Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1966

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 280
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • John T. Connor, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1966

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton and Gershon Kulin

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 280

Issued September 8, 1966

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.50
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 34-3323
PREFACE

The information contained in this publication was compiled from

reports by the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly

appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring

their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. The numbers 5656 and above refer to projects reported for the first time. All projects

are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f )

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported

by other organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title of

the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on the work will be willing to supply

information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published

biennially by the International Association for Hydraulic Research,

contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign

countries. This bulletin is edited by IR H. J. Schoemaker, Director, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies are available

to nonmembers of the International Association for Hydraulic Research

from the Secretary at $7.50 each (postage included).

There is now available a Water Resources Research Catalog

prepared by the Science Information Exchange of the Smithsonian

Institution at the request of the Office of Water Resources Research,

U. S. Department of Interior. Volume 1 is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S ; Government Printing Office, in two parts: Part 1, Federally Supported Research in Progress, February 1965 - Price $2.50; Part 2, Non-Federally Supported Research in Progress,

September 1965 - Price $1.00. Volume 2 is scheduled for publication

during 1966.

iii
CONTENTS

Page

Preface iii List of contributing laboratories „ v Project reports 1 Subject index 231 Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project

(b) Project conducted for

(c) Correspondent

(d) Nature of project

(e) Description

(f) Present status (see Foreword)

(f) Results

(h) Publications
LIST OP CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OP

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Tucson, Ariz., 85721

Dr. Emmet M. Larsen, Head

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF Agricultural Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. 72701

Prof. Billy B. Bryan, Actg. Head

Agricultural Engrg. Dept. BATTELLE -NORTHWEST LABORATORIES

Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, Wash.

J)r. Sherwood L. Pawcett, Director

99352

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN, INC.

50 Moulton St., Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. Leo L. Seranek, Pres. 02138

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 4 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 11201

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engrg. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 4 Engineering Division, Pasadena, Calif. 91109

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 4 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pasadena, Calif. 91109

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professof of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6 Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 91109

Prof. T. Y. Wu

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, DAVIS 7 College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif. 95616

Prof. Verne H. Scott, Chairman

Dept. of Water Science and Engrg.

CALIFRONIA, UNIVERSITY OF, BERKELEY 10 College of Engineering, Berkeley, Calif. 94720

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 13

Inst, of Ind. Cooperation, Dept. of Engrg.

Los Angeles, Calif. 90024

Prof. C. Martin Duke, Actg. Vice-Chairman-Research

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, BERKELEY 13 Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley, Calif. 94720

Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Dept. Chairman

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, THE 14 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Wash., D. C. 20017

Dr. B. S. Browzin, Prof. Civil Engrg.

COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER (see U. S. Government) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 15 College of Engrg., Engrg. Research Center

Fort Collins, Colo. 80521

Dr. D. B. Simons, Assoc. Dean

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF Engineering and Industrial Exp. Station

Coastal Engrg. Lab., Gainesville, Fla . 32603

Dr. Per Bruun, Head

GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORP. Research Dept., Fluid Mechanics Sec. Bethpage, L. I., N. Y. 11714

Dr. Charles E. Mack Jr., Dir. of Research

HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OP

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Dr. George P. Woollard, Director

HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF

J. K. K. Look Lab. of Oceanographic

Engineering, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Dr. Jan M. Jordan, Jr. IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF

Engrg. Expt. Sta., Moscow, Idaho 83843 Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ITT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

10 West 35th St., Chicago, 111. 60616

Mr. R. R. Whymark

Director of Fluid Dynamics Research

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802

Mr. Willaim C. Ackerman, Chief ILLINOIS DIVISION OF WATERWAYS

Dept. of Public Works and Building

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. 62706

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OP

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Urbana, Illinois 61803

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engrg. Dept., Urbana, 111. 61803

Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engrg.

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

214 Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. 61S03

Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH

Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Agric. Engrg. , /Ames, Iowa 50010

Dr. Clarence Bockhop, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa 50010

Prof. Don Kirkham

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF

Engrg. Experiment Sta., Boulder, Colorado 80304

Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus, Director

23 IOWA UNIVERSITY

Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research)

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 24 School of Engineering, Storrs, Conn. 06268

Prof. C. J. Posey

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, INC. 24

P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, N. Y. 14221

Mr. Harold A. Chellek, Vice Pres. -Tech. Director

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 25 School of Civil Engrg., Dept. of Hydraulics and

Hydraulic Engrg., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

Dr. J. A. Liggett

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 27 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Newark, Del. 19711

Dr. E. W. Cummlngs, Dir. of Univ. of Delaware

Expt. Station

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE Applied Physics Lab., Silver Spring,

Maryland 20910

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE School of Engrg., Baltimore, Md. 22218

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Environmental Engineering Science

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics and Aerospace Engrg.

Lawrence, Kansas 66045

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engrg. Lab., Bethlehem, Pa. 18015

Prof. W. J. Eney, Head of Dept. and Laboratory
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 46 Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Baton Rouge, La. 70803

Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Baton Rouge, La. 70803

Dr. F. J. Germano, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engrg.

Cambridge, Mass. 02139

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head

Hydrodynamics Lab. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, Mass. 02139

Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, In Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF

School of Engrg., Amherst, Mass. 01003

Prof. E. E. Lindsey, Acting Dean

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg.

320 W. Engrg. Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104

Dr. E. F. Brater

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104

Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory)

46

46

51

52

53

104

MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Columbia, Mo. Dr. Adrian Pauw, Dept. Chairman

65202

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF AT ROLLA

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Rolla, Mo.

Prof. E. W. Carlton, Chairman

65401

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE Agricultural Expt. Sta., Bozeman, Mont. 59715

Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics

Lincoln, Nebraska 68508

Dr. T. Sarpkaya NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Lewis Van Carpenter Sanitary Engrg. Research Laboratory, New York, N. Y. 10453

Dr. William E. Dobbins, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Chemical Engrg., Bronx, N. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

10453

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography

University Heights, New York, N. Y. 10453 NORTH CAROLINA STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

Dept. of Engrg. Research, Raleigh, N. C. 27607 Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Fargo, N. D. 58103

Prof. George L. Pratt, Acting Chairman NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

The Technological Inst., Evanston, 111. 60201 Dean Harold B. Gotaas

OHIO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

CENTER 59 Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Wooster, Ohio 44691

Mr. R. E. Stewart, Chairman

53

54

55

55

56

56

5 7

57

58

58

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 60 Dept. of Agronomy, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Prof. George S. Taylor

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 60 Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075

Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 61 Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engrg.

Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 62 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Hydraulics Lab. University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

Prof. Sam Shulits, Head

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 63 Ordnance Research Lab. University Park, Pa. 16801

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 65 School of Engrg. and Applied Science

Princeton, New Jersey 08540

Prof. Lucien M_. Brush, Jr. PURDUE UNIVERSITY 66 Dept. of Agricultural Engrg.

Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. G. W. Isaacs, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 67 Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. J. P. Peterson, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 104 Civil Engrg. Dept., Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. G. A. Leonards

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 68 School of Electrical Engrg.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 67 School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab.

W. Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 68 School of Mech. Engrg.,

W. Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Prof. P. W. McFadden, Head

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 69 Allenspark, Colo.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Director

(Winter address: Box U-37, Univ. of Conn. Storrs, Conn. 06268)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 69 University of Minnesota

Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E. Minneapolis, Minn. 55455

Prof. Edward Silberman, Director

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 73 University of California, San Diego

La Jolla, Calif. 92038

The Director

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 74 Civil Engrg. Dept., Columbia, S. C. 29208

Dr. Harold Fllnsch, Head

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 7 5 Dept. of Mechanical Sciences

San Antonio, Texas 78206

Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director STANFORD UNIVERSITY 75 Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Stanford, Calif. 94305

Prof. Ray K. Llnsley, Exec. Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

vi
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Davidson Laboratory

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED

Marine Sciences Building

3930 Walnut Street

Fairfax, Virginia 22030 TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas 77843

Dr. Willis E. Pequegnat, Acting Head

TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY

Water Resources Inst., College Sta., Texas 77843

Dr. Ernest T. Smerdon, Director

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Austin, Texas 78712

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC. 100 Hudson Circle, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. A. Ritter, President

14850

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Utah Water Research Lab., Logan, Utah 84321

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY

Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering

Nashville, Tenn. 37203

Dr. Peter A. Krenkel, Assoc. Prof, and Director

VIDYA DIVISION, Itek Corp.

Applied Mechanics Department

1450 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

Mr. S. B. Spangler, Mgr. VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Blacksburg, Va. 24061

Dr. H. M. Morris, Head

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Blacksburg, Va. 24061

Dr. J. B. Jones, Head

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab. Pullman, Wash. 99163

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Seattle, Wash. 98105

Prof. R. G. Hinnes, Acting Chairman

WASHINGTION, UNIVERSITY OF Fisheries Research Inst., Seattle, Wash. 98105

Dr. William F. Royce, Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT

STATION (see U. S. Government) WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

Crescent Beach Rd. Glen Cove, L. I., New York 11542

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Asst. to the Pres. THE WESTERN COMPANY

Research Division, 1171 Empire Center

Dallas, Texas 75247

Dr. W. E. Brown, Manager

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Hydraulic and Sanitary Engrg. Laboratory

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Madison, Wis. 53706

Dr. Amo T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. WOODS HOLE OCEAMOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION Woods Hole, Mass. 02543

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Alden Hydraulic Laboratory

Worcester, Mass. 01609

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

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86

93

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99

101

101

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

CORN BELT BRANCH

108 Soils Bldg., Univ. of Minn.,

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief NORTHEAST BRANCH

Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md. 20705

Dr. Jesse Lunin, Branch Chief NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH

P. 0. Box E, Fort Collins, Colo. 80522

Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief NORTHWEST BRANCH

P. 0. Box 1096, Boise, Idaho 83701

Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Branch Chief SOUTHERN BRANCH

P. 0. Box 1309, Athens, Ga. 30601

Dr. A. R. Bertrand, Branch Chief

SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH

USDA-ARS, Bushland, Tex. 79012

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief SOUTHWEST BRANCH

P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, Calif.

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief

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113

117

122

124

130

137 92506

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 143 111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio 43215

Mr. R. D. Lane, .Director INTERMOUNTATN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 144 Forest Service Bldg., Ogden, Utah 84401

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

LAKES STATES FOREST EXPT. STATION 146

St. Paul Campus, Univ. of Minn.

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director

NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT. STA. 102 Motors Ave., Upper Darby, Pa. Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

147 19082

NORTHERN FOREST EXPT. STA. 148

210 Admiral Way, Juneau, Alaska 99801

Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STATION 148

P. 0. Box 3141, Portland, Oregon 97208

Mr. Philip A. Brieglab, Director

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE

EXPT. STATION 149

P. 0. Box 245, 1960 Addison Street

Berkeley, Calif. 94701

Mr. John R. McGuire, Director

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 153 221 Forestry Bldg., Ft. Collins, Colo. 80521

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 156

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. 28802

Dr. Thos. F. McLintock, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 158 T-10210 Federal Bldg., 701 Loyla Ave., New Orleans, La. 70113

Mr. W. M. Zillgitt, Director

DEPARMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER 158

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20016

The Director

vli
U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DIVISION, NORTH PACIFIC Division Hydraulic Laboratory

Bonneville, Oregon 97006

The Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL

1217 U. S. Post Office and Customhouse

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT. STAT.

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39181

The Director

DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE

tfUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS Structures and Applied Mechanics Div. Washington, D. C. 20235

Mr. C. F. 'Scheffey, Chief NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Fluid Meters Section, Wash., D. Mr. Fillmer W. Ruegg, Chief

20234

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Hydraulics Section, Wash., D. C. 20234

Dr. G. Kulln, Chief WEATHER BUREAU

Environmental Science Services Admin. Washington, D. C. 20235

Mr. William E. Hiatt, Assoc. Dir. of Weather Bureau (Hydrology) DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Div., Wash., D. C. 20242

Mr. E. L. Hendricks, Chief Hydrologist

BUREAU OF MINES Morgantown Coal Research Ctr., P. 0. Box 880 Collins Ferry Rd., Morgantown, W. Va. 26505

Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Division of Engineering Laboratories Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225

Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN

Washington, D. C. 20007 The Commanding Officer and Director

PHILADELPHIA NAVAL SHIPYARD

Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab. Philadelphia, Pa. 19112

The Director

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY

White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. 20910

The Commander

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION

3203 E. Foothill Boulevard

Pasadena, Calif. 91107

The Commander

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OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Fluid Dynamics Branch, Wash., D. C. 20360

Mr. Stanley W. Doroff, Acting Head

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

ENGINEERING LABORATORY Box 37, Norris, Tenn. 37828

Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director

HYDRAULIC DATA BRANCH

Knoxvllle, Tenn. 37902

Mr. James W. Beverage," Chief

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, Ltd. Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. 0. M. Erickson, Head, Hydraulic Dept. ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulic Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. W. D. Finn, Head

Dept. of Civil Engineering

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE

2500 Marie-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Dir. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO

620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LA SALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

0250 St. Patrick Street

LaSalle, P. Q. Canada

Mr. E. Pariset, Vice-President

MANITOBA, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fort Garry, Manitoba, Canada

Prof. E. Kuiper

McGILL UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics

Montreal 2, P. Q. , Canada

Dr. A. J. Reynolds NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Division of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. McPhail, Dir. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Dr. A. Brebner, Head

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

IBS

186

188

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA.

(4625) CRITICAL TRACTIVE FORCE OF UNIFORM SANDS.

t>) Departmental.

c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Analytical and laboratory investigation

related to theory. Master's and doctor's

theses.

(e) Analytic and experimental attempts to relate the average boundary shear to the incipient movement of sediment particles

composing the boundary.

(g) The experimental data plot on a Shield's

diagram as two parallel lines for the laminar

and turbulent cases. Both cases extend over

the range usually considered the transition

between a laminar sub-layer and fully rough turbulent flow. An approximate analysis

lends credibility to the experimental results.

(4626) SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES.

(b) Departmental.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation.

(e) To find the effect of sediment size and velocity of flow on the limiting depths of clear-water scour in simple relief-bridge

geometries. Long contractions and abrupt

contractions will be studied. The experi- mental data will be compared to an approximate solution of the problem previously

published by the principal investigator.

(4627) A STUDY OF PARTIALLY SATURATED FLOW IN SAND- EPOXY RESIN COLUMNS.

b) Departmental.

c) Professor Richard L. Sloane; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation related to theory; doctoral thesis.

(e) The flow of water through soils often takes

place under conditions of partially saturated

flow. The prediction of fluid distribution

and pressure under conditions of partially

saturated flow will make use of vertical columns made of sand grains cemented together

with epoxy resin. The use of this type

of sand columns will result in a model

for which properties such as void ratio

and particle arrangement will remain con- stant during a series of tests.

(4628) RADIOCARBON AS A TRACER IN GROUND WATER

PROBLEMS.

b) Research Corporation and State of Arizona.

c) Prof. Paul E. Damon, Geology Dept. and Geo- chronology Lab., University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory and field research; doctoral

thesis.

(e) The radiocarbon content of ground and sur- face waters is being used as a tracer to study surface and ground water movement.

The data is being related to such ground water problems as the rate of laminar flow

through aquifers, their permeability, the

source, time and rate of recharge, radio- active contamination in water supplies and

the waste disposal problem. The increase in the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere

due to Nuclear Technology is also being

monitored.

(4630) MODELS FOR STUDY OF GROUND WATER MOVEMENT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. J. W. Harshbarger, Project Director,

University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721

(d) Laboratory investigation; design, develop- ment and operation.

(e) The development of two-dimensional hydraulic models simulating common geological skeletons

in consolidated media have made possible

demonstrations with actual ground water movement in systems which could be accurately

depicted in two dimensions. As many ground water systems require study of the third dimension for full understanding, the develop

ment of a three-dimensional porous matrix

flow system would permit the construction of three-dimensional ground water flow models. The effects of grain size, various lithologies, boundary conditions, recharge and dis- charge and well development on ground water

movement will then be readily observable in the models.

The immediate objective of this project is to develop a three-dimensional transparent

porous media system. The system will consist of a colorless porous media Immersed In

a colorless liquid with identical Indices of refraction. With the aid of such a system, it will be possible to (1) provide basic descriptions

and explanations of three-dimensional laminar flow in unconsolidated porous media, and (2) demonstrate how grain size, lithologic fabric structural features, hydraulic head and rock pressures are related to ground water movement . (g) Experiments have been conducted to determine

the most suitable solid and liquid media having the same indices of refraction. The media are being combined in a wide range of case designs for testing transparency under

several light conditions. Tracer dyes are being developed which will produce the most distinct flow bands in the transparent model. (5348) OPEN CHANNEL TRANSITIONS.

b) Departmental.

c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation for development, master's thesis.

(e) Both contractions and expansions in canal sections are being studied, looking toward improvements in design methods. For the contractions various shapes ranging from

the abrupt through circular ellipsoidal

walls to the free stream line form will be used. Flow patterns, water surface pro- files and head losses are being measured.

For the expansion, standard warped sec- tions veined expansions and other shapes

are being studied. Flow patterns, water

surface profiles and head losses will be measured.

(5349) EFFECT OF SILT LADEN WATER ON INFILTRATION

IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

b) Departmental.

c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Head, Dept. of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; doctoral thesis

(e) In arid regions a large part of the natural recharge is through the bed of intermittent

streams. A better understanding of the effect of silt content of the flow is needed

in order to predict natural recharge and to evaluate works to promote recharge.

(g) The phenomenon is being studied in a 100-

foot recirculating tilting flume with a porous bottom which permits infiltration

through the bed. Although the infiltration

is very dependent upon the past history of

the channel, useable values have been ob- tained for the Infiltration as a function

of the velocity of flow and the suspended

sediment load. The laboratory results

1
correlate reasonably well with field observations.

(5351) HYDRAULICS OP SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, University

of Arizona.

(c) Mr. Charles D. Busch, Associate Agricultural

Engineer, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Field studies; applied research.

(e) Previous research in surface irrigation

hydraulics has developed a theoretical framework for the improvement of surface irrigation systems. This project will con- tribute through field research for the evaluation of mathematical models that were developed by earlier investigators. Field evaluation will consist of two phases. First,

equipment will be perfected to measure and

record electronically the advance and re- cession curves for border furrow irrigation.

Second, the equipment will be used for field measurement and evaluation of a variety of surface irrigation systems.

The signal of a float-actuated potentiometer, modulated for a milli-volt recorder, will provide the desired record of water depth.

Preliminary data indicate that advance and recession curves will require separate treatment in analysis.

(5354) PREDICTION OF WATER MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED

SOILS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and State of Arizona

(c) Dr. D. D. Evans, Dept. of Agricultural

Chemistry and Soils, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(c) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(e) The flow of water and energy will be examined under conditions of simultaneous water potential and temperature gradients

for the purpose of improving the prediction of flow to evaporative surfaces. Initially, flow will be restricted to one- dimensional steady- state flow to an evaporative soil surface when the water potential and temperature are held constant at

the surface opposite the evaporative sur- face. Water potential and temperature

gradients, quantity of flow and appropriate soil properties will be measured and

the data used to evaluate different equa- tions developed for predicting flow under

those conditions.

(5869) ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE ANALYSIS OF THE TUCSON GROUNDWATER BASIN.

(b) University of Arizona.

(c) Mr. Dennis E. Peterson, Instructor, Geology

(Hydrology Dept.), Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) A lumped parameter resistance-capacitance

model is being constructed to simulate the Tucson groundwater basin. The model is based on the analogies between Darcy's

law and Ohm's law and between the ground- water and electrical forms of the diffusion

equation. When it is complete, the model will simulate

the original steady-state groundwater con- ditions that existed until approximately

1910 and will duplicate the subsequent water

level changes that have occurred due to pumping.

The next step will be to examine the response

of the system, in the next 20 years, due to several hypothetical inputs (e.g., pumping

due to projected population changes, changes

in pumping waters, artificial recharge).

(5870) FLUID DISPERSION IN FLOW THROUGH NON-UNIFORM

POROUS MEDIA.

[5871)

(b)

(c)

University of Arizona.

Mr. E. S. Simpson, Dept. of Geology, Univ.

of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721. Experimental; basic research. Dispersion of a fluorescent dye, transverse

to direction of flow, is measured by filter

paper placed in flow field. After contact with dye, paper is removed and dried and concentration distribution of dye is measured in a fluorometer. A systematic series

of experiments is planned to measure trans- verse dispersion of a dye stream moving

across interfaces separating regions of differing permeability and at various angles

to flow direction. Experimental data will

be analyzed to better understand nature of dispersion in non-uniform media and to fur- ther develop theory. UNSATURATED SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN PLANT

ROOTS. Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Service.

Prof. C. 0. Stanberry, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721. Experimental; basic research. An idea of Japanese workers is being utilized

to study water movement in soils. Water is "tagged ' with chlorine and measured with tine as it changes the color of potassium dichro- mate from a deep red color to white. Moisture movement is being studied in pressure- membrane chambers developed at Tucson, Ariz.

First the soil is saturated with moisture. Then it is forced out of the soil by a given

pressure. Using a sensitive gauge, the pres- sure is reduced, permitting water with chlo- rine to move into the soil again. A specially made apparatus is necessary to permit this taking place. The water film thickness is being studied in relation to the movement of the unsaturated moisture.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge

well has been tested for one year and re- sults have not proved completely satis- factory. Main difficulties encountered

arise in duplicating test condition under

field situations. The sand packed well

seemed to filter out plugging material but redevelopment proved more difficult than in

the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was

tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- ditions as encountered in this test. A slow gravel filter was constructed and

tested as a means of clarifying recharge water during the winter and spring of 1960-61 The slow, gravel filter did not work under

the conditions set up on this situation. Turbidity was slightly reduced but not enough to be practical and project was closed out.

(f) Discontinued.

(h) U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Papers

available from the Office of the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402: "Testing Procedures and Results of Studies

of Artificial Recharge in the Grand Prairie

Region, Arkansas," by R. T. Sniegocki, F. H. Bayley, 3rd, Kyle Engler and J. W. Stephens,

1615-G, 1965, 56 pp.

2
;4066) HYDRAULICS OP FURROW IRRIGATION.

b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Prof. Billy B. Bryan, Acting Head, Dept.

Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; basic research

(e) Investigation of fundamental hydraulic

criteria Involved in flow of water in irrigated furrows (shallow flow in small, open channels). Object is to develop

equations for determining (l) rate of stream advance and recession; (2) depression storage; (3) stream size-storage relationships.

(g) Suspended.

(4067) SURFACE DRAINAGE IN BOTTOM LANDS AND

TOPOGRAPHY.

b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Asst. Prof. Warren Harris, Dept. Agric.

Engr., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville,

Arkansas'.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of this study is to define the physical requirements for adequate drainage

of individual crop rows and of field-sized

areas in the bottom land soils and topography

of the Miss. River Delta. Shallow surface field ditches are the largest drainage

structures considered. Findings are based

on the assumption that larger drainage

structures must be of a size that will not restrict drainage for undue periods of time.

(g) Depressions and restricted outlets have been found to be the basic causes of inadequate

drainage in both individual rows and in shallow surface field ditches. Shallow

ditches can be designed and constructed so that with a nominal amount of maintenance,

they will form only minor obstructions to mechanized farming operations.

(h) "The Warped Surface Method of Land Grading,"

by Warren Harris, paper presented at Joint Southeast and Southwest Regional Meeting of ASAE, Dallas, Texas, February 1,2,3, 1965. "Field Drain Studies in the Delta," by

Warren Harris, Arkansas Farm Research, Vol.

XIV, No. 2, March-April, 1965. "Trends and Construction Techniques for Land Grading in Arkansas," by Warren Harris, paper presented at National ASAE Meeting, Athens,

Georgia, June 20-23, 1965.

BATELLE NORTHWEST LABORATORIES, Chemistry Department.

(5699) MATHEMATICAL MODEL ANALYSIS OF FLOW THROUGH PARTIALLY SATURATED HETEROGENEOUS POROUS

MEDIA.

soil types in the unsaturated system. Inputs are in the form of equations describing re- lationships between conductivity and pressure and/or moisture content and pressure for each soil type. Work towards transient case solu- tion methods was started recently. An Anr41 (low energy gamma ray) source technique is being used to make measurements of moisture

content, conductivity and pressure simultaneously. Nonnuclear applications of programs

are in analyzing seepage losses from irrigation canals, ponds, etc.

(h) "Methods for Solving Problems of Multidimensional Partially Saturated Steady Flow in Soils," A. E. Reisenauer, J. of Geophysical

Research, Vol. 68, No. 20, pp 5725-33, October 15, 1963. "Steady Darcian Transport of Fluids in Heter- ogeneous Partially Saturated Porous Media,"

"Part I - Mathematical and Numerical Formula- tions," R. W. Nelson, AEC Report HW-72335 - Pt. 1, June 1962. "Part II - The Computer Program," A. E. Reisenauer, et al, AEC Report HW-72335 - Pt.

2, October 1963 (Parts I and II are available from Office of Technical Services, Department

of Commerce, Washington, D. C.

)

"Description of Soil Characteristics for Partially Saturated Flow," L. G. King, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 359-362, July-Aug. 1965.

(5700) MATHEMATICAL MODEL ANALYSIS OF LARGE COMPLEX GROUND WATER FLOW SYSTEMS.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology

and Medicine.

(c) Mr. William A. Haney, Manager, Geochemical & Geophysical Research, Battelle-Northwest,

Richland, Washington 99352.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Work is directed towards the development of mathematical models and associated digital

computer programs for accurate analysis of large, complex (heterogeneous soils) ground- water flow systems in three dimensions. Immediate application is in analyzing the movement of radioactive-wastes which might

enter the saturated zone. Also, means for evaluating the effects of boundary condition

changes on flow systems are under investigation. Methods desired will optimize use of available field input data: Ground-water

potentials, boundary conditions in permeability, and flow system physical boundaries.

(g) Two digital-computer programs (GENORO and

STREAM) were developed to permit accurate

flow system analysis programs, which use ground water potentials in functional form rather than as tabular data, provide deter- minations of permeabilities, travel paths

and travel times using potentials and boundary conditions in permeability as input

data. Optimum fitting functions for measured potentials and physical boundaries are being

sought. A third program (M-STEADY) is under

development for determination of altered

potentials due to boundary condition changes.

Program testing showed no significant errors

in using finite difference approximations.

Additional applications are in water resources

and petroleum reservoir analysis.

(h) "Stream Functions for Three -Dimensional Flow

in Heterogeneous Porous Media," R. W. Nelson, Extract of Publication No. 64, International

Association of Scientific Hydrology, Meeting

held at Berkeley, California, 1963. "Genoro, A General Data Fitting and Linear

Functional Evaluation Computer Code for the IBM-7090," C. A. Oster, AEC report HW-76692,

May, 1963. (Available from the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce,

Washington, D. C.)

"A Sequence for Predicting Waste Transport by Ground Water," R. W. Nelson, AEC Report

BNWL-63, April 1965.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology

and Medicine.

(c) Mr. William A. Haney, Manager, Geochemical

and Geophysical Research, Battelle-Northwest,

P. 0. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) The development of mathematical formulations

and digital computer models is in progress for analyzing the movement of liquids (radioactive wastes in this Instance) through the vadose

zone. Interest is in three-dimensional anal- ysis of liquid flow through saturated and

unsaturated, heterogeneous soils for steadystate and transient conditions. Methods of measuring soil, parameters, capillary pressure, conductivity and moisture content, needed as input data to computer programs are being

investigated

(g) A computer program (STEADY) was developed to analyze steady- state flow conditions in satu- rated or unsaturated heterogeneous soils. The

program, in Fortran II, uses iteration tech- niques to solve one, two and three dimensional

or axl symmetrical cases for up to 8,000 grid

points using input data from as many as 15
BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC.

(5190) SOUND RADIATED FROM A TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYER.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program Administered by the David

Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. J. E. Ffowcs Williams, Dept. of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, England.

d) Basic theoretical research,

e; The research is aimed at clarifying the exact role of a solid surface in determining

the mechanism by which sound generated in a turbulent boundary layer is radiated. It is known that if the surface is very large, it merely acts like a passive reflector, and

if it is small, it constitutes an additional

dipole field. The intermediate size situation

remain's obscure and it is on this problem

that the work is concentrated.

f) Completed.

g) The role of a responsive homogeneous surface

of infinite extent has been studied. The main result of the analysis is that no fundamentally more efficient source of sound is introduced by the surface motion.

The radiation remains quadrupole in character.

The surface merely accounts for a reflection

of the turbulence generated sound, with the reflection coefficient being identical to that for plane acoustic waves.

(h) Final Report "Theory of Boundary Layer Noise,"

BBN Technical Report 1301, 13 July 1965 ob- tainable from David Taylor Model Basin.

(5191) INTERACTION OF DISTRIBUTED SURFACE VIBRATIONS

WITH AN ADJACENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program Administered by the David

Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. Francis J. Jackson, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge,

Mass. 02138.

d) Basic theoretical and experimental.

e) The program is aimed at studying the stability

of a flow in contact with a non-rigid

(responsive) wall. The effect of the wall

response on the properties of the adjacent

boundary layer flow are of special interest. Particular attention is being paid to the effects of actuating the wall motion by

external means.

f) Completed.

g) An analysis of the Reynolds stress very close

to the wall indicates that the direction of energy flux between the mean flow and the boundary layer disturbances (which may give rise to instability) depends upon the properties of the wall, and its response

to the pressure fluctuations produced by

the disturbance field.

In addition analysis of the interaction be- tween a fluid flow and an adjacent boundary

which is excited so as to produce a transverse

wave at the fluid-solid interface has been

carried out. An idealized treatment permits

some conclusions to be drawn as to the condi- tions under which amplification of the induced boundary layer disturbances occurs as they are transmitted through the steady flow boundary

layer

(h) "Interaction of a Distributed Surface Vibration with an Adjacent Steady Fluid Flow," BBN Technical Report No.- 1-291, 13 Sept. 1965. Obtainable from David Taylor Model Basin.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

(5359) SCOUR TESTS OF NEW JERSEY DAM NUMBER 3.

(b) Hackensack Water Co.

(c) Dr. Chilton A. Wright, Polytechnic Inst,

of Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn, New

York 11201.

(d) Model study of a particular dam design.

(e) The dam is about 15 ft. high and will be built on a sand foundation. There is a movable gate on the crest. The model is con- structed to a scale of 1 to 35 and set in a wooden flume 20 inches wide with a sand bed downstream. The purpose of the project is to study scour and performance of the model under various flows.

(f) Completed.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Division of Engineering and Applied Science.

(1548) PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "Stability of a Conducting Fluid Flowing

Down an Inclined Plane in a Magnetic Field,"

by Din-Yu Hsieh, The Physics of Fluids, Vol.

8, No. 10, 1785-1791, 1965.

"Some Analytical Aspects of Bubble Dynamics," by Din-Yu Hsieh, presented at the June Meeting of the ASME, 1965 (in press).

"Effect of Exposure Time on Cavitation Damage," by M. S. Plesset and R. E. Devine,

presented at the November Meeting of the ASME

1965 (in press)

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck

Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

(3671) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT

RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

d) Analytical research using published data.

e) The sediment discharge calculated by

several well-known formulas is compared

with actual measured sediment discharges

in natural streams. The results are pre- sented as graphs of sediment discharge

against water discharge.

(f) Project is continuing.

(4075) MECHANICS OF FLOW IN SAND-BED CHANNELS AT

VERY LOW RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni or N. H. Brooks, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California 91109.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research.

(e) Studies are made (1) of the development of dunes with time on a sand bed with flows which produce low rates of sediment transport and of the resulting changes in flow resistance as the dunes grow and (2) on the mechanism of entrainment of sediment by flowing water and (3) of relations of geometric parameters of dunes and the frictlonal resistance to flow produced by

the dunes with a view to predicting re- sistance from dune dimensions.

(h) "The Growth of Sediment Bed Forms from an In- itially Flattened Bed," by Fredric Raichlen

and John F. Kennedy, presented at XI th Int'l. Assoc. for Hyd. Research, Leningrad, Sept.

1965. "Flow Resistance of Dunes In Alluvial Streams, by Li-San Hwang, Thesis, California Institute

of Technology, June 1965.

(4561) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS.

b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant).

c) Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

(d) Basic theoretical and experimental research.

4
(e) (l) In reservoirs having density variation

with depth, the pattern of flow toward an outlet may be quite different from the flow

in a homogeneous reservoir. The withdrawal

pattern has been studied experimentally in

a laboratory tank of water having a linear density profile induced either by dissolved

salt or heat. Application will ultimately

be in management of water quality in rivers

by selective withdrawal from reservoirs.

(2) Research is continuing on the problem of discharge into a stratified environment. When a buoyant jet (or plume) is generated from a point or line source in a stratified

ambient fluid, it may rise only to some equilibrium level, then spread in a thin

cloud.

(g) (l) At very low Reynolds numbers there is a distinct "withdrawal layer" extending up- stream at the level of the outlet. Fluid above and below this layer is not withdrawn through the outlet. Research has been extended from line sinks to point sinks durthe past year with good agreement between

theory and experiment. The theoretical

analysis based on the laminar boundary layer equations and the diffusion equation for

the substance causing density variation. An approximate integral theory, valid for somewhat larger flow rates, has also been developed for both the two-dimensional and axisymmetric cases.

(2) Integral type solutions for buoyant jets and plumes have been made following Morton's

approach, with initial variables including mass flux, buoyancy flux, and the momentum flux vector.

(h) "A Free Streamline Solution for Stratified

Plow into a Line Sink," by Timothy W. Kao, Journal of Fluid Mechanics (1955), Vol. 21, Part 3, pp. 535-543. "Viscous Stratified Flow Towards a Sink," by

R.C.Y. Koh, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, in press, 1965. "Stability of Two-Layer Viscous Stratified

Flow Down an Inclined Plane," by Timothy W. Kao, The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 5, May 1965, pp. 812-820. "Discharge of Sewage Effluent from a Line Source into a Stratified Ocean," by N. H. Brooks and R.C.Y. Koh, presented at XI th Congress of Int'l. Assoc. for Hydraulic

Research, Leningrad, September 1965.

(5013) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED GROUND-WATER

FLOW.

b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant).

c) Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

d) Basic theoretical and experimental research.

e) Slight density variations often affect ground- water flow patterns. Water which is re- charged artificially may not mix readily with

native waters but develops density strati- fication in the aquifer. Studies include problems such as overturning of unstably

layered systems, flow due to sources of buoyancy and effects of density difference

on fluid dispersion in flov; through porous media

(g) (l) Theory and experiments have shown it possible to have a more dense liquid in quasistable horizontal motion above a less dense liquid in a saturated porous medium.

(2) Lateral dispersion in saturated porous

media has been shown experimentally to be dependent solely on the Peclet number pro- vided the Reynolds number is low enough for laminar flow. At high Reynolds numbers the dispersion becomes independent of the Peclet

number

(h) "The Stability and Mixing of a Density-Stratified Flow in a Saturated Porous Medium," Ph.D. Thesis by E. John List, Calif. Institute of Technology, Fasadena, Calif, June 1965.

"A Quasi-Stable Density-Stratified Flow

in a Saturated Porous Medium," paper pre- sented to Second Australasian Conference

on Hydr. and Fluid Mech., Auckland, New

Zealand, December 1965.

(5014) WAVE INDUCED OSCILLATIONS OF SMALL MOORED

VESSELS.

b) Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers.

c) Prof. Fredric Raichlen and Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif. 91109.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Serious ship and dock damage can be caused by wave induced oscillations of moored vessels.

The ship and its mooring system constitute

a dynamic system capable of resonant oscilla- tions. The objective of this research is

to investigate the motion of small boats moored to fixed or floating platforms in

a standing wave environment. The study

is directed toward an understanding of the problems of mooring small craft in marinas and to providing information that

will assist in planning and operation of marinas

(g) A wave basin with wave generator and measuring and recording equipment have been assembled and the research is proceeding actively. Some prototype measure- ments of the natural periods and damping

characteristics of moored small craft have

been made.

(h) "Wave-Induced Oscillations of Small Moored

Vessels," F. Raichlen, KH-R-10, W.M. Keck

Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Institute of Technology, Oct. 1965. "Long Period Oscillations in Basins of Arbi- trary Shapes, " F. Raichlen, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference in Coastal Engineering, Santa Barbara, California, Oct. 1965.

(5360) MECHANICS OF SLUG FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

b) Los Angeles County Flood Control District.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Mr. Richard Brock,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Detailed laboratory observations are being

made of slug flows (also called roll waves) with a view to checking the many theoretical

studies of this problem and to evaluating

problems arising from slug flows in the many high-velocity flood channels in Los Angeles County.

(5361) EXPERIMENTS ON TURBIDITY CURRENTS.

b) Petroleum Research Fund.

c) Dr. Gerard V. Middleton, McMaster Univ.,

Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

d) Experimental research.

e) Comparative studies were made on the behavior

of density underflows composed of salt solutions, clay suspensions, and coarse sediment suspensions. Particular attention was de- voted to the movement of the head of the current, and to deposition of sediment from

the current

(f) The experiments have been completed and the report is being prepared.

(g) A report on the preliminary experiments

is available on request. , (h) "Density Currents Experiments" (abstract).

Program, Soc . Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, New Orleans, April 1965.

(5773) LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

b) U.S. Geological Survey and Laboratory Project.

c) Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., 91109.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, laboratory and

field; basic research for Ph.D. dissertation.

(e) Contaminants or tracers are dispersed longitudinally in flow in a channel by an inter- action of the variable mean flow velocity in the cross section and the transverse turbulent mixing. The purposes of this project

are: first, to test the existing theory and determine wherein it fails; second, to identify

the dominant mechanisms responsible for dis-
(g)

(h)

persion in both laboratory and natural situations; and third, to establish a workable

method whereby the dispersion characteristics

of a natural system can be more closely pre- dicted from a knowledge of the hydraulic

characteristics. The project includes participation in a field study being carried out by the U. S. Geological Survey in the Duwamish

River and Estuary in the State of Washington.

Large values of dispersion coefficients in rivers are due to effect of horizontal velocity

profile as well as vertical velocity profile.

Discussion of "Time of Travel of Soluble Con- taminants," by Thomas J. Buchanan, by Hugo B. Fischer, Journal of the San. Eng. Div., ASCE,

Dec. 1964, p. 129-130. Discussion of "Numerical Solution to a Dis- persion Equation," by N. Yotsukura and M. B. Fiering, by Hugo B. Fischer, Journal of the

Hyd. Div., ASCE, March 1965, pp. 402-407. Discussion of "Estuarine Water Quality Management and Forecasting," by R. V. Thomann and

M. J. Sobel, by Hugo B. Fischer, Journal of

the San. Eng. Div., ASCE, June 1965, pp. 126-

128.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

(3378) HYDRODYNAMICS OF TURBOMA CHINES

(b)

(c)

(J)

(e)

(h)

Fluid Dynamics Branch, Office of Naval Re- search . A. J. Acosta, California Institute of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

Experimental and theoretical investigation,

basic reseach.

The effort of the past year on this investigation of the hydrodynamics of turbomachines

has been mainly devoted to an intensive ex- perimental study of the cavitating flow in a cascade arrangement. It has been found possi- ble to simulate the cascade effect In the High Speed Water Tunnel of the Hydrodynamics

Laboratory. Fully wetted flow, partially

cavitating and supercavitating flows were in- vestigated under these conditions, using one simple profile shape (a plano-convex hydrofoil) and one basic stagger angle (45 de- grees) . The fully wetted and fully cavitating flows were in reasonably good agreement with theo- retical predictions. Under conditions of partial cavitation, strong flow oscillations

take place similar to those on isolated hy- drofoils. "Cavitation in Cascade," by A. J. Acosta, Hydrodynamics Lab., Calif. Inst, of Tech., Film Report No. E-79.7, presented at ASME Winter Meeting, Chicago, Nov. 7-11, 1965. "Investigations on Cavitating Hydrofoils,

by R. B. Wade, PhD Thesis, Calif. Inst, of Technology, 1965. "Experimental Observations on the Flow past a Piano-Convex Hydrofoil," by R. B. Wade and

A. J. Acosta, Hydrodynamics Lab., Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Report No. E-79.8; also appeared as ASME Paper No. 65-FE-3, 1965. "Linearized Theory of a Partially Cavitating

Piano-Convex Hydrofoil Including the Effects

of Camber and Thickness," by R. B. Wade, submitted to Journal of Ship Research, 1965.

(5035) FORCES ACTING ON A BODY DURING WATER EXIT.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ellis and Dr. J. G. Waugh, Calif. Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation.

Basic research.

(e) To assess the validity of theories for deter- mining added mass in the presence of a free surface and hydrodynamic effects on missiles

in the neighborhood of, or approaching a free

surface. To provide experimental data on surface effects on missiles of simple mathe- matical configuration under conditions of

cavitating flow which might be used as a basis for further theoretical developments.

(g) The following studies were made in collabo- ration with the U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Pasadena, Calif.:

(1) A series of tests was made to determine

the added mass of a 1-inch-diameter steel sphere Impulsively accelerated vertically

upward from rest along the axis of Lucite

cylinders filled with water and the results correlated with ideal fluid theory. No

free surface effects were involved. The

sphere was accelerated electromagnetlcally

and the acceleration regime was sufficiently

brief so that essentially potential fric- tionless flow obtained. Eight cylinders

were used whose inside diameters ranged from

1.11 to 4.45 inches. The agreement between

experiment and theory was very good.

(2) Further tests were made to determine the effect of water surface proximity on the added mass of a 1-inch-diameter steel sphere accelerated vertically upward from rest in open water and the results correlated with

ideal fluid theory. Again, essentially fric- tionless potential flow obtained during the acceleration regime. The agreement between

experiment and theory was very good and the results indicate that surface proximity has practically no effect on the added mass until the sphere center is about two diameters

from the surface. For lesser depths, the added mass decreases with depth.

(3) Several techniques for metric photography

were developed and used In the studies above. In the first, missile position-time data are obtained from measurement of photographs of

the virtual image produced in a precisionground sphere by a timed stroboscopic pointsource lamp. In the second, a rotating cir- cular film disk is covered with sector- shaped exposures using a timed stroboscopic

lamp. In the third, the previously described techniques are combined to obtain data simul- taneously.

(4) In addition to the above collaborative

studies, an experimental and theoretical

evaluation of the viscous drag forces acting

on a sphere launched impulsively from rest along the axis of a cylinder in a viscous

liquid was made at the California Institute

of Technology.

(h) "The Variable-Atmosphere Wave Tank," by J. G. Waugh and A. T. Ellis. Published in Cavitation Research Facilities and Techniques, 1964- The American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, N. Y. , pp. 114-117. "Techniques for Metric Photography," by J. G. Waugh, A. T. Ellis and S. B. Mellsen. Sub- mitted for publication in the Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television

Engineers

(57 70) EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF UNSTEADY CAVITY FLOW.

(b) Fluid Dynamics Branch, Office of Naval Re- search . (c) A. J. Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation.

Basic research.

(e) The concern of this research program has been the measurement of non-steady forces on sim- ple hydrofoil shapes due to a steady imposed

heaving oscillation. A method and equipment

for force measurement have been developed,

and experiments have been conducted on several hydrofoils of aspect ratio unity in the Free Surface Water Tunnel. These In- clude: a four percent thick, flat plate

hydrofoil with sharp leading and trailing

edges, a wedge with included angle of 8 degrees, and a plano-convex hydrofoil of 8 percent thickness.

(g) The fully wetted experiments are in reason- able agreement with theoretical experiments. Base vented hydrofoils act essentially the same as fully wetted hydrofoils. The flat

6
plate hydrofoils were also ventilated from

the leading edge. The dynamic force coeffi- cients were -not in agreement with theories

"based on the assumption of a constant pressure within the cavity,

(h) "Some Preliminary Measurements of the Unsteady Forces on an Oscillating Hydrofoil,"

by A. J. Acosta and G. J. Klose, presented

to Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers Panel on Hydroelasticity, Nov. 1965, Stevens Institute of Technology,

Hoboken, New Jersey.

(5771) RESEARCH ON CAVITATING RING WINGS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons and Office of Naval

Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) A. J. Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation.

Basic research.

(e) Research covers an investigation of cavitating and ventilated ring wings in the Hydrodynamics Laboratory, including model constrution, testing and analysis of results. The immediate objective of this work was to ex- plore the feasibility of using partial venti- lation to control vehicles equipped with ring

tails and to evaluate a suitable design theory. This required systematic investigation of the

effect of changes in chord diameter ratio,

velocity, and cavitation number in both fully wetted and ventilated flows.

(h) "Measurements on Fully Wetted and Ventilated

Ring Wing Hydrofoils," by A. J. Acosta, E. R. Bate, Jr., and T. Kiceniuk, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Report No. E-138.1, June 1965.

(5772) INVESTIGATIONS IN HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER

ORDNANCE.

(b) U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena,

California, (Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept.

of the Navy)

c) A. J. Acosta, T. Y. Wu, T. Kiceniuk.

d) Experimental and theoretical investigation.

Basic research.

(e) Fundamental and design investigations in the field of hydrodynamics of underwater ordnance. These have included studies of the- forces acting on underwater bodies when fully wetted

and when cavitating.

f) Discontinued.

h) "Some New Measurements on the Drag of Cavita- ting Disks," by G. J. Klose and A. J. Acosta, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 102, September 1965. "Superventilated Flow Past Delta Wings," by

T. Kiceniuk, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Rept. No. E-101.5, July 1964; also , "Experiments on Delta Wings in Superventilated Flow," by T. Kiceniuk, submitted for publication to the Journal of Ship Re- search, 1965. "Experiments on Gravity Effects in Supercavitating Flow," by T. Kiceniuk and A. J. Acosta, in preparation.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Water Science and Engineering.

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

b) University- of California.

c) Prof. R. H. Burgy and Mr. D. C. Lewis, Dept.

of Water Science' and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Hydrologlc investigations of mountain watersheds are being conducted on pilot watersheds

in three areas of the state. Measurements

are being made of rainfall, surface runoff,

erosion, and groundwater storage and outflow.

The hydrologlc effect of vegetative con- versions on the watersheds is under longrange study. Various tracer techniques are used to study groundwater movement and sources

of water for native vegetation water uptake.

Moisture movement and storage above water

tables in fractured rock mantles are measured with neutron scattering meters, combined with seismic and resistivity methods. Micrometeoro

logical techniques and equipment are being

tested to provide an independent evaluation of evapotranspiration from the study watersheds,

(h) "Water Use by Native Vegetation and Hydrologic Studies", by D. C. Lewis and R. H. Burgy, Annual Report No. 6, 1964-65, Dept. cf Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of Calif.

Davis, Calif. Jan. 1965. "Hydrologlc Balance From an Experimental

Watershed," by D. C. Lewis and R. H. Burgy.

Jour, of Hydrol. 2: 197-212, 1964. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. J. N. Luthin and Mr. J. Woerner, Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The development of computer programs and solutions of problems involving surfaces

of seepage, unsaturated flow above the water table and transient flow phenomena

has continued with some success. A variety

of problems have been solved including the steady-state rainfall equilibrium problems

for sloping land. The Hele-Shaw viscous flow model has been

used for both steady-state and transient flow problems involving ditch and tile drains on lands of all slopes. In addition,

it was used to test existing transient drain spacing theories,

(h) "Viscous Model Study of Drain Spacing on Sloping Land and Comparison with Mathematical Solution," by J. C. Gultjens and J. N. Luthin. Water Resources Res. 1:523-530. 1965.

(4086) MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE FLUID DISPLACEMENTS

IN RELATION TO SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN SOIL AND

OTHER POROUS MATERIAL.

b) University of California.

c) Drs. J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen, Dept.

of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied

(e) The simultaneous transport of fluids and solutes through porous media is under investigation. The mixing and spreading of the fluids in the medium, the interaction of the fluids with each other and the medium have been studied. The work will help define the nature of the porous structure of materials,

and the coupling between velocity and dif- fusion in the dispersion process. Leaching

phenomena, disposal of industrial and radio- active wastes, and the movement of pesticides

in soil water depend upon the dispersion

process

(g) Transient water and salt conditions in columns

of soil are currently under study. These con- ditions involve, among other complex processes,

the hysterltic moisture content-pressure re- lation and the rate dependence of this relation. The mixing processes in unsaturated

medium which have not been understood are als involved. Field experiments demonstrating

the importance of mixing in saturated and un- saturated soils have been completed. A com- puter program for predicting leaching of salts has been improved to include a variable K and mixing processes.

(h) "Chloride Displacement in Panoche Clay Loam

in Relation to Water Movement and Distribution," by R. J. Miller, J. W. Biggar and

D. R. Nielsen. Water Resources Research

1:63-73, 1965.

(4088) IRROTATIONAL FLOW OVER A VERTICAL, SHARP- CRESTED WEIR.
b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Water

Science and Engineering, Univ. of California,

Davis, California.

d) Theoretical, basic research.

e) A digital computer is used to carry out the approximate numerical solution of an exact

integral equation, derived by conformal mapping and singularity distribution, and describing the two-dimensional flow over weirs ranging in height from zero to infinity. Effect of rotationality on an inviscid flow is studied by a relaxation solution of the Poisson

equation in the stream function.

(g) A velocity distribution imposed as a boundary

condition far upstream from a free overfall results more closely in accord with experiment

than results of potential theory.

(h) 'Inviscid Rotational Plow with a Free Surface

and Gravity," by M. floayeri. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, 1965.

(4857) USE OP WELLS IN AREA DEVELOPMENT.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Water Science

and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis,

California

(d) Theoretical and field research including

doctoral thesis research.

(e) These studies are in progress: (l) Effect

of well interference on discharge and draw- down of individual wells; (2) Evaluation

of aquifer characteristics from transient

well discharge tests; (3) Dimensional analysis approach to groundwater flow in confined

and unconfined aquifers; (4) Optimum schedule

for cyclic operation wells; (5) Hydrologic

balance of a two-aquifer system under con- junctive use of imported surface and groundwaters; (6) Artificial recharge through in- jection wells into confined and unconfined

aquifers; (7) The potential for groundwater

recharge by trenches or down wells; (8) Groundwater recharge through a multiple well

system along a coastal aquifer.

(g) (1) A study on the combined effects of well interferences, location of aquifer boundaries

and variations in discharge on the piezometer

water table and well yields was made; (2) Simple graphical procedures were developed

for evaluating the hydraulic characteristics

in a confined aquifer pumped at a gradually

or stepwise changing discharge rate; (3) The relationships between drawdown, discharge and aquifer characteristics in confined and un- confined aquifers was analyzed and presented

in dimensionless form; (4) Guidelines for determining a cyclic pumping schedule to ob- tain a constant residual drawdown after each completed cycle are under study; (5) A mathematical model of a confined aquifer overlain

by an unconfined aquifer replenished by sur- face recharge is being formulated; (6) Numerical solutions for recharge into confined

or unconfined aquifers are being determined

by computer techniques and will be presented

in dimensionless form; (7) A study on the comparative capacity and cost of recharge

wells versus shallow ditches was performed;

(8) General criteria are being sought for the optimization of recharge well location and recharge .operations to prevent sea water

intrusion, in coastal regions.

(h) "Effects of Well Interference on Discharge

and Drawdown in Individual Wells," by

Y. M. Sternberg. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of California, Davis, 1965. "Determination of Confined and Unconfined \ Aquifer Parameters by Dimensional Analysis,"

by G. J. Kriz. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of California, Davis, 1965. "Simplified Solution for Decreasing Plow In Wells," by G. Aron and V. H. Scott. Jour. Hyd. Div., ASCE, HY5, pp. 1-12, 1965.. "Analysis of Data from Stepwise Throttle Pump Tests," by G. Aron and V. H. Scott.

In press, ASCE, Hyd. Division..

(5142) VARIABLE PLOW UNDER A VERTICAL GATE.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Water

Science and Engineering, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research, for Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) Time-dependent flows under sluice gate moving

vertically in its own plane are being studied

in a laboratory flume. A numerical, quasisteady, potential-flow analysis is being

developed to complement the experimental

investigation.

(g) The case of steady flow under a gate has been solved for gate-opening: total-head

ratios of 0.1, to 0.53.

(5143) PROFILE OF A WETTING FRONT ADVANCING IN AN IRRIGATION BORDER.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Water

Science and Engineering, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research

for Ph.D. dissertation.

(e) This is a special case of surge on a dry bed. Vegetation is simulated in a laboratory

flume by an array of uniformly distributed

vertical rods set into the bottom. Plow is introduced at the head end, and the passage

of the wave through the rods is measured

by electrical depth gauges. The unsteady

flow is being analyzed by a numerical method

related to the characteristic equations.

(5144) UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Water

Science and Engineering, Univ. of California,

Davis, California.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) A computer-implemented numerical solution is being developed for the one-dimensional con- tinuity, momentum, and energy equations of unsteady flow in canals of arbitrary cross- sectional form. A method is sought which

will permit automatic tracking of spontaneously formed shock-discontinuities in the profile. Under investigation are various

finite-difference and integral methods.

(g) An effective computer program has been developed for gradually variable flow with

surface profile discontinuities only at checks, siphons and pumping plants. Arbitrary

Initial and boundary conditions of depth,

velocity and discharge are easily introduced. Computations have shown satisfactory

agreement with field tests conducted in the Delta-Mendota Canal.

(h) "Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow in a Controlled

Canal System," by Theodor Strelkoff and J. Amorocho. Presented at XI Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Re- search, Lenlgrad, September, 1965. (Will be published in Proc. of the Congress.)

"Hydraulic Transients in the California Aque- duct," by J. Amorocho, T. Strelkoff, W. E. Hart and A. Babb. W. S. and E. Paper 1002:1-

73. June 1964. "Hydraulic Transients in the California Aque- duct," Report No. 2. J. Amorocho and T. S. Strelkoff. W. S. and E. Paper 1008:1-76. June 1965.

(5145) GENERALIZED ANALYSIS OP SMALL WATERSHED RE- SPONSES.

b) University of California.

c) Professor J. Amorocho, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation;

basic and applied research.

(e) (1) Studies on the mathematical theory of nonlinear systems with lumped and with distributed parameters. (2) Characterization

of time- and space-variable rainfall dis8
tributions. (3) Development of methods for

the establishment of nonlinear inflow-outflow

relationships for natural catchments.

(4) Laboratory and field application of (3) above

(g) A method has been developed for the charac- terization of gage level precipitation

patterns, which expresses the input to a hydrologic system in terms of the coordinates of a point in the catchment and time. This method has been applied to California watersheds and has led to the preliminary

establishment of criteria for the design of precipitation networks for hydraulic analysis. New equipment is now under test for the sim- ulation of special distribution of rainfall over a catchment.

(h) "Use of Laboratory Catchments in the Study of Hydrologic Systems," by J. Amorocho and W. E. Hart. Jour, of Hydrology 3:106-123, 1965.

"The Characterization of Gage Level Freclpita

tion Fatterns," by J. Amorocho and A. Brandstetter. In press.

5146) THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) University of California.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation;

applied research.

(e) Development of analytical criteria for the efficiency of energy dissipating structures

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Professor J. Amorocho and A. Babb, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

d^ Experimental, applied research,

e) Theoretical and experimental investigation

of discharge coefficients of radial gates under steady and unsteady states for the cases of simultaneous gate overflow and underflow, and for siturations of flow

reversal. The purpose of the study is to establish the theory and to obtain experi- mental data applicable to the analysis of surge problems in gate-controlled open

channel systems in which flow reversal can

be expected.

(5864) DEL VALLE DAM GLORY HOLE SPILLWAY.

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and A. Babb, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

d) Model studies for design development.

e) Study of glory hole spillway for a Calif,

dam. Investigation of the effect of the asymmetrical flow field created by the topography of the reservoir in the imme- diate vicinity of the spillway on the over- flow capacity. Effects of discharges from

the river outlet into the spillway tunnel

on the performance of the structure.

(

in terms of the characteristics of the flow

stream delivered and the shear stresses over

the boundary of the receiving channels. Experimental evaluation of efficiencies

from hydraulic model data,

(g) "Energy efficiency" and "shear efficiency" criteria have been developed as means of evaluating: (1) The effectiveness of a structure in dissipating energy; and (2) the scouring potential of the outflowing water. Experiments with a vortex- type energy

dlssipator, and with a classical open chute

structure, illustrate application of these criteria for designs based on hydraulic model investigations. In the course of recent studies, a comprehensive investigation of velocity distributions in flow area where the boundary layer is not fully

developed has been advanced.

(5861) THE MECHANICS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW SYSTEMS.

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and Prof. T. S. Strelkoff,

Dept. of Water Science and Engineering,

Univ. of California, Davis, California.

d) Theoretical and experimental investigations.

e) Comprehensive analytical and experimental

study of phenomena encountered in the operation of complex open channel systems

with multiple controls. Development of mathematical models of the systems for steady and unsteady state operation.

(g) Preliminary models for the study of hydraulic transients in gated channels have been

developed.

(h) "Hydraulic Transients in the California

Aqueduct," W. S. and E. Paper 1008:1-76. June 1965.

(5862) BEHAVIOR OF LARGE PUMPING PLANT SIPHONDISCHARGE LINES.

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and Mr. A. Babb, Dept.

of Water Science and Engineering, Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

(d) Hydraulic model studies.

(e) Investigation of energy losses due to air

entrapment at the crests of large pumping

plant discharge siphons due to the release

of air in solution from the water stream

due to pressure reduction near siphon

crests.

(5863) OVERFLOW AND UNDERFLOW DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

FOR RADIAL GATES.

(5865) MIXING CHAMBER FOR WATERS OF DIFFERENT

QUALITIES

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and Mr. A. Babb, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(d) Hydraulic model investigation for design

development

(e) Development of a mixing chamber for obtain- ing homogeneous quality in the mixture of two dissimilar water supplies. The optimization of this device is sought in terms of mixing qualities and minimum energy losses.

(5866) FLOW CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY OF TRANSITIONS AND CHECK STRUCTURES IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL.

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and Mr. A. Babb, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(e) Investigation of the flow conveyance effi- ciency of transitions and check structures

in the California Aqueduct. A detailed study of energy conversion effects was performed

on a 1:16 scale model of structures with

various inlet and outlet transition configur- ations.

f) Completed.

g) The design of the check structures was optimized; substantially smaller losses than those predicted by conventional design analysis

were obtained. Data for detailed analysis of the flow field in the zones of separation

were obtained.

(h) "Flow Conveyance Efficiency of Transitions

and Check Structures in a Trapezoidal Channel (California Aqueduct)," by Alan Babb and J. Amorocho. Water Science and Engineering Paper

1007, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering,

Davis, June 1965.

(5867) EFFECTS OF FOREBAY CONFIGURATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF VORTICES NEAR PENSTOCK ENTRANCES.

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and Mr. A. Babb, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(d) Model studies for design development.

(e) Study of flow field parameters affecting the formation of vortices near power plant pen- stock inlets.

(f) Completed.

9
(g) A new design involving the construction of a skirt wall overhanging the penstock inlets,

together with improvements in the inlet and approach channel configurations proved to be very effective in the total elimination of vortices created by unfavorable approach con- ditions.

(h) "Effects of Forebay Configurations on the Formation of Vortices Near Penstock Entrances,"

by J. Amorocho and A. Babb. Progress Report

No. 1. Water Science and Engineering Paper

1009, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering.

September 1965.

(5868) DEL VALLE DAM AND SPILLWAY.

b) University of California, Davis.

c) Prof. J. Amorocho and A. F. Babb, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, California.

d) Model studies for design development.

e) The study of a non-gated ogee-crested

chute spillway including the effect of upstream geometry upon the flow configurations within the chute. Shock wave patterns in the spillway were studied in some detail. This configuration includes

an auxiliary flood control outlet tunnel discharging through a large opening in the spillway floor which was tested for various combinations of flood control and spillway discharges.

f) Completed.

g) Shock wave patterns occurring in the open

chute were compared with predicted patterns

computed on the basis of conventional theory. Shock wave nodes were partially eliminated

by modifications in the configuration of

the chute.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1554) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

b) State of California.

c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Coordinator, Saline Water Conversion Research, University of Calif.,

1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover whether there is available any method for

the large-scale, low-cost demlneralization

of sea water. The project includes a number

of investigations, of which the following

have been active during 1964-65: (1) Multiple effect rotating evaporator; (2) evapo- ration by immiscible fluid heat transfer;

(3) vacuum flash distillation (low temperature difference method); (4) solar distillation; (5) electrodialysis tests; (6) freeze-separation; (7) ion exchange; (8) biological studies; (9) capillary control of vapor transfer gaps; (10) reverse osmosis

pilot plant; (11) thermodynamic and economic

analysis; (12) experimental heat transfer

studies; (13) transport phenomena near a liquid-vapor interface; and (14) fundamental

studies of corrosion processes. Investi- gations are being carried on at the Berkeley,

Los Angeles and San Diego Campuses.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from the progress reports and publications listed under (h) below. This project has been

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries have listed all reports prior to July 1964.

(h) The following reports and publications have been issued during the period since July

1964 and summarize the work to date: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES:*

"Evaporation Experiments With Wiped and Falling Saline Water Films," R. Webb, W. Unterberg & W. Gregson, Department of Engineering

Report No. 64-23, 123 pp., August 1964. "Field Tests on Osmotic Desalination Membranes,"

S. Loeb & S. Manjikian, Dept. of Engineering

Report No. 64-34, 28 pp., July 1964. "Saline Water Research," Project Staff, Dept.

of Engineering Report No. 65-1, 78 pp. January 1965. "Appropriate Electrolytic Additives in Cellu- lose Acetate Casting Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Membranes," S. Loeb,

Dept. of Engineering Rpt . No. 65-4, 175 pp. January 1965. "Semipermeable Desalination Membranes From Organic Casting Solutions," S. Manjikian, Dept.

of Engrg. Rpt. No. 65-13, 41 pp. Mar., 1965. "Corrosion Studies-Part 1- Theory of Organic

Corrosion Inhibitors. Adsorption and Linear

Free Energy Relationships, Part II - Capaci- tance and Transient Techniques in the Polari- zation of Iron," F. M. Donahue & K. Nobe,

Dept. of Engrg. Rpt. No. 65-17, 19 pp., April 1965. "Gradients in Temperature Across a VaporLiquid Interface Undergoing Steady-State

Evaporation," J.L. Dyer, R.L. Perrlne, Dept.

of Engrg. Rpt. No. 65-27, 59 pp., July 1965. "Corrosion Studies-Pt. Ill-Anodic Polarization of Impure and Higher Purity Nickel in

H 2 S01t ,

" R. R. Sayano, K. Nobe, Dept. of Engrg. Rpt. No 65-38, 35 pp. Sept. 1965. "Corrosion Studies - Part IV - Kinetics of Uninhibited Iron," F. M. Donahue & K. Nobe,

Dept. of Engrg. Rpt. No. 65-39, 46 pp, Sept.

1965. "Corrosion Studies - Part V - Kinetics of Consecutive Electrode Reactions on Iron,"

F. M. Donahue & K. Nobe, Dept. of Engineering

Report No. 65-40, 25 pp., September 1965. "Fassivity of Inconel in Acidic Chloride

Solutions," E. P. Koutsoukos & K. Nobe, Dept. of Engrg. Rpt. No. 65-41, 15 pp., Sept. 1965. "Corrosion Studies-Part Vll-Corroslon Inhi- bition of Iron With Aniline and Substituted

Aniline Compounds," F.M. Donahue, A. Akiyama

& K. Nobe, Dept. of Engrg. Rpt. No. 65-44,

44 pp., Sept. 1965. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY**

"Sea Water Entrainment in Low Temperature

Flash Evaporators," by E. I. Ewoldsen, P. Dattani, A. F. Mills, E. M. Stocking, Sea Water Conversion Lab Rpt. No. 64-3, 41 pp., December 1964. "1964 Progress Rpt., Berkeley & San Diego

Campuses," E.D. Howe et al, Sea Water Con- version Lab. Rpt. No. 65-1, 47 pp., Feb. 1965. "Saline Water Softening By Fixed-Bed Ion Ex- change Equilibrium-State Computation Method

for Multicomponent Systems," by P. Pandya,

G. Klein, & T. Vermeulen, Sea Water Conversion Lab. Rpt. No. 65-2, 40 pp., June 1965. "Multicomponent Ion Exchange In Fixed Beds Operated Under Equilibrium Conditions-Part 1- General Properties of Uniformly Presaturated

Beds Receiving Feed of Constant Composition,"

G. Klein, D. Tondeur & T. Vermeulen, Sea Water Conversion Lab. Rpt. No. 65-3, 59 pp., June 1965. "Multicomponent Ion Exchange In Fixed Beds Operated Under Equilibrium Conditions - Part II - Constant-Separation-Factor Systems?

by D. Tondeur, G. Klein & T. Vermeulen, Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report No. 65-3,

59 pp., July 1965. "Condensation On And Evaporation From Radially

Grooved Rotating Disks," by L. A. Bromley,

R. F. Humphreys & William Murray, Sea Water

Conversion Lab. Rpt. No. 65-5, 25 pp. July

1965. "Solar Distillation Problems in the Developing Countries," by E. D. Howe, ASME Paper No. 64-WA/S0L-7, presented at the Annual Meeting

of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers In November 1964. "Water Desalting," article by E. D. Howe, Annual Supplementary Volume of Encyclopedic

Dictionary of Physics, Pergamon Press, Ltd.

"Ion Exchange Equilibrium Data in the Design

of A Cyclic Sea Water Softening Process," by

G. Klein, M. Villena-Blanco & T. Vermeulen,

I & EC Process Design and Development, Vol . 3, p. 280, July 1964. "Behavior of Various Permselective Membranes

with Mixed Feeds," by S. A. Weiner, I & EC Process Design and Development, Vol. 4, Page

10
349, October 1965. •Requests for copies should be directed to: Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Dept. of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Requests for copies should be directed to: Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, University

of California, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) Measurement and prediction of drag coef- ficients and flow configurations about cylinders' during accelerated motion in fluids

as related to wave forces as cylinders

including effects of support flexibility.

(h) "Hydroelastic Vibrations of Circular Cylinders," by G. L. Fritzler and A. D. K. Laird. Univ. of California IER Rept. HPS-64-2,

August 1964. "Behavior of a Flexibly Supported Cylinder

in a Fluid Stream," by W. J. MacLean, A. D. K. Laird and J. W. Brewer, Univ. of California

IER Rept. HPS-64-3, November 1964.

[4562)

(b)

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

Calif. 94720. Experimental; basic research. Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as ex- pressed by the development of alternate

bars. It is the aim of this study to de- velop criteria for stability.

(f) Concluded.

(g) It was found empirically that it is pratically impossible to create the characteristic alternate bars based on reversing secondary currents in laboratory

flumes with smooth vertical banks. Under the same average flow and sediment conditions in the same flumes the alternate bars appear if rough sloping

banks are substituted. The bank

friction is used to explain the creation

of the bars.

(h) "A Study on Meandering in Straight Alluvial

Channels," by H. A. Einstein and H. W. Shen, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 69, No.

24, December 15, 1964, pp. 5239-47.

(3675) CLAY TRANSPORT.

(b) National Science Foundation and California

State Water Resources Center.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Determination of the friction factor

of flocculated clay deposits using mud

from San Francisco Bay.

(f) Terminated.

(g) The 1000-ft channel is used to measure

the friction characteristics of mud de- posited in flowing salt water. The mud

surface is hydraulically smooth except

in periods of active scour or deposi- fb) tion when the irregularities increase (d) the friction up to twice the value of the smooth surface. No extraneous (e) materials such as vegetation were con- sidered on the bed.

(367 7) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wlegel, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (4933)

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California 94720. Experimental; applied research. Airborne vehicles supported by annular jets have a lift considerably in excess of that

due to the jet momentum when operating in

a region close to the ground. The dynamic

lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base

pressures, and intake pressures are being

measured for such a vehicle operating over both calm water and water with surface gravity waves present.

Completed.

OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS.

U. S. Public Health Service. Basic research. This study is concerned with the various phenomena involved in the diffusion of sewage at the discharge end of an ocean

sewer outfall. Completed.

Recent work has been done on the mixing of warm water jets being discharged horizontally

at the surface of a body of water. ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Theoretical; basic research. Given a sufficiently long record of the input and output of a stationary system that may

include nonlinearities, the purpose is to develop a predictor for arbitrary inputs.

Computer program is written that has enabled

close prediction of the output of an experi- mental nonlinear system to a sine wave having an amplitude and frequency well within

the limits of the random input used to de- velop the predictor. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR FLOOD ROUTING.

U. S. Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

Office.

Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Theoretical; basic research. Various models are being fitted to experi- mental floods induced by spillway releases

from reservoirs on the Missouri River. Principal limitation has been found to be accuracy of channel data. COASTAL SAND MOVEMENT.

Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Experimental; laboratory and field. This investigation is concerned with the transportation of sand by both wind and

waves.

"Sand Loss from a Coast by Wind Action,"

by J. W . Johnson and A. A. Kadib, Proc

9th Conf . on' Coastal Engineering, 1964. "Study of High Water Levels in San Fran- cisco Bay," for Bay Area Rapid Transit

Dist., November 1964, 15 pp., app. and

figures, by J. W. Johnson.

"Sand Movement Near Point Reyes, California,"

by John Cherry, Shore and Beach, Vol. 33, No. 1, April 1965.

(4932) GROUND WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT.

(g)

(4565)

(1=)

(o)

it)

(g)

(4930)

(b)

15)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; applied

research. Study of the physical conditions within a basin so that ground water levels at any

point can be predicted for any future time for given recharge and discharge conditions. Subsequently, study of alternate methods

for operating the basin to obtain an eco- nomically optimal system. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.

11
(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Analog model and digital computer methods

are being used to predict salinity, tidal amplitudes, tidal elevations, and fresh

water flows in the Sacramento-San Joaquin

Delta Region.

(4934) WAVE DIFFRACTION AND REFRACTION

(b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington,

D. C.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination by model tests the diffraction

and refraction characteristics of wind

waves. Also, model studies of the "Machstem" equivalent of water waves.

(g) A study is being made on the diffraction of waves over a channel dredged through a sub- merged reef.

(h) "Two Dimensional Spectrum of Wind Waves, by

Ismail Mobarek, IER Tech. Rept. HEL 1-6, January 1965, 186 pp.

"A Non-Linear Problem in Surface Water Waves, by John A. Williams, IER Tech. Rept. HEL 1-5, October 1964, 246 pp.

(5435) SEAWALL OVERTOPPING BY WIND WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The intensity of overtopping of a seawall by wind waves was investigated for various water depths in front of the seawall.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Overtopping of Wind Waves at a Sea Wall as Affected by Water Depth," by Paul W. Merkens,

Shore and Beach, Vol. 32, No. 2, Oct. 1964.

(5436) BAR RESISTANCE IN DEGRADING CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory research, supported by California

State Water Resources Center.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) An equilibrium flow is established and measured. Then the same flow is repeated

with reduced sediment feed and the effect

on the flow is observed.

(f) Terminated.

(g) Only minor deviations have been observed,

indicating that slowly degrading flows may

be caluclated like equilibrium flows. Only

few sediment conditions have been tested to date

(5437) DEPOSIT OF SILT IN A GRAVEL BED BY WATER

FLOWING OVER THE BED.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The rate at which fine sediment is deposited

in artificial spawning grounds for salmon

and other fish has been determined. The sediment carrying flow is recirculated over gravel beds in laboratory flumes.

(f) Terminated.

(g) The fine sediment deposits at a rate that

is proportional to the concentration. The concentration decreases exponentially. The

"half life" is proportional to the water

depth and inversely proportional to the settling velocity.

(h) Final report to the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation under preparation.

(5438) SHAPE OF CROSS SECTIONS IN RIVER BENDS.

(b) Laboratory research, supported by the California State Water Resources Center.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d)

(e)

(5439)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(s)

(h)

Experimental

Ph.D. thesis

A circular fl which various

cross section sections are minimum of pa these paramet

the flow and sections are WAVE FORCES.

with statistical analysis,

ume has been constructed in flows are established and established. The cross statistically described by a rameters and the change of ers established In terms of sediment parameters. River

equally analyzed.

Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Wash., D. C. Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

Determine by model tests the forces exerted

by waves on coastal structures. Theoretical

studies of statistical properties of wave forces

Forces exerted by bores on structures are being studied theoretically and experimentally.

"Wave Forces on Piles: Tables and Graphs,"

by R. H. Cross and R. L. Wiegel, IER Tech.

Rept. HEL 9-5, June 1965, 57 pp.

"A Statistical Theory for Hydrodynamic

Forces on Objects," by Leon E. Borgman,

IER Tech. Rept. HEL 9-6, Oct. 1965, 33 pp. (5816) GROUND WATER FLOW IN THE CAPILLARY ZONE.

!b) Water Resources Center,

c) D. K. Todd,

d) Experimental; basic research,

e) A sand model with steady ground water

flow was employed to study flow in the capillary zone, its relative magnitude,

and its importance in relation to flow

in the saturated zone,

(h) Report in preparation.

(5817) SHIP WAVES IN NAVIGATION CHANNELS.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Prof. J. W. Johnson, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical, laboratory and field ex- perimental basic research study.

(e) The characteristics of waves generated

by ships moving at various speeds In shallow water are being Investigated.

(5818) TRANSMISSION OF WAVE ENERGY THROUGH RUBBLE

MOUNDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Johnson, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The transmission of wave energy through

three scale models of rubble structures

was conducted with rubble size and wave characteristics as the principal variables.

(h) "Wave Transmission Through Rubble," by

Hideo Kondo, M. S. Thesis in Engineering,

Univ. of Calif., Sept. 1965.

(5819) WATER TABLE AND TOPOGRAPHY RELATIONS.

(b) Water Resources Center.

(c) D. K. Todd.

id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) It is planned to study by hydraulic models

the effect of various topographic configurations on the shape of the water table.

