(Metric) Handbook, NASA TM- 109197 (ref. 15).

5.9 Proofreading

We recommend that you

• Proofread your publication for accuracy and consistent quality

• Proofread after each revision cycle

5.10 Checklists, Questions, and Other Information

Checklists are included as appendixes B and C to assist you with the details of the publication

process. Frequently asked questions and the answers are found in appendix I. Definitions and

acronyms are given in appendix J.

20
Appendix A

Types of NASA STI Publications, Related STI Report Series, and Suggested

Distribution

ManuscriptContents AppropriateSeries AppropriateInitialDistribution

Articlefora professionaljournal

Articlefora technicalmagazine

Atlas of scientificimagery

Bibliography:

Continuing

Extensiveannotation

Minimalannotation

Contractororgranteeresultsandfindings

Criticalreviewof the literature

Criticaltables

Datacompilation:

Extensiveuse

Limiteduse

Designstandards

Dissertationorthesisby employee,relatingto

work

Engineeringreport

Handbook

History

Letter(e.g.,fora professionaljournal)

Limiteddistributionreport

Literaturesurvey,review

Managementreport

Nonerequired;TPfor expanded

treatmentandTM forpreprint

Nonerequired;TPfor expanded

treatmentandTM forpreprint

TPor SP

SP

TP

TM

CR, TP,or SP

TP

TP

TP

TM

TP

TM

TP

TP

SP

Nonerequired

TP orTM

TP

SP(6000series)

2 copiesto CASI(15 ifthe articlecontainscolor

or is a sizeotherthan8.5 by 11inches)

2 copiesto CASI(15 ifthe articlecontainscolor

or is a sizeotherthan8.5 by 11inches)

Standard

Standard

Standard

Standardor Nonstandard

Standardor Nonstandard

Standard

Standard

Standard

Nonstandard

Standard

Standardor Nonstandard

Standard

Standard

Standard

2 copiesto CASI(15 ifthe reportcontainscolor

or is a sizeotherthan8.5 by 11inches)

Standardor Nonstandard

Standard

Nonstandard

Manual TP orTM Standardor Nonstandard

Monograph TP Standard

TM Nonstandard

TM Standardor Nonstandard

Preliminaryresultsreport

Preprintof paperfora professionalmeeting

Proceedingsof a workshop,conference,

seminar,etc.

Programdescriptionor summary

Reportto anotheragency

Researchreport

CP Standard

SP Standard

TM Standardor Nonstandard

TP Standard

Reviewpaper TP Standard

Security-classifiedreport

Sponsoredresearchreport:

NASAsponsor

Non-NASAsponsor

TP orTM

CR

TM

2 copiesof the unclassifiedRDPto CASI

Standardor Nonstandard

Standardor Nonstandard

State-of-the-artreview TP Standard

Technicalreport,completeandcomprehensive TP

Textbook,scientificortechnical

Standard

TP Standard

Translation TT 2 copiesto CASI(15 ifthetranslationcontains

coloror is a sizeotherthan8.5 by 11inches)

Workingpaper(externalcirculation) TM Nonstandard

21
Appendix B

Author Checklist To Publish Documents in the NASA STI Report Series

Determine if the NASA STI Report Series is appropriate for your needs (NASA SP-7602, section

2.5, and URL http://www.sti.nasa.gov/)

Determine with your center's technical management and publications office the appropriate report

type and the level of technical review (appendix A and section 2.2 of NASA SP-7602)

Contact your center's publications and printing offices to determine the following:

• What production/publishing services are available, turnaround times, and costs.

• If your center has center-specific templates (Agency templates are available at URL

http://www.sti.nasa.gov/template/layfram2.htm).

• What printing requirements or restrictions exist (time necessary to print, use of color, number of

copies, distribution selections, and required approvals). NASA reports are printed through the

Government Printing Office.

• What type of electronic file is required and what approvals are needed to add your document to your

center's Technical Report Server (http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/ntrs).

• Tips on how to complete NASA Form (NF) 1676 (Scientific and Technical Document Availability

Authorization (DAA)) or your center's version of this form. This is an Agency requirement in order

to release STI in any media.

• Advice on how to complete SF (Standard Form ) 298 (Report Documentation Page), which is the last

page of your document. This form facilitates correct indexing into the worldwide STI Database and

accurate subsequent dissemination.

