NBS Special LEAA Police

Publication Equipment

480 4 Survey of 1972,

Volume IV

Alarms,

Security Equipment,

Surveillance Equipment

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards

LlBHARy

JUL 2 1 1977

4 ^^^'4

Alarms,

Security Equipment,

Surveillance Equipment

by

J. L. Eldreth, E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1—480-7)

"CODEN; XNBSAV."

CONTENTS: v, 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment.—v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supplies—Collected works. L National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1^80-7.

QC100.U57 no. 480-1—480-7 [HV7936.E7] 602Ms [363.2'028] 74-28442

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-4

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-4,1 1 5 pages CODEN:XNBSAV

U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON:

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D C. 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. C1 3.1 0:480-4). Stock No. 003-003-01745-1. Price $2.75

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U S. mailing).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 447 police departments throughout the United States who

contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible, and especially to the

police departments whose officers and administrators helped the survey team during the

developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition, we thank Marshall A. Isler, Manager of the Security Systems Program and Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, and Lester D. Shubin, the NILECJ Program Manager for Standards.

We also thank the many members of the TechnicsJ Analysis Division who provided

support: William L. O'Neal, P. Clare Peiser, Sandra J. Mumford, June R. Cornog, Gail

B. Hare, Diane R. Beall, SueUen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman, Dwight

F. Doxey, Lorraine S. Freeman, Karen Jackson, Cassandra Streeter, Janice Davis, Jo A.

E. Copeland, Michael R. Vogt, and Robert J. Cunitz. The development of this report was sponsored by the NILECJ Office of Research Programs, Geoffrey M. Alprin,

Director; Advanced Technology Division, Joseph T. Kochanski, Director.

Ill

CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgments iii List of Tables vi Foreword , ix Executive Summary xi

1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1

1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the Alarms DQ 5

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5

2. Question by Question Discussion 7

2.1. Advice to the Reader 7

2.2. Discussion 8

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 8

2.2.2. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays 10

2.2.3. Numbers of Alarms and False Alarms 17

2.2.4. Night Vision Equipment 20

2.2.5. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Video Tape

Recorders (VTR) 26

2.2.6. Cameras 32

2.2.6.1. Problems with Movie Cameras 34

2.2.6.2. Problems with Still Cameras 35

2.2.6.3. Future Purchase of Cameras 37

2.2.7. Standards for Other Security Devices 39

2.2.8. Other Comments 40

2.2.8.1. Comments About "Direct-to- Police"

Alarm Displays 40

2.2.8.2. Comments About Night Vision Equipment 41

2.2.8.3. Comments About Closed Circuit TV System

Which Needs Daylight or Artificial Illumination 41

2.2.8.4. Comments About Cameras 42

2.2.8.5. Comments About Other Security Devices 42

Appendix A. Alarm Displays, Security Equipment and Surveillance

Equipment Questionnaire

Appendix B. Data Tables

V
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 3

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed

Questionnaire: Alarms, security, and surveillance

systems by region and department type 3

Table 1.3-1. Number of sample departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires: Alarms, security, and

surveillance systems 4

Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of the

departments by department type, and percent of total departments having each activity 6

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 6

Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 Table i. Percentages of city and township departments in which

the alarms DQ was filled in by officer with specified

rank/title 9

Table ii. Cumulative percentages of departments in each department

type whose respondents had specified number of years

of law enforcement experience 9

Table 1. Percentages of departments in each department type which

had "direct-to-police" alarm displays 10

Table 2-1. Of the 298 departments having "direct-to-police"

alarm displays, percentages having specified number

of different brands of displays within department 11 Table 2-2. Of the 298 departments having "direct-to-police"

alarm displays, percentages reporting at least one

display by specified manufacturer 11 Table 5-1. Of the departments in each department type having

"direct-to-police" alarm displays, percentages

having at least one subscriber of the specified kind 13

Table 5-2. Of total numbers of subscribers to "direct-to-police"

alarm displays reported in each department type,

percentages of specified type 13

Table 6. Of the departments in each department type with

"direct-to-police" alarm displays, percentages which

said they were limiting or might have to limit subscribers to "direct-to-police" tie-ins 14

Table 6/1. Percentages of responding departments in each department

type (a) which had "direct-to-police" alarm displays

and did/wiU limit numbers of subscribers, (b) which

had such displays and did not/wiU not limit subscribers,

and (c) which did not have displays 15

Table 7. Of the 117 departments which said they did/will limit subscribers to "direct-to-police" alarm displays,

percentages citing specified reason for limitation 15

Table 8-1. Of the departments in each department type with

"direct-to-police" alarm displays, percentages

citing at least one problem with those displays 16

VI
Page

Table 8-2. Of the 189 departments citing problems with

"direct-to-police" alarm displays, percentages

citing specified problem 16

Table 9/1. Of the departments which did not have "direct-to-police"

alarm displays, percentages which will provide such

tie-ins within the next 5 years 17

Table 3-1. Percentages of responding departments in each department

type answering Questions 3 and 4 (reporting number of alarms received per month) 18

Table 3-2. Of the departments reporting numbers of alarms per month,

median number of alarms (of all kinds) per month by

department type 19

Table 3-3. Of the departments reporting numbers of alarms per month,

median numbers of alarms received via specified means

of receiving 19

Table 3/4. Of the departments reporting numbers of alarms and false alarms, percentages of total alarms (Question 3) that were

reported to be false alarms (Question 4) for specified

alarm receiving system by department type 20

Table 10. Numbers and percentages of departments in each department

type reporting any night vision equipment 21

Table 11. Of the departments with any night vision equipment

("yes" to Question 10), percentages having each type

of night vision equipment 21 Table 12. Of those departments with any night vision equipment,

percentages reporting at least one problem with

this equipment 22

Table 13/11. Of those departments having each type of night vision

equipment, percentages reporting "no problem" 23

Table 13. Examples of problems mentioned for each night

vision device 23

Table 14-1. Percentages of departments in each department type which

said they would buy any night vision equipment in the next 5 years 24

Table 14-2. Percentages of departments in each department type which

said they would buy specified item of night vision

equipment in the next 5 years 25

Table 14/11. Percentages of departments in each department type which

currently had/will buy and which currently did not

have/will buy specified item of night vision equipment 25

Table 15/18-1. Percentages of responding departments in each department

type which had CCTV and/or VTR 26

Table 15/18-2. Percentages of departments in each department type with

specified combination of CCTV and VTR 26

Table 16/15. Of the departments in specified department type with

closed circuit television, percentages using it for specified purpose 28

Table 19/18. Of the departments in specified department type with

video tape recorder, percentages using it for specified

purpose 29

Table 17/15 and Of the departments in specified department type having

20/18-1. CCTV or having VTR, percentages citing at least one problem with the system 29

VII
Page

Table 17/15 and Of the 116 departments having CCTV and the 156 departments

20/18-2. having VTR, the percentages citing specified problem

with those systems 30

Table 21. Percentages of departments in each department type which

will buy CCTV or VTR in the next 5 years 31

Table 22-1. Percentages of departments in each department type which

had at least one camera 32

Table 22-2. Of the departments in each department type with at least one camera, percentages having specified kind of camera .... 33

Table 23. Of the departments which had each specified camera,

percentages which said "no problems," gave no answer,

or cited at least one problem with that type of camera 34

Table 23A. Of the 142 departments having movie cameras, percentages

citing each problem 35

Table 23B/C/ Of the departments having each type of still camera,

D/E. percentages mentioning each problem 36

Table 23F. Of the 327 departments having a camera with special film

for rapid automatic processing of pictures, percentages

mentioning each problem 37

Table 24-1. Percentages of departments in each department type which

said they would buy a camera in the next 5 years 38

Table 24-2. Of the departments in each department type that will be

buying cameras, percentages which will be buying specified

type of cameras 38

Table 25-1. Percentages of departments in each department type saying

at least one of the other security devices listed in Question 25 needed performance standards 39

Table 25-2. Percentages of departments in each department type which

said performance standards were needed for specified

security devices 40

VIII
FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the sele(?tion and procurement of quality equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles, and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report are invited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

IX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the

sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

° NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop

standards and guidelines.

° In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect user information.

° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating police departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

° The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards

for various types of equipment.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers,

activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each

developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all police departments listed in a computerized file and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special pohce agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state police; county police and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

XI
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2).

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to all states, to aU of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fill in aU 7 questionnaires.

Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fiU in the EPQ and 2 of the DQs.

° The sample for the Alarms DQ consisted of 529 departments (see table 1.2-3).

D. Questionnaire Administration

Stringent control of administration was required.

Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

In July 1972, follow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in

the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once. Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure

consistency; it was then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

Eighty-four percent of the 528 departments returned usable Alarms DQs.

° Between 81 and 85 percent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, and

cities with 50 or more officers.

° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 78%).

F. Characteristics of Responding Departments

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents (to the EPQ) were

serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

intradepartmental communications (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of aU respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the 50 largest cities and 55 perce,nt of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or, more officers

to 67 percent of the counties.

° Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a- mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities.

° One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million.

° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 full-time sworn officers.

XII
However, one of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of all the full-time officers reported

by that department type and another had about 12 percent.

G. Presentation of Data

° Data in this report are presented in two forms: text tables and full tables (app. B).

Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data.

° All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form (i.e., numbers and

percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of police

departments in the U.S.).

° The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total population of police departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See app. B, p. B-l.)

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Characteristics of Respondents

° In about half or more of the city (1-9), township, and city (10-49) departments, the

Alarms DQ was filled in by the chief of the department.

° In responding states and larger city department types, the respondent tended to be a captain or lieutenant.

° In county departments, the respondent was most often a sheriff or deputy sheriff.

° More than half of the 447 respondents had had more than 15 years of law

enforcement experience when they answered this DQ. Only 3 percent had fewer than 3

years of law enforcement experience.

B. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays

° More than half of the responding departments in every department type except

states had "direct-to-police" alarm displays.

° Over 90 percent of the responding cities (10-49) and cities (50+) had such alarm

displays. Only 23 percent of responding states did.

° The majority of responding departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays

had more than one brand of display.

° The vast majority of departments with such displays reported at least one

financial institution among their "direct-to-police" alarm subscribers.

° In responding townships, cities (1-9), cities (10-49), and cities (50+) with "direct-topolice" alarm service, the largest proportions of subscribers were small businesses.

° Responding counties and 50 largest cities reported that financial institutions made

up the majority of their "direct-to-police" alarm subscribers.

° More than half of the responding 50 largest city, state, and city (50+) departments

with such displays said they were now limiting subscribers to "direct-to-police" alarm

displays or would have to limit subscribers in the future.

° The most frequent reasons given for limiting subscribers were limited space for panels, too many false alarms, and limited personnel for monitoring panels.

° In five of the seven department types, more than half of the departments with

"direct-to-police" alarm displays reported at least one problem with those displays—

county=48 percent and city (l-9)=35 percent.

° Less than one-fourth of the responding departments that did not have "direct-topolice" alarm displays said that they would provide that service within the next 5 years.

XIII
C. Numbers of Alarms and False Alarms

° Although no definition of "false alarm" was supplied in the questionnaire, it was assumed that most departments considered any alarm for which there was no evidence

of unauthorized entry or property damage to be a false alarm.

° Only those departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays were asked to supply data about numbers of alarms and false alarms.

° Responding 50 largest city departments reported a median of 500 alarms per

department per month when all alarm receiving systems were combined. The median for responding states was about one-fifth as large.

° For the other five department types, the median numbers of alarms received per

department per month: city (50+)=64, township=26, city (10-49)==20, city (l-9)=5, and

county=5.

° Except for 50 largest city, state, and city (1-9) departments, there was a tendency

for the greatest numbers of alarms to be received via "direct-to-police" alarm displays,

followed by central stations and automatic dialers.

° Responding 50 largest city departments received the greatest number of alarms

via central stations, followed by automatic dialers and "direct-to-police" alarm displays.

° Responding states, cities (10-49), cities (50+), cities (1-9), and 50 largest cities reported that, on the average, about 9 alarms in 10 were false alarms.

° Responding counties and townships reported that about three alarms in four were

false alarms.

