1 B E F O R E T H E A D M I N I S T R A T O R

U N I T E D S T A T E S E N V I R O N M E N T A L P R O T E C T I O N A G E N C Y

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- O A R

- 2 0 0 2

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H a z a r d o u s A i r P o l l u t a n t s F r o m t h e P o r t l a n d ) E P A

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C e m e n t M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r y a n d S t a n d a r d s )

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P E T I T I O N F O R R E C O N S I D E R A T I O N

P ur s ua nt t o S e c t i on 307( d) ( 7) ( B ) of t he C l e a n A i r A c t ( “ C A A ” or “ A c t ” )

, 42 U

. S

. C

. §

7607( d) ( 7) ( B )

, t he N a t ur a l R e s our c e s D e f e ns e C ou nc i l pe t i t i on s t he A dm i n i s t r a t or o f t he

E nvi r onm e nt a l P r ot e c t i on A ge nc y ( “ E P A ” o r “ A ge nc y” ) t o r e c ons i de r c e r t a i n pr ovi s i ons of i t s

f i na l r ul e s e t t i ng N a t i ona l E m i s s i on S t a nda r ds f o r H a z a r dous A i r P ol l ut a nt s f r om t he P or t l a nd

c e m e nt m a nuf a c t ur i ng i ndus t r y

, a s publ i s he d a t 75 F e d. R e g. 54 970 ( S e pt

. 9

, 2010 ) a nd t i t l e d

“ N a t i ona l E m i s s i on S t a nda r ds f o r H a z a r dous A i r P ol l ut a nt s F r om t he P or t l a nd C e m e nt

M a nuf a c t ur i ng I ndus t r y a nd S t a nda r ds of P e r f o r m a nc e f or P or t l a nd C e m e nt P l a nt s ” ( “ C e m e nt

N E S H A P ” or “ f i na l r ul e ” )

. T he obj e c t i on r a i s e d i n t hi s pe t i t i on c onc e r ns E P A ’ s p r om ul ga t i on o f

a n a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on. T he de f e ns e w a s f i r s t i nt r oduc e d i n t he f i na l r ul e a nd, i n

f i na l i z i ng i t

, E P A ha s i nve nt e d a de f e ns e t ha t doe s not e xi s t i n t he A c t a nd l i m i t s t he a bi l i t y o f

c i t i z e ns t o s e e k c i vi l pe na l t i e s a nd of c ou r t s t o i m p os e t he m f or vi ol a t i ons of e m i s s i on s t a nda r ds

,

t hus a l t e r i ng t he s t a t ut or y s c he m e

.

T hi s pe t i t i on r a i s e s a n obj e c t i on t o t he f i na l r ul e

. T he gr ounds f or t he obj e c t i on r a i s e d i n

t hi s pe t i t i on “ a r os e a f t e r t he pe r i od f o r publ i c c om m e nt

. ” 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7607( d) ( 7 ) ( B )

. W i t h

r e s pe c t t o t he obj e c t i on, t he r e gul a t or y l a ngua ge a nd E P A i nt e r pr e t a t i on t ha t r e nde r t he r ul e

a rbi t r a r y, c a pr i c i ous

, a n a bus e of di s c r e t i on

, o r ot h e r w i s e not i n a c c or da nc e w i t h l a w a ppe a r e d2 f

or t he f i r s t t i m e i n t he f i na l r u l e pub l i s he d i n t he F e de r al R e gis t e r on S e pt e m be r 9, 2010, 75

F e d. R e g. 54 970. T he publ i c c om m e nt pe r i od f or E P A ’ s pr opos e d r ul e on t he C e m e nt N E S H A P

c l os e d on S e pt e m be r 4

, 2009

. 74 F e d

. R e g. 21136 ( M a y 6, 2009 ) ( p r opos e d r ul e ) ; 74 F e d. R e g.

27265 ( J une 9, 200 0) ( e xt e ndi ng c om m e nt pe r i od)

. M or e ove r

, t he obj e c t i on i s “ of c e nt r a l

r e l e va nc e t o t he out c om e o f t he r ul e

, ” 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7607( d) ( 7) ( B )

, i n t ha t i t de m ons t r a t e s t ha t t he

r ul e i s “ a rbi t r a r y, c a pr i c i ous

, a n a bus e of di s c r e t i on

, or ot he r w i s e not i n a c c or da nc e w i t h l a w ”

a nd t hus pr ovi de s gr ounds f or r e ve r s a l of t he r ul e

. I d. § 7607( d ) ( 9) ( A )

. T he A dm i ni s t r a t o r m us t

t he r e f or e “ c onve ne a pr oc e e di ng f or r e c ons i de r a t i o n of t he r ul e a nd pr ovi de t he s a m e pr oc e dur a l

r i ght s a s w oul d ha ve be e n a f f

or de d ha d t he i n f or m a t i on be e n a va i l a bl e a t t he t i m e t he r ul e w a s

pr opos e d. ” I d

. § 76 07( d) ( 7) ( B )

.