Complete the draft of your document

Complete SF 298 and add it as the last page of your document or have your publications office do

this. If your document is a NASA Special Publication (SP), complete SF 298 and send it with your

document but do not include it as the last page

Have appropriate technical personnel review and approve your document (see section 2.2 of NASA

SP-7602). See appendix C for information on items to check prior to publication

Revise document, if necessary, and produce final document

Send your document through your center's appropriate channels (appropriate channels are defined

by NASA Form 1676 or your center's equivalent); you may not publish STI in any format unless this

form is approved and on file at your center

__ Send to center's publications or printing office

Request that your document be added to your center's Technical Report Server, if appropriate (if

your document is unlimited and unclassified)

__ We recommend that you coordinate publication with your center's publications office; however, if you do

not do so, send a copy of your document, with the SF 298 and a copy of the approved NF 1676, to the following:

Attention: Acquisitions

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, Maryland 21076-1320

(301) 621-0390

22
Appendix C

Publications Review Checklist

The following items should be checked before release of your document.

publications office to see what services are available to assist you.

Contact your

__ Report is written clearly.

__ All numbered or lettered items (figures, tables, equations, references, and appendixes) are

introduced in correct order.

__ All numbered or lettered items are numbered or lettered correctly and referred to

accurately.

__ No incorrectly or inconsistently spelled words or obvious grammar or punctuation errors

exist.

No statements that will embarrass NASA or the Federal Government are included.

__ Any conclusions presented are supported by the text.

__ References cited are available with sufficient information to identify correct document.

__ Graphic and tabular data are clearly presented and are consistent.

__ Report complies with policies for restricted, proprietary, or classified information.

__ Appropriate technical review has been done.

__ Appropriate release review requirements have been done. (Contact your center

publications office to find out what the specific requirements are.)

23
Appendix D

Report Documentation Page

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApp_ov_ OMBNo.07O40188

Publicreportingburdenfor thiscollectionof informationisestimatedto average1hourperresponse,includingthe limeforreviewinginstructions,searchingexistingdata

sources,gatlvedngandmaintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingthecollectionof information.Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateorany other

aspectof thiscollectionof information,includingsuggestionsforreducingthisburden,to WashingtonHeadquartersSe_ices,Directoratef_rInformationOperationsand

Reports,1215Jefferson DavisHighway_Suite12_4_Arlingt_n_vA222_2_43_2_andt_t_7e_ice_fManagementandBudget_Paperw_kReducli_nPr_ject(_7_4_1_8)_

Washington,DC20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

July 1998 Technical Publication

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Flight Evaluation of Center TRACON Automation System Trajectory

Prediction Process WU 538 04 11 16

6. AUTHOR(S)

David H. Williams and Steven M. Green

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

NASA Langley Research Center

Hampton, VA 23681 2199

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Admhfistration

Washington, DC 20546 0001

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

L 17644

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

NASA/TP 1998 208439

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

David H. Williams: Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA; Steven M. Green: Ames Reseal_h Center, Moffett

Field, CA

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassified Unlilnited

Subject Category 04 Distribution: Standard

Availability: NASA CASI (301) 621 0390

18. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Two flight experiments (Phase I in October 1992 and Phase H in September 1994) wel_ conducted to evahmte

the accuracy of the Center TRACON Automation System (CTAS) trajectory pl_diction process. The Transport

Systems Research Vehicle (TSRV) Boeing 737 based at Langley Research Center flew 57 arrival trajectories

that included cnfise and descent segments; at the same time, descent clearance advisories from CTAS wel_

followed. Actual trajectories of the ahplane were compal_d with the trajectories pl_dicted by the CTAS

trajectory synthesis algoritlnns and ailplane Flight Management System (FMS). Trajectory prediction accm'acy

was evaluated over several levels of cockpit automation that ranged fl'om a conventional cockpit to performance

based FMS vertical navigation (VNAV). Error som'ces and their magnitudes wel_ identified and measm'ed from

the flight data. The nlajor som'ce of error dm'ing these tests was found to be the pl_dicted winds aloft used by

CTAS. The most significant effect related to flight guidance was the cross track and tm'n overshoot errors

associated with conventional VOR guidance. FMS lateral navigation (LNAV) guidance significantly l_duced

both the cross track and turn overshoot error. Pilot procedm'es and VNAV guidance were found to significantly

l_duce the vertical profile errors associated with atmospheric and ailplane performance model errors.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