D. Night Vision Equipment

° Night vision equipment was mainly used by only three of the department types:

50 largest cities (49%), states (30%), and cities (50+) (14%).

° Of the responding departments with any night vision equipment (n=52), the most

common device was the hand-held night scope not suitable for rifle (60%).

° The majority of users of night vision equipment reported no problems with this equipment.

° Majorities of the responding departments in the three largest department types

said that they would be likely to buy at least one item of night vision equipment in the next 5 years, and more than one-fourth of the responding counties and cities (10-49)

made this statement.

° About half of the responding 50 largest cities and about one-third of the states and

cities (50+) said they would buy low-light level TV in the next 5 years.

° Forty-two percent of the responding states said they would buy night vision scopes

suitable for rifle or hand-held.

° Most of the departments which said they would be buying a specified item of night vision equipment did not already have that particular item of night vision

equipment.

XIV
E. Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) and Video Tape Recorder (VTR)

° There were large differences among department types in the use of CCTV and

VTR.

Percent of responding Percent of responding

Department type departments having departments having

VTR CCTV

50 largest 89 71 State 68 45

City (50+) 53 37

City (10-49) 22 20 County 17 12 City (1-9) 8' 6 Township 4 4

° In general, the responding departments which had CCTV also had VTR. Only a very few departments reported having CCTV but no VTR.

° The most commonly reported use for both CCTV and VTR was training.

° About one-third of the responding departments with CCTV systems used it in each of three other ways: Checking on prisoners, watching civil disturbances, and

"other" surveillance within police buildings.

° About half of the responding departments with VTR were using that system for collecting evidence other than traffic violations and/or with closed circuit TV.

° The majority of departments with CCTV or VTR reported no problems with the

system.

° More than half of the responding states, 50 largest cities, and cities (50+) said

they would buy either CCTV or VTR or both within the next 5 years. About one-third of the cities (10-49) and one-fourth of the counties made that statement.

F. Cameras

° In every department type except townships and cities (1-9), more than 90 percent

of the responding departments had at least one camera.

° The most commonly reported camera in six of the seven department types was a camera which uses special film for rapid automatic processing of pictures.

° More than 90 percent of the two largest city department types said they had 4 in x

5 in format cameras.

° Higher percentages of 50 largest city departments reported having each type of camera than any other department type.

° The majority of departments in each department type reported no problems for each type of camera.

XV

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume IV: Alarms, Security Equipment, Surveillance Equipment

J. L. Eldreth, E. D. Bunten, and P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology , National Bureau of Standards , Washington , D.C. 20234

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide

mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes

the answers of 447 police departments concerning their use of alarm systems, cameras, security

equipment, and surveillance equipment: Purchasing practices, typical patterns of use, and

needs for standards for such equipment. The data are presented by all responding departments and by seven department types. Key words: Alarm systems; cameras; police; police equipment; security equipment; standards;

surveillance equipment.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties.

Much of their equipment was originally designed for other uses and had to be modified

for police use. Other items had to be used as given. No standards existed against which

equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program in 1971, toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of Commerce established a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to develop performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard

test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the program, the National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA in 1971, asked

the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their specialized

equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and

manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide mail sample survey having

two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about

certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and

guidelines in these areas. This report fulfills part of the second general objective. The associated survey

questionnaire (see app. A) will be referred to as the Alarms, Security, and Surveillance

Equipment Detailed Questionnaire (DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the reports of the other five DQs: Patrol Gars; Communications

1
Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; and Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons. The first general objective

(above) is accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ).'

1.2. Sample Design

Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police

agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university police. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the

selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is exhibited

in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no townships in regions 4, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city police, 43 percent having 1-9 full-time officers. County departments comprised about 24 percent of the population.

By region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4 percent of the police departments,

while region 5, the largest, had 22.5 percent. The variation in the number of departments in the cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1,470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampling plan

discussed briefly below. All of the state departments and the 50 largest city departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent

the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected

from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the

total sample manageable would yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible,

resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30

departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This

plan resulted in sending the Alarms DQ to 529 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Alarms DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Alarms

DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Alarms DQ by region and department

type. Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit

identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire assignment.

I,KA \ I'olire Kquipmenl Survey of 1972. Vol. I: Thi- Nerd for .Slandards-Priorilie.s for Police Equipment.

2
1 2-1 StfQtificQtioH catc^ofics

Department types LEAA geographic region

State police I = Conn., iVlaine, Mass., IN.H., K.I., Vt. County police and sheriffs 2 = IN. J., IN. I

.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Fa., Va., W. Va., D.C

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., lenn.

City with 50 or more otticers 5 = ill., ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn.

I he 50 largest U.b. cities /; AIT M A/f 1^1 1 T" 6 = Ark., La., IN. Max., Ukia., lex. Township departments 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr.

O /'-'I TV* . TVTT-»1 Crvl II»U TV/ ... 8 = Colo., Mont., IN. Dak., b. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

^Does not inr lmle the .50 largest cities. By population, U.S. 1970 census.

T,\Bi,K 1.2-2. Number of police departmenis by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985

City (50-1- officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one .set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states as described in vol, I. app. B, p. 8 2.

Table 1.2-3. Number of departments selected to receive the Detailed Questionnaire : Alarms, security and surveillance systems by region and department type

Department type

LEAA geo^rraphic region

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State' 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (1-9 officers) 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 99

City (10-49 officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City (50+ officers) 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 7 10 6 90

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50

Township'^ 10 10 10 10 40

Total 56 56 60 56 66 53 44 44 52 42 529

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of que^-iionnaires was accepted from each of these six states. Township departments exist only in regions 1. 2. 3. and 5.

3
1.3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample

department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey

and requested cooperation.

(2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(3) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified

by the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the

status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone

follow-up.

(4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were called by telephone.

(5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was rewarded with an 84 percent response for the Alarms DQ, and between 81 percent

and 85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey more

than 70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by telephone.

More than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable Alarms DQs)

is exhibited in table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response were from the states and

larger cities (89-94%), while counties and townships had the poorest response rates (under 77%).

Tablk 1.3-1. Number of sample departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires : Alarms, security and surveillance systems

LEAA geographic region

Percent

total Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total sample

State6 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 3 3 47 94 County 5 7 7 5 10 7 9 9 9 9 77 77

City (1-9 officers) 9 9 8 9 9 6 9 7 8 9 83 84

City (10-49 officers) 8 9 7 9 10 8 9 10 9 10 89 89

City (50-t- officers) 10 6 10 10 10 10 5 6 8 6 81 90

50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 8 8 3 1 8 2 45 90 Townships^ 6 6 6 7 25 62

Total 45 42 47 48 60 44 38 39 45 39 447 84

Percent total sample 80 75 78 86 88 83 86 89 86 93 84

Questionnaires were actually mailed to 56 state police departments since there were 6 states which listed 2 police agencies v. ithout reference

\o a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of the states. Township departments exi^l only in regions 1. 2, 3, and 5.

4
1 .4. Development and Design of the Alarms DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved

over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length w^ith NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers.

In addition, the officers and administrators of about 45 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Alarms DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This DQ asked

respondents to provide data about their "direct-to-police" alarm systems, night vision

equipment, closed circuit television, cameras, and other security devices. Departments

were asked about the use of this equipment in their departments and about problems, if any, with such equipment. The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1)

It was not possible, considering the scope of the present survey, to explore in a detailed manner all of the complex components, accessories, and systems normally found in alarm, surveillance, and security systems, and (2) it was felt that the general data

gathered in the present effort would provide important direction for research in the

development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each

department about population served; physical size of jurisdiction served; type of

jurisdiction; number of full- and part-time officers; approximate total, equipment, and

personnel budgets during 1971; and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the responses to a checklist of 30 typical police activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ re- spondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Alarms DQ. See sec.

1.2.) The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) Serve traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and (3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60

percent (cities with 50+ officers) to 67 percent (counties).

Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other

department types were handling certain of the 30 activities. For example, all of the 50

largest city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments

said that their departments provided police training for their own department. These

compare to 68 percent for all responding departments. AU of the responding 50 largest

cities said that they handled criminal investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86 percent of the total sample of departments. Although only 13 percent of the departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55

percent of the states had them.

Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibilities

for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of those departments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of all responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type

and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "Annual equipment

budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different

department types: from a mean of about $10,000 for cities (1-9) to almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the annual total budgets.

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities,

only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000. Thus, the mean

5
Tablk 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one -third of the departments by department

type, and percent of total departments having each activity

Percent of total departments having each activity

City City City 50 TownDescription of activity State County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest ship Total

Serve traffic and criminal warrants 70 89 84 89 94 87 93 88

1 raitic safety and trattic control 92 56 94 96 96 98 94 87 Communications for own department 94 86 76 95 94 96 70 87 Criminal investigation 66 86 71 95 97 100 79 86

Police training for own department 98 55 48 77 87 100 42 68

Custody/detention—less than 1 day ir\ /y O 1 16 / Z 4o oo

Breath-alcohol test 89 46 47 72 83 91 49 64 Emergency aid and rescue 0 ( DZ DO oU O / OZ OO

Public building protection /in t)o OU CO A A OO ^AO^

Service function A O 'I'O

cr c OO Anou DO 4z A Q Animal control (dogcatcher) QQOO DO /I 0 4Z 57O / A A High w ay patrol QAVO oo Aft 4'0 OO OO A'^ 4-0 Maintenance of police buildings C 1 O i oO 04- 4- i 4-0 Custody/detention—1 week or less /O OO AO Oo5Q

VjUIIIIIIlllllCcllltJIlS LUl unit;! agt^ilCy 66 56 36

Serve civil process ooQQ OZ

Police training for other agency 77 'Z o4' Z'* 94. C ustody /detention up to 1 year t o 99 Underwater recovery AO TO Bomb disposal A ^ OZ 1 7 Polygraph oz OO on 17 Vehicle inspection oo 1 7 Crime laboratory DO 4 O iO Narcotics laboratory analysis 43 62 11 Harbor patrol 7 Lab analysis for blood alcohol 34 53 7 Other 6 Coroner 5 Test for driver's license 34 3 Custody/detention—more than 1 year 3

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual Department type Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,920 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

City (50-f) 31 83,334 132 26 1,733,340 173,099 1,407,177

City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,187

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9.764 60,061

6
Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA ref^ion (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual

L. 11. rv . \ I CglfJlI Population full-time p3rt-time yVnnuHl tolsl equipment person nel

Villi ; nfiii^tf^r^ ^^lllV^Clo rkl 1 H fsf*\ budget budget

1 750 158,112 96 18 $1,360,155 $1.35,1.30 $ 979,911

2 648 240,781 365 97 7,148,315 148,172 5,265,546

3 1,096 245,733 216 7 3,412,567 435,153 2,879,293 4 3,691 340,996 151 11 2,318,382 248,600 1,767,292

5 2,652 448,174 283 8 4,916,607 431,478 3,879,374 6 5,738 271,386 160 17 2,193,823 160,.363 1,709,910

7 2,379 112,094 84 9 1,220,.385 121,001 983,696

8 6,346 83,023 54 9 728,549 77,081 568,463

9 4,218 372,094 281 46 5,743,553 728,801 4,528,692

10 3,580 104,877 69 9 1,253,894 82,198 1,011,604

value of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that

the category part-time officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer,

reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. AU of these classifications were counted in the part-time officer category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were

considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others, primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2.1. Advice to the Reader

In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the eqi '^ment described or discussed

within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified random sample

of police departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It does not, in any

way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau of Standards.

(2) The report reflects only what police departments were willing and able to say

in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify

the accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent.

(3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face

type. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire sent

to sample departments (see app. A) and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(4) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables

that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been

collapsed from the full table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out

for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The tables in appendix B are also numbered the same as the question number, in the same manner.

In some cases, tables that appear in appendix B will not have been discussed at aU in the text.

7
(5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent

of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by

number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the

sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based

on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied, if any, in the

questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific

"other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who might have marked

that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report

lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents

of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately

one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

(7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four

city department types:

City with 1-9 officers=city (1-9) City with 10-49 officers=city (10-49)

City with 50 or more officers=city (50+)^

The 50 largest cities=50 largest' In table headings this same convention has been used.

(8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their

equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate

a manufacturer's product.