(5820) TRANSPORT OF SILT THROUGH POROUS MEDIA. National Science Foundation.

Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California-- Experimental and theoretical basic research. Silt-carrying water is flowing at various

directions through porous media. The deposition, transport and erosion of the silt are studied as a function of silt size, 12
concentration and density, and of the flow

velocity.

(f) Literature survey shows very little information.

UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA, Institute of Industrial

Cooperation, Department of Engineering.

(5872)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

STUDY OF THE OPERATION OF FLOAT CONTROLLED

VALVES FOR IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project supported by the University of California's Water Resources

Csnt 61* • Prof. E. H. Taylor, Univ. of California,

Dept. of Engrg., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024. The project was primarily experimental in that empirically determined characteristics

were employed in the attempts at analysis.

Project was the basis of a Ph.D. dissertation.

The work is being done for the purpose of arriving at design criteria for float oper- ated valves. An existing valve and float were tested for head loss characteristics

buoyancy requirements and transient response

properties. A theory of operation was

developed and compared with observation. Agreement was encouraging.

A first phase of the project is complete.

Additional aspects are currently being explored.

It has been possible to arrive at equations

amenable to solution by digital computer to predict the behavior of a particular valve

and float combination. The techniques are being refined in an effort to determine the necessary hydraulic and mechanical charac- teristics which will result in the design

of a valve which will operate in a predetermined manner.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKLEY, Dept. of Naval Architecture.

(4083)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(4084)

(b)

(c)

(g)

DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIPS.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. J. R. Paulling, Dept. of Naval Architecture, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Theoretical and experimental.

The linearized equations of motion for two

ships operating on parallel courses are formulated. Coefficients appearing in these equations are being evaluated by

captive model techniques. Analog and digital means of solving the equations are being studied. Rudder forces and moments, interaction

forces and moments, and velocity and acceleration derivatives have been found experimentally for two models operating

on parallel courses. SHIPS OF MINIMUM RESISTANCE. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Dept. of Naval Architecture, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Theoretical applied research.

The general aim of this work is to find com- puter designed ships of minimum "total" re- sistance, subject to various restraining

conditions. Here "total" resistance means

the Michell wave resistance plus the equivalent flat-plate frictional resistance. Computations reported earlier produced ships with rather wavy lines. Increasing the num- ber of terms in the Fourier series describing

the ship has produced smoother lines, which

do not, however, 'smooth' the earlier ones. A model has been made and tested corresponding to Froude number 0.29.

(4570) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SEMI -SUBMERGED OSCILLATING BODIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy , continued under ONR.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Dept. of Naval Architect

ture, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To determine the response of a floating body

in a seaway, it is necessary to know the magnitudes and phases of hydrodynamic forces

and moments acting on this body. In the linearized analysis the total pressure at any point takes the form of two terms: (a) exciting pressure dependent upon the waves

only: (b) pressure dependent upon the geo- metry and motion of the body and independent

of the waves. These two terms are being

measured on: (l) A prolate spheroid; (2) A ship-like form. First the models are attached rigidly to the dynamometers, towed in waves and the pressure distribution, total forces and moments

measured. Then the models are oscillated

sinusoidally in still water and again the pressure distribution, total force and moment measured. The results will be com- pared with theoretical calculations.

(g) Both the models have been tested in still water as well as in waves. The results

indicate that the wave forces and moments

follow the general trend as predicted by

Krylov's Theory. For the oscillating

models in still water, the longitudinal

distribution of virtual mass and damping

have been determined experimentally.

(h) "Measurements of Heave and Pitch Moments Act- ing on a Restrained Shiplike Model in Regular

Waves," by Hou-Wen Huang. Univ. of Calif. IER Report No. NA-64-11, December 1964. "Measurement of Pressures and Hydrodynamic

Forces on a Shiplike Model Oscillating in e Free Surface," by Hou-Wen Huang. Univ. of Calif. IER Report No. NA-65-1, Jan. 1965.

(4971) SHIP RESISTANCE IN IRREGULAR WAVES.

[g)

(h)

(5301)

(b)

(c)

(d)

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architecture,

College of Engineering, University of Calif.,

Berkeley, California 94720. Experimental; applied research.

The previous resistance measurements of ship models in uniform waves will be used to predict the total added resistance in irregular waves of known spectral content.

The predictions will be compared with experiments in irregular waves of various

spectral contents and severity, combined with

a number of model speeds. To test the validity of the linear theory for the prediction of resistance of ships in ir- regular seas, a wave, containing only two com- ponents of the uniform waves, was used. In the first set of experiments individual wave steepnesses were approximately 1:70. The resultant combined wave was rather severe and green water was washed over the deck. The measured resistances in the combined waves

were higher than the addition of the measured resistances in the component waves predicted. On the second set of experiments the steep- nesses of the individual waves were reduced

to approximately 1:160. The measured resis- tances in the combined waves agreed well for

the intermediate speeds, but were somevihat higher than predictions for low and high

speeds

In preparation.

SHIP SLAMMING.

U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Maritime Administration . Prof. H. A. Schade, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Experimental and theoretical; applied reIZ.
(e)

(S)

(h)

(57 74)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(h)

searcn. The purpose of the project is to investigate

the impact loads (pressures) caused by

slamming and the response of the ship structure to these loads. The capacity of the testing equipment is as follows: (a) 1/4 scale models; (b) total model weights up to 40,000 lbs; (c) drop height up to 10 ft. above the still water surface. Preliminary results for an extra stiff flat model indicate that: (a) For lower drop

heights the peak pressure varies nearly as

the square of the impact velocity; (b) the pressure is proportional to the deceleration

(for the range 10 to 30 g). More experiments

in preparation.

Report in preparation. HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING. University of California-Berkely and David

Taylor Model Basin.

Prof. J. V. VJehausen, Dept. of Naval Architecture, College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, California 94720. Theoretical, experimental.

Some experimental results suggest that air trapped under the flat bottom of the falling

model, is cushioning the impact and reducing the peak pressures for slamming. A preliminary

theory has been developed to take into consideration the entrapped air. Preliminary results indicate that the theory

(under e) gives pressure -time curves that agree reasonably well with the experimental results. More detailed experiments are in preparation.

"On the Cushioning of Water Impact by Entrapped

(h)

(5258)

Air, by G. Lewison and W. preparation)M. Maclean. In

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Department

Civil Engineering.

of

(3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE

MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) Experimental part was supported by the National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. B. S. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engrg.,

The Catholic University of America, Wash.,

D. C. 20017.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by

a highly viscous liquid flowing between

closely spaced translucid plates on a number of models with geometric boundaries

representing various types of earth dams on impervious foundations and earth massives

crossed by open channels. Experimental part concerning earth dams and

earth massives on impervious foundations

completed. The theoretical part of the research completed for the case of rapid drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theo- retical research of cases of gradual drawdown, of non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater

condition, and the drawdown in canals was

continued for the reported period. It is in- tended to continue it farther for the coming

year.

(g) An approximate function, relating by

dimensionless parameters, the shape and

the position of free surface of flow through the earth dam, following rapid

reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the

dam, was obtained theoretically and confirmed

by experiments.

(h) "Nichtstationare Sickerstromungen in homogenen Erddammen und Erdkorpern," pp. 280 Doctoral dissertation at the Rheinisch- Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen,

1961. The book is available at the library

of the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa 2, Ontario, Cat. No. TC543-B88.

(3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE

GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA. Laboratory project.

Dr. B. S. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engrg.. The Catholic University of America, Wash.,

D. C. 20017. Basic research. Research is based on long range flow and meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation

data on U.S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated in order to obtain river regime characteristics.

Completed.

Classified discharges for long range gauging

stations are calculated. Characteristic

parameters for river classification of the area are obtained, water-balance in the basin

is calculated; average, maximum and minimum

run-off for the period of available obser- vations is analysed. Historical variation

of flow and climatic factors were investigated . "Seasonal Variations of Flow and Classification of Rivers in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Basin". Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Pub. No.

11, pp. 179-204, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964. "Donnees Fondamentales sur l'Hydrologie des Rivieres dans le Bassln du Saint-Lauren",

pp. 448. Dissertation of the "Doctorat d'Etat es Science" at the University of Grenoble. The book is available from the author. ANALYTICAL METHODS OF CALCULATION OF THE UPLIFT ACTING ON GRAVITY DAMS BUILT ON PERVIOUS BASES. Laboratory project.

Dr. B. S. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engineering. The Catholic University

of America, Wash., D. C. 20017. Theoretical

Mathematical solution from recent foreign

literature is collected, summarized

and presented primarily for dam designers. Use of generally available tables of special

functions is proposed to facilitate designers

to apply in practice these highly efficient

new methods.

Completed. "Nouvelle Methode d 'Application de Ouelques

Fonctions de la Variable Complexe aux Calculs

des Sous-Pressions Agissant sous les Ouvrages

de Retenue". La Houille Blanche, No. 1, Dec. 1964, pp. 803-814, Grenoble.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering

Section

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agric.

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Supervisor, Agricultural Engineering Section.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow are being made at high ele- vations in Colorado and New Mexico mountain

areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal rivers in the interest of irrigation, power, domestic

supplies, and other uses. Investigation of the area at headwaters

of the Fryingpan-Arkansas will be made

to determine the need for additional

snow courses. Additional installations may be necessary to forecast stream-flow

for the project,

(g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty-four

gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico. As forecast procedures improve, additional

streams will be forecasted and other areas

of potential power and irrigation development will be Investigated on the Colorado,

14
San Juan, Animas and Arkansas Rivers,

(h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers Nos. 817, 818, 819 and 820 covering monthly snow reports for

all of Colorado and New Mexico. Nine small basin reports and one two-state bulletin

covering the South Platte River watershed; Arkansas River watershed; Rio Grande watershed in Colorado; Rio Grande watershed in New Mexico; Dolores River watershed; San Juan and Animas River watershed; Gunnison

River watershed; Colorado River watershed;

Yampa, White and North Platte River watershed; Lower South Platte River watershed. Supplemental reports are Issued January 1, May 15, and June 1. "Progress Report of Steamboat Project." "Second Progress Report, of Steamboat Project."

(821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION

TO PUMPING.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Assistant Civil Engineer

and Mr. Harold R. Duke, Jr., Civil Engineer.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) Semi-annual measurements of the depth to the water table in approximately 635 observation wells are presently being obtained. The Ground Water Branch of the U. S. Geological

Survey, Denver, Colorado are cooperating

in furnishing measurements for about 130 wells. The observation wells are primarily

existing irrigation wells in the South Platte and Arkansas River Basins, the High

Plains area of eastern Colorado and the San Luis Valley. Electrical Power and Natural

Gas Consumption data are compiled and estimates of groundwater pumpage made. The purpose of the project is to detect -areas of ground-water depletion, to develop

relationships between gross pumpage and respective ground-water reservoir storage volume changes, and acquire basic data for ground-water studies in the various areas

of Colorado.

(g) Ground-water levels of the spring of 1965

are generally down as compared to the spring

of 1964 In the South Flatte and Arkansas

River Basins and the San Luis Valley. Con- siderable ground-water pumpage Is continuing

in the High Plains area of eastern Colorado

with some increase In pumping lifts resulting.

Reported electrical power consumption by

electrical pumping during 1963 in Colorado

amounted to approximately 190,000,000

kilowatt hours for 9295 pumping units.

(h) "Colorado Ground-Water Levels - Spring

1965," CER65HRD-MMS29, byH. R. Duke and

M. M. Skinner.

(2770) TURBULENCE STUDIES IN LIQUID USING ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENON

(b) National Science Foundation,

lc) Dr. J. E. Cermak.

(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) The primary objective of the study is to determine the interaction between velocity

fluctuations produced by turbulence in the liquid flow and electrokinetic potential

fluctuations generated at a liquid-solid

interface. Knowledge gained by this study

will be applied to developing techniques

for measuring turbulence characteristics in luquids.

(g) Probes constructed with electrode pairs have

been used to measure the distribution of turbulence Intensities (three components)

and the turbulent shear stress across a diameter of a circular pipe. The distri- bution measured in water agree with those obtained by Laufer in air using a hot-wire

anemometer

(h) "Streaming - Potential Fluctuations Pro- duced by Turbulence," by G. J. Binder

and J. E. Cermak, The Physics of Fluids,

6 (8), August 1963.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING

DEVICES.

(b) Northern Plains Branch, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA.

c) E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer.

d) Experimental, laboratory investigation;

applied research, operation and development.

(e) New and improved devices and techniques for measurement of irrigation water are being

developed. Specific objectives are

(1) Design, evaluation and calibration of trapezoidal measuring flumes, (2) Design and evaluation devices for combined water measurement and control, and (3) Development of a probe using the drag on a suspended wire to indicate total flows, velocity distributions

and forces on sediment particles.

f) Completed.

g) The development of trapezoidal measuring

flumes is continuing. Flumes with cross- sections corresponding to common slipform

concrete ditches have been designed and calibrated

Two shapes of broadcrested weirs were evaluated with respect to their ability to measure flows accurately under high

degrees of submergence.

(3398) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOW.

(b) National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education

and Welfare, Washington, D. C.

c) Dr. J. E. Cermak.

d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) The objective of this project is to de- termine the Influence of geometrical factors

(land surface roughness, topography,

structures), and thermal and aerodynamical

factors (turbulence intensity and scale) upon atmospheric diffusion of heat and mass.

"Laws of modeling" or "similitude parameters" are sought by obtaining detailed data under

various conditions in the wind tunnel and

by comparing them with similar data now existing for the atmospheric prototype.

(g) Application of a hypothesis of Lagrangian

similarity to particle motions in a turbulent shear flow near a solid boundary has yielded similarity parameters and relationships between them which correlate the windtunnel diffusion data and available diffusion

data obtained in the atmospheric surface

layer.

(3400) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOW IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.

d) Theoretical, laboratory experiment.

e) Both laboratory and field studies have been

conducted. A tilting flume was used in the laboratory, and a portable truss to carry

a measuring carriage was used in the field. The purpose is to relate roughness in small channels to flow resistance.

(g) Resistance to flow in small channels does

not follow the same relationships established

for large channels. The standard deviation

of peak to valley heights was found to be a significant parameter, and a spectral density

description of roughness is being tested.

(3704) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COLORADO

BENTON ITE IN SEALING IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) State of Colorado.

lc) R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Project Leader

(d) Field investigation; applied research and development

(e) The work consists of three stages: (1) Inventory of clay deposits in Colorado with

!

15
emphasis on those potentially usable in sealing canals and reservoirs. (2) Lab- oratory evaluation of clays from (l) above.

(3) Field trials in canals and reservoirs

with best clays found in (l) and (2) and evaluation of sealing results (initial and with time)

f) Completed.

g) Inventory and Testing -- A total of 321 samples of Colorado clays were collected

and tested in the laboratory.

Development of Deposits and Field Trials -- Eight deposits have been developed com- mercially. Clays from these deposits were used in 132 trials in canals and ponds

during the three year project.

(4099) WAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BODIES OF REVOLUTION

WITH MOMENTUM ADDITION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(cj Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Acting Dean of Engineering.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) Turbulent and mean flow characteristics of wakes formed behind axisymmetric and eliptical bodies have been studied experimentally in a wind tunnel using hot-wire

anemometers. Theoretical studies have

lead to explanations of all observed phe- nomena . f) Completed.

h) "Decay of Turbulence in Axisymmetric Wakes",

N. H. C. Hwang and L. V. Baldwin, Paper

accepted for publication in ASME Transactions (early 1965)

"Three Dimensional Turbulent Wakes," by

Y. H. Kuo, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, August 1965. "The Formation of Elliptic Wakes," by Y. H. Kuo and L. V. Baldwin, paper submitted to Journal of Fluid Mechanics (1965).

"The Diffusion and Decay of Turbulent Elliptic Wakes," by Y. H. Kuo and L. V. Baldwin, paper submitted to AIAA Journal, (1965). "Instrument for Measuring the Intermlttency

of Quasi-Steady Signals," by C. Finn and V. A. Sandborn, CSU Fluid Mechanics Paper No. 3 (1964)

(4100) INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF

SEQUENCES.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor of Civil Engineering.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The study of fluctuations of river flow and precipitation has been contined.

(g) The time dependence models of annual values

and monthly values have been determined for

samples of several hundreds of river flow

and precipitation stations.

(h) Hydrology Paper No. 6, "Inter-station Cor- relations in Annual Precipitation and in Annual Effective Precipitation," by James E. Caffey, June 1965. Hydrology Paper No. 8, "Probability Functions

of Best Fit to Distributions of Annual Pre- cipitation and Runoff," by Radmilo D. Markovic,

August 1965. Hydrology Paper No. 9, "Similitude for Non- Steady Drainage of Partially Saturated Soils,"

by G. L. Corey, A. T. Corey and R. H. Brooks,

August 1965. Hydrology Paper No- 10, "The Application of Surplus, "Deficit, and Range in Hydrology,"

by Vujica M. Yevdjevich, September 1965. Hydrology Paper No. 11, "The Analysis of Range with Output Linearly Dependent Upon Storage,

by Mirko J. Melentl Jevich, September 1965. Hydrology Paper No. 12, "Conditional Proba- bilities of Wet and Dry Years Over Large

Continental Areas," by Subin Pinkayan, November 1965.

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and U. S.

Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor of Civil Engineering, A. H. Barnes, Assoc. Prof.

of Civil Engineering and G. L. Smith, Asst.

Prof, of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research

(e) A 825-ft long, 36-in. diameter conduit, movable on 43 supports on a hillside, is used as the main experimental facility to simulate and record free surface waves in pipes. The same waves are computed by using

a digital computer and then a comparison

is made. The ultimate purpose is a development of a set of routing methods to suit the desired accuracy and the quality of the initial and boundary data. The experimental part of the hydraulic study

has progressed sufficiently during 1964 so that

the analysis of data is underway.

(g) The analytical study for directing the research is being completed.

(h) "Predictability of Free-Surface Profiles for Steady Non-Uniform Flow In a Circular Cross- Section," by A. H. Barnes, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, August 1965.

(4106) GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. R. A. Longenbaugh, Junior Civil Engineer

and M. W. Bittinger, Associate Civil Engineer.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research

(e) It is the purpose to study the operating

characteristics of ground water reservoirs

in Colorado. Specific studies include (1) natural recharge from ephemeral streams,

(2) electric analog study of High Plains

aquifer, (3) evaluation of natural recharge

to High Plains aquifer, and (4) development

of a general mathematical model, for solu- tion on a digital computer, that can be adopted to particular ground water aquifers

to relate the effect of the various para- meters on the aquifer.

(g) (1) Kiowa Creek data analysis reveals in- fluence of ephemeral stream flow on irrigation wells. (2) Electric analog model has provided preliminary estimates on the quantity of water that can be pumped from

the High Plains Aquifer. (3) Mathematical models have shown importance of priority

of rights, aquifer characteristics, ground water pumping and consumptive demand on management of an integrated surface-ground water system.

(h) "Geologic Control of Ground Water in the Kiowa-Wolf -Comanche Creek Area in Central Adams County, Colorado," by John Romero,

M. S. Thesis, Colorado State University,

August 1965.

(4108) WATERSHED HYDROLOGY.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Prof, of Civil Engineering, and Dr. Brian M. Reich, Asst. Professor

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The research is concerned with floods from

small watersheds. It is being pursued in three phases: (1) Assembly of research data from actual floods on small watersheds, (2) physical experimental studies on a large

rainfall-runoff simulation area, and

(3) theoretical studies of the relation

between flood hydrographs and the rainfall

and catchment factors that affect them.

(f) Phase one is active, data collection having

progressed well; Phase Two Is active in the planning stages, and Phase Three is active in the initial stage.

(g) The leads to stream flows and rainfall data, that have been established, will be carried

to the conclusion of punching all the infor- mation onto cards. The programs developed

thus far will be improved so that the ob- served and theoretical hydrographs can be

16
obtained at maximum speed from an x-y- plotter. Additional multi-variate analyses

on such items as total runoff volumes, peak

rates of runoff will be completed. Theoretical considerations of runoff, and probability approaches will be pursued,

(h) "Rapid Flood Peak Determination on Small Watersheds," by Brian M. Reich. Paper

No. 64-709 ASAE Winter Meeting, New Orleans, December 1964

(4110) TURBULENT AIR MOTION IN THE HIGH ROCKIES

IN RELATION TO THE WATER YIELD OF UPPER

WATERSHEDS.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

d) Field, basic and applied.

e) The structure of the turbulent wind eddies,

which produce the exchange of momentum

between atmosphere and ground in the high

mountains, is unknown. Yet these have

sufficient force for the most part to blow

the snow away from the mountain slopes above

timberllne. This snow in part drifts into high-altitude basins where it accumulates in depth augmenting the summer water supply; in part it drifts on slopes where it readily

evaporates. Much interest has been shown in the possibility of channeling the drift so that a substantially higher fraction goes

into the basins. Technologically this appears to be feasible. But any construction

is dependent on knowledge of the turbulence

spectrum, especially on the first day following snowfall. In order to determine this

spectrum, a first installation containing

electronic wind and temperature measuring

instruments have been established above timberllne in the Central Colorado Rockies.

(4112) THE DISCHARGE OF MAJOR WESTERN RIVERS IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

d) Basic research.

e) The discharge of major western rivers

(Colorado, Columbia, Sacramento, Rio Grande) has fluctuations with the order of magnitude

of the mean annual discharge itself. These fluctuations are brought about mainly by

variations in precipitation yield and by variable evaporation. Heavy precipitation may result from seasonal conditions

favorable for the recurrence of cyclones

over headwater areas. High evaporation,

requiring weeks of abnormally dry and warm

conditions, must be a manifestation of general circulation anomalies of longer

duration. The objective of the study is

(1) to separate the "systematic" and "random" components of the precipitation, and (2) to determine the controls for the systematic

anomalies of precipitation and evaporation.

(f) Completed.

(4606) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN TURBULENT SHEAR

FLOW.

(b) Department of the Army.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Mr.

E. J. Plate, Assoc. Professor, and Mr.

V. A. Sandborn, Associate Professor;

Dr. H. Chuang, Asst. Prof., Dr. G. J. Binder, Asst. Prof., and Dr. R. M. Meroney,

Asst. Prof., Engineering Department, CSU.

(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral theses.

(e) The effects of surface roughness and surface heating or cooling upon the structure of turbulence in boundary layer flow will be determined. The flows Investigated will be those existing on the heated or cooled floor

of a wind-tunnel test section 6 x 6 ft in cross section and 80 ft long. Space-time

correlations, joint probability densities,

spectra and intensities of the turbulent velocities and temperatures will be ob- tained by hot-wire techniques and special

analog computers employing magnetic tape

input

Efforts are being made to determine the diffusion characteristics for instantaneous

point and line sources of heat and mass

located within the turbulent boundary layer. This work is another way in which the effect

of vertical temperature gradients and the turbulent boundary layer effect the turbulence

structure

(g) A 2.5 x 10 inch diameter, 90% platinum-10^

rhodium wire was evaluated as a resistance

thermometer. From steady state evaluation

of the wire physical properties the transient response of the wire was predicted. The predictions agree well with measured time constants for the wire. The bare wire with

a detection current of 0.1 milliamps will

have a sensitivity of approximately .07 millivolts per F. The frequency response of the wire in still air is 3200 cycles per

second and this increased to approximately

6000 cycles in a moving air stream of 100 feet per second. The recent measurements of spectra within tYe neutral turbulent boundary layer over the roughened floor of the wind tunnel show very close agreement with turbulent spectra

reported for water flow in an ocean tidal channel and for air flow of the sea surface.

(h) "A Resistance Thermometer for Transient

Measurements," J. L. Chao & V. A. Sandborn,

Fluid Mechanics Paper No. 1, CSU, 1964. "Instrument for Measuring the Intermittency of Quasi-Steady Signals," by C. L. Finn and V. A. Sandborn, Fluid Mechanics Paper No. 3, Colo. State University, 1964.

"A Three-Dimensional Single Roughness Element

in a Turbulent Boundary Layer," by H. W. Tiele- mand and V. A. Sandborn, Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory, CSU, April 1965. "Evaluation of the Turbulent Energy Dissipation

From the Time Derivative Measurements," by C. Y. Liu and V. A. Sandborn, Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory, CSU, April 1965. "Vertical-Velocity Fluctuations in Thermally

Stratified Shear Flows," by J. E. Cermak and

H. Chuang, Proceedings of International .Collo- quium on Fine Scale Structure of the Atmosphere, Moscow, USSR, June 1965.

(4608) TURBULENCE DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM.

(b) Department of the Army and National Center

for Atmospheric Research.

(c) V. A. Sandborn, Associate Professor.

(d) Laboratory development.

(e) The system employing magnetic tape input

is designed to yield the following information: (1) spectra (103t0 lO^cycles/

second), (2) Joint probability densities,

(3) root-mean- squares, and (4) space-time

correlation

(4612) TRANSPORT OF PARTICLES THROUGH UNSATURATED

SOILS.

(b) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bureau of State Service.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural Engrg.

id) Applied; experimental.

(e) The objective of this research is to de- termine to what extent the transport of solid particles by water flowing through

soil may be affected by the degree of saturation of soil. The term "soil" is interpreted broadly as including sands and gravels as well as agricultural soils. The

solid particles to be considered in this study will be of sizes and shapes corres- ponding to that of viruses.

f) Active, continuing.

g) A considerable amount of data has been

17
accumulated which show that soils (and even

sand) have a considerable capacity to adsorb virus-like particles. If, however,

a continuous supply of these particles are supplied over a period of time, sand will eventually lose its capacity to retain additional particles. Under the latter

conditions virus-like particles may be transmitted for considerable distances

through sands (even fine sands). Soils having even a small amount of clay can retain a vastly greater quantity of virus

particles than clean sands. The mechanism

is apparently physical adsorption rather

than entrapment.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR.

(b) Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads,' Hydraulic Research Division.

(c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Associate Professor and

Dr. H. W. Shen, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A theoretical study of the mechanics of local scour is under way to develop basic equations for determining local scour. Basic experiments will be undertaken

simultaneously to assist theoretical de- velopment . (h) "Time Variation of Bed Deformation Near

Bridge Piers," by H. W. Shen, Y. Ogawa and

S. S. Karaki, International Assoc. for Hydraulic Research Eleventh International

Congress, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. , Sept. 1965.

(5161) CHANGE IN QUALITY OP DRAINAGE EFFLUENT FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS USING A VISCOUS FLOW ANALOGY MODEL.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assoc. Civil Engineer,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The study is designed to determine quality

change (with time) of tile drainage

effluent under various aquifer and geometry

conditions

(g) Results - Dimensionless curves have been

prepared relating quality of effluent to time, permeability, porosity, tile spacing, and distance above impermeable layer, and recharge rate for uniform aquifers.

Additional studies are being conducted on layered aquifers.

(5164) FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

Civil Engineering Section and Northern

Plains Soil and Water Conservation Re- search Division, ARS, USDA

(c) Dr. H. J. Koloseus, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental laboratory and basic research which involves staff and graduate student participation leading to M.S. and Ph.D. degrees

(e) This project has the general objective of developing and improving devices and techniques for the measurement of irri- gation water. The present activity includes:

(l) The further development of the semi- conductor strain gage method of measuring

velocity in pipes and open channels and its utilization to measure the velocity

distribution above and very close to both

smooth and rough boundaries in open channels,

and (2) continued studies of the trapezoidal

measuring flumes, control structures for alluvial channels and other metering devices.

(g) A suspension wire probe involving use of semiconductor strain gages has been developed

to measure average velocity in pipes and essentially point velocities in open channels. The probe is being further modified

to measure velocity very close to boundaries.

Also, a pipe Insert flow meter is being

developed

(h)

(5165)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(h)

[5393)

(e)

[5394)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(5395)

"Pipe Insert Flow Meter," by M. S. Abadallah and D..B. Simons, Nov. 1965,

(final report). HYDRAULICS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Civil Engineering Section.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Associate Dean for

Research, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Basic hydraulic research. This research is in hydraulics oriented

toward agriculture and irrigation. The principal areas under study Include, fall velocity, sediment transport, resistance to flow In alluvial channels with limited re- search on rigid boundary hydraulics

including loss In bends and the mechanics

of flow In alluvial channels.

A study has been completed on the fall velocity of gravel size particles. Reports

are in preparation on resistance to flow

in open channels, bed material transport

in open channels, and design of stable channels. "Sedimentary Structures Generated by

Flow In Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons,

E. V. Richardson and C. F. Nordin, Aug. 1965. "Unsteady Movement of Ripples and Dunes Related to Bed-Load Transport," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson and Carl F. Nordin,

Jr., 1965. "Behavior of Geometric Particles Falling

In Quiescent Viscous Fluids," by Glen E. Stringham. Aug. 1965. "Analysis of Change in Size of Bed Material

Along Alluvial Channels," by Tariq Rafay,

1964. MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER RESERVOIRS - SUR- FACE WATER SUPPLIES. Colorado Water Conservation Board.

M. W. Bittinger, Associate Professor. Theoretical and experimental; and applied

research.

A study of operation and management of ground water reservoirs which are in hydraulic

connection with appropriated stream flow.

It is the purpose of this study to develop

practical conjunctive-use plans so as to alleviate water right conflicts, increase beneficial use and stablize water supplies

for junior appropriators

Completed.

Systems analysis studies have been completed

on simple hypothetical stream-aquifer systems. ECONOMICS OF WATER TRANSFER: TUTIONAL APPRAISAL.

AN INSTIState of Colorado Experiment Station - Western

Regional Project W-81.

L. M. Hartman,.D. A. Seastone and R. L. Anderson. Theoretical ,. field investigation, basic re- search and applied research. The study was set up to investigate and com- pare various organizations and procedures,

which control the use of water in terms of their respective acheivement of allocatlve

efficiency. Also, to Investigate and esti- mate demand functions for water in various uses and investigate complimentary and com- petative relationships between uses, with

emphasis on the implications of these re- lationships for organizational arrangements.

The project has just been initiated and present accomplishments include a rather

comprehensive study of the organization of the Northern Colorado Conservancy District. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AFFECTING WATER SUPPLIES ON IRRIGATION PROJECTS.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

R. E. Dils and J. R. Meiman.

Field investigation; applied research.

18
(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the use of dye solutions as a method of determining water yields from watershed subdivisions, (2) to test snow

surface additives for the suppression of evaporation and control of snow melt and

(3) to study such additional watershed

management measures as are suggested by the work and which offer promise of successful application to Bureau projects.

(5396) EXPERIMENTAL ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STUDY- ARICKAREE RIVER.

b) Colorado Ground Water Commission.

c) Mr. Robert A. Longenbaugh, Assistant

Research Engineer, CSU.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design and operation.

(e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the feasibility and practicality of artificial ground water recharge with Eastern

Colorado ephemeral-stream flood flows using

temporary low-cost structures. The project

will include the design and evaluation of several different types of recharge struc- tures . (g) Structures were designed and constructed

on two artificial recharge sites. Data were collected for two floods in June prior to the destruction of the project

by the July 24 flood. Analyses of data and consideration on reconstruction of the project are underway.

(h) Progress Report #PR170 - Artificial

Ground Water Recharge on the Arickaree

River Near Cope. July 1965.

(5397) PUMPING PLANT EFFICIENCY STUDIES.

(b) KC, Highline and YW Rural Electric Associations, Kansas-Nebraska and Plateau Natural

Gas Companies, and Colorado Farm Power

Council

(c) Mr. R. A. Longenbaugh, Assistant Research

Engineer, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Field investigation and operation.

e) This is a part of an interdepartmental

study that Is being conducted to determine

the pumping costs for the deep well turbine irrigation pumps in Eastern Colorado. Both Natural Gas and Electric pumping plants will

be evaluated. Efficiency data will also be used to calculate the total quantity of water pumped from the aquifer.

(g) Efficiency data has been collected on 68 wells In 1964 and 235 in 1965. These wells

use deep well turbine pumps in Eastern

Colorado using electricity, natural gas, and liquid petroleum gas for power.

(h) Final report on observed efficiencies of the 303 wells and a discussion of the causes of low-efficiencies will be published by

January 1, 1966.

( 5398 ) ELECTROKINETIC-POTENTIAL- FLUCTUATION

METHOD FOR INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT

FLOW.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics in charge of Fluid Mechanics

Program, Civil Engineering Section,

Foothills Campus, CSU.

d) Experimental and basic research.

e) A systematic study Is being made of the response of electrode probes to electrokinetic fluctuations produced by turbulence

in flowing water. An effort is being made

to determine directional sensitivity of the probes and to optimize their design for use

in measuring turbulence characteristics in water. Work in the effect of dissolved

salts and different electrode materials on response of the probes Is underway.

(h) "Measurement of Turbulence in VJater by

Electrokinetic Transducer," by J. E. Cermak

and L. V. Baldwin, Fluid Mechanics Paper

No. 2, Colorado State University, April 1964.

1

"Turbulence Measured by Electrokinetic Trans- ducer," by H. Chuang and J. E. Cermak, Journal Hydraulic Division, ASCE 91 (2) 1965.

(5399) TURBULENT DIFFUSION OF GASES.

b) U. S. Army Electronics Material Agency.

c) J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics in charge of Fluid Mechanics

Program, Civil Engineering Dept., Foot- hills Campus, CSU, and E. J. Plate,

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering

Dept., Foothills Campus, CSU.

d) Experimental and basic research.

e) Turbulent diffusion of tracer gas in the turbulent boundary layer is being studied. Two main problems are being studied; (1) turbulent diffusion downstream from a 2- dimensional "hill" and (2) diffusion over and in a simulated vegetated region. In both

cases the boundary layer is stratified by

either heating or cooling.

(h) "Modeling of Velocity Distribution Inside and Above Tall Crops," by E. J. Plate and A. A. Ouvaishi, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Volume (3), June 1965.

"The Velocity Distribution Downstream From

a Two-Dimensional Model Hill," Part I, by

E. J. Plate and C. W. Lin, Fluid Dynamics

and Diffusion Laboratory, CSU, April 1965.

(5400) CHEMICAL SEALING OF WATER CONVEYANCES.

(b) State of Colorado.

(c) Mr. R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and development.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop

practical, fast and low-cost design pro- cedures for utilizing chemicals, such as NaCl and NaCO, for pond sealing purposes.

The work is including laboratory evaluations and field trials.

(g) Three field trials have been installed and

are being evaluated.

(5401) DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOWS.

(b) Health, Education and Welfare, State Services

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics and In-Charge of Fluid Mechanics

Program, and Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Acting

Dean, College of Engineering.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A study of turbulent diffusion in turbulent boundary layers with varying degrees of thermal stability is being conducted in the micrometeorological wind tunnel. One specific

goal is to determine the effect. of molecular diffuslvlty of a diffusing gas upon

the overall diffusion rate.

(5402) RESEARCH INITIATION - MEANDERING IN STRAIGHT ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) H. W. Shen, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

(e$ This is to study the generation of secondary

currents between the smooth and rough

boundaries in an open channel. The development of secondary currents in the flow is the cause of forming alternating scour holes

(commonly known as meander pattern) on the alluvial channel bed.

(f) Temporarily discontinued.

(g) The generation of secondary currents in open channel was found to be associated

closely with both the presence of rough

boundaries and the unsteadiness of the main flow.

(h) Under preparation.

(5403) SLOT JET INVESTIGATION.

(b) Kalium Chemical Limited.

(c) V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor.

(d) Experimental; basic research.
(e) The diffusion of submerged circular and two- dimensional Jets have been well studied. This investigation refers to slot jet

deflection, with various width-length ratio

of slots. The time-average velocity dis- tributions, as well as flow rate, momentum

and energy changes with distance from the orifice are investigated.

f) Completed.

g) The distribution of velocities as function

of length-width ratio of slot jets have been

determined. As a result of the research

on the project, Slot Jet Investigation, the following paper was published: "Diffusion

of Slot Jets with Finite Orifice LengthWidth Ratios," by V. M. Yevdjevich, Dec.

1965, CSU, Hydraulics Paper No. 2.

(5404) REMOTE SNOW MEASURING DEVICE.

(b) Jointly with Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation . c) Jack N . Washlchek, Supervisor, USDA and SCS.

d) Field investigation; operation and development . (e) This device Is a 12-foot diameter pillow

filled with antifreeze which indicates water

content of the snow at the site. This Is achieved by the use of a manometer In- dicating pressure on the pillow. This data can be recorded on standard A-35 or F Recorder or telemetered to any area for reception. Purpose is to develop some instrument to gather continuous data relating

to snow pack In the mountainous areas. It will also indicate duration, and intensity

of each snow storm. This equipment could be installed in unaccessible areas. Six more remote sentinels will be installed in the Steamboat Springs area. These will be capable of telemetrying the information to Steamboat Springs.

(g) The remote snow measuring device installed

at Berthoud Pass last year accurately

measured the water content of the snow at the site. Some problems encountered, gen- erally were attributed to the expansion of

the methanol. This year a closed system will be used to eliminate the diurnal change.

(h) "History of Snow Pillow at Berthoud Pass," by Jack N. Washlchek, Sept. 1965.

(5405) GROUND WATER IN HIGH PLAINS OF COLORADO.

b) Plateau Natural Gas Company.

c) M. W. Bittinger, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Section.

d) Thesis.

e) A study of ground water management problems

and needs in the High Plains of Colorado.

f) Completed.

g) Natural ground water recharge Is negligible

to potential development and sound management

is needed, based on physical, legal and economic considerations.

(5406) EVALUATING STREAM POLLUTION IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER NEAR DENVER, COLORADO USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.

(b) Civil Engineering Section, Engineering Re- search Center, Colorado State University,

Ft. Collins, Colorado.

(c) M. M. Skinner.

(d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) Four film types (black and white, black and white lnfra-r,ed, color and color Infra-red) have been used to photograph a stretch of the South Platte River in the vicinity of Denver, Colorado. The purpose of the study

Is to (l) Detect the location of outfalls;

(2) observe the photographic impression of pollution in the stream; (3) determine film types most suitable for detecting stream pollution; and (4) develop photo interpretive

techniques applicable to stream pollution

studies In general.

(f) Completed.

(5407) WATERSHED ENVIRONMENT AND MICROBIAL DYNAMICS.

b) Public Health Service, Water Pollution.

c) S. M. Morrison, Colorado State Univ., Dept.

of Microbiology.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) A study of the effects of physical and biological environmental factors upon the microbial dynamics of mountain water sources with emphasis upon improved laboratory and field methods. To gain information on the subject of surface water pollution by com- prehensive study of the physical, chemical,

and biological factors which affect the growth, survival, and distribution of bacterial organisms that are potential

enteric pathogens or that are potential

indicators of water pollution. Study

area in field is the Cache LaPoudre

River at elevation 6000/9000 ft. Lab- oratory studies include refrigerator water-bath simllator of the microbial

environment

(g) An improved membrane filter—enrichment

medium technique developed for detecting

(enteric bacteria) and urea utilizing

organisims. Patterns of relationship be- tween total bacterial counts and Escherichia

coll and the relationship of the organisms

to the physical environment have been determined.

(h) "Behavior of Selected Enteric Bacteria in Varying Quality Natural Water," by C. W. Hendrlcs and S. M. Morrison. Bacteriological Proceedings, 1965, p. 12. "Effect of Stream Flow on the Coliform and

Total Bacterial Content of a Mountain Streamy

by S. M. Morrison and J. F. Fair. Bacteriological Proceedings, 1965, p. 12-13. "Stream Environment and Microbial Dynamics," by J. F. Fair and S. M. Morrison. Hydrology

Monograph Series, Colorado State University,

No. 13, 1965 (In press)

(5408) GEOLOGIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN BOGS AND MEADOWS.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(c) B. C. Goodell.

(d) Field investigation and thesis.

(e) The basic objectives of this study are:

(1| To map bedrock of study area(s):

(2) to log the overlying regolith(s);

(3) interpret the information obtained

in terms of geologic history and current characteristics of water recharge,

storage, and discharge; and (4) to conduct limited tests of these inter- pretations with tracer techniques.

(g) (Field data collected - analysis in progress.

)

(5409) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS-SEDIMENT YIELDS, AND STORM HYDROLOGY OF TWO SMALL COLORADO

FRONT RANGE WATERSHEDS.

(b^ Colorado Game, Fish, and Parks Dept.

(c) E. E. Farmer.

(d) Field Investigation and Thesis.

(e) The major objectives of this study are

to: (1) Determine present watershed

use and conditions contributing to sediment production and movement and depressed water quality; (2) determine

stream bank, channel, and stream dis- charge conditions contributing to sediment production and movement and depressed water quality; and (3) deter- mine present water quality as related

to flow regime. These studies are being

conducted on selected tributaries of the North Fork of the Cache LaPoudre

watershed.

(5410) WATER UTILIZATION STUDY - ARKANSAS RIVER

BASIN-COLORADO.

20
b) State of Colorado.

c) M. M. Skinner, Asst. Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section Foothills

Campus, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation and applied re- search.

(e) A water resource inventory (ground water and surface water) and water utilization study for a 15-county area

in South Eastern Colorado. Summary

of potential water users to benefit

from a new trans-mountain water diversion

project and alternate plans for use. Summary of future water needs. Com- pilation to he used for planning new

developments in the area.

(f) Completed.

(g) A summary of historic ground and sur- face water uses in the Arkansas Valley

consisting of Appendices listing historic records is included in the final

report with a hrief discussion of future needs and possible development.

(h) Water Utilization Study Project No. Colorado P-30/Arkansas Valley Region. CER65MMS20

(5411) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF SUBSOIL WATER IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF AND

INTO DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

(e) The work underway in Colorado is for the purpose of perfecting techniques of porous

media modeling. When these techniques have

been perfected sufficiently a laboratory

model of a large field installation will be constructed in the Hydraulics Laboratory. Work to date has established what soil parameters need to be taken into account when a model media is selected. The theory has been

tested by comparing laboratory models of different sizes and materials and found to be valid.

(g) Using the techniques developed, it will be possible to solve many problems associated

with flow into drains that are much too com- plex for analytical solutions.

(h) "Properties of Porous Media Affecting Fluid

Flow," by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey. A manuscript prepared for publication in Trans- actions of the ASCE.

(5112) HYDROMETEOROLOGY OF WESTERN RIVER BASINS.

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) H. Ri.ehl and J. Rasmussen.

Id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to find relationships between the large-scale

circulation features of the atmosphere

as they affect precipitation over large western watersheds. The study covers daily precipitation and longer period

precipitation extending to months and

seasons. Computations of daily precipitation minus evaporation from moisture

flux computations are being computed with

the purpose of obtaining estimates of the evaporation over the basin. The watersheds studied are the Colorado River

Basin and the Sacramento River Basin.

(g) The precipitation regimes of the Colorado river basin have been determined and some circulation features associated with wet

and dry periods have been found and the results published in reports listed below.

(5413) IMPACT OF LAND USE ON WATER QUALITY WITHIN

A FORESTED MOUNTAIN WATERSHED.

(b) Experiment Station, Mclntyre-Stennis

(c) James R. Meiman.

id) Field investigation; basic research,

(e) The objectives of this study are to

assess present water quality characteristics within a forested mountain watershed at varying natural flow regimes under land use conditions of limited development to non-use, and to measure

the effects of multiple land use manage- ment—including road construction, logging,

recreational developments, and grazing

on water quality.

(5876) HYDRAULIC OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW GRADIENT BORDER CHECKS IN THE MANAGEMENT

OF IRRIGATION WATER.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and Office of Water Resources Research: Agricultural Research Service (Cooperator)

(c) Dr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept.

(d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) Determine water application efficiencies for

low gradient border checks. Determine the limitations of border checks under different

cropping practices. Determine effectiveness

of automation on low gradient border checks. Develop design criteria for low gradient border checks.

(g) The project began on July 1, 1965 and as yet

no significant results have been obtained.

(5877) FLOW OF SUBSOIL WATER IN PROXIMITY OF DRAIN- AGE FACILITIES.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Department

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research,

and applied research.

(e) To develop methods for the construction and operation of laboratory models of systems

involving flow from soils into drains.

(g) Criteria of similitude for flow in partially

saturated soils have been developed theoreti- cally and tested experimentally. The tests have shown these criteria of similitude to be valid.

(h) CSU Hydrology Paper No. 9.

(5878) DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF EVALUATION OF RESULTS OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER

RESOURCES PROGRAMS.

fb) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. D. I. (c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich.

id) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) The objectives of this research are: (1) to develop criteria for selecting mountainous drainage basins for general and experimental weather modification procedures; (2) to evaluate the hydrologic characteristics of river flows from basins selected for experi- mental weather modification purposes; and (3) to develop mathematical and statistical tech- niques for evaluating the attainments of experimental weather modification programs.

(g) Research still in progress.

(5879) WATER STORAGE MANAGEMENT.

(b) Office of Water Resources Research, U.S. D.I.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich.

(d) Theoretical and basic research.

(e) The objective of this research is to deter- mine the optimum method of water storage for any selected watershed or region on the basis

of climatic, geomorphic, ecologic and other characteristics

The term storage is here taken to mean the beneficial retention of water by impounding

reservoirs, groundwater recharge, snow accu- mulation, and/or watershed management practices. The optimum method of storage is that which

achieves the most economic balance between

the value of water lost from beneficial use by

evaporation or other causes and the cost of storage utilization.

f) Discontinued.

g) Project replaced by Project 5881, on which

research is still in progress.

21
(5880)

(d)

(e)

(5881)

(e)

(5882)

(b)

(g)

(5883)

(e)

(5884)

STUDY OF CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY IN A GROUND WATER RESERVOIR. Office of Water Resources Research. Robert A. Longenbaugh, Asst. Research Engineer,

CSU. Field investigation operation and applied

research.

A field study was conducted near Severance,

Colorado, to determine the extent and cause

of their ground water quality problem. De- velopment of research techniques and experience in ground water quality investigations

was one of principal goals. Ground water quality in the Severance area of Colorado Is Influenced by geology, fertilizer

practices, feedlot contamination, oil field

brine disposal and individual influences can

not be differentiated. WATER STORAGE MANAGEMENT.

Office of Water Resources Research, U.S. D.I.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich.

Theoretical and basic research. The objective of this research Is to deter- mine the optimum method of water storage for

any selected watershed or region on the basis

of climatic, geomorphic, ecologic and other

characteristics

The term storage is here taken to mean the beneficial retention of water by impounding

reservoirs, groundwater recharge, snow accu- mulation, and/or watershed management practices.

The optimum method of storage is that which

achieves the most economic balance between

the value of water lost from beneficial use by

evaporation or other causes and the cost of storage utilization. Research still in progress (continuation of Project (5679). EVALUATION OF THE TOTAL WATER RESOURCES OF

THE KIOWA -BIJOU BASINS OF COLORADO. Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Robert A. Longenbaugh and Harold R. Duke, Research Engineers, CSU. Field investigation and applied research.

All available data will be analyzed to evaluate the total ground water and surface water resources of the Kiowa-Bijou watersheds. Analyses will be made on the required accu- racy of the data and suggestions made for the collection of the required data for management of the water resources. Quantities of Water in storage, present pumping rates, annual natural recharge and projected pump withdrawals have been computed

for the Kiowa-Bijou Basin. USE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN MAKING ACCURATE

DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS IN PIPELINES.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Robert W. Filmer and Jack C. Schuster. Experimental, theoretical and applied

research

To study the turbulent diffusion of a solute injected into a pipeline so that the accuracy

of indirect flow measurements can be predicted. DESIGN FLOODS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID

AND SEMI-ARID WEST.

(e)

(g)

(5886)

w

(e)

(g)

GO

(5887)

(g)

research.

The purpose of this study is to develop a nozzle of such a geometry that the hydrodynamic forces produced thereby will deploy

a flexible hose under a free water-surface

The study is (1) to determine the hydrodynamic properties of various nozzle geo- metries; and (2) to determine the hose dia- meter-discharge relationships for a stable hose position. Nozzle geometries have been determined to produce predictable forces on the end of a hose. Additional field tests are proposed

to be made. DEVELOPMENT OF TELESCOPING TUBES FOR USE

IN SOLUTION MINING. Kallum Chemicals Limited. George L. Smith (CSU); B. P. Edmonds,

Mining Manager (Kalium Chemical Limited)

Experimental, theoretical; applied

research, design; development.

The purpose of this study is to design, construct and test a telescoping tube with a reactive head at the discharge

outlet. The telescoping tube to have

an O.D. range from 3-1/4 to 1 in., and to be tested under various conditions of discharge and buoyancy.

Development of telescopic tubes and theoretical curves for determining maxi- mum length of the nested tubes for given

t/D = thickness/diameter-and submergence

conditions of fluids of different specific gravities. Maximum deflection of

the pipes for given lengths and fluid characteristics has been determined also.

Preliminary' report in preparation. STUDY OF THE HYDRAULICS OF FLOW THROUGH SOLUTION CAVITIES. Kalium Chemicals Limited.

Dr. E. P. Helvingston, Kalium and Dr. A. H. Barnes, CSU. Experimental and basic research. This is a basic observational study to (1) determine the characteristics of the fluid

motion within a solution cavity; and (2) to identify those parameters relating geo- metry, discharge rate and specific gravity

of the effluent brine from a solution cavity. Two experimental facilities have been con- structed to observe the phenomena. Each represents an 18° cylindrical sector of an assumed solution cavity. One approximately

8 inches high by 24 inches long and the larger 5 feet high by approximately 15 feet

long. The ultimate purpose will be to better understand the physical process of solution mining as it applies to watersoluble salts. Preliminary quantitative studies have indi- cated the general pattern of circulation

as predicted. Certain anomilies are at- tributed to the character of the salt blocks (livestock) used. Natural rock

salt blocks will be used to observe whether

or not the same phenomena exists. STUDY OF RIPPLES AND RIPFLE BED STRATIFICATION

WITHOUT AND WITH SUPERPOSED WIND-GENERATED

WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Land Management, Dept. of the Interior

(c) Dr. Brian M. Reich.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Knowledge is sought of floods in arid and semi-arid regions, their probability, hydrographs and relation to rainfall and basin

parameters

[5885) HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF FLEXIBLE TUBES.

(b) Kalium Chemicals Limited.

(c) Mr. B. P. Edmonds, Kalium and Dr. A. H. Barnes, CSU.

(d) Experimental, development and applied

(5889)

(b)

Marathon Oil Company, Littleton, Colorado.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Associate Dean for Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Experimental and basic research.

A study of the characteristic stratifications

of ripples generated at the sand-water inter- face in alluvial channels with and without

wind generated water waves at the air-water

interface

STABLE ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. National Science Foundation.

H. W. Shen, Associate Prof, and D. Simon,

22
Professor.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The objectives of this project are to study:

(l) The shear distribution on the rigid

boundary of channels with different cross

section shapes. (2) The effects of sedi- ment load; seepage force, flood plain material and hydraulic conditions on the ultimate

stable channel cross section based on the variation of shear distributions along the boundary.

(5890) CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER RESERVOIRS AND ADJACENT SURFACE WATERS.

(b) The Office of Water Resources Research,

Dept. of the Interior.

(c) S. M. Morrison, Prof, of Microbiology, Colorado State University.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The objectives of the research are (1) to determine the chemical and biological

relationships between ground water and adjacent surface flows under laboratory

conditions and (2) to determine the changes in physical and biological charac- teristics of ground water reservoirs as a result of man's activities in a specified

natural location. Laboratory studies will be done in models of

a ground-water surface flow system with

known chemical agents and bacteria used as markers to study flow, movement and adsorption. The field studies will be at selected

sites adjacent to a stream to study ground water movement and quality as related to the geology and man made structures.

(5891) DIFFUSION OF ENTRAPPED GASES IN RESPONSE TO INTERFACIAL ENERGY.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) A. T. Corey, Dept. of Agr. Eng., Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Experimental, theoretical and basic research.

e) A study of the process whereby a gas in Isolated pockets (surrounded by liquid)

diffuses from porous media under the in- fluence of Interfacial energy. The object

is to develop and to test equations describing the rate of diffusion of entrapped gas

from porous media.

(5892) FLOW INTO SUB-SOIL DRAINS.

b) CSU, Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) A. T. Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

(d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research

and development.

(e) Development of techniques for modeling systems

involving drainage from soils.

(g) A theory of similitude for flow in partially

saturated porous media ( and applicable to drainage from soils) was developed. The criteria of similitude resulting from this theory were tested experimentally and found

to be valid.

(h) CSU Hydrology Paper Number 9.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engineering.

(5701) STUDIES OF BRANCHED OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. W . DeLapp, Department of Civil Engrg.,

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80304.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the division of flow in an open channel as influenced by the angle of the branch, the Froude number upstream, the ratio

of the width of the branch to the width of

the main channel for sub-critical flow.

(h) Master's thesis will be completed early in

1S6S and will be available on loan from University of Colorado library. "Studies of Branched Open-Channel Flow," by Barada Sarma.

(5702) REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTS ON THE EAST SLOPE OF

THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE.

b) Army Research Office.

c) Dr. John W. Marr, Director of Arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80304.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) A continuing project started in 1951 with measurements of air and soil temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind, snow depth and soil moisture at four stations ranging from 7,000 to 12,300 feet elevation. Solar radiation measurements

started in 1964.

(g) A master's thesis on the relationship of geographic parameters and storm movement to precipitation is now being completed by

Civil Engineering graduate student.

(h) The thesis by Donald Richard Minges will be available in 1956 on loan from University

of Colorado library.

(5703) ENGINEERING-HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF WATER

RIGHTS

(b) Office of Water Resources Research, Dept.

of the Interior.

(c) Dr. J. Ernest Flack, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80304.

d) Field investigations; applied research.

e) A case stream is being studied in detail to identify the physical quantities of water

described in the legal water rights as to priority, yield and timing of the diversions. These are being correlated with stream flow

to determine the inter-relation of legal and hydrologic definitions of the rights.

(g) Preliminary results include evaluation of

the effect of urbanization on downstream

irrigation withdrawals. Low flow analysis

of the case stream at various locations and with different end-of-season dates have been

made

(5704) ANALYSIS OF TOTAL WATER USE.

(b) Office of. Water Resources Research, Dept.

of the Interior.

(c) Dr. J. Ernest Flack, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80304.

d) Field investigation.

e) The goal of this study is the determination

of total water use of selected municipalities

and industries. Total water use includes

withdrawals, consumptive use and return flow. The effects of price and climate on water

consumption will be considered.

(g) Water consumption by categories of usersresidential, industrial and commercial—have

been determined for Boulder, Denver and Colorado Springs, Colorado and Monterrey,

Mexico. The effects of metering and climatic factors on water use have been investigated. Changes in water use and revenue

from water sales overtime have been investi- gated and some conclusions regarding pro- jections have been made.

(h) "Analysis of Total Water Use by Selected

Cities and Industries," by Fortunato Martinez.

M. S. thesis published through cooperation

of the Natural Resources Center, Colorado

State University.

(5705) STABILITY OF STONES IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. Ernest Flack, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80304.

(d) Experimental, basic research, for Master's

thesis

(e) This study is an experimental investigation

of the scour of stones subjected to high

velocity flow in an open channel. The loss

!

23
(h)

of material from the test section is being (5737) correlated" with parameters such as the mean

velocity of flow, the bed velocity, the note

of flow, depth of flow, slope of channel, (b) and diameter and weight of the stones. (c) Suspended.

Empirical relationships have been developed (d) correlating the scour of the stones with various flow and geometry characteristics. (e) No specific results have been obtained but

some general conclusions regarding scour of stones have been made. "Stability of Stones Under Flowing Water," by Nazlr Joonejo. M. S. thesis, now in pre- paration, will be available on loan from

the University of Colorado library, Boulder, (5738) Colorado

IS)

(d)

(e)

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, School of Engineering.

BOUND- ROCK EROSION PROTECTION FOR HIGHWAY

DRAINAGE DITCHES. Connecticut State Highway Department and Institute of Water Resources.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Experimental, applied.

Develop application of scientific erosion- protection method to highway ditches. Experiments will provide necessary design data and develop construction methods for low-cost installations

RECOVERY OF DEPTH OF SCOUR FLOATS RELEASED

DURING FLOODS. Department of Civil Engineering.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Hydraulics Research

Laboratory, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn.,

Storrs, Conn. 06268. Field investigation; for master's thesis. Floats devised by W. B. Moeller were re- leased in Connecticut and Willimantic

Rivers during spring 1964 peak flows. Floats were brightly marked and had in- structions and a return postcard visible

from the outside. A float capable of reporting by radio is now being designed.

Design of reporting floats temporarily sus- pended: probable subject of doctoral thesis. M . S. Thesis available on loan from Wilbur

Cross Library, University of Connecticut,

Storrs, Connecticut 06268. "Depth of Scour by

Detection of Release of Buried Floats" by W. G. Moeller, 1965. See also Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory item 5488.

FLOW IN A WIDE FLAT TRIANGULAR CHANNEL. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Experimental, basic. Measurement of water-surface configuration

approaching drop-off at the end of a smooth

channel with horizontal grade line. Suspended.

Importance of lateral components Is evident but unaccounted for in presently

available theories. Turbulence intensity

seems uniform over entire width. DISCHARGE FROM CIRCUMFERENTIAL WEIRS. Department of Civil Engineering.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Experimental; master's thesis. Head measurements and nappe measurements

for water flowing out of vertical pipes

and spilling out over their horizontal

peripheries

(f) Completed.

(g) M. S. Thesis available on loan from Wilbur

Cross Library, University of Connecticut,

Storrs, Conn. 06268. "Discharge Over a Cir- cumferential Weir," by Chaa Song Shu, 1965.

[5739)

(b)

(h)

(5769)

(b)

(f)

REDUCTION OF RIVER HEAT POLLUTION BY TURBULENCE STIMULATION. Institute of Water Resources.

Prof. V. E. Scottron, Civil Engineering Dept. Box U-37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Experimental; applied research for master's

and doctoral theses. The objective of this work is to break up stratification of heated river flows by

generation of heavy turbulence. The labora- tory program will investigate a variety of turbulence generating devices, including

systematic roughness, in low-speed air flows. STUDY OF DISTURBANCE ON THE FREE SURFACE OF

ROTATING FLUIDS. Laboratory project.

Dr. J. D. Lin, Civil Engrg. Dept., Box U-37,

Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for both master's and doctoral theses.

A theoretical and experimental study of the scattering of the disturbance generated on the free surface of rotating fluids. A rotating

tank of 5' in diameter and 3' in depth is used for the experiments.

A STUDY OF VISCOUS FLOW PAST A SHIP. David Taylor Model Basin, Navy Department.

Dr. J. D. Lin, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Box U-37, University of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Theoretical, basic and doctoral thesis. Calculation of Potential Flow over the hull of

a ship generated by singularity distribution. Calculation of the boundary layer along the streamlines on the hull. Investigation of the wake and wave resistance of the hull form. Only intermediate results available. Quarterly progress reports since January 1965. FILTER EROSION PROTECTION. Water Resources Institute.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U-37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268. Basic research, experimental.

To determine whether finest-grained non- cohesive and/or cohesive materials can be protected by Terzaghi-Vicksburg inverted

filter.

In progress.

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, INC.

(5193) THEORETICAL STUDY OF HYDROFOIL FLUTTER

CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221.

(d) Applied research (theoretical).

(e) The purpose of this investigation was to formulate the two-degree-of-freedom flutter

determinant of a two-dimensional hydrofoil

near the free surface and, then, to com- pute flutter boundaries for various values

of system parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Despite large effects of the free surface

on hydrodynamic loading, systems having

two-degrees of freedom (pitching and

plunging) have flutter characteristics

nearly independent of submergence depth.

A foil free only to pitch may experience

serious Instability due to proximity of a free surface, however.

(h) "Flutter Analysis of a Hydrofoil Near A Free Surface," by P. Crlmi and J. M. Grace. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report

No. BB-1629-S3. August 1965.

24
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF FORCES AND

MOMENTS ON AN OSCILLATING HYDROFOIL WITH AN OSCILLATING FLAP.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical (h) Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221.

(d) Applied research (theoretical).

(e) The objective of this study is to compute the

lift, total moment and hinge moment for a fully-wetted oscillating hydrofoil with an (57 75) oscillating flap from the exact, linearized,

two-dimensional potential solution. The solution to be used takes full account of the surface waves caused by the hydrofoil. (b) (f) Completed.

(h) "Forces and Moments on an Oscillating ( c ) Hydrofoil with an Oscillating Flap," by

J. M. Grace and I. C. Statler, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report No. BB-1798- (d) S-l, January 1955. (e)

63) UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A TWO- DIMENSIONAL FULLY CAVTTATED HYDROFOIL.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical (f) Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, (h) New York 14221.

(d) Applied research (theoretical).

(e) The purpose of the project is to determine

the steady and unsteady forces and moments

on a fully cavitated hydrofoil operating

near a free surface. The approach being (5776) taken to this general problem is to use linearized flow theory to examine the forces

and moments on a fully cavitating flat plate (t>) executing either steady or harmonic motion

near a free surface. Full account is taken (c) of the gravity waves generated by the motion

of the foil-cavity system and cavitation numbers greater than or equal to zero are considered.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "A Note on the Problem of an Oscillating

Supercavitated Hydrofoil Near a Free Sur- face," by J. M. Grace and I. C. Statler, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report No. BB-1935-S-1 in preparation.

64) AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF

SCATTERING FROM WATER WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. James W. Ford, Head, Applied Physics

Dept., Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory,

Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, N. Y. 14221.

(dl Applied research (experimental).

(e) The purpose of this research was to investigate certain aspects of microwave scattering

from water waves. In particular, relationships were sought between characteristics of the waves and their Doppler spectra for backscattering. The program included experi- mental and analytical work. In the experi- ments a forty-foot wave tank was used for producing gravity and capillary waves with

a wide range of characteristics, and a small X-band CW Doppler radar provided the radar

measurements. The analytical work included

a study of viave kinematics and the analysis

of several possible mechanisms of scattering

by water surfaces.

Jf) Completed. (b)

(g) A formulation of the physical optics theory (c) applicable to microwave scattering from water

surfaces has been developed. The special (d) case of backscattering from simple gravity waves has been investigated, and expressions (e) obtained for the scattering amplitudes from both smooth waves and rough waves. A simple model based on the assumptions that individual area elements of the water surface scatter Independently with a Lambert's law distribution, and that the power scattered (f) from an element is Doppler shifted in accord (h)

with the fluid velocity at the element has been considered in detail. Applications of

this model to trochoidal waves have been made using expressions for particle trajec- tories and velocities derived from the theory of hydrodynamics.

"Project WAVE: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Scattering from Water Waves,"

by H. G. Camnitz and R. R. Rogers, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report No. RM-1933-P-1,

March 10, 1965. THEORETICAL STUDY OF FREE-SURFACE EFFECTS ON APPARENT-MASS, QUASI -STEADY, AND WAKE CON- TRIBUTIONS TO HYDROFOIL LOADS. David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Department of the Navy.

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied Mechanics

Dept., Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., P.O. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221. Applied Research (Theoretical).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tte relative contributions to the lift and moment

of apparent-mass, qua si- steady, and wake- induced loadings for a hydrofoil oscillating near a free surface, using the exact linearized potential solution for determining the

flow. Completed. "Free-Surface Effects on the Apparent-Mass*

Quasi-Steady, and Wake Contributions to Hydrofoil Loads," by J. M. Grace and I.e. Statler, Cornell Aeronautical Lab. Report No. BB-1629-

S-2, August 1965. THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDROFOILS

RUNNING UNDER SINUSOIDAL SURFACE WAVES. David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Department of the Navy.

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied Mechanics

Dept., Cornell Aeronautical Lab., Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221. Applied Research (Theoretical). This study is directed to computing the oscillatory lift and moment experienced by

a two-dimensional hydrofoil running under

sinusoidal surface waves, using the exact linearized potential solution for the flow.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(4531) SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Those secondary currents caused by Reynold's

stresses in straight, non-circular conduits

are being studied. A triangular open channel

is being used. Measurements are to be taken by the hot-film anemometer.

A quantitative theory has been developed and

is being tested. "Secondary Currents in a Corner," by J. A. Liggett, C. L. Chiu, and L. S. Miao, Journal

of the Hyd. Div., ASCE, Vol. 91, No. HY6, November 1965, p. 99.

(g)

(h)

(5039) PRESSURES DUE TO SUDDEN DRAWDOWN IN EARTH EMBANKMENTS. Laboratory project.

Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied

research

The equations for unsteady flow in porous media

are being solved to find the pressures and

free surface shape resulting from sudden draw- down in a porous media. Both analytical and numerical techniques are being used. Experi- mental work is conducted on a Hele-Shaw model. Suspended.

"Initial Motion Problem in Porous Media," by

25
J. A. Liggett and Christos Had jitheodorou, Journal of the Hyd. Div., ASCE, Vol. 91, HY3, May 1965, p. 61.

(5040) PRICTIONAL EFFECTS IN RIVERS AND WATERWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Holllster Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Under study are different American, English,

Indian, Swiss and Austrian rivers and waterways. The data investigated are fur- nished by the different governmental offices.

(g) A theory has been put forward to calculate

the frictional effect (Manning's n)

(h) "Gesetze der turbulenten Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in geschlossenen Rohren und offenen

Gerinnen," by Schweizer Bauzeitung, 82. Jg.,

No. 53 '(1964).

"Manning's Roughness Determination in Navigable Waterways," XXIst International Navigation Congress; PIANC: Stockholm, June 1965.

(5041) VARIATION OF KARMAN'S K-VALUE IN PIPES CARRYING SUSPENSIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Holllster Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) A study of the Karman "K" value, as it appears in the logarithmic velocity dis- tribution equation in an open channel shows considerable variation of its value de- pendent on the concentration. Under investi- gation in this research project is a closed

pipe with varied concentration of sediment pumped through. Data are already obtained.

(f) Suspended.

(5302) SETTLING VELOCITIES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN A TURBULENT ENVIRONMENT.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. J. A. Liggett or Dr. W. H. Graf, Holllster

Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The research concerns the effect of turbulence

on suspended solids and the rate of settle- ment of suspended solids.

(5303) RECESSION HYDROGRAPHS OF IDEALIZED UNCONFINED ACUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e; A Hele-Shaw model has been constructed to study the different parameters affecting

drainage from large unconfined geological

formations into stream channels. The ob- tained ground water recession hydrographs

are compared with those derived from previous

theoretical, but approximate, solutions. New theoretical analyses are being developed.

(h) "Inflow Hydrographs from Large Unconfined

Aquifers," by H. A. Ibrahim and Wilfrled

Brutsaert, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, Vol. 91, JR2, June

1965, p. 21.

(5304) INVESTIGATIONS ON TWO-PHASE FLOW PROBLEMS.

(b) College of Engineering, Cornell University.

(c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research.

(e) Various problems encountered in solid- liquid mixture transport are under investigation. Measuring devices for water solid mixtures will be developed.

(h) "Experimental Apparatus Studies Sediment

Transport in Closed Conduit," by J. A. Liggett

and H. A. Einstein, ASCE, Civil Engineering,

1963. "The Loop System for Measuring Sand-Water

(5305

( 5306

(b

(5307

11

(5308

(5873

[5874

(b

(5875

Mixtures," by J. A. Liggett and H. A. Einstein,

ASCE, Journal of Hydraulics, Jan. 1966. THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA INVOLVED IN PAN EVAPORATION. Laboratory project.

Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Holllster Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850 Theoretical and experimental.

Evaporation is being measured from a number

of insulated shallow pans of different

sizes and colors. 'These experimental re- sults and simultaneous climatologlcal data

will be used to check and extend some theoretical models of the hydrodynamics

and also of the energy budget aspects of pan evaporation and evaporation in general.

THE HYDRAULICS OF POROUS MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850 Theoretical and experimental.

An analysis is being made of moisture

characteristic curves of porous media to describe the pore size distribution by

mathematical equations. These distributions

are used to calculate hydraulic properties

of the media

MECHANICS OF INFILTRATION. Laboratory project.

Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Holllster Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850. Theoretical

The micro hydrological equations of un- saturated flow in porous media are being

investigated and solved for different

boundary conditions. The results of the mathematical analysis are extended to develop infiltration equations for larger

areas or for an entire watershed. END-DEPTH STUDIES IN CHANNELS WITH MILD

SLOPE

Laboratory project.

Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850. Applied research.

The ultimate scope is to find end-depth

relationship for channels with different geometries

M. S. Thesis is being written at the moment. STEADY AND TRANSIENT FLOWS IN RIVERS CONNECTING

TWO RESERVOIRS.

U. S. Dept. of the Interior.

Dr. W. H. Graf or J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Theoretical and field investigation. The effects of friction, reservoir level, and transients on the flow profile, velocities and discharge. MATHEMATICAL FLOW ANALYSIS.

U. S. Dept. of the Interior.

Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Theoretical

The equations of continuity and momentum are being solved on a digital computer In order to analyze unsteady flow over surfaces and in channels

REGIONAL VARIATION OF STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF

STREAM FLOW. Laboratory project.

Dr. D. A. Woolhiser, Hollister Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850. Theoretical, master's thesis. Stream flow records have been selected from

26
what would, a priori, appear to be a relatively

homogeneous region with respect to the infil- tration characteristics of the soils. This

region also has a very low groundwater storage

capacity. Log-One serial correlation coefficients for monthly, seasonal and annual periods have been calculated. Regression techniques ar<= being used to relate these coefficients to measurable physical properties of the basins, or to climatic variations.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Section, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(4123)

(b)

(c)

(h)

STUDIES ON MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW. Laboratory and U. S. Army's Harry Diamond

Laboratory Frojects.

Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Prof, of Engrg. Mech.,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711. Experimental, applied research. Verification of theoretical concepts of cusp devices and other abrupt enlargements

using two- and three-dimensional models

in the flume and the wind tunnel. Slotted

guide vanes were used in two-dimensional

models. Flow visualization in water and air, measurements (in air) of fields of static heads and degree of turbulence for large

ratios of length over inlet width, 20, were

done. The initial degree of turbulence was

less than Ifi (facility reported under 5356,

1965). The potential vertex motion theory,

the Bernoulli equation, and the impulse momentum theorem were used for comparison.

Completed at projected scope. The potential vortex motion theory is some- what applicable during the very first phase

of flow. The steady state of flow for all models, including cusp devices and application of guide vanes seems to be well described

by the impulse-momentum theorem if sufficient

length is available. The length over inlet width ratio should be larger on future tests.

The static head and the degree of turbulence

development are interrelated. The physical

assumptions for the application of the impluse-momentum theorem seem to be reason- ably met by the consideration of the drop

of static head downstream from the inlet. In efficient methods of flow control there

is a rapid increase of static head. Then,

the static head remains constant throughout

a large value of length over width. In total, a sudden enlargement without and with

flow control at the inlet results in approximately same, maximum, head increase. The degree of turbulence at approximately 20 units of length over inlet width does not vary substantially for the various models.

"Flow Stability for Two-Dimensional Cusp

Devices," by K.P.H. Frey and N.C. Vasuki

(paper No. 5)

New Comprehensive Studies on Sudden Enlargements," by K.P.H. Frey, N. C. Vasuki and P. Trask (paper No. 6). Proceedings of the (Third) Fluid Amplification

Symposium of the U.S. Army's Harry Diamond

Laboratory, Fluid System Branch, Washington,

D. C., Ocotber 1965, Volume 1, pp. 111-118

(paper No. 5), pp. 119-137 (paper No. 6). More information in "Detached Flow and Control," Chapters 4 and 8, and Appendix B, by K.P.H. Frey in collaboration with N.C. Vasuki (may be obtained through K. Frey, 96

E. Main Street, Newark, Del. 19711).

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Dr. Per Bruun, Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603.

(3413) INLET STUDIES,

Laboratory project. Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Study of the stability of coastal inlets.

(4127) FLUORESCENT TRACING OF SEDIMENT IN COASTAL

AREAS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) Tracing of sediment drift on beach and offshore bottoms by means of injected fluorescent material.

(g) Statistical sampling methods, rapid measurement fluorescent tracer concentration by electronic scanners, a new longshore current theory and a statistical approach to littoral transport mechanism are being developed at the laboratory.

(h) "Quantitative Tracing of Littoral Drift," by

P. Bruun, published by Federal Inter Agency

Sedimentation Conference, Proceedings, Jackson,

Mississippi. Miscellaneous Publication No. 970,

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1965.

(4128) FLUX OF WAVE ENERGY PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION.

b) National Science Foundation.

d) Basic research.

e) Experiments to determine flux of wave energy perpendicular to the direction of wave

propagation.

(f) Discontinued.

(h) "Wave Attenuation on a Channel with Roughened

Sides," by J. A. Battjes, Engineering Progress

at the University of Florida, Vol. XIX, No. 7, July 1965. Paper of same title presented at the Coastal Engineering Specialty Conference

of Santa Barbara, California, October 1965.

(4129) INFLUENCE OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON EROSION.

(f)

(4474)

(f ) u(h)

(4475)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(4479)

Laboratory project.

Basic research.

To determine the influence of short-term as well as long-term fluctuation of sea level cn erosion and shoreline movements. Tracer experiment being undertaken on transversal drift in connection with other field projects

COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT SOUTH LAKE WORTH

INLET, FLORIDA. South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission.

South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission,

c/o K. C. Mock and Associates, 2930 Okeechobee

Road, West Palm Beach, Florida. Experimental field and applied research. To study distribution of inlet currents, Im- provement of entrance Jetties, and navigation channels and measures against beach erosion. Also study the effect of proposed landfills

In the bay.

Completed

Report submitted to sponsor. Publication in print. COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT HILLSBORO INLET, FLORIDA. Hillsboro Inlet Improvement and Maintenance

District, City of Pompano Beach and Trustees

of the Internal Improvement Fund. Director, Trustees, Internal Improvement Fund,

Capitol Bldg., Tallahassee, Florida. Experimental, field and applied research. To study methods for inlet stabilization,

navigation improvement, and sand bypassing

across the inlet. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor. Publication in print. REVIEW OF BEACH EROSION AND COASTAL PROTECTION

IN FLORIDA.