CTAS; FMS; Trajectory prediction; Flight management; Air traffic control

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NGN 7540-01-280-5500

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

88

16. PRICE CODE

A05

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 10. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION

OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

PrescribedbyANSi Std. Z 39 18

298 102

24
Appendix E

Restriction Notices

International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) Notice

This document contains information which falls under the purview of the U.S. Munitions List

(USML), as defined in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), 22 CFR 120-130,

and is export controlled. It shall not be transferred to foreign nationals in the U.S. or abroad,

without specific approval of a knowledgeable NASA export control official, and/or unless an

export license/license exemption is obtained/available from the United States Department of

State. Violations of these regulations are punishable by fine, imprisonment, or both.

Export Administration Regulations (EAR) Notice

This document contains information within the purview of the Export Administration

Regulations (EAR), 15 CFR 730-744, and is export controlled• It may not be transferred to

foreign nationals in the U.S. or abroad without specific approval of a knowledgeable NASA

export control official, and/or unless an export license/license exception is obtained/available

from the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA), United States Department of Commerce.

Violations of these regulations are punishable by fine, imprisonment, or both.

Small Business Innovation Research Rights Notice

These SBIR data are furnished with SBIR rights under Contract

• For a period of 4 years after acceptance of all items to be delivered under

this contract, the Government agrees to use these data for Government purposes only, and they

shall not be disclosed outside the Government (including disclosure for procurement purposes)

during such period without permission of the Contractor, except that subject to the foregoing use

and disclosure prohibitions, such data may be disclosed for use by support contractors• After the

aforesaid 4-year period, the Government has a royalty-free license to use, and to authorize others

to use on its behalf, these data for Government purposes, but is relieved of all disclosure

prohibitions and assumes no liability for unauthorized use of these data by third parties. This

notice shall be affixed to any reproductions of these data, in whole or in part. Date for public

release:

INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS PROPRIETARY FOR 4 YEARS IN

ACCORDANCE WITH FAR 52.227-20.

Notice for Copyrighted Information

This document contains material copyrighted by the party submitting it to NASA--see the

copyright notice affixed thereto. It may be reproduced, used to prepare derivative works,

displayed, or distributed only by or on behalf of the Government and not for private purposes. All

other rights reserved under the copyright law.

25
Appendix F

Back of NASA STI Report Title Page

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the assistance of those individuals who aided in the preparation of

this document. William James was instrumental in obtaining source data, J.D. DeMarcos

edited and critiqued the text, Doris Bailey typed the manuscripts, the staffs of the NASA

Headquarters Library and the Scientific and Technical Information Program provided

assistance in locating bibliographic references, and the NASA Headquarters Printing and

Graphics office developed the layout and handled printing.

The use of trademarks or names of manafacturers is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an [

official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration. I

Available from:

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

(301) 621-0390

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA22161-2171

(703) 605-6000

This report is also available in electronic form at URL http://www.sti.nasa.gov/

26
Appendix G

References to Electronic Documents in NASA STI Reports

Citations of electronic documents appear in the "References" section of the report along with

citations of paper documents. The citation should include

* Name of author

• Title of document

• Title of main document, if applicable

• Electronic address

• Date document was written or posted, if available

• Revision number, if applicable

• Paragraph numbers, if applicable

• Date of accession

Electronic documents can be revised or become inaccessible without warning. You are

encouraged to save a copy of the referenced document either on paper or electronically on disk.

When printing electronic addresses in citations, ensure that extra punctuation or characters are

not included in the address and all characters of the address are included. If it becomes necessary to

break an electronic address because of available line space, a hyphen should not be used. The

additional hyphen could be mistaken for a character in the address. Electronic addresses should be

broken after slashes, dots, or colons. Avoid placing an electronic address at the end of a sentence.

Restructure the sentence to set off the address as you would an equation.

In addition, both formal and informal documents are published electronically. Formal

documents include scholarly information such as NASA formal reports. Informal documents

include e-mail and discussions groups. Because such documents are difficult, if not impossible,

to access, reference to informal documents is discouraged. If the information must be referenced,

it should be treated similar to an informal personal communication in paper documents. Clearly

identify the reference as such and place the following identification in a parenthetical note in the

reference list, with an appropriate notation: "unpublished," "to be published," or "personal

communication." Personal communications should include name and affiliation of person doing

the communicating.