(9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the

questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not

follow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question quickly,

consult the Contents or the List of Tables.

(10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities

(1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample

strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all departments" or "all responding departments," the reference is to all responding

departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the

data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

2.2. Discussion

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents

a. Rank/Title of Respondents

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were mailed to the chief (or highest official) of the department with a request that the questionnaires be

directed to the person or persons within the department who were best qualified to answer the questions.

^RxrluHing ihp 50 largest I'.S. cities. By population. 1970 l'..S. Census.

8
In general, the questionnaire on Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and

Surveillance Equipment was filled in by officers with high rank. In 73 percent of the

responding city (1-9) departments the questionnaire was completed by the chief of the

department; in township departments, 60 percent were filled in by the chief; and in city

(10-49) departments 47 percent of these questionnaires were filled in by the chief. As

might be expected, as the size of the city department increased, the percentages of chiefs completing this questionnaire decreased. (See table i.) In county and state departments too, relatively high ranking officers filled in the

alarms questionnaire. In 53 percent of the responding state departments this questionnaire was completed by either a captain or a lieutenant. In 70 percent of the counties

the form was answered by the sheriff or deputy sheriff.

Tabi.K >• Percentages of city and township departments in which

the alarms DQ was filled in by officer with specified rank /title

Department type

City City City 50

Title/rank (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest Township

Chief 73 47 28 2 60

Captain 2 15 26 18 12 Lieutenant 1 7 17 20 0

Sergeant 5 16 9 20 8

b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondent

In general, the respondents to the DQ on Alarm Displays, Security Equipment,

and Surveillance Equipment had been in law enforcement work for several years when

they filled in the questionnaire. Fifty-two percent of the 447 responding departments

said they had more than 15 years of experience in law enforcement. Eighty-five percent

of all respondents had 6 or more years of experience. Only 3 percent of the 447

respondents said they had fewer than 3 years of such experience. (In the questionnaire,

space was provided for the person who fiUed in the questionnaire and for two persons

who may have helped fill in the questionnaire. Only the information from the primary

respondent was included in this tabulation.)

Although a majority of the respondents in every department type reported having more than 10 years of experience in law enforcement, state departments and the two

groups of largest city departments generally had the highest percentages of respondents

with lengthy police service (see table ii.).

T ABI.F, ii. Cumulative percentages of departments in each department type whose respondents had specified number of years of law enforcement experience

Department type

Number of years of law enforcement

experience

City City City 50

State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-t-) largest Township

(Cumulative percentages)

More than 10 years 93 54 60 73 83 80 72 More than 20 years 52 19 22 28 37 35 24 More than 25 years 22 10 12 15 17 8 8

9
2.2.2. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays'^

1. Does your department now have one or more displays for

" direct-to-police" burglar or robbery alarms from banks, savings

and loans, or other businesses?

Yes (If " Yes" continue with Questions 2 through 9)

No (If " No" skip to Question 9)

About two-thirds of the 447 responding departments had "direct-to-poHce" alarm

displays for directly receiving burglar or robbery alarms from the community. There

were, however, large differences among the seven department types. While more than

half of the departments in six of the department types reported having this type of equipment, only 23 percent of the state departments reported having "direct-to-police"

alarm displays. Medium-sized cities had the highest percentages of departments with

this capability: 96 percent of cities (10-49) and 93 percent of cities (50+). (See table 1.) As will be discussed further below, many of the responding departments said they were also able to receive alarms by means other than display units. A few respondents

commented that they had display units for the protection of their own facilities. Some

departments which did not have "direct-to-police" displays supplied data about other

alarm systems in answer to Question 1. These data were deleted from Question 1 tabulations and were included in the tabulations for Questions 3 and 4.

Table 1. Percentages of departments in each department

type which had "direct -to -police" alarm displays

Department type

Percent of departments

having displays

City (10-49) [n=89] 96

City (50+) [n=81] 93

50 largest [n=45] 64 Township [n=25] 64

City (1-9) [n=83] 52 County [n=77] 51

State [n=47] 23

2. Which manufacturers made the "direct-to-police" alarm

displays that you have in your department?

Manufacturers

Although departments were asked to provide information about manufacturers of the "direct-to-police" alarm displays in their departments, it was determined from

follow-up telephone calls that departments sometimes provided names of distributors,

installers, or service companies instead of manufacturers. In addition, some respondents

added names of businesses associated with alarm receiving equipment other than

displays: automatic dialers, devices with microphones to monitor activity after an alert

at a local business, and fire alarm devices. Such extraneous references were excluded

when known, but it cannot be estimated how many were counted as "manufacturers"

when qualifying information was unavailable.

A variety of lerms is used by police departments for these units. Beside "displays," they are known as annunciators, modules, and boxes. From

the answers to the questionnaires and from the follow-up telephone calls, it appeared that the term "display" was generally interpreted correctly.

10
Manufacturer data were tallied in two ways: According to (a) the number of

different manufacturers cited by each department and (b) the number of departments

which had displays made by each manufacturer.

Of the 298 departments with displays, 77 percent had fewer than four different

brands of displays in the department. Two-fifths of respondents cited only one

manufacturer. Cities (50+), one of the largest users of "direct-to-police" alarm displays,

had the highest proportion of departments reporting four or five different brands of displays within the same department (28%). (See table 2-1.) Four manufacturers of display units were named by substantially more

respondents than other companies. Manufacturers A and C were most often cited by

departments. Forty-seven percent of the departments with "direct-to-police" displays

had at least one display made by manufacturer A and 41 percent had at least one made

by manufacturer C. Manufacturers E and B were each mentioned by more than onefourth of departments.

Displays by other manufacturers were less often cited. Display panels made by

rhanufacturer D were used by 11 percent of departments and other brands of displays were each used by 3 percent or fewer of the responding departments with displays. (See

table 2-2.)

Table 2-1. Of the 298 departments having "direct-to-police" alarm displays, percentages having specified number of different brands of displays within department

Number of Percent of departments

different having displays manufacturers [n=298]

1 40

2 or 3 37

4 or 5 15 6 or more 4 unknown 2 no answer 2

Table 2-2. Of the 298 departments having "direct-to-police" alarm displays, percentages' reporting at least one display by

specified manufacturer

Percent of departments

having "direct-to-police" Manufacturer display

[n=298]

A 47 C 41 E 29 B 26 D 11 Miscellaneous^ 44

^Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed. Each manufacturer in this category was cited by ^ percent or fewer of the responding departments with displays.

11
5. About how many direct -to -police tie-ins does each kind of

subscriber have on your department' s alarm displays?

Number Type of Subscriber

Financial Institutions (banks, savings and loans, etc.)

Jewelry Stores

Small Businesses (other than jewelry stores)

Large Businesses (other than jewelry stores)

Schools

Residences

Other (specify)

Departments were asked to specify the subscribers to their "direct-to-police"

alarm displays. In a few cases departments specified that they had included numbers of residences subscribing to automatic dialers. These data were deleted, since this question specifically requested data about "direct-to-police" displays. It is possible that some departments may have included data for other types of receiving systems in their

tallies without indicating it on the questionnaire. It should also be noted that the

numbers of subscribers may sometimes be based on estimates rather than actual

records.

Of the 298 departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays, almost all (91%)

had financial institutions among their subscribers. Within all department types, except

townships and state departments, at least 90 percent of the departments with "direct-topolice" alarm displays had financial institutions as subscribers. Other kinds of businesses (small businesses, large businesses, and jewelry stores) were also common

subscribers to "direct-to-police" alarm displays. Less than one-third (30%) of departments with displays reported having residences among their subscribers and only 18

percent reported schools as subscribers, but townships were much more likely to have

residences (69%) and schools (44%) as subscribers.

More than one-third of the responding departments wrote in "other" types of subscribers not listed in the questionnaire. These included:

government offices and buildings

clubs, fraternal organizations

churches, museums, historical buildings

military-associated offices and buildings

businesses unclassified by the department according to size (large or small)

public utilities, telephone company

professional offices and centers

hospitals, nursing homes

alarm companies

police department facilities (See table 5-1.)

Although the vast majority of the responding departments with "direct-to-police"

displays had at least one financial institution as a subscriber, financial institutions did

not always comprise the bulk of subscribers reported by those departments with

displays. In townships and the three smaller city department types, the largest

proportions of subscribers were small businesses. In addition, cities (1-9), cities (50+),

and townships reported about the same percentages of large business subscribers as

financial institutions. (See table 5-2.) Means and medians for each department type for each type of subscriber are presented in appendix B.

12
Table 5-1. Of the departments in each department type' having "direct -to -police" alarm displays, percentages ' having at least one subscriber of the specified kind

Department type

City City City 50 Kind of subscriber (1-9) (10-49) (50+) County largest Township

[n=43] [n=85] [n=75] (n=39] [n=29] [n=16]

Financial institutions 93 93 92 92 90 81 Small businesses ' 53 75 83 31 17 94

Large businesses' 35 61 80 21 28 50

Jewelry stores 35 58 76 5 10 12 Residences 14 31 44 21 10 69

Schools 14 21 23 3 7 44

Other 16 35 39 18 59 44 No answer/unknown 2 2 7 0 3 0

^Excluding state departments in which only 11 respondents answered.

^Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed. Other than jewelry stores.

Table 5-2. Of total numbers of subscribers to "direct -to -police " alarm displays

reported in each department type , percentages of specified type

Department type

50 City City City Kind of subscriber largest County State (1-9) (10-49) (50-t-) Township

[n=2,284] [n=219] [n=219] (n=447] [n=l,602] [n=4,902] [n=432]

Financial

institutions 68 51 47 23 22 21 16 Small businesses

'

13 14 21 38 41 34 43 Large businesses

'

8 5 19 21 14 19 12 Residences * 19 1 4 10 16 18 Jewelry 1 1 5 7 5 5 * Schools 3 3 5 3 3 3 6 Other 7 6 2 5 5 2 4

Other than jewelry stores. •Less than 1 percent.

13
6. Does your department now limit, or may have to limit in the

future, the number of subscribers you can accept for " direct-topolice" tie-ins?

Yes

No (If " No ' Skip to Question 8)

7. (If "Yes" to Question 6) We must limit the number of

subscribers for " direct-to-police" tie-ins for the following

reason(s): (Mark X by Each Item That Applies)

Limited Space for Panels

Limited Personnel for Monitoring Panels

Too Many False Alarms

Each Alarm System May Need Its Own Kind of Display

Inadequate Servicing by Alarm Companies

Possible competition with Central Stations

Other (specify)

The seven department types fell into two groups in their answers to this question.

Of the departments in each department type with "direct-to-police" alarm displays,

much higher percentages of the three largest department types (50 largest cities, states, and cities (50+)) said they were limiting or would have to limit the numbers of subscribers to their systems. Less than one-third of the departments with displays in the

other four department types said they were limiting or would have to limit tie-ins. (See

table 6.)

It is useful at this point to present data from both Question 1 and Question 6 to show the overall pattern among the seven department types in their operation of "directto-police" alarm systems. Although a high percentage of the responding state departments with displays said that they were or would have to limit numbers of subscribers (table 6), that percentage was based on just 11 state departments with

displays. Table 6/1 shows that almost three-quarters of the responding states did not have "direct-to-police" alarm displays. However, higher percentages of the responding

50 largest city and city (50+) departments did have "direct-to-police" alarm displays,

and about half of the responding departments in those two department types also said

they were limiting or would have to limit numbers of subscribers. (See table 6/1.)