O B JE C T I O N

I

. T h e G r ou n d s f or t h e O b j e c t i on R ai s e d H e r e A r os e A f t e r t h e C l os e o f P u b l i c

C om m e n t

.

I n t he f i na l C e m e nt N E S H A P

, E P A a dde d a n a f f i r

m a t i ve de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on, 75 F e d

.

R e g. a t 54993, t ha t E P A a c know l e dge s w a s ne ve r di s c us s e d i n t he pr opos e d r ul e

, i d. ; s e e al s o 74

F e d. R e g. a t 21161

- 62

. T he de c i s i on t o a dd t he de f e ns e t o t he r u l e a nd t he a c c om pa nyi ng

r a t i ona l e w e r e m a de publ i c onl y i n t he f i na l r ul e

, a f t e r t he c l os e of publ i c c om m e nt on t he

pr opos e d r ul e on S e pt e m be r 4

, 2009

. E P A doe s no t e ve n of f

e r a n e xc us e f o r t he l a t e i nc l us i on of

t he ne w pr ovi s i on w i t hou t publ i c c om m e nt ; t he de c i s i on a ppe a r s t o ha ve be e n ba s e d s ol e l y on

i ndus t r y pr e s s ur e

. Se e 75 F e d

. R e g. a t 54993

.

T hus

, t he g r ound f or our obj e c t i on a r os e a f t e r t he c l os e of publ i c c om m e nt a nd t he r a i s i ng

of t he obj e c t i on dur i ng t he c om m e nt pe r i od w a s i m pr a c t i c a bl e

. Se e 4 2 U

. S

. C

. § 7607 ( d) ( 7 ) ( B )

.3 I I

. T h e O b j e c t i on R ai s e d I s of C e n t r al R e l e van c e t o t h e O u t c om e of t h e R u l e

.

T he obj e c t i on r a i s e d he r e i s of c e nt r a l r e l e va nc e t o t he out c om e of t he r u l e

, s e e 42 U

. S

. C

.

§ 76 07( d) ( 7) ( B )

, be c a us e i t goe s t o t he c or e pr oc e d ur a l a nd s ubs t a nt i ve va l i di t y o f s t a nda r ds s e t

by t he r ul e f or pe r i ods o f m a l f unc t i on

. E P A f a i l e d t o t a ke publ i c c om m e nt on, a nd c r i t i que of

,

t he a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on a nd of t he r a t i ona l e f or i t s de c i s i on; i t f a i l e d t o m e e t t he

r e qui r e m e nt s of t he A c t ; a nd i t f a i l e d t o m e e t s t a nda r ds of r e a s one d de c i s i on

- m a ki ng. H a d t he s e

obj e c t i ons be e n a d dr e s s e d, a nd ha d E P A m a de t hi s de c i s i on w i t h t he a pp r opr i a t e oppo r t uni t y f or

publ i c c om m e nt

, i t i s l i ke l y t ha t t he a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on w oul d not ha ve be e n

f i na l i z e d.

A

. E P A V i ol at e d t h e C l e an A i r A c t ’ s P r oc e d u r al P r ot e c t i on s b y F ai l i n g t o P r ovi d e

P u b l i c N o t i c e an d O p p or t u n i t y f or P u b l i c C om m e n t on t h e A f f i r m at i ve D e f e n s e

of M al f u n c t i on

.