The following references are cited in the suggested style. Information in quotation marks

should be italicized. Some line returns are forced to illustrate concepts for breaking lines.

1. Quinion, Michael B.: Citing Online Sources, Advice on Online Citations Formats. World

Wide Words, June 21, 1996. http://www.quinion.demon.co.uk/words/citation.htm Accessed

June 30, 1997.

2. Electronic Sources: MLA Style of Citations. Footnotes and Bibliography Series. Lehigh

University Libraries. http:[[www.lib.lehigh.edu[footnote[xlia.html Accessed June 30, 1997.

27
3. Walker, JaniceR.: MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources, Vers.l.1, Rev. Aug. 1996.

http:[[www.cas.usf.edu[english[walker[mla.html Accessed June 30, 1997.

4. Guide for Citing Electronic Information, based on Electric Style: A Guide for Citing

Electronic Information, by Li, X and Crane, N. (1993). Westport: Meckler, Prepared by K.

Wagner, Aug. 1995. Sarah Byrd Askew Library, William Person College of New Jersey.

http:[[www.wilpaterso.edu[wpcpages[librarv[cifing.htm Accessed June 30, 1997.

5. Xia, Li; and Crane, Nancy: Electronic Sources: MLA Style of Citation.

Formats for Citing Electronic Information, Updated July

http:[[www.uvm.edu[Nncrane[estvles[mla.html Accessed July 2, 1997.

Bibliographic

26, 1996.

6. Harnack, Andrew; and Kleppinger, Gene: Beyond the MLA Handbook: Documenting

Electronic Sources on the Internet, Rev. Nov. 25, 1996. http://falcon.eku.edu/honors/bevondmla/#contents Accessed July 1, 1997.

7. Arnzen, Michael A.: Cyber Citations, Documenting Internet Sources Presents Some Thorny

Problems. http:[[www.internetworld.com[1996[O9[cvbercitations.html Accessed June 30,

1997.

. Ivey, Keith C.: Untangling the Web, Handling Internet Addresses in Text, last modified Mar.

24, 1997. The Editorial Eye online, http:[[www.eeicom.com[eve[utw/96jan.html Accessed

July 2, 1997.

. Ivey, Keith C.: Untangling the Web. Citing Internet Sources, last modified Mar. 24, 1997.

The Editorial Eye online, http:[[www.eeicom.com[eve[utw[96aug.html Accessed July 3,

1997.

10. Information and documentation-Bibliographic references-Electronic documents or parts

thereof, Excerpts From Final Draft International Standard ISO 690-2. International

Organization for Standardization. http:[[www.nlc-bnc.ca[iso[tc46sc9/standard[690-2e.htm

Accessed July 14, 1997.

28
Appendix H

NASA STI Database Subject Divisions and Categories

This table lists the subject divisions and categories used to catalog NASA STI reports before

they are processed and entered in the NASA STI Database.