Of the 117 responding departments which saw some need for limiting the numbers

of subscribers (26% of all responding departments and 39% of al responding deTable 6. Of the departments in each department type with "direct -to -police " alarm displays , percentages

which said they were limiting or might have to limit subscribers to "direct -to -police " tie -ins

Percent of Department type departments

50 largest [n=29] 79

State [n=ll] 64

City (50-h) [n=75] 56

City (10-49) [n=85] 31

City (1-9) [n=43] 21 Township [n=16] 19 County [n=39] 18

14
Table 6/1. Percentages of responding departments in each department type

(a) which had "direct -to -police " alarm displays and did/will limit numbers

of subscribers, (b ) which had such displays and did not /will not limit subscribers , and (c ) which did not have displays

Percent V—

With displays and With displays and Uepartment type did/will limit did not/will not WilViniit W ILIIUUl subscribers limit subscribers displays

City (50+) [n=81] 52 41 8 50 largest [n=45] 51 13 33

City (10-49) [n=89] 29 65 4

State [n=47] 15 8 74 Township [n=25] 12 52 36

City (1-9) [n=83] 11 40 47 County [n=77] 9 40 48

Tabi.f; 7. Of the 117 departments which said they did /wilt limit subscribers to "direct -to-police " alarm displays , percentages'

citing specified reason for limitation

Reason for limiting subscribers

Percent of departments which

did/will limit subscribers [n=117]

Limited space for panels Too many false alarms

Limited personnel for monitoring panels

Each alarm system may need its own

kind of display

Inadequate servicing by alarm companies

Possible competition with central stations

"Other" reasons

815046

29

19

16

17

Percentages add lo more lhan 100 percent since multiple answer; llowed.

partments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays), the most frequent reason given for limiting tie-ins was limited space for display panels (81%). Two other reasons were

mentioned by about half of those that did/will limit subscribers: too many false alarms

(50%) and limited personnel for monitoring panels (46%). (See table 7.) Some of the "other" reasons given for limiting subscribers were: department had

limited phone lines, certain specifications (such as city ordinances) would have to be

met by subscribers, and departments felt repair people disrupted their operations.

15
8. What problems have you had, if any, with the displays

themselves ?(Mark X by Each Item That Applies)

We Have No Problems with Our Displays

Displays Are Too Large

Too Many Different Types of Alarm Signals (lights, buzzers,

bells, etc.)

No Way to Tell When an Alarm System is On or Off

Department Cannot Test Alarm System Automatically

Frequent Component Failures (lights on displays, for example)

Other (specify)

Relatively high percentages of the responding departments with displays checked

at least one problem associated with these displays. In all but two department types more than half of the departments with displays cited at least one problem: county

(48%) and city (1-9) (35%). (See table 8-1.) About half of the 189 departments that cited problems with "direct-to-police"

alarm displays marked "too many different types of alarm signals" (53%) and about half marked "department cannot test alarm system automatically" (49%). More than onethird of the departments citing problems said the displays had frequent component

failures (38%). (See table 8-2.)

Table 8-1. Of the departments in each department

type with "direct-to-police" alarm displays , percentages

citing at least one problem with those displays

Percent of departments

Department type with displays

citing problem

City (50-h) [n=75] 82

State [n=ll] 73

City (10-49) [n=85] 71 Township [n = 16] 63

50 largest [n=29] 55 County [n=39] 48

City (1-9) [n=43] 35

Table 8-2. Of the 189 departments citing problems with "direct-to-police " alarm displays , percentages citing specified problem

Percent of Problem departments

citing problems

[n=189]

Too many different alarm signals 53 Department cannot test system

automatically 49 Frequent component failures 38

Displays too large 30 No way to tell if on or off 14 Other 29

16
9. Will your department be likely to provide a service of " directto-police" tie-ins within the next 5 jj^ars?

Yes

No

Although this question was intended for all responding departments, it appears

that some of the respondents that already had "direct-to-police" alarm displays

interpreted the question as asking whether they would increase subscribers. In addition,

it is possible that some of the respondents who did not have alarm displays in their

departments may not have had only alarm displays in mind when they answered this question. Nevertheless, data for responding departments which did not have alarm

displays will be presented here.

Less than one-quarter of the responding departments which did not have "directto-police" alarm displays at the time of the survey said that they would be providing

such tie-ins within 5 years. Very few of the states without alarm displays (9%) said they

would be providing that service, but more than a third of the cities (1-9) that did not have displays said that they would have them within 5 years. (See table 9/1.)

Tabi,F, 9/1. Of the departments which did not have "direct-to-police" alarm

displays, percentages which will provide such tie-ins within the next 5 years

Department type'

Will provide within City 50 All next 5 years State County (1-9) largest departments

[n=35] [n=37] [n=39] [n=15] [n=145]

Yes 9 16 38 20 23 No 88 73 51 80 70 No answer/don't know 3 11 10 0 7

Data are not presented for city (10-49), city (50+). and townships since fewer tlian 10 of the responding departments in those department types did not have "direct-to-police" alarm displays.

2.2.3. Numbers of Alarms and False Alarms

Before discussing reported numbers of alarms and false alarms, it is necessary to define carefully the meaning of the term "false alarm" because it is often defined

differently by police departments and equipment manufacturers. Police departments

usually define a false alarm as any alarm for which, upon investigation, there is no

evidence of unauthorized entry or property damage. Companies which manufacture,

maintain, and/or service alarm systems, and researchers in the field, usually make more

precise distinctions between "actual" alarms (those associated with unauthorized entry

or property damage) and several other categories of alarms, e.g., those caused by

telephone line disturbances, electrical storms, equipment malfunctions, and human

error. Because no definition of the term false alarm was supplied in this questionnaire,

it is probable that the data supplied by the respondents (police departments) utilized the

former definition, i.e., a false alarm is any alarm for which no evidence of unauthorized

entry or property damage is found. It is important to note, however, that from the police

department point of view, any alarm requires a response and represents a commitment

of departmental resources. It is unrealistic to expect many of the responding

departments to have maintained detailed breakdowns of the causes of false alarms.

Such data have little relevancy to police department operations and are difficult, if not

impossible, for them to acquire.

17
3. About how many alarms (both real and false) are usually received

by your department in a month?

4. For this average number of alarms per month, about how many

of them are false alarms?

Alarms That Come From:

Displays in department

Printing Receiving System (gives printed message to indicate

alarm)

Central Stations who pass alarm on to police by phone

Automatic Dialer which gives taped emergency message

Other (specify)

Total

Only those departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays ("Yes" to Question

1) were asked to answer these questions. The alarms received by departments with

alarm displays were of particular interest to the Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory. Alarms received via other types of alarm systems were included mainly for comparison with alarms received via alarm displays. A few of the departments which

did not have "direct-to-police" alarm displays did answer these questions, and their answers were included in the tabulations. The percentages of departments in each

department type answering Questions 3 and 4 roughly paralleled the percentages of departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays. Less than one-fourth of the

responding state departments reported alarms received by any means, and more than 95

percent of the responding cities (10-49) and cities (50+) reported receiving some alarms.

(See table 3-1.)

Table 3-1. Percentages of responding departments

in each department type answering questions 3 and 4

(reporting number of alarms received per month

)

Percent of Department type responding

departments

City (504-) 96

City (10-49) 96

50 largest 73 Township 72 County 57

City (1-9) 55

State 23

Using the numbers of alarms supplied by the responding departments, mean and

median numbers of alarms received per department type per month were calculated.

These two statistical measures of central tendency showed that in some cases (the

responding states and 50 largest cities in particular) the data were heavily influenced by

a few departments with extremely large numbers of alarms. Although appendix B

presents both means and medians, the discussion and text tables will deal only with

medians^—the measure of choice when the data were skewed.

The median number of alarms per month reported by the responding 50 largest

cities was about 5 times greater than the median for responding state departments.

If ihe number of alarms received by each responding department is set down in order from smallest to largest, the median is the number exactly

in the middle of thai distribution. That is, half of the responding departments reported receiving fewer than the median number of alarms, and half reported receiving more than the median number of alarms.

18
Among the city department types, the median numbers of alarms per month appeared to be related to the size of the department type. (See table 3-2.) When the data were broken down by means of receiving alarms for each

department type, it appeared that with the exception of the 50 largest cities, states, and

cities (1-9) there was a tendency for the greatest number of alarms to be received via

"direct-to-police" alarm displays. The next greatest number were received via central

stations, and the next greatest number were received via automatic dialers. The median

numbers of alarms for responding 50 largest city departments showed highest numbers

of alarms received via central stations, followed by those received via automatic dialers

and direct-to-police alarm displays. Printing receiving system data are not reported

separately because only eight departments reported receiving any alarms via that system. "Other" alarms are not reported separately, either. The "other" alarms were

almost always described as "at-the-scene" audible alarms which sound at the

subscriber's site and result in a telephone call to the police department, or a response

by a patrolman nearby. (See table 3-3.)

The numbers of alarms and false alarms reported by the responding departments

showed that about 9 alarms in 10 were false alarms (ones for which there was no

evidence of unauthorized entry or property damage). That is, overall, 92 percent of all the alarms reported by the responding departments were labeled by them as false alarms. (See discussion in sec. 2.2.3.) Counties and townships, which received

relatively smaller numbers of alarms per department, reported lower percentages of

false alarms; 75 percent and 73 percent, respectively.

Table 3-2. Of the departments reporting numbers of alarms per month , median number of alarms (of all kinds) per month by department type

Number of departments Median number of Department type supplying data alarms per month

50 largest 28 520

State 8 120

City (50+) 73 64 Township 18 26

City (10-49) 84 20

City (1-9) 45 5 County 43 5

Table 3-3. Of the departments reporting numbers of alarms per month

median numbers of alarms received via specified means of receiving

Median numbers of alarms per month via: Alarm Central Automatic Department type displays stations dialer

50 largest 68 238 150

City (50-t-) 38 25 17 State 35 5 10

City (10-49) 15 10 3 Township 17 5 3

City (1-9) 5 9 4 County 4 2 2

Medians calculated using only those departments which reported alarms received via each alarm receiving system separately. The medians presented in table .'^-2 included data from those departments which gave only total numbers of alarms received each month.

19
Responding county departments reported a lower percentage of false alarms

received via alarm displays in the department than did the other department types.

Responding townships reported a much lower percentage of false alarms received via

central stations. (See table 3/4.)

Table 3/4. Of the departments reporting numbers of alarms and false alarms,

percentages of total alarms (question 3) that were reported to be false alarms

(question 4 ) for specified alarm receiving system by department type

Department type

Alarm

receiving

system County

50

largest

City

(1-9) Township

City

(50+)

City

(10-49) State

Displays in department 71 89 91 91 93 94 97

Central

stations 91 93 92 54 81 80 80 Other

systems 100 94 83 96 75 97 * Automatic

dialer 80 98 88 87 82 81 93 AU systems

' 75 94 91 73 88 93 97

"All systems" percentages include the numbers supplied by departments which gave only

total alarms and false alarms but did not specify alarm receiving system. •No "other" alarms were reported.

2.2.4. Night Vision Equipment

10. Do you use night vision equipment in your department?

Yes

No (If " No" Skip to Question 14)

11. (If "Yes" to Question 10) Mark X by each of the following

kinds of night vision equipment that you use in your department.

Night Vision Scopes suitable for rifles (can also be hand-held

when needed)

Hand-held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) not suitable for

rifle mounting

Hand-held Infrared Device which is not suitable for rifle mounting

Low-light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under nighttime

conditions without artificial light)

Other (specify)

Only 52 of the 447 responding departments (12%) reported that they were using

any night vision equipment at the time of the survey. AU but 5 of these departments

belonged to 1 of the 3 largest department types: 50 largest cities, cities (50+), or states. About half of the 50 largest cities (49%) and about one-third of the states (30%) reported

at least one item of night vision equipment in their departments. None of the cities (1-9) or townships reported having this equipment. (See table 10.)

Among the departments that had any night vision equipment, the most common

item was the hand-held night scope—not for rifle (60% of those with any night vision

20
equipment). The other types of night vision equipment listed in the questionnaire (handheld scope suitable for rifle, hand-held infrared device, and low-light level TV) were

each cited by slightly more than one-fourth of the departments with any night vision

equipment. There did not appear to be any major differences among the three

department types which were the primary users of night vision equipment except that

cities (50-I-) were slightly less likely to have hand-held nightscope than were states and

50 largest cities. (See table 11.)

Table 10. Numbers and percentages of departments in each department type reporting any night vision equipment

Department type Number departments

having any

Percent departments

having any

50 largest 22 49

State 14 30

City (50-1-) 11 14 County 4 5

City (10-49) 1 1 City (1-9) 0 0 Township 0 0

Table 11. Of the departments with any night vision equipment ("Yes" to question 10), percentages' having each type of night vision equipment

Department type"

All 50

Night vision device departments largest State City (50+) [n=52] [n=22] [n=14] [n=ll]

Hand-held nightscope (not for rifle) 60 68 64 45 Hand-held infrared device 29 27 29 27 Night vision scope suitable for rifle 27 32 21 36

Low-light level TV 27 27 29 27 Other 4 0 14 0

^Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed. Onfy states, 50 largest cities, and cities (50+) are reported since fewer than 5 responding departments in each other department type reported any night vision equipment.