E P A unl a w f ul l y f a i l e d t o p r e s e nt t he a f f i r m a t i ve d e f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on a nd t he

a c c om pa nyi ng r a t i ona l e t o t he publ i c f or c om m e nt

. U nde r C l e a n A i r A c t s e c t i on 307( d)

, w hi c h

a

ppl i e s t o t hi s pr oc e e di ng, E P A m us t pr e s e nt f or p ubl i c c om m e nt “ t he m a j o r l e ga l i nt e r pr e t a t i ons

a nd pol i c y c ons i de r a t i ons unde r l yi ng t he pr opos e d r ul e

. ” 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7607 ( d) ( 3 ) ( C )

. E P A di d

not do s o he r e

. M or e ove r

, t he r e c a n be no a r gum e nt t ha t t he a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e a nd

a c c om pa nyi ng r a t i ona l e a r e a l ogi c a l out gr ow t h of t he di s c us s i on i n t he pr opos e d r ul e be c a us e

t he de f e ns e w a s not m e nt i one d a t a l l i n t he pr opos e d r ul e no r w a s a nyt hi ng s i m i l a r c ons i de r e d i n

t he pr opos e d r ul e s uc h t ha t N R D C s houl d ha ve a nt i c i pa t e d i t s ul t i m a t e c onc l us i on. Se e

N

or t he as t M ar

y l and W as t e D is pos al A ut hor i t y v

. E P

A

, 358 F

. 3d 936, 951

- 52 ( D

. C

. C i r

. 2004)

.

T he r e f or e

, E P A s houl d ha ve p r ovi de d a n oppo r t un i t y f or c om m e nt on t he s e i s s ue s be f or e

f i na l i z i ng t he de f e ns e

.4 S uc h a pr oc e dur a l f a i l ur e i s of “ s uc h c e nt r a l r e l e va nc e t o t he r ul e t ha t t he r e i s a

s ubs t a nt i a l l i ke l i hood t ha t t he r ul e w oul d ha ve be e n s i gni f i c a nt l y c ha nge d i f s uc h e r r o r s ha d not

be e n m a de

. ” Se e 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7607( d ) ( 8 )

.

B

. E P A ’ s A d op t i on of t h e A f f i r m a t i ve D e f e n s e o f M al f u n c t i on I s N ot i n A c c or d an c e

w i t h t h e L aw

.

E P A a nd t he c our t s m us t c ons i de r a l l t he s t a t ut or y f a c t or s i n de t e r m i n i ng pe na l t i e s f o r

vi ol a t i ons of t he C l e a n A i r A c t

, i nc l udi ng good f a i t h e f f

or t s t o c om pl y w i t h t he l a w

. 42 U

. S

. C

.

7413( e ) ( 1) ( “ [ T ] he A dm i n i s t r a t or o r t he c our t

, a s a ppr opr i a t e

, s hal l t a ke i nt o c ons i de r a t i on

. . . . ” )

( e m pha s i s a dde d) ; A i r os ol v

. P ound C o

. , 498 F

. 3d 1089, 1097

- 98 ( 10 t h C i r

. 2007)

. T he de f e ns e

e s t a bl i s he d i n t he f i na l r ul e c ha nge s t he s t a t ut or i l y

- m a nda t e d pe na l t y c a l c ul us : i ns t e a d of

a l l ow i ng a ba l a nc i ng of good f a i t h w i t h ot he r f a c t o r s t o de t e r m i ne pe na l t i e s

, t he de f e ns e of

m a l f unc t i on e l e va t e s t hi s f a c t or a bove a l l ot he r s w i t hout c ons i de r i ng t he s pe c i f i c c i r c um s t a nc e s

of t he vi ol a t i on, c ont r a r y t o t he s t a t u t or y s c he m e

, t hus l i m i t i ng bot h t he a ge nc y’ s a nd t he c our t s ’

di s c r e t i on m or e na r r ow l y t ha n t he s t a t ut or y s c he m e

. E P A ’ s r ul e m a ki ng t he r e f or e vi ol a t e s t he

pl a i n l a ngua ge of t he s t a t ut e

.

T he a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on

, w hi c h E P A c r e a t e s out of w hol e c l ot h, w hol l y

i gnor e s t ha t t he C A A i m pos e s s t r i c t l i a bi l i t y on t ho s e w ho vi ol a t e t he s t a t ut e

. I d

. a t 1097. I n

A i r os ol

, t he c our t de t e r m i ne d t ha t “ t he f a c t t ha t [ t h e pl a i nt i f f ] ‘ d i d not e s t a bl i s h a t t r i a l t ha t [ t he

de f e nda nt ] i nt e nt i on a l l y vi ol a t e d t he C l e a n A i r A c t ’ i s a l s o a n i m pe r m i s s i bl e ba s i s f or a c om pl e t e

m i t i ga t i on of [ de f e nda nt ’ s ] pe na l t y. ” I d

. I n c hoos i ng t o m i t i ga t e a l l pe na l t i e s i f t he vi ol a t i on

oc c ur r e d be c a us e of a m a l f unc t i on, E P A c om m i t s t he s a m e e r r or