(b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta.,

27
(4482)

(*)

(c)

(d)

(4895)

(4896)

(b)

(d)

[4897)

(4898)

University of Florida. Field investigation; applied research. Review of the erosion and protection situation

in Florida. Research continued. "Withdrawn Dykes and Preservation Lines," by

P. Brunn. Shore and Beach, Journal of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association, October, 1964. "Offshore Dredging - In- fluence on Beach and Bottom Stability," The Dock and Harbour Authority, London, England,

Vol. XLV, No. 530, December 1964, p. 7, by

P. Bruun. "Revetments for Coastal Protection - Review of Some Different Types," Dock and Harbour Authority, Vol. XLIV, No. 520. February 1964. "Modern Trend in Revetment

Design," by P. Brunn. Consulting Engineer,

February 1964. "Coastal Protection Procedures,'

Bulletin No. 118, 1964, Vol. XVIII, No. 12, Florida Engineering and Industrial Experiment

Station. "Revetments for Coastal Protection,"

by P. Brunn. The Journal of the Institution on Engineers in Australia, Vol. 37, No. 1-2, March

1965, pp. 17-20. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICS OF DUNE BUILDING AT CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEASHORE

AREA. Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National

Park Service, Manteo, North Carolina. Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National

Parks Service, Manteo, North Carolina. Experimental and field research. Study of mechanics of dune building by

various types of sand fences and other sand catchment devices under controlled conditions

Is underway In a laboratory wind tunnel to be later correlated with field tests.

(5281

(5282

SAND TRANSPORT BY WIND

BUILDING

MECHANICS OF DUNE

National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

To study the basic mechanics of sand transport by wind under dry and humid conditions,

with and without vegetation, uniform and gusty winds and with and without solid and permeable vertical fences. HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS FOR SUCTION WELL DESIGN

FOR MIAMI RIVER WELL TREATMENT PLANT, DAYTON,

OHIO.

F.M.C. Corporation, Hydrodynamic Division, Peerless Pump, Indianapolis, Indiana. Experimental & applied research.

To determine the most optimum compatible

location and design of suction well baffling

for the field treatment plant.

Completed.

Report , submitted to sponsor. COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF SEBASTIAN INLET, FLORIDA. Sebastian Inlet, District, Melbourne, Florida. Experimental and applied research. To conduct field survey and model study of the inlet for least shore erosion and best navigable inlet conditions.

Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor. BASIC RESEARCH ON LITTORAL DRIFT BY WAVE AND CURRENT ACTION.

[5283

[5284

(5684

15

(d

(e

(5685)

(5686)

(e)

Indianapolis, Indiana. Experimental and applied research. Laboratory model study of the effects of diffraction, siltation, and harbor surging

on the proposed harbor.

Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor. TRACING OF LITTORAL DRIFT AT CAPE KENNEDY. Field project.

Atomic Energy Commission. Basic applied research. Special tracer project on transversal drift

in bottom and beach profile. PROTECTION FOR DREDGE OPERATION IN NEW YORK

BAY. Laboratory project.

Gahagan Dredging Co., Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf Dredging Co. Applied.

To arrange proper protection for dredging

operation at Staten Island, N. Y. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor. SCRAPER OPERATION, JUPITER ISLAND. Field project. Coastal Engineering Research Center and Coastal Engineering Laboratory Cooperative

project

Applied and basic.

To check on operation of offshore scraper dragging sand in from 800 ft. from shore at 12-15 ft. depth. SAND FENCES. Laboratory project. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Wash.,

D. C. Applied

To test various sand fences. SIMILARITY OF BED LOAD TRANSPORT BY CURRENTS. National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. Mr. J. A. Battjes, Dept. of Coastal Engrg.,

Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Theoretical and experimental development

research.

A study of the feasibility of applying specially developed artificial roughness elements In movable bed models. STUDY OF LONG WAVE PENETRATION IN DEEP NARROW FIORDS (ICELAND).

Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C. Basic research. Research on' low frequency ocean waves and their penetration in narrow fiords. COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF MACQUARIE HARBOUR

INLET (TASMANIA).

Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Experimental, theoretical and field investigation, applied research. Stability computations for the proposed navi- gation channel study methods to arrive at a minimum of maintenance dredging.

(b) National Science Foundation, Wash., D. C.

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) A laboratory basic research project on friction coefficients and sediment transport by currents and waves running with or against each other and running perpendicular

to each other.

(4899) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF BURNS WATERWAY

HARBOR, INDIANA.

(b) Jndiana Port Commission^ State__Qf_In.dlana,

GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORP.

(5195) THE EFFECTS OF GAS BUBBLES IN LIQUID SHEAR

FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Oman, Head of Gas Dynamics

Group, Research Dept., Pit. 25, Bethpage, New York 11714.

(.d) Experimental and theoretical; baslo research.

26
(e)

(g)

This program is aimed at determining how a suspension of gaseous bubbles perturbs a liquid flow field. Bubbles can change the effective viscosity, introduce compressibility

effects, and by convection through the liquid

can transport momentum. These effects may

have varying degrees of influence, depending

on the type of flow. We have numerically

solved for the boundary . layer on a flat plate

and on a rotating blade where the major per- turbation is through viscous interaction between bubbles and liquid. We have also solved for a linearly accelerating flow, where

the pressure gradient drives bubble convection. In these studies, unsteady bubble

growth and collapse have been neglected and

the bubble-liquid interactions have been described by Stokes' drag equation- for a sphere. This work is being extended to in- clude other effects, and to include propulsive

flow systems. A small two-phase flow apparatus

will provide experimental data on viscosity

coefficients, bubble distributions, and flow

patterns

Numerical solution for a liquid flat plate

boundary layer containing a dilute suspension

of small gas bubbles indicates reduced skin friction and increased thickness, the latter by more than the displaced volume of the bubbles.

(5894)

(c)

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics,

Department of Civil Engineering.

(5893)

(b)

(c) w

(e)

(g)

(h)

LABORATORY STUDY OP LONG WAVE AMPLIFICATION

AT SMALL CIRCULAR ISLANDS. Conducted as a part of the Hawaii Institute

of Geophysics Tsunami Research Program,

Dr. W. M. Adams; Principal Investigator.

Dr. John A. Williams, Center for Engineering

Research, College of Engineering, University

of Haviaii.

.The project is experimental and of an applied research nature. The project is a model study to determine

the amplification of long waves on cylindrical islands which have circular "sea mounts"

as bases, i.e.,

where h0 is the water depth for all r>b

h is the water depth for a < r < t

(a is radius of cylindrical island), and q is an exponent which may vary over the range

0<q<2 . Wave heights at r = a are observed

and compared with predicted values based on linear, long wave theory. The experiments are being conducted at present with completion of the laboratory work

expected by March 31, 1966, and a report

completed by June 30, 1966. The results to date concern only cylindrical

islands with no base slope, i.e., a/b = 1. Both essentially deep water waves, i.e., X./D £

2.5 and long waves, i.e., \ /D > 22, were used

in these runs with the amplification at the cylinder showing reasonably good agreement

with the theoretical predictions. The straight cylindrical island tests, conducted mainly as pilot runs to check out the experi- mental setup, are currently being followed by

runs on islands with q's of .5, 1.0, and 1.5, where 0 < a/b < .357 for each q. The particular theoretical results with which

this model study is concerned are those of Drs. David Webster and Byrne Perry (as yet

unpublished), who carried out their work in support of the H.I.G. Tsunami program.

(5895)

(b)

(c)

(d)

[5896)

(b)

(c)

13

HILO HARBOR, HAWAII SEICHING STUDY. Laboratory project, in conjunction with

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics.

Jan M. Jordaan, Jr., Asso. Prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Experimental, model and field data. Determination of Seiching periods and modes of harbor in present and future planned states, due to tsunamis and storm

surges. Continuation study by Univ. of Hawaii on existing 1:600 Hor. 1:200 Ver. model of Hilo Bay of U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (See No. 3903 in 1965 Issue of iHydraulic Research in_ the United States under W.E.S., Vlcksburg, U. S. Army Corps

of Engineers, HILO HARBOR, HAWAII, BEACH EROSION AND

RESTORATION STUDY. Laboratory project, in conjunction with

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics.

Jan M. Jordaan, Jr., Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Experimental, model and field data. Determination of feasibility of restoring

bathing beach along Hilo Bayfront under

present and future planned states of harbor. Utilize existing model, see above under (e )

RUN-UP AROUND COASTLINE OF OAHU, HAWAII. Laboratory project, in conjunction with Hawaii Institute of Geophysics.

Jan M. Jordaan, Jr., Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Experimental, model and field data. Determination of wave amplification and run-up potential, of tsunamis arriving

from various directions, at points around

the principal islands of the Hawaiian

chain, starting with a model of Oahu, on

a 1:250,000 scale.

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering, Civil Engineering Dept.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

(3056) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies.

(c) Prof. G. A. McKean, Elec. Engr. Dept., Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83848.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

(e) A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologic data is being studied and basic parameters of snow melt are being

studied for conversion into time delay

circuits for transmission by radio.

(g) Prototype unit is being tested on Moscow

Mountain; elements of measurement trans- ducers are being studied both in the field

and in the laboratory.

(h) "Telemetering Hydrologic Data from Mountain

Locations," K. E. Waltz. Univ. of Idaho

Engr. Exp. Station. Progress Report No. 7. (3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management and ranchers.

(c) Prof. C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering,

Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Field investigation; applied operational research

(e) Field investigation; applied operational re- search. Field investigation to study hydrology

of small desert watersheds, evaporation under

field conditions and occurrence of impermeable

earth materials has been made. Several small ponds have been constructed using various manufactured lining materials and the effec- tiveness of evaporation retardants under

field conditions has been investigated. It

29
is proposed to construct several small ponds

In naturally Impermeable sites or lined with

local Impermeable earth materials In 1966.

(g) Performance of various manufactured lining

materials and effectiveness of evaporation

retarding chemicals under field conditions

has been evaluated. Some criteria for esti- mate of evaporation losses in range areas

have been developed. Studies of the occurrence of Impermeable sites and earth materials

and the correlation of the occurrence of such material with geomorphology, vegetation and air-photo appearance have been undertaken.

(h) A progress report discussing asphalt and glass

fibre pond linings was issued in 1964. A general report summarizing all aspects of the project will be presented in 1966.

(5167) TOTAL HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES IN IDAHO AND

DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS ON IDAHO STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Paul Mann, Elec. Engr. Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental, applied research for master's

thesis

(e) A study of streamflow data is being made to determine full water resource capability. The study is designed to develop estimating

constants which may give a 90 percent accuracy

New ideas for stream-to- stream diversion will

be investigated.

(5170) CORRELATION FOR THE DISPERSION OP LIQUIDS

FLOWING THROUGH PACKED BEDS USING MODIFIED

RANDOM WALK MODELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. R. Furgason, Chem. Engr. Dept., Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic re- search for doctor thesis.

(e) The random walk equations were used as a model for the horizontal liquid distribution

in a packed bed. A study was made of the effect of the liquid properties (surface

tension and viscosity) on the horizontal dis- persion of the liquid and the horizontal step

sizes. A proposed mechanism for liquid flow through packed beds, consisting of a series

of pools and vertical steps was evaluated by

comparing the residence time for a tracer in the liquid with the apparent residence time for the liquid itself.

f) Completed.

g) The dispersion of a liquid in a packed bed

was found to be affected by both surface tension and viscosity. A decrease in surface tension caused an appreciable decrease in the horizontal dispersion coefficient while an increase in viscosity caused a lesser de- crease for any given size of packing.

(h) A Ph.D. thesis will be completed in 1966.

(5368) GROUND WATER MOVEMENT IN HIGHWAY LANDSLIDES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Idaho

Dept. of Highways and Idaho Bureau of Mines

and Geology.

(c) Prof. J. J. Peebles, College of Engineering,

Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied

research and development with master's thesis.

(e) To study the flow characteristics of ground

water movement in landslides and to ascertain

sources of the water. Tracing techniques are being studied using dyes and Isotopes as well

as other pressure measuring devices. This is an attempt to predict and identify slide behavior in places where slides are apt to occur.

(g) Various dyes have been experimented with in several locations in Northern Idaho.

(h) Master's thesis will be completed in early

1966.

(5897) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF SUBSOIL WATER IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF AND INTO DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

b) Western Regional Research Project.

c) Dr. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Ag. Engr., Univ.

of Idaho 83843.

d) Experimental basic.

e) To develop a dimensionless nomograph for vertical free drainage from various soils.

(5898) TWO AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY FLOW INTO POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. G. L. Corey, Ag. Engr. Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

d) Experimental basic.

e) To determine quantity and rates of advance of flow into porous materials with various ini- tial capillary pressures.

(5899) PHYSICAL STATE PROPERTIES OF PRECIPITATION.

b) Office of Water Resources Research.

c) Prof. G. A. McKean, Electrical Engr., Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, basic

research for master's thesis.

(e) Precipitation state (i.e. rain or snow) is a useful parameter for application in watershed management and flood control. The objective

of this project Is to ascertain precipitation

state properties which would permit actual determination of the state. Various properties of rain and snow such as optical reflec- tance, acoustic, energy and momentum and electrostatic properties will be investigated.

(5900) MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM CANALS TO A GROUND WATER TABLE.

(b) Office of Water Resources Research.

(c) Dr. G. L. Bloomsburg, Ag. Engr. Dept., Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, applied research for master's thesis.

(e) The movement of water from canals will be studied and new experimental tools such as a nulltensiometer for field conditions will be developed. An attempt to develop a procedure for obtaining permeability capillary pressure relationships in the field will also be made.

(5901) HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND FLOODS.

b) Office of Water Resources Research.

c) Prof. A. C. Robertson, Ag. Engr. Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, basic

and applied research.

(e) Relationships between soil moisture, frozen ground temperatures, runoff water temperatures

and infiltration rates will be investigated

to develop parameters for use In estimating

design discharges to expect from frozen ground

floods.

(5902) TRANSITION BETWEEN LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. G. L. Bloomsburg, Ag. Engr. Dept., Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research

for master's thesis.

(e) A theoretical and experimental investigation

will be conducted to develop an index of lami- nar or turbulent flow. This will be a modified Reynolds number which will better reflect

the effect of pore size and tortuosity on the type of flow than the Reynolds numbers that have been used in the past.

(5903) EFFECT OF EXTERNAL AIR PRESSURE ON LIQUID

FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. G. L. Bloomsburg, Ag. Engr. Dept., Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

e) The effect of changes in external air pressure on flow of a liquid through a porous

30
media containing trapped air will be inves- tigated in laboratory columns.

HT RESEARCH INSTITUTE.

, 51 9 z

(c)

151

(h)

(5538)

(D)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(5904) w

(c)

(d)

(•)

TURBULENT FLOW TRANSITION NEAR SOLID AND

FLEXI3LE BOUNDARIES. BuShips Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program administered by David Taylor Model

3a sin. Mr. Henry B. Karplus, Research Physicist, 10 West 35th St., Chicago 16, 111. Experimental basic research. Transition to turbulence is investigated in a water channel having walls with adjustable

rigidity. It is intended to obtain a better understanding of the effect of resilience

and damping of the walls on the build up of turbulence in boundary layers. The ultimate

objective is the reduction of drag of vessels

and the reduction of boundary layer noise in hydrophone dome s

Completed.

Transition to turbulence is affected by wall

resilience. Flexible walls may delay

turbulence onset over limited flow rate regions. Interim Technical Report No. ITTRI 1205-4.

STUDY OF VIBRATIONS INDUCED IN THIN-WALLED

PIPES BY FLUID FLOW. N.A.S.A. , George C. Marshall Space Flight

Center, Contract NAS8-11248.

Mr. J. M. Clinch, IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616. This work involved an experimental and theo- retical investigation of the vibrational

response of thin-walled pipe sections to the wall pressure field applied by fully developed turbulent water flow within them. Experimental measurements were made of the turbulent wall pressure field In a 20' long

6" diameter pipe section, and of the vibrational response which it Induces. Results

are presented for a Reynolds number range

from 5 x 105 to 2 x 105 . The measured pipe

response is found to be in good agreement

with that predicted theoretically using random vibration analysis. This work Is to be extended to consider the effects of bends and elbows in the fluid line.

See (e) above. "Study of Vibrations Induced in Thin-Walled

Pipes by Fluid Flow," J. H. Clinch, Final report on NASA Contract No. NAS8-11248,

September 1965. OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS WITH HIGH TEMPORAL AND

SPATIAL RESOLUTION. N.A.S.A. , George C. Marshall Space Flight

Center, Contract NAS8-11258.

Mr. M. J. Fisher, IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616. The aim of this project is the development of

a technique for measuring the local turbulent properties of shear layers while avoiding the insertion of probes into the flow. An experimental technique is being developed

with the aid of which estimates of local tur- bulent properties of shear layers may be obtained without the necessity of inserting

probes into the flow field. The probe is re- placed by two beams of radiation, which pass through the entire flow field in two mutually perpendicular directions. It has been

shown that, although each beam independently measures only an Integral of the flow properties along the entire light path between the

source and detector, the covariance of the two detected signals does yield local turbulent information. Although the technique is primarily aimed at supersonic or hot turbulent flows a verification study has been performed using a sub-

(f)

(Si

[5912)

W

(c)

(d)

(5913) w

(c)

(d)

(g)

sonic Jet. Good agreement with published

hot wire data has been obtained. This work is currently being extended to

supersonic jet exhausts.

See (e) above.

"A Technique for the Measurement of Local Turbulent Properties of Supersonic Shear Lay- ers," M. J. Fisher and F. R. Krause, Proc. Fifth International Congress on Acoustics,1965. "Optical Integration over Correlation Areas

in Turbulent Flows," F. R. Krause and M. J. Fisher, Proc. Fifth International Congress on Acoustics, 1965. STUDIES ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT JETS

(THE RECEIVER NOISE PROBLEM) . Sponsored by the Harry Diamond Laboratories

of the U.S. Army Materiel Command, Conn, and

Van Ness Sts., Washington, D. C. Mr. Dennis W. Prosser, Research Engineer, IS? Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. The object of this program was to study the

"noise" problem associated with the operation

of single-stage proportional fluid amplifiers.

The word "noise" refers to the undesirable

momentum fluctuations which turbulence super- imposes on the mean "signal" measured at the entrance of a receiver placed in the fluid

jet.

Completed

Main results were: (l) With a receiver held

stationary in the power jet the noise to signal ratio is minimized by keeping the center of the receiver on the center line of the power Jet. (2) When the receiver moves

relative to the power jet the ratio of noise

to change in .genuine signal is minimized by

keeping the receiver away from the center

line of the power jet. "Studies on Two Dimensional Jets (the Re- ceiver Noise Problem)," D. W. Prosser and

M. J. Fisher, Sept. 21, 1965, final report

prepared for the Harry Diamond Laboratories

under Contract No. DA-49-186-AMC-192 (D)

Contact HDL for copies of report. NOISE TRANSMISSION IN FLUID AMPLIFIERS. Sponsored by the Harry Diamond Labs, of the

U. S. Army .Materiel Command, Conn, and Van Ness Streets, Washington, D. C. Mr. Dennis VJ. Prosser, Research Engineer,

IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616. Experimental and theoretical.

The objective of this program is to determine

the relative importance of stage-produced

noise and transmitted noise in two-stage pro- portional fluid amplifiers, and subsequently

to investigate the basic geometric and flow parameters associated with the larger of these two contributors to noise. Started January 1966.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION.

A list of publications is available upon request;

write to Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP -INLET SPILLWAY

STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures

that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti- vortex devices. To provide

31
(g)

(2535)

(E)

(4135)

(b)

the necessary information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these

structures "may be economically designed.

Experimental apparatus and tests conducted

on the complete spillway. Information is being obtained on discharges, vortex effect

on discharge, pressures, head loss coefficients, a flat plate anti-vortex device, and flow conditions.

Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet

spillway to determine whether or not a metal grating deck placed above the inlet can control vortices. The results of the tests

show that gratings do not prevent or control strong vortices. Report of Investigation in preparation covering circulation effects, flat plate- anti- vortex device effect, and vortex effect on model spillway performance.

FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Ralph L. Evans, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois. Experimental; basic research.

Small, coarse media (1/4 - to 3/4-inch) filters are operated at rates comparable

to those achieved in field practice.

Purpose is to study the effects of coarse media on physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of recharged water and

to evaluate the function of coarse media

in protecting aquifer materials. Results of former field tests of various

sizes of materials are reported in State Water Survey Bulletin 48. Program of specially controlled laboratory test runs initiated in 1962 under grant from U. S. Public Health Service. CORROSION PREVENTION BY CaC0 3

. Laboratory project.

Dr. T. E. Larson or H. W. Humphreys, Illinois

State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Experimental

To determine chemical requirements and velo- city requirements to provide protective coat- ing in water pipes.

(f) Completed and discontinued.

[5549) ILLINOIS RIVER.

ILLINOIS DIVISION OP WATERWAYS, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE

MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois.

(c) Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706.

fd) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the several forces and factors involved in erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes.

(5548) SOLDIER CREEK CHANNEL MODEL. State of Illinois.

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706. Experimental applied research.

A hydraulic model study is being conducted to determine the practicability of increasing

the channel capacity of Soldier Creek thru Kankakee by enlarging, realining and concrete

lining the rock channel in order to reduce damaging flood stages.

(5656)

(b)

State of Illinois.

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706. Experimental applied research.

A hydraulic model study is being conducted to determine the effects, on the Upper Illinois

River, of various flood relief measures

proposed for the Illinois Waterway and Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. KINKAID CREEK DAM. State of Illinois.

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engineer,

Division of Waterways, 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois 62706 Experimental; applied research.

A hydraulic model study is being conducted to assist in the design of the spillway and stilling basin for a proposed reservoir to be constructed in Jackson County, 111.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation

Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. (2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic research

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to deter- mine maximum rates of runoff from agri- cultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- off from agricultural watersheds under ac- cepted soil conservation practices with watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of 45.5, 63,

82, and 390 acres near Monticello, Illinois

are covered with a rain gage network, and runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Max- imum stage recorders are installed at field

structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign,

Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1,400

acres. Model studies and field calibrations

are made on the field structures.

(g) A computer program for the IBM 7094 has been

developed to analyze and summarize rainfall

data . Precipitation amounts are summarized

for each storm, month, and year, and maxi- mum intensities are tabulated for eleven

duration ranges.

(h) Fortran II Program for Precipitation Data Analysis. J. Kent Mitchell, Agricultural

Engineering Research Report, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Illinois Urbana. LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental Investigation in the laboratory;

applied and basic research.

(e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of hydraulic model studies, to study water flow patterns into surface drains and to determine

the cause of failures and remedial measures

of certain conservation structures under

flood conditions.

(2789)

32
(g) A model study of channel scour Immediately

upstream from a drop spillway is nearing

completion. Preliminary analysis of scour

location, rate, depth and volume data in- dicates that scour can be controlled by

designing the weir and channel wide enough

to maintain the depth and velocity of flow below scour threshold values.

(3424) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Natural rainstorms are photographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution, and

the kinetic energy of a rainstorm, may be calculated. Physical measurements will be

made of the soil to determine the effect of

the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil loss. The nature and properties of rainstorms that occur in this area of Illinois

will also be studied.

(f ) To be completed by June 30, 1966.

(4986) WATER INFILTRATION RATE METHODS AND DETER- MINATIONS ON SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field investigation, basic research.

(e; To field test practical methods for deter- mining and predicting relative infiltration

rates of soils during irrigation and during

rains. To determine infiltration rates for

specific soil types under various management

practices

(f) Completed June 30, 1965.

(g) To be reported by North Central Region,

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin.

(h) "Artificial Rainfall Used to Measure In- filtration Rates on Illinois Soils," by

G. D. Bubenzer and B. A. Jones, Jr., 111.

Res. 8-1. In press (copies may be obtained

from the authors)

(4987) -THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM AND DRAINAGE ON SOLONETZIC SOILS ( SLICK-SPOTS ) IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Dept.

of Agronomy.

(d) Experimental field investigation.

(e) To test the feasibility of replacing and removing excess sodium from solonetzic soils under field conditions with (a) different methods and rates of applying gypsum (calci- um sulphate), (b) different degrees of disturbing the subsoil, and (c) different

spacings of tile drains. Twenty plots were established in a random pattern to compare 3 positions for the application of gypsum and 3 spacings of tile drains with check plots. The tile effluent is measured by recording equipment

to determine the rate and volume of flow. Also samples will be taken to determine the amount of sodium in the leachate. HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) A laboratory project.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

(e) The objective is to select a method for

Integrating the partial differential equations

which will form a part of the mathematical

model for watersheds.

(g) The computer programs developed in 1964 were used with new input data to analyze channel conditions leading to both sub-critical and super-critical flow upstream from a free overfall. The non-converging solutions previously reported for the sub-critical case did

not appear when flow was super-critical,

apparently because there was no longer a discontinuity in the depth and velocity

derivative at the overfall.

(h) Discussion "Computer Analysis of Overland

Flow," by R. N. Fenzl Proceedings ASCE,

91:HY6. 224-227. November 1965.

(5808) SURFACE DRAINAGE OF SLOWLY PERMEABLE SOILS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.

(b)

(5369)

[5809)

(b)

Laboratory project in cooperation with

Dept. of Agronomy; SCS, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; and M and W Gear Company.

Same as listed earlier. Experimental field Investigation.

To determine a recommended spacing for

a uniform system of surface drainage channels on slowly permeable soils of southern Illinois.

A field experiment will be conducted with four treatments replicated a minimum of three times. The treatments will be no drainage and parallel surface channels

spaced 660, 990 and 1320 feet apart. Each

treatment channel will drain approximately

1320 feet to a collection ditch. The no drainage area will be smoothed and the area between channels will be crowned to provide a uniform slope to all the channels. Likewise all channel grades to the collection ditches will be uniform. The effectiveness of each treatment will be determined by sampling crop yield on grid

line perpendicular to the channels and the collection ditches. DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE ASSESSMENT PRO- CEDURES BASED ON PHYSICAL FEATURES IN ILLINOIS. Laboratory project in cooperation with the Dept. of Agronomy and Dept. of Agricultural

Economics

Theoretical and field investigation.

To formulate an assessment procedure based upon measurable physical features of the land in Illinois.

The first phase will be to determine the over-all benefits that accrue to the land

as a result of drainage. This will be based primarily upon the increase in land

value or increase in return. The second phase will be to develop an empirical equation giving consideration to the Influence of selected physical features

on benefits accruing to drainage. This equation will be tested on existing drainage districts which have assessment roles accepted by the land owners and approved

by the courts.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulics and Water

Resources Laboratory, Department of Civil Engrg.

Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed

to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., 61803, unless

otherwise indicated.

(4538) WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS CRITERIA.

(b) N. I. H. Research Grant.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Numerical; development.

(e) Exploitation of previously developed

generalized relations describing network head losses in a concise analytical form makes possible comprehensive system analyses,

balancing pump-network-storage characteristics

for optimization of a composite system design.

(g) The feasibility and comparative cost of various operating options have been de- termined. Using a computer, system parameter

combinations for given demand schedules have

been studied, and results have been succinctly

defined in simple representations. Simple

analogous demand schedules, such as sine distributions, are being studied so that results can be completely generalized.

More complex hydraulic cases will also be

33
(4541)

investigated. Mathematical proofs and practical limitations of basic network and

system parameters are being developed.

Using statistical techniques, the possibility

of simulating future demand schedules for

general use in analysis, design, and operation

will be studied,

(h) "A Study of Distribution System Equalizing

Storage Hydraulics," by M. B. McPherson and

R. Prasad, Univ. of 111. Civil Engrg.

Studies Series No. 6, March 1965.

"A Study of the Applicability of Generalized

Distribution Network Head Loss Characteristics," by R. A Wiseman and M. B. McPherson,

Univ. of 111. Civil Engrg. Studies Series

No. 7, June 1965.

"A Study of Power Consumption for Equalizing

Storage Operating Options," by M. B. McPherson

and R. Prasad, Univ. of 111. Civil Engrg.

Studies Series No. 8, June 1965.

"An Analysis of Distribution Demand Variations," by Gordon Grade, Univ. of 111. Engrg. Studies Series No. 9, June 1965. VARIATION OP TRACTIVE FORCE IN SEWERS AND

DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To study the distribution of boundary shearing

stress, or tractive force in a circular

conduit flowing partially full and to de- termine the relationship between the shearingstress distribution and the velocity distribution.

(g) The solution of the problem is based on the assumption that a turbulent flow in the channel has a uniform velocity distribution

modified by boundary effects and turbulent

mixing. The boundary effects are further considered to consist of two additive components, namely, viscous effects and the secondary

effects caused by the restraint of the tur- | bulent fluctuations at the walls and the

surface. The velocity of flow normal to the channel cross section is therefore expressed as

the weighted sum of two functions of the Poisson equation type. The relative influence

of the two functions of the total flow is de- fined experimentally for the relationship of

the weighted coefficient to channel geometry

and roughness.

The experimental determination of the co- efficient is accomplished by using a smooth copper pipe and a rough steel pipe. The tractive force distribution is determined by a "law-of-the-wall" method and with the Preston

technique using Pilot tubes calibrated in place. Tne equations are solved by the finite- differences method using the digital computer to evaluate the weight coefficient in the Poisson

equations for both smooth and rough pipes. The relations developed from this investi- gation compare favorably with some published

velocity distributions including those ob- tained by Bazin.

(h) "Tractive Force Distribution in Open Channels,"

by John A. Replogle and Ven Te Chow, Proceedings ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

91: HY8 (1965)

(4543) WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ANALYSIS

(b) Laboratory project for R. W. Drucker's

special problem.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Operations research techniques are used to optimize water resources systems for the planning and development of water projects. Con- venient use is made of mathematical models and simulation. Optimization is made by deterministic and stochastic linear programming and dy- namic programming considering various types of constraints including economic efficiency and budgetal limitations. For mathematical simulation, both random sampling and systematic

sampling are considered, and additional hydrologic data are generated sequentially .by means

of Monte Carlo methods and Markov-chain models.

Study of the reservoir design is made by using queueing theory through the use of the sequentially generated stochastic input flow information

Additional research during the year was made

to investigate the similarity between rail transport system and water resources system.

Beginning with the nature of inputs and the physical formation of the systems, the com- parable structures in two systems were studied. To each system, basic components, such

as the dams and reservoirs in the water re- sources system and the yards in the railroad

system, were identified and their uses were

compared. The nature of flow in the systems, particularly the different types of flow, was also investigated. Finally modifications and assumptions were discussed in order to equate the two systems for purposes of comparative

analysis

(4905) WATER WAVE AND STRUCTURE INTERACTION.

(b) Laboratory project supported by the NSF

undergraduate research grant and University

of Illinois Research Board.

(c) Prof. J. P. Murtha, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the time variation of forces pro- duced by gravity waves on coastal and off- shore structures and to evaluate the sub- sequent structural motion. The effort in- volves laboratory studies of wave- structure Interaction as well as analytical investi- gations . (g) During the past year, laboratory equipment

for small-scale investigations has been

constructed, and experimental data relating

to type of disturbance and subsequent wave characteristics have been obtained.

4906) BASIC INVESTIGATION ON WATERSHED HYDRAULICS.

(b) National Science Foundation research project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the basic laws governing the flow of surface water over drainage basins

by controlled experiments on geometric basins. By controlling the various factors in- volved in the mechanics of flow, the experi- mental data so obtained can be more amenable

to theoretical analyses for the determination

of the basic laws. In addition to the shape

of the geometric basin, other characteristics including slope, size, surface roughness,

channel storage, channel density, etc., will

be studied. The input rainfall excess Is to be simulated by electronically controlled

sprinkling systems composed of a large num- ber of modules so that different patterns of rainfall supply and even the effect of the movement of rain-making clouds can be pro- duced artifically. The output discharge fron the basin is to be measured by electronic

sensing devices which can automatically be digitized for the computer to construct the hydrographs of outflow. During the year, the hydraulic system as well as the electronic system were designed, con- structed, and tested for experimental use. "Artificial Raindrops for Lab. Watershed Ex- perimentation," Trans. American Geophysical

Union, 45:4(1964), p. 611. "Raindrop Produc- tion for Laboratory Watershed Experimentation,

by Ven Te Chow and Terence E. Harbaugh, Jour, of Geophysical Research, December 15, 1965.

(g)

(h)

4908)

(b)

THE FORCES CAUSED BY WAVES BREAKING AGAINST

VERTICAL IMPERVIOUS RIGID WALLS. Laboratory project for a doctoral thesis by

W. J. Garcia, Jr., under the direction of Prof. V. T. Chow cooperative with U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. Experimental and analytical; basic research.

To formulate relations which will enable one

to determine pressures on impervious rigid walls due to breaking waves with .sufficient

34
accuracy to afford an economical and safe design for sea walls and breakwaters; also

to Investigate the variation of pressure

on the wall with respect to time and

spacial distribution,

(g) During the year the experimental data were analysed and a final report is In preparation.

(490S) A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BASIN STORAGE ON SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To study the drainage basin taken as a lumped

hydrologic system.

(g) Assuming a general nonlinear equation for the basin storage and combining it with the equation of continuity, a differential equa- tion for the system Is formulated. The equa- tion Is quasi-linearized by assuming that the coefficients are functions of the average in- flow and outflow of the sytem. Solution of the resulting equation produces four possible

conceptual system models depending on the nature of the roots of the equation. Storms and the corresponding outflow hydrographs

over six natural drainage basins varying

from 7.16 to 1,141 square miles are analyzed

by the proposed equation and theory. From

the results of the analysis It is seen that three coefficients of the proposed equation vary with the outflow, thus indicating non- linearity, while the remaining two co- efficients do not change much and can be assumed constant. A study of the variation

of the three coefficients seems to indicate

that they decrease exponentially with the peak runoff. The storage equation derived

in this study Is shown for use in flood routing and it is proposed also for use in infiltration analysis.

(4910) PROBABILITY AND SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY APPROACH

TO THE ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF FREQUENCY

RELATIONSHIP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To treat the inflow into a basin as a stochastic input, the basin as a linear

system, and the outflow as the response

of the basin to the input and to in- vestigate the stochastic behavior of the system by sequential generation and simulation techniques.

(h) "Sequential Generation of Rainfall and Runoff

Data," by Ven Te Chow and S. Ramaseshan,

Proceedings, Journal of Hydraulics Div., 91:HY4 (July 1S65) pp. 205-223.

(528S) STOCHASTIC HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF OCEAN WAVE ACTIONS ON MOORED PLATFORM FOR UNDER- WATER MISSILE LAUNCHING.

(b) Laboratory project for a doctoral thesis by

B. J. Muga, under the direction of Prof.

V. T. Chow cooperative with U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied research.

(e) To analyze the motions and forces induced by irregular waves on a construction type

platform as moored in the open Pacific Ocean.

(g) Prototype and model tests are conducted on

the platform, named "Flshook," which is of the catamaran design, having a displacement

of 850 tons. It is spread-moored by four

2 1/2-inch stud link chains in 165 feet of water. Water level fluctuations, ship rotations and accelerations, mooring forces, and wind speed and directions are measured. Both

prototype and model tests data are analyzed

in the form of amplitude response operations

by the spectrum and cross-correlation analyses

of -the complex time series histories. The re- sults are compared with the linear theory of ship's motion. Equations of motion of the system for sinusoidal waves are formulated on the basis of the slender body theory for 6

degrees of freedom, taking into account both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects. The excitation functions and the various coefficients in the equations are obtained for

surges, heaves, pitches, sways, rolls, and

yaws. 1 Solutions are also given to the forces

in the mooring cables and the horizontal

force components and the yawing moment in- duced by the mooring system on the platform.

(5657) HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS BY ANALOG COMPUTERS,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Direct and indirect analog computers are used for the analysis of hydrologic problems on surface and ground water. In the analysis of surface water problems, the EAI PACE computer

of the Analog Computer Laboratory was employed to route floods through linear as well as non-linear reservoirs. For the analysis of ground water, resistance networks were de- signed and analysed for a number of ground

water regions. The results will be recom- mended for use in the design and planning of water resources systems,

(h) "Applications of Electronic Computers in Hydrology," by V. T. Chow, Section 29, "Hand- book of Applied Hydrology" ed. by V. T. Chow, McGraw-Hill Book., Inc., New York, 1964.

(5658) NONLINEAR SYSTEM PARAMETERS OF SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS.

(b) Laboratory project for Ph.D. thesis by R. Prasad directed by Prof. M. B. McPherson.

(d) The determination and correlation of gener- alized parameters defining the hydrograph of surface runoff for natural drainage basins In central Illinois using a lumped nonlinear

system approach are being studied. Involved

are hypotheses relating to rainfall--storage- -runoff relations and to a simulated basin

reservoir routing. An attempt will be made

to delineate the contribution of system non- linearities. The bulk of the computations

will be performed on a digital computer, com- plemented with work on an electronic analog

computer

(h) Discussion of "Nonlinear Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph Theory," by R. Prasad, Proceedings

ASCE, 90:HY5, Paper 4050 (Sept. 1964), pp. 287-

292.

(5659) FLOW IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL 90° CLOSED BEND.

(b) Laboratory project for Ph. D. thesis by

W. H. Huang directed by Profs. J. M. Robertson and M. B. McPherson.

(d) To approximate turbulent flow in two-dimensional closed bends for various bend-radius

to approach-width ratios at different Rey- nolds numbers, using frozen vorticity fluid

flow analysis.

(e) As a prelude to the turbulent case, numerical and analytic solutions for potential flow

were achieved, together with exploratory

numerical solutions for simulated wholly vis- cous conditions using the frozen vorticity

concept. Velocity and pressure fields gen- erated from the turbulent flow simulation

analyses will be used in an attempt to ex- plain general flow phenomena.

(5660) MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF TRACTIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION IN FREE-SURFACE WATER CONVEYANCES.

(b) Office of Water Resources Research Grant.

(c) Profs. V. T. Chow and H. G. Wenzel, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) Tractive forces of flow in conveyances tre- mendously affect the economy of water supply

systems in water resources planning and

development. The present knowledge of tractive force in flow lacks precision because it is based largely on a few empirical formulas using simplified analytical solutions. As a

35
result, water projects can easily be over- designed or underde signed. The present re- search is to investigate the tractive force distribution in water supply conveyances of various cross-sectional shapes carrying tur- bulent free-surface flow. Once the distri- bution is determined, it will be possible to apply this knowledge to channel proportioning and design,

(g) Investigation will involve the use of a newly

invented high-power microscope equipped with

light condensers to examine the velocity in the conveyance. By focusing the microscope

onto the very proximity of the boundary, photographs can be taken by a high-speed motion

camera. Prom these microscopic velocity

measurements within the laminar boundary sub- layer, it will be possible to establish the velocity gradient and thus to determine the tractive force developed on the boundary. The basic knowledge gained can be profitably in- corporated in engineering design procedures.

(5661) INFLUENCE OP TURBULENCE ON SURFACE REAERATION.

b) Office of Water Resources Research Grant.

c) Prof. E. R. Holley, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental and basic research.

e) Turbulence effects on surface reaeration rates

are being studied from at least two aspects:

(l) What is the turbulence condition near the free surface of turbulent water, i.e., in the region of the "surface film"? (2) What is the mechanism by which turbulence influences the rate of reaeration?

(g) An effort will be made to combine the theories

of molecular diffusion and turbulent diffusion to describe the way that oxygen, which

has been absorbed at the free surface, pene- trates into turbulent eddies for subsequent

transport away from the surface. The initial phase of the experimental work centers around measurement of turbulence conditions near the free surface, the gross rate of oxygen absorption, and the gradients of dissolved oxygen

for some analogous substance near the free

surface. It is planned to make these initial measurements in a turbulence mixing vessel.

Later, it is hoped that similar measurements

can be made in open channel flow.

(5662) SCOUR PROTECTION FOR CULVERT OUTLETS.

(b) National Science Foundation undergraduate re- search for D. D. Meredith.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Analytical study.

(e) Analysis of all classes of energy dissipators

which may be suitable for culverts, and development of new devices for optimum over-all hydraulic performance, are the ultimate goals

of this study.

(f) Completed.

(g) An analysis and experimental investigation of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Basin VI energy dissipator used in conjunction with a box cul- vert has been completed. Criteria for classi- fication and evaluation of energy dissipators

for culverts have been established.

(h) "Energy Dissipators for Spillways and Outlet Works," by M. McPherson, with Task Force, Task

Force Report, Proceedings ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 90:HY1 (1964), pp. 121-

147. Closure to discussion by Task Force, Proceedings' ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, 91 :HY2 (1965), pp. 292-300.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be ad- dressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and for Projects Nos. 2536, 3427, 4142, 4558,5777 and 5778, to Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61803.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Basic research.

(e) Data being obtained from a channel artifi- cially roughened.

(f) Investigation reactivated, additional data being taken with new improved instruments,

one of which is a hot wire probe.

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) Laboratory project, formerly National

Science Foundation.

d) Basic research.

e) The nature of turbulence (its production and dissipation) is being studied in the sim- plest possible shear flow-plane Couette flow

where the shear is constant and the turbulence homogeneous but not isotropic. Mean- flow studies essentially complete.

(f) Reactivated.

(3427) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program.

d) Basic research; experimental.

e) Information on mean-flow and turbulence

structure near roughnesses being studied in an 8-inch "natural roughness" pipe and in 3-inch sand-roughened pipe

f) Completed.

g) Temporal-mean velocity and frictional re- sults agree with Nikuradse for sand and Colebrook for natural roughness. Pipe fac- tor correlation on same basis establishes another Nikuradse "shift." Turbulence in- tensity in terms of shear velocity is found

to be similar to that in smooth pipe and to be nearly constant with Reynolds number. Spectral energy measurements evidence an inertial subrange at high enough turbulence Reynolds number when taken not toe near con- duit wall.

(h) "A Study of Turbulent Flow in Rough Pipes,"

by J. M. Robertson, T. H. Burkhard-and J. D. Martin, T&AM Report No. 27 9, May 1965.

(4142) TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW TOWARDS A NORMAL STEP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) An analytical and experimental study is being made of upstream separation, i.e., the real fluid behavior (separation, mixing, reat- tachment) in front of a normal step projecting inward from a plate along which fluid is flowing with a turbulent boundary layer. Air

is fluid medium being used.

f) Investigation in process.

g) First phase of study completed; in one case rather good agreement was found between

theoretical solution and experimental

observation of separation streamline.

(4143) HEMODYNAMICS SIMILITUDE STUDY OF AN ARTERIAL

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(b) Public Health Service, National Institutes

of Health, Research Grant No. HE08330-02.

(c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Basic research; experimental.

e) The flow of blood in the Circle of Willis--

the arterial distribution system for the brain —is to be studied utilizing largesized models. Present goal is to fabricate

a model which will simulate in as many ways

as possible the prototype and its flow.

f) Investigation in process.

g) Fabrication and model-prototype verification

of first-stage model essentially complete. Studies being initiated in the pulsatile

flow aspects of flow in flexible conduits;

36
In particular, the wave reflections at bifurcations, the impedance characteristics of fluid Helmboltz resonators, and the velocity distributions in pulsatile flow as depicted by hydrogen bubble techniques,

(h) "The Circle of Willis as Simulated by an Engineering Model," by W. A. Hinrwich, P. M. Knapp, R. A. Wenglarz, J. D. Martin and

M. E. Clark, Archives of Neurology, Vol. 13, 164-172, August 1965. "Engineering Analysis of the Hemodynamics

of the Circle of Willis," by M. E. Clark,

J. D. Martin, R. A. Wenglarz, W. A. Himwich

and P. M. Knapp, Archives of Neurology, Vol.

13, 173-182, August 1965.

(4558) EFFECT OF TURBULENT NORMAL STRESS ON DRAG EVALUATION BY WAKE MOMENTUM METHOD.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Basic research.

(e) Conventionally the evaluation of the drag of bodies from wake transverses ignores normal

stresses in wake. Experimental measurements

one half a chord length behind a fineness- ratio 3.5 strut Indicates a contribution of

some 2 percent. Further studies including

finer bodies are planned.

(f) Suspended.

(4559) FLOW STABILITY AND HEAD LOSS IN BRANCHED

TUBES.

(b) Public Health Service, National Institute

of Health, Research Grant No. HE08330-02.

(c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Basic research; experimental

e) In conjunction with a model study of the Circle of Willis—the arterial distribution

system for the brain--a need was felt for a better understanding of the stability of viscous flows through certain types of junctions as well as the amount of head loss which occurs. A series of bifurcations and fusions of rigid, circular tubes are being

studied to gain this understanding.

(f) Investigation in process.

(5777) THREE DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS IN TURBOMACHINERY.

b) Caterpillar Tractor Co.

d) Basic research, experimental and analytical, for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Radial outward and inward flow systems are being studied in terms of base flow, boundary layer and secondary flow occurrences.

(f) Study initiated.

(5778) BODY DRAG AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Basic analytical and experimental research.

(e) Except for flat plate, analytical drag re- lations are available only in the creeping

motion and boundary layer regimes. Experimental data is available only for a few other bodies in the Intermediate (Navier-Stokes)

range. Objective of study is to help fill this gap.

(5779) UNIQUE ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS IN THE THEORY OF HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY.

lb) National Science Foundation.

(c) Leland K. Shirely, 314 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbar.a, Illinois 61803.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Asymptotic approximations of certain functions

which occur in hydrodynamic stability theory

are being studied with reference to thair uniqueness; error bounds for such approximations are being studied also.

(g) Have obtained explicit representations for functions which satisfy the differential

equations pertinent to the stability theory

and which have asymptotic approximation in- dextially equal to zero.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, University of Iowa

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with the Agricultural Research

Service and the U.S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, and

M. S. theses.

(e) Study being made of, relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Dis- charge from a 3- square-mile area measured

by U. S. G. S.; rainfall records at five automatic recording stations collected by

Agricultural Research Service. Continuous

records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff,

groundwater levels, and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year

record published as Bulletin 16 of the Iowa Highway Research Board in 1961; available upon request from Iowa Highway Commission,

Ames, Iowa.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) District Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream-flow data.

(e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U. S. G. S. (g) Records of stream-flow and sediment discharge

computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey

(58) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) District Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey,

Iowa City, Iowa

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Dis- charge from a 25- square-mile area measured

and flood runoff on main subbasins deter- mined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall

ecords at four automatic recording stations collected by U. S. VJeather Bureau. Contin- uous records since 1941 of precipitation,

runoff, and ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in VJeather Bureau

Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff

and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water-supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and ap- plied research.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical in operation

are being developed to measure the character- istics of turbulent flow over a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing

and computing elements are involved.

(g) Additional studies on the stability of heat transfer over periods of several hours have

shown that there is an "aging" effect. After

a period of several hours of operation, the heat transfer is much more nearly constant.

(73) CAVITATION.

37
(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, (b) Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (c)

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation (d) for systematically varied boundary condi- (e) tions. Studies of cavitation in abrupt

conduit expansions are now being pursued,

(h) "Fluctuation of Pressure in Conduit Expan- (h) sions," H. Rouse and V. Jezdinsky, Proceedings, XI Congress IAHR, Leningrad, 1965.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and U. S. Army Research Office (Durham). (2541)

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. (b)

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and

turbulence have been investigated throughout (c) the vicinity of separation zones produced by

abrupt changes in flow section, to the end (d) of establishing the primary eddy character- (e) istics as functions of the boundary geometry.

(g) Analytical evaluations are now being carried

out for a two-dimensional and an axi symmetric

boundary expansion. (g)

(h) "Characteristics of Separation at Conical

Afterbodies," S. Narasimhan, Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Iowa, June 1965, (available on

loan)

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hy- draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the laws governing the forces, (h) moments, and motions of ships. Work is under way on the following problems:

'(1) Development of procedure for computing

potential flow about ship forms. (2) Deter- mination of hydrodynamic images, forces, (3074) and moments for a spheroid in an arbitrary

potential flow. (3) Effect of tank size (b) on ship-model resistance. (4) Resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of wake and (e) surface-profile measurements. (5) Effect

of a free surface on separation. (S) Vi- (d) bration of ships. (e) (h) "Free-Surface Effects on Turbulent-BoundaryLayer Separation," S. K. Chow, IIHR Report, March 1965. "Experimental Study of Methods of Determining Wavemaking Resistance by Means of Surface- Profile Measurements," H. E . Kobus, IIHR Re- (f) port, March 1965. (h) "Verification of Method of Determining the Viscous Drag of a Ship Model," Kenneth Key,

M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, January 1965,

(available on loan). Effect of Screens on Damping of Currents

and Resistance of a Model in a Towing Tank,"

Y. K. Chung, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, June 1965, (available on loan). (3428) "Analytical and Experimental Study of Egger's

Relationship between Transverse Wave Profiles

and Wave Resistance of a Modified Ogive in a (b) Channel," H. E. Kobus, Ph.D. Dissertation,

Univ. of Iowa, August 1965, (available on (c) loan)

"Induced Drag Due to Bilge Keels," Gabriel

Echavez, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Feb. (d) 1966, (available on loan)

"Effect of Channel Walls on Base Pressure and (e) Flow about a Blunt Body," Clark An-ching Lin,

M.S. Thesis, Feb. 1966, (available on loan). "Added Masses of Two-Dimensional Forms by

Conformal Mapping," L. Landweber and M. Macagno, IIHR Report, October 1965.

(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS. [g|

Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey, Office of Naval Research, and Waterways

Experiment Station.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Experimental; basic research. Apparatus for measuring drag on individual

roughness elements and element groups is now in use. "Critical Analysis of Open-Channel Resistance, " Hunter Rouse, ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Division, HY4, 4387, July 1965. "Resistance to Flow over Boundaries with

Small Roughness Concentrations," E. M. O'Loughlin, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, August 1965, (available on loan). DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. John R. Glover, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research. The purpose is to improve the analysis of turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations,

especially where long-period fluctuations are significant

An improved analog multiplier which utilizes

the square-law relationship associated with heat-transfer elements is under development. An intermittency circuit, sensitive to the instantaneous amplitude and derivative of the amplitude of signals representing flow variables, has been developed. The analysis of unsteady-flow variables by digital techniques

is actively being investigated from the point of view of real-time analysis. The utilization of matched silicon semiconductors for linearization of nonlinear flow variable- voltage relationships has been investigated

and found to be most successful. "Techniques for Detecting and Analyzing

Unsteady-Flow Variables, J. R. Glover, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, June 1965,

(available on loan). WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research. Mean flow and turbulence characteristics are being measured and the energy transformation

is being analyzed in the field of flow past

a bluff, axisymmetric body with a centrally

located jet for the particular condition of zero momentum flux. Completed.

"Flow Behind a Point Source of Turbulence,"

by H. Wang, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, August 1965, (available on loan). "Flow in the Wake of Self-Propelled Bodies

and Related Sources of Turbulence," E. Naudascher, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.

22, Part 4, 1965. MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS DURING FLOOD FLOWS. Laboratory project in cooperation with U. S. Geological Survey.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Field investigation; basic research for

Ph. D. thesis. Observations taken on transverse profile of ground-water levels during rise and recession

of hydrographs. Sections on Missouri,

Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English Rivers, Clear Creek and Rapid Creek. Permeability

tests made by pumping wells. Continuing.

Early results indicate substantial flow into

38
banks during period of rise, thus showing

a negative groundwater contribution to the flow in this period.

3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OP FLUIDS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City Iowa.

(e) Six 20-minute sound films in color are planned to cover following material: (l) An

introduction to the subject, stressing its

great breadth of coverage, the necessarily

close tie between theory and experiment, the role of the scale model in engineering

analysis and design, and methods of flow

measurement in laboratory and field. (2) The source and significance of the funda- mental principles of continuity, momentum,

and energy, and their application to typical

problems in many professional fields. (3) Gravitational phenomena, including jets, nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges,

and* effects of density stratification. (4) Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar

flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence, and problems of surface resistance. (5) Form drag and lift, and their application

to propulsion and fluid machinery. (6) Com- pressibility effects - water hammer, subma- rine signaling, gravity-wave and sound-wave

analogies, and supersonic drag.

(g) First five films of series, "Introduction to the Study of Fluid Motion," "Fundamental Principles of Flow," "Flow in a Gravitational

Field," "Characteristics of Laminar and Turbulent Flow," and "Form Drag, Lift, and Propulsion," now available from Audiovisual

Center, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Sixth film, "Effects of Fluid Compressibility," in preparation.

(3740) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF

RAPID ACCELERATION.

t) Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army.

c) Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

e; Analytical techniques which are applicable

to systems involving rapid acceleration of fluids through constrictions or of solids through fluids. Results will be expressed

as lumped-constant parameters similar to those used for steady-flow phenomena.

(g) Field tests have shown that errors are re- duced by an order of magnitude if the volume changes due to compressibility are considered. As shown by analysis of simplified model, pressure waves may also require consideration in the presence of extremely short impulses.

(h) "Analysis of the XM37 Recoil Mechanism,"

A. D. Newsham, E. 0. Macagno and P. G. Hubbard, Final Report to the Rock Island

Arsenal, July 1965.

(4145) INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN FLUID FLOW WITH DENSITY STRATIFICATION.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Army Research Office

(Durham)

(c) Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research and graduate

theses.

(e) Instability and mixing of two fluid layers of different densities flowing in the same direction. Effect of stratification on turbulent mixing of two fluid layers

t) Completed.

g) Experiments on disturbances in the zone of establishment of a two-layer stratified flow

have been compared with results obtained

with a discretized computational model of the Navler-Stokes equations. Experimentally

observed disturbances were successfully

simulated for moderately long periods of time,

(h) "The Stability of a Stratified Flow in the

Region of Flow Establishment," J. B. Hinwood,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, Feb. 1966, (available on loan).

(4148) MEAN-FLOW AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF

RIVER BENDS.

b) Supported by the National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. dis- sertation and M.S. thesis.

(e) To determine the mean-flow and turbulence characteristics of flow in a model river bend

(g) Phase I: Through an approximate theoretical

solution and experiments in a meandering

fixed-bed channel of trapezoidal cross sec- tion, the influences of the Froude number and the width-depth ratio of subcritlcal flow

have been determined. Phase II: Stable channels have been estab- lished in cohesionless material between fixed boundaries for three width-depth ratios

and three Froude numbers. Measurements of longitudinal and transverse velocity, bed

shear, turbulence intensity, and surface elevation have been made for one configuration of the stabilized channel.

(h) "Characteristics of Subcritlcal Flow in a Meandering Channel," Ben-Chie Yen, IIHR Report, June 1965.

(4149) DRAG OF SUPERCA VITATING BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

b) Bureau of Ships, Office of Naval Research.

c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) An approximate method of computing pressure distributions on supercavitating bodies of revolution has been developed. Equipment for measuring drag of nose forms with air- simulated supercavitating flow in a towing

tank has been constructed and experiments

are under way.

(h) "The Effect of the Free Surface on the Drag

of Super-Cavitating Bodies," A. D. Newsham, IIHR Report, December 1965.

(4974) TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAKE OF A BODY OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Cooperative with David Taylor Model Basin,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) Measurements are being made of the turbulence near the stern of an ellipsoid mounted in an air tunnel. Specially designed instruments

are used to respond correctly to the low- frequency, high-intensity components.

(g) Data on the pressure, velocity, components

of turbulence, and turbulent shear are at hand for a zero angle of attack.

(4976) EFFECT OF LIFTING BEAMS ON GATE VIBRATION.

b) Cooperative with Tennessee Valley Authority.

c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The effect of the lifting-beam geometry

upon the fluctuating hydrodynamic force acting on a multiple-leaf gate during over- flow and underflow is being Investigated.

f) Completed.

g) Due to interference of the wakes behind lift- ing beam and gate, downpull fluctuations con- tain high- and low-frequency components with amplitudes greatly affected by geometry.

(h) "Effect of Lifting-Beam Geometry on the Vi- bration of Multiple Leaf Gates," C. Farell,

M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, June 1965,

(available on loan)

'Effect of Interacting Periodic Wakes on the Vibration of Multiple-Leaf Gates," E. Naudascher, Proceedings XI Congress IAHR, Lenin- grad, 1965.

3 9
(5320) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS OF SKEWED PIPE

ORIFICES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; for M.S. Thesis.

(e) Effect of Inclination of orifice plate to pipe centerline for orifices of the same projected diameter.

(f) Completed.

(g) Discharge coefficients proved proportional

to the ratio of the actual to the projected

area of the orifice, indicating that flow is normal to the orifice plate even though the ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter Is large.

(h) "Discharge Characteristics of a Skewed

Orifice," Pal Chuan Lin, M.S. Thesis, Univ.

of Iowa, Feb. 1966, (available on loan).

(5321) PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AT GATED OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Army Corps of Engrs.

(c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Effects of shear-layer instability on the spectral distribution and the intensity of pressure fluctuations that may induce gate

vibrations are being investigated for various

gate and conduit geometries, including effects

of cavitation and hydroelastic control.

(h) "A Preliminary Investigation of the Pressure Fluctuations in the Vicinity of Normal Walls,"

F. A. Locher, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa,

Jan. 1965 (available on loan).

(5905) RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPPLED SAND BOUNDARIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. dissertation . (e) To evaluate the roughness of rippled sand boundaries as a function of the ripple geo- metry and the flow parameters.

(5906) SCALE EFFECTS IN MODEL TESTS OF ROCK-PROTECTED

STRUCTURES.

(b) Iowa Highway Research Board.

(c) Dr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To define quantitatively the influence of the viscous forces which result in imperfect

similarity between the behavior in the model

and in the prototype of rock protection

around structures.

(5907) SELF-PRESERVATION TENDENCY IN TURBULENT SHEAR

FLOWS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analytical; basic research.

(e) Shear flows not exhibiting self-preservation

in the conventional sense are analyzed on the basis of a new self-preservation concept.

(5908) EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE AND CURVILINEARITY ON STRATIFIED -FLOW.

(b) Supported by the National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) The effects of Introducing turbulent disturb- ances and of curving an otherwise stable density-stratified flow are being investi- gated experimentally. A layer of fresh water

and a layer of salt water are used in the first case, and a continuous stratification

(g)

(5909)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5910)

(b)

(5911)

in the second. Work is also being done on improving an electrical probe to detect density variations. Preliminary results have been obtained for

the effects of turbulence and curvilinearity

on stratified flow. ENERGY TRANSPORT AND DISSIPATION IN VISCOUS

FLOW. Laboratory project.

Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Analytical; basic research and graduate

theses

Analysis of laminar steady and unsteady

flows from the viewpoint of the energy

transport and dissipation.

Analysis of basic equations of viscous fluid

flow in vectorial form has shown the advantage of introducing a Bernoulli vector asso- ciated with the Bernoulli sum, and a Navier

vector associated with the viscous-stress

tensor. A number of classical cases of vis- cous flow have already been studied to de- termine their transport and energy-dissipation functions. "Transfer and Dissipation of Energy in Lami- nar Flow," Carlos E. Quevedo, M.S. Thesis,

Univ. of Iowa, Feb. 1966, (available on loan). STUDY OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASHBOARDS. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics & Hydraulics, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Analytical

Analysis of results of various previous

investigations. EFFECT OF TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS UPON REGISTRATION OF THE PRICE CURRENT METER. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics & Hydraulics, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental.

Correlation of turbulence characteristics

with variation of current meter registration.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning projects 2330, 2331 and 2334 should be addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa. Projects 4913, 5707 and 5708 should be addressed to Dr. C. E. Beer, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010.

(2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE DRAINS.

(e)

(S)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis. Analytical and experimental approach is being studied to determine depth and spacing of tiled drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is cooperative with Dr. Kirkham, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the relationship of hydrologic and applied

hydraulic problems of field tile systems

being made. Field studies of flow through the spacing between individual tile for saturated con- ditions have been completed. A study of the effect of the geometry at the Junction of individual drain tile Is being made. A study of the probability of the water level being

greater than a given elevation for a given

time has been completed. The study was based

on point rainfall records, cllmatological

records, soil characteristics and tile depth

and spacing.

"Flow Into Tile at Joints," by D. W. DeBoer and

40
H. F. Johnson.

494-498. 1965. Agricultural Engineering 45:

(2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; M. S. and Doctoral thesis.

(e) A study comparing predicted volumes of storm runoff to measured runoff for small agricultural watersheds is being made. A second study is being conducted in which the relationship of surface storage in relatively level, recently

glaciated watersheds on the storm discharge is being evaluated. A study has been completed

in which runoff records from 11 Iowa watersheds

under 50 sq. ml. In area were analyzed. The yearly yields were related to climatic, hydrologic and agronomic factors by multiple re- gression.

(h) "Runoff Prediction from Point Rainfall Data by Application of the Digital Computer," by

D. B. Palmer and H. P. Johnson. Transactions

of ASAE, 7:424-426. 1964. "Unit Hydrographs Compared," by T. L. Hanson

and H. P. Johnson. Transactions of ASAE,

7:448-451. 1964.

(2334) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research;

design.

(e) Measurements of rainfall, surface runoff,

soil moisture, water table levels, and evaporation being made on six small agricultural watersheds under a single cover crop. Two additional agricultural watersheds are being gaged for rainfall and surface runoff.

(4913) QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF GULLY EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study where multiple regression has been

used to relate gully growth to a series of Independent variables. Initial equation

developed from 20 year history has been checked from data collected during established

2-year sequence of gully measurement. Study

includes two watersheds with continuing

measurement of gully growth, precipitation,

surface runoff, sediment production and recording of land use.

(5707) EVALUATION OF FLOOD DAMAGE TO CORN FROM CONTROLLED DEPTH AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study initiated to determine yield reduc- tion and observe physiological effects on corn plants from controlled flooding at different growth stages.

(5708) SEDIMENT YIELD IN DEEP LOESS HILLS LAND

RESOURCE AREA.

(b) Cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service

and Agricultural Research Service of the U.S.D.A.

(d) Field investigation; applied research; design.

(e) Sedimentation surveys have been made on a total of 27 reservoirs in Western Iowa and

Missouri. The rate of deposition will be related to watershed, hydrologic and topographic variables by statistical procedures.

(e) Theoretical work done on the movement of ground water In soil, particularly in the saturated phase continues. Mr. John C. Corey is continuing isotope work on water

movement in the unsaturated state (miscible displacement) In cooperation with the Iowa State University Institute for Atomic

Research

(h) "Miscible Displacement of N-15 Tagged Nitrate and Tritiated Water in Water-saturated and Water-unsaturated Soil," John Corey and Don Klrkham. Proceedings of the International

Atomic Energy Agency's Symposium on the Use

of Isotopes and Radiation in Soil-Plant

Nutrition Studies at Ankara, Turkey, June 28, 1965 (in press).

"The Stream Function for Potential Flow In Axial Symmetry," Dan Zaslavsky and Don Klrkham. Amer. J. Physics 33: 677-679 1965.

(4592) MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM WASTE RECHARGE

INSTALLATIONS.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National

Institute of Health.

(c) Dr. Don Klrkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa 50010.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover

laws which predict, from the geometry of the waste recharge installation, and from

the physical properties of the soil about it, how fast, and how far at certain times, water will move from the installation. This will

be accomplished by (1) obtaining empirical

laws governing seepage of water from an idealized scaled model (2) testing by fullscale field experiments to see If the empirical laws found in (1) above need to be modified when applied to field conditions,

and (3) formulating rational relations between

the water movement, the geometry of the system and the soil conditions, by setting

up and solving the appropriate seepage dif- ferential equations and checking the result

against the experimental data from (l) and

(2) above.

(h) "Some Recent Land Drainage Investigations at

Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, U. S. A." Proc. Sodic-soils

Symposium, Aug. 9-16 Hungarian Academy of Science. Supplement TOM 14: 229-234 1965. 'Two-dimensional Infiltration and Wetting

Fronts," Sadik Toksoz, Don Klrkham and E

Robert Baumann. Proc. Am. Soc. of Civ. Ener

91: 65-79 1965. MOISTURE MOVEMENT TO VERTICAL SINKS IN WATER- SATURATED SOIL.

(b) Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute

(c) Dr. Don Klrkham, Agronomy Dept., Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010.

(d) Theoretical and applied research; Doctor's

Thesis.

(e) Differential equations for the flow of water

Into vertical sinks such as soil cracks, plant roots, and vertical worm holes will be derived and solved either analytically or by finite differences with the aid of a digital

computer. Laboratory soil columns will then

be used to test the mathematical theory.

(f) Initiated July 1, 1965.

(5706)

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Don Klrkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State University. 50010.

(d) Theoretical and applied research; Doctor's

thesis

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Lab.

(2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navv (dj Theoretical and experimental; applied de- velopment and design,

(e) study the dynamic qualities of an acceler- ation switching hydraulic servomechanism

41
while operating in a closed loop under the presence of various loads and environmental

conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

and feedback transducer.

(g) The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequencylinkage has resulted in radial design compro- mises to prevent instability. Extension of acceleration switching techniques without

any mechanical modifications has permitted

closed loop operation with bandpasses equal

to or exceeding the linkage characteristics.

(h) "Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved

Bandpass Characteristics When Driving a Resonant Mechanical Load," APL/JHU CM-962,

by W. Seamone.

(3436) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Techniques have been developed for designing

linear servomechanisms with a limit cycle

instability about a relay type non-linearity.

The closed loop characteristics of this servomechanism becomes invariant to any pure

gain changes occurring in the linear elements

This servomechanism, categorized as a self- oscillating control servomechanism, ap- peared to be an evolutionary improvement over

the acceleration switching hydraulic servo- mechanism.

(g) A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable self- oscillation frequency was achieved and dy- namic performance bandpass was independent

of hydraulic supply pressure between 500 and 2000 psl . The bandpass of both servo- mechanisms exceeded 60 cycles per second with the latter operating a complex me- chanical load system.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Department of Environmental Engineering Science, School of Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept.

of Environmental Engineering Science, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.

(h) (856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN

AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Maryland

State Roads Commission, and the U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Field investigation; basic research and de- (5171)

sign.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships (b) as affected by various drainage area parame- (d) ters. At present, runoff from 6 urban (e) areas ranging in size from 10 to 150 acres

are gaged, 5 by stage instruments and 3 by Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems (g) which simultaneously record rainfall and

runoff from 12 inlet areas provide good (5914)

opportunity for detailed study. About 11 years of rainfall records now exist for a (b) network of 14 recording gages covering an (c) area of 100 square miles.

(g) Work has been done on the synthesis of the hydrograph of runoff from impervious por- (d) tions of a drainage area, knowing only the rainfall pattern and the geometry of the area. Correlation between the synthesized

hydrograph and the actual storm hydrographs,

for the same area and same rainfall, has been (e) excellent. This method is now being expanded to apply to pervious drainage areas as well

as impervious.

(h) Technical Report No. 2, John W. Knapp, Dept.

of Environ, Eng'g. Sci., The Johns Hopkins

Univ., Baltimore, Maryland.

Technical Report No. 3, John C. Schaake, Jr., Dept. of Environ. Eng'g. Sci., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

(3437)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

Federal Housing Administration and 16 participating Water Utilities.

Field investigation; applied research and design

This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands and water use patterns in residential areas having varying

populations and located in various climatic regions throughout the country. It also is directed toward obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and other large water uses on maximum demands. The purpose

of the project is to obtain a rational desigi criteria for water distribution systems, to provide a basis for evaluating water rate structures and a basis for Improving system

operation

Field data collection completed as of October 1, 1965. Water use patterns and demand rates Imposed

on distribution systems have been measured

In forty-one residential study areas throughout the United States during the period between July 1, 1963 and October 1, 1965. The major factors influencing residential water use have been evaluated, and a mathe- matical model to represent the phenomenon

has been derived.

The study shows that in an area with a large number of consumers, the expected sprinkling demand during dry periods approximately

equals the evapotransplration rate from the overall irrigable area. Thus, area-wide

sprinkling demands do not depend on the frequency, duration, or magnitude of the demands of individual services. When no precipitation occurs, all evapotransplration

is met by sprinking from the water system,

and, thus, lack of precipitation considerably

increases lawn sprinkling. The normal do- mestic or household use depends primarily on economic level. Residential water use is influenced also by whether consumers are metered or on a flatrate basis, and whether they utilize septic tanks for sewage disposal. Peak demands in flat-rate areas are more than double those

in metered areas because of high sprinkling

demands. Domestic use Is significantly low- er in metered, areas with septic tanks. "Report II on Phase Two of the Residential Water Use Research Project," F.P. Linaweaver,

Jr., Dept. of Environ. Eng'g. Sci., The Johns Hopkins Univ., 62 pages, (June 1965). A limited number of copies are available upon request

GROUND WATER STORAGE PROJECT. National Institutes of Health Research Grant. Field Investigation, applied research. Application of gravity meter to study of change of storage of ground water in water

budget of 38 acre drainage basin. Commencing collection of data. COOLING WATER DISCHARGES PROJECT RP49. Edison Electric Institute, New York 17, N. Y. Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of Environ.

Eng'g. Sci., The Johns Hopkins Univ., 513 Ames Hall, Balto., Md. 21218. The project is a combination of theoretical development and field investigation, and

can be classed as applied research. Work

on this project Is applicable to Masters

essays and Doctoral theses. The purpose of the project is to develop

techniques for predicting water temperatures

in water bodies receiving the condenser cool- ing water discharges of thermal electric generating stations. The first phase of the project, extending from March 1963 to June

1965, was an investigation of existing

theory related to water temperature prediction, and an assembly of existing knowledge

on the relationship between water temperatures

4 2
and the ecology of water bodies. The present

second phase is concerned with developing

field studies necessary to evaluate water

temperature prediction techniques.

f) Presently in Phase II, "Field Studies."

g) Results of Phase I have been reported in publications given in item (h)

(h) "Water Temperatures and Aquatic Life," C. E. Renn and C. Wurtz, Edison Electric Institute Publication No. 65-901, 70 pages, June 1965. Available from Edison Electric Institute,

750 3rd Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017. Price

$2.00. "Heat Exchange in the Environment," J. E. Edinger and J. C. Geyer, Edison Electric

Institute Publication No. 65-902, 253 pages, June 1965. Available from Edison Electric

Institute, 750 3rd Ave., N. Y., N. Y. 10017. Price $2.50.

"Heat Exchange in the Enviroment - A Study

of the Physical Principles Relating to Con- denser Cooling Water Discharges," J. E. Edinger, Doctoral Thesis, 197 pages, The Johns Hopkins Univ. June 1965. "Pinal Report on Cooling Water Discharges

Project - RP49," J. E. Edinger, EE I Bulletin,

August 1965, Vol. 33, No. 7.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Dept. of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Y. S. Yu, Dept of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.

(4151) SEPARATION OF FLOW AT INTERIOR CORNERS.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The separation of laminar flow at Interior

corners is studied to determine experimentally

and mathematically the flow pattern and the geometry of the zone of separation.

f) Suspended.

g) A study of the spatial characteristics of the zone of separation for laminar and transitional flows past an interior corner has been

made. The locations of flow separation and reattachment have been determined experimentally for corner angles of 90, 60, 45. and

30 degrees and contraction-ratios of 0.75,. 0.50 and 0.25. The values of the Reynolds number based on the maximum main-stream velocity, the duct height, and kinematic viscosity of the fluid ranged from 2 x 103 to 4.t x 10k

. (h) "Separation of Laminar and Transitional Flows

at an Interior Corner," by Mack H. Gray, III,

M. S. Thesis, 1965. (Available on loan at the Engineering Library, The University of Kansas .

)

(4944) SOLUTION OF POTENTIAL FLOW WITH FREE STREAM- LINES BY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD.

(b) University research grant.

(d) Theoretical; M.S. thesis.

(e) The Integral-equation method developed in the previous study Is extended to include the effect of gravity.

(4945) SECONDARY MOTIONS IN A "DRAIN-HOLE" VORTEX,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental basic research

for doctoral thesis,

(e) The secondary motions in a steady "drain-hole" vortex flow are being studied to determine the mechanics of its formation and the effects

of rotational speed of the tank and the water depth on the secondary motions.

f) Completed.

g) An approximate solution to the boundary-layer

equations for the flow adjacent to the flow

of the vortex container is obtained. The computed velocity profiles within the boundary

layer agree within 10 percent with the measurements. The radial inflow within the boundary

layer is found to be greater than that outside

the boundary layer. This excess radial in- flow probably causes the formation of the large

torus-shaped secondary vortices in the vertical flow.

(h) "A Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Laminar Vertical Flow," by P. R. Smith, Ph.D. Thesis (in preparation).

(5709) WALL-PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN A CAVITATING TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW.

b) Tennessee Valley Authority,

d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The purpose of this study is to investigate

the formation of cavitation pockets and the associated pressure fluctuations downstream

from an abrupt expansion.

f) Completed.

g) An experimental study of wall-pressure fluc- tuations in a cavitating turbulent shear-flow

at a two-dimensional abrupt expansion in a conduit was performed. Four cavitation re- gimes were observed. Root-mean- square values and frequency spectra of wall-pressure fluc- tuations were obtained for non-cavitating,

incipiently cavitating, and fully cavitating

flow with different expansion ratios of the conduit

(h) "Wall-pressure Fluctuations in a Cavitating

Turbulent Shear Flow," by Svein Vigander,

Studies in Engineering Mechanics, Report No.

21, June 1965.

(5710) INSTABILITY OF NON -NEWTONIAN HELICAL FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) The Taylor-Gortler instability of a powerlaw fluid in an annulus between two rotating

coaxial cylinders with and without axial flew

is studied both experimentally and theoretically.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects and re- quests for reprints and technical reports should be addressed to Dr. J. B. Herbich, Professor, Chairman,

Hydraulic & Sanitary Division, Fritz Engineering

Laboratory, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015.

(2543) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(d) Experimental: M. S. Thesis.

(f) General pressure-distribution study completed.