21
Kind of Equipment

Problem

Night vision scope suitable

for rifle and hand use

Hand-held

nightscope not

suitable for rifle

Hand-held

infrared device

not suitable

for rifle level TV

Low-light

Poor image quality

(resolution)

Difficult to choose the appropriate lens Regular camera lenses cannot be used with

night vision devices Device is too delicate

for normal use Poor reliability (failures with tubes, power supplies, etc.) Other problem (specify)

Most of the 52 responding departments with night vision equipment (69%) reported

"no problems" with any of this equipment. Within the three largest department types, a

slightly smaller percentage of the states with this equipment (21%) reported problems

than did cities (50+) and the 50 largest cities. These percentages are based on relatively

small numbers of departments, however. (See table 12.) Using only those responding departments which had each type of night vision

equipment, it appears that approximately equal percentages of the users of each device

said "No problems." Since the percentages were based on such small numbers of respondents, the differences shown in table 13/11 are not likely to be significant.

Table 12. Of those departments with any night vision equipment,

percentages reporting at least one problem with this equipment

Department type

Percent of departments

with at least one problem

City (50+)[n=ll]

50 largest [n = 22]

State [n = 14]

All departments [n = 52]

36

32

21

29

NOTE: Only slates, 50 largest cities, and cities (50-H are reported since fewer

than 5 responding departments in each other department type reported any night

vision equipment.

22
Because only a few of the users of each night vision device mentioned problems,

and because only a few departments mentioned each problem, examples of the problems

mentioned are listed below by night vision device, without numbers or percentages of departments. For such a small numerical base, any detailed discussion would be

unjustified. (See table 13.)

Table 13/11. Of those departments having each type of night vision equipment,

percentages reporting "no problem "

Percent of Number of responding Number of departments departments

Night vision device departments with that with equipment saying saying

night vision device "no problems" "no problems"

Hand-held infrared device 15 12 80

Low-light level TV 14 11 79 Night vision scope suitable

for rifle 14 10 71 Hand-held nightscope

(not for rifle) 31 20 65

Table 13. Examples of problems mentioned for each night vision device

Night vision device Problems mentioned

Hand-held infrared device Poor image quality

Heavy, bulky device

Difficult to get good camera results Poor identification Greater amplification needed

Not suitable for populated areas

Low-light level TV Poor image quality Lens problems Too delicate Heavy, bulky (housing and camera) Poor identification Too costly Lack of adequate service facilities Night vision scope suitable Poor image quality

for rifle Lens problems

Limit on distance at which equipment is usable

Unavailability of adapters for front lenses and cameras

Not suitable for use when light source is a) from oncoming vehicles' headlights and

reflected on the lens; and

b) from the interior of a building under

surveillance from outdoors Hand-held nightscope (not Poor image quality

for rifle) Lens problems

Heavy, bulky device

Difficulty in using; problem in getting

good camera results Limitations: distance for use/amplification Poor identification Unavailability of adapters for front lenses and cameras

23
14. What night vision devices, if any, will your department be likely to buy in the next 5 years? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies)

We will probably not buy any night vision devices in that time.

Night Vision Scope suitable as rifle and hand scope

Hand-held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) not suitable

for rifle mounting

Hand-held Infrared Device not suitable for rifle mounting

Low-Light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under nighttime

conditions without artificial light)

Other (specify)

Although only 39 percent of the 447 responding departments said they would buy

at least 1 item of night vision equipment in the next 5 years (data collected in summer

1972), the majorities of responding departments in the 3 largest department types (50

largest cities, cities (50+), and states) said they would be buying night vision equipment.

Only small percentages of responding townships and cities (1-9) said they would be

buying such equipment in the near future. (See table 14-1.) In the three largest department types, smaller percentages of the responding

departments said they would be buying hand-held infrared devices than the other three

night vision items. Almost half of the responding 50 largest city departments said they

would buy low-light level TV in the next 5 years, and 42 percent of the state departments said they would buy night vision scopes suitable for rifles in that time

period. Between about 10 and 15 percent of the responding cities (10-49) said they would

buy each of the night vision devices, and between about 5 and 10 percent of the

departments in the other three department types were planning to buy each item. (See

table 14-2.)

Most of the responding departments which said they would be buying a specified

item of night vision equipment did not already have that particular item of night vision

equipment. Most of the items specified for purchase in the near future were to provide

night vision capability where none existed or to add a different kind of night vision

capability, rather than to buy more of an item that a department already had. The only

instance in which this was not the case was in state departments buying hand-held

nightscopes not suitable for rifles—approximately half of the state departments which

said they would buy hand-held nightscopes (not for rifles) already had that item of night

vision equipment in their departments. (See table 14/11.)

Table 14-1. Percentages of departments in each department type which said they would buy any night

vision equipment in the next 5 years'

Percent of Department type departments

50 largest [n=45] 73

State [n=47] 64

City (50+) [n=81] 56

City (10-49) [n=89] 37 County [n=77] 25

City (1-9) [n=83] 16 Township [n=25] 12

All departments 39

Data collected in the ftummer of 1972.

24
Table 14-2. Percentages of departments in each department type which said they would buy specified item of night vision equipment in the next 5 years'

Nightscope for Hand-held Department type Low-light rifle or nightscope Hand-held

level TV handheld (not for rifle) infrared device

50 largest 49 22 36 1

1

City (50+) 34 26 zl

State 36 42 23 O

City (10-49) 11 16 12 15 County 9 9 8 2

City (1-9) 5 12 5 5 Township 4 8 8 8

All departments 20 19 15 9

Data collected in the summer of 1972.

TaBI.F, 14/11. Percentages of departments in each department type which currently had /will buy

and which currently did not have /will buy specified item of night vision equipment

Night vision device

Low-light TV

Nightscope for

rifle or hand-held

Hand-held night- scope (not for rifle)Hand-held

infrared device

Now Don't now Now Don't now Now Don't now Now Don't now

Department type have/will have/will have/will have/will have/will have/will have/will have/will buy buy buy buy buy buy buy buy

50 largest [n=45] 9 40 4 18 7 29 2 9

City (50-I-) [n=81] 2 32 1 25 0 21 1 11 State [n=47] 6 30 4 36 13 11 2 4

City (10-49) [n=89] 0 11 0 16 0 12 0 15 County [n=77] 0 9 0 9 1 6 1 1 City (1-9) [n=83] 0 5 0 12 0 5 0 5 Township [n=25] 0 4 0 8 0 8 0 8

All departments [n=447] 2 18 1 17 2 13 1 8

25
2.2.5. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Video Tape Recorders (VTR)

Discussions with police departments during survey administration and comments

written on returned questionnaires indicated that the use of closed circuit television

(CCTV) and video tape recorders (VTR) was often related. Although there were cases in which CCTV was used alone or VTR was used alone, in many cases CCTV and VTR

were employed as parts of a single system. For this reason, these two items of

equipment will be discussed together.

15. Does your department use closed circuit TV which requires

daylight or artificial illumination?

Yes

No (If " No" Skip to Question 18)

18. Does your department have a video tape recorder?

Yes

No (If " No" Skip to Question 2 1)

There were large differences among the seven department types in their use of CCTV and VTR. Almost all (89%) of the responding 50 largest city departments had

VTR, more than two-thirds of the states had VTR, and more than half (53%) of responding cities (50+) had VTR. Fewer than 10 percent of the cities (1-9) and

townships, however, reported having VTR. The same relative trend was reported for CCTV use among the department types, but in nearly every department type higher

percentages of departments used VTR than had CCTV. (See table 15/18-1.)

A cross tabulation was performed to attempt to show the relationship between the use of CCTV and VTR. In the smaller department types, the majorities of departments

had neither CCTV nor VTR. Seventy-one percent of the responding 50 largest cities,

however, and 40 percent of states had both CCTV and VTR. It also appears from this cross tabulation that larger departments which had CCTV were also likely to have VTR

capability; only a very few departments reported having CCTV and no VTR. Relatively

high percentages of departments in the larger department types did report having VTR

capability without having CCTV. (See table 15/18-2.)

Although it is not possible to conclude from these data that departments which

had both closed circuit TV and video tape recorders used these two systems together,

there are indications in Question 19 that many did. Comments from departments

revealed that a reference to having VTR capability might mean any one of three types of VTR systems: (1) a video tape recorder which could only be used in conjunction with a CCTV, (2) a video tape recorder system (generally portable) which included a camera,

and (3) a video tape recorder which could be used for both, or either, of these

applications.

Table 15/18-1. Percentages of responding departments

in each department type which had CCTV and /or VTR

Department type With VTR With CCTV

50 largest 89 71

State 68 45

City {50-f) 53 37

City (10-49) 22 20 County 17 12 City (1-9) 8 6 Township 4 4

26
T able 15/18-2. Percentages of departments in each department type

with specified combination of CCTV and VTR

Neither Both Department type CCTV nor VTR CCTV and VTR VTR only CCTV only

Township 92

City (1-9) 90 County 78

City (10-49) 72

City (50+) 44

State 28

50 largest 11

All departments 62

0 4 4

5 4 1 6 9 5 15 7 6 35 19 2 40 28 4

71 18 0 23 12 3

16. (If "Yes" to Question 15) In which of the following ways do

you use closed circuit TV in your department? (Mark X by Each

Item That Applies)

Checking on prisoners

Police line-ups

Surveillance within department' s buildings (other than prisoners

and line-ups)

Watching activity during civil disturbances

Surveillance of " high crime" districts

Training

Other (specify)

19. (If "Yes" to Question 18) How does your department use the

video tape recorder? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies)

With closed circuit TV

Police line-ups

Recording traffic violations

Collecting evidence at scene of crime (other than traffic

violations)

Training

Other (specify)

Since the choices supplied for these two questions were necessarily different

(because of the different characteristics of CCTV and VTR), it was possible to compare

the responses of the users for only two categories: training and police line-ups. By far the most common use of both of these systems was for training. Sixty-eight percent of the 116 responding departments with closed circuit televisions used them for training

and 86 percent of the 156 departments with video tape recorders used them for training.

About one-fifth of the users of each of these systems said they used them for police line- ups, one of the less frequent uses of either system.

The 116 responding departments with closed circuit television were using this system in three primary ways other than training: 37 percent of these departments used

CCTV for checking on prisoners, 37 percent used it for surveillance within the

department buildings (other than prisoners/line-ups), and 37 percent used it for watching

civil disturbances. There were only a few department type differences in use of CCTV:

A much smaller percentage of the states with CCTV used it for checking prisoners (5%)

than the other department types. The 50 largest cities with CCTV were more likely to use it for watching civil disturbances (56%) than were cities (50+) or cities (10-49). Cities

27
(10-49) with CCTV were less likely than the larger department types to use CCTV for "other" surveillance in police buildings. (See table 16/15.)

About one-third of the responding departments with CCTV listed some use for this system other than the categories listed in the questionnaire:

° Use with drunken drivers

° Booking/interrogation

° Other surveillance (such as surveillance of narcotics and vice operations)

° Traffic/parades

° Miscellaneous other uses as for court-related taping, community services,

administrative matters, external ground security, and CCTV network reception.

The majority (86%) of the 156 responding departments with video tape recorders were using them for training. In addition, almost half of the departments with VTR were

using them for collecting evidence other than traffic violations (49%) and with closed

circuit TV (47%). About one-fourth of the VTR users were recording traffic violations

with that device.

Cities (10-49) with VTR were the only department type in which the highest

percentage of departments with VTR used it for a purpose other than training—80

percent of the cities (10-49) with VTR users said they used it for collecting evidence

other than traffic violations, while only 65 percent used it for training. A smaller

percentage of county VTR users than any other department type used VTR for recording traffic violations. (See table 19/18.)

It is of interest that 101 of the 156 responding departments with VTR (65%) also had CCTV (table 15/18), but only 74 of those departments (47%) said VTR was used

with CCTV.