AERONAUTICS

01 Aeronautics

02 Aerodynamics

03 Aft Transportation and Safety

04 Aircraft Conmmnications mid Navigation

05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance

06 Aircraft Instrumentation

07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power

08 Aircraft Stability mid Control

09 Resemch mid Support Facilities (Air)

ASTRONAUTICS

12 Astronautics (General)

13 Astrodynanfics

14 Ground Support Systems and Facilities (Air)

15 Launch Vehicles and Space Vehicles

16 Space Transportation

17 Space Conmmnications, Spacecraft

Conmmnications, Comnland and Tracking

18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance

19 Spacecraft Instrumentation

20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power

CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS

23 ChenfisU T mid Materials (General)

24 Composite Materials

25 Inorganic mid Physical Clmmistry

26 Metallic Materials

27 Nonmetallic Materials

28 Propellmlts mid Fuels

29 Materials Processing

ENGINEERING

31 Engineering (General)

32 Conmmnications and Radar

33 Electronics mid Electrical Engineering

34 Fluid Mechmlics mid Heat Transfer

35 Instrumentation mid Photography

36 Lasers mid Masers

37 Mechanical Engineering

38 Quality Assurance mid Reliability

39 Structural Mechanics

GEOSCIENCES

42 Geosciences (General)

43 Earth Resources mid Remote Sensing

44 Energy Production and Conversion

45 Environment Pollution

46 Geophysics

47 Meteorology mid Climatology

48 Oceanography

LIFE SCIENCES

51 Life Sciences (General)

52 AeroSpace Medicine

53 Behavioral Sciences

54 Mini/System Technology and Life Support

55 Space Biology

MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER

SCIENCES

59 Mathenlatical and Computer Sciences (General)

60 Computer Operations mid Hardware

61 Computer Progranmfing mid Software

62 Computer Systems

63 Cybernetics

64 Numerical Analysis

65 Statistics mid Probability

66 Systems Analysis

67 Theoretical Mathenlatics

PHYSICS

70 Physics (General)

71 Acoustics

72 Atomic and Molecular Physics

73 Nuclear and High Energy Physics

74 Optics

75 Plasma Physics

76 Solid State Physics

77 Thernlodynanlics mid Statistical Physics

SOCIAL SCIENCES

80 Social Sciences (General)

81 Adnfinistration and Management

82 Docmnentation and Information Science

83 Econonfics and Cost Analysis

84 Law, Political Science, mid Space Policy

85 Urban Technology mid Transportation

SPACE SCIENCES

88 Space Sciences (General)

89 Astronomy

90 Astrophysics

91 Lunar mid Plmmtal T Exploration

92 Solar Physics

93 Space Radiation

GENERAL

99 General

29
Appendix I

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)

Q: If I have a question that isn't covered in this document, what other sources of information

are there?

A: For more information about the NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI)

Program Office and NASA publications, you can contact any of the following sources:

* Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at http://www.sti.nasa.gov/

* E-mail your question via the Internet to help@sti.nasa.gov

* Fax your question to the NASA STI Help Desk at (301) 621-0134

• Telephone the NASA STI Help Desk at (301) 621-0390

• Write to:

NASA STI Help Desk

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Q..

A."

Q..

A."

Q..

A:

Q..

A:

l've been invited to give a talk at a scientific conference on my research findings. ShouM

I publish my presentation?

Yes. Oral presentations of scientific and technical findings are one way to ensure the

timely dissemination of information to audiences at society meetings and other

professional gatherings. NASA and NASA-sponsored authors who take this approach

should distribute copies of the presentation to attendees and publish their presentation in

the appropriate NASA STI Report Series, if appropriate, to include their work in the

NASA STI Database.

What approvals are required to publish my findings through a foreign publisher or

distribute my document to a foreign audience?

Export control review and approval to release STI are required for domestic and foreign

publishing. Complete, have approved, and have your center maintain your file copy of

NASA Form 1676, "NASA Scientific and Technical Document Availability Authorization

(DAA)" or your center's equivalent to this form prior to release to any audience. Contact

your center's publication and export control office for more information.

What is an "external publication" ?

An external publication is defined as a technical paper, article, or book reporting on NASA

research submitted by a NASA employee, contractor, or grantee for publication through a

non-NASA channel.

The terms "informal" and "formal" STI are used. What's the difference?

Formal STI is intended for release in the NASA STI Report Series (e.g., Technical

Memorandum, Conference Publication) or as a professional journal article or presentation

30
Q..

A:

Q..

A:

Q..

A_

Q..

A:

Q..

A:

Q..

A:

for which the NASA STI Program maintains responsibility for dissemination and

preservation. Informal STI is not intended for initial release in the NASA STI Report Series.

How is the NASA STI Report Series defined?

There are discrete report designations that characterize NASA and NASA Contractor STI

reports. These series include Technical Publication (TP), Technical Memorandum (TM),

Contractor Report (CR), Conference Publication (CP), Special Publication (SP), and

Technical Translation (TT).

Please clarify the roles of a "technical monitor."

A technical monitor is the NASA employee appointed to monitor or manage technical

progress, referred to in grant instructions as the technical officer. In contract instructions,

this employee may be identified as the project manager or the contracting officer's

technical representative (COTR).

What is the basis for selecting a suitable series category for a NASA publication and who

decides?

Selection of the correct series in which a document is published should be based on the

content of your manuscript and the needs of an identifiable readership. Make the

preliminary determination in conjunction with the NASA STI Lead Center or your center

publications office. It is subject to approval as part of the NASA Headquarters Office or

the originating center's review process.

What approvals are required to release STI in hard copy or via the Internet?

You must have an approved copy on file of NASA Form 1676 or your center-specific

version of this form to release STI in any media.

I need to use color in my document. What approvals are required?