(g) Tests of square and circular conduit with

free- jet, horizontal apron, and three dif- ferent wall flares, have been completed.

(3084) STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., Marine Division, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers

d) Applied and Basic Research.

e) The immediate purpose of the study is to improve design of a hopper dredge centrifugal pump for pumping silt-clay water mixtures.

The long-term objective is to determine the effect of Bingham Body-type of fluid on pumping characteristics. The project has been divided into four phases: (1) Model

test of existing dredge pump; (2) recom- mendations for design changes of the dredge

pump; (3) model investigation of the modified design of the dredge pump; and (4) analysis of the investigation and final recommendations. Phase 1 Involved instal- lation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8

43
scale model of the dredge pump now used on

the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS. Water as well as sllt-clay-water mixtures

(Bingham Body-type of fluid) were pumped and complete characteristics of the pump ob- tained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions

per minute, and liquid concentrations of 1000 and 1380 grams per liter. Phases 2 and

3 involve modifications in the shape of vane

and changes in the exit vane angle of the impeller. Experimental tests indicate con- siderable improvement in pump efficiency.

Analysis of the experimental data resulted

in recommendations for changes in pump design.

f) 1, 2, 3 and 4 completed.

g) Considerable improvement in pump efficiency

has been achieved.

(3085) STUDY OP SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Graduate students' project.

(e) A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built

of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pressures compared with the data obtained

on the model

f) Completed.

g) Very good correlation obtained between the model and prototype.

(3086) INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES.

(b) Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Inst, of Research

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The project has been divided into four phases:

a) Literature survey; (b) analytical study;

c) experimental study In a fixed-bed model

to determine the desired lengths and shapes

of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity

distribution In the waterway between bridge

abutments; (d) experimental study in a movable-bed model to verify findings in part c. A spur dike has been defined as a projection extending upstream from the bridge abutments.

(f) Phases (a), (b) and (c) completed; phase (d) active

(g) Preliminary investigation indicates that a properly designed spur dike can produce a fairly uniform velocity distribution between

the abutments.

(h) "Hydraulics of Bridges," - by J. W. Delleur,

D. E. Schneible and H. J. Tracy, Joint Highway Research Project, American Society of Civil Engineers Task Force, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(3441) STUDY ' OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE 270 DEGREE BENDS FOR FLOW OF

SILT-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) M. S. Thesis.

(e) Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90 degree elbows assembled to form 270 degree

bends. Head loss measurements obtained for various flows and concentrations of silt- clay-water mixtures. Prediction equations

have been investigated.

f) Completed.

g) No evidence of appreciable scale effect

observed.

(3442) SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD.

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree

d) Theoretical.

e) Design changes in centrifugal pump Impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of past research and theoretical considerations.

(f) Completed.

(3746) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A CENTRIFUGAL FUMP .

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree. District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Marine Division, Phila. Corps of Engineers.

d) Experimental

e) High-speed movies of flow taken through a transparent plexiglas volute casing were analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as distribution of the exit angle between the impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller

were determined.

(f) Completed.

(3747) FRICTION HEAD LOSSES IN CIRCULAR PIPES FOR A BINGHAM-BODY FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The object of the study is the determination

of the pipe flow characteristics of slurries

of various concentrations. The slurries do not behave as fluids of constant viscosity

so that it is not possible to use conventional methods for prediction of head losses in pipes conveying them. Tests are being con- ducted in 6-inch, 3-inch, and 2-inch pipelines with velocities from less than 1 fps to over

30 fps.

(f) Suspended.

(4154) DREDGE PUMP DESIGN.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The objective of the Investigation is to obtain the efficiency and head-capacity

curves, to check the effect of the reduced

vane exit angle, and to determine the ef- ficiency of a model dredge pump while pumping silt-clay-water mixture of specific

gravity equal to 1.17. The experimental

tests were carried out on a 1/8 model pump

of the National Bulk Carriers Hopper Dredge,

S. S. Zulia.

f) Completed,

h) Report In preparation.

(4155) WAVE RUN-UP ON COMPOSITE BEACHES.

(d) Graduate students' project. Experimental,

applied research for design.

(e) The main object of the study Is to verify

existing equations for determining the height of wave run-up and obtain the limits

of application of the equation for long beach berms.

The study is conducted In a 67 ft. long, 2 ft. wide and 2 ft. deep wave channel equipped with pendulum-type wave generator and efficient absorbers

(4156) MULTIPLE DREDGE PUMP SYSTEMS.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The study is conducted to determine the ef- fect on total production of dredge pumps with separate discharges and a combined

discharge. The investigation is divided

into two parts: (a) One pair of pumps is handling a mixture of water and solids, the other is pumping only water. It is required

to determine what percentage of its normal output will the dredge pump passing the mixture attain. (b) If one of a pair of dredge pumps, both handling water-solids

mixtures, is revolving slower than the other

one, how does the total discharge compare

to the total if the discharges were not combined?

(f) Completed.

(4644) STUDY OF THE GRAVITY WAVE REFLECTIONS FROM FLOATING RECTANGULAR BODIES.

(b) Research report requirement of master's degree.

14
d) Experimental.

e) The object of the study is to determine the magnitude of wave reflections from rectangular floating bodies. Tests are being con- ducted in a 67-ft. long, 2 ft. -wide and

2 ft. -deep wave channel equipped with pendulum- type wave generator and efficient

absorbers.

(f) Completed.

(4645) EFFECT OF LENGTH AND SPACING OF SPUR DIKES,

(b) Laboratory report.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; M.S. Thesis.

(e) The object of the study is to determine the effect of length and spacing of spur dikes

on the magnitude of scour in uniform flow. The experiments are conducted In a 10-ft. wide, 35-ft. long open channel with movable

sand bed. Scour patterns are observed and analyzed

(5172) MEASUREMENT OF SLURRY FLOW BY USE OF 90° ELBOW METER.

(b) National Bulk Carrier Inc., New York, N. Y.

(d) Applied and Basic Research.

(e) A four- inch 90° elbow meter was calibrated

against a magnetic flow meter. A flow

range of from 0-1100 gpm was effected in the calibration. Water and fine concentrations

of silt-clay-water mixtures are included in the calibration tests. The basic theory

of the "elbow meter" is discussed and an emperical mathematical relation between

liquid concentration, differential head, and pipe velocity Is presented and discussed.

The feasibility of use of the elbow meter

for flow measurement of slurry type flow is highly possible, but calibration of meter in place Is recommended. Also, the viscous

properties of the material metered are believed to play an important role in the meter's performance.

(5173) SUCTION DREDGING LITERATURE SURVEY.

(bl ' Ellicott Machine Corp., Baltimore, Maryland,

(dj Applied and basic research.

(e) This report is a brief review and summary of selected literature pertaining to equipment

and methods associated with dredging

practice and laboratory studies of dredge

pumps. It consists of four parts: (l) Sum- mary and discussion section. (2) Selected

abstracts. (3) Annotated bibliography.

(4) Bibliography. The discussion section consists of two parts. Part 1 discusses

dredging equipment and dredging in general. Part 2 discusses dredge pumps.

(5174) PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A 1:6 MODEL DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Ellicott Machine Corporation, Baltimore, Md.

(d) Applied and basic research.

(e; Performance tests were made on five 1:6 scale model impellers. Each impeller was tested

at four constant speeds over a wide range of heads and discharges. Water and two con- centrations of a typical dredging mud were

tested with each impeller at all four speeds.

Various graphs and design application curves

were developed for making similarity studies and designs in the homologous series of pumps

(5550) CAVITATION STUDIES ON A MODEL DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Ellicott Machine Corp., Baltimore, Md.

(di Applied and basic research.

(e) Effect of various pump design parameters on cavitation is being investigated. Water

and two concentrations of a typical dredging

mud are being used as dredging material in the laboratory. Other variables, In addition to geometric characteristics of the

pump, include pump speed and rate of flow.

(h) "Effect of Impeller Modifications on Cavitation Characteristics," by J. T. Cassan, Fritz

Engineering Laboratory Rpt. No. 301.4, 1965.

(5551) EFFECT OF LIQUID VISCOSITY ON CAVITATION OF

A MODEL DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Research requirement of Master's degree.

(f ) Completed.

(g) Cavitation tests were performed on three Impellers in a model dredge pump. It was

found that the impeller with the highest

efficiency rating demonstrated the best cavitation performance. Tests of the impellers In silt-clay-water mixtures of various densities indicated that the vis- cosity of the liquid had a negligible

effect on cavitation inception. The impeller rotative speed appeared to have

no effect on the discharge at which cavi- tation began for constant head conditions.

(5552) SCOUR OF FLAT SAND BEACHES DUE TO WAVE

ACTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Research requirement of Master's degree.

(g) Stability of a horizontal sand bed de- posited in shallow water In front of an impervious, smooth seawall under conditions

in which the waves have not yet begun to break was investigated. Experimental studies have been performed in a two-dimensional

wave channel in an effort to determine the rate, extent, and ultimate amount of scour

of the flat sand bed for different condi- tions of water depth, wave height and length, and slope of sea wall.

(h) "Beach Scour Due to Wave Action on Seawalls,"

by B. Van Weele, Fritz Engineering Report No. 293.3, Lehigh University 1965.

(5821) WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION FOR CYLIN- DRICAL PILE ARRAYS

(b) Laboratory project,

(di Experimental,

(ej Master's Thesis.

(g) The purpose of the investigation is to deter- mine the relationship between wave reflection

and transmission and several pile-group con- figurations. A total of 16 circular piles

were used in different rectangular arrays and one random pattern. In the rectangular ar- rangements both the spaclngs transverse to the oncoming wave and the spacings longitudinal to the oncoming wave were investigated.

The experimental studies were performed in

a two-dimensional wave channel.

(h) "Wave Reflection and Transmission for Cylindrical Pile Arrays," by B. Van Weele,

Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 293.4, Lehigh University, 1965.

(5822) GAS REMOVAL SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGE

PUMPS.

(b) District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer

District, Marine Division, Philadelphia,

Corps of Engineers.

(d) Applied and basic research.

(e) The overall purpose Is to study the effect

of gas removal systems on centrifugal dredge

pumps. This consists of a program of studies, tests, analysis and reports dealing

with ways and means for efficiently re- moving entrained and dissolved gases from

the effluents of dredging with centrifugal

pumps in rivers and harbors. The project

has been divided into four (4) phases.

(a) Literature Search and Formulation of

a Test Program, (b) Formulation of Specific

Test Setup and Schedule of the Tests with

Water, (c) Experimental Study and Analysis

of Test Results, (d) Experimental Study with Solid-Water Mixtures (mud) and Analysis

of Test Results.

(f) Phases (a) and (b) are completed; phase (c)

45
is active.

(h) "Gas Removal Systems, Part I: Literature

Survey and Formulation of Test Program," by

W. P. Isaacs and J. B. Herbich, Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 310.3, 1965.

"Gas Removal Systems, Part II: Development

of Facility Layout and Formulation of Test Program," by A. Shindala, Fritz Engineering

Laboratory Report No. 310.7, 1965.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE, Agricultural Engineering Department.

(5915) FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN LOW, FLAT, ALLUVIAL AREAS.

(b) Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,

Louisiana 70803, Dr. Doyle C. Chambers, Dir.

(c) Dr. Jerry Chesness, Assoc. Prof. Agricultural

Engrg. Dept., Louisiana State Univ., Baton

Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Runoff is being gauged on a 50 acre watershed with 0 to 5% slopes on the Mississippi

River alluvial flood plain. A study is being

conducted to measure the effect of land use and vegetative cover on volume and rate of runoff

(g) Double peak hydrographs are often obtained. Surface detention appears to be highly in- fluential on outflow rate.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE,

Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute.

(5711) FRESH WATER STORAGE IN SALINE AQUIFERS.

(b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute.

(c) Dr. Oscar K. Kimbler, Associate Professor,

Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, Louisiana

State University, Baton Rouge, La. 70803.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine whether it is theoretically

feasible to store fresh water in saline aquifers: injecting fresh water, then removing

it from storage. The relative effects of diffusion, dispersion and differences in specific gravity are being studied mathe- matically and by means of models. The ul- timate importance of the work to cities located in flat marshland areas lacking in surface-water storage sites that are underlain by saline aquifers is readily appreciated.

(5713) STUDY OF MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO ACCOMPLISH

PROTECTION OF THE GROUND-WATER SUPPLY OF THE BATON ROUGE AREA FROM DEGRADATION DUE TO

SALINE WATER INTO AREA OF OFFTAKE -ENGINEERING ASPECTS.

b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute.

c) Professor R. G. Kazmann, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803.

(d) Field invesitigation and theoretical study;

applied research and design.

(e) Evaluate engineering solutions for providing

permanent ground-water supply for Baton

Rouge area. Make preliminary feasibility

studies of most promising projects; coordinate work with that being done in aspects 1-3.

(g) Project started July, 1965. Tentative date

of publication, February 1966.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should

be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(1609) STUDY OF BEACH PROCESSES IN THE INSHORE AND

FORESHORE ZONES.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech. Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(S.M. thesis, Ph.D. thesis).

(e) Study of the surface profile and internal kinematics of a shoaling oscillatory wave

up to and beyond the breaker.

(g) The theoretical phase seeks a finite amplitude

irrotational solution in water of gradually

varying depth. The experimental phase in- volves the development of an instrument pack- age for measuring orbital velocities, static pressure and wave profile.

(h) "An Instrument Package for the Laboratory

Study of the Kinematics of Shoaling Waves,"

by M. M. Kolpak, S. M. Thesis, MIT Dept.

of Civil Engineering, June 1965 (Unpublished). "Theoretical Study of Longshore Currents on

a Plane Beach," by P. S. Eagleson, MIT Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 82, Sept. 1965.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH SUBMERGED AND

FLOATING BODIES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(ScD. thesis).

(e) The purpose of the study is to determine

the wave reflecting and transmitting char- acteristics of different types of structures. Applications are made to floating or moored

breakwaters and to wave transformation in variable geometry channels.

(g) (1) Tubular Breakwater. Experiments

on a tubular breakwater covered a series of tests on various lengths and number of tubes

for a wide range of wave lengths and wave

steepness

The effects of these variables on the transmission and reflection coefficients and

on the wave power loss and on the forces on

the breakwater are thus defined. (2) Effect

of a Gradual Change of Depth and Width on Wave Transformation. A theory has been de- veloped which is applicable to long waves encountering a gradual change in depth. These investigations are made in connection

with a more general study on the transformation of long waves in the presence of sub- marine obstructions. A systematic investi- gation is now conducted to extend this work

analytically and experimentally to the following phases: (a) Reflection and trans- mission characteristics for gradual changes

in depth. (b) Reflection and transmission

characteristics for gradual changes In width. (c) Combinations of (a) and (b).

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech. Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(S.M. thesis).

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge

geometry and flow-induced body vibration

on spanwise correlations of instantaneous

wake structure for flat plates.

f) Suspended.

g) Spanwise spatial correlations of total head

fluctuations as obtained from cross power

spectrum indicate the feedback from vibratory

motion to forcing moment to result primarily

from increasing spanwise wake coherence.

(h) "The Effect of Transverse Body Vibration on the Spanwise Correlation of Instantaneous Wake Structure for Flat Plates," by J. J. Turner, R. L. Warters and P. S. Eagleson, MIT Dept. of Civil Engineering Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report No. 81, July 1965. "Maximum Negative Damping In the Flutter of

46
Plat Plates in Water," by P. S. Eagleson and

W. J. Shack, Proc. Eleventh Congress of

IAHR, Lenlgrad, 1965, Paper No. 415.

(3443) COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE COMPLETE TRANSIENT PROBLEM IN A HYDRO-POWER PLANT.

(b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River

Division.

(c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical, field tests; applied research.

(e) Development of a digital computer program

of general utility and proven validity for performing design analyses involving the response of hydro-power plant systems to load fluctuation.

(f) Completed.

(g) Digital computer programs have been written

which' for a wide range of hydraulic geometries

will yield the time variation of the important

hydraulic and mechanical variables for an arbitrary time variation in electrical load under the assumption of an Isolated system. The results of these programs compare well with field test measurements. Pinal reports

and a user's manual have been prepared.

(h) "Hydro-Power Plant Transients Part IV: Computer Program User's Manual," by P. E. Perkins, Hydrodynamics Laboratory TN No. 9, June 1965.

(3444) EFFECTS OP BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS

DAMPING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT

OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the response of a harbor

to waves Incident on the harbor opening,

with open ocean conditions simulated in a basin of finite size.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The response of a rectangular harbor connected

to the open sea was studied both analytically

and experimentally. Solutions were obtained

for the harbor response to wave incident

from the ocean. Experiments were conducted

on fully-open as well as partially-open

harbors of different geometrical properties.

It was found that the theoretical solutions accurately predict the resonant periods of the harbor. Good understanding v/as also reached regarding the "harbor paradox."

Investigations revealed its relation to viscous damping and to the response of a harbor

to waves of a continuous power spectrum.

Experiments revealed that particular resonant modes could be eliminated by the intro- duction of partial barriers along modal

lines, however, these introduced new and sometimes more severe resonances.

(3748) DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIAN AND WASTE WATER

RECHARGE.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) A numerical analysis to determine the amount

of dispersion between mlscible fluids of differing quality in radial, confined flow through a porous medium has been completed. An investigation of dispersion arising

from the injection of a contaminant through

a recharge well and the withdrawal of fresh water through a pumping well, both pumping

at the same rate, in an infinite, confined

ac.uifer is being carried out currently. Results will be important to engineering

projects in the recharging of aquifers with reclaimed waste water.

f) Completed.

g) A general correlation has been made of known

measurements of the longitudinal and lateral dispersion coefficients, using the correct dimensionless representation. Measurements

have been made of the amount of dispersion

(mixing) that occurs when a single well,

pumping at a steady rate, discharges re- claimed waste water into an infinite,

homogeneous, isotropic aquifer. A numerical

solution of the governing differential equa- tion has been obtained. This solution is compared with several approximate methods of solution to the differential equation and to some known field and experimental results.

In the final phase, the problem of two- dimensional dispersion, arising from the steady injection of a contaminant through a recharge well and the steady withdrawal of fresh water by a pumping well (both pumping

at the same rate), is being investigated

experimentally and numerically. A sand model of this two-well flow problem has been constructed,

(h) "Waste Water Recharge and Dispersion in Porous Media," by John A. Hoopes, PhD, MIT, June 1965. "Waste Water Recharge and Dispersion in Porous Media," by J. A. Hoopes and D.R.F. Harleman, TR 75, MIT Hydrodynamics Lab.

(3750) WAVE FORCES ON STRUCTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search (PhD. thesis).

(e) The objective is the development of design

information for wave forces on immersed

objects. Included in the investigation is an analysis that will predict the response

statistics of a pile supported offshore

structure when it is subjected to a random

wave train characterized by a narrow banded

spectrum. Refinements in the analysis of such structures subjected to harmonic waves

are also being investigated.

(g) Analytical procedures have been developed to determine the variation with time of the lateral forces developed on a vertical cylinder due to eddy shedding. Experiments

are being run to determine the magnitude of

the lateral forces as a function of cylinder

diameter and wave characteristics. The phasing of the vortex shedding forces is being correlated with the wave motion. An analysis has also been made of a one degree of freedom system consisting of a nearly massless vertical cylinder, fixed

at the base, loaded with a concentrated

mass, subjected to a random wave train. Experiments are being run to verify the analysis.

(4159) INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF

COMPLEX WAVE FORMS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. A. T.' Ippen, Prof. P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Basic research facility.

(e) Selection and assembly of an analog computer

for the calculation and plotting of corre- lation and spectrum functions. Design and construction of a mechanical time delay

mechanism.

f) Suspended.

g) Data are acquired on a portable, multichannel

FM tape transport. A second transport

permits frequency multiplication through re- recording and provides a 120-foot tape loop

capability for the repetitive analysis of short records. Matched filters allow the determination of cross power spectral densities as well as the power spectral

density of a single signal. Output of all operational modes is through an x-y plotter.

(4160) MOTION OF SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW A FREE SURFACE

! 1
b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, "Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(S.M. thesis).

(e) An investigation of the turbulent wakes

generated by two- and three-dimensional

bodies moving beneath the free surface. The effects of density stratification are central to the study.

(g) Velocity distributions have been measured

at various distances behind a two-dimensional

body moving at different depths of sub- mergence in a homogeneous fluid, and at the interface of a two-layered density-stratified

fluid. The turbulent mixing between the two layers has been measured by measuring concen- tration profiles of the tracer, initially

present in only the lower, heavier layer,

at various distances behind the body. The vertical-diffusion coefficient has been found

to decrease significantly with increasing

density difference between the two fluid

layers. The density stratification also causes the wake width to decrease with increasing distance behind the body after attaining a maximum value at a moderate

distance behind the body. The velocity

profiles in the stratified fluid are of the exponential, similar type, but cannot be predicted using the methods developed for homogeneous fluids, because of the collapse

of the wake. Experiments are now being

performed to map the concentration configuration in the wake of a 4 1/2 -inch diameter,

self-propelled, three dimensional body moving in a fluid with continuous (nearly

linear) density stratification.

(h) "Turbulent Wakes in Density Stratified

Fluids of Finite Extent," by E. A. Prych,

F. R. Harty, Jr., and J. F. Kennedy,

Hydrodynamics Lab., TR No. 65, July 1964.

(4648) MECHANICS OF AERATION AND DISPERSION IN RIVER AND ESTUARY POLLUTION.

(b) Public Health Service, Division of Water

Supply and Pollution Control.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) (1) A basic study of estuary dispersion in an oscillating flow with throughflow superimposed. Extension of Taylor analysis of longitudinal mixing in estuary type flows. Study of similitude of distorted estuary models in regard to distribution of pollutants in fresh water region of the estuary.

(2) A study of the basic mechanism of oxygen

transfer from the atmosphere into turbulent

water.

(f) Completed.

(g) (1) Experimental and analytical investigations

were conducted on mixing in a pipeline with oscillating plus throughflow. It was found

that Incorrect logitudinal concentration

distributions may be obtained if one-to-one

ratio is assumed for concentrations in model

and prototype. Exact solutions to the dis- persion equation were found for both in- stantaneous and continuous Injection of pollutants into an estuary-type flow and both were verified experimentally. It was found that the equation representing the concentration distribution of a continuously

injected pllutant must include the tidal or oscillating velocity. If it does not, the values of the dispersion coefficient found will be much too high.

(2) Turbulence was produced with oscillating

screens in a shallow tank of initially de- aerated water, and the dissolved oxygen was measured as a function of time and depth by means of an electro-chemical probe. One of the objectives is to separate the effects of turbulence on oxygen transfer across the surface from the effects of turbulent diffusion within the body of the fluid,

(h) "Dispersion of Pollutants in Estuary-Type

Flows," by E. R. Holley, Jr., ScD. thesis,

September 1964.

"The Significance of Longitudinal Dispersion

in the Analysis of Pollution in Estuaries,"

by D. R. F. Harleman, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. oi Water Pollution Research, Tokyo, Sec. I, paper No. 13, Pergamon Press, Inc., Aug. 1964. "Dispersion of Continuously Injected Pollutants

in Estuary Type Flow," by W. C. Huber, M. S. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, June 1965.

(4649) TURBULENT TRANSFER MECHANICS OF FLUID SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES.

(b) Pioneering Research Program, Institute of Paper Chemistry.

(c) Professor J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental; basic research S. M. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) Basic Investigation of turbulent transfer mechanics of liquid flows with suspended

particles

(g) Velocity profiles and friction factors have been measured for concentrated suspensions

of almost-neutrally-buoyant plastic particles in water flowing in a two-inch tube in

a special flow facility. Measurements were

made with both spherical and non-spherical

particles. The friction factor is generally

greater for suspensions then for clear water

at the same flux, and decreases with de- creasing concentration and increasing particle size, becoming slightly less than the clear water value for the coarser (0.13

inch) particles at larger Reynolds numbers. Experiments performed to measure the velo- cities of the particles and of the fluid

have revealed that the particles move 10'

to 15% faster than the fluid. The total head tubes used to measure velocity profiles

in earlier experiments were calibrated in flowing suspension using a special nozzle. The coefficients of the probes were found

to be 4 ro 5% higher for the suspensions

than for clear water.

(h) "Flow of Suspensions of Rigid Non-Spherical

Particles," by Antonio Barrera, S. -M. Thesis, June 1965.

(4654) A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYSTEMATIC INVESTI- GATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. L. W. Gelhar,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(e) A research program to develop the general

characteristics of the flow of fluidsediment mixtures and of the interaction of fluid flow with movable boundaries.

(g) A study of sediment transport by shear flow

in the annulus between two rotating drums rather than by flow in a channel has been

initiated. A new experimental apparatus

which replaces the commonly employed

longitudinal channel by an annular channel between two rotating drums has been designed

and built. The normal gravitational field

is replaced by a centrifugal force field. With the cylindrical drums rotating at different relative speeds a large variety

of flow conditions can be established in the "endless" annular channel, covering a wide range of tractive forces on the sediment deposited on the wall of the outer drum under various modes of relative motion. Mean velocities and turbulence characteristics

are being measured in the annulus using

homogeneous fluids. The structure of the mean velocity profiles indicates that the flow is influenced by secondary motions.

A theoretical description of the secondary

motion in the annulus is being developed.

(h) "The Development of a Rotating Endless

4 6
Channel for Hydraulic and Sedimentary

Studies," by P. A. Drinker, L. W. Gelhar

and W. Schrlek, Tech. Report 83, Hydrodynamics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering,

MIT.

(5114) ROUTING UNSTEADY PLOWS PROM HYDROELECTRIC

PLANTS FOR OPTIMIZATION OP NAVIGATION AND

PEAK POWER PRODUCTION.

b) Tennessee Valley Authority.

c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Analytical; applied research.

e) Theoretical analysis of rapid changes of discharge in open-channels and the use of mathematical models of such flows in digital

and analog computers.

fl Completed.

g) A method of characteristics especially

suitable for large and rapid changes of discharge has been applied to a channel having quite general geometry, and a pro- gram for carrying out the computations has

been completed.

(h) "Numerical Analysis of Open-Channel Transients from Hydro-Power Operation," by

Christian Kim, S. M. Thesis, February 1965.

(5115) SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY FOR WATER- RESOURCE PLANNING IN A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical and analytical; basic research.

e) Research on the use of mathematical models

and systems analysis in planning for comprehensive development of water resources

in river basins or other hydrologic units. The relationship of such developments to the social and economic activity of the region in which the unit is located is also being considered.

(g) An existing mathematical model for simulating

a single multi-purpose reservoir is being

modified for more sophisticated handling of operating decisions during the simulation. Simplified mathematical models are being

investigated for possible use in obtaining

approximate answers in the early stages of

a planning study. The results of the simplified models are being checked against

results of simulation.

(5116) DEFINITION OF WATER-RESOURCE FROBLEMS IN LATIN AMERICA.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil

Engineering.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Area survey; for problem identification.

e) General study of water-resource problems

of Latin America to define specific and significant problems that seem to be areas of fruitful research.

f) Completed.

h) "On the Water-resource Problems of Latin

America," by J. W. Bulkley, R. T. McLaughlin and F. Ibanez. Hydrodynamics

Laboratory T. R. No. 87, Oct. 1965.

(5117) ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS.

b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engrg.

c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(Ph.D. thesis).

(e) Development of Improved analytical techniques

for the prediction of the time variation in stream flow at some point in a drainage

basin due to a given temporal and areal distribution of precipitation. Development

of the means for synthesizing these pre- dictors in the absence of long term hydrologic records.

(g) The similarity relationships governing

surface runoff have been derived and from

these the useful range of operation of model catchments has been determined. Instrumentation for a model catchment has been designed and is being built.

(h) "Similarity Criteria in the Surface Runoff Process," by R. A. Grace and P. S. Eagleson, MIT Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 77, July 1965. "Optimum Discrete Linear Hydrologic Systems

with Multiple Inputs," by J. C. Ochoa-R.

and P. S. Eagleson, MIT Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 80, August 1965.

"The Computation of Optimum Realizable

Unit Hydrographs from Rainfall and Runoff

Data," by P. S. Eagleson, R. Mejia and

F. March, MIT Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 84, Sept. 1965.

(5118) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT RIPPLES AND DUNES AND THEIR EFFECT ON CHANNEL ROUGHNESS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Master's and Doctor's thesis).

(e) The formation of sediment ripples and dunes by uniform free-surface flow, uniform

infinite flow, and oscillating flow has

been Investigated as a stability problem by

using a potential flow solutions for fluid motion over a small-amplitude wavy bed and

a sediment transport law in which the transport rate at any point is proportional

to a power of the velocity near the bed

at some distance upstream. The kinematics

of the resulting sediment motion are used

to determine the conditions for which the bed waves will grow, and the behaviour of

the resulting bed features.

(g) Formulas for the wave length, velocity of movement, and amplitude of ripples and dunes have been developed, and the conditions for formation bed waves have been

delineated. The Investigation is now being directed toward development of a method for predicting the friction factor

of uniform flows over sand beds in alluvial

channels. The friction factor is being

related to the flow quantities that have been shown by the theoretical analysis to govern the geometry of the bed configuration. An extensive body of laboratory and field

data has been placed on computer cards and computer programs have been developed to evaluate new methods of predicting channel roughness and compare them with existing

methods.

(h) "Wave-Generated Sediment Ripples," by

John F. Kennedy and Marco Falcon, MIT

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamlc

Laboratory Technical Report No. 86, Aug. 1965.

(5119) TIDAL, SALINITY AND SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS

IN LAKE MARACAIBO CHANNEL, VENEZUELA.

b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engrg.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. E. Partheniades,

Prof. J. F. Kennedy and Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

and field investigation (S .M. Thesis )

(e) Purpose of basic research: Investigation of flow variables and soil properties controlling infiltration and rates of erosion and deposition of fine cohesive sediment in a flow field. Purpose of field investigation:

To determine the sources and motion of sedi- ment and the time and special salinity dis- tribution within the Maracaibo estuary in Venezuela. Also to utilize this information

for designing remedial works in order to re4 -
duce shoaling In the Maracaibo Navigable

Channel and control salt water intrusion into Lake Maracaibo.

(g) Basic research: the special apparatus developed consists of an annular rotating channel and a counterrotating annular ring placed in the channel and in contact with the water

surface. The relative motion of channel and ring generates a uniform turbulent flow field. Experiments with kaolinite clay suspensions have revealed two important properties: (l) The existence of a critical flow velocity

for clay deposition. (2) For a given flow,

the equilibrium concentration is a constant percentage of the initial sediment concen- tration in the channel. Field investigations:

Results point out that most of the sediment

comes from the Gulf of Venezuela transported

near the bottom by tidal and salinity

currents. Also a bottom layer at high

salinity has been found to exist all the way to the entrance to the Lake throughout the year.

(h) "A Summary of the Present Knowledge of the Behavior of Fine Sediments in Estuaries," by E. Partheniades, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, Technical Note No. 8, June

1965. "Erosion and Deposition of Cohesive Soils,"

by E. Partheniades, Journal of Hydraulics

Division, A.S.C.E. Vol. 91, No. HY 1 Proc. Paper 4204, pp. 105-139, Jan. 1965. "Stratified Flow in Estuaries and its Influence on Sedimentation in Navigable

Channels," (in Spanish) by E. Partheniades, 1 C J to be published in the Review of Hydraulic

Engineers of Venezuela.

"A Laboratory Apparatus for the Study of ( e ) Transport of Cohesive Sediment in a Flow

Field," by R. J. Etter and R. P. Hoyer.

M. S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg., MIT, June 1965.

[5120) THE FEASIBILITY OF ROTATING MODELS IN THE STUDY (5542) OF CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN LARGE LAKES.

(h)

(5540)

[*>)

been measured at various locations along a rectangular-cross-section open channel with

a sinusoidal- shaped wavy bed, and along an isolated sinusoidial hump in the channel bottom for a supercritical flow. It has been found that the displacement thickness

of the straight vertical walls varies periodically along the length of the channel with the same period as the wavy bottom. This undulation in the displacement thickness gen- erates diagonal free-surface waves which

criss-cross the flume, a new wave being gen- erated by each wave on the channel bottom. Pressure and velocity measurements indicate

that the perturbation in the displacement

thickness is caused by secondary currents resulting from the interaction of the boundary layers of the vertical side walls and the distortion of the vertical and lateral pressure gradients caused by the curvature of the bed. The orientation of the diagonal wave

is in good agreement with that predicted

using small-amplitude wave theory. The form

of the vertical velocity-profiles vary markedly along the channel, . being sharpest

in the troughs (n=4 in the power- low velo- city distribution) and bluntest at the crest

(n=17 to 19)

"Free Surface Flow over a Wavy Bed, " by

Luc Robillard, S.M. Thesis, Feb. 1965. MINIMUM-COST DESIGN OF PIPE NETWORKS. Unsponsored laboratory project. Professor R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Analytical, design (Master's thesis).

Marginal analysis by means of a digital

computer is used to find the pipe network

that delivers prescribed amounts of water

at fixed points with a minimum cost of net- work and pumping. CAVITATION NEAR SURFACES OF DISTRIBUTED

ROUGHNESS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A study of the feasibility of small scale models in which similitude with respect to gravity and Coriolis forces is obtained. Velocity and time scales are obtained from Frondian conditions for a distorted model. Model is rotated to obtain effect of Coriolis

acceleration.

(g) Surface current patterns on a small model

of Lake Michigan have been obtained for a constant wind field both with and without

rotation of the model. The effect of a vertical density stratification on current patterns has been studied. The production

of a thermocline by infrared heating of the model surface has also been investigated. Results Indicate that rotation of the model produces marked differences in circulation

patterns when compared to non-rotating model having the same wind pattern over the surface.

A small model of Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela) has been constructed for the purpose of studying the peculiar pattern of salinity

distribution which exists in the lake. Results Indicate that pattern is produced by

interaction of wind generated currents and Coriolis effect.

(5539) FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER THE WAVY BED.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(Master's thesis).

(e) An investigation of a free surface flow of a real fluid over a small-amplitude sinusoidal bed in a rectangular-cross-section channel.

(g) Velocity profiles upward from the bed and outward from the vertical side walls have

lb) U.S. Army Research Office - Durham.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical (Ph.D. thesis).

(e) The influence of various distributions of roughness height on cavitation inception in

a turbulent .boundary layer. Boundary layer

and roughness parameters and the role of free stream and boundary layer turbulence

will be correlated with cavitation inception. An attempt will be made to determine

any advantages of roughness in cavitation

design

[5543) DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN HETEROGENEOUS AND ANISOTROPIC AQUIFERS.

(b) Public Health Service, Div. of Water Supply

and Pollution Control.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Analytical and experimental (Doctoral thesis).

(e) Study of the dispersion and mixing in mlscible fluid displacement in heterogeneous and anisotropic porous media. First phase dealt with dispersion in layered formations. The current phase deals with numerical solutions

to the convectlve-disperslon equations.

These results will be applied to problems in layered and anisotropic formations.

(g) Analytical solution for longitudinal dis- persion In flow perpendicular to the layers, and lateral dispersion In flow along the layers have been obtained. These solutions

have been verified experimentally.

The numerical solutions are aimed at obtaining a general and efficient computer program

with which a large variety of problems may

be solved.

(h) "Dispersion and Adsorption in Porous Media,"

Discussion by D. R. F. Harleman and U. Shamir,

by R. B. Banks and Iqbal All, Proc. ASCE Vol. 91, No. HY3, May 1965, pp. 330-333.

50
(5544) TECHNIQUES OF MODELLING THE SOLAR POND IN THE LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and analytical (Doctoral thesis).

(e) The solar pond is used to store solar energy by absorption of radiation in a dense layer

at the bottom of a pond. The object of the research is to (1) find an analytic pre- diction for the temperature distribution

in a pond with and without a black body absorber at the bottom for a specified

radiation at the surface, and verify the analytic predictions experimentally. (2) Seek methods of obtaining prescribed tem- perature distributions for distorted models.

(5823) TURBULENCE STRUCTURE OF FLOW IN ROUGH CONDUITS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental; basic research S.M. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) Measurement of the turbulence structure

for pipe flow in the fully rough regime

Particular attention is being directed

to the region near the boundary.

(g) An air flow facility with a ten-inch

diameter test section is being constructed.

The working section can be opened, and 0.13

inch diameter spheres are being cemented

to the pipe to give a rough surface. The turbulence structure will be measured using a hot wire anemometer. The goal is to gain more insight into the process of particle entrainment by a turbulent flow by examining the turbulent component of velocity near the bed.

(5824) URBAN HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS.

(b) Commonwealth of Mass., Dept. of Public

Works.

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical and data analysis (S.M. thesis).

(e) Representation of urban drainage basins

as optimum linear systems.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "Linear Synthesis of Urban Hydrographs,

by F. March, S. M. thesis, MIT Dept. of Civil Engrg., Sept. 1965 (unpublished).

"Approaches to the Linear Synthesis of Urban Runoff Systems," by F. March and

P. S. Eagleson, MIT Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Hydrodynamics Lab. Report No. 85, Sept.

1965.

(5825) OPTIMAL DESIGN OF SEWER AND DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and analytical; basic research.

(e) Unsteady flow In systems of open channels

is being analyzed numerically using a digital computer and dynamic programming is being applied to the optimal design of such systems.

(5826) MECHANICS OF VISCOUS STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) MIT, Sloan Basic Research Grant.

(c) Prof. L. W. Gelhar, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic reserch

(master's thesis).

(e) General studies of viscous effects in den- sity stratified flows. The present study deals with slow flow of a non-diffusive

fluid.

(g) A mathematical model for slow viscous non- diffusive flow has been developed. The resulting ordinary differential equation

is being integrated numerically for a

number of flow problems including flow toward a line sink and the developing

shear layer between stratified fluids moving at different velocities.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(4490) BASIC RESEARCH ON COOLING OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE

ELECTROMAGNETS.

(b) M.I.T. National Magnet Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Arthur Bergles, M.I.T. , Cambridge,

Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; bachelor's, master's,

and doctor's theses.

(e) This project has been concerned with the prediction of heat transfer and pressure

drop under conditions simulating those encountered in high-performance electromagnets. Nonboiling and boiling heat transfer with water are being studied. Techniques of augmenting heat transfer

are being considered.

(g) Data have been taken and correlations pro- posed for the prediction of heat transfer, pressure drop, and burnout for forced- convection surface boiling. The conditions

for stability in parallel-channel systems

have been defined. Investigations of the effects of fluid vibrations, additives, and

swirl flow have been performed.

(h) "A Study of System-Induced Instabilities in Forced-Convection Flows with Subcooled Boiling," J. S. Maulbetsch and P. Griffith, M.I.T. Engineering Projects Lab. Tech. Report 5382-

35, April 1965. "Effects of Upstream Compressibility on Sub- cooled Critical Heat Flux," by R. S. Dalaas

and A. E. Bergles, ASME Paper No. 65-HT-67,

1965.

"The Influence of Ultrasonic Vibrations on Heat Transfer to Water Flowing in Annuli,"

by A. E. Bergles and P. H. Newell, Jr., Int.

J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 1273-1280, 1965.

(4498) USE OF ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE IN FLOW VISU- ALIZATION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF MASS TRANS- FER RATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. George S. Springer, Asst. Prof., M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental, applied research, Master's

thesis

(e) To study the process of electrochemiluminesce

and Investigate its usefulness in flow visu- alization and mass transfer measurements.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The technique shows separation in laminar flow.

It can be used to measure mass transfer rates

to solid surfaces in laminar flow.

(h) "Use of Electrochemiluminescence in the Measurement of Mass Transfer Rates," by G. S. Springer, The Rev. Sci. Instruments 35, 1277- 1280, 1964. "Flow Visualization with the Technique of Electrochemiluminescence," by B. Howland,

G. S. Springer, M.G. Hill. J. of Fluid

Mechanics. In print.

(4982) FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND

FLUID FLOW INSIDE A HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR.

(b) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Re- search Grant RP 47.

(c) Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr., Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Basic research; experimental and theoretical.

(e) To conduct a visual and quantitative study

of the fluid mechanics of a horizontal tube evaporator in order to clarify the confusion

which presently exists In the interpretation

51
(h)

of experimental results as concerns heat (5781) transfer mechanisms,

(h) "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Inside a Horl- (b) zontal Tube Evaporator," by S. W. Gouse, Jr., (c) and others. Presented at the Boiling and Two-Phase Flow Symposium at the ASHRAE National

Meeting, Portland, Oregon, July 7, 1965, (d) Trans. ASHRAE, Part II, 1965. (e) "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Inside a Horizontal Tube Evaporator-Phase II," by S. W. Gouse, Jr., A. J. Dickson, M.I.T., Engineering Projects Laboratory Report DSR 9649-2, November 1965. (5782)

(4983) DETERMINATION OF THE STATE OF THE ART IN TWOPHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW PHENOMENA. |b|

fb) Office of Naval Research (Nonr-1841 ( 73) )

(c) S. William Gouse, Jr., Associate Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., (d) Cambridge, Mass. 02139. (e)

(d) Literature search and review.

(e) Conduct a world wide search of the literature

on various aspects of two-phase gas-liquid flow,

index the literature and review the state of the art in various problem areas.

"An Index to the Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Literature, Part III," by S. W. Gouse, Jr., M.I.T., Engineering Projects Laboratory

Report DSR 8734-6, December 1965.

"The Evaporator Tube-State of the Art," by

S. W. Gouse, Jr., A. J. Dickson, M.I.T. Engineering Projects Laboratory Report DSR

8734-7, December 1965. (5783)

(5554) TWO-PHASE DIFFUSER FLOW STUDIES.

(b) M.I.T. Solar Energy Fund. (c) (c) S. William Gouse, Jr., Associate Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., (d) Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Basic research; experimental and theoretical. (e)

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation of decelerating two-phase gas-liquid flows.

(5555) WAVE PROPAGATION IN FLEXIBLE TUBES.

(b) National Institutes of Health. (5784)

(c) Prof. A. H . Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research; (b) master's and doctoral theses. (c)

(e) Pulsatile flow, with reference to the human

vascular system. Studies of wave propagation, (d) non-linear effects, flow patterns, effects of (e) local changes in tube wall properties.

(h) Report is now in preparation.

(5557) MOMENTUM FLUXES IN TWO PHASE (GAS-LIQUID) FLOW.

(b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Prof. Peter Griffith, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental. Direct measurement of momentum

fluxes made for air-water and steam-water in

a round pipe. Applied research - doctoral. (b)

(e) A two-phase mixture is turned through 90° and

the force on the turning tee is measured.

(g) Homogeneous momentum fluxes are closest to the (c) truth.

(h) "The Momentum Flux in Two-Phase Flow," by

Gerry B. Andeen, P. Griffith. Technical Report (d) No. 4547-38, AEC Code: Report MIT 3496-1, October 1965. M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(5780) ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF (e) FLOW OSCILLATIONS IN A CLOSED LOOP WITH TRANSPARENT, PARALLEL, VERTICAL, HEATED CHANNELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research (Nonr-3963(l5) )

(c) S. William Gouse, Jr., Associate Prof, of Mech. Engrg., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass. 02139.

(d} Basic research, analytical and experimental.

(e) Examine the details of two-phase gas-liquid

flow oscillations with the object of identi- fying mechanisms and predicting stable opera- (g) ting conditions.

AERODYNAMIC DRAG IN TUNNELS.

U. S. Department of Commerce.

S. William Gouse, Jr., Associate Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Basic research, analytical and experimental.

By means of similitude experimentally determine

the aerodynamic drag characteristics of vehicles1 moving along guideways of varying degrees of enclosure

OPTIMIZATION OF AIR-CYCLE COOLING SYSTEMS FOR SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT. Laboratory project. John S. Maulbetsch, Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Room 1-112, M. I. T., Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Analytical, Applied Research (Master's Thesis).

The project constitutes an attempt to system - tize and computerize air-cycle cooling systati calculations which presently involve tedious trial-and-error calculations. This may be done- on three levels of complexity: (l) off-desiga

calculations for a system already designed.

(2) optimization of components at the design

part for a situation where the general cycle

configuration has been decided. (3) choice

of optimum cycle configuration from a specifi- cation only of the system loads and the mission profile for the aircraft. HYDRAULIC ANALOGY STUDY OF COMPRESSIBLE WAVES

IN TUNNELS. Project Transport - Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. Mikio Suo, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Experimental applied research, master's

thesis.

The formation and initial propagation of compressible waves in high speed train tunnels

is being studied. The hydraulic analogy to compressible fluid flow is being used as a tool in this study. TRANSITION FROM TURBULENT TO LAMINAR FLOW IN COOLED LIQUID FLOWS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Mikio Suo, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Experimental basic research, master's thesis.

A liquid which is at a low turbulent Reynolds number in a pipe may become laminar if it is cooled sufficiently. The nature of this transition is being investigated.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

(2561) HYDROLOGY STUDIES OF MASSACHUSETTS. Cooperative with the U. S. Geological Survey, the U. S. Soil Conservation Service and the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission.

Assoc. Prof. G. R. Higgins, Engineering Re- search Institute, University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Mass. 01003. Experimental; Field and Laboratory; for hydrologic information for the Commonwealth to better assess the water resources potential

and for design of future works. Mass curves, flow duration curves, and re- currence Interval curves have been prepared

for nearly all the gaged streams in Mass. through the water year 1962. Preliminary in- vestigations to determine factors that affect base flow have been conducted. These included

studies of soil types, drainage density, sut»- face cover, and others deemed pertinent. Present emphasis is concerned with evaporation

studies to determine the effect of evaporation

on reservoir yield.

A 250 page report entitled "Hydrology Studies

in Massachusetts" was completed for the Mass.

52
(h)

(5371)

(g)

(h)

(5373)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Water Resources Commission in 1964. Copies

are available upon request.

Progress reports were submitted to the Re- search Council of the University of Mass. in 1959 and 1960. A report for the Water Resources

Research Center is in preparation.

A PHOTOMICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OP NON- NEWTONIAN PLOWS AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003. Experimental; basic research. Laminar velocity profiles have been determined

from photomicrographs of the motion of polystyrene latex spheres 0.557 microns in diameter

dispersed in distilled water and three different aqueous solutions of noh-Newtohian additives flowing in a lucite channel of crosssection 13 x 1.5 mm at a channel Reynolds number of 0.92. Velocity profile for distilled water agrees within 2£ with the theoretical parabolic dis- tribution for laminar flow between parallel

flat plates. Profiles for the additives at both concentrations of 0.125^ and 0.25$ were Indistinguishable from that of distilled water

except near the boundaries, from 20-50 microns, where the velocity was measureably higher.

Experiments are to be repeated for turbulent

flow using high speed cinemamlcrophotography

"Measurement of Laminar Velocity Profiles with

Non-Newtonian Additives," in preparation.

EFFICIENCY OF SPRAY AERATION. National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003. Experimental; basic research. Overall oxygen transfer coefficients have been measured for deaerated water droplets falling

through the atmosphere as a function of drop

size and drop distance. The experiments are repeated with a synthetic detergent added to the water. Transfer coefficients are also measured from fully aerated water droplets

falling through a pure nitrogen atmosphere

as a function of drop size and drop distance

and these experiments are repeated with a synthetic detergent added.

(e)

(4,946)

(b)

(o)

It)

(h)

(5558)

(g)

(5916) UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg.

(4858) WATER HAMMER: RESONANCE IN TRIPLEX PUMP SUCTION AND DISCHARGE LINES.

(b) Union Pump Company.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Theoretical determination of resonance-free

suction lines and experimental study of actual transients.

(4859) PULSATILE PLOW THROUGH ARTERIES.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Computer simulation of portions of the arterial tree; experimental studies of energy dissipation in pulsatile flow through distensible tubes.

(4862) WATER HAMMER, LIQUID COLUMN SEPARATION.

It]

(g)

for doctoral thesis. Study of shape of separated liquid free

surface in a horizontal pipe. RESONANCE IN PIPELINES. Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, The University of Michigan, Ford Foundation,

National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental.

Study of geometry of pipelines and the frequencies for which resonance could occur. Effect of friction in damping resonance. "Resonance in Pressurized Piping Systems,"

E. B. Wylie, ASME paper No. 65-FE-6 Applied

Mechanics/Fluids Engineering Conf., Wash.,

D. C., June 7-9, 1965. "Resonance in Bersimis No. 2 Piping Systems,"

E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, ASME paper No. 65-FE-10 Applied Mechanics/Fluids Engrg.

Conf., Wash., D.C., June 7-9, 1965. "Resonance in Governed Hydro Piping Systems,"

V. L. Streeter and E. B. Wylie, ASME Symposi- um "Waterhammer in Pumped Storage Projects"

Nov. 8-10, 1965, Winter Annual Meeting,

Chicago

"Computer Solution of Surge Problems," V. L. Streeter, Symposium on Surges in Pipelines,

Inst, of Mechanical Engineers, London, Nov.

2-3, 1965. THE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON THE RUNOFF

PROCESS. National Institute of Health.

Dr. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Analysis of field data, basic research. Rainfall and runoff data from six watersheds

are being analyzed. Some water sheds are rural, others are urbanized and others are

in the process of urbanization. The ultimate goal of the research is the prediction of storm runoff on watersheds in various stages of urbanization.

More than 50 flood hydrographs from six drainage basins were analyzed for shape and timing with respect to rainfall and volume

of surface runoff. RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS ON URBAN AND RURAL

AREAS. National Institutes of Health.

Dr. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic Engrg.,

Dept. of Civil Engrg. , Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Analysis of field data, basic research. Investigations will be made of rainfall and runoff for 27 small watersheds located in southwestern Michigan in order to determine

basic relationships between flood discharge

and rainfall and watershed characteristics. Research is in preliminary stages.

(5917) VALVE STROKING TO CONTROL WATERHAMMER. National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental.

Development of theoretical equations for motion of a valve so that the transient

ceases the instant the valve motion ceases; confirmation on 4,000 ft. line with servo- operated valve.

(b)

(c)

(d)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(5259) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SELF-CLEANING CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY GRATE INLETS.

(b) Rowland Engineering Co. and Univ. of Missouri,

Engineering Experiment Station.

53
(c) Dr. John J. Cassidy, Civil Engineering Dept.,

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65202.

d) Experimental; applied.

e) Several commonly used geometric types of grate

inlets are being investigated in order to generalize the hydraulic characteristics of the grates, and hence provide a rational means of comparison of individual efficiencies.

f) Completed.

g) Efficiency of a grate has been shown to a function of the Froude number and depth of the gutter flow. Grates with vane-shaped

bars were found to be more efficient for

large Froude numbers than were grates formed

from flat bars. Self-cleaning characteristics

of the grate appeared to vary with the thickness of the grate bars.

(h) Results have been submitted for publication

at the Highway Research Board Meeting in Washington, D. C, Jan. 17, 1966.

(5260) I RROTATI ONA L FLOW THROUGH A SPILLWAY BUCKET

OF GIVEN SHAPE IN A GRAVITY FIELD.

b) Univ. of Missouri, Engrg. Experiment Station.

c) Dr. John J. Cassidy, Civil Engrg. Dept.,

Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65202.

d) Experimental, basic, M. S. Thesis.

e) Discharge coefficients and pressure dis- tributions are being determined experimently

for spillways with varying crest shapes.

(5829) DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL

FLOWS.

b) Laboratory study.

c) Dr. Henry Liu, Civil Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65202.

d) Experimental, applied.

e) A new method of discharge measurement is being studied. The method involves the release of lighter- than-water .particles on or near the floor of a channel, and the measurement of the horizontal distance traversed during their rise to the surface.

(b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways

Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. John J. Cassidy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65202.

d) Analytical; basic research.

e) An analytical method is being devised for

the determination of free-surface profiles, pressure distributions, and velocity dis- tributions for irrotational flow through a curved spillway of given shape in a gravity

field.

f) Completed.

g) A FORTRAN program was written for the analysis of flow through a curved spillway bucket. Input to the program included the total head, bucket radius, coordinates of

the center of curvature, and the slope of the approaching channel. Output from the program includes pressures on the solid boundary and free-surface coordinates.

(h) "Analytical Study of Flow Characteristics

For Flow Over a Curved Spillway Bucket,"

Contract No. DA-22-079-CIVENG-64-83, by

John J. Cassidy, obtainable from the Engrg.

Experiment Station, Univ. of Mo., Columbia,

Missouri 65202.

(5261) THE CELERITY OF SOLITARY WAVES OF CONSTANT

FORM.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ROLLA, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept.,

University of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla,

Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and critical depth of an imaginary open channel having same dimensions as the weir opening.

f) Completed.

g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick solution for plotting of M function. Re- lationship between the M function, and the critical depth is logarithmic. This greatly simplifies determination of critical

flow where the critical depth is known or vice versa. A relationship exists between

M function of channels of same shape but different dimensions. The velocity of ap- proach does not affect the relationship

between physical depth and crest depth.

(3775) VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING

BASIN.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles Lenau, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65202.

d) Analytical; basic.

e) The celerity of solitary waves with large

amplitudes is being investigated through

numerical solution of a nonlinear integral

equation under the assumption that the flow

is potential. The wave of maximum amplitude

is of particular Interest.

f) Completed.

g) A solution was obtained for the form of a large solitary wave of constant form. The maximum amplitude and the celerity were ob- tained as part of the solution.

(h) Results have been submitted for publication

in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

(5827) EFFECT OF AQUATIC GROWTHS ON THE RESISTANCE

TO FLOW IN PIPES.

b) Missouri State Water Pollution Board.

c) Dr. John J. Cassidy and Dr. Darrel L. King, Civil Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Mo., Columbia,

Missouri 65202.

d) Experimental, basic; M. S. thesis.

e) Nutrients are being added to water in order

to grow algae and other organisms on the walls of pipes through which the water is being pumped. Change in the resistance co- efficient with time is being measured.

(5828) SPILLWAY DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS AS A FUNCTION OF SPILLWAY

SHAPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

Department, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Tests being conducted on the terminal effect of a 3/8 inch water jet on a cy- lindrical stilling basin to determine side and bottom pressures, velocities and energy dissipated.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that the hydraulic behavior of the free Jet impacting on a stilling basin cai be determined to a degree which may be con- sidered accurate for practical purposes. It was also shown that given the free jet velocity, the magnitudes of the velocities at the critical points inside the stilling basin can be computed by menas of the equations pre- sented . (h) "Velocity Distribution Induced by Free Jet

Impact on A Stilling Basin" by Sedat Ozkol, Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1962.

(4169) INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL INTERNAL

SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesi3.

54
(e) A scale model rockflll dam containing a vertical internal spillway was studied to determine factors affecting stage-discharge

relationships

Completed. A COMPUTER STUDY OF BACKWATER COMPUTATIONS. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri S5401. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis. The effect of some approximations used in backwater calculations on the resulting

surface profile were studied by use of a digital computer. Also, several methods of backwater computations were compared.

Completed.

The results of this study indicated that the use of approximations is feasible for

curves above critical depth but are de- pendent on flow regime

HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MISSOURI WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri 65401. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis. This study was for the purpose of correlating

basin characteristics and mean annual flood for Missouri watersheds having a drainage

area of less than ten square miles. Suspended

It was found that mean annual floods could

be predicted and correlated to known data from forty-five Missouri watersheds by use

of a shape factor (AL2 ) and basin index

(AL2 SV2).

FLOW THROUGH A ROCKFILL DAM. Laboratory project.

Prof. P. R. Munger, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri 65401. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis. Model studies are being conducted on a rockflll dam with a sloping Internal spill- way to determine the characteristics of flow through such dams. Suspended.

Preliminary results indicate a relation

exists between flow rate, head, core height

and rock size. INVESTIGATION OF HIGH VELOCITY JETS ON HYDRAULIC JUMP. Laboratory project.

Prof. Paul R. Munger, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri

65401. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

Investigation of tailwater depth, length, and wave formation properties of hydraulic

Jump due to introduction of high velocity

Jets from apron.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Test results indicate: (a) the quantity of water flowing through the submerged jets is

a primary factor in determining the specific energy of the water leaving the hydraulic

Jump, (b) submerged Jets can be more effective than baffle piers in reducing the length

of the hydraulic jump, (c) submerged Jets are

not as effective as baffle piers in reducing

the wave formation properties of a Jump.

(h) "The Effect of Submerged Jets on the Hydraulic

Jump," by Harvey E. Job son, Master's Thesis, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, 1965.

(5469) VELOCITY AND KINETIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

OF A SUBMERGED JET.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Tests conducted to determine the effect on velocity and kinetic energy by submerging a jet below the surface of a stilling basin.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The entraining effect of the submerged Jet

is of an order of ten or more times the discharge of the jet itself at the section

of the jet opening. The major energy dis- sipation effects occur in the region of

the Jet itself. The kinetic energy

decreases not linearly but exponentially

with depth of penetration.

(5740) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISITICS OF SIDE WEIRS.

(d)

(e)

ill

(h)

Laboratory project.

Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

Dept., University of Missouri at Rolla, Missouri 65401. Experimental, basic research for Master's

thesis. An investigation of the division of flow of water in a flume of rectangular cross-section when the flume is provided with a side weir. Suspended

An equation is derived so that the quantity

of water flowing over the side weir compared

to the quantity of water flowing in the main

channel can be predicted. This ratio is acceptable only within the ranges of heads,

velocities, and weir lengths imposed by the geometry of the system tested. "Discharge Characteristics of Side Weirs,"

by Edgar Snowden IV, Master's Thesis, Univ.

of Missouri at Rolla, 1965.

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(4664) EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER BY SURFACE FLOODING METHODS. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. C. Bowman, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept. Montana State College,

Bozeman, Montana 59715. This is a study to develop design criteria

for more efficient application of irrigation water by flooding method. This is basic research at the present time, but will

be applied research immediately upon com- pletion of the first phase.

(d)

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University

of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68506.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study of drag

and inertia in unsteady flow. Basic re- search for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Primary objects of the research are: To determine the growth and motion of vortices behind two dimensional bluff bodies

subjected to unidirectional unsteady flow; to determine the various components of corresponding resistance; and to correlate a particular vortex configuration with the instantaneous

resistance.

(g) The forces predicted on the basis of the moving

and growing vortices are comparable in magnitude

to forces which are observed. Resistance to

55
unsteady flow is not to be thought of as a mere juxtaposition of resistances to steady- flow augmented by an inertial force,

(h) "Unsteady Flow Over Bluff Bodies", by T. Sarpkaya, Developments in Mechanics, Pergamon

Press, Oxford, England, pp. 45-68, 1964.

(3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS.

Impulsive Flow about Cylinders", by T. Sarpkaya, Journal of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 65-395, July 1965.

(5265) DYNAMICS OF A BISTABLE FLUID AMPLIFIER WITH

A LATCHING VORTEX.

[51

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4893)

(b)

(o)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5263)

(b)

(h)

(5264)

(b)

(c)

151

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. 68508. Theoretical basic research; for master's

thesis. When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening, initial average ac- celeration is determined by the Induced mass

of the fluid system. Since the equation of the elastic wave propagagion cannot be solved

for the boundary conditions imposed, solution

of Laplace's equation is joined to that ob- tained from the wave equation through the application of the Schwartz-Christoff el transformation and electrical analogy. The effect of induced mass is most pronounced

particularly for short conduits. Average times necessary for the reflection of an elastic wave from a given reservoir is determined. COUNTER VORTEX OSCILLATOR. Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories, Wash.,

D. C. Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. Theoretical and experimental and for master's

thesis. To determine the intensity of pressure fluc- tuations and frequency of the instability

created by two vortices rotating in opposite

directions in two vortex chambers connected

by a circular tube. Frequency and intensity of pressure fluc- tuations are determined as a function of fluid properties and the geometry of the system. The counter vortex oscillator unit proved to be usable together with a pneumatic

amplifier in controlling the momentum of the power jet.

"Characteristics of a Vortex Device and the Vortex-Breakdown Phenomenon", by T. Sarpkaya,

Proceedings of the Fluid Amplification Conference, Vol. II, pp. 245-268, 1965.

(g)

,5670

[5671)

Harry Diamond Laboratories, Washington, D. C. Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. Theoretical and experimental, M. S. thesis.

To determine the response of a bistable fluid amplifier with a latching vortex to various

types of input.

Latching vortex increases the power and pressure-recovery factors but it also increases the noise level of the amplifier.

"Steady and Transient Behavior of a Bistable

Amplifier with a Latching Vortex", by T. Sarpkaya, Proceedings of the Fluid Amplifica- tion Conference, Vol. II, pp. 185-205, 1965. EVOLUTION OF SMALL DISTURBANCES IN THE TRANSITION REGION OF HAGEN-POISEUILLE FLOW. National Science Foundation.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. Theoretical and experimental basic research.

The purpose of the project is to study the stability of pipe flow to small upstream

disturbances.

A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FLUID MOTION ABOUT A FLAT PLATE ROTATED IM- PULSIVELY FROM REST TO A UNIFORM ANGULAR

VELOCITY.

of David Taylor Model Basin.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. Theoretical and experimental basic research. To determine the characteristics of the time- dependent flow and the torque acting on the flat plate.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

(5560) THEORETICAL STUDY OF SUSPENSION VISCOSITY: BY MEANS OF A MODEL OF THE SLOW MOTION OF

SPHERES AND A VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH A CYLINDER. VORTEX-RATE SENSOR. Harry Diamond Laboratories.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. Theoretical and experimental for M. S. thesis. To use the vortex- sink flow to provide a signal proportional to rate of rotation. Boundary layer development in vortex- sink flow has been analyzed theoretically. The units built provide sufficiently large

signals for very low rates of rotation.

"A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Vortex-Sink Angular Rate Sensor", by

T. Sarpkaya, Proceedings of the Fluid Amplification Conference, Vol. II, pp. 301-329, 1965. SEPARATED FLOW ABOUT LIFTING BODIES.

(g)

Laboratory project partly supported by NSF

and ONR.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. Experimental and theoretical. Cross-flow drag and normal-force coefficients

are determined for slender bodies at high

angles of attack within subsonic to moderately

supersonic range. Cross-flow drag coefficient is about 255^ larger near the point of separation than that (4988) for steady flow at the same Reynolds number

past a circular cylinder. Results Indicate

that Schwabe 1 s data for cylinders set in (b) motion impulsively from rest may be in error. (c) "Separated Flow about Lifting Bodies and

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chem. Engr., New York Univ., Univ. Heights, Bronx, N. Y. 10453. Theoretical; basic research for doctoral thesis. The slow translatlonal and rotational mo- tion of particles moving through a viscous

fluid subjected to the influence of cylindrical boundaries is being studied. This will ultimately enable a theoretical

prediction of the frictional drag, rotational moment, permanent pressure drop caused by

the presence of these particles in the origi- nal Poiseuillian field of flow, and suspension viscosity.

The method of reflections technique for solv- ing boundary value problems is applied to the slow translatlonal and rotational motion of a particle subjected to the influence of cylin- drical boundaries. Expressions were obtained for the frictional drag, rotational moment, permanent pressure drop and suspension

viscosity.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and

Science, Department of Civil Engineering. MECHANISM OF GAS ABSORPTION BY TURBULENT

LIQUIDS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. William E. Dobbins, Prof, of Civil Engineering, New York University, School of

56
Engineering and Science, University Heights New York 10453.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) A study of the mechanism by which gases are transferred across a turbulent gas-liquid

interface, with particuar emphasis on the process as it occurs in natural streams.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A mathematical model for the transfer process

has been developed. Experimental work using

several gases of varying diffusivities

indicates an acceptability of the mathe- matical model. The present phase is concerned with the effect of impurities in the liquid

5951) TILTING CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Erick R. Gidlund, Ass't. Professor of Civil Engineering, New York School of Engrg.

and Science, Univ. Heights, New York, New York 10453.

d) Development of research facilities.

e) The channel is 65 feet long, 3 feet wide and

2 feet deep, glass walled and glass bottomed.

It has a tilting capacity of +1 percent to

-2 percent. It is designed as a general purpose facility for studies in open channel

and estuary flow problems including dispersion,

sediment transport and wave interaction

studies

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and

Oceanography.

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTER- ACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography

and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Prof, of Oceanography, New York University, Hew York

53, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation in deep water; nonlinear properties of capillary and gravity waves in both Eulerian

and Lagrangian form. Observations of temperature, humidity, and wind over the sea surface. Albedo measurements. Wind stress over the water surface. The prediction of large scale oceanic circulations. Equatorial current systems in the Atlantic

Ocean. Theoretical and observational

studies of turbulence in water. Diffusion

studies

(g) Analysis of data obtained during Equalant I- III expeditions has proved the existence of

the Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent all across the ocean. Detailed studies of the termination of this current in the Bay of Guinea Indicate a direct relationship to the African SW-Monsoon.

(h) "Observations of the Equatorial Undercurrent

in the Atlantic Ocean at 15 W during Equalant

I," J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 297-304. "Oceanography of the Tropical Atlantic,"

Proc. of a Symposium on the Oceanography of

the Western South Atlantic, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil, 1964.

(5470) U. S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE ATLANTIC AND

PACIFIC WAVE HINDCASTING PROJECT.

(b) U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office.

(c) Professor Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Prof, of Oceanography. New York University, New York, New York 10453.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and applied research.

(e) Development of ways to hindcast waves by

spectral techniques on an oceanwide basis.

The North Atlantic has been completed, and

the North Pacific is first being started,

(f) Will run for two years. A file of magnetic

tape containing wave spectra for every S hours at 519 points on the North Atlantic

for 15 months is available,

(h) "A Proposed Spectral Form for Fully Developed

Wind Seas Based on the Similarity Theory of

S. A. Kitaigorodskii, " W. J. Pierson and L. Moskowitz, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 69, no. 24, 1964.

"The Interpretation of Wave Spectrums in Terms of the Wind Profile Instead of the Wind Measured at a Constant Height," W. J. Pierson, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 69, no. 24, 1964.

"The Accuracy and Potential Uses of Computer Based Wave Forecasts and Hindcasts for the North Atlantic," Proc. Second Symp. on Military Oceanography, pp. 69-82.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH

CAROLINA, Department of Engineering Research.

(4667) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. M. Amein, Department of Civil Engrg., North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, N. C. 27607.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search . (e) An experimental investigation on translatory

motions with irregular profiles, on bore formations and on the propagation of un- steady motions through non-uniform flows is made in a glass-walled channel. The channel

is 14 ft. long, 2 ft. wide with adjustable

variable slope. The experimental results

are analyzed by the nonlinear shallow water

theory. The objective of the project is to seek improvements to the prevalent tech- niques for the computation of unsteady

flows and to provide experimental data for further theoretical investigations.

(4668) STUDY OF VORTEX MOTION IN WAKE FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Paul Harrawood, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, North

Carolina 27607.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral

thesis.

(e) An investigation of the eddy motions present

in the wakes of bluff bodies in a streaming

fluid, with particular attention given to the periodicity of eddy motions and to vortex strength.

(4669) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF FLOW

IN CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Charles Smallwood, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engrg., North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, North

Carolina 27607.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) A semi-circular center-fed model basin was built with a transparent back for visual examination of the flow pattern. A uranine

dye tracer was used to determine flow

through waves for the basin. Stability was measured by the reproducibility of the time- effluent dye concentration waves. In an attempt to stabilize the flow radial baffles

were placed in the basin to reduce the angle

of divergence and to provide solid boundaries in the divergent flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) The baffles had no detectable effect. The

flow pattern was characterized by a short- circuit along the tank bottom and a backflow in the upper portion of the tank.

57
NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept.

(3121)

(b)

(4175)

(b)

(c) W

(e)

(g)

(5471)

(d)

(e)

(g)

PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental; applied research.

A field study of the durability and usefulness

of black polyethylene for lining farm irrigation ditches. Completed

"Polyethylene Linings for Irrigation Ditches," Harold Holmen. North Dakota Farm Research,

Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 11-16, May-June 1965. Reprint No. 627. WATER INTAKE RATES AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF IRRIGABLE SOILS. Joint laboratory project between Department

of Agricultural Engineering and Department

of Soils. Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental, basic research, and Master's

the si s

Infiltration tests were made in the field on S inch, 16 inch, and 33 inch double ring infil- trometers. Various sized buffer rings were

used ranging from no buffer ring to a buffer

ring measuring 5 times the inner ring diameter. Infiltration rate generally decreased as the size of the outer ring was increased. CONCRETE DITCH LINING AND PIPE FOR IRRI- GATION SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental; applied research and Master's

thesis.

Soil moisture content and temperature measurements were made in the soil profile adjacent to concrete lined farm irrigation ditches and 12 inch buried concrete pipe during various

periods of the past 12 months. The alignment

and elevation of the ditch and pipe is also

recorded. The study is being conducted to predict the behavior of these conduits under North Dakota conditions.

Pipe and ditch linings have not shown appreciable deterioration after one year of use.

(c) Prof. Lyle F. Mockros, Technological Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. 60201.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research,

M. S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Investigation of the forces on solid spheres

accelerating along a rectilinear path through

incompressible viscous fluids. The investigation includes (1) experiments that will be compared with a numerical evaluation of theo- retical linear solutions, (2) experiments on the general case of large motions, and (3) a study of the effect of the velocity pattern

on added mass.

(g) The complex theoretical solution for the creeping motion case has been put into graph- ical form. This theoretical solution has

been used to study the dispersion of particles

in a turbulent fluid. Experiments on large

motion oscillations have been performed and

the data correlated in terms of velocity

(drag), acceleration (added mass) and history

coefficients

(h) Discussion "Accelerated Motion of a Sphere in a Viscous Fluid," L. Mockros and A. Hjelmfelt,

Jl. Hyd. Div. ASCE, Vol. 90, p. 367, 1364. "Motion of Discrete Particles in a Turbulent

Fluid," A. Hjelmfelt and L. Mockros. (Sub- mitted for publication.)

"Behavior of a Sphere Accelerating in a Vis- cous Fluid," A. Hjelmfelt and L. Mockros. (Submitted for publication.)

(5472) WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN LAKE MICHIGAN.

ill

(d)

(e)

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

(3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. 60201.

(d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral and masters theses.

(e) The purpose is to calculate the movement of flood waves in prismatic and natural channels. Finite difference equations based on the method of characteristics have been programmed

and solved on a digital computer for the case

of a non-prismatic channel. The effect of ignoring certain terms in the basic equations

Is to be studied next.

(g) Problems of instability have been avoided and reasonable hydrographs obtained.

(h) "Solution of the Non-Linear Equations Governing Flood Waves in Natural Channels by the Method of Characteristics," Ph.D. dissertion,

A. G. Fletcher, August 1965. Paper in pre- paration .

(3799) FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES IN UNSTEADY

MOTION.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(g)

(5473)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5474)

111

(d)

(e)

(g)

National Science Foundation.

Asst. Professor G. E. Birchfield, Engineering Sciences, Northwestern University,

Evanston, 111. 60201. Two year grant, theoretical study; funds

for research assistant, undergraduate

assistant; primarily basic research. Develop mathematical methods for pre- dicting response of lake to varying wind

conditions. Study forces which generate

lake currents, effect of shore lines

on currents. Together with recent ob- servational studies, construct better

picture of general circulation in lake, than at present. Results are available for some simple analytical models of wind-driven circulations. Edited tape of current data and wind data completed

DYNAMIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

PUMPS. OF VENTRICLE

National Heart Institute and Bio-Medical

Engineering Center, Northwestern Technological Institute.

Prof. Lyle F. Mockros, Technological Institute, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111. 60201. Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research, M.S. thesis. Investigation of the dynamics of pumping

fluid out of a flexible chamber by pneumatically squeezing the chamber. The static collapse, dynamic pressure transfer, and dynamic collapse characteristics

have been determined for a range of wall thick- ness to diameter ratios. The effect of liquid

viscosity and tube length also has been

determined

"The Mechanics of a Collapsing Tube Heart

Pump," M. Weissman and L. Mockros, (submitted for publication). PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF EXTRACORPOREAL

CIRCULATION. National Heart Institute.

Prof. Lyle F. Mockros, Technological Institute, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111. 60201. Experimental, basic and applied research, Ph.D. thesis

Investigation of the geometry and fluid dynamics favorable to the circulation of blood outside the animal body. Purpose is to obtain design criteria for heart lung machines.

The functional dependence of red cell lysis and

50
plasma denaturation on fluid dynamic parameters

have been determined. Further work is indicated. The gas transfer to blood flowing in tubes has been theoretically studied using

numerical techniques.

(5475) NOISE SPECTRA GENERATED BY PLOW OF A LIQUID THROUGH VARIOUS ORIFICES.

(b) Bio-Medical Engineering Center, North- western Technological Institute.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois 60201.

fd) Experimental; applied research, thesis.

(e) Purpose is to Identify characteristic

flow generated noise in an abnormal

heart. The noise spectra generated by

steady and pulsating flow through rigid

and flexible orifices is being investigated. Water is pumped through aortic

valves of sheep's hearts. The flaps are partly sewn together to restrict the opening.

(g) The noise spectra for steady flow through

rigid orifices as reported in the literature has been verified for water flows.

The technique of testing natural heart

valves is reasonably well developed.

(5714) YIELD OF A NON-LINEAR ELASTIC AQUIFER.

13

(d)

(e)

(g)

(5715)

(d)

(e)

Northwestern Technological Institute.

Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111. 60201. Analytical and experimental for M. S. and

Ph.D. theses.

The drawdown of an elastic artesian aquifer

is being studied analytically and with a sponge rubber model. The permeability and yield coefficients both are functions of the drawdown. The purpose is to find whether

the unsteady state solution using average values differs significantly from a solution

that includes the variation of the coefficients. Compression and permeability tests have yielded preliminary values of the coefficients. The test apparatus for time-dependent measurements is partly constructed. LIGHT EMISSION FROM HYDRODYNAMICALLY INDUCED

CAVITATION

Laboratory project.

Prof. Thomas P. Anderson, Assoc. Prof., Dept.

of Mechanical Engineering and Astronautical

Sciences, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois 60201. Experimental investigation of the fundamental phenomenon for doctoral research requirements.