, i gnor i ng t he s t r i c t l i a bi l i t y

i m pos e d by t he s t a t ut e f o r vi ol a t i ons

, a nd r e qui r i ng pl a i nt i f f

s ( e i t he r a gove r nm e nt or c i t i z e ns ) t o

ga t he r e vi de nc e t o r e but a c l a i m a bout t he i nt e nt be hi nd t he vi ol a t i on

.5 T he A c t doe s not i nc l ude s uc h a de f e ns e

, a nd E P A m a y not i nve nt s uc h a de f e ns e a nd

c r e a t e f ur t he r hur dl e s f o r c i t i z e n p l a i nt i f f

s

. “ C ongr e s s e na c t e d [ t he C A A c i t i z e n s ui t pr ovi s i on]

s pe c i f i c a l l y t o e nc our a ge c i t i z e n pa r t i c i pa t i on i n t h e e nf or c e m e nt of s t a nda r ds a nd r e gul a t i ons

e s t a bl i s he d unde r t hi s A c t

, ” a nd “ i nt e nde d t he s e c t i on t o a f f

or d

. . . c i t i z e ns

. . . ve r y br oa d

oppor t uni t i e s t o pa r t i c i pa t e i n t he e f f

o r t t o pr e ve nt a nd a ba t e a i r pol l ut i on. ” P e nns y l v ani a v

. D e l

.

V

al l e y C i t i

z e ns ’ C ounc i l f or C l e an A i r

, 478 U

. S

. 5 46, 560 ( 1986) ( c i t a t i ons om i t t e d)

. C ount e r i ng

t he de f e ns e a ny t i m e t h e de f e ns e i s r a i s e d ( w he t he r l e gi t i m a t e l y o r not ) w i l l r e qui r e c i t i z e ns t o

e nga ge i n di f f i c ul t f a c t

- i nt e ns i ve ba t t l e s t o obt a i n t he i m pos i t i on of any c i vi l pe na l t i e s

. T he

a ddi t i ona l de f e ns e t ha t c i t i z e ns w oul d ha ve t o ove r c om e i n or de r t o a voi d t he c om pl e t e

e l i m i na t i on of c i vi l pe na l t i e s a dds hur dl e s f or c i t i z e n s ui t s be yond t he r e qui r e m e nt s t ha t

C ongr e s s i m pos e d a nd t hus r uns c ount e r t o t he br o a d oppor t uni t i e s t o pa r t i c i pa t e i n e nf or c e m e nt

t ha t C ongr e s s e nvi s i one d.

F i na l l y, t h e de f e ns e i s a n e nd

- r un a r oun d Si e r r

a C l ub v

. E P

A

, 551 F

. 3d 1019

, 1028 ( D

. C

.

C i r

. 2008)

, w h i c h ove r t ur ne d e xe m pt i ons f r o m c o m pl i a nc e w i t h t he r e qui r e m e nt s of S e c t i on 112

of t he C l e a n A i r A c t

, 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7412, dur i ng pe r i ods of s t a r t up, s hut dow n, a nd m a l f unc t i on

. I n

Si e r r

a C l ub t he D

. C

. C i r c ui t he l d t ha t t he E P A m a y not e xe m pt f a c i l i t i e s f r om c om pl i a nc e w i t h

s e c t i on 112 M A C T r e qui r e m e nt s ( l i ke t he C e m e nt N E S H A P ) on a t e m po r a l ba s i s be c a us e t he

A c t r e qui r e s t ha t s om e s e c t i on 112

- c om pl i a nt s t a n da r d a ppl y t o H A P

- e m i t t i ng f a c i l i t i e s a t a l l

t i m e s

, a nd t he r e f o r e va c a t e d a c om pl i a nc e e xe m pt i on f or pe r i ods of s t a r t up, s hut dow n, a nd

m a l f unc t i on. I d

. a t 1028

. E P A a r gue s t ha t t he f i na l i z e d s t a nda r ds w oul d c ont i nue t o a ppl y dur i ng

pe r i ods of m a l f unc t i on, but r e m ove s one of t he m o s t i m por t a nt de t e r r e nt s t o vi o l a t i ons t ha t