Forty-three percent of the responding departments with VTR systems listed at least one "other" use for the system. In some cases these were the same "other"

activities that were listed by closed circuit television users:

° Use in regard to drunken drivers

° Other surveillance

° Bookings/interrogation/evidence

° Administrative tasks/community service/pubhc relations

° Traffic-related uses

Table 16/15. Of the departments in specified department type ' with closed circuit

television, percentages^ using it for specified purpose

Department type

All 50 City City

CCTV use departments State largest (50-H) (10-49) [n=116] [n=21] [n=32] [n=30] [n=18]

Training 68 81 75 63 56 Checking on prisoners 37 5 44 40 39 "Other" surveillance

in police buildings 37 48 37 40 22 Watching civil disturbances 37 43 56 27 17 Police line-ups 18 14 19 17 17 Surveillance of high crime districts 9 14 12 3 11 Other 32 29 25 37 33

Counties, cities (1-9). and townships are not presented since fewer than 10 of the responding departments in these departments types had CCTV.

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

28
Tabi.f. 19/18. Of the departments in specified department type' with video tape recorder, percentages' using it for specified purpose

Department type

VTR V 111 use U OCT

All departme nt s [n = 156]50

largest rn=4ni [n —tujState rn=321

City

(50+)

fn=4'^l County

rn = l 31

City

(10-49) [n=20]

Training 86 95 94 91 69 65

Collecting evidence

other than traffic 49 40 37 49 54 80 With CCTV 47 45 53 51 31 45

Traffic violations 27 20 28 30 8 35

Police line-ups 19 20 9 26 15 25 Other 43 50 37 40 46 45

1 . . Cities (1-9) and townships are not presented since fewer than 10 of the responding departments in those department types had VTR.

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

17, Tell us about any problems that your department has with this

closed circuit TV system.

20. What problems, if any, has your department had with the

video tape recorder?

About the same percentage of VTR users reported at least one problem with that system as users of CCTV. And within the department types, about the same

percentages of the responding departments which had each system reported problems.

However, state and 50 largest city departments with VTR and those with CCTV were

slightly more likely to cite problems with those two systems than were the smaller

department types. (See table 17/15 and 20/18-1.)

The respondents' narrative answers were used to develop codes for this question.

A wide variety of problems was mentioned for these systems, but no single problem was

cited by as many as 10 percent of the users of either system. (See table 17/15 and 20/18-

2.)

Tabi.K 17/15 and 20/18-1. Of the departments in specified department type' having CCTV or having VTR, percentages citing at least one problem' with the system

Department type

Citing

problem All 50 City City with departments State largest (10-49) (50+) County

CCTV 37 47 44 33 31 * VTR 36 44 47 30 35 15

Answers ftuch as "few problems" or "normal wear and tear" were counted as "no problems." •Townships, cities (1-9), and counties are not presented for CCTV since fewer than 10

of the responding departments in those department types had CCTV. Townships and cities (1-9) are not presented for VTR because there were fewer than 10 VTR users.

29
Table 17/15 and 20/18-2. Of the 116 departments having CCTV and the 156 departments

having VTR , the percentages' citing specified problem with those systems.

Departments Departments Problem with CCTV with VTR

[n=116] [n=156]

1 m Q rr*i niialitv l'imr'l^5ir r-»/-\r»r rf^cfil iitinn rt^n If 4^ 5 5 Battenes/power supplies 9 Heads (need for replacement) 4: Xo

Illumination recjuirement (adverse effects of low

5 2

V 1 f* wi

n

cr runcff^lnt^f^n rf* mr»t f nn

t

m\ ^nnnlnf*f*f\ mnrf* ec|uipment (problems witH automobile pan and tilt) 5 * Camera breakdown/durability 2 2

I UlldUlIliy vllCtrU l^UIiCUl CUIIVCISI'JII, xja l IlaHC III llallslL^ 4 5 Interchangeability of compon ents/systems 2 5 ^^alntenance cost/time/parts (delays in getting

parts, repairs) 7 4

Breakdown/reliability (unspecified) 6 8

Training of personnel 3 4

T ar^K of ^tAnrlarrlQ inr mirr'naQincr \ 1 Other 11 9

No problem/few problems/normal wear and tear/new equipment 35 44 Unknown: serviced by vendor * 1 No answer 28 20

I Percentages, except "no problem," "no answer," "few problems," "new equipment," "unknown," and "normal wear and tear," may represent double counting since multiple answers

were allowed. Problem/statement not mentioned for this system.

"Other" problems (mentioned by one or two departments each) cited for CCTV

were:

° Breakdown of monitors

° Breakdown of nonmetal controls

° Images "burn" into the camera or monitor tube

° Tape-related problems (e.g., no uniform tape formats between agencies, tape

distortions due to heat and storage)

° Heat generated by camera

° Equipment is target due to fixed location

° Vidicon tubes (problem unspecified)

° Lights on camera are blinding

° Manpower requirements for equipment

° High cost of electronic splicing equipment

° Overall general poor quality

"Other" problems cited for VTR were:

° Tape-related problems (e.g., tapes not long enough; manpower requirements for developing training tapes; quality control for EIAJ Type 1 standard brings production

problems)

° Present system incomplete

° Reel does not turn

° Fading out

° Stretched drive belt

° Narrow lens capability

30
° Vehicle mounting brackets

° Breakdown of nonmetal controls

° Constant change of equipment makes present set-up outdated

21. Will your department be likely to buy (a) a closed circuit TV

system requiring daylight or artificial light, and/or (b) a video

tape recorder in the next 5 years?

(a) Closed circuit TV system

Yes

No

(b) Video tape recorder

Yes

No

More than half of the responding 50 largest cities (67%), states (58%), and cities (50+) (54%), said they would buy a closed circuit television system within the next 5

years*; and more than one-quarter of the cities (10-49) (33%) and counties (25%) said

they would buy CCTV in the near future; but only small percentages of the cities (1-9) (13%) and townships (12%) said they would soon buy CCTV. Approximately the same

percentages of departments in each of these department types said they would buy a video tape recorder in the next 5 years. Most of the 50 largest cities which said they would buy either CCTV or VTR in the near future already had CCTV or VTR in their departments. Slightly larger

percentages of the states which said they would buy these systems already had CCTV

or VTR. About half of the cities (50+) which were going to buy these systems already

had CCTV or VTR in their departments. But in the smaller department types, higher

percentages of the departments which said they would buy CCTV or VTR did not already have those systems. About three-quarters or more of the responding townships

and cities (1-9), and counties neither had nor would be buying CCTV or VTR. (See table

21.)

Data collecled in the summer of 1972.

Table 21. Percentages of departments in each department type which

will buy CCTV or VTR in the next 5 years'

Have now/ Don't have Department type Will buy: will buy: now/will buy:

CCTV VTR CCTV VTR CCTV VTR

50 largest 67 74 51 67 16 7 State 58 68 32 49 26 19 City (50+) 54 54 21 27 33 27

City (10-49) 33 32 11 7 21 25 County 25 27 5 10 19 17 City (1-9) 13 14 2 1 11 13 Township 12 20 0 4 12 16

All departments 37 39 16 20 21 19

Data collected in ihe summer of 1972.

31
2.2.6. Cameras

22. What kinds of cameras^ if any, are now used by your

department? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies)

None (If you checked " None" skip to Question 24)

Kinds of Cameras

Movie Camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4 in X 5 in Format

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb advancer and

exposure control

Camera which uses special film for rapid automatic

processing of pictures

Other (specify)

Ninety percent of the responding departments had at least one of the cameras

listed in Question 22.' All of the responding state and 50 largest city departments and 99

percent of the city (50+) departments had at least one camera. Only in townships (84%)

and cities (1-9) (69%) did fewer than 90 percent of the departments have at least one of the cameras listed. (See table 22-1.)

Of the departments which had at least one camera, the most common was a camera which uses special film for rapid automatic processing of pictures. More than

two-thirds of the departments with cameras, in every department type (100% of 50

largest cities), had at least one camera of this kind.

The second most frequently represented camera was a 4 in x 5 in format camera. More than 90 percent of the two largest city department types had a camera of this kind. In every case, higher percentages of the 50 largest city departments had each kind

of camera than any other department type. Every camera listed was represented in at least half of these largest city departments. In cities (1-9), in contrast, only three of the cameras listed were represented in more than 10 percent of the responding departments

with cameras. (See table 22-2.)

Twenty percent of the departments with cameras (mainly in 50 largest city, city

(50+), and state department types) reported having some camera other than those listed

All questions about cameras deal only with presence or absence of cameras in departments, not with numbers of cameras represented.

T able 22-1. Percentages of departments in each department type which had at least one camera

Department type

Percent having at least one camera

50 largest 100

State 100

City (50-H) 99

City (10-49) 93 County 91 Township 84

City (1-9) 69

All departments 90

NOTE: All questions about cameras deal only with presence or abse

of cameras in departnnents, not with numbers of cameras represented.

32
Table 22-2. Of the departments in each department type with at least one camera , percentages having specified kind of camera

Department type

All DU Pit./ v^ily ^_iiy Camera type departments largest (OU-I-) County 1 ownsnip ^tate \ 1-7) [n —'l-Uoj ln-45J [n—oUJ [n—ooj [n-70J r«—01

1

[n-^ij fri — /171 ln-4-/J

Camera with specictl film for rapid auto- matic processing 81 100 86 83 80 76 70 68

4 in X 5 in format 62 98 94 57 39 48 66 26

Roll film (automatic

flash advancer/

automatic exposure) 48 76 45 43 43 33 66 37 35 mm single-lens

reflex 47 98 71 33 24 24 72 7 Movie camera 35 91 54 13 14 5 70 5 35 mm range-finder 21 51 29 14 11 10 34 4 Other 20 51 30 8 11 0 28 7

in the questionnaire. Since severeil of these other cameras were mentioned by as many

as 15 departments, it is quite Ukely that more departments would have checked them if they had been hsted as categories in Question 22. These other types of cameras were:

° fingerprint camera

° "professional" camera*

° 2-1/4 or 120 roll film camera (unspecified)'

° Twin-lens reflex camera

° Mug camera

° Subminiature camera

° Copy camera

° Time elapsed surveillance camera

° Binocular cameras , 23. What problems, if any, has your department noticed with the cameras you marked in Question 22?

2 3.A. Problems with movie cameras

23.B. Problems with 35 mm Single-lens Reflex Camera

23.C. Problems with 35 mm Range-Finder Camera

24.D. Problems with 4 in x 5 in Format Camera

23.E. Problems with Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb

advance and exposure control

23.F. Problems with camera which uses special film for rapid

automatic processing of pictures

23.G. Problems with other camera (Specify camera type)

Type:

Problem:

Most of the users of each of these camera types either left the question blank, said

"no problems," mentioned normal wear and tear, or said the camera was new and had

Term is laken from Your Guide In Photography : A Practical Handbook by Helen Finn Bruce. (New York: Barnes & Noble Books. 196.S). It refers to types of cameras larger than .'^.t mm. In this report, only large cameras (larger than mm) coded according to size rather than function ^ppear in this category (e.g., 2-1/4 in x 2-1/4 in single lens reflex, 2-1/4 in x .'^-1/4 in cameras, 2-1/4 in x 2-,'i/4 in cameras, view cameras).

.\bout \rt respondents specified this type of camera, so it was made a separate category. These answers could refer to either a single-lens or twin- lens reflex camera, but it is probable that most respondents were referring to a twin-lens reflex camera33
no problems yet. Between about one-fourth and one-third of the users of each of these

types of cameras listed a specific problem. (See table 23.)

Table 23. Of the departments which had each specified camera, percentages which said "no problems gave no answer, or cited at least one problem with that type of camera

Percent of departments which gave

Specified No

Type of camera problem "No problems" answer

Roll film camera with automatic flash advancer and exposure control [n=195] 32 46 22 Camera with special film for rapid automatic processing [n=327] 31 47 22

4 in X 5 in format [n=249] 28 48 24

35 mm range-finder [n=86] 24 53 23

35 mm single-lens reflex [n=188] 24 55 21 Movie [n=142] 23 60 17

Answers such as "few problems" or "normal wear and tear" were counted as "no problems."