The light emission produced from collapsing

cavitation bubbles in water is being spectrally analyzed as related to various dissolved

gases. It is anticipated that these results

will provide insight into the basic charac- teristics of the collapse mechanisms.

OHIO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER, Department of Agricultural Engineering.

(5033) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION'S FOR AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

(b) Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in cooperation with Agricultural

Research Service.

(c) Dr. G. 0. Schwab, 2073 Neil Ave., The Ohio

State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Tile flow, surface runoff, water table

levels, and crop yields are measured to evaluate various types of drainage systems

and to develop improved engineering design

criteria

(g) Fifteen years of tile flow data, partial

analysis completed; corn (3 years) and soybean

(1 year) yields evaluated from various methods of drainage,

(h) "Tile Spacing Prediction Based on Drain Outflow," Glenn J. Hoffman and G. 0. Schwab.

Am. Soc. Agr. Eng. Trans. 7(No. 4): 444-447,

1964. "Research on Plastic-Lined Mole Drains in the United States," J. L. Fouss and G. 0. Schwab. Vlth International Congress of Agricultural

Engineers Proc, Vol II, Sect. 1, pp. 150-

158, 1964. "Drainage," Chapter 5, G. 0. Schwab, Corn Congress Proceedings, Delavan, Wise, Oct. 1964, In press. "Crop Response from Tile and Surface Drainage," G. 0. Schwab, G. S. Taylor, J. L. Fouss and E. Stibbe. ASAE Paper No. 65-217, June

1965.

'5293) FLOW OF COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS IN POROUS

MEDIA

(b) Laboratory project with partial support by

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. R. Bruce Curry, Assoc. Prof. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio Agricultural

Research and Development Center.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To investigate the fundamental principles

underlying the flow of colloidal suspensions

into or through porous media.

The scope of this study will include the use

of several granular materials and suspensions

of colloidal materials. Initially, carborun- dum will be used as the porous media and Wyoming bentonite as the suspended material in order that there will be continuity between

the present work and past studies. Materials

to be used later will include chemically active materials such as zeolite, natural occurring

materials, such as soils and filter sands. The natural occurring materials will be used

to tie this basic study to practical applica- tions in the field. Both the porous media and the suspended

materials will be characterized completely by determination of various physical and chemical properties

The granular material will be placed in a permeameter for testing. The actual test procedure will Involve three phases: (l) Initial flow of de-aired; de-ionized water

through the porous media in the permeameter;

(2) followed by the introduction of the suspension into the permeameter; (3) finally

the de-aired, de-ionized water will be reintroduced into the permeameter in order

to determine the effect of the suspension

flow on the system.

(g) A system has been developed to determine the amount of clay deposited from suspension dur- ing flow through a porous media using a radio- active tracer. Data obtained are being used

to test a mathematical model of suspension

flow in porous media. The electrokinetic prop- erties of both the suspension and the media have been measured using electrophoresis and streaming potential techniques, respectively.

(h) "The Interrelationships of Physical and Chemical Properties Involved in the Flow of Colloidal Suspensions in Porous Media," by

R. B. Curry, G. L. Barker and Z. Strach, Trans. ASAE, Vol 8, No. 2, 1965. "Scandium as a Tracer of the Movement of Clay Suspensions in Columns of Porous Media,"

by R. Bruce Curry, Trans. ASAE, Vol. No 3, 1965.

(5294) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Bruce Curry, Assoc. Prof. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio Agricultural

Research and Development Center, Wooster,

Ohio 44691.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To Investigate the use of mathematical,

electrical, and hydraulic models to study

hydrologlc phenomena of watersheds.

59
(a) To investigate statistical models as a means of identifying and evaluating the pertinent variables in the runoff process.

(b) To use these variables together with a mathematical model to predict behavior of a small watershed.

The behavior of small watersheds will be in- vestigated to identify the pertinent variables

using the statistical theory. These vari- ables will be combined with the underlying

physical and biological phenomena to develop

a mathematical model which will permit state- ments to be made about probable watershed

behavior. Data from existing watersheds and runoff plots wj.ll be used to test the validity

of the model

(g) Present activity centers around the application of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to the runoff process.

(567 2) ELECTROKINETIC REMOVAL OF COLLOIDS FROM SUS- PENSION.

(b) Laboratory project with partial support by

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. R. Bruce Curry, Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio Agricultural

Research and Development Center, Wooster,

Ohio 44691.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The objectives of the study are (1) to im- prove present theory or to develop new theo- retical relationships regarding the electrokinetic removal of colloidal material from water suspensions and (2) to determine the limitations and conditions under which a laboratory pilot model will operate most

efficiently.

The purposes of this research are to develop

basic theoretical relationships regarding the electrokinetic removal of colloids from water

suspensions and to verify this theory with a pilot model in the laboratory. The limitations

and conditions for efficient removal will in- volve measuring the characteristics of the colloids, selecting suitable physical arrange- ments for- the electrodes, and determining the optimum field strength, "current, temperature,

and flow rate through the system. Migratory

velocity, conductivity, and electrical charge

of the colloids are important properties. to be determined. Kaolin and bentonite clays will be considered initially, but the principle may

have application for the remoA/al of bacteria

and other microorganisms, as well as chemical

contaminates, such as pesticides.,

(g) Present activity is devoted to (1) the formulation of a theory for the movement of charged

clay colloids in a flowing medium with an electric field impressed on the system by con- sidering the entire ensemble of particles

rather than a single particle. A probabilistic approach based on diffusion theory is being

considered. The Langevin, Fokker-Planck and Smoluchowski equations and turbulent diffusion

equations provide background for these considerations. And (2) the verification of this theory experimentally.

(h) "Electrokinetic Removal of Colloids from

Suspension," by E . A. Hiler, R. B. Curry, and

G. 0. Schwab, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 79-82, 1965.

(5716) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SMALL WATERSHEDS

IN OHIO.

(b) Water Resources Center, Ohio State Univ. in cooperation with Office of Water Resources

Research, U. S. Dept. Interior.

(c) Dr. E. Paul Taiganides, Assoc. Prof., Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Ohio State Univ. Columbus, Ohio, 43210.

(d) Experimental; design research.

(e) The application of mathematical models as a means of identifying and evaluating the pertinent variables in rainfall-runoff re- lationships for small watersheds, 7,000 to 50,000 acres, will be investigated. Nearly

30 years of runoff, rainfall data on the Little Mill Creek Watershed located within

the province of the Coshocton, Ohio, Hydrologic Research Station will be used to test

the model and relate flood peaks and volumes

to climatic and physical parameters. The effect of strip mining on water yield will

also be studied.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(5176) SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. George S. .Taylor, Dept. of Agronomy,

Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio 43210.

(d) Experimental investigation, applied research.

(e) Numerical analysis solutions of soil moisture

flow problems in subsurface drainage are made with digital computers. Steady-state and transient analyses are studied for various

parameters of size, depth, and spacing of tile and ditch drains and of soil hydraulic

conductivity. Similar studies were initiated

in 1965 to analyze water table drawdown around a pumped well. Hillside seepage pro- blems are also evaluated. Field evaluations

of hydraulic conductivity are made with the aid of lysimeter-type installations. The principal objective is to interrelate the above factors in rational design of subsurface drainage systems.

Characteristics of water flow into tile drains

have been studied for layered soils. An

analysis of hillside seepage into open ditches was made. Agreement between analytical and numerical analysis techniques was established.

"Soil Stratification and Ponded Flow into Subsurface Drains," William Burke and George

S. Taylor, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion Research Circular 138, 3-23, Mar., 1965. "Septic Tank Effluent Percolation Through Sands Under Laboratory Conditions," Joe H. Jones and George S. Taylor, Soil Science,

301-309, Apr. 1964. "Drainage Characteristics of Toledo and Hoytville Soils," George S. Taylor, Truman

Goins and N. Holowaychuk, Ohio Agricultural

Experiment Station Research Bulletin 876. 3-23, May 1961.

(g)

(h)

99:

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department

(2365) HYDROLOGIC "STUDIES WATERSHEDS.

ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

(g)

(2828)

(b)

(c)

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,

cooperative with Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla . State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla.

74075. Field investigation; applied research. Measurements are being made to provide hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts,

modified by the addition of weir sills, are being used as runoff measuring devices. The moisture content of the soil profile on each

of the watersheds is determined weekly.

Thirteen year record of rainfall and runoff

record is available. Frequency distributions

of runoff rates and amounts have been

determined. An analysis of the effect

of stock water ponds on total water yield

of small watersheds has been completed.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS

FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,

cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

60
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Two paired plastic lined ponds, designed

for evaporation research, are being used to study various aspects of evaporation re- duction by monomolecular films. Apparatus

has been developed for automatic application

of hexaoctadecanol slurry. Current research relates the energy budget to the water budget when the test reservoir is covered with

a chemical monolayer.

(g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to i0% have

been obtained in long duration tests using

slurry method of applying films. Curves

have been developed relating wind speed and required film application rate. A system of floating barriers has been used to confine

the monolayer to reduce frequency of application. Various height/spacing ratios have been tested.

(5177) AUTOMATION OF CUT-BACK FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. James E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater,

Okla. 74075.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research and design for thesis.

(e) The development of a system of cut-back furrow irrigation using level furrow outlet tubes with hooded inlets. The system will

irrigate through the furrows at a design

initial flow, cut-back to a design cut-back

flow, and shut off by the simple removal of sheet-metal check dams. The purpose of the method is to improve the uniformity of furrow irrigation and to drastically reduce the high labor requirement

(g) Discharge characteristics of various lengths,

and diameters of short, level, galvanized

pipe with hooded inlets have been determined. Design procedures for applying the system to

a particular design situation have been

developed. Operating characteristics of a designed system have been calculated. A prototype system has been constructed. The

system is completely automated utilizing a time clock control, solenoid operated latches

and automated gates. The labor requirement

is about one to two per cent of that for con- ventional systems in the area.

(5S18) REDUCTION OF WATER APPLICATION LOSSES THROUGH IMPROVED DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL DESIGN.

(b) Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute.

(c) Dr. J. E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075.

(d) Experimental, applied research for theses.

(e) The determination of Boussinesq and Coriolis

coefficients and retardance values for a slip form lined concrete irrigation channel,

with and without siphon tubes is being con- ducted. Values obtained will be used to develop relationships for spatially varied

flow water surface profiles. Design procedures will be developed to apply the results

to irrigation distribution channel designs.

(g) A comprehensive computer analysis of the problem has been made.

(h) "Spatially Varied Flow In an Irrigation Dis- tribution Ditch," James E. Garton and Albert L. Mink. Paper presented at 1964 Annual Winter Meeting of ASAE, New Orleans,

Louisiana

(5919) WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY WATERSHED

CHARACTERISTICS AND SMALL UPSTREAM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute.

(c) Dr. J. E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075.

(d) Experimental and field investigation.

(e) Meager information on the hydrology of small watersheds is available. This project

plans to instrument three upstream reservoirs

with 0.6 to 3.0 sq. mile watersheds. The objectives are to measure the percent and

total volume change in water yield caused by

various sizes of upstream reservoirs, and to relate the volume and peak rate of runoff

from the watershed to rainfall and watershed

characteristics. Rainfall will be measured

by a network of recording rain gages. Outflow through the spillway will be determined

by flood routing techniques. The percent

reduction in flow due to the reservoirs will

be computed for monthly and annual time periods. Correlative procedures will be used

to relate peak rates and volumes of runoff to rainfall, soil texture, plant cover, and soil moisture characteristics.

(5920) THE MECHANISM OF DIRECT SURFACE RUNOFF FROM

RAINFALL.

(b) Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. J. E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ., Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla. 74075.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Now in its initial phase, the ultimate goal

of this project is to route rainfall through

the sheet flow phase of runoff; through

terrace channels, grassed waterways, deten- tion structures, and spillways to the principal outlet of a small watershed using predic- tion equations based on knowr. laws of fluid behavior. The objectives of the study are:

(1) To develop prediction equations for water surface profiles of overland flow from rainfall by finite increment computer solutions

of the partial differential equations of momentum and continuity for spatially varied unsteady sheet flow. (2) To develop proce- dures of routing various rainfall rates, through the sheet flow phase and into channel flow phase of surface runoff from rainfall

using rational equations.

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(3605) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS

(b) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads

(c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

(on leave); Director of Institute of Water

Resources, University of Alaska, College, Alaska

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

(e) Wave effects resulting from the junction

of two supercritical, open channel flows

are being studied to determine the magnitude

and the location of the wave pile up on the channel walls.

(f) Completed.

(gj The prediction of wall pile-up.

(h) "An Investigation of Supercritical Flow Channel Junctions," by C. E. Behlke, Oregon State University Engineering Experiment Station, December 1964. "Design of Supercritical Flow Channel Junctions," by C. E. Behlke submitted for publication to Highway Research Board, January 1966.

(5300) HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF BAFFLED, PIPE

TYPE FISH LADDERS.

(b) State of Oregon Fish Commission.

(c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon (on leave); Director of Institute of Water Re- sources, University of Alaska, College, Alaska.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) High energy dissipation, enclosed fish ladders are being studied. Purpose is to

CI
develop relatively short, Inexpensive fish ladders for small streams. Prototypes will

be constructed and tested with adult salmon by the sponsoring agency.

(£) Completed.

(g) Baffles have been developed which can be placed in pipes to yield large energy

dissipation. In a 36- inch pipe, with a fish passage area of 15" by 15", the head

loss is 0.55 ft. per foot of pipe, with a mean velocity of 4.5 ft/sec through the fish passage area.

(5785) COMPLEX NUMERICAL INTEGRATION TO FIND STREAM

VELOCITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Asst. Prof. L. S. Slotta, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, Oregon.

(dl Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Complex numerical integration of the Schwartz- Christoffel transformation and application to potential flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) By applying real numerical integration Jointly

on the real and imaginary parts of the complex

integral, this thesis extends the principles

and formulas of real numerical integration to include complex analytic functions with a finite number of singularities. The principles

of complex numerical Integration are then

shown to be applicable to problems of potential

flow which require a Schwartz-Christoffel mapping. A generalization of the Schwartz- Christoffel transformation is made to include curved corners. Computational examples and

streamline plots of potential flow over ir- regular boundaries are included.

(h) Ph.D. thesis by Dr. Robert Henry Wassmuth in Dept. of Mathematics is completed. Paper in preparation.

(5786) MANIFOLD STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Asst. Prof. L. S. Slotta, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; applied research for M. S. thesis

(e) Study of the effect of the diameter and

spacing of manifold outlets on manifold flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Magnitude of spacing parameter is a function

of the lateral diameter ratio as well as the lateral spacing. The results obtained using

a two inch lateral (Dl/D = 0.4) agree well with data obtained by Yanes and indicate for

a spacing exceeding 20 conduit diameters no inter-lateral Interference occurs. However, for larger diameter ratios (Dl/D>0.5), a spacing exceeding the 15 to 20 conduit dia- meters predicted by previous investigators

is necessary before Inter-lateral interference

Is not present.

M.S. thesis by Michael D. Coleman. FACTORS INFLUENCING STREAM TEMPERATURES.

U.S.P.H.S.

Asst. Professors John Seaders and L. S. Slotta; Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oregon State Univ.,

Corvallis, Oregon.

Experimental and field investigation; basic research for M. S. and Ph.D. thesis. The aims of this research project are: to determine the evaporation from turbulent

surfaces; the radiation to and from natural water surfaces; and the effect of turbudity

on evaporation and heat rates.

(g) Model evaporation and radiation studies are designed, instrumented and in progress.

Field Instrumentation has been tested in a preliminary field evaporation study. Full scale experiments are to follow.

(h) "Factors Influencing Stream Temperatures,"

Progress Report No. 1, Engineering Experiment

Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis,

Oregon. February 1965.

(h)

(5787)

III

(d)

(e)

IS1

(e)

(g)

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, should

be addressed to Prof. Sam Shullts, Head, Hydraulics

Laboratory, 212 Sackett Building, The Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, Penna. 16802.

(5181) ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS OF COBBLE-STREWN

STREAMS. Laboratory project..

Experimental; applied research; doctoral

thesis. To provide a quantitative means of determining

Manning's "n" or the coefficient K in V=KR?/^

5 ' in cobble-strewn streams, particularly

for use in the slope-area method of computing flood discharge. In a lucite-walled tilting

flume, 1 ft wide, 1.5 ft deep, and ,25 ft. long, roughness patterns are created with

small wooden cubes, 1.09 Inches on a side. Maximum discharge approximately 2 cfs. Previous work revealed systematic relationships among the roughness coefficient,

Reynolds and Froude numbers, and a quantitative parameter of the roughness pattern.

See "Large-Scale Roughness in Open-Channel

Flow," J. B. Herbich and S. Shullts, Journal, ASCE Hydraulics Div., Vol. 90, No. HY6, Proc. Paper 4145, Nov. 1964. whereas the latter

dealt with low flows in which the water sur- face was slightly higher or lower than the

6 or 4 inch cubes, the current research treats

the condition of high flows in which the height of the small wooden cubes is a small fraction of the water depth. The similitude between the large blocks and the tiny ones

was checked .experimentally. Experimental

work has been completed, and the search for relationships between Manning's "n" and various hydraulic parameters Is now under way.

(5182) TRANSITIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLOW.

(b) Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters

id)

Experimental; applied research, design,

e) See Abstract in (g) f ) Completed,

g) Transitions of three different shapes were

tested for Froude numbers varying from 1.2

to 3.0, representing test flows of 0.56 to 5.27 cfs. Each transition connected an upstream trapezoidal channel with a downstream rectangular channel, all three parts lying

on one straight center line and having

constant and continuous invert slopes. One transition type had warped walls. The other two effected the transition with

plane walls: one with a vertical surface above a sloping one, and the other with a sloping surface above a vertical one. The experiments with each of the three shapes covered combinations of five transition

lengths with three depths in the trapezoidal

approach channel. Twenty-eight different transitions were investigated. Tables and charts summarize the variation of the water

surface caused by the wave patterns due to supercritical flow, along the channel wall and the center line. Not only do these tables and charts give a picture of

the complex wave patterns, but they are a basis for the design of transitions of the three tested shapes. A guide is offered for

the application of the extensive data to actual design.

(5183) EXNER EQUATIONS OF RIVER FORM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Felix Exner's simple erosion postulates of the 1920 's result in equations which produce rather closely dune, bed and bank forms of real rivers. The accuracy of his equations

and charts of river forms are being verified

so that the concept embodied in the postulates can be extended and applied to the

62
prediction of river development,

(g) Two equations have been verified; namely, one dealing with dune growth and the other with

bankllne development. The third equation is concerned with fixed banks and movable bed

or, actually, the condition of a revetted

contraction with a movable bed. As there

seems to be some doubt about the accuracy of Exner's final equation, his work is being

checked much more carefully than was originally intended.

(5921) RIPRAP BANK PROTECTION OF SMALL STREAMS. Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters. Experimental ; applied research, design. The design of riprap protection of the banks

of small streams is still a doubtful procedure. Existing design criteria often yield

results which the designer finds difficult to accept: the computed protection is either

inadequate or excessive on the basis of his

experience. This program will be preceded by

a literature search which will result in a report containing an annotated bibliography

and a critical evaluation of current design

methods. The preceding step will permit a better formulation of a useful experimental program

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Institute for

Science and Engineering, Ordnance Research Laboratory,

(Dr. John C. Johnson, Director), and Department of aeronautical Engineering, (Dr. George F. Wislicenus,

Department Head). Work done under Dr. George F. Wislicenus, Director of the Garfield Thomas Water

Tunnel and Head, Department of Aeronautical Engineering.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER

TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. George B. Gumey, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) The problem concerns the measurement of forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 feet per second, pressure ranges of 3 to 60 pounds per square inch absolute.

(g) Two four component (lift, axial force,

pitching and rolling moment) balances for

use in water tunnels utilizing strain gaged

pre-tensioned flexure beams as the force sensing devices have been in successful operation for four years. A Planar Motion Mechanism capable of Imparting pitching and heaving motions to models is now under con- struction and should be in operation in March of 1963. The balance assoicated with

this mechanism will measure all the hydrodynamic stability coefficients required in the equations of motion for a submerged

body with four (4) degrees of freedom. These equations include the static, damping

and acceleration derivatives. A balance which will measure unsteady forces on pro- pulsors has been developed and successfully

tested.

(3143) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

(b) Joint program of investigation with the General Electric Company, the United States Rubber Company and the Northrop Corporation

sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Dr. Thomas E. Peirce and

Mr. John McMahon, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

(d) Experimental, basic research; theoretical

and applied research.

(e) Investigations into the application of boundary layer control through suction and compliant surfaces for underwater bodies.

(g) Several axisymmetrlc models employing

discrete slots have been experimentally

investigated, both in the field and in the laboratory. Experimental measurements of boundary layer transition and thickness aft

of the transition have been made for a number

of flat plates, which were covered with a compliant surface.

(3486) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania. 16802.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Using a constant temperature probe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers win

be investigated with particular attention to homogeneous grid-produced turbulence and turbulent dispersion in a shear flow.

(g) Measurements have been taken in a small water tunnel settling section determining

the effect of various screens and honeycombs

on turbulence.

(3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Lab., University Park, Pennsylvania. 16802

(d) Experimental, analytical; basic research.

(e) To investigate experimentally the cavitation

characteristics of a few simple (as regards

to vapor pressure and handling) liquids under conditions occurring in space and aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze

the results so that a reliable basis for theory applicable to these conditions can

be formulated.

A small high speed water tunnel having test section velocities of 370 feet per second, pressures to 1000 pounds per square inch,

temperatures to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, has

been constructed and has been in operation

since April of 1962.

(g) Investigations of desinent cavitation at very high velocities on 1/4 inch diameter

ogive noses indicates that the desinent cavitation number approaches the minimum

pressure coefficient. Studies of cavitation

hysteresis on ogive noses show that the cavitation delay time is a random function

and is of significant duration e.g. 3 to 4 minutes

(4180) UNSTEADY FLOW INVESTIGATIONS AROUND AN ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A study of unsteady forces acting on an ellipsoid of revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers and body attack angles.

(f) Completed.

(g) A theoretical and experimental investigation

of the lift and moment on an 8/1 ellipsoid of revolution performing small oscillations in a direction normal to the free stream has been carried out. The maximum circulatory lift coefficient is about half that obtained in steady flow. A phase lag of 20 degrees in build-up of lift was observed. The maximum

pitching moment is reduced by 16 percent from

that predicted by potential theory.

(4181) DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF TUNNEL BOUNDARIES

ON THE FORCES ACTING ON A MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Thomas Peirce, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of the errors introduced by

the physical boundaries of tunnel walls

63
on the measured forces on large models. The investigation covers both the axially

symmetric case and when the models are at low angles of attack. Establishing the means for correcting these errors is also

a part of this investigation,

(g) A method has been developed for the pre- diction of errors in drag caused by watertunnel wall deviations. It is shown that

small deviations in contour can cause a significant error in model drag measurements.

Tunnel wall interference effects on model pitching moment have been investigated and a correction procedure established for models

of low attack angle and diameters up to 1/3 tunnel diameter.

(4677) THE INVESTIGATION OP TWO-DIMENSIONAL

UNSTEADY CAVITY FLOWS ABOUT FIXED SYMMETRIC BLUFF BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) An investigation of the wake region

behind supercavitating, two-dimensional

wedges at zero degrees angle of attack is

in progress with the purpose of determining

the wake characteristics, in particular the Strouhal number as a function of Reynolds

number, cavitation number and wedge apex

angle

(4678) HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM FOR AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons and conducted under Mr.

C. L. Key, Asst. Director, Ordnance Research

Laboratory.

(c) Messrs. H. M. Jensen and R. E. Kershaw, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

d) Experimental, applied development and design.

e) A high-performance hydraulic servomechanism

for control of rudders and elevators in an underwater missile system. Specific design

problems were instability caused by a resonant linkage and high-frequency oscillation

of the servovalve.

(g) Stability was achieved by increasing the resonant frequency of the linkage, providing

hydraulic damping with a bypass orifice, and lag-lead phase compensation in the servo amplifier. The high-frequency oscillation

was eliminated by increasing the diameter of activator ports.

(5106) INVESTIGATION OF TENSIONS IN LIQUIDS.

b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) Investigation of liquid tensions for a variety of liquids under a range of con- ditions employing a non-flow apparatus. Results will be compared to those obtained

in a flowing system.

(5107) INVESTIGATION OF THE KUTTA CONDITION IN UN- STEADY FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) The validity of the Kutta-Joukowski criterion

is being investigated for the prediction of control surface hinge moments in steady flow, or instantaneous forces on rapidly oscillating

air and hydrofoils.

(5108) JET INSTABILITY IN MERCURY.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by National Science Foundation,

(c) Dr. David P. Hoult, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) The study involves the stability of a jet of mercury into mercury in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic field acts to stabilize the jet and thus control the rate

of amplification of unstable oscillation.

The experimental findings are then to be compared with appropriate small disturbance

theory in an effort to further understand

the instability of Jets.

(5590) INVESTIGATION OF SHED WING VORTICES AND THEIR DECAY.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Army

Research Office, Durham, North Carolina.

(c) Dr. Barnes W. McCormick, Jr., Ordnance

Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

16802.

(d) Experimental; analytical; basic research.

(e) The vortex sheet shed by a wind tunnel mounted, semi-span lifting wing has been investigated at various angles of attack

and free-stream velocities. The vortex

core has been studied by mapping the downstream flow field at distances up to 20 chord lengths. Tangential velocities of vortices have been determined by integrating

the vortlcity through the vortex core. The

local vorticity is measured by a pitchless,

cruciform vane which rotates in rotational

flow. Rotational speeds of 40,000 rpm have

been measured. Similar investigations will

be conducted by mounting the vortex probe

behind the wing of a full-scale flight test airplane. Qualitative characters of shed vortices have been studied by flying an airplane adjacent to a large tuft grid and photographing the motion of the tufts as the vortex moves across the grid.

(g) It is believed that after completion of the investigations it will be possible to predict

the vortex geometry of an arbitrary aircraft as a function of the airplane con- figuration and distances downstream.

(5591) BOILING BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. David P. Hoult, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ.,

University Park, Pa. 16802.

d) Theoretical.

e) Theoretical investigation of the boiling

boundary layer on a flat plate.

(5592) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY FLOW

IN AXIAL FLOW INDUCERS.

b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

c) Dr. George F. Wislicenus and Dr. B. Lakshminarayana , Dept. of Aeronautical

Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ.,

University Park, Pa. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) A three-foot diameter model of an axial

flow inducer for a pump was built and will

be tested with air, using smoke for direct observation of secondary motions in long

and narrow vane passages. In addition,

approximate measurements of the velocity

distribution at inlet and discharge will

be made to obtain at least a qualitative

picture of the fluid motions under the predominant influence of viscous fluid

friction.

(5593) INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER AND

TRANSITION IN THE VICINITY AND BETWEEN

SUCTION SLOTS.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons and the Office of Naval

Research.

(c) Dr. Thomas E. Peirce and Mr. Charles F. Holt,

64
Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pa. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) This project will examine the characteristics

of the flow at the entrance to suction slots

and determine the effect the suction slots have on the laminar boundary layer flowing

into each slot. This investigation will

be limited to plane radial slots and the effect that variations in slot shape have

on the laminar boundary layer.

(5594) GRID TURBULENCE IN DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons and the Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. John L. Lumley and Mr. Andrew G. Fabula,

Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Experimental and basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Turbulent velocity measurements will be made behind a grid in a 48-foot towing tank filled with dilute polymer solution. Experimental

spectra and correlation functions will be compared with previous measurements in Newtonian fluids and with theory, in order

to investigate possible explanations of the Toms effect (the friction reduction in turbulent flow produced by extremely low concentrations of very high molecular

weight polymers).

(5595) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE VISCOUS

SUBLAYER.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons and the Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. John L. Lumley and Mr. Henry Bakewell, Ordnance Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa. 16801.

(d) Experimental, basic research for Ph.D.

thesis.

(e) u-u space-time correlations will be taken

in the viscous sublayer under a turbulent boundary layer in glycerin. The sublayer

thickness is such that ay =5 corresponds

to 0.25 inches. It is hoped that these measurements will shed light on the dynamics

of the sublayer, in particular on the translation velocities of disturbances there.

(5596) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENCE

FLOW OF NON -NEWTONIAN MEDIA.

\>) Office of Naval Research,

c) Dr. John L. Lumley and Mr. Kirtan Singh,

Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University

Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Machine calculations will be made of the initial effect on the energy budget re- sulting from a sudden change in the constitutive relation (from Newtonian to any of several non-Newtonian types) of a fluid in isotropic, homogeneous turbulent

motion. It is hoped that the investigation

will provide insight into the mechanism by

which low concentrations of high molecular

weight additives markedly change the skin friction in turbulent shear flows (the Toms

effect)

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Applied Science.

(5184) FALL OF A SPHERE IN A HORIZONTALLY OSCILLATING FLUID.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Departments of Civil and Geological Engineering, Princeton

University, Princeton, N. J.

(d) Analytical and experimental, basic research, master's thesis.

(e) The purpose of this research is to predict

the temporal mean fall velocity of a spherical particle falling in a horizontally

oscillating fluid. An analytical solution

was derived for particles with a small (0.1) Reynolds number. A numerical solution is possible for large Reynolds numbers. Experi- mental verification of the appropriate

equations is the purpose of the study. The results will be applicable to problems

involving turbulent diffusion of sediment.

(h) Original study completed, manuscript in preparation.

(5185) DYNAMIC STORAGE OF GROUNDWATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Roger J. De Wiest, Professor, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton,

N. J.

(d) Analytical and experimental, basic research, master's thesis.

(e) Purpose of the research is to investigate the dynamic behavior of a groundwater basin

intersected by streams and from which water

is withdrawn at a time dependent rate. An electric analog model (R-C) will be constructed,

(g) An electric analog was constructed for the steady case with free boundary and leakage

into aquifer. Master's thesis available.

(5186) MEASUREMENT OF UNSTEADY PRESSURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. P. Kittredge, Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, Princeton University,

Princeton, N. J. d) Theoretical and experimental, M.S. thesis.

e) The differential equations of motion for a simple manometer system with non-linear

damping have been programmed for an IBM 7094 data processing system. An experimental

program is in progress to check the computation.

(g) Preliminary experimental results have been in qualitative agreement with the computer solu- tions for the case of a sinusoidal driving

function. A report in the form of a Master's thesis is scheduled for June 1966.

(5480) INERTIA L EFFECTS IN TURBULENT SUSPENSIONS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service

(c) Prof. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Departments

of Civil and Geological Engineering,

Princeton, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this research is to examine

the inertial lag between particle motion

and fluid motion in a turbulent suspension.

A turbulence tank consisting of an oscil- lating three-dimensional grid will be used

for the experiment. Measurements are to be made of the energy

contribution to the system as a result of collisions between particles and the grid.

By varying the frequency of oscillation, grid

spacing and size, and particle density, an attempt will be made to describe the de- tailed particle motion and the sediment diffusion coefficient.

(5952) UNSTEADY FLOW BETWEEN OVERLYING PARALLEL

AQUIFERS.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Roger J. De Wiest, Prof., School of Engrg. and Applied Science, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N. J.

(d) Analytical and experimental, basic research,

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Purpose is to investigate the flow pattern

when overlying parallel aquifers are tapped

by several wells.

55
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering.

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University. (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4276).

(c) Dr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which

effect erosion and infiltration. Research

includes studies of tillage methods, crop residue management, slope, soil type, crop rotations, and intensity histograms.

(h) "Simulation of Rainfall for Soil Erosion

Research," by L. D. Meyer, Trans. ASAE

8(1), 1965. "Effect of Minimum Tillage for Corn on Infiltration and Erosion," by J. V. Mannering, L. D. Mayer, and C. B. Johnson, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30(1), 1966.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC USE

ON THE FARM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana 47907.

(d) Field investigation; applied and basic research

(e) The treatment of pond water by use of slow

sand and diatomaceous earth filters is being

evaluated. Improved designs are under

Investigation. The effects of algae growth

and coagulation-sedimentation methods on filtration processes are being studied.

f) Completed.

g) Diatomaceous earth filtration provides a safe and effective treatment process for pond water. With equipment available, however, some supervision of the filtration

operation may be needed. A small automated

diatomite filter system which was specifically designed for single family operation

is being evaluated. This system has proved

to be effective and with minor changes could

be manufactured and installed in individual

homes at a relatively low cost.

(h) "Diatomaceous Earth Filtration of Pond Water for Domestic Use," by E. J. Monke,

H. R. Wilke, L. G. Laudenschlager , and K. J. Albrecht, Trans. ASAE 7, 1964. "Pond Water Treatment Research on the Southern Indiana Forage Farm," by D. M. Edwards and E. J. Monke, Research Progress

Report 173, Agr. Exp. Sta . , Purdue Univ.,

1965.

(3490) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. F. Huggins, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana

47907

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A 60 - foot model drain capable of re- circulating sediment-laden flow has been

constructed. Drain slopes at which

Incipient deposition occurs are being

investigated

(g) The percentage of sediment (100 to 400 microns) in the total discharge at which

incipient deposition occurred appears to be a simple function of the slope of the

drain. Particle shape (very angular to smooth) and size (100 to 400 microns) did

not have an observable effect on the slope

attained

(h) "Sediment Transport Capacity of Circular

Drains," by C. T. Haan, L. F. Huggins and

E. J. Monke, ASAE Paper No. 65-723, 1965.

(3808) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl. Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4274).

(c) Mr. Walter H. Wischmeier, ARS-SWC, Agric.

Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) The relationships of numerous rainstorm

characteristics, topographic features, soil characteristics and surface conditions to field runoff and soil erosion are being

evaluated from plot data obtained under

natural and/or simulated rainfall. Basic

plot and small watershed data on an indi- vidual storm basis have been assembled In an ARS central runoff and soil-loss data lab. at Purdue Univ., from 24 states. The data represent results of cooperative research

studies over the past 32 years at 47 locations

(g) A broadly applicable equation for field soil- loss prediction to help guide farm planning

for soil and water conservation has been developed and published. Data for locality

evaluations of the equation's factors were' disseminated in ready-reference form. Present emphasis is on analysis of surface run- off in relation to physical and management

factors

(h) "Predicting Rainfall-Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains - Guide for Selection of Practices for Soil

and Water Conservation," by W. H. Wischmeier

and D. D. Smith, Agr. Handbook No. 282 (47 pages), U. 3. Gov. Printing Office, 1965. "Relation of Field-plot Runoff to Manage- ment and Physical Factors," by W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30(1), 1966.

(4182) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University, (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4275.)

(c) Dr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The influence of slope inclination, slope

length, particle size, particle shape, and wind velocity on the resulting splash and runoff erosion are being investigated in the laboratory. Methods for simulating rainfall, slope length, soil and wind have been

developed. This study is providing an understanding of the mechanics of the process involved in erosion and the basic relationships of the above variables.

(h) "Effect of Particle Roughness on Soil Erosion by Surface Runoff," by G. D. Bubenzer, L. D. Meyer, and E. J. Monke, ASAE Paper No. 65-227, 1965. "Simulation of Rainfall and Soils for Laboratory Research," by G. D. Bubenzer

and L. D. Meyer, Trans. ASAE 8(1), 1965. "Resume: Mathematical Relationships

Governing Soil Erosion by Water, " by

L. D. Meyer, Jour. Soil and Water Cons. 20(4), 1965.

(4183) SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF BLOUNT SILT LOAM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana 47907.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Various spaclngs between parallel subsurface

66
drains are under investigation to determine

their effectiveness in water removal and

crop response. Continuous records of tile discharge are being made and crop yields are determined at harvest time.

(5481) EVALUATION OF THE PARALLEL DITCH SYSTEM

FOR SURFACE DRAINAGE ON CLERMONT SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. R. Sisson, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana

47907.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A parallel ditch system of surface drainage is being compared to the conventional

drainage practices on Clermont silt loam.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Surface Drainage on Clermont Silt Loam," by D. R. Sisson and H. M. Galloway, Re- search Progress Report 159, Agr. Exp. Sta., Purdue Univ., 1964.

(5810) TREATMENT OF WATER FROM SMALL RESERVOIRS

FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

d) Applied and basic research.

e) The purpose of the project is to study

electrophoretic control as an aid for filtration of raw water supplies and to investigate methods for reducing the ad- verse effects of aquatic weed residues on water treatment processes and water quality.

(5811) EFFECT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND OTHER 0RGAN0- TOXICANTS ON THE QUALITY OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

47907.

(d) Field investigation, applied and basic research

(e; The purpose of the project is to study the mechanisms by which organo-toxicant materials

are held by the mineral and organic fractions

in the soil, to determine the fate of organo- toxicant materials in water storage reservoirs,

to evaluate the effect of organo-toxlcants on terrestrial and farm pond invertebrates and farm pond vertebrates, to determine the role

of microorganisms in the elimination of organo- toxlcants from surface and ground waters, and

to effect control and removal methods for re- ducing or eliminating organo-toxicant residues

from reservoir water supplies.

of soil. An additive type of variable sepa- ration is used to show that a recent proposed solution in the literature is in error. A product-type of variable separation, however, does solve the problem, and is shown to be the equivalent of the classical Boltzmann

transformation, which in turn is seen to be

a consequence of the governing partial dif- ferential equation and the boundary condition, rather than as an additional assumption in need of separate Justification,

(h) "Comments on paper by J. M. Davidson, J. W. Biggar, and D. R. Nielsen, 'Gamma-radiation attenuation for measuring bulk density and transient water flow in porous materials',"

by D. Swartzendruber, J. Geophys. Res. 69: 1676-1677, 1964. "Variables- separable Solution of the Horizontal Flow Equation with Nonconstant Diffusivity, " by D. Swartzendruber, in press Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30, Jan. -Feb., 1966.

(5788) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RATE OF WATER IN- FILTRATION INTO SOIL.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station and Office

of Water Resources Research, U.S. Dept. of the Interior.

(c) Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Dept. of Agronomy,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field measure- ments; basic and applied research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental means of describing water-transport properties of soil re- levant to the infiltration process are being

sought, along with a means of predicting the infiltration rate from these transport properties, the water content of the soil profile,

and the crusting properties of the soil. The predicted values will be validated with field measurements obtained from several types of plot-size inf iltrometers . Development of a successful prediction scheme would provide a useful new tool for analyzing the hydrology

of a watershed.

(g) Preliminary analysis of infiltration rates

into laboratory columns of sand-silt mixtures

has been initiated. Results indicate that the relationship between water infiltration rate

and volume of water absorbed cannot be des- cribed on the basis of the classic Darcy and Buckingham water-transport functions. However,

the experimental results can be accommodated

quite well by assuming that the water-flow

process is non-Darcy of a type previously re- ported in the literature for water- saturated

porous materials.

(h) "The Applicability of Darcy 's Law," by D. Swartzendruber. Presented before Divisions

S-l and S-6, Soil Science Society of America,

Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1965. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(4679) FLOW LAWS FOR THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL,

b) Laboratory project.

c; Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) The validity of basic equations for water

relationships in soil, such as Darcy 's proportionality and Buckingham's capillary

potential function, is being tested under

various circumstances. Revised equations

and mathematical solutions for deviating

behavior are also being sought.

(g) Experimental measurements of steady-state water flow in unsaturated soils indicate

that Darcy-type proportionality between flow velocity and hydraulic gradient does not hold at a constant soil-water suction. Instead, the flow velocity Increases more than proportionally with gradient, in a manner

qualitatively similar to what has been re- ported for water-saturated materials containing clay. A study has also been made on the mathematical solution of the nonlinear dif- fusion equation applied to horizontal water

absorption by a uniform, seml-lnf lnite column

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory,

School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4197) FLUID LINE DYNAMICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Rufus Oldenburger, School of Mech. Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Theoretical and experimental project; Master's and Doctor's Thesis Research.

(e) Mathematical models in use for systems with significant fluid lines are generally so complicated as to make design with such models Impractical. In this investigation

models are sought which are as simple as possible but which still adequately describe

the response of the system to the class of disturbances of interest. Using infinite

product expansions of transcendental functions satisfactory results have been obtained for

single conduits terminating in lumped

elements. Viscosity, boundary effects and

line vibration are being considered in the analytical work. Frequency response runs to verify the theory are being made to determine

67
(g)

(h)

the range for which solutions obtained are applicable. "The theoretical and experimental

approaches are being extended to systems with two or more lines. Rational approximations to the transfer functions of such systems are sought where the accuracy of the approximation can be seen directly from the approximation, as is the case where infinite products have been applied. Studies so far

have been restricted to medium and large diameter lines. They are being extended to very small lines in the capillary class. The rate of dispersion of a pressure wave in

a single line of constant cross section is also under study and the reinforcement of such a wave traveling back and forth in con- duit closed at both ends. Theory and tests show that for a wide range

of operation encountered in practice flow through bends may be treated as flow through

straight conduits. Mathematical models

developed for straight fluid lines describe

their response to high frequency. However,

if resonance effects are to be included a certain complication of the model is necessary, beyond which further simplification

is not possible.

"Dynamic Response of Hydraulic Lines," R. Oldenburger and R. E. Goodson. Automatic

Control, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 324-326, 1361,

Tokyo, Japan.

"Hydraulic Line Dynamics," R. Oldenburger and

R. E. Goodson. Proceedings of the Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control, Basle, Switzerland, Aug. 27-Sept. 4, 1963. "Dynamic Response of Fluid Lines, "R. Oldenburger

and A. F. D'Souza. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Journal

of Basic Engineering, Vol. 86, Series D, No. 3, pp. 589-598, September 1964. "Simplification of Hydraulic Line Dynamics by

Use of Infinite Products," R. Oldenburger and

R. E. Goodson. Transactions of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 86, Series D, No. 1, pp. 1-10, March 1964.

(e)

(h)

The problem concerns the analytical and ex- perimental study of mass transfer from an annular liquid film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube to a concurrent gas flow in the core of the tube. Systematic

experiments have been conducted with air and water for determining the effect of the rates of flow of gas and liquid, the length of the tube, and the temperature difference between

gas and liquid upon the rate of mass ' transfer from the liquid film. Characteristics of the gas-liquid interface, Including surface area, wave velocity, and liquid film thickness have been measured. Completed.

The mass transfer data were satisfactorily correlated employing equations for the local rates of heat and mass transfer. The liquid

flow rate then had no effect on the dimensionless mass transfer coefficient. There was a negligible (less than 0.1 per cent) increase

in surface area due to the presence of waves

on the surface of the liquid film. "Measurements of Mass Transfer and Pressure

Drop in Annular, Two-Phase Flow," R. S. Mezey,

Report No. TM-65-4, Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, March

1965 (available from Purdue University ) . "Mass Transfer in Annular, Two-Phase Flow in

a Vertical Tube," G. R. Schneiter, Report No. F-65-2, Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana, December 1965 (available

from Purdue University)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(4499) ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PULSE-WIDTH-MODULATED

HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(d)

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Dr. David E. Boddy, Oakland University,

Rochester, Michigan 48063. Experimental and theoretical, basic research

for doctoral thesis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the characteristics of a PWM hydraulic servo and to develop analytical tools and design procedures for treating the PWM hydraulic servo. Theoretical considerations were correlated to measured system performance.

Completed.

A straight-forward design procedure for PWM

hydraulic servos was obtained. Analytical methods based on method of Tsypkin were

developed for treating closed loop PWM systems. An analog computer study was carried out and

the results compared to the physical system

performance

"Analysis and Design of Pulse-Width-Modulated

Hydraulic Control Systems," David E. Boddy,

Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, Jan. 1966.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(2374) MASS TRANSFER IN ANNULAR, TWO-PHASE FLOW IN

A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Master's and Ph.D degrees.

(5712) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RADIAL FLOW BETWEEN

TWO PARALLEL, NARROWLY SPACED DISKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. J. Wellman, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analytical and experimental basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Existing literature on investigations of the radial flow between two parallel narrowly

spaced disks was examined and the results

analyzed. The studies for compressible

choked flow were found to be inconsistent. An experimental and analytical investigation of this flow was carried out. Pressure measurements were obtained for out- ward radial flow of air between two 5-inch diameter disks with spacings ranging from 0.005 to 0.030 inches and initial pressures

of from 5 to 40 psig. A sliding pressure

tap permitted continuous pressure readings. Calculated pressure distributions were obtained by numerical integration of the momentum equations.

(f) Completed.

(g) The existence of compression shock was clear- ly shown by the pressure measurements and

also by visual (schlieren) observations. The experimental and calculated results indicated very good agreement for the shock location. Pressure distributions were also in very

good agreement except for a small region

immediately preceding the shock where a preliminary pressure rise indicated an up- stream effect of the shock which was ap- parently due to a shock-boundary layer

interaction.

(h) "An Investigation of the Radial Flow be- tween Two Parallel, Narrowly Spaced Disks," Somchob ChaiyaveJ, Ph.D. Thesis, January

1966. (available on loan)

(5741) A STUDY OF ROTATING FLUIDS BETWEEN PARALLEL DISKS

(e)

Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. E. J. Wellman, Associate Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. Analytical and experimental basic research for doctoral thesis. From analytical studies of similar solutions and

68
existing experimental results a rotating system

is being designed for an experimental study of the flow of liquids between parallel, rotating

disks

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(5488) RELIABILITY OP RELEASE OF BURIED FLOATS TO DETERMINE DEPTH OF SCOUR.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Director, Rocky Mountain

Hydraulic Laboratory, Allenspark, Colorado

80510.

d) Experimental; master's thesis.

e) Scour model studies were conducted to deter- mine the reliability of release of floats which were either buried or placed through

casing jetted to desired depths.

f) Completed.

g) Except for the shallower-placed jetted floats breaking loose as soon as their tops were

exposed, all floats remained in place until

more than half uncovered, regardless of relative buoyancy, lack of soil cohesion,

and vibration to which the nearby pier was

subjected.

(h) "Experiments with Buried Floats to Determine

Depth of Scour," by W. G. Moeller, R.M.H.L. Report No. 35, 1965. Condensed from M. S. Thesis. (See item 5490, page 24.)

(5768) COMPARISON OF ROCK EROSION -PROOFING WITH AND

WITHOUT AN INVERTED FILTER BASE.

(b) Laboratory project,

(cj Prof. C. J. Posey.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(e) Preparation of motion-picture comparison of erosion of overflow chute with various com- bination of protection features.

(f) Active during summers.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA. Inquiries concerning Projects 2144, 3153, 3502, 3824,

4201, 4209, 4700, 5493, 5494, 5495, 5496, 5497, 5498,

5500, 5501, 5502, 5504, 5505, 5506 and 5792 to 5807, inclusive should be addressed to the Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi

River at Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55414. Inquiries concerning Projects 111, 1168, and 2386, which are conducted in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed to

Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural

Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Mississippi River at Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis,

Minnesota, 55414. Inquiries concerning Project No. 194, which is conducted In cooperation with the Corps of Engineers

and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed

to Engineer in Charge, Mr. John V. Skinner, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55414.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, In cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) A square drop inlet having a hood barrel

entrance Is being tested to determine en- trance loss coefficients for various drop

inlet sizes and heights and various barrel

slopes. Previous tests have evaluated the performance of this type of inlet.

The elbow and transition between the two- way drop inlet and the barrel is being

studied to determine the pressures and the best form to minimize the possibility of cavitation.

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has been developed, verified, and published. Results of tests on many forms of the closed

conduit spillway entrance have been

published. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes may flow completely full even though

the outlet discharges freely. Generalized

methods for analysis and reporting of the results have been developed. The use of air as the model^ fluid has been verified by

comparing test results with those obtained

using water as the model fluid. The drop inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex

device causes the spillway to act as a self- regulating siphon when the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation. The height of the anti-vortex plate above the drop inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness

of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For

one form of the inlet, tests have been made

to determine the crest loss coefficient, the barrel entrance loss coefficient, the pressures on the plate and the drop inlet, the general performance of the inlet,

minimum and maximum permissible plate heights,

and the head-discharge relationship for plate control. Variables have been the length of the drop inlet, the barrel slope, the height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate, and the sidewall thickness. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown

that the hood barrel entrance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop

inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined. Tests of low-stage orifices in the two-way

drop inlet have shown that improper location

and improper proportioning of the orifices

can prevent priming of the spillway. The proper location and size of the orifices

have been determined.

To supplement the experiments, potential flew methods have been used to determine the theo- retical coefficient of energy loss at the crest

of the two-way drop inlet.

(h) "Tests of a Splitter-Type Antlvortex Wall for

a Hood Drop Inlet to a Closed Conduit Spillway," by Charles A. Donnelly, Agricultural Research

Service Report ARS 41-92, November 1964.

"Test of an Antlvortex Wall for a Rectangular

Drop Inlet to a Closed Conduit Spillway," by Charles A. Donnelly, Agricultural Research

Service Report ARS 41-96, December 1964.

"A Digital Point Gage Recorder," by Fred W. Blaisdell and Scott D. Crist, Agricultural

Research Service Report ARS 41-102, Feb. 1965. "Hydraulic Efficiency in Culvert Design," by

Fred W. Blaisdell, ASCE Transportation Engineering Conference Preprint 212, May 1965.

(1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively for the size of the scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

The present phase of the study is on rectangular cantilever outlets with a deflector at the exit

to throw the water away from the structure and

move the scour hole further downstream.

(2144) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF

HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

69
(g)

(2386)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(3153)

[f!

(h)

(3502)

It]

Navy.

Experimental and ana Investigation of the istics of ventilated

span in the vicinity

Unsteady force chara for a ventilated foi

ing motions near a f forces were measured

tudes and frequencie

obtained with unstea

Force measurements a restrained foil with

edge flap.

lytical; basic research,

unsteady flow character- hydrofoils of finite

of a free surface,

cteristics were investigated

1 undergoing sinusoidal heavree surface. Lift and drag

for various heave amplis. Pair agreement has been

dy, linearized theory,

re also being made on a an oscillating trailing

(e)

(g)

(3824)

GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design. Studies will be made to develop a transition

and to determine the rules for its design.

The transition will be used to change the flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are super- critical . FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS. Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Experimental and analytical; basic research.

A flat plate and a cambered hydrofoil are tested in a free-jet tunnel under super- cavitating conditions. The unsteady flow due

to the oscillation of a trailing flap as Influenced by one or two free surfaces is being studied. "Performance of Supercavitating Hydrofoils

with Flaps, with Special Reference to Leakage and Optimization of Flap Design," by

R. Oba, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Technical Paper No. 51, Series B, May 1965. "Supercavitating Flat-Plate with Oscillating

Flap at Zero Cavitation Number," by C. S. Song,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 52, Series B, November 1965.

"A Note on the Supercavitating Flat-Plate with

Leak through Flap Hinge," by C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical

Paper No. 53, Series B. (In preparation).

"On the Existence of Zero Form-Drag and Hydrodynamically Stable Supercavitating Hydrofoils," by R. Oba, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 54, Series B. (In preparation).

MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES. Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie

and Partners, London; Government of Pakistan. Experimental; design and operation.

A 1:300 scale section model consisting of half the control structure and basin and a 1:150 scale comprehensive model for study

of all important hydraulic features. A 1:216 scale section model consisting of two control structure gates for study of pressures and gate calibration. A 1:300

scale comprehensive approach model for study

of flow conditions in approach. Two 1:150

scale section models, one a detailed study

of pressures and forces on baffle blocks, one

a detailed study of waves on the basin side walls. Typical dimensions of earth fill

dam spillway include a drop in water level

of 330 ft, and a design discharge of 900,000 cfs through a two-stage stilling

basin energy dissipator.

Model studies for design are completed and a final report is being prepared.

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINED

FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

(f) 4201)

(b)

8!

(g)

(4209)

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental investigation of the air concentration, velocity distribution, and surface roughness of water flow in steep open channels, Ph.D. thesis. Experimental investigation was carried out

on the SAF high velocity channel for slopes up to 53 degrees. Velocities were measured

by means of a pltot tube and high speed

photography. Air concentration was measured

by the SAF concentration meter. The surface elevation was measured by a device which measures the average time the surface is above a given elevation. Experimental work completed.

GURI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT MODEL STUDIES. Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Corp. Venezolano de Guayana.

Experimental, design and operation.

Study for the design of the Guri Hydroelectric

development on the Caroni River, Venezuela using a 1:394 comprehensive spillway model,

1:197 spillway section model, and a 1:197 com- prehensive model. Studies include spillway

design, channel closure, and cofferdam studies Model studies for design are completed and a final report is being prepared.

THE INFLUENCE OF ELE CTROKINETI C PHENOMENA ON THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTROOSMOTIC PERMEABILITY OF UNIFORM VERY FINE SANDS. Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. Accurately sized, narrow range, angular

quartz particles and spherical glass beads

were tightly placed in a permeameter with reversible silver-silver chloride electrodes

at the ends of the test section. Streaming

potential, streaming current, electrical resistivity of low conductivity liquid, and filter velocity were precisely measured. Studies include: (1) Flow retardation from return electroosmosis; (2) analysis of electroosmotic permeability factors with

respect to particle characteristics and hydraulic permeability, and (3) comparisons

of streaming current and filter velocity at varying Reynolds numbers.

It has been found that the streaming current- potential varies linearly with hydraulic

gradient to a slightly higher Reynolds number than the filter velocity. Lack of complete deaeration causes a larger re- duction in the filter velocity than the streaming. When "boiling" action takes place anomalous relations between the filter ve- locity and streaming current occur. Thesis in preparation. OSCILLATORY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON VENTILATED HYDROFOILS IN REGULAR WAVES. Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Experimental; basic research. Investigation of the force characteristics

of a restrained, naturally ventilated

hydrofoil moving through regular waves. Flow visualization studies were conducted to determine the regions of boundary layer separa

tion on hydrofoils with a sharp leading edge near the free surface. The length of the separation bubble was found to vary with veloc

ity, angle of attack, and aspect ratio. Vari

ation of the leading-edge thickness on wedge

profiles had little influence on the separation bubble

(h) "Measurement of the Leading-Edge Separation Bubble for Sharp-Edged Hydrofoil Profiles,"

by J. M. Wetzel and K. E. Foerster. (In preparation)

(5493) BIG SIOUX CROSSING RIVER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY.

(g)

(h)

(4700)

(b)

(d)

(g)

(b) Iowa State Highway Commission and South Dakota State Highway Dept.

70
(e) Model studies to simulate condition of failure of highway bridge due to scour and

to determine method of protection and to establish procedure for prevention of scour

and bank subsidence. Experiments carried

out on 1:75 movable bed model.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Studies of the Stabilization of the Big Sioux

River at the Interstate 2S Bridge Crossing,"

by Alvin G. Anderson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 78, May 1965.

(Not available for distribution)

(5494) THERMAL POLLUTION STUDIES OP ST. CROIX RIVER. (h)

(b) Northern States Power Company.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) In a first phase of the project, thermal density

currents created by the discharge of heated

condenser water from a steam power plant into

a broad, deep river were studied in a model

and Isotherm surfaces were calculated. On the basis of the results obtained from this model,

a permit to use the river water for condenser

cooling was granted. A second phase of the model is now under way, studying the outlet

channel between the plant and river with a view

to discharging the warm water in as thin a layer

as possible at the river surface. The scale of

this model is 1:40.

(f) First phase completed, second phase under way.

(g) The initial study showed that it would be possible to discharge the warm viater as a relatively

thin layer on the river surface, thereby ob- taining maximum heat dissipation to the atmosphere. Probable temperature limits on the water were determined.

(h) "Effects of Condenser Cooling Water Discharge

from Projected Allen S. King Generating Plant

on Water Temperatures in Lake St. Croix," by Edward Silberman and Heinz G. Stefan, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Froject Re- port No. 75, December, 1964. (Not available for

distribution.

)

(5495) A STUDY OF IMPACT CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) Development and tests of a cavitation damage

facility utilizing repeated single liquid

drop impacts on a target moving at high

speed in a vacuum.

(f) Completed.

(g) Weight loss damage tests yield findings very

similar to those for cavitation damage tests. Enhanced ability to control impact conditions

permits detailed study of the mechanics of failure

(h) "A New Facility for Evaluation of Materials

Subject to Erosion and Cavitation Damage,"

by J. F. Ripken, J. M. Killen, S. D. Crist, and

R. M. Kuha, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 77, 23 pages, March 1965.

(Not available for distribution.)

(5496) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE OF HON -NEWTONIAN

FLOWS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(di Experimental, basic research.

(e) The experiment consists of the measurements

of Taylor vortices in a non-Newtonian fluid placed betvieen two concentric cylinders when the inner cylinder is rotating.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5497) A STUDY OF FLOW NOISE IN A NON -NEWTONIAN

FLUID.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) An experimental investigation of the influence

of a non-Newtonian additive on the flow noise

in the boundary layer of a rotating cylinder

is proposed.

(f) Experimental work in progress.

(5498) A STUDY OF SURFACE SEALANTS TO REDUCE CAVI-

(f)

5500)

(b)

(d)

(5502)

(Si

(e)

TATION DAMAGE. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental applied research.

A determination of materials or techniques

which will serve to seal cavitatlng surfaces

to either reduce the amount of caviation or the damage resulting therefrom. Completed. Gaseous evolution observed from metallic sur- faces but various sealants were unable to withstand erosion under standard ASME vibra- tory cavitation exposure. Report in preparation.

(5499) INFLUENCE OF MICRO BUBBLES ON FLOW NOISE. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental

An experimental investigation of the flow

noise intensity and spectra in the boundary

layer of a rotating cylinder with the addi- tion of free gas bubble is contemplated.

Experimental work in progress. HYDRODYNAMIC FLUTTER OF SUPERCAVITATING

HYDROFOILS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental, basic research,

^e; Flat-plate hydrofoils are tested in a freejet water tunnel at supercavitating con- ditions to determine the critical velocity

as a function of the mass density ratio and other variables. The main purpose is to check the existing theories.

(5501) AN ELECTROMAGNETIC VELOCITY PROBE.

b) A laboratory thesis study.

d) Experimental; M.S. thesis.

e) The study involves the construction, cali- bration and demonstration of an electro- magnetic velocity probe designed for use in the measurement of the axial component of the turbulent velocity in water flow. The magnetic field is provided by permanent magnets

placed outside the flow system, which is a 3/4

in. ID lucite pipe. The probes are constructed

of .010 in. platinum wire with an electrode

gap of .050 in. A total head tube is used

in conjunction with the electromagnetic probe

in order to obtain mean velocities.

A STUDY OF BOUNDARY WALL PIEZOMETER TAP ERRORS.

A laboratory thesis study.

Analytical and experimental applied research; M.S. thesis.

A determination of the relation between the piezometer tap shape characteristics, flow boundary layer characteristics and the pressure measuring, errors.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tap errors were found to vary as a function

of velocity tap depth-diameter ratio, pipe

diameter - tap diameter ratio, and back up diameter - tap diameter ratio.

(h) "A Study of the Influence of boundary Layer

Properties and Hole Dimensions on the Accuracy

of Pressure Measurements at a Boundary," by

Shih-Weng Chiang, M. S. Thesis, University of Minnesota, December 1964. (Available on Inter-Library Loan from University of Minnesota

Library.

)

(5504) BUBBLE AERATION STUDIES,

(b) A laboratory thesis study.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research;

M.S. thesis.

(e) A determination of the oxygen transferred to undersaturated water by rising clouds of submerged bubbles. Studies include variation

of bubble size, bubble concentration, water

depth and oxygen deficiency.

(f) Completed.

(g) Transfer found to vary with decreasing bubble

71
Reynold's number, tank depth air flow rate, bubble size and mixing.

(h) "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Air

Flow Rate, Bubble Size and Rise Velocity, and Depth on the Efficiency of the Diffusion Aeration Process," by S. A. LaBella, M. S. Thesis,

University of Minnesota, March 1965. (Avail- able on Inter-Library Loan from University of Minnesota Library.

)

(5505) A STUDY OF THE WAVE ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER-FILLED SPHERICAL BAGS EMPLOYED AS A FLOATING BREAKWATER.

(b) A laboratory thesis study.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research;

M.S. thesis.

(e) A determination of the attenuation of gravity waves by rafts of water-filled

spherical elastic bags floating at a free surface

(f) Completed.

(g) Attenuation shown to be a function of relative breakwater length, sphere pattern, sphere size,

percentage of sphere fill, and anchorage

location

(h) "Wave Attenuation Employing Submerged Spheres,"

by R. P. Stehly, M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota, December 1964. (Available on Inter-Library Loan from University of Minnesota

Library.

)

(5506) TWO-DIMENSIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE, ROTATIONAL

FLOW OVER A WEDGE ON THE BOTTOM OF A CHANNEL UNDER FREE SURFACE.

(b) A laboratory thesis study.

(d) Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) To investigate the rotational effect on

the cavity and drag characteristics of the above flow over a wedge. The flow is assumed to be rotational with constant

vorticity. The method is to solve the mixed boundary value problem on the upper

half of the semi-infinite plane using

complex variable technique.

(f) Completed.

(g) A linearized theory was developed which was compared with experimental results of super- cavitating flow over wedges in the boundary

layer

"A Linearized Theory for Potential and Rotational Supercavltating Flow over a Wedge in a Two-Dimensional Open Channel," by Kesavarao

Yalamanchili, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, May 1965. (Available on microfilm

from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.)

(5792) ITTC HEADFORM STUDY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) Determination of the inception cavitation

conditions for a standardized headform in the

6-in. closed jet water tunnel of the Laboratory. Results are to be compared with those in other water tunnels. Comparisons being made by

International Towing Tank Conference.

(f) Completed.

(g) Value of inception slgma found to diminish

with tunnel speed and gas content of water.

(h) "Cavitation Inception Evaluation of the ITTC Modified Ellipsoidal Head Form," by F. R. Schiebe, J. M. Killen, and J. F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Memo No. M-103, November 1965. (Not available for distribution,

(5793) TANK FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC CURRENT METER CALIBRTION.

(b) U. S. Navy Oceanographic Office.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research

(e) A study was made to determine the feasi- bility of constructing a calibration

facility for very low speed ocean current meters (0.01 to 1 knot.)

(f) Completed.

(g) A facility in the form of a low-speed Jet

(h)

from a nozzle was recommended,

(h) "A Feasibility Study of a Calibration Tank

for Ocean Current Meters," by Edward Silverman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Memo No. M-104, October 1965. (Not available for distribution.)

(5794) JET FLAP STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) The utility of a trailing-edge jet flap on ventilated hydrofoils in the vicinity of a free surface is to be investigated. The tests are to be primarily conducted in the towing tank facility, and are an extension

of previous work carried out in the Laboratory free- Jet water tunnel.

(5795) NON-NEWTONIAN BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and anlytical investigation.

(e) Study of boundary layer structure of laminar,

transition and turbulent flows with homo- geneous non-Newtonian fluids and Newtonian

fluids with injected non-Newtonian additives.

(5796) IMPACT CAVITATION DAMAGE II.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical applied research.

(e) Utilization of facility described under

(5495) to clarify fundamental mechanics of failure of solids by impact of liquid drops.

(5797) TUNNEL FEASIBILITY STUDY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Analytical design study.

(e) Clarification of fluid dynamic problems

which might be encountered in providing a new alternate two-dimensional test section

for a large existing water tunnel.

(f) Completed.

(g) Limits of feasibility established.

(h) "A Feasibility Study of a High-Speed Two- Dimensional Test Section for the DTMB 36- Inch Water Tunnel," by J. F. Ripken and

C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Memo No. M-102, July 1965. (Not available for distribution.)

(57 98) FLOW CONDITIONS IN SOILS AND FILTERS.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(d) Project is primarily experimental with some theoretical work; applied research.

(e) A study of the flow of water through unsat- urated porous media is being conducted. The variation of the seepage coefficient, K, with the characteristics of the porous media and

the degree of saturation is being investigated.

Knowledge of the variation in the seepage coefficient with porous media characteristics

and degree of saturation will aid in the deter- mination of the pressure gradient as a function of velocity and saturation necessary to maintain a given flow rate through filters, natural soil and capillary flow from ground- water tables to the surface.

(5799) REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATION AND RUN- OFF DATA FOR SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN MINNESOTA

(b) USDI - Water Resources Research.

(c) Professor C. E. Bowers, University of Minnesota,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414.

(d) Analytical; basic research.

(e) Project involves an analysis of precipitation,

infiltration and runoff from selected watersheds in Minnesota. The objective of the study will be the procurement of information on peak rates of runoff and infiltration rates for selected storms in the watersheds. An attempt will be made to correlate results with various hydrologlc parameters and basic characteristics.

72
(5800) A STUDY OP THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EROSION

AND SOIL PROPERTIES FOR COHESIVE SOIL.

fb) National Science Foundation.

Id) Experimental applied research.

(e) The soil properties and the erosion charac- teristics of a series of cohesive soil sam- ples are being obtained. A relationship between the erosion characteristics and the

soil properties is being obtained.

(5801) MINNESOTA FLOOD STUDY.

(b) Division of Waters, Dept. of Conservation,

State of Minnesota.

d) Applied Research - Field Investigation.

e) Project involved motion picture records of the April 1965 flood on the Minnesota River

plus the computation of data on discharges, water content of snow and rainfall during

the critical runoff period.

(g) Of primary interest is the procurement of photographic records of the flood.

(h) A 1600 ft sound, color motion picture entitled

"FloodJ The Minnesota River, April 1965,

is being assembled.

(5802) STUDIES OF FLOATING OIL TANKS.

(b) Chicago Bridge and Iron Company.

(d) Experimental and analytical, applied research.

(e) Tanks for storing oil from wells under the continental shelf would be floated and moored

near the wells. The objective of the project

is to determine ideal shapes for the tanks to minimize mooring problems during storms.

f) Suspended.

g) A first experimental phase of the project has been completed in which mooring forces in shallow water waves created by hurricanes

have been measured on several 1 to 48 scale models

(5803) WATER JET INLET STUDY.

(b) The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington.

(di Experimental applied research.

(e) Determination of performance-limiting cavita- tion characteristics of the inlet system for

a Jet propelled high speed hydrofoil boat.

(5804) STUDY OF FLOW TUBES.

(b) Automatic Control Company, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Id) Experimental and analytical development,

(e) Development of new forms of conduit flow meters of the differential pressure type.

(5805) GRIT DISTRIBUTION IN GRIT REMOVAL CHANNELS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT.

(b) Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson, and Associates,

Consulting Engineers and Minneapolls-St . Paul Sanitary District.

(d) Experimental model study, applied research.

(e) The model study will be directed at deter- mining causes of uneven distribution of grit among several presently operating removal

channels. It will also be used to assist in planning future grit channels and in improving operation of the present channels. A

1 to 12 model scale is in use.

(5806) VELOCITY PROFILES IN AN ENCLOSED BODY OF

WATER DUE TO WIND ACTION.

(b) A Laboratory thesis study.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, M. S. Thesis.

(e) The project involves. an experimental study

of the velocity profile in an enclosed body

of water due to wind blowing over the water.

Of interest will be the equations for the velocity distribution and an evaluation of the effective surface roughness.

(5807) HYDROGRAPH LINEARITY IN AN ELEMENTARY CHANNEL.

b) A Laboratory thesis study,

d) Experimenta, M. S. Thesis.

(e) The condition of increasing spatially-varied

flow in a channel was used to generate hydrographs that would occur in a first order

stream in a natural basin with rapid overland

flow. Tests were performed in a laboratory

channel 80 ft long with uniform lateral inflow

along the length of channel with various dura- tions and intensities of lateral inflow.

(f) Completed.

(g) For hydrographs of equal duration of inflow

the times of occurrence of peak discharges decreased with increasing inflow. The magni- tude of peak discharges for hydrographs of equal duration of inflow were greater than the linear behavior assumed by unit hydrograph

theory. The departure from linear behavior

was most significant in tests where channel

storage was greatest.

(h) "Hydrograph Linearity in an Elementary Channel,

by A. F. Pabst, M. S. Thesis, University of Minnesota, December 1965. (Available on Inter-Library Loan from University of Minnesota.) INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION

WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources, Personnel of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the

U. S. Geological Survey are actively engaged

on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Mr. John V. Skinner, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Mississippi River at Third Ave., S. E .

,

Minneapolis, Minnesota. 55414.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . (e) Drawings and specifications are available to facilitate the manufacture of suspendedsediment and bed-material samplers, particlesize analyzers, and associated laboratory

equipment. Approved designs for the measure- ment of suspended sediment include a singlestage sampler, 4-, 22-, and 62- pound depthintegrating samplers, and electrically

operated point-integrating samplers weighing

100, 200, and 300 pounds. Samplers for the measurement of bed material include a piston-type hand-operated sampler, a 30- pound hand-line sampler, and a 100-pound

sampler for cable suspension. Additional

items are a sediment sample splitter, a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation tube for

size analysis, and visual-accumulation

sedimentation tubes with recording

equipment for particle size analyses of sands. The primary objective of the current program is the development of an instru- ment to automatically record suspendedsediment concentrations in flowing streams.

(g) Field and laboratory tests have been con- tinued on intermittent pumplng-type

samplers, turbidimeters and electrical and nuclear sensing devices. Field testing of the nuclear density probe was terminated. Preparation of a report on Laboratory Inves- tigation of Pumping Sampler Intakes, desig- nated Progress Report T, and the Initial

draft of a report on Turbidity Method for Suspended-Sediment Analysis are in progress.

The report on the Use of the Sediment Density Probe was revised to include the period 1958 through 1964.

(h) "Electronic Sensing of Sediment," Report R, Progress Report, 80 pages, December 1964. For sale by the District Engineer, St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, 1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul, Minnesota

55101. Price is 75 cents per copy.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California, San Diego.

:

73
(4500) A STUDY OF INTERNAL WAVES IN THE OCEAN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Charles S. Cox, The Sorlpps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92038.

(d) The project Is theoretical, including field investigation and is basic research.

(h) "On Coherent Electric and Magnetic Fluctuations in the Sea," Charles Cox, Toshlhiko

Teramoto, and Jean Filloux, Studies on Oceanography (Hidaka Anniversary Volume),

pp. 449-457 (1964).

(5922) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY WAVES AND

CURRENTS

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center and Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. D.L. Inman and Mr. A.J. Bowen, Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla,

California 92038.

(d) Field and experimental; basic research.

(e) (1) To measure the thresholds of sand motion

and suspension under wave action. (2) To measure and compare the sediment transported

with measurements of basic parameters such

as orbital velocity and longshore currents.

(3) To investigate the behavior of granular

media under shearing stresses.

(g) Techniques have been established for photographically recording the movement of the sand and water over the ocean floor, using

SCUBA divers. These results have then been

compared with the pressure recordings taken

at the same site and the wave height record

above the site.

(h) Coastal Engineering Research Center Quarterly

Progress Reports 1 through 9 covering the period 1 August 1963 to 30 September 1965. Office of Naval Research Progress Reports for

the years 1962 to 1965. "Flume Experiments on Sand Transport by Waves

and Currents," D. L. Inman and A. J. Bowen,

Proc. Eighth Conf. Coastal Engineering, pp. 137-150, 1963.

(5923) THE CIRCULATION OF WATER ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project, Office of Naval Research.

(c) Mr. A. J. Bowen and Dr. D. L. Iman, Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif.

92038.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Field and laboratory study of waves and wave- induced currents on beaches. Theoretical work to study the reasons for the existence

of rip currents and their influence on the near shore regime.

(h) Office of Naval Research Progress Reports

for the years 1963 to 1965.

(5924) INSTRUMENTATION IN THE NEARSHORE REGIME.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(c) Mr. W. A. Koontz and Dr. D. L. Inman, Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif.

92038.

(d) Experimental and field; applied research.

(e) The development of a multi-purpose data acquisition system for use in all phases of study In the nearshore region. A multichannel recorder contains both an analog

output channel for immediate appraisal of data and also a digital read-out on magnetic

tape. The tape can be input to the CDC-3600 computer for extensive analysis.

(h) Coastal Engineering Research Center Quarterly

Progress Reports 1 through 9 covering the period 1 August 1963 to 30 September 1965.

"A Multi-Purpose Data Acquisition System for

Field and Laboratory Instrumentation of the Nearshore Environment," W. A. Koontz and

D. L. Inman (in press).

(5925) WAVE ATTENUATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Walter H. Munk, Associate Director and

(d

(h

(5926

(h

(5927

Frank E. Snodgrass, Research Engineer,

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics

University of California, San Diego, Calif.

92038.

A field investigation to measure attenuation

of ocean waves over very large distances. Wave stations were occupied for three months

at six points along a great circle between New Zealand and Alaska. On the basis of a spectral analysis of these records, the attenuation was studied. Completed.

The observed attenuation is not inconsistent

with the effect of nonlinear interactions between waves generated within the storm area

"Propagation of Ocean Swell Across the Pacific," F. E. Snodgrass, G. W. Groves,

K. F. Hasselmann, G. R. Miller, W. H. Munk

and W. H. Powers, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.

(in press) 1965. TIDE PREDICTION.

U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey.

Dr. Walter H. Munk, Associate Director, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics

University of California, San Diego, Calif.

92038. Theoretical

Application of modern time series methods to prediction of tides. For stations with relatively small shallow water tides the method gives better pre- dictions with fewer station constants.

"Tidal Spectroscopy and Prediction," W. H. Munk and D. Cartwright, Phil. Trans. Roy.

Soc. (in preparation) 1965. DEEP SEA TIDES. Office of Naval Research.

Dr. Walter H. Munk, Associate Director and Frank E. Snodgrass, Research Engineer,

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics

University of California, San Diego, Calif.

92038. Field Investigation.

A self recording instrument package is dropped freely to the sea bottom and records,

in situ, pressure, temperature and currents

to a high degree of precision. The instru- ment is acoustically recalled from a surface vessel, typically after one month.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, College of Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Civil Engrg.

Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208.