C ongr e s s put i n pl a c e

. B y r e m ovi ng c i vi l pe na l t i e s a s a pot e nt i a l r e s pons e t o vi ol a t i ons

a s s oc i a t e d w i t h m a l f unc t i ons

, t he r u l e e s s e nt i a l l y e xe m pt s vi ol a t i ons dur i ng pe r i ods of6 m a l f unc t i on f r om ha vi ng t o c om pl y w i t h t he s t a nda r ds by e l i m i na t i ng t he gr e a t e s t i nc e nt i ve t o

c om pl y w i t h t he s t a nda r ds a t a l l t i m e s

, a nd doe s s o w i t hout ha vi ng a na l yz e d a ny of t he ot he r

f

a c t or s t ha t C ongr e s s c ons i de r e d i m por t a nt f or e a c h a s s e s s m e nt of a pe na l t y. B y l i m i t i ng t he

pe na l t i e s t ha t m a y f l ow f r om a vi ol a t i on of t he r e qui r e m e nt

, E P A ha s c ha nge d t he s t a nda r d

c r e a t e d by t he s t a t ut e a nd ha s c r e a t e d a n e xe m pt i o n f r om t he s e c t i on 112

- c om p l i a nt s t a nda r d. I f

t hi s w e r e a l l ow e d, E P A w oul d not ha ve t o a bi de b y Si e r r

a C l ub ’ s pr ohi bi t i on a ga i ns t a

t e m por a l l y

- ba s e d di f f

e r e nc e i n s t a nda r ds be c a us e i t c oul d s i m pl y l i m i t t he c ons e que nc e s of

vi ol a t i ng t he s t a nda r d t o a c hi e ve t he s a m e r e s ul t

.

E P A ’ s de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on t hus vi ol a t e s t he s pi r i t a nd r e qui r e m e nt s of t he C A A

.

C

. E P A ’ s A d op t i on of an D e f e n s e of M al f u n c t i on i s A r b i t r ar y an d C ap r i c i ou s

B e c au s e I t F ai l s t o M e e t B as i c S t an d ar d s o f R e a s on e d D e c i s i on

- m ak i n g.

A n a c t i on i s “ a rbi t r a r y a nd c a pr i c i ous ” i f i t r e l i e s o n “ f a c t or s w hi c h C ongr e s s ha s not

i nt e nde d i t t o c ons i de r

, e nt i r e l y f a i l e d t o c ons i de r a n i m por t a n t a s pe c t of t he p r obl e m

, of f

e r e d a n

e xpl a na t i on f or i t s de c i s i on t ha t r uns c ount e r t o t he e vi de nc e be f or e t he a ge nc y, or i s s o

i m pl a us i bl e t ha t i t c oul d not be a s c r i be d t o a di f f

e r e nc e i n vi e w or t he p r oduc t of a ge nc y

e xpe r t i s e

. ” N or t h C ar ol i na v

. E P

A

, 53 1 F

. 3d 896, 906 ( D

. C

. C i r

. 2008)

. T he a r bi t r a r y a nd

c a pr i c i ous s t a nda r d “ i s t he s a m e unde r t he C A A a n d t he [ A dm i n i s t r a t i ve P r oc e dur e A c t ]

. ” I d.

( quot a t i ons om i t t e d)

.

E P A ’ s pos t

- c om m e nt

- pe r i od de c i s i on t o a dopt a de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on i s not s uppor t e d

by a ny r e a s one d a na l ys i s a nd f a i l s t o c ons i de r a n i m por t a nt a s pe c t of t he pr obl e m

. E P A ’ s

r a t i ona l e ha s no s uppor t

. E P A s t a t e s : “ I n r e s pons e t o c om m e nt s ur g i ng t ha t E P A not a ppl y t he

s a m e s t a nda r ds t o m a l f unc t i ons a s t o nor m a l ope r a t i on, E P A r e c ogni z e s t ha t e ve n e qui pm e nt t ha t

i s pr ope r l y de s i gne d a nd m a i nt a i ne d c a n s om e t i m e s f a i l a nd t ha t s uc h f a i l ur e c a n s om e t i m e s

c a us e ( or i n t he c a s e of 30

- da y a ve r a ge s

, c ont r i but e t o) a n e xc e e da nc e of t he r e l e va nt e m i s s i on7 s t a nda r d. ” 75 F e d. R e g. a t 54993