2.2.6.1. Problems with Movie Cameras

About three-quarters of the 142 responding departments with movie cameras either

said they had no problems or normal wear and tear, or gave no answer about problems

with movie cameras. None of the specific problem categories was mentioned by more

than 8 percent of the departments which had movie cameras. (Codes were developed

from narrative responses.) (See table 23A.)

"Other" problems with movie cameras included:

° Weight (heaviness) of the camera

° Lack of sound for film

° Windup motor should be replaced with an automatic one

° Difficulty threading film with 16 mm camera (especially when speed is necessary)

° Occasional disengagement of film magazine from sprockets when filming (which means that camera must be opened to reset the magazine)

° Synchronization of shutter and speeds

° Through-the-lens viewing is better than through viewfinder.

34
Table 23A. Of the 142 departments having movie cameras,

percentages ' citing each problem

Percent of Problem with movie camera departments

Training of personnel in use 8 Film purchasing and processing (e.g., cost of film and/or processing/delay in processing) 5 Lenses/lens mounts (e.g., limited lens capability; automatic zoom lens better to have than turret lens) 4 Limited application/replacement needed 4 Power supply 3 Breakdown/reliability (area unspecified) 2 Maintenance: cost/time/parts (e.g., no local repair

service) 1 Other 4

No problems/normal wear and tear 60 No answer 17

I Percentages, except "no problems," "no answer," and "normal wear and tear," may represent double counting since multiple answers were allowed.

2.2.6.2. Problems with Still Cameras

Just as for movie cameras, the majority of users of each type of still camera did

not cite a problem with those cameras. The departments' narrative answers were used

to develop problem categories. An attempt was made to develop categories which could

be used for all five types of still cameras so that comparisons could be made. It was

found, however, that a common set of categories could be developed for only four of the

five camera types—the problem statements for cameras with special film for rapid

automatic processing of pictures were qualitatively different from the others. As with movie cameras, none of the problem categories was very frequently

mentioned. For the two 35 mm cameras, the most frequently mentioned (8-9% of those

with each camera) was training of personnel. Two problem categories having to do with

the flash unit were most frequently mentioned (6 and 8%) by departments having roU

film cameras with automatic flashbulb advancer and exposure control. About 10 percent

of those using the 4 in x 5 in format camera discussed its size and weight. (See table 23B/C/D/E.)

A few other problems were mentioned for these still cameras (none was given for the 35 mm range-finder):

35 mm single -lens reflex

° Camera cannot be used manually (all automatically operated)

° Hard to keep operational with some plastic parts

4 in X 5 in format

° No attachments for fingerprinting, mug shots

° Expensive

° Too slow

° Poor flash unit

° Minor wiring problems

° Adverse effects of storage in case (causes tracks to malfunction, damage to shutter cable)

° Screws become loose due to transporting in vehicles

35
Table 23B/C/D/E. Of the departments having eorh type of still camera

,

percentages' mentioning each problem

Roll film camera:

35 mm automatic flashbulb

single-lens 35 mm 4 in x 5 in advancer, exposure Problem reflex range-finder format control

[n = 188] [n=86] [n=249] [n= 195]

r iim mirphfKiniT nnrl processing 2 0 3 3

Lens/lens mounts 2 0 1 3

Mirror 2 0 0 0

Range-finder/closeups 0 5 3 1 Light meter 2 1 0 1 Shutter 1 3 3 3 Film advancer 3 2 0 3 Power of flash unit/ illumination requirement 1 0 0 6

Flash unit synchronization/

reliability of unit, bulbs 3 3 2 8

Batteries/power supply 0 0 0 2

Size and weight 0 0 10 0 Maintenance: cost/time/ parts/cleaning 1 0 1 1 Breakdown/reliability

(area unspecified) 0 2 2 3 Enlargement of pictures/

negative size, grain 4 1 0 4

Training personnel/complex

equipment/need frequent use 9 9 8 4

Limited application/

replacement needed 0 2 2 4 Other 1 0 4 2

No problems/normal wear and

tear/new equipment/few

problems 55 53 48 46 No answer 21 23 24 22

' Percentages, except for "no answer," "no problems/' "few problems," "normal wear and tear," and "new equipment" may represent double

counting since multiple answers were allowed.

Roll film camera : automatic flashbulb advancer and exposure control

° Problems with flash unit (difficulty unspecified)

° Cases not dustproof enough

° Summer heat causes film damage

As with the other cameras discussed so far, the camera which uses special film for rapid automatic processing of pictures caused problems for few of the responding

departments. Only 31 percent of the departments having this kind of camera mentioned

a specific problem. The most frequently mentioned problems had to do with the quality

of pictures produced, environmental effects on film storage or processing, and problems

with reproducing pictures. None of these was mentioned by as many as 10 percent of the departments which had this kind of camera, however, (See table 23F.)

36
Table 23F. Of the 327 departments having a camera with special film for rapid automatic processing of pictures , percentages mentioning each problem

Percent of departments

Problem with this camera

[n=327]

Quality of reproduction: detail/contrast/consistency 7 Film: cost/quality 6 Lack of negatives/enlargement, copy problems 6 Environmental effects on film storage, processing 5 Flash unit: power/reliability 3

Rollers 2 Maintenance: cost/time/parts /cleaning 2 Expense (reason unspecified) 2 Training of personnel 2 Limited application 2 Breakdown/reliability (area unspecified) 1 Shutter 1 Other 3

No problems/normal wear and tear/new equipment 47 No answer 23

"Other" problems mentioned included:

° Application of protective coating to black-and-white film

° Problem with film (unspecified)

° Poor quality

° Disposal at crime scene of debris from developed film

° No closeups

° Too slow

° Settings get moved

° People take more photos than necessary because of intermediate finished

product

2.2.6.3. Future Purchase of Cameras

24. Which of the following types of cameras, if any, will your

department be likely to buy within the next 5 years?

None. We will probably not buy any cameras in the next 5 years.

Movie camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4 in X 5 in Format

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb advancer and

exposure control

Camera which uses special film for rapid automatic processing

of pictures

Other (specify)

About half or more of the responding departments in every department type said

they would be likely to buy at least one camera in the next 5 years. State (87%) and 50

largest city (80%) departments most often said they would buy cameras; counties (49%)

said so least often. (See table 24-1.)

37
Table 24-1. Percentages of departments in each department

type which said they would buy a camera in the next 5 years

Department type

Percent of departments

which will buy cameras

State [n=47] 87

50 largest [n=45] 80

City (50+) [n=81] 69

City (10-49) [n=89] 64

1 iWAj rtcnirv In — V^l DO

City (1-9) [n=83] 54 County [n=77] 49

All departments 64

For 4 of the 6 types of cameras listed, 1 department type, the 50 largest cities,

consistently showed the highest or second-highest percentage of potential buyers: 35 mm

single-lens reflex, camera with special film for rapid automatic processing, movie

camera, roll film camera with automatic flash advancer and exposure control, and the 4

in X 5 in format. There are two additional points of interest regarding the camera which

uses special film for rapid automatic processing. First, more of the cities (1-9) than any

other department type said they would buy this type of camera. Secondly, it was given

greater emphasis (in terms of purchasing) by cities (1-9) than any other kind of camera

within any other department type. There were no great differences among the

department types in the percentages of departments which will buy 35 mm range-finder cameras. (See table 24-2.)

Other types of cameras mentioned were the same as those other cameras already

represented in departments. (See Question 22.)

Table 24-2. Of the departments in each department type that will be buying cameras , percentages ' which will be buying specified type of cameras

Department type

50 City City City

Type of camera largest State (50+) (10-49) Township County (1-9) [n=36] [n=41] [n=56] [n=57] [n=14] [n=38] [n=45]

35 mm single-lens reflex 75 56 52 33 29 26 16 Camera with special film for rapid automatic processing 53 41 32 33 21 39 60 Movie 39 34 36 28 50 13 11 Roll film camera with automatic flash advancer and exposure control 42 44 20 16 21 29 24

4 in X 5 in format 44 29 21 30 21 18 11 35 mm range-finder 14 17 12 12 7 11 9 Other 39 22 21 9 7 13 2

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed.

38
2.2.7. Standards for Other Security Devices

25. Mark X by each item below that needs performance standards

(Mark X by " None" if standards are not needed for any of the

items)

None

General purpose locks (padlocks, door locks)

Special purpose locks for detention centers

Penetration-resistant glass (For example: bulletproof glass,

laminated glass, etc. Security screens and grills

Departments in the two largest city department types, 50 largest and cities (50+), were most likely to say at least one of the devices listed in Question 25 needed

performance standards. Sixty-nine percent of the responding departments in these city

department types selected at least one security device for performance standards,

whereas only 42 percent of the cities (1-9) and 51 percent of the states did. (See table

25-1.) In every department type, slightly higher percentages of departments said either

penetration-resistant glass or security screens and grills (or both) needed performance

standards than selected general purpose locks or special purpose locks for detention

centers. More than half of the 50 largest cities (56%) and cities (50+) (51%) and nearly

half of the cities (10-49) (47%) said that performance standards were needed for penetration-resistant glass. More than 40 percent of the departments in every

department type except states and cities (1-9) said that there should be performance

standards for security screens and griUs.

The percentage differences among these four security items were not great. In every department type, except states and townships, each of these security devices was

said to need performance standards by about one-quarter to one-half of the responding

departments. (See table 25-2.)

Table 25-1. Percentages of departments in each department type saying at least one of the other security devices listed in question 25 needed performance standards

Percent marking Percent Percent Department type at least saying giving no one item "none" answer

50 largest 69 20 11 City (50-1-) 69 25 6

City (10-49) 66 33 1 County 62 38 0 Township 60 40 0

State 51 45 4

City (1-9) 42 54 4

39
Table 25-2. Percentages of departments in each department type which said performance standards were needed for specified security devices

Penetration- Security General Special

Department type resistant screens purpose purpose None or

glass and griU locks locks no answer

50 largest DO o 1 ^lly (oU-r) CI0

1

47 44 35 31

City (10-49) 47 48 30 30 34 Township 44 52 36 8 40

State 43 21 21 15 49 County 35 44 31 31 38

City (1-9) 19 31 24 23 58

2.2.8. Other Comments

26. Please tell us anything else you would like to say about the

equipment in this questionnaire:

26.A. " Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays

26.B. Night Vision Equipment

26.C. Closed Circuit TV System Which Needs Daylight or

Artificial Illumination

26.D. Cameras

26. E. Other Security Devices

26.F. Other

2.2.8.1. Comments About "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays

The comments supplied concerning "direct-to-police" alarm displays were often

general reactions (both positive and negative) to the use of such systems in police

departments. Other comments were elaborations on departmental policies concerning

subscribers, and some were comments suggesting design changes or standardization to improve the usefulness of such systems. Some examples are presented below. Each

department's comments were recorded verbatim and are available, without identifying

data, for research purposes.

Would be restricted for financial institutions or government facilities, but the

banks normally do not trigger alarms until the suspect has left premises

which is very ineffective.

Very good—should be on all stores.

Far too many false alarms from malfunctions. Manpower expended for nothing.

Most alarms (false) set off by human error and not mechanical failure.

Displays should be miniaturized alarms, self-sustaining (battery) during power

failure, U.L. approved, and standard universal displays.

Interferes with normal duties of dispatcher. Too much time consumed

attempting to locate alarm company operators and owners to reset alarms

after hours.

40
Key shut-off should be designed so that door cannot be unlocked without

turning alarm off. Would reduce false alarms.

We have found this to be a good security device.

2.2.8.2 Comments About Night Vision Equipment

The focus of comments about night vision equipment was centered on the expense

of such devices. Other comments were concerned with the advantages and

disadvantages of such equipment. Some examples are given below.

Would be of definite use—cost prohibitive.

It is too expensive. Most of it is too bulky to work well in police functions.

Very beneficial piece of equipment during times of public disturbance—night

surveillance purposes.

Cost is prohibitive.

Should be able to identify and read license plates at 100 yards with picture

taking capability.

I think this would cut burglaries down 80%.

Not enough of this equipment available at a price smaller departments can

afford to purchase.

Need portable power supply for recording with low light level TV cameras as portable units. Need this equipment at times but unable to get funds to provide it.