(4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

[I]

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project. General theoretical, experimental, and field research

Research on the theories of surface wave origin and growth, on measurements in the laboratory and in nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement. Equipment has been assembled for telemetering and recording wave height, period, and direction

A lake shore receiving and recording station

is under construction.

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical, experimental, and field research.

(e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in the laboratory and In nature.

(g) Eight-directional wave tank has been completed
(1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

IS

(e)

(g)

(4701)

IS)

(e)

Laboratory project. General theoretical, experimental, and field research. Rolling and pitching period and metacentric

height relationships are studied for stationary and moving ships, in still water

and under wave action. Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report.

THE EFFECT OP TIDES ON HARBORS, BAYS, AND

ESTUARIES. Laboratory project. General theoretical, experimental, and field research

A study of the scouring or shoaling effect

of tidal currents in South Carolina harbors

and estuaries.

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Mechanical

Sciences.STUDIES OP FUEL SLOSHING. National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Marshall Space Flight Center.

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search. Studies of forces and moments in missile

fuel tanks resulting from sloshing motions

of fuel. Completed

Eleven SwRI technical reports have been

issued under this project; six of these have been published in technical journals of AIAA. LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET TANKS. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, D. C. Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. Current interest is concerned with non- linear aspects of lateral sloshing.

Completed.

"Some Studies of Nonlinear Lateral Sloshing

in Rigid Containers," by H. N. Abramson,

W. H. Chu, and D. D. Kana, Journal of Applied

Mechanics (ASME), in press. HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP ANTI-ROLL TANKS. Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

Mr. John P. Dalzell, Senior Research

Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra

Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

Studies of forces and damping effects in passive anti-roll stabilization tanks for

ships. Two SwRI technical reports. VIBRATION OF HYDROFOIL STRUCTURES. Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

Mr. Jack T. Irick, Senior Research Engineer,

Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest

Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. Study of the vibration characteristics of

(4927

(b

(c

(a

(e

(h

(5266

\l

u

(e

(5267

(b

(c

I 2

[5663

(b

(o

hydrofoil-type structures.

Completed. Two SwRI technical reports; "Vibration Characteristics of Representative Hydrofoil

Configurations" by J. T. Irick, Proceedings

First Conference on Ship Vibration, pp. 195-

208, January 1965. LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN TANKS UNDER AXIAL

OSCILLATION. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Marshall Space Flight Center.

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

Studies of nonlinear liquid motions in rigid and elastic tanks undergoing axial oscillations

Four Southwest Research Institute technical

reports

HYDROELASTIC STUDIES OF SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS

Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied research

Design, construction, and testing of dynamic

supercavitating hydrofoil models to obtain

data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of operating conditions. MONOGRAPH ON LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET PROPELLANT TANKS. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

VJashington, D. C. Dr. H. M. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical; applied research. Preparation of a monograph on stated subject. MONOGRAPH ON HYDROELASTIC PROBLEMS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT. Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision)

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical; applied research. Preparation of a monograph on stated subject.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1946) HYDROLOGIC SYNTHESIS.

(g)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. Ray K. Linsley and N. H. Crawford,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, Calif. 94305. Theoretical and field research. Detailed digital computer synthesis models

are used to Investigate the interaction of physical variables in the hydrologic cycle.

A simplified mathematical treatment of non- equilibrium overland flow has been developed.

Digital computer programs to simulate non- equlllbrium overland and channel flow in

rivers and streams have been developed. A statistical analysis of soil-moisture

frequency has been completed. Synthesis

models which calculate continuous streamflow

from rainfall, temperature, and potential

evapotransplration data have been developed

and application of these models to ungaged

75
areas is being studied together with related applications Cor engineering design.

(3507) STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

b) U. S. Public Health Service.

c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California 94305.

(d) Theoretical investigation; laboratory and field studies; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) An attempt is being made to develop relations

between soil parameters and infiltration

capacities. Investigation is being extended

to unsteady unsaturated flow through soils

as experienced in capillary rise, drainage,

and infiltration situations.

(g) An analytic approach to the solution of unsteady unsaturated flow in soils has been

developed. If the initial moisture condition and the hydraulic and capillary

characteristics of the soil are known, the method permits prediction of the future disposition of soil moisture. Experiments

using a gamma source for moisture content have been conducted. Some effects of trapped

air on infiltration have been investigated.

An analytical method for the solution of unsteady, unsaturated flow from a cylindrical

source has been developed, and currently, the effect of a substantial initial pressure head on such flows is under investigation.

(h) "Unsteady and Unsaturated Flow in soils in Two-Dimensions," by Rameshwar Singh, Technical Report No. 54, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford University, 1965.

(4219) SUPERCAVITA TING HYDROFOIL THEORY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Professors R. L. Street and B. Perry, Dept.

of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford,

Calif. 94305.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D. theses

and post-doctoral research.

(e) Examination is being made of forces acting

on fully cavitating bodies. Effects of free

surfaces, gravity, angle of attack, rotation,

etc. are being studied. Linearized, non- linearized and finite-difference numerical

analyses are conducted.

(g) Rotation, gravity, free surface and tandem interference effects between bodies have been

shown to have important roles in fully cavi- tating flows.

(h) "A Note on Gravity Effects in Supercavitatlng

Flow," by R. L. Street, J. Ship Research,

V. 8, No. 4, Mar. 1965.

"A Nonlinear Theory for Symmetric, Supercavitatlng Flow in a Gravity Field," by C. W. Lenau and R. L. Street, J. Fluid Mech., V. 21, No. 2, 1965. "Tandem Interference Effects of Supercavitating Struts," by T. Green, III, and R. L. Street, Ingenieur-Archiv, Band 34, Heft 4, 1965.

"A Riemann-Hilbert Problem for Nonlinear,

Fully Cavitating Flow," by B. E. Larock and

R. L. Street, to appear J. Ship Research, 1965.

(4916) DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. Y. H-su and R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

94305.

(d) Basic experimental and theoretical research

for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Study of hydrodynamic dispersion in porous

media. Complex variable analysis of flow

fields is combined with a convective

dispersion equation to define time-space

history of pollutant concentrations. Effects

of channel boundary shapes and free stream- lines on dispersion are to be studied also.

(g) Theoretical and experimental analyses in progress.

(4917) MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN WIND-GENERATED WAVES.

(b) Fluid Mechanics Branch, Math. Sci. Div., Office of Naval Research.

(c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

94305.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research

for doctoral theses.

(e) Examination, experimental verification, and extension of available theory are the purpose

of this project. A steady flow model of the wind-wave problem is being constructed in the laboratory.

(p) Miles' wave generation theory has been verified for moving wavy boundary in a shear flow.

(5453) STUDIES OF LARGE WAVES.

(b) Field Projects Branch, Earth Sciences Div.,

Office of Naval Research.

(c) Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Experimental investigation; master's and

Ph.D. project.

(e) Study of and verification of theory regarding

characteristics of large waves-breaking,

shoaling, and run-up. Wave-shore inter- action. Facility under construction.

(5454) STUDIES ON WIND-WAVE INTERACTIONS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Experimental; Ph.D. theses.

(e) The experiments include pressure, velocity, wave form, and spectral measurements in the region of, and at, the interface. They are designed to study the mechanism of energy transfer between the air and the water.

(h) "A Wind, Water-wave Research Facility," by

E. Y. Hsu. Technical Report No. 57, October

1965, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES

b) Ship Structure Committee.

c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A model of the cargo ship WOLVERINE STATE

will be Instrumented to measure vertical and lateral wave bending moments at the same location used aboard ship for strain gage measurements during actual voyages. Model will be run at a range of headings to reg- ular waves with a range of lengths. Pre- diction of ship bending moments in realistic

seas will be made for correlation with bending moment data collected aboard ship.

(h) "Further Investigation of Bending Moments

within Midship Half-Length of a Mariner

Model in Extreme Waves," N. M. Maniar and

E. Numata (in preparation).

(4226) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-PIERCING FULLY VENTILATED DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. P. Ward Brown, Chief of High Speed Craft Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) A continuing investigation aimed at providing basic design information on three-dimensional hydrofoils operating near

a water surface, under conditions of either

fully wetted or fully ventilated flow. To date the forces and moments on a

76
series of surface piercing dihedral hydrofoils

have been measured and the dynamics of systems

employing such foils has been studied, including the problem of a hydrofoil impacting on the water surface and the stability of hydrofoil craft, and their response in waves,

(g) Analytical expressions for the forces and moments on surface piercing fully wetted

and fully ventilated dihedral hydrofoils,

including the effect of flaps, have been

obtained and confirmed experimentally. Un- steady problems including those of stability,

impact and ventilation of such foils have

also been dealt with. The conventional

linearized supercavitating foil theory has

been extended to cover the entire angle of attack range with simplicity and precision.

The response of surface piercing hydrofoil

systems in irregular waves has been analyzed

and techniques developed and proved experimentally for making predictions of the time history of motion response in irregular waves.

(4227) SMOOTH WATER BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE -PIERCING HYDROFOIL VESSEL.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics

Branch, Navy Dept.

(c) Dr. A. Strumpf, Head Underwater V/eapons

Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Theoretical and experimental ; applied

research.

(e) The aim of the study made of the smooth water

operation of a 110-ton craft supported by a tandem set of surface piercing hydrofoils is to develop the motion equations and determine

the hydrodynamic data necessary to predict

the motions of such craft in six degrees of freedom. Many of the necessary hydrodynamic

coefficients were obtained from rotating-arm

experiments, and many of the coefficients

also were predicted using formulations based

on available theory. Reasonable agreement

was obtained between the predictions and measurements. The motions of the craft under

the action of the rudder and its stability in six degrees of freedom were determined numer- ically .using the UNIVAC 1105 computer at Stevens Institute of Technology.

(g.) A technical report is in preparation. The experimental phases of this report have been

completed.

(422S) THE BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER PROGRESSIVE AND

STANDING WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. S. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Physics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this work is to study energy

loss processes in shallow water waves. Theoretically, this is of interest because unsteady viscous flows have received rela- tively little attention, particularly the case of an oscillatory flow with no mean

flow. Analytical and numerical solutions

of the non-linear Navier-Stokes equations

are under investigation. Laboratory measurements in the Stevens shallow water wave

channel have been made of the wave attenuation coefficient of a progressive wave, the bottom shear stress under a progressive wave, and the time decay of standing waves. Field measurements of the bottom pressure and bottom velocity in 40 foot depths have been

made off Block Island, R.I. These field measurements provide the possibility of determining the applicability of the labora- tory measurements and the theoretical

studies to the geophysical problem of the energy loss by ocean waves in shallow

coastal waters.

(g) Direct measurement of the wave attenuation

coefficient both at Stevens and MIT indicated

that the energy dissipation in a shallow

water gravity wave exceeded that which

would be expected from a linearized laminar

solution of the Navier-Stokes equation valid

in the bottom boundary layer. Several hypotheses have been examined in order to reconcile the discrepancy. It appears that

the cause of the excess attenuation lies in

the fact that the finite amplitude nature of the wave potential flow must be considered

when formulating the boundary layer problem. For small deviations from infinitesimal

amplitude theory, the Stokes approximation

is valid. The attenuation theory, when revised to include the effect of the first

two harmonics as well as the fundamental

frequency, is then in much better agreement

with the laboratory measurements of the attenuation. Oceanographic studies to re- late the theory and laboratory work on the attenuation of gravity waves to the case of ocean swell are continuing.

(5058) UNSTEADY LOADS ON TEED HYDROFOILS IN OBLIQUE

SEAS.

b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., and Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Institute of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) To investigate the forces and moments acting

on hydrofoil struts and foils while operating

in oblique regular waves.

f) At the stage of completion.

g) A theoretical method has been evolved for the evaluation of the loading distribution on a hydrofoil of finite aspect ratio for arbi- trary orientation and various free surface conditions when operating in an unsteady flew field. A numerical program has been developed for the case of the fully submerged

foil operating in unsteady and steady-state

flow. Systematic experiments have been con- ducted for the cases of hydrofoil and strut alone and for combinations in the form of teed hydrofoils operating in irregular sea conditions at various headings.

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report 1118.

(5060) UNSTEADY LIFTING SURFACE THEORY FOR A MARINE PROPELLER OF AN ARBITRARY PITCH ANGLE WITH CHORDWISE LOADING DISTRIBUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept of the Navy.

(c) Dr. 3. Tsakonas, C. Y. Chen and W. R. Jacobs,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey 07030.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) To solve the surface integral equation re- lating the unknown loading distribution on the propeller blade lying on a helicoidal

surface of an arbitrary pitch with the known velocity distribution induced by the presence

of a hull, by utilizing the first term of the Birnbaurn chordwise distribution in conjunction with the Glauert lift operator, and without resorting to any mathematical simplification in treating the helicoidal surface.

f) Completed.

g) Assuming that the helicoidal surface may be treated as a "staircase" function is workable in contrast to the simplification of the directional derivatives. The staircase function approximation eliminates the deterrent to a closed-form evaluation of the kernel function.

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report 1117.

(5062) EFFECT OF PLAN FORM VARIATIONS ON HYDROFOIL

FLUTTER.

b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Institute of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Measurements of flutter speed were obtained

77
for a two degree of freedom system Including

the effects of sweep, taper and aspect ratio. The results were compared with predictions

using two-dimensional stripwise theory and will be compared with three-dimensional

lifting surface theory,

{f) Completed.

(g) Two-dimensional strip theory prediction of flutter speed did not agree with measured

values for a 15° swept foil nor for two tapered foils with taper ratios of 2/3 and

1/3. The asymptotic behavior of flutter

speed at low density ratio remains in the

two degree of freedom system even with

sweep and/or taper and is not accurately

predicted by two-dimensional strip theory.

The measured flutter speed on a foil with

rectangular planform increased with de- creasing aspect ratio.

(h) "Hydrofoil Flutter Phenomenon and Airfoil

Flutter Theory - Volume III: Sweep and Taper," C. J. Henry and M. R. All, to be published as Davidson Laboratory Report.

"Hydrofoil Flutter Phenomenon and Airfoil

Flutter Theory - Volume IV: Finite Aspect

Ratio," C. J. Henry and M. R. All, to be published as Davidson Laboratory Report.

(5064) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) U. S. Naval Training Devices Center, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Staff Scientist,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Development of equations of motion of ships

in very low speed maneuvering condition to

be applied to a simulator for training.

(g) Analysis of general linearized motion

equations including terms of importance at very low speeds. Experimental model and

full scale program to determine static and dynamic derivatives of importance for inclusion in computer programs for calculating

responses to bridge commands.

(5309) ESTIMATION OF STABILITY DERIVATIVES AND

INDICES OF VARIOUS SHIP FORMS, AND COMPARISON

WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Research Engr.,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

N. J. 07030.

(dj Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An analytical method Is devised for esti- mating stability derivatives which com- bines Albring's empirical modifications

of simplified flow theory with aerodynamic

wing theory. The method is then checked by

comparing calculated derivatives with those computed from experimental data obtained

in rotating-arm tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) Comparison with experimental results in 35 cases, including two families of hulls of

8 members each, show that the stability

derivatives and indices determined by the analytical method are of the right order of magnitude and indicate correct trends. The method can predict relative effects of changes in ship form geometry and effects

of changes in skeg and rudder area.

(h) "Estimation of Stability Derivatives and Indices of Various Ship Forms and Com- parison with Experimental Results," W. R. Jacobs, Davidson Laboratory Report 1035,

September 1964. To be published in the Journal of Ship Research.

(5310) ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF BUBBLES IN PRESSURE

FIELDS

bj David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

c) Professor E. M. Uram, Staff Scientist,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Study of the sound produced by a single gas bubble in the presence of boundaries gener- ating a varying pressure field in the flow direction.

(5311) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT WAKES WITH ASYMMETRIES

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships.

(c) Prof. E. M. Uram, Staff Scientist, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of turbulent structure of wakes very near bodies of revolution with systematically varied asymmetries. Particular at- tention to distortion imposed by asymmetries

and circumferential eddy structure.

(5312) INVESTIGATE GAIN IN WATER SPEED OBTAINED BY

COUPLING AMPHIBIOUS CRAFT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, Vehicle Research

Division, or Mr. Robert L. Van Dyke, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental investigation; applied research.

(e) Towing tank scale model tests are being con- ducted to determine the hydrodynamic drag

reduction attainable through coupling of amphibious vehicles in train configuration.

Limited tests of directional behavior in waves also have been made.

(g) Results to date are extremely encouraging;

total resistance for a train of five LVTP-5 amphibians is less than twice as great as the resistance of a single vehicle. Assuming that propulsive efficiency is unaffected

by coupling, this represents a potential

speed gain of almost 50$. Insofar as per- formance at sea is concerned, the tests to date Indicate that resistance of the train

to broaching is no worse than the very stable single LVTP-5.

(5313) HYDRODYNAMIC TRACK PROPULSION.

b) Office of Naval Research.

c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, Vehicle Research Division or John A. Mercier, Research Engr.,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Institute of Tech., Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to investigate

the mechanism by which floating land vehicles propel themselves through water by use of their tracks only. Towing tank tests are being conducted using a non-operating track

section. A theoretical performance analysis

of the test configuration is also being made

for comparison with the experiments. The results of this initial program are intended

to provide data for the optimum design of an operating track model to be built and tested

in a subsequent study.

(g) The most promising prospect for improving the efficiency of the track propulsion appears

to be the application of the Voith-Schneider

propeller principle to the track, i.e., the use of cams to vary the attitude of the track cleats as they rotate. It is now pro- posed to build an operating model track in- corporating this principle for evaluation of its feasibility. The results of the tests with the static model indicate that the cleat spacing should be made as small as practical and that the influence of their

aspect ratio is not great.

(5314) HYDRODYNAMIC WHEEL PROPULSION OF FLOATING LAND VEHICLES.

b) U. S. Army Tank Automotive Center.

c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, or H . M. Parekh,

78
(e) The fluid dynamic mechanism by which a floating land vehicle can propel Itself through water by spinning its fully submerged wheels

is being investigated. Studies are being con- ducted on two related yet essentially distinct aspects of the problem: Phase 1-Hydrodynamic Studies of Spinning Disk. Tests are being conducted to determine the thrust force which acts on a disk rotating

about an axis parallel to a plane boundary.

The experiments are being performed for com- parison with a proposed theoretical solution,

reported on in the 1964 issue ( reference number 5067), intended to provide an insight

into the basic elements of the wheel pro- pulsion phenomenon.

Phase 2 -Tests on Scale Model of Floating

Cargo Truck. Towing tank tests of self- propelled scale model of a five ton army

cargo truck are being conducted in an effort

to develop a scale model technique for studying the hydrodynamlc performance of wheel-propelled vehicles,

(g) Phase 1-The experimental results follow the trends predicted by the theory. In general,

however, the measured values of thrust are lower than the theoretical predictions. It is felt that this may be due primarily to deficiencies inherent in the available

apparatus and in the test setup employed. Thus additional tests with an improved setup

are planned. Phase 2-Attempts are being made to circumvent

the inability to attain total dynamic simi- larity (due to the familiar Reynolds No. - Froude No. incompatibility), by use of some empirical distortion factors in conjunction

with tests under partially similar conditions.

To date, no satisfactory procedure has been

developed, but work is still in progress.

(5926) ROUGH WATER TAKE-OFF RESISTANCE OF HYDROFOIL

SHIP HULLS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Lab., Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey 07030.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A systematic study of the rough water resistance of hull forms suitable for use with

hydrofoils, as a function of wave steepness,

and frequency of encounter, with and without

a range of foil restoring and damping forces

and moments.

(5929) THE OSCILLATION OF A FLAT PLATE IN A STREAM OF VTSCOUS LIQUID.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. T. V. Davles, Davidson Lab., Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New .Jersey 07030. Senior Visiting Scientist

from Univ. College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The longitudinal and transverse oscillations

of a flat plate in a stream of viscous

liquid is being solved on the basis of Oseen's equations. The problem is reduced

to solving coupled Integral equations.

(g) The longitudinal oscillation problem is com- pletely solved and closed expressions for the drag in terms of Reynolds number k and re- duced frequency as have been found in the case of large and small Reynolds numbers.

(5930) PUBLICATION OF AMPHIBIAN RESEARCH STUDIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, Vehicle Research

Dlv., or Mr. I. 0. Kanrni, Asst. Manager,

Transportation Research Group, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech, Castle Point Station,

Hoboken, New Jersey 07030.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The object of this program is to organize,

review, and publish the results of a compre- hensive study of wheeled amphibious vehicles

performed earlier (1956-59) by the Davidson

Lab. under a contract with the U. S. Army

Ordnance Tank-Automotive Command. The com- prehensive study was halted shortly before

its completion, when cognizance over amphibious vehicle development was transferred

from the sponsor.

(5931) MODEL STUDY OF DOCKING CHARACTERISTICS OF

LARC AMPHIBIANS.

(b) U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Center.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, Vehicle Research

Dlv., Davidson Lab., Stevens Institute of Tech., Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . (e) Scale model tests have been conducted to determine methods for Improving the docking

performance of the LARC V amphibian by

changing the rudder shape, stern configuration, rudder post location, and mooring line attachment location. Full scale tests are also being conducted by the Army to verify

the model results. Davidson Lab. personnel

are cooperating in these tests, and also are continuing the model studies in an attempt

to extend the present results from the point

of view of general applicability to amphibious vehicle design.

(g) It was found in the model tests that the lateral force available to hold the LARC V

at dockside could be increased materially,

without modification to the hull, by use of

a new rudder In the shape of a truncated pyramid with a vertical center plate. The tests also demonstrated that a change in the mooring line attachment location would im- prove operational performance significantly.

(5932) HYDROPLANING OF AIRCRAFT TIRES.

b) National Aeronautics & Space Administration.

c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, Vehicle Research

Dlv., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N.J. 07030.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research

(e) A systematic experimental study Is being

made of the various parameters affecting hydroplaning of pneumatic aircraft tires. Model tests are being conducted on the Davidson Laboratory rolling road facility;

tires may be mounted above this rolling road

so that with the tire mount stationary, the tire behavior may be studied and the tire loads measured as functions of rolling speed. The model tires are fabricated of polyurethane foam, whose density is varied to simulate variations in pneumatic tire in- flation pressure. Static and dynamic tests

of these models indicate that they are geo- metrically similar to the prototype pneu- matic tires as they deform under load. A quantitative theoretical description of the hydroplaning phenomenon also is being

sought

(g) No quantitative experiments have been con- ducted to date. The results of exploratory

qualitative tests, however, have been quite

encouraging; hydroplaning of model tires has occurred at speeds predictable by the cur- rently accepted empirical theory. On the theoretical end, equations have been developed to describe dynamic (non-viscous)

hydroplaning phenomena in three dimensions. An approximate solution to these equations

has been effected which provides agreement

in trend, but not magnitude, with test data.

(5933) STUDY OF 1/4-T0N TRUCK FLOATING CONCEPTS.

b) U. S. Army Tank-Automotive Center.

c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, or Mr. George M. Worden, Research Engineer, Vehicle Research

Dlv., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search and development.

79
(e) This program has two main objectives: (1) To evaluate specific proposed 1/4-ton truck con- cepts relative to their performance in crossing water obstacles, and (2) to develop

general methods for evaluating such vehicles

on an objective basis. Specific evaluations

will include consideration of expected water

speed, rough water characteristics, and water

entrance and exit problems.

(5934) INVESTIGATION OF SWIMMING PERFORMANCE OF A PROPOSED 1 1/2-TON MARGINAL TERRAIN VEHICLE.

(b) U. S. Army Tank-Automotive Center.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Chief, or Mr. H. M. Parekh, Research Engineer, Vehicle Research Div.,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., Castle

Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Experimental development.

(e) The object of this program is to optimize the swimming capabilities of a proposed 1 1/2-ton

marginal terrain vehicle currently under

development for the U. S. Marine Corps by the contractor. To this end, experiments are to

be made with a working scale model of one of the vehicle's air-bag type tracks, in the proximity of a model hull simulator. Para- meters to be investigated include bag diameter, bag spacing, bag aspect ratio, bag air

pressure, track speed, depth of submergence,

and entrance and exit angles.

(5935) UNSTEADY LOADS ON DUCTED PROPELLERS AND NOZZLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head, Fluid Dynamics Div., and Mr. J. Mercier, Research Engineer,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop a method of determining the un- steady and steady loading on a ducted propeller and its enshrouding nozzle operations in

a three-dimensional non-uniform flow field.

The present phase is concerned with derivation

of the pair of surface Integral equations

governing the interaction problem and their

reduction to a pair of corresponding line integral equations by the mode approach and

lift operator technique.

(5936) PROPELLER-SINGING PHENOMENON AS A SELF- EXCITED VIBRATION SYSTEM.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div.,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To Improve the mathematical model introduced

in the previous study at Davidson Lab. for

the propeller singing phenomenon as a self- excited vibration system and to develop ex- pressions for the acoustic signal produced by

the propeller at the singing stage.

(5937) PROPELLER- RUDDER INTERACTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. i Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div.,

and Miss W. R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engr.,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Institute of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To evaluate theoretically the loading dis- tribution on a rudder of finite aspect ratio

in the presence of a propeller operating in three-dimensional non-uniform flow and to determine the rudder torque and side force.

(5938) UNSTEADY LOADS ON A MARINE PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., and Miss W. R. Jacob3, Senior Research Engr.,

Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. 07030.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To determine the loading distributions and vibratory thrust and torque on a rotating

propeller operating in a non-uniform three- dimensional flow. The resulting integral

equation is solved by the mode approach In conjunction with the Glauert lift operator.

(5939) BOUNDARY LAYER BEHAVIOR ON ROUGH SURFACES.

(h) Commercial Ship Operator.

(c) Prof. E. M. Uram, Staff Scientist, Davidson

Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson

St., Hoboken, New Jersey 07030.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) Study of boundary layer growth and turbulence structure on rough surfaces. Includes var- ious geometrically regular roughness elements and distributions and random roughness

typical of ship hull plates.

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED.

(4863) DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON HYDROPHONE OUTPUT

IN THE NEAR FIELD.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Robert Taggart, President. Robert Taggart

Incorporated, 3930 Walnut Street, Fairfax,

Virginia 22030.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Measurements were made of the outputs of two cyllndrically shaped hydrophones, 5/8" and 2" diameter, whose bases formed the active area. The hydrophones were mounted in a closed trunk over a flat flexible plate

forming part of the wall of a rectangular

water tunnel. The distances between the active face and the plate were 1/8", 1/4",

1/2", 1", 2" and 4", while the flow ve- locities through the main pipe ranged from

6 to 13 kts. These tests were conducted to determine whether a "distance" effect,

previously noted, could be reproduced in a laboratory facility.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that a relation did exist between output levels and distance, the higher level occurring at the closest

position. During the process of reducing the data, there was some evidence of an "area" effect also, at least for the two closest positions of the hydrophones.

(4864) SEA-CHEST STRAINER PLATE SUCTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(c) Robert Taggart, President, Robert Taggart Inc. 3930 Walnut Street, Fairfax, Virginia 22030.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) An experiment was performed in a 2" x 8" plastic water tunnel, to determine the acoustic effects of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer sucked through a model strainer plate. The plate is flush-mounted

in the lower tunnel wall and contains 1100 holes 1/16" diameter. Flow through the plate

is by gravity and all throttling and flow

control is by pinch-type Flex valves. Flush- mounted hydrophones and accelerometers

provide a measure of the boundary layer pressure fluctuations and the acoustic

radiation at several locations near the strainer plate. The ratio of suction velocity through the plate to the maximum

velocity across the plate is varied.

(f) Completed.

(g) The model experiments show that the source of noise in such a configuration is definitely

related to the suction through the strainer

plate holes. This source is seen to be broadband in nature resulting from the combination of a large series of discrete frequencies comprising Jet-tones originating

90
(5189)

(5812)

In each of the openings. ACOUSTIC EXCITATION OP FLAT PLATES BY TURBULENT

PLOW. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. Robert Taggart, President, Robert Taggart

Inc., 3930 Walnut St., Fairfax, Virginia 22030. Experimental; applied research. Tests were carried out in a rectangular water tunnel in which various thin flat plates were mounted flush with the tunnel

wall. (1) Using a 1/16" thick stainless

steel plate, the investigation was directed

toward correlation of the boundary layer

characteristics with the pressure spectra

of a flush-mounted pencil-end hydrophone

and an accelerometer located on the quarter

diagonal point of the plate surface.

(2) Experiments were conducted to determine

the dimensional effects of cylindrical

hydrophones located in a water-filled trunk

above the plate. The height above the plate

was varied for two hydrophones of different

sensitive areas. (3) The effect of damping

on the acoustic pressure was examined for

two aluminum and two fiberglass plates.

Comparison is made between the four plates

(damped and undamped) at a maximum flow velocity of 20 ft. /sec. Acceleration

levels were measured.

Completed.

(l) It is demonstrated that unsteady flow excitation from a turbulent boundary layer

on a thin flat surface, causes vibration of

the plate at many natural modes. Chladni

figures are shown for a frequency range

cps. (2) Both the area of a hydrophone and its distance above a vibrating

plate have considerable effect on the dimensionless pressure spectra. (3) Measure- ments on the four damped plates show that the acoustic response of aluminum plates is lowered more than that of fiberglass plates. The ratio

of the thickness of the damping material to the plate thickness is 2. EFFECT OF NATURAL ROUGHNESS ON THE PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Matthew Stevenson, Hydrodynamicist,

Robert Taggart Inc., 3930 Walnut Street, Fairfax, Virginia 22030. Experimental; applied research. Studies are being conducted concerning the generation of noise by a turbulent boundary

layer. The Investigation is directed toward measuring the two-point correlations (trans- verse and longitudinal) of the pressure fluc- tuations on both smooth and rough walls. It is also planned to determine the effect of hydrophone size by using two ox* three larger

diameter transducers.

(h)

development of a computing system for

generating an orthogonal coordinate system

for an island of general configuration to be employed in numerical wave diffraction

studies. (3) The development of a numerical

program for evaluating the diffraction of long waves by islands of general configuration using the special coordinate system. The above system has been tested for several cases of simple geometry where the analytical solution If known. "Orthogonal Coordinates for the Analysis of Long Gravity Waves Near Islands," by R. 0. Reid and A. C. Vastano, submitted ASCE for publication in proceedings of specialty

conference on coastal engineering (Oct. 1965),

TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

(4866) MODIFICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LONG WAVES

OVER VARIABLE BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, DA- 49-055-CIV-ENG-63-9.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Texas A and M.Univ.,

College Station, Texas.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(e) The objective is to investigate the modification of free gravity waves in variable

depth, including reflection and transmission

ects, with particular attention being

given to the Interaction of tsunamis with

islands. The analysis employs numerical

methods.

(g) Studies to date Include: (1) The development of modified long-wave equations to allow for vertical acceleration and dis- persive character of the waves. (2) The

TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY, Water Resources Institute. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ernest T. Smerdon, Director, Water Resources Institute, Texas A and M University,

College Station, Texas.

(5477) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY FLOWING WATER.

(b) Texas A & M University.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The study is to determine relationships

between water erosion of soils and the hydraulic characteristics of the flowing

water, to develop quantitative relationships between specific soil properties and

an acceptable erosion index, and to develop

design data by which the erosion hazard

can be adequately considered in the design

of water control and management systems.

(g) Laboratory research has been carried out in the research flume on channel erosion and

sediment transport with shallow flow, both

with and without simulated rainfall. The effects of soil compaction on soil erosion have been studied in the flume. Chemical

and mineralogical data are available on the

soils. In addition, a rotating shear ap- paratus has been constructed and tests performed to measure the erosion character

of soils in this laboratory device under

carefully controlled conditions. The effect on erosion resistance of changing

the cations on the clay are being studied

in this apparatus.

(5478) WATER POLLUTION PROM ERODED SEDIMENTS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The laboratory study is designed to obtain

data on the initial transport of eroded

sediments from the point of detachment to streams of appreciable size. This transport

path considered, which may be only a few hundred feet to a few miles, is that portion

of the flow path which is sufficiently

shallow to be significantly affected by the existence of rainfall energy on the flow. This stream size limit is unknown but will

be determined and related to rainfall energy and other factors affecting the flow

and sediment transport capability of the

flow.

(g) Rainfall superimposed on shallow open channel flow reduces the sediment transport

capacity of the streams. This is caused by

at least two effects which are being stud- ied further, i.e., changes in vertical velocity distribution in the flow and changes

in settling characteristics of suspended

sediments

(h) "The Effect of Rainfall on the Velocity Dis- tribution in Shallow Channel Flow," L. J. Glass. Tech. Rept. No. 1, Water Resources

Institute, Texas A & M Univ., Jan. 1965. "Flume Studies of Sediment Transportation in Shallow Flow with Simulated Rainfall," F. M. Nail. Tech. Rept. No. 3, Water Resources

Inst., Texas A & M Univ., Jan. 1966.

81
(547 9) EFFECT OF SURFACE IRRIGATION HYDRAULICS ON EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF WATER.

(b) Texas A&M University.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation.

(e) The objectives are to determine the effect

of irrigation stream size, slope and shape of irrigated surface, hydraulic roughness of irrigated surface, and water intake characteristics of soil on irrigation

system design for most efficient application

of water by surface irrigation methods; and to correlate results into design procedures,

using hydraulic factors of surface irrigation

as criteria for design.

(g) The results indicate that it may be possible

to integrate the differential equation for

the advance and recession curves by single

graphical means (rather than by lengthy and cumbersome numerical calculations or using

computers). This will make specific design

practical for individual farms and soil conditions instead of so-called "rule-ofthumb" designs so often used now.

(h) "Surface Irrigation Water Distribution

Efficiency Related tc Soil Infiltration,"

E. T. Smerdon and L. J. Glass. Trans, of ASAE, Vol. 8, pp. 76-78, 82, 1965.

"A Solution of the Irrigation Advance Problem,"

0. C. Wilke and E. T. Smerdon. Jour, of Irr. and Drain. Div., ASCE, Vol. 89, No. IR3, pp. 23-34, Sept. 1965.

(5940) RESEARCH ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF IN TEXAS.

b) Water Resources Institute, Texas A&M Univ.

c) Dr. Robert A. Clark, Dept. of Meteorology,

Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Texas 77843.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; applied research

(e) An investigation of the rainfall-producing

mechanism and associated hydrologic regime in Texas. Data obtained from a dense network of recording and non-recording rain gages will

be correlated with that obtained from a dual- frequency radar system. This information will

then be related to actual data on surface runoff. The network of rain gages is located over the East Yegua Creek drainage basin, 243

sq mi, which is approximately 30 to 45 ml west of the radar system. In addition, a network of 40 rain gages in an urban area of

7 sq mi will be used to study precipitation

variation within a small area and the effects

of urbanization on surface runoff.

(g) Installation of precipitation networks will

be completed by February 1966. Collection

and analysis of data from these networks

should begin at that time.

(h) "An Investigation of 3.2 -cm Attenuation of Sub-Tropical Precipitation Through Use of a Dual -Frequency Equi-Volume Radar System," Donald B. Hodges, M. S. Thesis, Texas A&M

Univ., Jan. 1966. "Techniques for Hydrograph Synthesis Based

on Analysis of Data from Small Drainage Basins in Texas," Michael D. Hudlow, M. S. Thesis, Texas A&M Univ., Jan. 1966.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 2397, 3524,

4234, 4235, 5456 and 5457 should be addressed

to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

channel drops and rises. The velocity

distribution and surface profile were deter- mined throughout the length of the Jump for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of the Jump in relation to the change in bottom

elevation was varied over a broad range

in contrast with previous related investi- gations in which relative location of the

Jump was held constant.

(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a 4 square mile and a 2 square mile portion of

the Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating

runoff from small urban watersheds in the Southwest area. Two stream flow stations

and a rain gage net are in operation.

Studies of the correlation between runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the drainage basin are being made by various

proposed methods to serve as a base for comparison with the data as it is collected

from the stream.

(g) The records are now long enough to begin

comparing with peak discharge estimates pre- viously given at least for short recurrence

intervals. A start is being made on this analysis.

(h) "Hydrologic Data of Waller Creek, Colorado

River Basin, Texas, 1961, 1962, 1963." Geo- logical Survey - Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, Austin District,

Austin, Texas. "Compilation of Hydrologic Data, Waller and Wilbarger Creeks, Colorado River Basin,

Texas, 1964." Geological Survey - Water

Resources Division, Austin, Texas.

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d Field investigation (thesis).

(e) For selected watersheds rainfall runoff

relations are being developed on a storm by storm basis. Multiple correlation

diagrams, based on data before changes in the watershed, have been developed and used

to compute runoff for later periods.

Comparison of these computed runoff values with measured values is taken as an index

of the effect of watershed development.

(g) The first results were not conclusive because of random error in the computed

values. Further studies are being made on another watershed with an improved method

which better accounts for the spacial

variation of rainfall.

(2874) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

b) The University of Texas Research Institute.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

e) Exploratory tests have been made with two different schemes, one with radially

outward flow between a circular disc and

the soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular Jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first

scheme it was not possible to obtain the necessary precision of measurement at low scour rates, but with the second scheme satisfactory measurements were obtained.

A correlation based on dimensional analysis

gave consistent results in evaluating the relative scour resistance of several materials. Apparatus has been fabricated

for a new test which permits direct evaluation of the shear stress at the soil

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712. Experimental

Experimental determinations were made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional

15)

B2
surface. In this test a cylindrical soil sample is submerged in a transparent

concentric cylinder which can he rotated

at a controlled speed to generate a shear

stress on the soil surface. Attempts are being made to relate the scour resistance

to other measurable soil properties, and finally to interpret the results in re- lation to field observations.

(g) Using test procedures previously developed,

a series of tests have been run to determine

the effect of moisture content on the critical shear stress for Taylor Marl. Tests

have been run at nearly constant degree of saturation.

(h) "Measurements of the Shear Resistance of Cohesive Sediments," F. D. Masch, W. H. Espey and W. L. Moore, Proceedings, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 1963,

Agricultural Research Service Miscellaneous

Publication No. 970, June 1965.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Analytical and field study.

e) Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying

directly into the Gulf of Mexico were

studied. Variations in the runoff values

for each stream were considered and these

trends compared with solar variations.

The relative sunspot numbers were used as

the measure of solar variations and were correlated with the mean annual runoff. Further correlations are being made with

different "lag" periods between solar activity and surface runoff.

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of runoff excess and deficiency is consistent rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern.

It appears that the locations of the centers

of runoff deficiency are following roughly

the same path that they did some 22 to 24 years previously. Correlation coefficients

of plus 0.2 to plus 0.5 are obtained for

selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated

with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double

sunspot cycle In which sunspot numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

(3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NON- HOMOGENEOUS, NON-ISOTROPIC SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, basic.

(e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is applicable across a boundary between two regions of different permeabilities. It is believed that the method can be expanded

to apply to any specified non-homogeneous

and non-isotropic condition. It is intended

that the solution be set up for computation

on an electronic computer and that selected numerical solutions be checked against those from an electrolytic tank.

(4234) EVAPORATION REDUCTION BY CONTROL OF ADVECTED ENERGY.

(b) Partial sponsorship by the Lower Colorado

River Authority of Texas.

(d) A Master's thesis involving theoretical and field investigation.

(e) Measurements have been made to determine the temperature field in Lake Travis for the 1962-63 season. A method was developed to estimate the effect of withdrawing water

from near the lake surface. Monthly estimates of the resulting temperature field

and reduction in evaporation were made.

(4235) TWO-PHASE FLOW IN CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental master's thesis.

(e) It is apparent that for a two-phase flow

system with a liquid and gas, many dif- ferent types of flow are possible. This investigation explored the use of sound measurements to detect the type of flow

present, in a metal pipe. Various types of flow were established in a thin-walled

aluminum pipe, 1.66 I.D., with a transparent

plastic section at each end. Records of the sound pattern were made with different pick-ups and correlated with the visual ob- servation of the flow type. Magnetic tape records of the sound were also made.

(g) Study of the recorded sound patterns re- vealed some identifiable characteristics

related to the type of two-phase flow in the

line. Additional work is needed to refine techniques and try other sound pick-up and recording methods.

(4716) DRAG FORCES IN VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELDS.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, The Univ.

of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The investigation is being conducted to determine the effect of a velocity gradient

on the local and conventional drag coeffi- cients for cylinders of varying L/D ratio

and at different Reynolds Numbers. The study will be extended to other shapes.

(g) Studies have demonstrated that the velocity

gradient along a cylinder affects the drag coefficient. The local drag coefficient

decreases along the cylinder in the direction toward the end of the cylinder where

the velocity is high. The reduction in drag

coefficient is related to a dimensionless

measure of the velocity gradient along the cylinder. The angle at which separation

occurred was found to increase near the bottom of the cylinder where the free

stream velocity is low.

(h) "The Influence of Secondary Flows on Drag

Forces," Charles Dalton and Frank D. Masch,

Hydraulic Engineering Lab. Technical Rept.

No. HYD 04-6503, The University of Texas, July 1965.

(4717) TWO-FLUID FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas.

(c) Dr. L. R. Mack, Department of Engineering

Mechanics, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas

78112.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for masters

thesis

(e) The velocity distribution within and the shape of the Interface between two im- miscible fluids of different densities

flowing through a uniform Isotropic porous medium toward a well Is sought. This problem is of interest In both petroleum

engineering and ground-water hydrology.

(g) It has been shown that the method of solu- tion set forth (for the special case when

the upper fluid has zero density) by Kirkham (J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 69, pp. 2537-

2549, June 1964) will not yield meaningful

numerical results.

(h) "Critical Investigation of Kirkham's Theory

of Determining the Shape of Water Table Near a Well," Tlsh-Chun Chang, M. S. Thesis,

Univ. of Texas, August, 1965.

(4990) WAVE CHARACTERISTICS IN SHOALING WATER.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, Corps of Engineers

63
(o) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research; Master's thesis.

(e) This study is to develop a workable method

for computing water wave characteristics in shoaling water using cnoidal wave theory.

The method involves evaluating the power transmission for a wave train in shallow water from cnoidal theory and using the concept of constant power between

orthogonals on a refraction diagram. The study has been expanded to include computation of velocity, acceleration and pressure

fields.

(g) Integrals of the cnoidal functions have

been evaluated in terms of elliptic

integrals and computer programs have been

developed to solve the resulting equations.

(h) "Cnoidal Waves in Shallow Water," Prank D. Masch, Chapter I, Proceedings of Ninth

Conference on Coastal Engineering, American

Society of Civil Engineers, Lisbon, Portugal,

June 1964.

(4991) LOCAL SCOUR IN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Prank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) This project Is designed to investigate the characteristics of the three dimensional

flow patterns at channel obstructions and to study the extent to which these flows affect local scour. It is believed that a more thorough understanding of the funda- mentals of the flow at an obstruction would

provide the basis to devise methods for controlling scour. The nature of scour at culverts is also under consideration with

efforts being devoted to develop methods

for dissipating energy and reducing local

scours.

(h) "The Influence of Secondary Flows in Local Scour at Obstructions in Channels," W. L. Moore and Frank D. Masch, Proceedings,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference,

1963, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication No. 970, June 1965.

(5455) HYDROLOGY OF SMALL URBAN WATERSHEDS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Texas Water

Commission.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, and Dr. Frank D. Masch,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Field Investigation, basic research.

e) Data from selected watersheds have been

collected. These are being studied to evaluate the effects of urbanization on the hydrologic characteristics of the watersheds.

(g) For the Waller Creek Watersheds, Austin, Texas preliminary results indicate that because of approximately twice as high

percent of impervious cover in the lower

part it produced yields per unit area approaching twice that of the upper area.

(h) "A Study of Some Effects of Urbanization on Storm Runoff from a Small Watershed," W. A. Espey, Jr., Ph. D. Dissertation, The Univ.

of Texas, August 1965.

"A Study of Some Effects of Urbanization on Storm Runoff from a Small Watershed," W. A. Espey, Jr., C. W. Morgan and F. D. Masch,

Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory Technical

Report No. HYD 07-6501, The University of Texas, July 1965.

(5456) MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RELATING RUNOFF TO RAINFALL.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Doctoral thesis based on computer analysis of field data.

(e) The study is presently aimed at determining

the runoff hydrograph from the rainfall data for Individual storms. A computer solution

to a multiple correlation method is used to obtain the amount of runoff for successive

time intervals for individual sub areas of the watershed, and a modified unit hydrograph.

approach 13 used to obtain the runoff hydrograph at the lower end of the watershed. Preliminary results Indicate that the method

will be useful to estimate storm hydrographs

where rainfall data are available for a long

time, and flow records are available for

only a short period. It I 3 hoped that additional correlations can be developed

for base flow making It possible to build

up continuous runoff hydrographs based on rainfall records.

(g) Preliminary results indicate good success

In predicting runoff hydrographs for indi- vidual storms.

(h) "The Synthesis of Storm Runoff Hydrographs

from Unsteady Non-Uniform Rainfall," C. L. Smith, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University

of Texas, 1965.

(5457) A NEW TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR CULVERT

OUTLETS.

(b) Texas Highway Dept. and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

d) Experimental and theoretical doctoral thesis.

e) A study is being made of a culvert energy dlssipator based on the use of a sector

of a circular hydraulic Jump. Apparent

advantages of the device are the stability

of the jump over a range of discharge and tailwater conditions and the opportunity

to spread the culvert discharge back to the original stream width. Problems of practical

geometry need to be explored to see what compromises can be made and still achieve satisfactory energy dissipation performance.

(5458) SEDIMENTATION IN GALVESTON-TRINITY BAYS.

(b) Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission and Department

(c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Experimental, field; applied research.

e) Field investigation to determine the currents, sources of sediment, and sedi- ment movement in Galveston and Trinity

Bays, and to determine the effect they may have on the dredging of mudshell,

oysters and oyster production.

(h) "Progress Report on Current and Sediment Movement in Galveston-Trinity Bays," Frank D. Masch, Hydraulic Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. HYD

06-6501, The Univ. of Texas, January 1965.

(5459) FINITE -AMPLITUDE GRAVITY WAVES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. L. R. Mack, Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics,

Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for master's

thesis and doctoral dissertation.

(e) In order to obtain better quantitative

agreement with the experimental frequency

determinations of Fultz and of Edge, the analytical solutions for both two- dimensional standing waves and axi- symmetric standing waves are being carried

to the fifth order in amplitude. Velocity

distribution, free-surface configuration,

and frequency of oscillation are being

obtained

(g) The two-dimensional solution has been carried through the fifth order. Surface configuration, frequency of oscillation, maximum

amplitude, and the division of energy have

been investigated. For a certain range of depths the oscillation exhibits "hard-spring"

behavior for small amplitudes and soft- spring behavior for larger amplitudes. Close correlation Is noted between soft-spring be- havior of the frequency and the mean poten84
tial energy being greater than the mean

kinetic energy,

(h) "Bessel-Punction Identities Needed for the Theory of Axisymmetric Gravity Waves,"

Lawrence R. Mack, Mathematics of Computation,

Vol. 19, pp. 654-557, October 1965. "Periodic Gravity Waves of Finite Amplitude," Donald F. Sattler, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Texas, January 1966.

(5460) WIND WAVE OVERTOPPING OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(d) Experimental, thesis.

(e) This study is designed to compare over- topping from wind waves with that pre- dicted from criteria based on uniform

wave trains. Overtopping is being measured under varying wind and wave

conditions. Particular study is being

given to beach geometry immediately in

the front of the structure and its effect on overtopping rates.

(g) Results obtained to date show that the greater the depth of water at the wall,

the greater the overtopping rates. The offshore beach profiles appear to have little or no effect on overtopping

from wind generated waves.

(5461) ANALYSIS OF UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL

WATERSHEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Field Investigation, thesis.

e) Characteristic, two-hour unit hydrographs

were determined for each of three selected watersheds. The derived dimensionless

hydrograph shapes were compared with two widely-used empirical hydrographs. Tech- niques were studied for using the S-curve hydrograph as an aid in estimating the correct duration of rainfall excess by

selecting that duration which caused the least fluctuation in the S-curve.

(g) The dimensionless 2 hour unit hydrographs

developed in this study indicate that the falling limbs of the Commons and Mockus hydrograph shapes may need revision in order to be applied to watersheds of less than 100 square miles in area. However,

these differences are only minor

suggesting that an average dimensionless

graph and reliable estimates of only two parameters, 'period of rise and peak dis- charge may be sufficient to define the shape of the unit hydrograph. Results

indicate the S-curve can be used to estimate by trial and error the rainfall

excess duration if rainfall data is not available

(5S53) MIXING AND DISPERSION OF CONTAMINANTS IN RESERVOIRS.

b) U. S. Public Health Service.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of C. E . , Univ.

of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(d) Basic and applied research; field investigation.

(e) This investigation has been undertaken to study the mixing and dispersion of contami- nants in inland fresh waters. The study Includes an investigation of the effects of currents, turbulent wave action, and periodic

overturning on the disposition of waste materials discharged into reservoirs and

lakes. The stability effects of temperature

and density gradients within the receiving

waters are also being determined. Mixing

processes in both deep and shallow water

reservoirs are being studied in the field.

(5954) PHYSICAL EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXAS

BAYS.

(b) Center for Research in Water Resources Project . (c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of C. E . , Univ.

of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

(d) Analytical; field investigation; applied

research

(e) To evaluate the assimilative capacity of Texas Gulf Coast Bays, studies are being

carried out to determine a mathematical

model which is descriptive of the mixing,

dispersive and exchange characteristics of these bays. Preliminary analysis has pro- ceeded on the basis of a modified tidal prism exchange model. Steps are now under way to improve this type model.

(5955) PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULAR CULVERTS ON STEEP GRADES

b) Texas Highway Department.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of C. E . , Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) This study is concerned with the behavior of the hydraulic Jump in circular broken-back

culverts. Of particular concern are the conditions under which a Jump will form in the culvert. The study is also concerned

with methods to insure that the Jump forms

in the culvert.

(5956) SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES - TOLEDO BEND DAM.

b) Forrest and Cotton Consulting Engineers.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of C. E . , Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

d) Applied research; laboratory investigation.

e) Model studies on the spillway section of the Toledo Bend Dam were carried out for the purposes of determining the hydraulic per- formance characteristics of the spillway

section of the dam including stilling basin

effectiveness, flow behavior in the upstream

and downstream channels, and gate operating

sequence for a range of discharges including

the normal flood, the design flood, and the maximum probable flood.

(h) "Model Studies - Toledo Bend Dam," Walter L. Moore and Frank D. Masch, Hydraulic Engrg.

Lab. Tech. Rept. No. HYD 08-6501, The Univ.

of Texas, October 1965.

THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC.

(5197) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FLUID DYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. A. Ritter, President, Therm Advanced

Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle, Ithaca,

N. Y.

(d) Theoretical basic research.

(e) This is a continuing project of analytical

studies which to date have consisted of:

(1) The Hydrodynamics of Free-Surface

Crossings, concerned with predicting the hydrodynamic forces acting on bodies in vertical motion crossing an air-water interface, and Includes examination of the accuracy of the standard assumptions of infinite Froude number and small disturbances; and (2) The Jet-Flap Hydrofoil Near a Free Surface, a study which will provide expressions for the forces and moments acting on a two- dimensional jet-flap hydrofoil in close

proximity' to a free surface as well as determining the depth of submergence at which free-surface effects may be neglected.

(f) (e) 1. Completed, 2. Active.

(g) A second-order, small-perturbation theory for the water-exit and -entry of slender symmetric

bodies, Including Froude number and alr- denslty effects, has been developed. The effect of a nearby free surface on a two- dimensional Jet-flapped hydrofoil is found to

55
be negligible, for practical purposes, at sub- mergence depth-to-hydrofoil chord ratios

greater than unity for infinite Proude number,

(h) "On the Samll-Perturbation Theory of Water- Exit and -Entry," by John P. Moran and Keith P. Kerney, Developments in Mechanics, 3. Ostrach,

Editor, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 478-506,

1965.

"On the Hydrodynamic Theory of Water-Exit and

-Entry," by John P. Moran, Therm Advanced

Research, Inc., TAR-TR 6501, March 1965.

5198) LOW-ASPECT-RATIO JET-FLAP CONTROL SURFACES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Gary R. Hough, Staff Scientist, Therm Advanced Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle,

Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Theoretical basic research.

e) The objective of this project is to develop

a theory which will predict satisfactorily

the forces and moments acting on a fully

wetted, low-aspect-ratio Jet-flap control

surface

(g) Previous studies in this area found that the application of the conventional Jones low- aspect-ratio approximation was unsatisfactory

for treating control surfaces of rectangular

planform and/or deflected jet blowing. During

the present contract, the improved low-aspectratio approximation of Lawrence is being em- ployed to obtain a solution.

5789) PREDICTION OF SHIP SLAMMING LOADS.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. M. Greenberg, Staff Scientist, Therm Advanced Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle,

Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Theoretical basic research.

e) The object is to develop computer codes for

the accurate prediction of the pressures and forces on ship sections of arbitrary shape

during slamming. Finite air density will be retained to avoid the unrealistic Impact

singularity predicted by simplified theory,

in contrast with the water-compressibility

artifice which Is often employed. The analysis is based upon a discrete vortex representation of the body and water surface, and proceeds in finite time Increments. The free

surface conditions are linearized only in the calculation of the starting values, when the body is sufficiently far above the water.

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering.

3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory and field projects; National

Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation; basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) A basic study of relationships involved in flow in steep, rough channels where the roughness is relatively an appreciable part

of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep or steeper than a slope

such that supercritical flow can occur in connection with contractions caused by the roughness. The work is basic, however,

it will have application to steep mountain

streams and to hydraulic structures.

The objective of the work is to relate descriptive parameters describing the size and configuration of the bed roughness to slope, depth and discharge of channels of this class. Studies began using simple bar

and cube elements and have progressed through

the use of beds formed by gluing natural

gravel elements of various size, gradation

and Intensity to the bed. Nineteen field

sites have been installed in streams, principally in northern Utah in the Wasatch

Mountains, but also in New Mexico and

Colorado. Piezometric type stilling wells

have been installed at thirteen sites and discharge and depth measured. Bed element distribution and size have been studied at all sites. Collection of field data has

been completed and analysis is continuing.

A laboratory flume study using natural gravel elements glued to the bed, with water

as the fluid, was completed. The flume

study is being continued using the same beds

only in a mirrored effect to eliminate the free surface influence, with air as the fluid.

(g) In the flume studies, discharge and slope were varied and depth was measured for each

of the ten beds. Two sizes of material with

five different spacings for each size were

used. Experimental results show a continuous change in relative dominance of the factors

of gross velocity variation and turbulent mixing as the kineticity and relative depth

changes. Six flow zones defined by Froude number and relative depth were suggested. It was not practical to develop a single equation

to describe a conductance coefficient, C/gi , to cover all ranges of flow, but one equation for each zone is proposed. C is from Chezy's

equation and is based on a roughness spacing

parameter, roughness, height, and depth of

flow. A measure for describing spacing was developed and a method of field application

is also discussed.

(h) "Flume Study of the Effect of Concentration

and Size of Roughness Elements on Flow In HighGradient Natural Channels," by Mohamed Wafale Abdelsalam. Ph. D. dissertation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1965, p. 182.

(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Public Health Service.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Hydrodynamic and field study of movement of water over a porous surface when intake varies with time. The free surface and the rates of advance are defined.

f) Completed.

g) Differential equations have been developed

which define the free surface and rates of advance. High speed computers have been

used to obtain typical solutions which have been compared with field measurement of the rate of advance. The results are within ten percent of field observations. A dimensionless plot has been constructed which will predict the advance for any given set of known soil conditions. A companion study Is based upon utilizing empirical relationships

as a foundation for subsequent development

of rate of advance functions. The results

compare well with measured values.

(h) "Hydrodynamics of Unsteady Open-Channel Fluid Flow Over a Porous Bed Having a Variable In- filtration Rate," by Edwin C. Olsen, III,

Ph. D. dissertation, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Logan, Utah. June 1965.

(3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE.

b) National Science Foundation,

c; Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Some theoretical and experimental work has

been performed on the attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a sediment suspension. However, experimental work Is still very limited in scope, particularly over certain loss regions. This study uses a standard pulse technique

to investigate a wide range of natural and manufactured sediments over the various loss

86
ranges. Of primary concern is the effect of the various sediment properties on the attenuation

(f) Completed.

(g) Natural sediments have been completed and an MS thesis has been prepared giving the results. Manufactured sediments of known properties have been tested, and a PhD dissertation has been completed and is available at the Utah State University

Library.

(3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OP MARSHLANDS.

b) Utah State Fish and Game Dept.

c) Prof. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State

Univ., Logan, Utah. 84321.

(d) Field investigations; applied research, Master's theses.

(e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to Great Salt Lake have been developed and improved by the State Fish and Game Dept., and the Federal Wildlife Service, as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available stream

flow from several of the major streams flowing into these areas where the water is impounded behind dikes to create habitat

suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese utilize this area each year during their

migratory flights.

f) Completed.

g) The basic purpose of the study was to determine the quantities of water necessary

for marshlands in order to maintain them in

a productive state.

(h) Eight progress reports have been written.

Three MS theses and one PhD dissertation

have been completed.

(3845) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State University, Logan Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Master's

and Doctoral theses.

(e) The purpose is to establish techniques and model-prototype laws so that watersheds can

be intensively studied in a laboratory.

A small watershed has been modeled. A rainfall simulator has been constructed for which

design or actual rainfall events can be programmed to occur automatically over the model. The dominant factors influencing the characteristic shape of the run-off hydrography are being studied. Initial efforts

have been aimed at determining effect on modeling relationships resulting from changes

in the physical properties of water-chemical

mixtures used in the rainfall simulator. Test runs are being made using a physical

model with an impervious surface. Subsequent

tests will incorporate the relationship

between infiltration and run-off by providing

for permeability changes in the model.

(g) Satisfactory mechanical performance and

electronic control has been achieved. Verification tests to date are highly

encouraging. Experimental tests are continuing.

(h) "Construction, Instrumentation, and Prelim- inary Verification of a Physical Hydrologic

Model," by Donald L. Chery, Jr. Utah Water

Research Laboratory and Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. D. A., 152 pp., July 1965.

(5129) CALIBRATION OF IRRIGATION HEADGATES BY MODEL

ANALYSIS.

b) D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies, Delta, Utah.

c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies have approximately 500 of these headgates in their

distribution system and would like to use

the headgate as a measuring device. Standards

for the installation of such a headgate will

be developed along with flow rate curves and tables

f) Completed.

g) A general method of analysis was developed

for rating submerged gates. The coefficient

of dischrge of the system was markedly

affected by the degree of relative sub- mergence. Also, the location of the gate

guide angles, whether facing upstream or downstream, affected the coefficient of discharge by 12 percent.

lh) "Rating Submerged Gates for Flow Measurement

In Open Channels," by Gaylord V. Skogerboe.

Transactions, American Society of Agricultural

Engineers, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 101-102, 1965.

(5130) FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Library research.

(e) A compilation of the material pertaining to the design of small irrigation structures

that would be found on a farm. Will also determine gaps in information which will

require additional research.

(5131) A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND EDDY DIFFUSIVITY OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS IN ROUGH OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Civil Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Ph.D. Thesis.

(e) The objectives of the project are: (1) To describe the structure of the turbulent shear flows in rough open channels; (2) To see if local lsotropy exists in the turbulence under

study; and (3) To investigate the relationship of the structure of the turbulence to the process of diffusion In the flow. Work

on (l) and (2) is mostly completed and is continuing on (3) . The experimental studies

have been conducted in a 3 foot flume arti- ficially roughened on the bottom with expand- ed metal mesh. A total head tube with barlun tltanate as the piezoelectric sensor has been used to measure turbulent velocity fluctu- ations in the direction of the mean flow. The

signal was analyzed with a random signal in- dicator and correlator, a delay line, and a spectrum analyzer. Measurements were made at a section where the boundary layer growth had reached the free surface and the flow was essentially two dimensional. A hot wire sys- tem is being developed so that all components

of velocity can be measured.

(f) Continuing.

(g) In the outer region of fully developed tur- bulent flow in the rough open channel, the wave number at which the transition between

locally isotropic and anisotropic turbulence

occurs is independent of Reynolds Number, but varies inversely with the depth of flow. Evan

in fully developed turbulent flow, local lso- tropy does not exist near the bed in the pre- sence of steep mean velocity gradients. Hence,

the concept of local lsotropy is inadequate for obtaining the distribution of the rate of dissipation of energy, notwithstanding its use

to evaluate the local rate in the outer region. The structure of the turbulence in the flows

studied has been described in terms of longi- tudinal macroscale and nrlcroscale, relative

intensity, and energy spectrum. The channel roughness has only an indirect influence on

the structure of turbulence by transforming

the flow into fully developed turbulent flow

at a lower Reynolds Number. A procedure has been developed for estimating the statistical characteristics of the turbulence in fully

developed turbulent shear flow in channels

i

87
(h)

(5133)

from a knowledge of the mean flow quantities,

(h) "A Study of the Structure of Shear Turbulence

in Free Surface Flows," by M. V. Rao, Ph. D. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

Sept. 1965. (5135)

(5132) TECHNIQUES OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF EVAPORATION-REDUCING MATERIALS TO LARGE LAKES (b) AND RESERVOIRS. (c)

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Utah Water (d) Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. (e)

(d) Experimental j applied research and development.

(e) Development of equipment and techniques for

the aerial application of monolayer-forming

materials.

(f) Completed.

(g) The performance of the equipment has been

very satisfactory. Techniques have been

developed for the use of alcohols in molten

form and the use of powdered alcohols. (5137) Further research and development will be concerned only with powdered alcohols. "Economics of Aerial Application of Evapora- (b) tion Retardants to Water Surfaces," by (c) Vaughn E. Hansen and Gaylord V. Skogerboe.

Agricultural Aviation 7(4), 1965. (d)

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY STILLING BASIN FOR PIPE (e) TO OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof. Civil

and Irrigation Engr. Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental research for M. S. Theses.

(e) The objective of this study is to find an economical and effective means of energy

dissipation at the transition of pipe flow

to open channel flow.

(f) Continuing.

(g) An effective design has been found involving

a short dissipator pipe placed on the opposite wall of the stilling basin from the inflow pipe. The best ratios have been found

for: the dissipator pipe diameter to inflow

pipe diameter, length of dissipator pipe to inflow pipe diameter, slit width to inflow

pipe diameter, and center line offset to the (f inflow pipe diameter. The second MS thesis (g is studying the effect of changing the inlet pipe diameter and the inlet pipe (h velocity on the most efficient design

described above. An MS thesis has been completed and research toward the second MS thesis

is being -actively pursued.

(5138 FREE SURFACE EFFECTS ON THE DRAG OF A HEMISPHERE ON A BOUNDARY, IN VELOCITY GRADIENT (b FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation Project. (c (c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Professor of Civil Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, (d Utah 84321. (e

(d) Theoretical and experimental work leading to

a doctoral dissertation.

(e) The objectives of this study were to: (1) (g study the relative effects of the Froude num- ber and the Reynolds number for various rela- (h tive submergences of an isolated hemisphere ir. open channel flowj (2) to correlate the total drag coefficient with the Froude number and Reynolds number with calculations based upon (5139 flow conditions measured with the hemisphere

in place, and with the hemisphere removed; (3) (b correlation of wave drag coefficient with

Froude number for flow conditions measured as (c in part 1 involving evaluation of the wave drag and the wave drag coefficient in correlation of the wave drag with the Froude number; (d and (4) analysis of the overall wave patterns (e and their effect on the drag.

(g) The experimental analysis has been completed

and the doctoral dissertation is being written.

(h)

(5134)

It should be published by June 1966. It will be available at the Utah State University

Library and its author will be James P. Tullls. LIFT FORCES ON A HEMISPHERE IN A VELOCITY

GRADIENT FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE EFFECTS. National Science Foundation grant.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and theoretical research leading to a doctoral dissertation.

Lift forces on a hemisphere attached to a boundary will be studied for the following

conditions: (1) an infinite uniform flow field;

(2) a semi-infinite non-uniform flow field;

(3) a finite uniform flow field without free

surface; (4) a finite non-uniform flow field

without free surface; (5) a finite uniform

flow field with free surface; and (6) a finite uniform flow field with a free surface. DRAG ON A HEMISPHERE IN A THREE—DIMENSIONAL

FINITE FLOW FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE EFFECTS. National Science Foundation Project.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Professor of Civil Englnrg., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84325.. Experimental and theoretical research toward

a PhD dissertation.

The objectives are to study and compare drag

on a hemisphere attached to a boundary for:

(1) A three-dimensional infinite non-uniform

flow field where viscous forces are important;

(2) a semi-infinite non-uniform flow field

where viscous forces and shape of the velocity

profile are important; (3) a finite uniform

flow field without free surface where vis- cous forces,, and relative submergence are important; (4) a finite non-uniform flow

field without free surface where viscous

forces, relative submergence and velocity

profile shape are important; (5) a finite uniform flow field with a free surface where

viscous forces, relative submergence and

Froude number are important; and (6) a finite non-uniform flow field with a free surface where viscous forces, relative submergence, Froude number and velocity profile shape are important

This project was completed January 1, 1965. The objectives stated in item (e) have been

realized.

A doctoral dissertation has been published

and is available at Utah State University

Library. It is entitled, "Analysis of Drag

Forces on a Hemisphere With Free Surface Effects," by Earl S. Mason, 1965. STATE WATER PLAN INVESTIGATIONS

Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil Engrg. Dept., Utah

State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Field investigation, applied research. Water supply and use determinations and projections. Frequency analyses of various

kinds of hydrologlc data

Hydrologic inventories of major study area

of state completed. "Effects of Competition on Efficiency of Water

Use," by Jay M. Bagley, Proceedings of Am. Soc. of Civil Eng., IR1, March 1965, 9 pp. HYDROLOGY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE.

Dr.. Jay M. Bagley, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Dept.-, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Field investigation, applied research. Attempting to develop an adequate description

of the sources, amounts and regimen of water

inflow into the lake from precipitation,

surface flows, and subsurface flows. This

88
will provide the basis on which to predict

the effect of future development so that alternative resource use patterns for the lake and its tributary system can be evaluated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Water budget for lake and tributary areas has been completed. Mean annual inflow to Great

Salt Lake is calculated to be: Bear River

drainage, 910,000 a.f.; Weber River drainage,

480,000 alfl; Jordan River drainage, 270,000

a.f.; other tributaries, 30,000 a.f.; Total

surface and groundwater inflow, 1,690,000 a.f. Report in process.

(5140) ELECTRONIC ANALOG MODEL STUDIES OF RIVER

BASINS.

(b) Dr. Jay M. Bagley and Prof. Duane G. Chadwick, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Assoc. Prof., Civil Engineering Dept. and Prof. D. L. Chadwick,

Asst. Prof. Electrical Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental.

(e) An electronic analog model of a river basin

is being constructed. The basic hydrologic

processes of precipitation, snowmelt, sur- face and subsurface runoff, groundwater

storage and movement, evapotranspiration,

streamflow, etc. have been modeled

electronically. Model will be used to predict performance of various parts of hydrologic system resulting from proposed water management and development changes.

(f) Model completed. Continuing liaison in the operation and utilization.

(g) Completed model being effectively utilized

in the Sevier River Basin Investigations of the Soil Conservation Service. Final report

in process.

(5440) EVALUATION OF EVAPORATION RETARDANTS FOR AERIAL APPLICATION.

(b) The Proctor and Gamble Company.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Applied research and field investigations.

(e) Evaluate various chemical compositions and particle size gradations of evaporation

retardants to determine their suitability

for aerial application techniques. Particular

emphasis will be given to the longer chain fatty alcohols, C2o and C 22* (f) Suspended.

(5441) NEW CONCEPTS OF HYDROLOGIC INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Duane G. Chadwick, Utah Water

Research Labortory. Utah State University,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) The aerial measurement of evaporation,

evapotranspiration, and sublimation is being attempted by the application of new

electronic, sonic, and optical techniques.

(5442) EVAPORATION AND CLIMATIC STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Joel E. Fletcher, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental"; ' applied research.

(e) Evaporation from land, snow, and water sur- faces constitutes the principal losses of water to the United States. The investi- gation of factors which affect the quantity,

quality, and timing of these losses from a climatic standpoint are being investigated

in order to assist in the more precise

formulation of plans of water utilization.

(g) On the basis of dendroclimatic records, it appears that many of Utah's irrigation

projects have been designed on the basis of

a short, wet cycle.

5443) MICROCLIMATIC HYDROLOGY. Laboratory project. Professor Joel E. Fletcher, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and field investigation; applied research. Methods for evaluating and measuring the microclimatic factors associated with water

supply and use are being investigated.

(e

(5444

(b

(5445

ft

(h

(5446)

III

(d)

(e)

(g)

DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF A SUBMERGED REC- TANGULAR FLUME. D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies, Delta, Utah.

Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Design; applied research.

A rectangular flume was designed to operate under submerged flow conditions throughout

the entire range of discharges between 20 and 500 cfs. The flume is to be calibrated

in place.

Completed

The flume has been constructed and field

calibration data obtained.

"Design, Operation, and Calibration of

the Canal A Submerged Rectangular Measuring Flume," by Gaylord V. Skogerboe, W. Roger Walker, and Lawrence R. Robinson.

Report PR-WG24-3, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan,

Utah, March 1965. TRAPEZOIDAL MEASURING FLUMES. Laboratory project.

Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Design; applied research.

A proposed trapezoidal ' measuring flume with

a design discharge of 300 cfs has been modeled

in the laboratory. The purpose of this investigation is to arrive at a proper desigi and also to determine the feasibility of using this type of flume with both critical

depth and submerged flow. Completed

Testing program has been completed. Results

to date look very promising regarding the use of this type of flume for discharge measurement under submerged flow conditions.

"Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Trapezoidal Measuring Flume by Model Study,"

by M. Leon Hyatt. M. S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, March 1965. "Submerged Trapezoidal Measuring Flumes,"

by Calvin G. Clyde, Gaylord V. Skogerboe,

and M. Leon Hyatt. Transactions, American

Society of Agricultural Engineers (publi- cation pending)

THEORY OF INFILTRATION AND FLUID MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Dr. Yu-SI Fok, Utah Water Research Laboratory.

Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Theoretical, experimental; basic research,

applied research.

To develop mathematical relationships ex- pressing the phenomena of infiltration. Primary Interest is the infiltration of water into the soil. Further 'development is to extend the developed theory to other fluid

and media.

To develop mathematical relationships ex- pressing the fluid movement in unsaturated

porous media. Primary interest is the move- ment of water in unsaturated soil. To evaluate the validity and applicability

of the relationships developed from the mathematical analysis by field and laboratory- tests. Improvements have been made on the developed

equations and the solutions.

89
(5449) HYDRAULICS AND EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION

APPLICATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. A. Alvin Bishop, Dept. of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, or Dr. Yu-Sl

Fok, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Theoretical with field investigation;

applied research.

(e) To develop basic mathematical relationships expressing the hydraulics of surface

irrigation.

To evaluate the validity and reliability

of the relationships which have been developed from mathematical analysis by

field and laboratory tests. To develop the nomographs for use with

equations developed.

To develop the relationships for application efficiency and distribution

efficiency with regard to the intake

rate, advance rate, and the ratio of the required Irrigation time to the required water advance time to cover the whole length of a field.

(g) Improvements have been made on the developed

equations.

(h) "Analysis of Water Advance in Surface Irri- gation," by Yu-Si Fok and A. Alvin Bishop. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, paper No. 4259, March 1965.

(5450) ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL IN SOIL CAPILLARIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Civil Engineering

Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(•d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for PhD dissertation.

(e) Purpose of the project is to Investigate the relationships between the streaming potential

In a porous media flow and the soil parameters, the fluid parameters and the flow

rate. Experimental equipment has been built

and the experimental and theoretical work is being done.

(5451) SEEPAGE FLOW THROUGH DUNES IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gary Z. Watters, Assistant Professor

of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research

for M. S. Thesis.

(e) Experiments are being conducted to determine the permeability of the un- disturbed dune structures occurring in alluvial channels. These results will be used to compute seepages through dunes, both in the direction of flow along the channel and vertically downward. This is done to determine the effect of dune movement on the permeability and seepage char- acteristics of the bed materials.

f) Completed.

gj Differences in permeability in horizontal and vertical directions appear to exist. However, measurement techniques were not satisfactory

and results were widely scattered. Calculations were made to determine seepage through

idealized (triangular- shaped) dunes. This was done for the linearized case - plane bottom but with varying potential - and the idealized dune shape - 45° dunes with equal

upstream and downstream slopes. Conformal- mapping techniques were used.

(5452) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Gary Z. Watters, Assistant Professor

of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, theoretical

and applied.

(e) An approximation to real-fluid flow over simple

hydraulic structures is being attempted by

using a rotational ideal fluid. It is hoped

that eddies and separation patterns will be somewhat similar locally to those of a real

fluid. The theoretical results will be com- pared with the actual flows.

(g) A change in the direction of the project has resulted in order to attempt to duplicate

more closely real-fluid flows.

(5747) APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC ANALOG DEVICES TO SOLUTION OF HYDROLOGIC AND RIVER BASIN PLAN- NING PROBLEMS.

b) Office of Water Resources Research.

c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley and Prof. Duane G. Chadwick, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Experimental, design, and development.

e) Comprehensive study and new development of hydrologic relations employed In current model. Design improvements will be made in order to handle a greater range and variety of problems

with more flexibility, reliability, and speed of operation.

(5748) SEQUENTIAL WATER USE WITHIN A HYDROLOGIC

COMPLEX.

(b) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(c) Public Health Service, Dept. of Health,

Education, and Welfare.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) The study will utilize data from the Little Bear River Basin In developing guides to the improved administration and management of water in a complex system of sequential uses... The prototype information will provide basis

for development and testing of analytical methods of analyzing a variety of sequential water use problems.