. T he s e a r e f a c t o r s t ha t a r e e a s i l y a ddr e s s e d by E P A ’ s e xi s t i ng

e nf or c e m e nt di s c r e t i on a nd by i t s a bi l i t y t o t a ke i nt o a c c ount good f a i t h a nd ot he r s t a t ut or y

f

a c t or s i n s e t t i ng c i vi l pe na l t i e s

. 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7413 ( e ) ( 1)

. T he s a m e pr ovi s i on e qua l l y a l l ow s

c our t s t o t a ke g ood f a i t h i nt o a c c ount i n s e t t i ng pe na l t y a m ount s

. I d. E P A ha s e s t a bl i s he d no

ne e d f or t h i s ne w de f e ns e

, w hi c h i s not a va i l a bl e u nde r t he A c t

.

I n a ddi t i on

, E P A f a i l s t o c ons i de r t he i m pa c t s of t h e ne w de f e ns e on c i t i z e n s ui t s

. E P A

r e a s ons t ha t i n “ a ny j udi c i a l o r a dm i ni s t r a t i ve pr oc e e di ng, t he A dm i ni s t r a t o r m a y c ha l l e nge t he

a s s e r t i on of t he a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e a nd, i f t he r e s ponde nt ha s not m e t i t s bur de n o f p r ovi ng a l l of

t he r e qui r e m e nt s i n t he a f f i r m a t i ve de f e ns e

, a ppr op r i a t e pe na l t i e s m a y be a s s e s s e d i n a c c or da nc e

w i t h S e c t i on 113 of t he C l e a n A i r A c t [ 42 U

. S

. C

. § 7413]

. ” 75 F e d. R e g. a t 54993. W ha t E P A

f

a i l s t o a c know l e dge a nd t o t a ke i nt o a c c ount i s t ha t t hi s a dds a n a ddi t i ona l hur dl e f or t hos e

s e e ki ng t o a ddr e s s vi ol a t i ons of t he C l e a n A i r A c t

— t o s how t ha t t he bur de n on t he a f f i r m a t i ve

de f e ns e ha s not be e n m e t or f a c e t he pr os pe c t of z e r o pe nal t i e s be i ng i m pos e d r e ga r dl e s s of ot he r

s t a t ut or y f a c t or s

. E P A not onl y i m pos e s t hi s a ddi t i ona l hur dl e o f a f a c t

- i nt e ns i ve ba t t l e on i t s e l f

,

but i m pos e s i t upon c i t i z e ns w ho of t e n do not ha ve t he r e s our c e s t o i nve s t i ga t e s uc h c l a i m s

. T he

A c t doe s not i m pos e a ny s uc h r e qui r e m e nt a nd E P A ha s no a ut hor i t y t o i nc r e a s e t he de m a nds f or

c i t i z e ns w he n t he y br i ng a c i t i z e n s ui t

. E P A a l s o f a i l s t o c ons i de r t ha t t h i s de f e ns e na r r ow s not

j us t i t s ow n, bu t a l s o t he c ou r t s ’

, di s c r e t i on on pe na l t i e s

.

T hus

, E P A ’ s de c i s i on t o c r e a t e a de f e ns e of m a l f u

nc t i on i s a rbi t r a r y a nd c a pr i c i ous

, a nd

t he obj e c t i on i s of c e nt r a l r e l e va nc e t o t he ou t c om e of t he r ul e be c a us e i t c a n l e a d t o t he r e ve r s a l

of t he r ul e

.8 C O N C L U S I O N

F or t he r e a s ons a bove

, E P A m us t gr a nt t hi s pe t i t i o n f or r e c ons i de r a t i on a nd di s c a r d t he

de f e ns e of m a l f unc t i on t ha t i t c r e a t e d i n t he f i na l r ul e

.

R e s pe c t f ul l y s ubm i t t e d,

/ s

/ A v i nas h K ar

A vi na s h K a r

N a t ur a l R e s our c e s D e f e ns e C ounc i l

111 S ut t e r S t

. , 20 t h F l oo r

S a n F r a nc i s c o, C A 94104

P h: ( 415 ) 875

- 6100

F a x: ( 415) 875

- 6161

C ol i n O ’ B r i e n

J ohn W a l ke

E m i l y D a vi s

N a t ur a l R e s our c e s D e f e ns e C ounc i l

1200 N e w Y or k A ve

. , N W

, S ui t e 400

W a s hi ngt on, D C 20005

P h: ( 202 ) 289

- 6 868

D a t e d: N ove m be r 8, 2010