2.2.8.3. Comments About Closed Circuit TV System Which Needs

Daylight or Artificial Illumination

Many of the comments about closed circuit TV mentioned needed improvements

in this equipment, but several departments also discussed their own individual need for CCTV. Some examples are presented below:

We have had considerable problems with portable video units, continually

breaking down.

A must for detention cells. An essential part of aU modern progressive police functions. Should be

engineered into smaller units for easier use.

Keeps prisoners awake at night, bulbs burn out. The quality of clarity should be improved.

Very expensive.

Resolution on these devices should be improved.

Improvement of lighting usually necessary.

Need cassette system standards and increased automation on cameras for "idiot-proofing."

41
Expensive, high maintenance, not too reUable.

2.2.8.4. Comments About Cameras

The comments about cameras which were suppUed for this question generally

resembled the camera comments which were supplied in section 2.2.6 of this report.

Most of these comments had to do with difficulties in operating cameras or with

suggestions to improve the performance of cameras for police work. Examples are presented below.

Development of technically sound, nonbreakable and easily used automatic camera.

Problem is not so great with the cameras themselves, but rather the proper

use. Coordination of flash attachment and damage thereto is a maintenance

problem.

We need a camera of durable construction—simple to operate—flash range

minimum 25 ft—with view finder that would permit operator to maintain

stance to afford maximum vision of area and personal safety.

Most of the problems with cameras can be traced to improper use by

operator.

Some type program should be formed to give "every" small department

training in use of all types of cameras. For instance, a mobile training van

that would be in every city once a year to update training.

A definite need for a reliable, easy to operate camera which has a built-in flash; three lens settings; closeup, medium distance, distance setting; and

about three speed settings.

2.2.8.5. Comments About Other Security Devices

Comments about other security devices were few and varied. Several were about

the high cost of all security equipment, and several called for standardization of specific

devices or equipment. Examples are presented below.

Glass in police vehicles should be resistant to thrown objects at the very

least.

Standards should be set by law on all security devices used on public housing

such as locks, screens, glass, outside lighting, and doors.

High cost prohibits small departments from obtaining.

Definite need for rigid standards concerning laminated glass.

Vehicle screens very important in dual purpose vehicles, but some too expensive, cumbersome, and interfere with visibility and air circulation.

42
APPENDIX A

NBS-884

May 1972

0MB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE: ALARM DISPLAYS,

SECURITY EQUIPMENT, AND

SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By

:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no other intended use.

A-1
INTRODUCTION

:

Police departments often monitor the displays on which alarms

from local businesses are received. Several different manufacturers make

alarm systems, and their alarm displays operate differently. Security and

surveillance equipment are also needed by the police themselves to help I carry out their work. In order to make it easier for law enforcement i groups to offer services, and to select and buy equipment to meet their ; own needs, the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will write PERFORMANCE | standards for such equipment.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE: This "detailed" questionnaire gives you , the'' user, a chance to tell us about the alam displays, security, and surveillan;

devices you are now using, the problems you find in using such equipment, ani

the items or services you will probably deal with in the future. Your

answers will be used to determine what kinds of testing need to be done, ; and what sorts of problems must be solved. We must find out what YOUR needs

|

are. I'

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all the

information you need "at your fingertips", please make your best effort

to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OIVN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire v/ill be compiled by computer. It is

very important that you follow directions and answer every question

legibly and in the boxes and spaces provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be published in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all answers or comments CLEARLY

.

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the stamped,

addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, A-110

Narional Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call collect:

E. Bunten or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that it will be possibJ.e to begin solving the problems that police

have with alarm displays, security, and surveillance equipment.
PART I: "DIRECT-TO-POLICE" ALARM DISPLAYS

Does your department now have ONE OR MORE displays

for "direct- to-police" burglar or robbery alarms from

banks, savings and loans, or other businesses?

(10) * ** Yes No

IF "YES" CONTINUE WITH

QUESTIONS 2 THROUGH 9.

IF "NO" SKIP TO

QUESTION 9.

2. Which MANUFACTURERS made the "direct-to-police" alarm

displays that you have in your department?

MANUFACTURERS

(11-12)

(13-16)

(17-20)

(21-24)

(25-28)

(29-32)

(33-36)

3. About how many ALARMS (both real and false) are USUALLY

received by your department in a MONTH?

NUMBER OF ALARMS

(REAL AND FALSE)

EVERY MONTH ALL ALARMS THAT COME FROM:

Displays in department

McCulloh Receiving System (gives

printed message to indicate alarm)

Central Stations who pass alarm on

to police by phone

Automatic Dialer which gives taped

emergency message

Other (Specify)

Total

Nuiribers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A-3
4. For this average number of alarms per MONTH, about 'how

many of them are FALSE ALARMS?

FALSE ALARMS

EVERY MONTH FALSE ALARMS THAT COME FROM;

(37-40) Displays in department

(41-44) McCulloh Receiving System (gives printed

message to indicate alarm)

(45-48) Central Stations who pass alarm on to

police by phone

(49-52) Automatic Dialer which gives taped emergency

message

(53-56) Other (Specify)

(57-60) Total

5. About how many DIRECT-TO-POLICE tie-ins does each

kind of SUBSCRIBER have on your department's alarm displays

NUMBER TYPE OF SUBSCRIBER

(61-55) Financial Institutions (banks, savings

and loans , etc.

)

(65-70) Jewelry Stores

(71-75) Small Businesses (OTHER than jewelry stores)

(75-80) Large Businesses (OTHER than jewelry stores)

(10-14) Schools

(15-19) Residences

(20-24) Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

6. Does your department now LIMIT, or may have to limit

in the future, the NUMBER of subscribers you can accept for "direct- to-police" tie-ins?

(25) Yes No

IF "NO" SKIP TO

QUESTION 8
7. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 6) We must limit the number of subscribers for

"direct-to-police" tie-ins for the following reason(s):

(M7VRK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(26-32) Limited Space for Panels

Limited Personnel for Monitoring Panels

Too Many False Alarms

Each Alarm System May Need Its Own Kind of Display

Inadequate Servicing by Alarm Companies

Possible Competition with Central Stations

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

8. What problems have you had, if any, with the DISPLAYS THEMSELVES?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

We Have No Problems with Our Displays

Displays Are Too Large

Too Many Different Types of Alarm Signals (lights, buzzers, bells,

etc.)

No Way to Tell When an Alarm System is On or Off

Department Cannot Test Alarm System Automatically

Frequent Component Failures (lights on displays, for example)

Other (Specify) *

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-5
9. Will your department be likely to provide a service of "direct-to-police"

tie-ins within the next 5 years?

(40) Yes No

PART II. A. NIGHT VISION EQUIPMENT

10. Do you use night vision equipment in your department?

(41) Yes No

IF "NO", SKIP TO

QUESTION 14.

11. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 10) Mark X by each of the following kinds of

night vision equipment that you use in your department.

(42-46) Night Vision Scopes SUITABLE FOR RIFLES (can also be hand-held

when needed)

Hand-held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) NOT SUITABLE

FOR RIFLE MOUNTING

Hand-held Infrared Device which is NOT SUITABLE FOR RIFLE MOUNTING

Low-Light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under night-time

conditions WITHOUT artificial light)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

12. Does your department have any problems with ANY of these night vision

devices?

(47) ^Yes ^ _No

IF "NO" SKIP

TO QUESTION 14

A-6
13. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 12) Mark X for EACH PROBLEM you have had for

EACH KIND OF EQUIPMENT:

PROBLEM KIND OF EQUIPMENT

Night Vision

Scope Suitable

for Rifle and

Hand Use

Hand-held

Nightscope

Not Suitable

For Rifle

Hand-held

Infrared

Device Not

Suitable For

Rifle

Low-Light

Level TV

Poor image quality

(resolution)

(49) (50) (51)

Difficult to choose the

appropriate lens

(52) (53) (54) (55)

Regular camera lenses

cannot be used with

night vision devices

(56) (57) (58) (59)

Device is too delicate

for normal use

(60) (61) (62) (63)

Poor reliability

(failures with tubes

,

power supplies, etc.)

(64) (65) (66) (67)

Other Problem

(Specifv)

(68) (69) (70) (71)

Other Problem

(Specify)

-

1

A-7
14. What night vision devices, if any, will your department BE

LIKELY TO BUY in the next 5 years? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT

APPLIES)

(72-77) We will probably NOT BUY any night vision devices in that

time.

Night Vision Scope SUITABLE AS RIFLE AND HAND SCOPE

Hand-Held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) NOT

suitable for rifle mounting

Hand-held Infrared Device NOT suitable for rifle mounting

Low-Light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under nighttime conditions WITHOUT artificial light)

Other (Specify)

T

' Other (Specify)

PART II. B. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)

15,

(78;

(10-16)

Does your department use closed circuit TV which REQUIRES DAYLIGHT

OR ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION?

Yes No

IF "NO" SKIP

TO QUESTION 18

16. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 15) In which of the following ways do you

use closed circuit TV in your department? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

Checking on prisoners

Police line-ups

Surveillance within Department's buildings (other than

prisoners and line-ups)

Watching activity during civil disturbances

Surveillance of "high crime" districts

Training

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-8
17. Tell us about any PROBLEMS that your department has with this

CLOSED CIRCUIT TV SYSTEM.

(17)

(18)

18. Does your department have a video tape recorder?

Yes No

IF "NO" SKIP

TO QUESTION 21,

(19-24)

19. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 18) How does your department use the video

tape recorder?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

With closed circuit TV

Police line-ups

Recording traffic violations

Collecting evidence at scene of crime (OTHER than traffic

violations)

Training

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-9
What PROBLEMS, if any, has your department had with the video

tape recorder?

Will your department be LIKELY TO BUY (a) a closed circuit TV

system requiring daylight or artificial light, and/or (b) a video tape recorder IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS?

(a) Closed circuit TV system

Yes No

(b) Video tape recorder

Yes No

A-10
PART III. CAMERAS

22. What kinds of CAMERAS, if any, are now used by your

department? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(28-35) NONE (IF YOU CHECKED "NONE", SKIP TO QUESTION 24)

KINDS OF CAMERAS

Movie Camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4" X 5" Format (For example: Speed Graphic)

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb

advancer and exposure control (For example:

Instamatic)

Camera which uses special film for rapid

automatic processing of pictures (For example:

Polaroid)

Other (Specify)

23. What problems, if any, has your department noticed with

the cameras you marked in Question 22?

(36) 23. A. Problems with movie cameras:

A-11
(37) 23. B. Problems with 35 mm Single-lens Reflex Camera

(38) 23. C. Problems wit±L 35 mm Range-Finder Camera

(39) 23. D. Problems with 4" x 5" Format Camera (like Speed Graphic)

(40) 23. E. Problems with Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb

advancer and exposure control (like Instamatic)

(41) 23. F. Problems with camera which uses special film for rapid

autom.atic processing of pictures (like Polaroid)

A-12
42) 23. G. Problems with OTHER CAMERA (Specify camera type)

Type:

Problem

24. Which of the following types of cameras, if any, will your

department BE LIKELY TO BUY within the next 5 years?

43-50) NONE. We will probably not buy any cameras in the next

5 years.

Movie camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4" X 5" Format (For example: Speed Graphic)

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb advancer and

exposure control (For example: Instamatic)

Camera which uses special film for rapid automatic

processing of pictures (For example: Polaroid)

Other (Specify)

PART IV: OTHER SECURITY DEVICES

25. Mark X by each item below that needs PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. (Mark

X by "NONE" if standards are not needed for any of the items.)

51-55) None

General purpose locks (padlocks, door locks)

Special purpose locks for detention centers

Penetration-resistant glass (For example: bullet-proof glass,

laminated glass, etc.)

Security screens and grills

A-13
V : COMMENTS

Please tell us anything else you would like to say about the

equipment in this questionnaire:

26. A. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays:

26. B. Night Vision Equipment:

26. C. Closed Circuit TV System which needs Daylight or Artificial

Illumination

:

26. D. Cameras:

26. E. Other Security Devices:

26. F, Other:

A-14
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying infor:::iation w: 1] be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title

:

Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A-15

APPENDIX B

Data Tables

B.l. Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a

stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific

set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usually presented by

number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be

wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when

percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific

sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data

presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type,

multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1.2); add those seven

subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of police departments in the

population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the

percentage of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2. Data Tables

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T^U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 0- 229-459
)
ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

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