(5749) OPTIMIZING CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SURFACE AND

GROUND WATERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Prof, of Civil Engrg., Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Theoretical, applied research, for Ph.D. dissertation

(e) Past studies of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters have usually involved a selection

of the best alternative among a number of dif- ferent plans. The purpose of this project is to develop a true optimization methodology for conjunctive use systems utilizing operations

research and involves the following steps:

(1) General definition of the problem. (2) Development of the mathematical model of the hydrologic system. (3) Selection of the optimization technique. (4) Detailed statement of the parameters, equations, and constraints.

(5) Use of a digital computer for the actual optimization.

(5750) ATMOSPHERIC WATER RESOURCES IN UTAH.

b) United States Bureau of Reclamation.

c) Prof. Joel E. Fletcher, Utah Water Research

Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Project is experimental and could be classed

as both basic and applied research.

(e) Cloud seeding is to be done along the Wasatch

Front to determine the feasibility of in- creasing water supplies, delineating the areas affected by individual generators, and deter- mining the unique characteristics of the water producing storm systems.

(57 51) EVALUATION OF REMOTE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC SENSORS FOR DETECTING TRANSPIRATIONAL WATER USE BY

PLANTS SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS FOLIAR CHEMICAL TREATMENTS DESIGNED TO REDUCE TRANSPIRATIONAL LOSSES

(b) Utah Center for Water Resources Research.

!

90
(o)

(d)

(e)

(5752)

(b)

(g)

(5753)

(g)

(5754)

(b)

(c)

IS

Research Engineer, Prank W. Haws, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State University, (g) Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental, applied research, development, master's thesis. Objects on the earth, both living and lifeless,

are selective absorbers or reflectors of the electro-magnetic energy emitted by the sun. The presence of water in some of these sub- stances such as plant tissue or soils changes

the spectral reflectance or absorption charac- (h) teristics of the substance. It is the purpose

of this project to identify these changes and

to determine if spectral differences can be detected by remote sensors in such a manner

that transpirational water use by native forest (5755) vegetation can be measured. Various photographic methods, including film-filter combinations,

and image-forming devices using infra-red de- tectors will be investigated. Field plots have been established on the forest in order to (b) manipulate the vegetation and measure the re- (c) suiting alteration of transpiration. OVERLAND FLOW. Laboratory project.

Dr. Cheng- lung Chen, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Theoretical; basic research. The general differential equation for overland

flow describes a great variety of practical

problems such as surface irrigation, the hydrologic analysis of basins and the spreading of water over infiltration areas for ground- water recharge. The objective of this research is to determine the general solution

to the equation by finite difference methods

and illustrate the dependence of the solution

on the parameters involved by presenting the important phases of the solution in dimensionless form. Preliminary and simplified studies of the equation reveal that the solution is strongly affected by the inflow and outflow conditions

as well as the roughness and slope of the channel

RESISTANCE TO SEDIMENT-LADEN TURBULENT FLOW OVER SCHEMATIC DUNES. Laboratory project.

Dr. Cheng-lung Chen, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Sediment-laden turbulent flows in alluvial

streams are the complex flow phenomena In which the flow and the bed interact to deposit

and scour the sediments thereby shaping a variety of movable beds. This research is to apply the principles underlying the theory

established to describe a steady uniform flow over a rigid boundary to the problem of flow

in an alluvial channel.

A preliminary analysis has indicated that the contributions to the resistance from bed-surface roughness, bed configuration, instability

of free surface waves, and interference of the suspended sediments are so interrelated that

any study of the Individual effect will not entirely describe the trends in the variation

of the universal constant In the Karman-Prandtl

logarithmic velocity law and the Darcy-Weisbach

friction coefficient, f. ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF NATURAL SEDIMENTS IN SUSPENSION

Engineering Experiment Station Project, Utah

State University.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof., Civil Engrg.

Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental study; applied research. One of the most difficult problems in the study of sediment mechanics Is that of instru- mentation. This study applies the ultrasonic

technique to the measurement of sediment size distribution and concentration for suspended

(d)

(e)

(f)

(5756)

f!)

(d)

(e)

(5757)

8J

(d)

(e)

(5758)

sediments. The results of the National Science Foundation Project entitled "The Effect of Sediment Prop- erties on the Attenuation of an Ultrasonic

Plane Wave" have been applied to the measure- ment technique for natural sediments. An M.S. thesis has been prepared giving the results.

The results of the thesis show suprislngly

good accuracy in the measurement of both size distribution and concentration.

"Ultrasonic Measurement of the Size Distribu- tion and Concentration of Natural Sediments in Suspension," by Ernest Yu-Shih Liu, M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1965. PRESSURE, SHEAR AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AROUND A HEMISPHERE ON A BOUNDARY IN A FINITE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE

EFFECTS. National Science Foundation grant.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof, of Civil Engrg., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and theoretical research leading

to a doctoral dissertation.

The objectives of this study are to determine

the flow characteristics in the immediate vicinity of a hemisphere located on a boundary

in a finite three-dimensional flow field with

free surface effects. Such flow characteristics

as the velocity distribution, the pressure dis- tribution, the shear stress distribution and boundary layer development and separation

patterns will be studied. This project will be completed by January 1, 1967. TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW AROUND A HEMISPHERE IN A VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELD WITH

FREE SURFACE EFFECTS. National Science Foundation Project.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof., Civil Engrg.

Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and Theoretical research leadirg

to a doctoral dissertation.

To study such instantaneous properties of the flow field in the near vicinity of the hemisphere as: the measurement of turbulence in- tensity, space correlations, cross correlations, the auto correlation curve, the instantaneous lift and drag forces on the hemisphere

as related to turbulence characteristics near the hemisphere, the effect on the structure of the free stream turbulence of the hemisphere

placed in the flow upstream, and to deduce the

law of decay of turbulence behind the hemisphere, also, to compare the intensity of tur- bulence near the hemisphere for the semi- infinite non-uniform flow field, the finite non-uniform flow field without a free surface,

and a finite non-uniform flow field with a free surface

TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW AROUND AN ISOLATED CUBE IN A VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELD IN A FREE SURFACE EFFECTS. National Science Foundation Project.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof., Civil Engrg. Dept., Utah State Unlversty, Logan, Utah 84321. The project is experimental and theoretical in nature leading to a doctoral dissertation.

To study the instantaneous properties of the flow field in the near vicinity of the cube

such as intensity of turbulence, space correlations, cross correlations, auto correlation

curves, instantaneous drag and lift forces

correlated with the turbulence characteristics

of the hemisphere wake turbulence decay; and to compare the Intensity of turbulence near the hemisphere for (1) a semi-infinite non-uniform

flow field; (2) the finite non-uniform flow field without a free surface; and (3) a finite

non-uniform flow field with a free surface. ANALYSIS OF LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON A CUBE IN A VELOCITY-GRADIENT, FINITE FLOW FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE EFFECTS.

91
(d)

(e)

(5759)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(5760)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5761)

(d)

National Science Foundation. (e) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof., Civil Engrg. Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. The project is experimental and theoretical in nature leading to a doctoral dissertation.

This project is to determine the laws governing

the lift and drag forces on a cube in (1) and infinite uniform flow field; (2) a semi-infinite

non-uniform flow field; (3) a finite uniform flow field without a free surface; (4) a finite non- uniform flow field without a free surface; (5)

a finite uniform field with free surface; and (5762)

(6)a finite non-uniform flow field with a free surface

ENERGY DISSIPATION IN HIGH GRADIENT OPEN CHANNELS WITH SEMI-CIRCULAR DISK ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS OP SIZE ORDER EQUIVALENT TO THE DEPTH OF FLOW. Laboratory project

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof, of Civil Engrg., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and theoretical research for

a M. S. Thesis. This study was made to gain further infor- mation on flow characteristics around semi- circular roughness disks of the order of the depth in high gradient channels. This infor- mation will be of value in design of energy dissipators and in better understanding of the laws governing flow in high gradient

streams such as mountain streams. The friction factors were to be studied and also the effects of spacing, size and distribution of the roughness elements on the flow characteristics. Also, the flow regimes were noted, both as defined by Dean Peterson and by Morris. "Energy Dissipation in High Gradient Open Channels With Semi-Circular Disk Roughness Elements of Size Order Equivalent to the Depth of Flow," by Robert McAllister, M. S. Thesis, Utah State Univ. Logan, Utah, 1965. DRAG COEFFICIENTS AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

FOR SEMI-CIRCULAR DISK ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS FOR VARIOUS ROUGHNESS PATTERNS AND FLOW CONDITIONS. Laboratory project.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof, of Civil Engrg., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and theoretical research for

M. S. Thesis.

The objectives of this study were: to deter- mine drag coefficients on individual rough- nesses using various roughness patterns and flow conditions; and to determine the friction factor for each roughness pattern and flow condition in order to correlate these results with those of previous studies carried on at Utah State University; and fur- ther to determine the pressure distribution

around a semi-circular disk using various

roughness patterns and flow conditions. Semi-circular disk roughness elements were

used as large roughnesses in four different

patterns. An empirical equation was developed

to relate the friction factor, the roughness

density and the drag coefficient. A theoretical equation was also derived and compared

with the empirical. Close agreement was

found to exist.

"Drag Coefficient and Pressure Distribution

for Semi-Circular Disk Roughness Elements

for Various Roughness Patterns and Flow

Conditions," by German Uzcategui-Briceno,

M. S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan,

Utah, 1965. DRAG AND SURFACE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ISOLATED SEMI-CIRCULAR DISK IN A FINITE THREE- DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE

EFFECTS. National Science Foundation Project.

Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Prof., Civil Engrg.

Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and theoretical leading to Ph.D. dissertation.

0>)

(c)

To study the drag on an isolated disk on a boundary for (l) an Infinite uniform flow

field; (2) a semi-infinite non-uniform flow

field; (3) a finite uniform flow field without a free surface; (4) a finite non-uniform

flow field without a free surface; (5) a finite uniform flow field with a free surface; and (6) a finite non-uniform flow field with

a free surface. The surface wave characteristics will be studied for items (5) and (6). SUBMERGED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT

STRUCTURES. Office of Water 'Resources Research, U. S. Department of Interior.

Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A hydraulic model study is being undertaken

to provide calibration curves. An experimental model is being designed and constructed

wherein the lengths of the entrance, throat, and exit may be varied; the width of the throat may be varied; the sides of the model

can be placed in various positions to form

either rectangular or trapezoidal shapes; and the degree of convergence and divergence may

be varied. In addition to the above variable quantities, the effects of conditions in the channel both upstream and downstream from the flume, the scale factor, and roughness of the flume walls and floor will be evaluated.

(5763) SUBMERGED PARSHALL FLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah

State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) An approach previously developed for analyzing

submerged flow in rectangular and trapezoidal

measuring flumes will be verified in the lab- oratory for Parshall flumes. In addition to the laboratory tests, existing data reported

by Parshall and other investigators will be analyzed.

(g) The method of analyzing submerged flow pre- viously developed has been found valid for Parshall flumes.

(h) "Submerged Parshall Flumes of Small Size," by

G. V. Skogerboe, M. L. Hyatt, J. R. Johnson

and J. D. England. Report PR-WR6-1, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah, July 1965. "Submergence in a Two-Foot Parshall Flume,"

by G. V. Skogerboe, M. L. Hyatt, J. D. England

and J. R. Johnson. Report PR-WR6-2, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah, August 1965. "Measuring Water with Parshall Flumes," by

G. V. Skogerboe, M. L. Hyatt, J. D. England,

J. R. Johnson and R. E. Griffin. Bulletin

published Jointly by Utah Water Research Lab. and Utah Cooperative Extension Service, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah, November 1965. "Evaluation of Free and Submerged Flow Data

for Large Parshall Flumes," by M. L. Hyatt

and G. V. Skogerboe. Report PR-WR6-4, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah, December 1965.

(5764) MODIFICATIONS TO GATE-PARSHALL FLUME STRUCTURE.

(b) Utah Highway Department.

(c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Twin turnout structures have been constructed

from the Davis-Weber Canal which employ a gate followed by a four-foot Parshall flume

four feet deep. The flow passing through

the flume is supercritical. Modifications

to the turnout structures will be studied with a prototype structure constructed in the laboratory.

02
(5765) THE EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON THE HYDRODYNAMIC

FORCES ACTING -ON NON-COHESIVE BED PARTICLES

IN A FLOWING CHANNEL.

Prof, of Civil Utah State Univ.

(3

Laboratory project.

Dr. Gary Z. Watters, Asst. Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Logan, Utah 84321. Experimental and basic research. This project is to investigate the effect of seepage flow on the pressure forces (shear forces are negligible) acting on one of a number of hemispheres on a flowing stream bed. The change in the forces, namely, the lift and

drag, is to be noted and the gross effect on the flow pattern past the hemispheres will be observed. These hemispheres are to represent

qualitatively the natural bed material. Completed

Seepage was found to have an effect on the lift

and drag forces. The dynamic forces (in addi- tion to buoyancy) were found to decrease up to i0% for seepage from the bed into the flow. However, for seepage from the flowing channel

into the porous bed, no measurable change in lift or drag was noted.

new mathematical model describing the exchange

of tracer material with "dead zones" has beai found to partially account for the discrepancies in theoretical and observed "flow-thru"

curves and preliminary relationships have been

proposed between the various mixing coefficients,

(h) "Turbulent Diffusion and River Waste Assimilative Capacity," Peter A. Krenkel. Tech. Rep. No. 3, Sanitary & Water Resources Engineering,

Vanderbilt University. "Application of Fre- quency Response Techniques to the Analysis of Turbulent Diffusion Phenomenon," J. R. Hays,

K. B. Schnell, P. A. Krenkel. Proc. Purdue

Ind. Wastes Conf., May 1964. "Turbulent Dif- fusion and Reaeration," E. L. Thackston, P. A. Krenkel. Proc. 14th Southern Municipal & Ind. Wastes Conference, April 1965. "The Significance

of Longitudinal Mixing in the Analysis of Estuaries, Discussion to paper by DRF Harleman,

P. A. Krenkel, Proc. 2nd Int'l. Conf. on Water Pollution Research, Tokyo, 1964. "BOD and Oxygen Relationships in Streams," Discussion to paper by W. E. Dobbins, Proc. Journ. San. Engr.

Div., Amer. Soc. of Civ. Engrs., February 1965,

E. L. Thackston and P. A. Krenkel.

(5689) EFFECT OF IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS ON WATER QUALITY.

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(5687) SINGLE PHASE FLUID FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIUMS.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5688)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Donald Dean Adrian, Assist. Prof, of Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering, Box 1625-Station B, Vanderbilt University,

Nashville, Tenn. 37203. Basic research of a theoretical nature using

published experimental data. This work is being carried out to better understand the flow of fluids through a porous medium in the presence of air. The air is assumed to remain stationary. The soil moisture diffusivity and a pore size distribution

factor, called the "randomicity" function are evaluated from published experimental data. The diffusivity varies over several orders of magnitude with changes in the moisture content. The randomicity function follows a similar vari- ation. Calculations using these functions are subject to instabilities due to the large

changes which occur with small changes in the moisture content.

"The Influence of Capillarity on the Flow of Water and Air in Porous Mediums," Donald Dean

Adrian, Technical Report No. 38, Civil Engrg.

Dept., Stanford Univ. 159 pages, June 1964. TURBULENT DIFFUSION AND RIVER WASTE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY. Division of Water Supply & Pollution Control,

U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. Peter A. Krenkel, Assoc. Prof, and Director (5690) of Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering, Box 1670-Station B, Vanderbilt University, (b) Nashville, Tenn. 37203. Field and laboratory observations are used to ( G ) verify theoretical considerations of the rela- tion between turbulence and gas absorption.

The investigations involve basic and applied

research and both Master's and Ph.D. theses (d) will result from the studies. (e) The project objectives are: To determine the applicability of the mathematical models des- cribing turbulent diffusion to river flow, to examine laboratory and field methodology for determination of the various mixing coefficients

in the laboratory and field under controlled

conditions, utilizing pulse testing techniques, VTDYA

to develop frequency response characteristics

of various streams under differing hydraulic (5199) conditions, and to correlate turbulent diffusion

characteristics of natural streams to the reae- ration capacity and thus the waste assimilative (t) capacity.

Observations of the mixing coefficients and reaeration characteristics have been made in (c) several TVA rivers and in the laboratory. A

Laboratory project, The Mead Corp.

Dr. Peter A. Krenkel, Asso. Prof, and Director

of Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering, Box 1670-Station B, Vanderbilt University,

Nashville, Tenn. 37203. Field investigations which may be classified as applied research. Studies have resulted in several M. 5. theses. The causes and effects of stratified flow, and

its relation to water quality changes are being

investigated by field observations and surveys. The effects of flow modifications on waste assimilative capacity and water treatment facil- ities are being investigated.

It has been demonstrated that the changes in flow regime on a particular river have caused an 80^ reduction in waste assimilative capacity.

Stratified flow has been shown to cause diffi- culties in the mixing of waste effluents into the receiving water and also. significant in- creases in iron and manganese.

"The Effects of Heat on Water Quality," B. C. Dysart and P. A. Krenkel, Proc. 20th Purdue

Ind. Wastes Conf., May 1965. "The Effects of Impoundments on River Waste Assimilative Capacity," P. A. Krenkel, W. A. Cawley and V. A. Minch, Journ. Water Pollution Control Fed., October 1965. "The Effect of Modification cf the Flow Regime on the Waste Assimilative

Capacity of Rivers," E. E. Driver and P. A. Krenkel, Tech. Rep. No. 5, San. & Water

Resources Engr., Vanderbilt Univ. May 1965. "Stratified Flow, Causes and Effects," E. E. Driver and P. A. Krenkel, Proc. 15th Oklahoma

Ind. Wastes Conf., November 1964. JET DISCHARGE INTO A STRATIFIED FLOW REGIME.

E. I. du Pont de NeMours, Inc., laboratory

project

Dr. Peter A. Krenkel, Assoc. Prof, and Director

of Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering, Box 1670-Station B, Vanderbilt University,

Nashville, Tenn. 37203. Applied research for M. S. thesis. An investigation of the Jet discharge of a bouyant fluid into a stratified flow regime with differing velocities in the upper and lower layers.

DIVISION, Itek Corp.

THE EFFECT OF FLOW SEPARATION FROM THE HULL

ON THE STABILITY OF A HIGH SPEED SUBMARINE. Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

Model Basin (Jointly) under the BuShips

Fundamental Hydromechanics Program.

Mr. S. B. Spangler, Vidya Division, 1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

93
d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The previous work on hull flow separation and

the vortex interference on the hull and stern control surfaces due to the lift on the fair- water and fairwater planes is being extended

to the case of steady pitching and yawing

angular motions of the submarine. The purpose of this work is to obtain methods for predicting the variation, particularly the nonlinear portion, of forces and moments with

angular rates.

(g) Results for low angular pitching and yawing

rates at zero angles of attack and sideslip

indicate that forward appendage interference

effects are significant for the steady yawing

angular velocity case, due to the fairwater

load distribution, but are not significant

for the steady pitching case.

(5200) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN A HULL AND A STERN- MOUNTED DUCTED PROPELLER.

(b) Dept. of the Navy, Bureau of Ships Funda- mental Hydrodynamics Research Program.

(c) Dr. A. R. Kriebel, Staff Engineer, Vidya

Division of Itek Corp., 1450 Page Mill

Road Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

(d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) A hydrodynamic analysis is made of an under- water hull and a stern-mounted ducted pro- peller in steady axlally symmetric flow. Singularity distributions are used to rep- resent a typical hull, the hull wake, a thin cambered duct, and a propeller which adds a uniform velocity to the slipstream. The pressure distribution and boundary layer of the duct are predicted along with the inter- ference forces between the hull, duct, and propeller versus the length, thrust, loading

distribution, and Reynolds number of the duct. The purpose of the analysis is to determine how much thrust can be carried by

a duct. A highly loaded duct might reduce

the sound generated by both the pressure

field rotation with the propeller and the induced vibration of the hull.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Duct camber lines are chosen to minimize

duct leading-edge suction, hull-duct interference, and separation of the duct boundary

layer. For the assumed conditions, computed

results show that the duct can carry only

about 7 percent as. much thrust as the pro- peller without flow separation from the outer

duct surface. Boundary layer control appears

to be required to obtain more duct thrust.

(h) "Interference Between a Hull and a Stern- Mounted Ducted Propeller," A. R. Kriebel and

M. R. Mendenhall. Vidya Rept. No. 204, October 30, 1965.

(5941) PREDICTED AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS AND

DYNAMIC DERIVATIVES FOR DUCTED PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. A. R. Kriebel, Staff Engineer, Vidya Dlv.

of Itek Corp., 1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto,

California 94304.

d) Theoretical Investigation; applied research,

e; The main purpose of the current analysis is to express the previous theoretical results

(1965 Reference Number 5201) in terms of an arbitrary ducted-propeller configuration.

The aerodynamic characteristics of the duct have been predicted previously in terms of the thrust coefficient of the propeller with

the assumption of uniform blade loading.

The extended analysis will predict the inflow

to the propeller, radial and azimuthal vari- ations of bladeloading, and the effect of these variations on the duct force and moment.

The previous analysis of the aerodynamic

interference between a pair of ducted pro- pellers is also being extended, and a duct

stall criterion is being developed,

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the effects

of azimuthal variations of propeller loading

are small. Radial variations of propeller

loading appear to have little effect upon the

duct thrust, but the duct lift force in- creases rapidly when the propeller blade loading is shifted toward the blade tips

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(5533) USE OF LARGE ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC ENERGY DISSIPATION.

(b) Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. H. M. Morris, Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute, Blacksburg, Va, 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental, supplemented by

field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies are being made to develop general

design criteria for flow regimes and energy

dissipation In steep channels with large

roughness elements. The characteristics of the "tumbling-flow" regime are of special interest. Design applications for chutes,

culverts, and other highway drainage structures

are in view.

(g) Two progress reports have been issued.

(h) "Use of Roughness Elements for Energy Dissipation in Highway Drainage Channels," J. S. Jones, H. M. Morris and L. M. Younkin. Paper presented at annual meeting of Highway

Research Board, Washington, D. C. Jan. 1966.

(5534) HYDRAULIC EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. H. M. Morris, Professor and Head, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute, Blacksburg, Va. 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research,

for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Systematic studies are being made to delineate the various regimes of turbulent flow

in rough pipes in terms of each dimension of the boundary roughness geometry, with the aim of attaining comprehensive quantitative

criteria for all regimes.

(g) Experimental work completed. Turbulent flow regimes have been delineated and quantitative

criteria for recognition established.

(5535) SEPARATION OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS AT FLOW TRANSITION BOUNDARIES.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. H. R. Bungay, Prof, of Civil Engineering,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,

Va. 24061.

d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

e) A study was made of the hydraulic characteristics of "clear zones" (zones of clear

liquid appearing in suspensions) as pro- duced in vessels filled with a fluid

suspension set in motion by stirring action

and in flow of the fluid suspensions around obstacles in a channel.

f) Completed.

g) Characteristics of the clear zones have

been studied and a suggested theoretical

analysis has been developed, based on the migration of particles across laminar flow streamlines Induced by unequal Bernoulli pressures. Applications to sediment transport, flow of blood corpuscles, flow of disease bacteria, and the handling of fibers

as in papermaking seem to be Indicated.

(h) "Relative Motion of Cells and Medium," H. R. Bungay and J. M. Wiggert, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. VII, No. 2, 1965, p. 322.

(5536) HYDRAULIC DISRUPTION AND RE -ENTRA INMENT OF

FROTH.

(b) Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control,

U. S. Public Health Service, and Virginia

Engineering Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. A. Parsons, Prof, of Civil Engineering,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,

94
Va. 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic and applied research; Ph.D. Thesis

(e) Studies are being made to develop methods

to disrupt froth generated in aerobic fermentation processes; hydraulic methods

are desired in order to avoid use of bioreslstant chemical antifoams which would retard oxygen transfer.

f) Completed.

g) Experimental measurements have been com- pleted.

(5957) SURGE AND ROLL WAVE PHENOMENA IN STEEP, ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, supported in part by

Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research In cooperation with U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. H. M. Morris, Professor and Head, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research;

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Unsteady flow phenomena In the form of surges

and roll waves are experienced under some conditions in steep channels with rough beds.

The characteristics of these phenomena and criteria for their formation are being studied.

(g) Experimental studies are in progress, using

a large tilting flume with various bed rough- ness geometries and electronic recording

equipment for the transient phenomena'.

(h) "Roll V/aves in a Steep, Rough Channel,"

Eugene Y. T. Koo, unpublished M. S. Thesis,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1963.

(5958) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN OPEN CHANNELS WITH

LARGE BED ROUGHNESS.

(b) Laboratory project, supported in part by

Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research in cooperation with U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. H. M. Morris, Professor and Head, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research;

Ph.D. Thesis.

(e) Velocity and pressure distributions are directly related to loss coefficients and

surface phenomena in open channels, but very

little information is available of this sort for hyper-rough beds. Detailed flow profiles

are being obtained and analyzed for the tranquil, tumbling and rapid regimes in such channels

(g) Experimental studies are in progress, using

a large tilting flume and pitot traversing

equipment; data are programmed for processing

on digital computer.

(h) "Velocity Distribution in Steep, Rough Channel Tsung-ting Chiang. Unpublished M. S. Thesis,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1963.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering.

(5537) FLUID JET CONTROL.

b) National Science Foundation (Grant GK 34).

c) Dr. Robert A. Comparln, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental study in part

for Master's thesis.

(e) This project is a study of Jet reattachment

phenomena at low Reynolds numbers. The study will include both parallel and in- clined walls and the effects of aspect

ratio, offset, and wall angle.

(g) Data have been obtained for reattachment dis- tance as a function of Reynolds number for an Inclined wall at various angles. Significant

three-dimensional effects have been noted with

an aspect ratio of ten.

(h) "Jet Reattachment to an Inclined Wall at Low Reynolds Numbers," by Robert Brent Moore, Jr., M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute,

September 1965.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State University, Pullman,

Washington 99163.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of water and gas distribution

systems.

d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

e) Flow distributions have been made with the Mcllroy Analyzer for over 50 cities, several

gas systems, an air system, a generator

cooling system, and several other unique

systems. Losses throughout the system are obtained. Engineers use the analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and piping

additions or revisions.

(3848) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho.

id} Experimental, development.

(e) A standard weir design is being studied to determine whether or not calibration curves

can be developed for specific stream gaging

stations without requiring extensive field

or laboratory experimental calibration.

(g) Data analysis indicates that gaging site con- dition and flume size do not influence the discharge characteristics of the flume at discharges less than a certain percentage of

the design capacity. Upstream bed slope and flume orientation affect these characteristics

at larger flows if these parameters are greater

than given magnitudes.

(h) "The Drop-Box Weir for Sediment Laden Flow

Measurement,", by Clifton W. Johnson, Howard

Copp and E. Roy Tinney. Paper submitted to Hyd. Div. ASCE, Nov. 4, 1965. "Stream gaging Weirs for Reynolds Creek Experi- mental Watershed," by Howard D. Copp. Bulletin

295, Wash. State University, College of Engrg. Research Division, Pullman, Wash., in preparation.

(4721) MODEL CALIBRATION OF ROCK ISLAND SPILLWAY.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant Co., Washington

(d) Experimental; analytical.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the west section of the Rock Island Dam spillway was constructed. Tests were made to determine the discharge

coefficients for each bay as they may be influenced by adjacent and nearby bays,

tailwater and apron elevations, and dis- tribution of flow approaching the spillway

discharges. Accurate discharge ratings

were required in connection with power

losses due to tailwater encroachment at Rock Island by the Wanapum pool.

f) Complete.

g) A technique was developed to compute dis- charge through the western section of the spillway. Effects of upstream topography,

tailwater elevation, and spillway gate

opening are noteworthy.

(h) "Spillway Discharge Coefficients for Rock

Island Dam," Claud C. Lomax, Journal of the Hydraulics Division (ASCE), Vol. 91, May 1965.

(4724) WELLS COMPREHENSIVE MODEL.

b) Bechtel Corporation,

d) Experimental; design.

95
(e) A 1:78 model of the Wells Hydrocombine has

been constructed to study potential erosion, wave action, passage of migratory fish,

spillway capacity, and construction

sequences. Since the power house and spill- way are combined into one structure, several unique problems in design and operation

must be investigated. The model is 44 feet wide and 66 feet long and will pass the equivalent of 1,300,000 cfs.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests on project layout and operation pro- vided a sound basis for modifying original

plans. Additional stream channel protection

was required to prevent undue erosion. A rather unusual fish attraction system in- cluding several stratigically placed, highvelocity jet streams was developed. Downstream, geologic formations will permit the spillway flow to scour its own escape

channel thereby reducing costly machine

excavation

(h) "Wells Hydroelectric Project - Vol. I Comprehensive Model Studies," John S. Gladwell, Howard D. Copp and E. Roy Tinney.

Bulletin 289, Washington State Inst, of Tech., Pullman, Washington.

(5519) SOUND SUPPRESSOR-HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS.

(b) George C. Marshall Space Plight Center, NASA,

id) Experimental, development.

(e) Development of a vane system to produce uniformly distributed flow around a clover-shaped weir

was studied. Surges produced by the rocket ex- haust at ignition were investigated with a simulated vacuum chamber.

(h) "Sound Suppressor Hydraulic Model Tests, "by Claud C. Lomax and E. Roy Tinney, Research

Report No. 64/9-127, Washington State Inst,

of Tech., Pullman, Washington, Dec. 1964. "Supplementary Hydraulic Model Tests of the Sound Suppressor Inlet," Edited by E. Roy

Tinney, Research Report No. 65/9-92, Washington State University, Division of Industrial Research, Pullman, Washington, June

1965.

(5521) HELLS CANYON HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Idaho Power Company.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A 1:60 scale comprehensive hydraulic model

was utilized to study fish attraction flows

for the fish transportation facilities.

(f) Complete.

(g) A simulated barge above the draft tubes of the powerhouse provides attraction flow through a weir and jet combination.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Hells Canyon

Hydroelectric Project," by R. A. Sutherland

and E. R. Tinney, Washington State University,

College of Engineering, Research Division,

Pullman, Washington, November 1965.

(5522) FLOW AROUND SHARP BENDS,

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Theoretical, experimental, applied research.

(e) Project is being conducted to determine the optimum geometry of channel bends to minimize

flow losses. Hydrodynamic theory is being

developed to consider flow near the inside

curve

(h) Paper in preparation.

(5523) MECHANISMS OF MASS DISPERSION AND ENERGY

DISSIPATION IN FREE LAMINAR AND TURBULENT

LIQUID SHEETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Theoretical, experimental, basic research.

(e) Two laminar or turbulent jets, colliding from opposite directions, form a thin expanding

sheet or water-bell. G. I. Taylor's equation

for the shape of a water-bell has been

extended to include gravitational force. Possible mechanisms for mass dispersion and energy dissipation in these sheets are being

(b)

Investigated,

(h) "On the Behavior of Liquid Sheets Formed by

the Collision of Jets," by Chao-Piao Huang,

Bulletin 292, Washington State University,

College of Engineering Division of Research,

Pullman, Washington, 1965.

(5524) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES FOR THE ROCK ISLAND

FISH ATTRACTION FACILITIES. Public Utility District of Grant County,

Washington

Experimental

The purposes of the model study were, (a) to develop a gate opening and closing sequence

to facilitate the passage of anadromous fish through the center and right bank fishladder,

and (b), to document flow patterns and vel- ocities in the tailrace region under en- croachment conditions caused by the con- struction of Wanapum Dam.

(f) Completed.

(g) The gate operating sequence appears to be adequate under field conditions.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Rock Island

Fish Attraction Facilities," by David A. Ward, Research Report 65/9-43, Vol. I & II, Wash. State Inst, of Tech., Pullman, Washington, March 1965.

(5529) EVALUATION OF THE PULLMAN -MOSCOW GROUND WATER SITUATION BY TRITIUM AND CARBON-14

DATING TECHNIQUES.

(b) City of Pullman, City of Moscow, Washington

Department of Conservation, Washington State University, University of Idaho.

(d) A field and laboratory study involving both applied and. basic research.

(e) Ground-water samples are being collected

from specific aquifers throughout the Pullman-Moscow basin. These samples are being analyzed for their tritium and carbon-14 contents in the attempt to de- termine recharge conditions and localities

of natural recharge.

(f) Project is continuing.

(g) Current information indicates that ground

waters have been in storage for thousands

of years and that recharge is minor.

(h) "New Techniques of Water Sampling for Car- bon-14 Analysis," by J. W. Crosby, III, and Roy M. Chatters, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 70, No. 12, June 15, 1965.

(5742) CAVITATION AND BUBBLE FORMATION IN NEARLY

SATURATED WATER FLOW. Laboratory project.

Experimental, theoretical.

The ourpose of this project was to determine, if possible, the relationship between

the scale of an object and the size of the bubble which forms behind it in the flow

of water which is very close to its separa- tion temperature.

"Cavitation and Bubble Formation in Nearly

Saturated Water Flow," by Richard W. Crain

Jr. and John H. Lienhard, Washington State University, College of Engineering Research

Division, Pullman, Washington, Oct. 1965. FLUID MECHANICAL FORCES PRODUCING VIBRATION

IN TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTORS. Bonneville Power Administration.

Experimental, theoretical, master's thesis. This model study was conducted to investigate the fluid forces which produce vibration in electric transmission line conductors.

(h) "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Fluid Mechanical Forces Producing

Vibration in Transmission Line Conductors,"

by J. H. Lienhard, Research Report 65/5-136,

Washington State University, College of Engineering Research Division, Pullman,

Washington, Oct. 1965.

(h)

[5743)

96
(5744) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE IRON GATE

DAM.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

Id) Experimental-Applied Research.

(e) Hydraulic Model studies were utilized to determine the hydraulic characteristics

of a side-channel spillway, chute, and terminal structure

(f) Complete.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Iron Gate Side-Channel Spillway," David A. Ward,

Washington State University, College of Engineering Research Division, Pullman,

Washington, November 1965.

(5745) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF POWERDALE DAM.

(5959) ESTUARINE ECOLOGY.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. Donald E. Bevan, Associate Dean, College

of Fisheries, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash.

98105. This is a field investigation project en- compassing both basic and applied research. Student trainees are employed.

Study includes determining the dynamics of water and waste water under estuarine in- fluence. Computer simulation techniques are being employed to assist in forecasting

physical and chemical occurrences in the estuarine environment. New project, initiated June 1965.

(5746)

(f)

(h)

Pacific Power and Light Company.

Experimental - Applied Research.

The model study was performed to evaluate various hydraulic characteristics of the Powerdale Dam. Complete

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Powerdale Dam," by Kannson T. H. Liu and E. Roy Tinney, Research Report No. 65/9-118, College of Engineering Research Division, Washington

State University, Sept. 1965. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SULLIVAN CREEK DAM AND HEAD WORKS. Pend Oreille County PUD No. 1, Washington.

Experimental - Applied Research.

A hydraulic model study was performed to verify estimated spillway capacity, inves- tigate performance of spillway tunnel

entrance, and investigate stilling basin

efficiency.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of the Sullivan Creek Dam Headwords and Stilling Basin,"

by John F. Orsborn, Research Report 55/9-

99, Washington State University, College

of Engineering Research Division, Pullman,

Washington, August 1965.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst.

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PINK SALMON IN ALASKA.

(b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Auke Bay, Alaska

(c) Dr. Ernest 0. Salo, Fisheries Research Inst., University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

(d) Determination of effects of logging on water

quality of Alaska streams, field investigation, applied and basic research.

(e) Determination of rate of flow and quality of water in salmon spawning beds. Purpose of recording the effects of logging on water

quality, hence salmon ecology.

(g) The relationships of (1) rate of flow, (2) dissolved oxygen and (3) permeability of spawning bed gravel and salmon embryo sur- vival has been established.

(h) "Frequency of Digging Movements of Female Pink Salmon Before and After Egg Deposition,"

W. L. Sheridan. Animal Behaviour 8 (3-4): 228-230, 1960. "Temperature Relationships in a Pink Salmon

Stream in Alaska," W. L. Sheridan. Ecology.

42 (1): 91-98, 1961. "Waterflow Through a Salmon Spawning Riffle

in Southeastern Alaska," W. L. Sheridan, USFWS Special Scientific Report. Fisheries

No. 407, 20 pp, 1962.

"Red Superimposition and Egg Capacity of Pink Salmon Spawning Beds, W. J. McNeil. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21 (6): 1385-1395,1964.

"A Method of Measuring Mortality of Pink

Salmon Eggs and Larvae," W, J. McNeil. USFWS Fishery Bulletin 63 (3): 575-588, 1964. "Sedimentation in a Salmon Stream," S. Philip

Shapley and Daniel M. Bishop. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 22 (4): 919-928, 1965.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris

Hydraulics Laboratory.

(4725) SALT WATER ENTRA INMENT FOR DILUTION IN SEWER

OUTFALLS.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare-Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,

98105.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The mechanism of the entrainment of a fluid

from an infinite region of ambient fluid

through discrete ports into a conduit flowing full is to be studied experimentally and analytically. One possible application is for pre-dilution in marine sewer outfalls.

(g) Data have been obtained for a range of single

circular ports of varying sizes for zero and

small density differentials between conduit

and entrained fluids. Multi-port data have been obtained for the zero density difference

case. Annular port data are being obtained.

(h) Three M. S. theses completed (available on

loan)

(5530) A STUDY OF INFILTRATION BENEATH A FOREST FLOOR.

(b) State of Washington Water Research Center.

(c) Professor Thomas H. Campbell, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Seattle,

Washington 98105.

(d) Field laboratory investigation.

(e) Instrumentation permits continuous recording

of flow past points in unsaturated flow field. Moisture content is also monitored by neutron probe. Transpiration is prevented and evapo- ration inhibited. Flow data obtained at var- ious plan locations and at various depths can be displayed as hydrographs. Data is being

obtained for a number of rainfall events.

(g) Small anomolies in soil structure are provirg

to cause major anomolies in the soil moisture flow pattern.

(h) "Infiltration Beneath a Forest Floor," Thomas

H. Campbell, (progress report), submitted as abstract for publication in Journal of Geo- physical Research.

(5531) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW OVER AN INCLINED, POROUS

PLATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. P. Rlchey, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e; Flow distribution, surface profile deter- mined as depending upon bed slope and porosity.

(f) Completed.

(5532) BED SHEAR AS AN INDEX OF HYDRAULIC JUMP EFFICACY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

97
(e)

(g)

(h)

(5697)

11] w

(e)

;5698)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(g)

Boundary shear stresses are used as an Index of determining energy dissipation

efficiencies of hydraulic Jump in rectangular

stilling basins; the procedure provides

another description of the effective

length of the Jump as that within which the bed shear is reduced to safe limits.

Data have been obtained for Jumps on a horizontal floor and with Jumps having

approach slopes of 1 in 5, 1 in 3, and 1 in 1.5. Limited shear data are available

for two basin configurations containing

end sills and baffle piers.

One M.S. thesis completed (available on

loan)

FLUID MECHANICS OF DOWNSTREAM FISH PASSAGE

STRUCTURES.

State of Washington Water Research Center. Professor E. P. Richey, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Washington 98105. Experimental, applied research; Master's

thesis

Certain wedge-shaped obstructions in an open channel have been observed to provide a de- gree of guidance to small, migrant fish. A laboratory experiment is being designed to determine the role of convective acceleration and other hydraulic parameters in the guidance phenomenon. EFFECT OF DAM CONSTRUCTION ON DOWNSTREAM WATER TEMPERATURE.

Office of Water Resources Research, and State

of Washington Water Research Center.

Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105. Field investigation; applied research.

The objective of this study is to correlate downstream water temperatures before and after dam construction with topographical,

hydrological , and meteorological parameters

of the drainage basin. Such data would

provide a "model" for future dam development

effects on certain aspects of water quality

in comparable areas of the Pacific Northwest. Instrumentation being installed.

WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.

(5202) DETERMINATION OF SHIP WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence W. Ward, Prof, of Engineering, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, Glen

Cove, Long Island, New York 11542.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Investigation of means for direct experi- mental determination of ship wave resistance

from measurements of the wave pattern during

a model test. Purpose includes improvement

in scaling model test results to full size as well as basic understanding of nature of ship resistance.

(g) Method utilizing forces exerted by the wave pattern on a long vertical cylinder has

been developed and tests run. Results are encouraging and in agreement with other

investigators. Experimental wave resistance

when added to estimated skin friction is less than measured total resistance. New

method utilizing wave slope records being

investigated

(h) "Wave Resistance Surveys on A Ship Model of Minimum Resistance," Lawrence W. Ward, Webb

Institute, August 1965. "Experimental Determination of Ship Wave

Resistance from the Wave Pattern," Lawrence

W. Ward, Webb Institute, November 1964.

(5203) ASSESSMENT OF SEAKEEPING CHARACTERISTICS OF

SHIPS.

(b) Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, Panel H-7 of Hydrodynamic Committee.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Research Prof, of Naval Architecture, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, Glen Cove, L. I., N. Y. 11542.

(d) Theoretical application of available experi- mental results and confirmation by model

tests; applied research.

(e) Application of available knowledge of ship model behavior in regular waves to the prediction of trends of ship performance in realistic irregular wave patterns. Experimental confirmation by means of model tests

in waves. Purpose is to provide the ship

designer with guidance in the selection of hull characteristics.

(f) Theoretical work is completed; experimental

phase is active.

(g) The advantage of a high length/draft ratio

in permitting higher speeds before shipping water forward is clearly shown. A correspond

ing disadvantage in terms of likelihood of slamming is found, requiring a balance to be made in selecting optimum ship characteristics.

(h) "Applying Results of Seakeeping Research,"

E. V. Lewis, Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Bergen, Norway, September,

1964. (To be published by Office of Naval

Research, Washington 25, D.C.

)

"Assessment of Seakeepability, " Norman Hamlin and Roger Compton, Webb Institute,

June 1965.

(5942) MODEL STUDIES OF SHIP SLAMMING IN WAVES.

IS!

(d)

(e)

American Bureau of Shipping.

Prof. Walter Maclean, Prof, of Engrg., Webb

Inst, of Naval Architecture, Glen Cove, Long

Island, New York 11542. Experimental study making use of ship models

In waves; applied research.

Two 5-foot models, Jointed at amidships for measurement of wave bending moments, are being run in waves to determine the condi- tions for bottom slamming to occur and to compare with theoretical predictions.

THE WESTERN COMPANY, Research Division.

(5291) EFFECT OF POLYMER COILING ON DRAG REDUCTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program.

(c) Dr. H. R. Crawford, The Research Div.

of The Western Company of North America,

1171 Empire Central, Dallas, Texas 75247.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Turbulent friction loss of dilute solutions

of polymers in various solvent systems are being determined to relate the degree of polymer colling to the turbulent drag re- duction.

(5960) TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS.

(b) NASA Physics of Fluids Branch.

(c) Dr. H. R. Crawford, The Research Division of The Western Company of North America, 1171 Empire Central, Dallas, Texas 75247.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Turbulent heat transfer coefficients are being determined for viscoelastic solutions

of various polymers in distilled water, to allow prediction of turbulent heat transfer characteristics for this type of fluid.

(5961) EFFECT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SEGMENTAL CONSTITUTION ON DRAG REDUCTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program.

(c) Dr. H. R. Crawford, The Research Div. of The Western Co. of North America, 1171 Empire

Central, Dallas, Texas 75247.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The turbulent drag reduction of dilute water

solutions of various polymers were determined

to relate drag reduction to the molecular

98
dimensions of the molecule.

r) Completed.

g) A correlation between molecular dimensions

and drag reduction is presented in the report,

(h) "Effect of Molecular Weight and Segmental

Constitution on the Drag Reduction of Water

Soluble Polymers," G. T. Pruitt and H. R. Crawford DTMB Rpt. Nonr 4306(00), (Apr. 1965).

UNIVERSITY 0? WISCONSIN, Hydraulics and Sanitary

Laboratories.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. R. Villemonte, Director, Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes 1/4 inch to 2 inches. Pressure range 0-2500

psi, temperature range 60 to 120 °F. Rey- nolds number range 50 to 150,000.

(£) Completed.

(g) If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe

friction theory applies at high pressures.

The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow when N = 2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at NB = 150.

(1181) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. R. Villemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vorticity on orifice discharge

are being studied over a wide range of vorticity, head, orifice size, and fluid viscosity.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of inertial and centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with

varying degrees of vorticity.

(h) "The Effects of Viscosity on Vortex-Orifice

Flow," P. B. Zlelinski, Ph.D. thesis, 1S65,

University of Wisconsin (in preparation).

(3539) DISTURBED LAMINAR AND' TURBULENT FLOW.

b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

c) Dr. J. R. Villemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The ea.uation of motion has been applied to several situations of disturbed laminar and turbulent flow and compared with experimental

results. Flows are disturbed using orifices

and screens. Turbulence is measured by a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic probe in conjunction with analog and digital computers

to give the turbulence energy spectra.

(g) New equations have been developed for esti- mating losses due to combined and divided flow

as well as losses due to other disturbances. Turbulence energy spectra have been developed

for a wide variety of boundary configurations.

The new probe permits the observation of the distribution of turbulent energy across the section of flow.

(h) "Liquid Turbulent Investigation with an Electro-Magnetic Probe," H. J. Day and J. R. Villemonte, Proceedings 9th Midwestern

Mechanics Conference, 1965, University of Wis.

(3540) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES

( see page 106)

(3541) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY

SEPARATION BASINS (see page 106).

(3854) REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

(b) The American Petroleum Inst.

(c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Dr. J. R. Villemonte

Hydraulics and Sanitary laboratories, Univ.

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) Studies were conducted in a transparent basin

5 ft wide, 10 ft long and 3 ft deep. Inves- tigations were made using various sizes and spacings of a reaction jet at the entrance

to the basin to determine the effects of

jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics.

f) Completed.

g) Hydraulic characteristics for rectangular

basins with Reaction Jet inlet devices were observed using a wide range of flows.

(4251) CHANNEL DYNAMICS ABOVE GULLY CONTROL

STRUCTURES.

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

(c) Dr. Arno T. i_,enz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513 University Ave . , Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical study and field investiagtion of basic research in channel dynamics for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Data from field surveys of 44 gully control structures in Southwestern Wisconsin have been analyzed to develop procedures for estimating quantitatively the dynamic

changes in channel profiles which occur when a gully control or sediment detention

structure is built.

(f) Completed.

(g) An equation has been developed for the ratio

of the average deposition slope to the original channel slope as a function of past and present hydraulic and sediment parameters.

(4252) CHARACTERISTICS OF A DENSITY STRATIFIED

FLUID.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service and Laboratory

Project.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering Bldg., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706.

d) Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

e) Dynamic characteristics of density-stratified fluids are being investigated. Particular

emphasis is being placed on a study of the mechanics of Langmuir Vortices, in an effort

to explain the phenomenon of foam lines on lakes. Steady flow problems relating to standing internal waves are also under

investigation.

(g) Linearized equations for steady, invlscid,

compressible flow in atmospheres with various density distribution have been developed

and solved for simple boundary configurations.

(4732) UNIT HYDROGRAPH VARIATION WITH STORM HYDROGRAPH SHAPE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, 1513 University Avenue,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical study and field investigation

of the unit hydrograph. Basic research for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A general one-hour dimenslonless unit hydrograph derived from 16 Illinois basins was used successfully to derive 92 one-hour unit hydrographs for four midwestern basins of 22

to 77 square miles in area for storms of 1 to 13 hours duration. Computations were mace

99
using IBM 1620 and CDC 1604 computers. (e) (f) Ph.D. thesis by Dr. Donald L. Bender com- pleted.

(g) Unit hydrographs needed to reproduce singlepeak storm hydrographs varied with peak dis- charge, shape, and volume of the storm hydrographs. Shapes can be described by a dimensionless parameter the ratio of the (g) hydrograph peak to the flow in a rectangular

hydrograph of equal runoff volume and unit

time base.

(h) Paper for A.G.U. in preparation.

(4733) THE TRANSFORMATION OP RAINFALL ON THREE BASINS IN NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513 (h) University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental and theoretical with field investigation; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) This study is to determine the relationships

existing between rainfall, stream runoff,

infiltration, groundwater, and evapo- (5011)

transpiration with respect to three drainage

basins in North Central Wisconsin which have

both similar and dissimilar soil types and (b) aquifers, based on published data. (c)

(h) Ph.D. Thesis by Dr. John F. Orsborn com- pleted. Paper In preparation.

(4734) FLOW BETWEEN CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS. [e)

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and Fairbanks Morse Co.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering Bldg., (5597) Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (b) for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) This study is concerned with the characteristics (c) of turbulent flow In an annulus, with

rotating Inner cylinder. Theoretical

prediction and experimental confirmation of (d) shearing stresses, torque, pressure gradients, and frictional resistance are being (e) sought

(g) A theory has been developed to predict the frictional resistance to turbulent flow in

a rotating annulus. Experimental confirmation

has been obtained over a limited range of flow conditions.

(h) "Turbulent Helical Flow in an Annulus," Ph.D. (5598) thesis by L. W. Gelhar, 1964. A paper is in preparation. (b)

(4735) MODEL STUDY OF A PROPOSED BARRAGE AT

MUSCODA, ON THE WISCONSIN RIVER.

(b) Muscoda Advancement Corporation, Muscoda, (e) Wisconsin

(c) Dr. J. R. Villemonte and Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, (g) Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ.

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. (h)

(d) Experimental; applied research and design

for M.S. thesis.

(e) A comprehensive study is under way to determine the possible effects of con- structing a barrage, at Muscoda, on the (5790) Wisconsin River. The study includes con- struction of three models to determine down- (b) stream scour patterns, dam stability and over- flow characteristics. Backwater effects are

also being studied. (c) (g) Scour and stability data have been predicted

from the results of two model studies. Pre- (d) dictions of upstream backwater levels have (e) been made using the digital computer.

(h) Three unpublished theses and project reports

have been prepared.

(4736) UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Wisconsin Water Resources Center.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering Bldg., (b) Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. (c)

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for Ph.D. thesis.

The following problems in unsteady flow through a porous medium are under Investigation: use of sound waves to determine

permeability; effect of stream bank clogging

on unsteady flow of ground water; unconfined,

unsteady flow of groundwater toward a surface stream.

A theory, predicting the behavior of sound waves transmitted through a porous medium,

has been developed and verified experimentally. The theory, based on an extension

of Darcy's Law for unsteady flow, may be used to determine permeability. A theo- retical description of flow from an aquifer

to a surface stream whose banks are less pervious than the aquifer has been developed

using a heat flow analogy. Field data is used to confirm the theory.

"Permeability of Porous Media to Transient

Flow," Ph.D. thesis by H. C. Misra, 1965.

"The Effect of Stream Perimeter Clogging

on Unsteady Ground Water Flow Toward a Surface Stream," Ph.D. thesis by A. G. Law,

1965. Papers are in preparation. HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CYLINDRICAL SLOT ORIFICES.

W. A. Kates Company.

Dr. J. R. Villemonte, Director, Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Experimental; design.

The effects of viscosity, head, and slot type and shape on the coefficient of dis- charge are being studied. HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DROP INLETS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and Laboratory Project.

Dr. J. R. Villemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin

53706. Experimental; applied research for M. S. Theses

Model studies will be made of a drop inlet structure located in the head waters of the Kickapoo River Valley, Cashton, Wisconsin.

The objective is to determine operating

characteristics for several types of crest configurations

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVES.

U. S. Army Mathematics Research Center.

Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering

Building, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,

Wisconsin 53706. Theoretical; basic research. Higher order theories for finite height

gravity waves are under study.

A higher order non-linear theory for deep water

waves of finite amplitude has been developed.

"A Higher Order Theory for Deep Water Waves," by P. L. Monkmeyer and J. E. Kutzbach, Pro- ceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference,

Santa Barbara, 1965. DISPERSION AND RE-CHARGE IN GROUND WATER FLOW. University of Wisconsin Alumni Research

Foundation and the University of Wisconsin Water Resources Center.

Dr. J. A. Hoopes, 1212 Engineering Building,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706. Theoretical and Experimental; Basic Research,

(e) Dispersion of a tracer in flow through non- homogeneous porus media is under study. Theo- retical predictions, coupled with experimental

confirmation for different patterns of non- homogeneity are being sought.

(57 91) CIRCULATION AND MIXING PROCESSES IN LAKES. University of Wisconsin Water Resources Center.

Dr. R. A. Ragotzkie, 425 Science Hall, Univ.

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;

Dr. J. A. Hoopes, 1212 Engineering Building,

100
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706.

dj Experimental; Applied Research.

e) This investigation deals with field and laboratory model studies of the current and temperature profiles of Lake Superior. These

studies will he integrated and combined with

mathematical models in an effort to understand and predict motions within the lake and the resulting distribution of substances introduced at various points in the lake.

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAFHIC INSTITUTION.

(4737) HYDRODYNAMICS OP ROTATING LIQUIDS.

bj Office of Naval Researcn, Dept. of the Navy,

c) Dr. Alan Ibbetson, Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543.

dj Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

e) Hydrodynamics of rotating liquid systems

having variable depth, including blocking

action by bottom topography ("Taylor columns" and measurements on Rossby waves in an open rotating basin.

(g) Measurements on Rossby waves in liquid an- nulus, including dispersion relationship,

damping coefficient, reflection properties.

(h) "The Construction of a One-Meter Diameter

Rotating Table," A. Ibbetson and R. E. Frazel Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution unpublished report, Reference 65-41, August 1965.

"An Experimental Study of "Taylor columns,""

R. Hide and A. Ibbetson. To appear in "Icarus .

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Leslie J. Hooper, Director, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester, Mass. 01609.

(1963) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(bj Foxboro, Company, Foxboro, Mass.

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of various sizes of magnetic flow tubes (1" to 36" diameter) and a variety

of nozzle and orifice plate assemblies.

(f) Tests in progress.

(3859) METER CALIBRATIONS

(bj B-I-F Industries, Providence, R. I. (dj Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow

tubes up to 48" in diameter. Tests per- formed in standard test loop and also in mock-up of particular field installations.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4255) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(bj Penn Meter Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow tubes from 2" to 48" in diameter in the standard test loop. In addition, tests have been performed to determine operating charac- teristics in a variety of field installation

mock-up include a number of pipe surface finishes

(f) Tests in progress.

(4740) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass.

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/75 scale model of a reach of the North

Han River in the Republic of Korea was constructed for the Korea Electric Company.

The model Included the spillway and power- house as well as river topography up and

downstream of the development, btudies

were made of a number of changes designed

to improve spillway and powerhouse operation. In addition a number of schemes for the different river diversions and construction planning were studied,

fj Completed.

h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(4741) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(bj Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass.

(dj Experimental, for design,

(e) A 1/80 scale model of the intake at the upper reservoir was constructed in- cluding local topography at the intake. The studies involved the flow patterns

and possible surface disturbances in

the reservoir and also the flow in the first few diameters of the vertical shaft

of the intake,

f j Tests completed.

h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(4746) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Hagan Chemicals and Controls, Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn.

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of a variety of sizes and designs of flow nozzles and flow nozzle assemblies

(f) Tests in progress.

(5020) CARDINAL STEAM PLANT.

(b) American Electric Power Service Corp., New York, N. Y.

dj Experimental, for design.

e) A 1/120 by 1/40 distorted scale model of a section of the Ohio River upstream and downstream from the Cardinal Plant of the Ohio Power Co. The plant inlets and outlets for condenser cooling water were

installed for both the present unit and

three future units. The studies were performed on the hot water flow patterns

in order to insure a minimum of hot water

from either the old or the new units re- entering the cooling water system. In addition bed load movement of the river and

barge handling techniques were studied

over a range of river stages,

f j Additional tests completed during 1965.

h) Report in preparation.

(5021) MUDDY RUN PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia,

Penn.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) A 1/35.3 scale model of the intake structure, the immediate topography in the reservoir and

a section of the vertical tunnel below the intake were modeled to study the flow char- acteristics and evaluate the losses in both

the pumping and generating cycles.

fj Work completed.

h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5022) DYNAMIC EFFECTS IN FLOW METER COEFFICIENT

PREDICTION.

(bj Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental, for M.S. thesis.

(e) A number of differential producer type flow meters are being studied under different

Reynolds Number levels with the same volume

flow rate. It is planned to evaluate the dynamic effects on the discharge coefficient.

(f) Suspended.

(5023) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION INFLUENCE ON BEND

LOSSES.

(bj Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental for M.S. thesis,

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the variation in energy loss in a 90 pipe bend

101
was carried out and evaluation of the loss set up in terras o_f the upstream velocity dis- tribution . (f) Work completed.

(h) Masters Thesis by Tumkur B. Puttaswamy dated

June 1964 on file in Worcester Polytechnic

Institute Library.

(5024) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/56 scale model of the manifold and pen- stock sections was constructed of plexiglass

and PVC pipe in the appropriate diameters.

The sections varied in diameter (full scale) from 40' for the manifold to 10' for the penstocks at the powerhouse. Measurements

of pressure head at each change in section

and alignment were made to evaluate the loss coefficients in both the generating

and pumping situations.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5268) LITTLE GYPSY STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc., New York,

(dl Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/12 scale model of the condenser cooling

water intake of the plant of the Louisiana Power Co., including the sump and vertical

pump bell mouth was constructed. The studies included various modifications to insure a uniform velocity distribution at the pump

intake for the required flows.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5269) CABIN CREEK PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston,

Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model of the upper reservoir

of the development of the Public Service

Corp. of Colorado was constructed. The model included the reservoir, upper face of

the dam and the water intake to the tunnel. The studies Involved the flow patterns in the reservoir for various phases of operation

including both pumping and generating. A qualitative study of Ice flows in the reservoir under the influence of wind was

conducted. Treatment of intake location

and flow at the intake was evaluated.

(f) Test completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5270) KASTRAKI HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services Inc., New York,

id) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model of the Kastraki development of the Public Power Corp. on the Acheloos River was constructed. The model Included a section of the reservoir, the gravity dam, spillway, powerhouse and river

bed downstream including the confluence with

the Zervas Torrent. The studies include the approach conditions to the side spillway, the supercritical flow in the spillway chute and the conditions in the tailrace area.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5271) CAMPBELL STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Commonwealth Associates Inc., Jackson,

Michigan

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/10 scale model of the intake at the Campbell Plant of the Consumers Power

Co. on Lake Michigan was constructed. The

local lake section was duplicated in a steel head box and the intake structure was mounted outside to allow viewing of flow patterns through the transparent wall. Studies were aimed at reducing the head loss

and disturbed flow in the screenhouse and gate structure,

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5272) INDIAN POINT STEAM PLANT.

(b) Consolidated Edison Co., New York.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/60 horizontal by 1/40 vertical scale model was constructed of the Indian Point Atomic Power Plant on the Hudson River. A section of the river either side of the intake

and including the intake and its allied dock- ing facilities was modeled. The capability

to model the hot condenser effluent was in- corporated to facilitate the study of re- circulation, mixing and allied density

current effects.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5273) CICEROZ HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services Inc., New York.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) The 1/70 scale model was constructed of the Ciceroz development of the Electric Power

Generating Co. of Turkey. The model Included

the streamabove and below the site, the arch

dam, spillway and the powerhouse and allied water passages. The studies were involved

with the approach flow to the spillway and powerhouse intake and the flow results in the tailrace for a variety of flow conditions. Penstocks were fabricated of clear plastic

to allow observation of flow in various

sections

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5274) KEBAN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services Inc., New York.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model of the project on the Euphrates River was constructed for the Electric Power Generating Co. in Turkey. Included in the model was the river above tbs dam, the dam, water intakes, spillway, fuse

plug, penstocks, spillway chute, powerhouse

and a section of river downstream in- cluding the tailrace. The studies involved

intake operation, spillway and gates, fuse plug

performance, spillway chute and wall design

and tailrace flow patterns.

(f) Test completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5275) PETERSBURG STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston,

Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/120 by 1/40 vertical scale model of a section of the White River has been con- structed for the Indianapolis Power and Light Co. The model represents a section

of the river above and below the Pittsburgh

plant. Studies are being conducted on bed

load movement necessary protective works at

the Intake, and possible recirculation of hot condenser cooling water.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5276) HOLYOKE POWER DEVELOPMENT.

Si

Holyoke Water Power Co., Holyoke, Mass. Experimental, for design.

A 1/15 scale sectional model of the gate house structure at the canal entrance was constructed in the 3 foot glass sided flume. Studies were made of forces on various

sections including gates and flow and velocity

patterns were studied. The experimental

work Involved representatives of Stone and Webster, Holyoke Water Power and Alden

Hydraulic Laboratory. Tests completed.

Report completed and on file with clients.

102
(5278) METER CALIBRATIONS

(b) Potter Aeronautical Corp., Union, N. J.

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of turbine type flow meters

from 2" to 24" in diameter of both the volume and mass flow design have been

calibrated. Piping arrangements include standard loop tests and variations such as tandem mounting.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5279) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) ITT General Controls, Warwick, R. I. id) Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of flow tubes in a range of sizes from 6" to 48" has been carried out. Field piping as well as standard test loop

installation have been used.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5962) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Bailey Meter Company, Wickliffe, Ohio.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of flow nozzles and flow meters

in standard as well as particular metering

and piping configurations for a range of sizes from 1" to 16" diameter.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5963) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Fischer and Porter Company.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Calibration of various sizes of magnetic

flow tubes from 2" to 48" diameter.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5964) BRUNNER ISLAND STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc., New York,

id) Experimental for design.

(ej A 1/10 scale model of the cooling water intake

of the development on the Susquehanna River

was modeled for Pennsylvania Power and Light

Co. The model in addition to the intake

structure included some topography at the inlet and the pump bell mouths. Measurements

of velocity were obtained at a number of sections in the structure and in the pumps. Photographs and observations of dye patterns

in the flow were made during the program,

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(5965) KANAWHA RIVER STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Union Carbide Co., Niagara Falls, New York.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A distorted model (1/100 horizontal and 1/50

vertical) of a section of the Kanawha River

at Alloy, V/est Virginia was constructed. This

model included river topography from approximately three miles above the plant to one mile below the plant as well as the plant intake

(with flow) and other pertinent structures. Possible variations in the intake structure were studied in order to reduce the amount of bed load and suspended material drawn into

the plant during operation. Water soaked saw- dust and fine sand were used as materials to reproduce the foreign material during the studies. Velocity measurements at a number of sections on the model were also made during

the studies.

f) Tests completed.

h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5966) SUPERCRITICAL BOILER STUDY.

(b) Riley Stoker Co., Worcester, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/10 scale model of the boiler representing

the tubular walls with clear lucite was

constructed. The study was initiated to study flow patterns and residence time in boiler for a variety of fuel burner locations

and combinations. Flow patterns were deter- mined using dye and plastic balls while

residence time was obtained from continuous

counts of plastic particles,

f) Tests completed.

h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5967) TWO PHASE FLOW STUDIES.

(b) M. W. Kellog, Co., New York.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A full scale mock-up of the piping was in- stalled with clear plastic sections in a number of critical pipe sections. Air and water were used as to two fluids in the study and a variety of combinations of flows

and pressures were studied. Oscillographic

records of pressures at 12 stations were obtained in addition to visual and photographic observation of flow at the clear plastic sections. The effects of different combinations of elbows, tees and valves were evaluated during the program.

f) Tests completed.

h) Report completed and on file with clients.

(5968) MILLSTONE STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Bechtel Corp., Gaithersburg, Maryland.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A distorted model (1/3000 horizontal and

1/400 vertical) was constructed of a section

on Long Island sound in the vicinity of Millstone Point. Approximately 12 miles of the Conn, shore was reproduced and tidal variations in this area were simulated. The

study resulted in flow patterns over the area covered and allowed evaluation of dilution

and distribution of effluent from Millstone

Point.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(5969) CHALK POINT STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Potomac Electric Power Co., Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/10 scale model of the water box and tube banks of a steam condenser have been modeled

in clear plastic. The model also included

the water passages upstream of the water box

beyond the two 90° bends toward the pumps. The study involved determing flow patterns In the water box and velocities and velocity

distribution in the tubes.

(f) Test in progress.

(5970) WILLOW GLEN STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/21.8 scale model was constructed for the Gulf States Utility Co. The model included

the discharge flume, stilling basin and river topography in the immediate area of

the stilling basin. The studies Involve evaluation of the effectiveness of the still- ing basin for present loads plus future pro- jected loads. Velocity measurements and water surface elevations as well as indications of scour in the river beyond the still- ing basin have been recorded.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5971) WILLOW GLEN STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/12 scale model of the proposed circulat- ing water pump Intake has been constructed

for the Gulf States Utility Company. The model studies are to evaluate the alternative designs for the intake and water passages. Velocities and flow distribution will be measured and other critical phenomena near

the pump inlets will be observed.

(f) Tests in progress.

103
UNIVERSITY OP MICHIGAN, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab. LARGE BULBOUS BOWS ON FULL SHIP FORMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Experimental; applied research. Investigation of the effects on resistance

and on flow of large bulbous bows on a full ship hull model. Variables are size,

shape and position of bulb as well as displacement and trim of the model. Significant reductions in form and wave resistances are possible with proper

combination of bulb, displacement and trim.

To be published by the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

SCALE EFFECT ON RESISTANCE AND SELF- PROPULSION FACTORS OF MERCHANT SHIP FORMS. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Experimental; basic research. Ship models of Series 60 forms and vari- ations and corresponding propeller models

of varying size are being tested for re- sistance and propulsion characteristics to investigate effects of scaling. More accurate full scale predictions are sought.

Full scale predictions of propulsion factors

from tests of 17 ft. long models of conventional cargo ship forms are sufficiently free

of scale effects as to be of desirable

accuracy. "Resistance and Propulsion Scale Effect In- vestigation on Two Cg = 0.60 Merchant Hull

Forms," R. B. Couch and J. L. Moss, The University of Michigan Ship Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report 06290-1-F. To obtain

report, contact Prof. R. B. Couch. BLOCKAGE CORRECTION IN TANK.

A SHIP MODEL TOWING

Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. F. C. MIchelsen, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

The restricted channel effect is being in- vestigated both theoretically and experimentally, the latter by geosim series towing

tests of models in The University of Michigan

tank and by comparison with tests from other

tanks

A semi-empirical formula has been developed

for normal merchant ship forms and is being

refined

DETERMINATION OF VISCOUS DRAG OF SHIP MODELS BY WAKE SURVEY. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. F. C. MIchelsen, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A five-hole spherical pitot tube is used to determine the wake velocity field. Momentum considerations allow calculation of the vis- cous drag taking into account the free sur- face . Test data being analyzed by high speed analog

to digital conversion techniques.

"Experimental Techniques for Determination

of Viscous Resistance Using the High Response

Five-Hole Pilot Tube," J. C. Gebhardt, F. C. MIchelsen and J. L. Moss, 1965 American Towing Tank Conference, for copies contact authors at above address. DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-RESISTANCE, HIGH DIS- PLACEMENT-LENGTH RATIO MERCHANT HULL FORM. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. F. C. MIchelsen, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Univ. of Michigan,

(g)

(h)

(5972)

it!

(g)

(h)

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Theoretical and experimental; applied research. To develop a minimum wave resistance hull

form of higher than generally designed dis- placement-length ratio from theoretical con- siderations and model tests. Utilization of transom stern and large bul- bous bow yield powering requirements

generally lower than otherwise comparable

hull forms. Final report in preparation. HYDRODYNAMICS OF SEA-GOING BARGES. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engrs. Prof. R. B. Couch, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Experimental, applied.

Determination of resistance and directional

stability of pushed and towed barges is sought to provide design tool and recommended hull form and proportions. Experimental

model studies and computer regression tech- niques are used.

On the basis of data from tests of unrelated

forms it is possible to predict performance

of an arbitrary barge.

Final report in preparation.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2841) HYDROLOGY OF SMALL WATERSHEDS IN INDIANA.

(b) Purdue Water Resources Research Center,

(since June 1965) State Highway Department

of Indiana and Indiana State Flood Control

and Water Resources Commission (prior to June 1965)

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Analysis and field Investigation for Ph.D. thesis

(e) The purpose of the research is to study the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles throughout the State of Indiana to improve the existing methods for estimating

the runoff from these watersheds.

(g) Peak discharges were analyzed statistically

and a correlation was obtained between the

25 year peak discharge and geomorphological

characteristics of the watersheds. Peak discharges for other frequencies may also be obtained. A synthetic design hydrograph was developed on the basis of the instantaneous

hydrograph theory. The hydrograph is deter- mined by two parameters which have been related statistically to geomorphological

characteristics of the watershed. The theory

of overland flow has been investigated from

a hydrodynamics standpoint.

(h) "Design Hydrographs for Small Watersheds in Indiana," I. P. Wu, ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 88, 1963. "Hydrology of Small Watersheds In Indiana

and Hydrodynamics of Overland Flow," Joint Highway Research Project, Report No. 15, July 1963.

(4191) MEANDER FLOOD PLAIN MODEL.

(b) Purdue Water Resources Research Center; Lab. Project

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Analytical and experimental research for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A meander-flood plain model is being con- structed to replace 5' x 30 model used in first phase of project. Also data collection equipment is being improved to obtain greatly

increased efficiency. Experimental and analytical study of three-dimensional flow patterns in meandering channel with adjacent flood plains. Collection of energy loss data and study of distribution of shear stress

and scour. Work applicable to channel pro104
tection and flood routing questions, and to problems involving flood plain utilization. Statistical studies of meander geometry are being made for White River system in Indiana

Energy losses for the geometry considered are larger than the sum of the separate losses in the meandering channel and the flood plains.

During overbank flows helicoidal currents are reversed compared to inbank flow conditions. During high floods the river tends to straigthen its course.

"The Flow in a Meander-Flood Plain Geometry,"

A. A. Sooky, Ph.D. thesis (1963).

"The Hydraulics of Meandering Rivers with

Flood Plains," G. H, Toebes and A. A. Sooky,

Hydromechanics Laboratory, Purdue University,

Technical Report No. 10. (1964). HOT-WIRE PHYSICS IN LIQUIDS. Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of hot wires in liquids, to determine their

sensitivity to fluctuations of velocity,

temperature and flow direction, and to arrive

at an understanding of the physical causes

of their limitations. System response equations have been formulated. Heat transfer from hot-wires and cylindrical

hot films has been measured in delonized water and in ethylene glycol. FLUIDELASTIC OPERATORS FOR UNDER-STREAM LINED

STRUCTURES. National Science Foundation.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Experimental and analytical for M.Sc. and

Ph.D. theses. Analytic and experimental study aimed at correlating the hydroelastic loading of structural components and the turbulent

structure of the generated wake and separating

boundary layers; study of energy transfer

between fluid and structure.

Force, displacement and wake turbulence measurements are being made for variety of cylindrical components and plate-like structures. Reduction of data by means of spectrum

analysis equipment.

"Fluidelasticlty," G. H. Toebes, Proc. XI Congress IAHR-Leningrad USSR (1965). "Flow Induced Structural Vibrations," G. H. Toebes; ASCE, Journal of Eng. Mech., Vol. 91 - EM 6 (1965)-. TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUIDS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Lab., School

of Civil Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. theses. Analytic and experimental investigations aimed

at optimization of turbulence measurements In liquids using hot-wire anemometer equipment

and to compare performance characteristics of hot-wire equipment with hot-film thermistor,

electro-magnetic and pressure transducers. Dynamic calibration of hot-wire probes.

Collecting of liquid anemometry data is in progress. Special calibration and test equip- ment has been built. Spectrum analysis

equipment has been adapted for above studies. Special recirculation equipment for laboratory water supply has been built. "Turbulence Measurements in Liquids," T. R. 12, Hydromechanics Lab., Purdue Univ. (1965). URBAN HYDROLOGY FOR SELECTED SITES IN INDIANA

Indiana Flood Control and Water Resources

Commission

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) For M.S. Thesis.

(e) Rainfall-runoff relationships are studied for selected sites in Indiana in order to test scientific methods of estimating the surface runoff and to obtain design criteria

that can be used by practicing engineers.

(g) An urban watershed is being instrumented

in West Lafayette, Indiana.

(h) "Hydrologic Study of an Urban Watershed in West Lafayette, Indiana," E . Vician. M. S. Thesis, January 1966.

(5484) DESIGN OF INSTRUCTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS.

(b) Engineering Experiment Station, National

Science Foundation, Purdue University.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur and Dr. G. H. Toebes,

Hydromechanics Laboratory School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Ind. 47907.

(d) Developmental, M.S. Theses.

(e) Evaluation of the various means of con- ducting an undergraduate laboratory course

in Hydromechanics; evaluation of the subject matter to be investigated, and design of specific equipment.

(g) The design of the following apparatuses have been completed: Manometers, rotating cylin- der apparatus, radial flow apparatus, small wind tunnel, unsteady flow apparatus, cavi- tation apparatus, pressure measurement

apparatus, viscous flow apparatus.

(h) "Aspects of the Distribution System of the Purdue Hydromechanics Laboratory," G. Sherwin

M. S. Thesis, June 1965.

' "Selected Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,"

M. K. Householder, M. S. Thesis, Aug. 1965.

(5485) TURBULENT DIFFUSION OF AEROSOL DROPLETS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. V. W. Goldschmidt, Hydromechanics Labora- tory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue

Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47 907.

(d) Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. Theses.

(e) To determine the relationship of a suspended

particle's diameter and the turbulent

structure of the carrier stream to the corresponding particle turbulent diffusion.

The work has a direct application to problems related to air pollution, dispersion of con- taminants in lakes, rivers and oceans, trans- port of suspended particles and the kinematics of erosion.

(h) "Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations with

a Hot Wire Anemometer," Victor W. Goldschmidt, Journal of Colloid Science, Vol. 20, pp. 617-634, August 1965.

(5830) INSTRUCTIONAL FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEVELOPMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation, Purdue Univ.

(c) Dr. V. W. Goldschmidt, Mr. W. Fite.

(d) Developmental.