First consider how your document will be disseminated. Color is useful if you will

disseminate via the Internet; however, remember that readers may print to black and

white printers. For hard (paper) copies, Government-wide restrictions exist on the use of

color because color increases the cost of printing, so discuss your options and restrictions

with your center's publications and printing offices early in your planning process.

What is the best format source for creating an STI document?

Templates of typical STI reports are available from the STI homepage at URL

http:[[www.sti.nasa.gov[. These include suggested typefaces, font sizes, standard covers,

title pages, and interior column formats for publications released in the NASA STI Report

series.

31
Appendix J

Acronyms and Definitions

Acronyms:

ANSI

BXA

CASI

CFR

COTR

CP

CR

DAA

EAR

GPO

ITAR

NASA

NF

NHB

NP

NPD

NPG

NTIS

PDF

PS

RDP

RTOP

SBIR

SF

SGML

SI

SP

STI

TIFF

TM

TP

TRS

TT

URL

USML

American National Standards Institute

Bureau of Export Administration

Center for AeroSpace Information

Code of Federal Register

Contracting Officer's Technical Representative

Conference Publication

Contractor Report

NASA Form 1676, NASA Scientific and Technical Availability Authorization;

Document Availability Authorization

Export Administration Regulations

Government Printing Office

International Traffic in Arms Regulations

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA Form

NASA Handbook

NASA Publication (nontechnical, general information that is not part of the STI series)

NASA Policy Directive

NASA Procedures and Guidelines

National Technical Information Service

Portable Document Format

Postscript

Report Documentation Page

Research and Technology Objective and Plans

Small Business Innovation Research

Standard Form

Standard Generalized Markup Language

International System of Units

Special Publication

Scientific and Technical Information

Tagged Image File Format

Technical Memorandum

Technical Publication

Technical Report Server

Technical Translation

Uniform Resource Locator

U.S. Munitions List

32
Definitions:

dpi dots per inch. The manner in which the resolution (sharpness and clarity) of a

printer or scanner is measured. For example, if a printer has a resolution of 300

dpi, that means that in 1 in., there are 300 dots in a row across and 300 dots in a

row down. The more dots per inch, the smaller each dot has to be, and the

smoother the printed image will appear to be.

Front matter written material preceding the main text of a book or report; examples of front

matter are table of contents, preface, and foreword.

Rule a line or bar (1/4 in. for the NASA cover) added to a page for emphasis or

decoration; also a thin line either vertical or horizontal, often used to separate

parts of a table or columns of text.

Sans serif a category of type that has no serifs. Serifs are the tiny crossbars on the ends of

the strokes on letters in some type designs. An example of sans serif type is

Helvetica.

Serif a category of type that has serifs. Examples of serif types are Times Roman and

Garamond. Research indicates that serif fonts are more readable.

33
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2. Guidelines for Documentation, Approval, and Dissemination of NASA Scientific and

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4. NASA Publications Manual 1974. NASA SP-7013, 1974.

5. Style Manual, Rev. ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1984.

6. NASA Procedural Guidance for Printing, Duplicating, and Copying Management. NASA

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7. NASA Thesaurus. 1998

Volume 1--Hierarchical Listing With Definitions. NASA/SP--1998-7501/VOL1.

Volume 2--Rotated Term Display. NASA/SP--1998-7501/VOL2.

8. NASA Security Handbook. NASA NHB 1620.3C, Feb. 1, 1993.

9. McCaskill, Mary K.: Grammar, Punctuation, and Capimlization---A Handbook for Technical

Writers and Editors. NASA SP-7084, 1990.

10. Scientific and Technical Reports--Elements, Organization, and Design. Z39.18-1995,

American Nat. Std. Inst. (ANSI)/Nat. Info. Std. Org. (NISO), 1995.

11. Swanson, Ellen: Mathematics Into Type: Copyediting and Proofreading of Mathematics for

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American Chem. Soc., c. 1990.

13. De Sola, Ralph; Stahl, Dean; and Kerchelich, Karen: Abbreviations Dictionary, Ninth ed.

CRC Press, c. 1995.

14. Use of the Metric System of Measurement in NASA Programs. NASA NPD 8010.2B,

Jan. 19, 1996.

15. Artusa, Elisa A.: SI (Metric) Handbook. NASA TM-109197, 1994.

34
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Coordinating Comm. 14 on Quantities, Units, and Letter Symbols. c. 1992.

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35