(e) Curriculum improvement in undergraduate fluid mechanics is sought in part by the use of free hand experiments in which small groups

of students are allowed to select, plan, in- strument, execute and present the results of

a small scale investigation under the counsel

of the instructor.

(g) Equipment is being acquired to implement the objectives of the program.

(5831) PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE SCALE HYDROMECHANICS LABORATORY EQUIPMENT.

(b) Purdue University, NSF (Fellowship).

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.

(d) Design, theoretical, experimental; for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Completed are a 35' x 1.5' x 3' and a 90' x6'

105
x 3' tilting glass-lined flumes. The largest

flume will accommodate sediment recirculation.

A number of design problems is being studied

in the equipment. The main problems are: uniformity of inflow from headbox; residual

turbulence in inflow; the boundary layer

development in free surface flow and the length of flow establishment,

(g) Data collection systems for flumes have been completed and are being tested. Equipment

designed for connection with central hybrid

computer facility, is aimed at greatly in- creasing both the accuracy and the speed of data collection.

(5832) MEAN VELOCITY VECTOR MEASUREMENTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c; Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engrg., Purdue University.

d) Experimental, for M.Sc. thesis.

e) Optimization of velocity meter based on Pltct - sphere principle and associated read out equipment

(g) Probe construction completed. Calibration is being pursued. Digital data reduction progress nearly complete.

(5833) WIND TUNNEL DEVELOPMENT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. V. W. Goldschmidt, Hydromechanics Lab., School of Civil Engrg., Purdue University.

d) Theoretical & experimental for M.S. thesis.

e) Under separate work insight into the turbulent and convective dispersion of contaminants

in the atmosphere and ocean is sought. Under

this project a wind tunnel is being designed

to provide the flow conditions for the necessary experimental studies.

ADDENDUM

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics and Sanitary

Laboratories

See page 99 for other projects of the Univ. of Wis.

(3540)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3541

MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation In cooperation with the Government of Viest Bengal, India.

Dr. J. R. Villemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 53706. Experimental; design for M.S. thesis.

A 1/16-scale model of the inlet structure for

one of four axial flow pumps at the Uttarbhag

Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India) has been

made. Studies of inlet flow patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide variety of flow situations are being made for the purpose of reducing the cavitation threshold.

Completed. Pressure coefficients were computed at 37 points on the model over a wide range of flows.

"Model Study of Pump Inlet Conditions at Uttarbhag, India," C. K. Sarkar, J. R. Villemonte and 3. Kar, Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development, Univ. of Wisconsin Engineering Experiment Station

Reprint No. 566. HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY SEPARATION BASINS.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Wash., D. C.

(c) Drs. J. R. Villemonte and G. A. Rohllch,

Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

M. S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of the model circu- lar basins and one model rectangular basin

are being studied using a wide range of flow and types of inlet and outlet design, using

the fluorescent tracer technique and the automatic recording of dimensionless dis- persion curves. Field tests on actual basins are also being undertaken where dispersion curves and re- moval efficiencies are being observed simul- taneously, so that correlations can be studied. The principles of similitude which apply to gravitation separation basins are also being

studied in the laboratory and in the field.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics have been determined

for a wide range of overflow rates and basin

types both in the laboratory and field using

newly developed criteria. Comparison of actual removal efficiencies and those derived from a new rational approach has

been made of several lab. and field basins.

(h) "Hydraulic and Removal Efficiencies in Sedi- mentation Basins," J. R. Villemonte, G. R. Rohlich, and A. VI. Wallace. Accepted for publication by 3rd International Conference

on Water Pollution Research, Munich, Germany

1 966

106
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

CORN BELT BRANCH, 108 Soils Building, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch

Chief.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

See Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research,

page 37.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, and 2386. See also U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., Southern

Plains Branch, Project No. 4335, and Illinois

State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and the Illinois State Water Survey.

(c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

3rd Ave. S. E., at Mississippi River,

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, construction,

and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water are carried out. Cooperation with and co-ordination of the tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory and the Illinois State Water Survey are maintained.

A sa.uare drop inlet having a hood barrel en- trance is being tested to determine entrance

loss coefficients for various drop inlet

sizes and heights and various barrel slopes.

Previous tests have evaluated the performance

of this type of inlet. The elbow and transition between the two-way

drop inlet and the barrel Is being studied

to determine the pressures and the best form

to minimize the possibility of cavitation.

The transition between a circular pipe and a rectangular cantilevered outlet is being

studied to determine the best form of the transition. Studies are also being conducted

on a rectangular cantilevered outlet with a deflector at the exit to throw the water away

from the structure and move the scour hole further downstream.

(g) If the anti-vortex plate is too low, undesirable orifice flow will control the discharge.

If the anti-vortex plate is too high, harmful vortices will form under the plate. Rules for

determining acceptable plate heights have been

determined. The overhang of the plate must be greater than a certain minimum to insure satis- factory performance. The action of the two- way drop inlet Is that of a self-regulating

siphon. The tests using air agree with the results obtained from the water tests and are much easier to perform. Air Is used as the model fluid only for the condition of full conduit flow. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown that

the hood barrel entrance can be used to re- duce the minimum required height of the drop

inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined. Tests

of low- stage orifices In the two-way drop in- let have shown that improper location and im- proper proportioning of the orifices can pre- vent priming of the spillway. The proper

location of the orifices and the sizes of the orifices for satisfactory spillway performance

have been determined.

To supplement the experiments, potential flow methods have been used to determine the theo- retical coefficient of energy loss at the crest of the two-way drop inlet.

(h) "Tests of a Splitter-Type Atlvortex Wall for

a Hood Drop Inlet to a Closed Conduit Spillway," Charles A. Donnelly, Agricultural

Research Service Report ARS 41-92, Nov. 1964. "Tests of an Antivortex Wall for a Rectangular Drop Inlet to a Closed Conduit Spillway," Charles A. Donnelly, Agricultural Research

Service Report ARS 41-96, Dec. 1964.

"A Digital Point Gage Recorder," Fred W. Blaisdell and Scott D. Crist, Agricultural

Research Service Rept. ARS 41-102, Feb. 1965. "Hydraulic Efficiency in Culvert Design,"

Fred W. Blaisdell, ASCE Transportation

Engrg. Conference Preprint 212, May 1965. "Straight Drop Spillway Stilling Basin," Charles A. Donnelly and Fred W. Blaisdell,

ASCE Proc. 4328, Vol. 91 (HY3), May 1965.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

See University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Engineering, page 32.

(4264) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co.

(c) Mr. N. E. Minshall, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 4248, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) Various records of runoff, ground water, precipitation and climatic factors, soil moisture, land use, and agricultural

conditions and practices are maintained for

50 agricultural watersheds ranging in size from 23 to 88,000 acres in the vicinity of Fennimore, Colby and at other locations in southwestern Wisconsin. Analyses are made

to evaluate the factors affecting flood

flows, hydrograph characteristics, and the yield of stream flow.

(h) "New Type Weir Construction for Small Watersheds," N. E. Minshall and R. G. Spomer, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division,

Proceedings Paper 4243, A.S.C.E. March 1965. "Interflow in Claypan Soils," N. E. Minshall

and V. C. Jamison, A.G.U. Water Resources

Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 381-390. Third

Quarter 1965.

(4265) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS ON THE UNGLACIA TED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, North Appalachian Experimental

Watershed, USDA, ARS-SWC, Coshocton, Ohio

43812.

d) Field Investigation and office analysis.

e) To develop methods of characterizing watershed precipitation related to runoff

rates and volumes and to evaluate "normalcy"

of sample periods.

(g) In 24 years of record, storm sizes ranged

from 0.01 to 2.30 inches. About half of the storms were 0.10 inch or less In amount. Less than 0.5 percent of the number of storms were over 2.00 Inches. The rate of sampling

of these severe storms is slow, yet their in- fluence in floods and water yield is highly

important. Dense network of tube rain gages

over a four-county area along with U.S.W.B. radar pictures has proven valuable In defining the extent of local, severe thunderstorms.

One small area has experienced two "rare" storms in two successive years. Over 4.5 inches of rain fell In each of these two events.

(h) "Role of Storm Surveys In Small Watershed

Research," J. L. McGulnness and L. L. Harrold. Water Resources Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 219-222. Second Quarter 1965.

(4266) SURFACE RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW STUDIES IN THE UNGLACIA TED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

107
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,

(cl Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, North Appalachian Experimental

Watershed, USDA, ARS-SWC, Coshocton, Ohio

43812.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate the factors affecting the volume of storm surface runoff and interflow

from various combinations of upland watershed

soil, cover, and treatment, and to study the basic factors affecting the hydrograph of these flows under various soil-cover

combinations.

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. Inter- flow occurred when the soil was quite wet

and its volume generally exceeded those of surface flow. Interflow hydrographs showed

sharp rises and recessions. Sprinkler plots

have been instrumented with tensiometers,

piezometers, and soil moisture devices in order to detect systems.

(4267) STUDIES OF RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS

IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, North Appalachian Experimental

Watershed, USDA, ARS-SWC, Coshocton, Ohio

43812.

(dl Field investigation and office analysis.

(e) To determine how flows from incremental

areas combine to produce hydrographs of stream flow on larger complex watersheds; determine the effects of climate and watershed characteristics on rates and amounts of runoff; and develop methods for predicting the magnitude and frequency of flows from ungaged watersheds.

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. Prelimi- nary analysis showed that flood runoff volume

on a 4,580-acre watershed was equivalent to the moisture saturation deficit in the 0- to 7-inch soil depth. Pore space in the soil at greater depth was not available quickly enough

to retain more of the storm rainfall. Maximum

monthly flood peaks as shown by 24 years of record from a 4,580-acre watershed are most

likely to occur in June. The amount of rain falling at rates in excess of 1.0 inch per hr. was the greatest In June. July rainfall was

about the same as that for June, but its peak

flood flows were 60$ less than those for June.

(h) "Role of the Soil in Upland Water Supply and Floods," L. L. Harrold and F. R. Dreibelbis.

Jour. Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 179-180, July-August 1965. "Experimental Watersheds for Research on Up- stream Surface Waters," L. L. Harrold and

J. C. Stephens, Bui. I.A.S.H. Symp. de Budapest, Vol. 1, Pub. No. 66, 1965.

(4268) STUDIES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, North Appalachian Experimental

Watershed, USDA, ARS-SWC, Coshocton, Ohio

43812.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate ground-water and interflow

contributions to stream discharge of agriculture watersheds and the recharge to aquifers under various watershed and climatic conditions

(g) Geologic studies showed that secondary features

of th.e rock such as joints and fractures ap- pear to influence subsurface flow more than their physical characteristics. As rock

strata near their outcrop are fractured more extensively than those farther beneath the hill, the outflow versus water table relationship of the former is much better defined than

that of the latter.

(h) "Geologic and Hydrologic Significance of Springs and Seeps in Eastern Ohio," J. B. Urban

Jour. Soil and Water Cons. Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 179-180, July-Aug. 1965.

(4269) MOISTURE REGIMES OF SOILS IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, North Appalachian Experimental

Watershed, USDA, ARS-SWC, Coshocton, Ohio

43812.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To maintain the soil moisture inventory of agricultural watersheds; to evaluate the effect thereon of soil, land use, and climate,

to develop methods of estimating soil moisture quantities under various land use

and climatic conditions; and to determine

the influence of frozen soil and frost structure on water movement.

(g) Nuclear soil-moisture equipment is now providing good data on soil moisture down

to 90-inch depths. They show material

variations in moisture within a small watershed. Presently, methods of evaluating watershed soil moisture are being studied. Effect of vegetation of different rooting

depths on soil moisture is being evaluated. Deep-rooted crops extract moisture to depths unaffected by shallow-rooted crops. In dry

seasons, the former consumes more water than

the latter, resulting in less percolation to ground water reservoirs. Lysimeters, 8 feet deep and 1/500 acre area of undisturbed

soli record weight changes and percolation.

(h) "How much Topsoil Moisture is Availabe to your Crops?" F. R. Dreibelbis and C. R. Amerman. Crops and Soils, Volume 17, No. 5, pp. 8-9, April-May 1965.

(4271) PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAIN STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. James L. Fouss, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to improve plastic mole drainage techniques and

test the effectiveness of other subsurface

and surface drainage systems. Tile, mole

and other subsurface drainage systems are developed and their effectiveness determined.

(g) The work is continuing on improving plastic

mole drainage materials and equipment. Re- cent field test results showed that thin- walled plastic mole lining installed 30 inches

deep, deformed much more when the soil (sllty

clay loam) was saturated for prolonged periodic farming operations when the soil was

drier. Research has also begun on the use

of corrugated plastic tubing for lining mole- drain channels; this material looks promising.

(h) "A Look at the Use of Plastics In Subsurface Drainage," J.' L. Fouss. Soil and Water

Conservation, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 183-184,

July-August 1965.

(4273) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Lee Hermsmeier, Agricultural Engineer, North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota 56267.

(d) Experimental and field Investigations, both basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop engineering techniques that will provide maximum effective control and management of water. Techniques are developed for managing surface water flow through land forming and surface drainage

systems. Tile, mole and other subsurface

drainage systems are developed and their effectiveness determined.

:

108
(f) Discontinued.

(4274) NATIONAL SUMMARIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF

RUNOFF AND SOIL-LOSS DATA. See Purdue University, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., Project No. 3808.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

d) Data analyses, applied research.

e) Objectives of the national data summarization

and analysis pioject are (l) to consolidate

all available past, current, and future

runoff, soil loss and related data in standardized form to make them available for application of current methods of hydrologic

and statistical analyses; (2) to analyze the data on an over-all basis, with special

emphasis on identification and evaluation of significant factor interactions; and (3) to develop bases for prediction of runoff

and soil losses from different landscapes under various land use and management conditions. In analyses of the assembled data,

special emphasis is directed toward ldenti- cation and evaluation of factors and interaction effects responsible for the frequent wide differences in results of localized studies at various locations. Over-all results are reduced to charts and tables readily usable by application technicians.

(g) Refinements in the area of field soil-loss prediction techniques to help guide farm planning for soil and water conservation

were summarized in Agriculture Handbook No.

282. The goal of current analyses of the assembled data is an empirical equation for prediction of surface runoff from agricultural areas. Mathematical relationships of several physical and management factors to runoff have been derived. The analyses have

shown that, over a broad range of mediumtextured soils, runoff was inversely related

to crop productivity, surface roughness,

residual soil organic-matter content, and quantity of plant residues incorporated

annually; directly related to slope steepness

and kinetic energy of the rainstorms; and only very slightly related to length of slope and particle-size distribution. Work under

objective (1) is kept continuously current.

(h) "Predicting Rainfall-Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains - Guide

for selection of practices for soil and water

conservation," W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith. Agr. Handbook No. 282. 47 pages.

U. S. Government Printing Office, 1965. "Effect of Organic-Matter Content of the Soil

on Infiltration," W. H. Wischmeier and J. V. Mannerlng. Jour. Soil & Water Cons. 20(4):

150-152, 1965. "Relation of Field-Plot Runoff to Management

and Physical Factors," W. H. Wischmeier.

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30(1), 1966.

(4275) BASIC MECHANICS OF RAINFALL, RUNOFF, SOIL

MOVEMENT, AND LOSS. See Purdue University, Agricultural Expt.

Station, Project No. (4182).

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota, South Dakota and Purdue Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Dr. L. D. Meyer, 'Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Agricultural Engineering Building, Purdue

Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental; laboratory investigations,

basic research.

(e) The mechanics of the soil erosion process

have been Investigated at several locations. At Morris, Minnesota, the geometry of rain- drop splash patterns is being described

mathematically, using high-speed photography.

At Brookings, South Dakota, the effect of wind on the trajectory of falling drops was

studied. At Lafayette, Indiana, fundamental mathematical relationships of erosion to various soil, crop, and topographic factors

are being determined.

(g) The geometry of raindrop splash was appre- ciably influenced by drop size, surface

softness, surface inclination, surface

roughness, and water depth. The trajectory

of falling water drops in wind can be re- lated to drop diameter, wind velocity, and

fall distance. Runoff erosion increased

with increased particle roughness, slope

steepness, and slope length but decreased with increased particle size. Rainfall plus

runoff, as compared to runoff alone, in- creased the erosion of particles smaller

than medium-sized sand.

(h) "Waterdrop Formation from Capillary Tubes,"

C. K. Mutchler. ARS 41-104, July 1965. "Using the Drift of Waterdrops during Fall for Rainfall Simulator Design." C. A. Mutchler. Jour. Geophys. Research 70(16): 389913902.

1965. "Effects of Wind on Falling Drops," C. R. Umback. M. S. thesis. South Dakota State University, 1965. "Effect of Particle Roughness on Soil Erosion by Surface Runoff," G. D. Bubenzer,

L. D. Meyer and E. J. Monke. ASAE Paper No. 65-227. Presented at 1965 ASAE Annual

Meeting.

"Simulation of Rainfall and Soils for Laboratory Research," G. D. Bubenzer and

L. D. Meyer. Trans. ASAE 8(1): 73 & 75. 1965. "Resume: Mathematical Relationships Governing Soil Erosion by Water," L. D. Meyer.

Jour. Soil Water Cons. 20(4), July-Aug. 1965. (4276) IMPROVED PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. V. Mannering, Soil Scientist, ARS, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the effects of soil properties, slope

characteristics, type and extent of canopy

cover, quantity and management of crop

residues, seedbed and tillage practices, and various factor interactions on infiltration

and erosion. Replicated tests are conducted

on selected plots on P"rdue-owned and privately-owned farms in Indiana and ad- joining states under simulated rainfall applied with the ARS-Purdue "Rainulator"

(g) Residue mulches that dissipated some of the rainfall energy and reduced the flow velocity

of runoff were highly effective. Even small amounts of surface residue significantly re- duced erosion. Recent tests have shown that improved productivity and annual incorporation of large quantities of residue material

at plowing time have increased infiltration

and substantially reduced erosion from con- tinuous com, but they have not replaced the very substantial reductions in soil and water loss that are effected by meadow sod turned under before corn. Wheeltrack planting on rough-plowed land and cultivating

only when needed to destroy surface crusts significantly reduced both runoff and erosion throughout the entire growing season, increased available soil moisture in periods

of deficient rainfall, and did not significantly affect corn-yield average.

(h) "Effect of Minimum Tillage for Corn on In- filtration and Erosion," J. V. Mannering,

L. D. Meyer and C. B. Johnson. Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. Proc. 30(1), 1966. "Simulation of Rainfall for Soil Erosion

Research," L. Donald Meyer. Trans. ASAE 8(1): 63-65, 1965.

109
(4277) SOIL ERODIBILITY DETERMINATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Purdue, Iowa, and Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field

investigations, basic and applied.

(e) The purpose Is to investigate differences in

the erodibility of soils; identify and evaluate the soil properties and profile

characteristics that influence erodibility;

and, if possible, derive an equation that expresses the functional relationship of

soil erodibility to these variables. The equation would serve as a means of computing locational values of the soll- erodibility factor in the universal

erosion equation. Both "in situ" measurements on field plots and laboratory

measurements on small, disturbed soil samples are made under simulated rainfall

and related to laboratory analyses of the soils

(g) The laboratory studies have shown very important Interactions between those soil properties that affect infiltration and permeability

and those that affect detachment and trans- portability of soil particles. In field-plot

studies over a broad range of medium-textured

soils, differences in particle-size distribution had only minor effect on infiltration of 2.5-lnch rains but significantly influenced

detachment and transportability. Infiltration rates on medium-textured fallow soils having residual organic-matter contents varying from 0.5 to 4.0 percent were directly

proportional to organic-matter content. In- filtration was significantly improved by

repeated annual incorporation of large amounts

of crop residue. The field-plot data suggest

that soil erodibility is largely a function

of eight soil properties and their interactions.

(h) "Effect of Organic-Matter Content of the Soil

on -Infiltration, " W. H. Wischmeier and J. V. Mannering. Jour. Soil Water Cons. 20(4):

150-152, 1965. "Influence of Rainfall Energy on Soil Loss

and Infiltration Rates - Effect over range of texture," W. C. Moldenhauer and D. C. Long.

Soil Sci. Proc. Amer. 28(6): 813-817, 1964.

"A Procedure for Studying Soil Characteristics

Using Disturbed Samples and Simulated Rainfall," W. C. Moldenhauer. Trans. ASAE 8(1):

74-75, 1965. "Relationship Between the Energy Necessary to Initiate Runoff and the Energy of Rupture for Aggregates of Eight Iowa Soils," W. C. Moldenhauer, A. S. Rogowski and D. Klrkham. Agronomy Abstracts, p. 113, Amer. Soc. Agron.

1965.

(4278) RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION RELATIONSHIPS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. S. Rogers, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Turner Hall, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61803.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic research

(e) Raindrops were photographed to determine

sizes and impact energies. Runoff was measured and soil loss determined from fallow and continuous corn plots. Various

characteristics of rainstorms are being

related to the resulting erosion.

(f) Suspended.

(427 9) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN IOWA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, Soil Scientist, ARS, 225 Agronomy Bldg., Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa 50010.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

(e) Purpose is to evaluate soil and crop management practices in relation to water management and erosion control on the major Iowa soils. Runoff, soil 1033 and related data, under natural rainfall, are taken on frac- tional-acre plots on Grundy, Ida and Carrington

silt loam soils.

(g) Consistent high crop productivity and good

management of abundant residues have very effectively reduced soil erosion from both

small grain and corn during intense rains

that caused quite severe erosion on the check plots. However the effectiveness of large amounts of corn or small-grain residue incorporated by plowing has not equaled

that of a good quality grass-and-legume sod before corn. In a 7-year period, soil loss

from corn after oats with sweetclover inter- crop averaged 2.4 times that from corn after two full years' meadow.

(4280) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE SLOPING LANDS OF WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. E. Taylor, Soil Scientist, ARS,

P. 0. Box 6, Lancaster, Wis. 53813.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

(e) Studies using field-plot techniques and

small natural watersheds were begun in 1931

at LaCrosse, Wisconsin to study erosioncontrol and water-management problems of the Upper Mississippi Valley Region. Major

problems and control methods studied in- cluded: effects of length and steepness of

slope, degree of erosion, crop rotations, residue management; contouring; terrace

grade, spacing, maintenance and outlets; contour strip cropping; methods of seedbed preparation and tillage; and pasture renovation. The field work at LaCrosse was discon- tinued at the close of the 1963 crop season. Continuation of hydraulic research on a new State-owned farm in southwestern Wisconsin, near Lancaster, is planned.

(g) Technical reports have been listed in previous years. A 30-year summary report is in preparation.

(4281) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN THE MIDWEST

CLAYPANS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Fred D. Whitaker, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia,

Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied

research

(e) The purpose is to evaluate the effect of soil treatments, tillage practies, cropping, and supplemental irrigation on runoff, erosion, and crop yields from Midwest claypan soils. Measurements of runoff, soil loss, rainfall,

and concomitant variables on a series of fractional-acre plots and small watersheds under natural rainfall are continuing.

(g) The data are continuing to show that fertili- zation adequate to produce high crop yields,

together with regular incorporation of large amounts of residue materials, has greatly

reduced the magnitude of soil and water

losses on this gently sloping, claypan soil. "Full fertility" treatment Increased the 11- year average annual infiltration on corn land by 0.8 inch above "started fertilizer

only" and 2.4 inches above the unfertilized

check plots. At the high level of fertility,

on 3% slope, contouring reduced average

annual soil loss by 30$ and reduced runoff by 15$. Adequately-fertilized corn averaged

0.22 inch of water use per bushel of corn, while corn with only starter fertilizer

averaged 0.52 inch per bushel.

(4282) RUNOFF AND EROSION INVESTIGATIONS IN MINNESOTA

110
UNDER SIMULATED RAIN. (4617) EROSION AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION STUDIES ON BARNES SILTY CLAY LOAM.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. A Young, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, North Central Soil Conservation Research

Center, Morris, Minnesota 56267.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Simulated rainstorms of design erosivity,

applied in each of three cropstage periods,

are used to evaluate the relations of runoff

and soil erosion to slope steepness, slope

shape, row direction, intensity of cropping, residue management, tillage methods, and other variables in relation to crops that

are common in this climatic area. Runoff hydrographs are obtained and changes in

soil concentration of the runoff are de- termined by periodic sampling throughout

each test. Tests are conducted on various

soils of west-central Minnesota and eastern

South Dakota.

(g) Practices such as minimum tillage and incor- poration of crop residue in the plow layer have been relatively less effective as ero- sion-reducing measures on the Barnes soil than

on the silt loams in the higher rainfall areas

of the Corn Belt. Erosion in the Barnes soils

area was, however, substantially influenced by

grass sod before com, by growing-canopy or plant residues on the surface, and by con- touring. Percent of effective land cover significantly influenced the relationships of both slope and row direction to soil loss. The effect of increasing slope steepness was

greatest during the seedbed period and least under dense oats or meadow cover. Concave

slopes lost less soil than either uniform or convex slopes of corresponding average fall and length. The soil-loss reduction by

across-slope tillage was relatively greatest

on the medium slopes of 7 to 8 percent.

Cropplng-factor evaluations have Included

flax, oats, grain sorghum and soybeans in various crop sequences.

(h) "Influence of Row Direction and Type of Vegetal Cover on the Slooe-Soil Loss Relationship," R. A. Young, C. K. Mutchler and W. H. Wischmeler. Ag. Engin. 7(3): 316-317, 320, 1964.

"A Review of Rainfall Simulators," C. K. Mutchler and L. F. Hermsmeler. Trans. ASAE

8(1): 67-68, 1965.

(4307) RESERVOIR FORMULAS AMD THE VOLUME-WEIGHT OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service end State Agrucultural

Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied re- search.

(e) This project provides criteria for more accurate determination of sediment yield of watersheds from reservoir survey data. The investigation includes refinement of survey procedures and methods for determining

reservoir capacities and sediment volume

from reservoir sedimentation survey data.

(f) Reservoir formula portion of this study is now completed. Investigations of volume- weight of reservoir sediment have been trans- ferred to Reservoir Sedimentation Studies

(4825).

(g) This study showed that the stage-area curve method is the most direct, simple, accurate, and uniformly adaptable way to determine the capacity of a reservoir. Volumes of sediment deposits can best be obtained from capacity

differences.

(h) "Improved Volumetric Survey and Computation Procedures for Small Reservoirs," H. G. Heinemann and V. I. Dvorak. Proceedings of the Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference

1963, USDA Miscellaneous Publication 970, pp. 845-856, June 1965.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. E. Burwell, Soil Scientist, ARS, North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minnesota 56267.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

(e) Field plots under natural rain are used to characterize runoff and erosion on the Barnes

soil of the North Central Region and to evaluate moisture conservation aspects of soil and crop management practices. Automatically controlled devices to heat the collecting and measuring equipment enable measurement of runoff from snow-melt and thaw. Soil moisture

is measured by neutron probe techniques. Wind

direction and velocity are automatically

recorded

(g) Four years of measurements have shown that these soils are highly erodible in periods

of concentrated rainfall and that erosion

damage is often a serious problem. Moisture

conservation for crop use is also of primary

concern in this climatic area. About 50?S of the runoff from corn and about 90^ of the runoff from oat plots occurred during the first 2 months after planting. The greatest water loss from hay plots resulted from melting snow and ice. Only a very small portion of the moisture from snow contributed

to replenishment of soil moisture. Snowmelt

runoff from hay plots has equaled from 80 to

90 percent of the water equivalent of the measured snowfall.

(4825) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and State Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigations, basic and applied

research

(e) Numerous small reservoirs form the basis

for this study. The objectives of this project are: (1) Determine the amounts,

rates, and character of sediment yields

from agricultural watersheds; and (2) relate

sediment accumulation in the reservoirs

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff, watershed characteristics, and cultural

practices; (3) explain variations in the volume-weight of reservoir sediment; (4) make recommendations on determination of the total weight of reservoir sediment; (5) develop procedures for predicting the volume-weight of sediment in a proposed con- servation structure; (6) to determine the distribution of sediment accumulation in vertical and horizontal planes in the reser- voir and relate this to reservoir shape, amount and rate of rur.off, storage depletion,

soils, topography and normal water level of the reservoir; and (7) to evaluate all equipment and procedures used in reservoir

sedimentation surveys.

(5033) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

See Ohio Agrlultural Experiment Station,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, page 59. (5204) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON WATERSHEDS IN MISSOURI VALLEY DEEP LOESS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. K. E. Saxton, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

(d) Field Investigations, basic and applied re- search . (e) Two sets of paired agricultural watersheds

are Instrumented to observe the hydrologic

budget of watersheds having deep loessal

111
soils. Level terracing will toe introduced

as a variable on one of the watersheds of one

of the pairs. A comparison of level terracing and grass cover will be made on the other

pair. Another mixed-use watershed is toeing observed. Variables observed are precipitation, soil moisture to 20-foot depths, sur- face flow, ground water recharge and outflow,

air temperature and pan evaporation.

(5205) ANALOG STUDIES OP SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Dept.

of Agronomy.

(c) Dr. George S. Taylor, Dept. of Agronomy, Ohio

State Univ., 1885 Neil Ave., Columbus 10, Ohio.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied.

(e) An electrical resistance network analog is used

to study the placement of subsurface drain

tubes to provide optimum water table control for plant growth.

f) Discontinued.

g) Removal of excess rainfall and artesian water from a surface peat horizon, underlain

with a thick slowly permeable silt layer, can be better achieved with tile drains on 40-foot spacings in the peat layer than with

artesian relief wells into the aquifer.

(5561) EROSION AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION STUDIES

IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. T. C. Olson, Soil Scientist, Agronomy

Dept., South Dakota State Univ., Brookings,

South Dakota 57007.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Field plots under natural rain are used to characterize runoff and erosion on the Poinsett soils of eastern South Dakota and

to evaluate moisture conservation aspects

of soil and crop management practices. The

surface water storage capacity of various

types of tillage is being studied, and watersheds are being developed for evaluating

improved terrace designs for moisture con- servation and erosion control.

(g) Three years' measurements have shown these

soils to be susceptible to very serious erosion toy rainfall when not protected by

erosion-control measures. Runoff from con- ventially tilled corn on 73-foot slope

length ranged from 1.3 to 3.6 inches and

soil loss ranged from 4.9 tons per acre in 1963 to 18.9 tons in 1962. Mulch tillage reduced 'soil loss, and in a year of low moisture supply it increased yields. Six

major storms accounted for 77$ of the 3- year soil loss.

(h) "Soil and Water Losses," T. C. Olson and

C. W. Doty. South Dakota Farm & Home

Research 16(3): 15-18, 1965.

(5562) RESERVOIR TRAP EFFICIENCY.

(to) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and Iowa and Missouri Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. D. L. Rausch, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigations, basic and applied

research

(e) The purpose of this research is to evaluate

those parameters that affect the sediment trapping ability of water-retarding structures. This will enable prediction of the trap efficiency of structures. Measurements are made of the sediment content of the inflow and outflow and the volume re- tained in the reservoir. Characteristics

of the sediment, watershed, reservoir, and other parameters are also used in the analyses

(5563) GULLY EROSION STUDIES IN DEEP LOESS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Robert F. Piest, Hydraulic Engineer, P.O. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Measurements are being made on several activelyeroding gullies in controlled watersheds in

the Missouri Valley deep loess. The objectives

are to learn the causes of gully and channel

erosion, the rate of this erosion, and the effect of level terraces on gully growth. Measurements include amount eroded, changes

in dimensions, surface flow, soil moisture,

and ground water elevations.

(5564) EVALUATING INTERFLOW WITHIN CLAYPAN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. V. C. Jamison, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201. , (d) Field investigation, basic and applied

research.

(e) Field investigations are being conducted to identify and evaluate quantitatively the contribution to surface flow by the return

to the surface of moisture infiltrated up

the slope. Various lengths of plots and degrees of soil saturation are used.

(h) "Interflow in Claypan Soils," N. E. Minshall

and V. C. Jamison, Water Resources Research,

Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 381-390, 1965.

(5565) RUNOFF FROM CLAYPAN SOIL AREA OF MISSOURI AND ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank D. Jones, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied

research

(e) Precipitation, runoff, pond evaporation and

seepage, pan evaporation, and land use are

toeing measured on a 160-A. watershed near

McCredie, Missouri. These and other rainfallrunoff data throughout the soil area are being

analyzed to evaluate water yield and surface

runoff.

(5973) SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE CORN BELT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Agricultural Experiment stations of Missouri

and other Corn Belt states.

(c) Mr. Robert F. Piest, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri«65201

(d) Field investigations, basic and applied

research.

(e) The purposes of this project are to: (l) Determine average annual sediment yields

from existing suspended- sediment records

and information from small watersheds throughout the Corn Belt; (2) to analyze the pattern of sediment yield variation caused by different meteorologic and watershed condi- tions within' the various subregions of the Corn Belt; (3) to develop procedures, based upon these analyzed data, for predicting

sediment yields from unsampled watersheds; and (4) to recommend, on the basis of this intensive record review, the best possible

avenues for future research.

(5974) THE DESIGN OF TERRACES AND THEIR USE IN CROP PRODUCTION

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Fred Whltaker, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia,

Missouri 65201.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied

research

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the rate and amount of runoff from individual terraces of standard design for culti- vated land receiving full soil treatment and

112
(5975)

GO

(c)

(d)

(e)

(5976)

GO

(c)

(4)

(e)

to determine the channel capacity required

to carry this runoff. Runoff measurements

are being made on four terraces near

McCredie, Missouri. MOISTURE RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED SOILS IN THE CORN BELT. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Missouri

and other Corn Belt States.

Dr. V. C. Jamison, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Field investigation, basic and applied

research.

The purposes of this project are (1) to determine the moisture retention characteristics of the various soil horizons in the soils studied, (2) to estimate the available water storage for the soils studied, and

(3) to determine seasonal changes in moisture- volume conditions for different soils grow- ing different crops. THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL MOISTURE IN LEVEL

TERRACED FIELDS IN MISSOURI VALLEY DEEP LOESSAL SOILS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Missouri

and Iowa.

Dr. V. C. Jamison, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

208, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Field investigation, basic and applied

research.

The purpose of this project is to determine

the soil moisture distribution in the soil profile under the terraces and the interterrace intervals in deep loessal soils. Numerous measurements of soil moisture to a depth of twenty feet are being made on watersheds near Treynor, Iowa.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. NORTHEAST BRANCH, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland 20705. Dr. Jesse Lunin, Branch Chief.

(3867) LEAF AREAS, LEAF WEIGHTS AND TOTAL DRY MATTER PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO AS AFFECTED BY

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. N. Jones, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va. 24061.

(d) Field investigations.

(e) Irrigation studies are designed to determine

the effect of irrigation practices on the yield

and quality of tobacco. Plant response, as measured by Leaf Area Index, is related to consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration.

(g) Maintenance of a high soil moisture regime

gave lower leaf areas than for a soil moisture

regime which was allowed to fluctuate from

100 to 25 percent available soil water. Dry

matter yield and value per hundredweight were

both favored by the treatment allowing the

soil moisture to fluctuate. The relationship

between LAI and marketable yield indicated

that only 50 percent of the variation as measured by cured leaf weights could be associated with variations of LAI.

(4283) A STUDY OF FLOOD FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS

ON STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, Civil Engineering Dept., Parker Engrg. Bldg., State

Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New

York 14214.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) To determine the Important streamflow

qualities which materially affect the intensity of attack upon the stream channel periphery material and the variation

throughout the flow boundary of forces de- structive to the channel periphery material. Investigations are conducted on selected natural reaches of Buffalo Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York and on the Pequest River in Warren

County, New Jersey.

(g) Thorough study and analysis are continuing

on stream geometry and of hydraulic char- acteristics of channel improvements and stabilization works constructed by Soil Conservation Service on Buffalo Creek. The analysis of the March 30, 1960 and other

floods is being carried out by assembling

an atlas of high-water data and by pre- paring a topographic map showing the con- tours of the stream channel and of the flood plains. A method is being developed for estimating discharge by using the superelevation of the water surface in an open channel bend. This method is based on

the principle that the transverse difference

in water surface at an open channel bend is related to the geometry of the bend and to the velocity head of the flow.

(h) "Sedimentation and Stream Improvement," R. P. Apmann. New York Fish and Game Jour, (in

press)

(4284) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR

CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, Civil Engrg. Dept., Parker Engrg. Bldg., State

Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New

York 14214.

(d) Experimental field Investigations.

(e) To develop economical methods for streambank stabilization through observation and measurement of the effectiveness of various

vegetal and structural measures in relation

to streamflow over a range of streamflow

conditions and channel geometry. Principal

investigations are conducted on Buffalo

Creek and tributaries In the vicinity of East Aurora, New York.

(g) Observations of flood flows and subsequent

damage to the experimental concrete block

revetment over the past eight years on Buffalo Creek have demonstrated its satis- factory performance under severe conditions.

The revetment has been subjected to esti- mated shear stresses of 3.2 psf at its sur- face and to the impact of massive ice floes. Only three of more than 600 blocks originally laid have been lost from flow conditions.

In contrast, the quarried stone riprap in adjacent areas has been unable to withstand

these forces. Whereas the stone revetment

contains a median stone size of 17 Inches

and maximum stone weight of 3/4 ton, the cellular concrete blocks are only 4 Inches thick and weigh approximately 83 pounds each. Although the maintenance costs for the con- crete block revetment have been small, the losses of several blocks have pointed out

the necessity for protecting all outside

edges of the revetment, and for using only

the most durable materials in constructing

the blocks. Frequent destruction of adjacent

parts of the quarried stone revetment demonstrate the necessity of designing these revetments for the velocity heads and bend

geometry that prevail in addition to con- sideration of the higher boundary velocities

that result from floodwaters accelerating

over a relatively smooth surface. When the concrete blocks are mass produced and where quarried stone is available locally, the cost of the two types of revetments would be nearly the same. The 4-inch concrete block

revetment has been found to be more effecti^

in resisting erosive forces during extreme flood conditions than the 17-inch quarried

113
stone riprap,

(h) "Cellular Concrete Block Revetment," D. A. Parsons and R. P. Apmann. Jour, of Waterways and Harbors Div., ASCE. May 1965. "Stream Stabilization Research on Buffalo

Creek, New York," R. P. (Apmann, submitted to Agron. Jour, for publication.

(4285) CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLOOD ROUTING IN STEEP MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont 05828.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) Studies on a 1.5-mile reach of the Sleepers (h) River channel involving determination of: travel speed of controlled waves of different volumes; profiles of natural and controlled waves of different volumes; practical field methods of measuring the friction slope of mountain channels; com- parisons between results obtained with flood routing formulas and observed flood wave

data; and the relationship between channel (4287) efficiency, flow duration curves, and watershed morphology. (b)

(g) Short reaches within the 1.5-mile reach were found to have a Manning's "n" value of between 0.035 and 0.040 for the bank-full

conditions and a maximum of about 0.20 for very low flows. Channel roughness and (c) geometry are intricately related to each other and to the lithology and climate of (d) the watershed. This mountain stream is (e) characterized by a relatively narrow and

deep cross-section. It is postulated that this geometry causes a rapid increase in velocity with increasing discharge, providing

the erosional energy required for the eventual attainment of a most probable state. There

is an upper limit to roughness in a stream

channel, and this is approached in the length of stream studied. Addition of more roughness elements would only create a new (g) bed with similar characteristics. The removal of a number of the element would

very probably increase the resistance to flow because it would reduce the phenomena

of shielding, in which the elements reduce

the frictional effectiveness of one another

due to close grouping.

(h) "Channel Roughness in Steep Mountain Streams,"

M. L. Johnson. Submitted for publication to Jour. Geophys. Res.

"A Re-examination of A Flood Routing Method

Comparison," D. L. Brakensiek and G. H. Comer. Jour, of Hyd. Vol. 3, pp. 225-230, Nov. 1965.

(4286) INFLUENCE OF SNOW AND FROZEN SOIL ON RUNOFF.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Con- servation Service and College of Technology

of the University of Vermont.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont 05828.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) This study on the 43-square mile Sleepers

River Watershed is concerned with the factors influencing the accumulation and melting of snow; the relationship of frozen (4288) soil to runoff; and the development of methods for predicting runoff associated with

snow melt. Data are collected and analyzed (b) from snow courses, precipitation gages, temperature records, heat budgets, soil moisture and frost measurements, and snow melt in conjunction with streamflow records

at nine stations in the subdivided watershed. (c) (g) A 12-foot diameter snow pressure pillow, made

of nylon reinforced butyl, was installed in (d) 1964 to measure accurately changes in snow (e)

accumulation and snowmelt. The pillow was filled with about 200 gallons of a 2:1 mixture by volume of methyl alcohol and water.

The use of a 6-inch iron pipe stilling well

and water level recorder minimized the mechanical and electrical difficulties which other scientists have had. Agreement between water equivalent as measured by the snow pillow and cumulative precipitation as measured by a recorder is excellent during

periods of accumulation in the 1964-65 season. Agreement between the snow course data and the snow pillow is good. Comparison of snow pillow and precipitation gage for

storm periods indicates that the snow pillow

responds instantaneously with no measurable

time lag. Preliminary results indicate that

the water equivalent for a snow pillow can

be measured to ± 0.02 inches. "Evaluation of a Pressure Pillow Snow- Measuring Device," E. T. Engman. To be published in the Proceedings of the Feb. 1966 annual meeting of the Eastern Snow Conference

"Snowmelt Runoff from Agricultural Watersheds," M. L. Johnson. Submitted for publication in Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS. Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont 05828. Experimental field investigations.

The purpose of this study is to develop a method for calculating average precipitation

on the 43-square mile Sleepers River

watershed and its subdivisions in relation

to elevation, storm source and direction;

to study the behavior of summer convective

storms in the northeast; and to provide

information on rainfall depth-area-duration

in relation to point rainfall in this part

of the northeast. An analysis was made to determine what effects precipitation-intensity patterns,

storm duration, and areal distribution of precipitation have on hydrograph timing or basin lag. No correlation was found between storm-intensity patterns (advanced, uniform,

and delayed) and basin lag. It was not determinable whether or not this result was

due to the interaction of storm-intensity

pattern term with those for areal coverage

and storm duration. The storm duration was taken as the total time from beginning to

end of rainfall. Storm duration was found

to be a factor when the basin lag determin- ation was based on the center of mass of rainfall, but not when based on maximum rain- fall intensity. Since the latter was not significant by itself in determining basin

lag for this watershed, it would appear that storm duration is a significant factor in relation to basin lag. Areal distribution

of precipitation was found to affect basin

lag significantly when a storm concentrated

in the upper portion of watershed produced

a basin-lag time of 30 percent above average, and one concentrated in lower portion of watershed, a basin-lag time of 15 percent below average. INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND LAND USE ON STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont 05028

Experimental field investigations.

Investigations of the influence of land use,

114
climatic factors, and physical characteristics such as soils, geology, and topography upon runoff rates and water yields from

the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed

and its important subdivisions to derive relationships for predicting the hydrologic

performance of ungaged watersheds in the other parts of the physiographic area,

(g) The largest water yield and highest peak

flow appears to be more related to amount

and distribution of poorly drained soils than to the size of lvatershed, which varies

from 116 acres to 43-square miles.

(4289) SUBSURFACE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN SLEEPERS RIVER WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology .of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and

Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont 05828.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To investigate procedures for separating streamflow into components of surface runoff, return flow, and base flow for storm and annual flows; to investigate the rates, amounts, and seasonal time distribution

of subsurface contributions to streamflow;

and to investigate the relationship of the physical characteristics of watersheds to baseflow recession equations and to ground- water hydrograph shapes.

(g) The constant "K" in the basic groundwater

recession equation has been found to vary

with seasons and with soil types and land

use.

(4290) GROUNDWATER ACCRETION AND MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont 05828.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop information on ground water

accretion and movement as affected by land

use, soils, geology, and topography; and to develop methods for predicting ground water

accretion and movement in relation to the physical, hydraulic, and meteorological

characteristics of the 43-square mile

Sleepers River Watershed.

(4291) INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Expt. Sta., Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. J. B. Burford, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va. 24061.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To provide additional knowledge concerning

the disposition of precipitation in agricultural watersheds, and to develop pro- cedures based upon viatershed characteristics,

climatic factors, and various land use practices for the prediction of flood peaks

and seasonal and annual water yields in

three physiographic areas. Hydrologic,

geologic, soils, plant cover and cultural

data are being obtained on 4 unit source watersheds varying in size from 3.5 to 19.3 acres in the Appalachian Valleys and Ridges

and on 10 complex watersheds from 182 to 3,054 acres in the Appalachian Valleys

and Ridges, Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Piedmont Plateau.

(g) Preliminary analyses of Brush Creek and Crab Creek watersheds, two of the ten complex

watersheds being studied in Virginia, indicate

extreme differences in their hydrologic

behavior, even though they are similar in

size, shape, topography, and are within 11 miles of each other. The annual precipitation of Brush Creek averages consistently

about 10 percent higher than that for Crab

Creek. The annual runoff for Brush Creek

is 19.83 inches and that for Crab Creek, 7.11 inches. The differences are largely ascribed

to differences in geology, parent soils, and geomorphic characteristics. Brush Creek watershed has crystalline rock, gneiss and

schists, and Crab Creek watershed, dolomitic limestone and shale. The drainage density

for Brush Creek is 129.7 ft./ac. and for Crab Creek, 34.2 ft./ac. Brush Creek watershed has 224 streams and Crab Creek, 25. The total stream length of Brush Creek is 21.96 miles, and of Crab Creek, 4.85 miles.

(4292) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHISELING SHALLOW

SHALE SOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN

VALLEYS AND RIDGES.

(b) Cooperative with West Virginia Agricultural

Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation

Service

(c) Mr. V. 0. Shanholtz, Hydraulic Engineer,

U. S. Hydrograph Laboratory, ARS. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the effect of chiseling shallow shale subsoil upon rainfall-runoff relationships

of small watersheds. Four 10-acre watersheds were calibrated over a period of six years,

from the Spring of 1958 to the Fall of 1964. Treatment was applied to two of the four watersheds in September 1964.

(f) Discontinued.

(4294) ERODTBILITY OF SOILS IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative witth Maine

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Eliot Epstein, Soil Scientist, Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations both

basic and applied for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to obtain fundamental information on the erodlbilty of Northeast soils and to de- termine the interrelations of climate, cover

(including rock fragments), runoff, and soil loss

(g) Results continue to show increased erosion

due to rock removal and beneficial effects

of a rotation over continuous potatoes.

Progress is being made on a laboratory tech- nique for evaluating soil erodibility using a rainfall simulator.

(4295) TILLAGE AND OTHER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR WATER AND EROSION CONTROL AND THE FIELD DETERMINATION OF ERODIBILITY OF CERTAIN

SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the New York Agricultural Experiment Station,

and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. George. R. Free, Soil Scientist, Bailey

Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Field investigations.

(e) The purpose of one part of these investigations has been to determine under natural rainfall the effectiveness of certain tillage practices on the control of surface runoff and erosion. A similar objective is part of a continuing series of investigations

using a rainfall simulator. These latter investigations just starting also include field determination of the relative erodi- bility of a limited number of contrasting

soils and the measurement of residual

effects on runoff and erosion of a wide

range of past intensive cropping treatments.

(f) A study of diversion terraces cited in 1965 has been discontinued. (See also (e) above.)

(g) Marked reduction of runoff and erosion under

115
natural rainfall were found associated with minimum tillage compared to conventional. A formal report is being prepared. Results of

the diversion terrace study cited in 1965

showed that dual-purpose diversions for

erosion control and interception drainage were

an effective drainage-improving practice on fragipan soils. Channel grades were an important determinant of effectiveness.

(4819) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE

PRACTICES IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Joseph Bornstein, Agricultural Engineer,

Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. 05401.

(d) Field Investigation both basic and applied

research

(e) The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate drainage practices for sloping

lands of the Northeast. This involves

development of techniques for determining

directional components of subsurfae water

flow before and after installation of drainage treatments. Surface drainage

practices are instrumented to measure runoff

from rainfall and snowmelt. Measure the seasonal changes in soil moisture in relation

to drainage treatment; evaluation of crop

root development above and in fragipan layer,

characterization of moisture-tension relationships of disturbed and undisturbed fragipan

samples, including through the freeze-thaw

cycle

(f) Instrumentation of this project is completed

and two years data are available on diversion

ditch runoff and tile outflow. Extensive

plezometric data, crop yield and soil moisture changes are also available.

(h) "Depth to Fragipan in Cabot Silt Loam - Variability in a Characteristic Area," J. Borstein, R. J. Bartlett, M. H. Howard, Jr. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. Proc. 29(2): 201-205,

1965. "Tile Drainage of a Sloping Fragipan Soil,"

T. J. Thiel and J. Bornstein. Trans. Amer.

Soc. Agr. Engrs. (in press)

(4820) HYDROGRAPH LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperative efforts on occasion

(c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Director, Hydrograph

Lab., ARS, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The purposes of this project are to evolve

and test new concepts, theories and principles for understanding the hydrologic

processes on agricultural watersheds; to test and adapt information from various

sources for application to water control and related problems encountered in watershed engineering; to conduct special

analyses involving ARS data from more than

one Station or more than one Branch that

can be more adequately carried out at a central location which has available a full-time staff of scientists with specialized training in hydraulics, hydrology,

meteorology, and mathematics; and to provide

case assistance to field personnel de- tailed to the Laboratory for specific anal- yses as requested by the field.

(g) In a continuation of a study reported last

year, watershed storage-flow relationships

are being developed for synthesis of upland

runoff hydrographs. As an alternative

development, a mathematical expression de- scribing simple runoff hydrographs is being

utilized. Currently, the Hydrograph Laboratory has completed a field sampling program

of selceted soils occurring on Agricultural

Research Service experimental watersheds. Laboratory studies are now determining mois- ture-holding capacities and hydraulic con- ductivities. These data are intended for

use in computing rainfall excesses and watershed retentions. Low level aerial photography on seven experimental watersheds is being processed for stream and valley cross

sections and for watershed topography.

Numerical studies are continuing in the hydraulics of flood flow utilizing both kinematic and kinetic formulations. Computer program (IBM 1620) are presently available for prismatic or nonprlsmatic channel geometry. Depth-area duration studies of rainfall expectancies are underway using data

from dense network watersheds as supplied by

various participating agencies. Distribution patterns for major storms are also under

study.

(h) "Effective Rainfall and Irrigation Water

Requirements," D. M. Hershfield, Jour. Irrig. & Drainage Dlv., Proc. 3920, Amer. Soc. Civil Engln., Vol. 90, No. IR2, pp. 33-47, June 1964.

"The Frequency of Small Daily Rainfall Amounts in Eastern United States," D. M. Hershfield. Bui. I.A.S.H., IX Annee No. 1, pp. 5-11, 1964. "Estimating the Maximum 24-hour Snowfall,"

D. M. Hershfield, Bui. I.A.S.H., IX Annee No.

4, pp. 32-39, 1964. "Methods for Estimating the Probable Maxi- mum Rainfall," D. M. Hershfield. Jour. Amer. Waterworks Assoc., Vol. 57, No. 8, pp. 965-

972, Aug. 1965. "Hydrodynamics of Overland Flow and Non- prismatic Channels," D. L. Brakensiek.

Trans., Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin. (in press) "Numerical Techniques for Small Watershed

Flood Routing," D. L. Brakensiek, A. L. Heath and G. H. Comer.* USDA-ARS 41-113.

(in press) Automated System for Analysis of Runoff Hydrographs," D. L. Brakensiek. USDA-ARS

41-120. (in press)

"A Model for Computing Watershed Retention

from Soil Parameters," H. N. Holtan. Jour. Soil & Water Conserv., Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 91-94, May-June 1965. "Hydrologic Characteristics of Soil Types,"

H. N. Holtan, C. B. England and D. E. Whelan. Jour. Irrig. and Drainage Dlv., Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs. (in press)

"Simplified Techniques for Fitting Frequency

Distributions to Hydrologic Data," D. L. Brakensiek and J. L. McGuinness. USDA Handbook 259, 42 pp., 1964. "National Summaries and Analyses of Experimental Watershed Data," H. N. Holtan and

D. E. Whelan. Bui. I.A.S.H., Symposium,

Budapest. Pub. No. 66, pp. 351-360, SeptOct. 1965. "Hydraulics in Synthesis of Upland Runoff Hydrographs," D. E. Overton. Trans. Amer.

Soc. Agr. Engin. (in press)

(4821) EFFECTIVENESS OF STREAM BANK STABILIZATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES IN REDUCING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, Civil Engrg. Dept., Parker Engrg. Bldg., State

Univ. of New York at Buffalo,' Buffalo, New

York 14214.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop procedures for estimating

effectiveness of streambank stabilization

and other measures In reducing the sediment discharge of a stream. It is postulated

that the total sediment load of a stream is directly related to the mean concentration

of the suspended sediment for a flood series, and that changes in time of the mean con- centration resulting from installation of streambank stabilization measures are indi- cative of changes in total sediment load. The streambank stabilization measures are being installed by Soil Conservation Service

as part of the authorized flood prevention

program in the Buffalo River watershed. Measurements of suspended sediment load

116
(c)

concentration and of stream discharges are made for all floods above a certain magnitude.

(f) Completed.

(4822) A STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT OF COARSE-TEXTURED BED MATERIAL OF TWO NEW YORK MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, Civil Engrg. Dept., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) To relate the quantities of transported bed materials to flood discharge rates and

durations, to determine applicability of bed load equations in coarse material transport problems and, if appropriate, devise

new or revised relationships. In 1963 a stream reach was instrumented and debris basin made larger on the Little Hoosic

River near Berlin, New York. In 1964 a stream reach and debris basin were instru- mented on Dean Creek, Tioga County, New

York.

(g) The first significant movement of bed material

on the Little Hoosic River occurred on March

5, 1964 when a peak flow of 250 c.f.s. was

measured. The amount of bedload material

trapped in debris basin was about 260 cubic

yards. When the hydraulic characteristics

were used in the Meyer-Peter's formula, it was found that the weighted mean particle

size was so large that no bedload transport

should have taken place under the observed

conditions. Hoviever, when the mean size of

the bank material was substituted for that of

the bedload material, then the formula pro- duced almost exactly the amount of material

deposited in the debris basin. •

(4823) COMPILATION AND PUBLICATION OF SELECTED HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Cooperative project with various State Experiment Stations and Land Grant Colleges

and with the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. W. Hobbs, Hydraulic Engineer, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

(d) Office assembling and processing of current hydrologic data.

(e) To provide information on monthly precipitation and runoff, annual maximum discharges and volumes of runoff, and selected runoff events with associated data on rainfall, land use

and practices, soils, geology, and antecedent

conditions for all current ARS research watersheds in the United States. Hydrologic Data publications will be published at regular

intervals.

(h) "1960-61 Hydrologic Data for Experimental

Agricultural Watersheds In the United States,"

H. W. Hobbs and F. Crammatte. USDA Misc.

Pub. No.' 994, May 1965.

(5206) DRAINAGE PRACTICES FOR LEVEL AND SLOPING LANDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia Truck

Experiment Station and the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Truman Goins, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2160, Norfolk, Virginia 23501.

(d) Laboratory and field Investigations including

both theoretical and applied phases.

(e) Drainage studies for level land include a study of drainage requirements of various

vegetable crops with emphasis on the various

factors related to high soil water contents

and their effect on plant growth. Land- forming will be studied as a means of minimizing the need for surface drains in flat Coastal Plains areas, and for more

efficient soil and water management

practices on sloping lands of the Piedmont.

(g) The effects of water table levels on the growth of tomatoes, snapbeans and sweet corn

is being reported and prepared for publication and will be available In the near future. Water use efficiency and nutrient uptake by

plants as affected by water table is Included.

(5979) w

(c)

(f)

FACTORS AFFECTING MOISTURE CONSERVATION AND

CROP GROWTH ON EXPOSED SUBSOIL. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. A. R. Batchelder, Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va . 24061. Field investigations.

The study includes mulch management with and without irrigation to evaluate factors affecting soil moisture storage in exposed

subsoils, infiltration, surface crusting

and runoff. Initiated in 1965.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Div. NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, P. 0. Box E, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEAS- URING DEVICES. Cooperative with Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station. See Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Section,

Fort Collins, Colo., page 15.

(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1644, Grand Forks, North Dakota

58201.

(d) Field investigation. Applied research.

(e) A field investigation covering more than

200 square miles to determine possible

causes for a saline condition on a large

area of land. Measurements consist of water tables, artesian conditions, soil and water physical and chemical data.

(g) Salt-affected soils are caused by high water

tables, poor drainage conditions and saline artesian waters. High water tables are caused by precipitation. The salt source

is the Dakota sandstone artesian aquifer.

(4296) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

See Colorado State University, Civil Engrg.

Section, Project No. 3400.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

Engineering Research Center, CSU Foothills

Campus, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80521.

(d) Experimental investigations; basic and

applied, portions used for masters and doctoral theses.

(e) This study is an experimental Investigation

utilizing a tilting flume in which a small channel 60-feet long is formed by natural

soil which is fixed in position against movement by chemical spray. A variety of roughness forms can be created on the bed.

The relation of roughness dimensions and

channel shape to flow resistance is de- termined for a range of channel slopes and flow depths.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Relationships between resistance coeffi- cients and measured roughness dimensions

were developed for both laminar and turbulent flows. The transition between these

flows was found to occur at a Reynolds number (RV/v) of 500 for these channels. For low Reynolds number flows (Re less

than 500) over rough boundaries, normal flow

depth was proportional to discharge,

viscosity and roughness height and inversely

proportional to roughness spacing and

channel slope. For turbulent flows, re- sistance was a logarithmic function of

117
roughness height and flow depth. The standard deviation of bed elevation measurement

was used in both cases to represent

the effective height of the nonuniform

roughness elements. Effects of roughness

spacing and channel shape on flow resistance

could not be detected for turbulent flows.

(4297) COOPERATIVE WATER YIELD PROCEDURES STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil Conservation Service, USDA, and the Bureau

of Reclamation, USDI.

(c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, (Collaborator), 1697 S. W. 19th, West Linn, Oregon 97068.

d) Office analyses, applied research.

e) To develop and test methods for use by field

engineers to evaluate the downstream effects

of upstream conservation use and treatment

of land on water yields of creeks and rivers.

The project is one purely of analytic

hydrology. The project uses available

hydrologic and other data wherever it Is available. It secures no new hydrologic

data such as streamflow data, climatic data, or land-treatment data. The project is nearing completion.

(g) Studies have demonstrated that it cannot be proved statistically significant that there

are downstream effects on stream flow of upstream conservation treatment and use of

land, although it is axiomatic that in subhumid to arid areas such effects must

exist. A rational method of evaluating

such effects has been developed and tested.

A summary of the studies performed and presentation of the rational method will be published through Department of Agriculture

media during 1964.

(4298) COMPARISONS OP RATES AND AMOUNTS OF RUNOFF

FROM SMALL SINGLE-COVER WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska

68901.

d) Field investigations -- applied research.

e) To evaluate the effect of (l) different land use treatment and (2) different crops on the runoff from single crop watersheds in the Central Great Plains, as one of the signi- ficant factors influencing runoff from complex watersheds. Replicate 4-acre single crop watersheds in meadow, pasture, culti- vated and eroded cultivated land seeded to grass are Instrumented with recording rain

gages, flumes and waterstage recorders. Six

cultivated watersheds are in a wheat-sorghumfallow rotation. Mulch (subsurface) tillage,

on the contour, is practiced. Effects of different crops and land uses on storm runoff rates and amounts are determined by

analyzing hydrographs and histograms.

Seasonal, annual, and long time effects are determined by analyzing precipitation and runoff data.-

(g) Twenty-four years of record show that runoff

from a single crop 4-acre watershed averaged

3.3 inches. During the same period a 4-acre native-pasture yielded 2.0 inches and a native-meadow yielded only 0.25 inches. Rainfall during the period averaged 22.4 inches. These results indicate the relative

differences that can be expected in runoff under different land-use practices.

(4299) RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS OF

LARGE MIXED-USE WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 1000, Hasting, Nebraska

68901.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine characteristics of runoff from

large mixed-use watersheds as related to, or

affected by, precipitation, channel storage,

transmission losses to valley alluvium,

time of concentration, stream gradient, and watershed size. Three watersheds, in mixed

use, 481, 2086 and 3490 acres in size, are Instrumented with rain gages, weirs, and

stage recorders for observing precipitation

and runoff. Transmission losses to valley

alluviums are estimated by use of gaged

outflow and estimates of inflow from unit

source areas of tributary land. These latter estimates are based on gaged rainfall

on and runoff from small 4-acre single-use

source area watersheds. Hydrographs and histograms are analyzed to obtain watershed

retention (infiltration) rates and hydrograph characteristics.

(g) Twenty-four years of record indicate that average yearly runoff from a conventionally

farmed area of 481 acres was 3.3 inches.

On a single crop 4-acre area the average

was 3.6 inches. Rainfall for the period

averaged 22.4 inches. A comprehensive

analysis of the 24 years of continuous

records is underway.

(h) "Transmission Losses of Loesial Watersheds,"

J. A. Allis, F. J. Dragoun, and A. L. Sharp.

Agricultural Engr. 7(3): 209-212, 217. November 1964.

(4300) COMPARISON OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS

FROM CONSERVATION AND CONVENTIONALLY

FARMED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska

68901.

(d) Field investigations — applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of conservation

farming, land use, climate, and physiography

on rates and amounts -of runoff and sediment

yields. Two 400-odd-acre watersheds, one conventionally farmed and the other con- servation farmed, are equipped with re- cording rain gages, weirs and stage recorders, and sediment samplers, to measure precipitation, runoff, and sediment yields. The

two watersheds were operated the same during

a calibration period from 1939 to 1947

One was then treated by terracing, contour

tillage and seeding eroded cultivated land

to grass.

(g) Current data substantiate previous analyses

indicating conservation measures are effective in controlling soil erosion from average rainfall events. Six years of continuous measurement show that annual

sediment yield from the area under con- servation was 5.4 tons/acre compared with

8.7 tons/acre from the conventionally

farmed area or a difference of 38 percent.

In 1957, a year of above normal rainfall with intense storms, no significant re- duction in sediment yield was realized under conservation practices whereas In 1963, a year of above normal rainfall but

no intense storms, the sediment yield from

the area under conservation was only 14 percent of that from the conventionally

farmed area. The significance of kinetic energy of rainfall in sediment yield

determinations is indicated.

(4301) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OF GRAZING AND RUNOFF AMOUNTS ON FINE -TEXTURED SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota 57760.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine the effects of light, moderate

and heavy grazing and other factors such as precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, soil frost and snow accumulation, on rates and amounts of runoff from fine-textured range

soils in southwestern South Dakota.

118
Replicated plots of about 2 acres in each

of the lightly, moderately and heavily

grazed pastures are instrumented to observe

runoff amounts (stage recorders and H-flumes)

rates and amounts of precipitation (recording

rain gages), soil moisture, soil frost and vegetative conditions. The studies are being made on the South Dakota Range Experiment Station near Cotton wood, South Dakota,

(g) Rainfall-runoff events during the first year

of study indicate that grazing intensity

materially influences range cover and that runoff is normally higher from heavily

grazed areas although storm sequences and antecedent moisture conditions can significantly influence the normal trend.

(4302) MEDICINE CREEK WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Geological

Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska 68901.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Data from this southwestern Nebraska project

are being analyzed for the following

purposes: (l) To estimate the long-time

runoff and sediment yields from 8 years of observed hydrologic watershed data; (2) to determine if acquired runoff, sediment and

channel data will adhere to the existing

channel regime equations for six runoff

stations; and (3) to compile and prepare a publication indicating vihat data have been collected as part of the cooperative

investigations, and where these data may be found.

(g) The long-time sediment yields for the six watersheds have been computed by three different approaches. In each of these methods, the observed runoff and sediment

data for 8 years were used for the projection.

(4303) SEDIMENT YIELD AS RELATED TO GULLY AND

CHANNEL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, and tjetr'raska and Kansas Agricultural Experiment' Stations.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska 68901.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) The objectives of this project are (l) To determine and relate rates of gully and channel erosion to causal factors; (2) to provide basic data on rates of land loss

and land depreciation due to gully erosion; and (3) to develop criteria, based upon hydrologic and physical factors, for esti- mating quantities of sediment derived from gully erosion,

(g) Results of studies covering an 11-year

period indicate that channel slopes and

shapes are related to erosion and runoff

conditions. It was found that for a unit

cross section area, depths of flow, In a gullied channel, Increase in a downstream

direction but the rate of increase declines

with distance downstream from the head-cut. Head cutting erosion in one case was equivalent to 8 percent of the total sediment yield and the material removed from the channel was equivalent to 30 percent of the total sediment yield of the tributary

drainage in the 11-year period.

(4304) SABETHA LAKE WATERSHED SEDIMENTATION

STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska 68901.

(d) Field Investigations and office analysis.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (l) To determine the amount, rate, and character of the sediment yields from this 10-square

mile watershed in northeast Kansas; (2) to relate sediment accumulation in the reservoir with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff

and other watershed characteristics.

(4306) SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN FLOODWATER

RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. Verne I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska

68901.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and office analyses.

(e) This study was undertaken to improve the design criteria for floodwater retarding-type

reservoirs by: (1) determining those factors that influence sediment distribution and evaluating their importance, and (2) deriving and testing methods for predicting the horizontal and/or vertical sediment distri- bution in floodwater retarding-type reservoirs. This is important in determining the minimum elevation of the principal spillway

and the required original capacities of various storage pools.

(4309) ISOLATION AND RELATIVE EVALUATION OF RUNOFF

PRODUCING POTENTIALS OF RANGE SITES OF WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Kuhlman, Botanist, Newell Irri- gation and Dryland Field Station, Newell,

South Dakota 57760.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations —

applied research.

(e) To evaluate relative runoff producing po- tentials of principal range sites of Western

South Dakota including sandy, silty, shallow, thin breaks, panspots, overflow, clayey, and

dense clay range sites as characteristic of

D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas In the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming. To evaluate relatively the same range sites by rainfall simulators. To Isolate vegetative factors such as standing

vegetation, mulch, root systems and soil factors that cause differences in runoff fron different range sites.

(4310) WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FROM RANGELAND WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota 57760.

(d) Field investigations, applied research.

(e) To determine the frequency of water yields

of various amounts from rangeland watersheds

ranging in size from a few acres to 13,000

acres, and gross sediment yields (volumetric) from the same watersheds, as representative

of the D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas in eastern Montana, Wyoming

and the Western Dakotas. Purposes of these studies are to provide data on water yields

and information on which to estimate the probable useful life of ponds and reservoirs

in the problem areas. The work is being

done by gaging precipitation, measuring water yields in stockwater reservoirs, making

reservoir sedimentation surveys, and securing data on watershed physical, topographic,

ecologic and grazing use factors.

(g) Data continue to show that sediment yields

from fine-textured soils are double those

from the medium textured soils (7.5 tons/

acre and 3.7 tons/acre respectively).

Similarlly, surface runoff from the fine119
textured soils has continued to average 4 times that from medium-textured soils.

In 1962, 6.1 inches of runoff or 27 percent

of the 22.6 inches of precipation occurred

in a 90 acre fine-textured soil area which

is the highest percentage measured since

the studies were Initiated in 1957. The highest runoff during 1962 from the mediumtextured soils areas was 6 percent of the annual rainfall.

(4824) EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE PROM RANGELAND

STOCKPONDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station,

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota

57760.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To differentiate total stockpond water

dissipation into evaporation and seepage and develop a basis for predicting expected

stockpond water losses. The purpose of this study is to aid in the development of practical methods to reduce losses of water

from stockponds to provide dependable water

supplied for livestock.

(g) Data show that the ratio of the total pond

evaporation (floating pan) to that from the Class A land pan is 0.64. Seepage and deep

percolation in ponds in the medium-textured

soils region amount to 55$ of the total pond

dissipation. In one 12 ac. ft. capacity

stockpond the volume of daily seepage loss over a 37-day period averaged 910 cu. ft. per day or an equivalent volume to water more

than 600 cows each day. Stockponds on medium-textured soils are continuing to show water losses exceeding inflow up to 80 percent of the time resulting in dry ponds

nearly 50 percent of the time.

(4826) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIALLY SATURATED POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Colo. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Agricultural Engineer,

Engineering Research Center, CSU Foothills

Campus, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80521.

d) Basic research.

e) Certain hydraulic characteristics of porous

media must be known for laboratory modeling

of complicated field problems involving water movement in soils. Problems involving

flow of fluids in partially saturated soils often cannot be solved except by inferences

derived from the performance of models. The purpose of the study is to be able to predict from equations how any porous medium

will behave with respect to the functional

relationship between permeability, degree

of saturation (or fluid pressure) when

certain media properties are known. A thorough understanding of the way permea- bility is effected by measurable properties

of porous media might eliminate the necessity of selecting a porous medium by

trial for use in model studies.

(g) A theory showing how the variables capillary

pressure, water and air permeability are related to degree of saturation has been

developed. Methods and equipment have been developed for measuring these variables using

steady state experiments. Verification of the theory with experimental results has been

good. It appears that hydraulic properties

of partially saturated media can be described

by three parameters: the bubbling pressure,

P-b j a measure of the uniformity of the pores

in the medium, ti; and the saturated permea- bility K.

(h) "Similitude for Non-Drainage of Partially

Saturated Soils," G. L. Corey, A. T. Corey

and R. H. Brooks. Colo. State Univ.,

Hydrology Paper No. 9:1-37. August 1965.

(4827) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN BORDER CHECK IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. 0. W. Howe, Agricultural Engineer, USDAARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 786, Grand Junction, Colorado 81502.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) This is a study of the operational charac- teristics of low-gradient border checks on

a medium textured soil. It involves measurement of the efficiency of Irrigation,

uniformity of distribution, effect of uneven

grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc., upon irrigation efficiency.

Soil moisture samples are taken before and after irrigation at intervals in the length

of the run. Continuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to ob- tain relationships regarding the effect of crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, intake rate, on rate of advance of irrigation water. Such relationships will

be useful in designing and operating low- gradient border check irrigation systems.

(g) Slopes of 0 to 0.05 percent gave highest

irrigation efficiencies, around 90 percent, when crop retardance to the flow of water

was small. Slopes of 0.10 to 0.15 percent

were needed to offset the high retardance

caused by fully developed sugar beet foliage

(4828) DESIGN DATA FOR LEVEL OR NEARLY LEVEL BENCH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON CLAY SOILS IN WESTERN

SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. C. J. Erickson, Soil Scientist, Newell Irrigation and Dry Land Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota 57760.

(d) Field investigations. Results will be used

for design purposes.

(e) This is a study of the operational character- istics of low-gradient border checks on a fine textured soil. It involves measurement

of the efficiency of irrigation, uniformity

of distribution, and effect of uneven grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc, upon irrigation efficiency. Soil moisture

samples are taken before and after irrigation

at intervals In the length of the run. Con- tinuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to obtain relationships re- garding the effect of crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, intake rate, on rate

of advance of irrigation water. Such rela- tionships will be useful in designing and operating low-gradient border check Irri- gation systems.

f ) Discontinued.

g) No significant findings have been obtained

as yet since this project was just initiated

in 1962.

(4831) LAND FORMING ON SALT-AFFECTED LACUSTRINE SOILS

IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY HAVING AN INTERSECTING MINOR RIDGE-DEPRESSION TYPE OF MICRORELIEF.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 1644, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201.

d) Field experiment; applied research.

e) Consists of four 5-acre plots under culti- vation in a saline ridge-depression micro- relief area. Two plots are leveled -- one having surface drainage, the other having

only internal (tile) drainage (precipitation

is impounded) . One unleveled plot has internal drainage, the second one has none. Purpose of work is to determine effects of land forming and tile drainage on salt- affected land.

(4832) A STUDY OF THE FALLING WATER TABLE, SOIL

MOISTURE, AND SOIL SALT TRANSLOCATION

DURING WINTER MONTHS.

120
b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 1644, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201.

d) Field experiment; basic research.

e) Experiment consists of two treatments (straw mulch and fallow) each replicated 3 times. Field plots are 60' x 60'. Measurements

obtained are; soil moisture (neutron method), water tables, soil temperatures, freezing

depth, water and soil physical and chemical

data. Purpose of the experiment is to determine translocation of water table waters which recede during the winter months.

(4833) RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A.

(b) Laboratory project, (joint project with Mr.

M. E. Jensen, Northwest Branch.)

(c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Soil Scientist, Agricultural

Research Service, P. 0. Box E, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522.

(d) Analytical and theoretical; basic and

applied.

(e) Measurements of evapotranspiration rates for one- to three-week periods made by USDA personnel during the past 35 years have been

re-evaluated and selected data for field

and orchard crops are being related to solar radiation and air temperature using an energy balance approach. Solar radiation

data for 20 locations in the Western U.S.A. have been summarized and procedures developed

for estimating radiation for specific

periods. The resulting relationships can

be used for estimating evapotranspiration

for various crops.

(f) Completed.

(5207) VOLUMETRIC EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A COMPLEX WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska

68901.

(d) Field Investigations and office analysis; master's thesis study.

(e) To develop a method of determining volumes

of erosion and deposition within a watershed

using topographic maps developed from aerial photographs, and to delineate the areas, determine the volumes and indicate the depths of erosion and deposition v/ith time.

It is expected that from this research a new method will evolve for use in con- servation work.

(5208) DEVELOPMENT OR CHANGES OF VEGETATION ON PERMANENT GRASS WATERSHEDS AS AFFECTED BY

USE AND AS RELATED TO WATER YIELDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Warren L. Rice, Engineering Technician,

ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 1000, Hastings, Nebraska

68901.

(d) Field investigations--applied research; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Objectives of the research are: (l) To

follow deterioration of vegetation when

converting from meadow to pasture; (2) to follow development of vegetation on crop- land seeded to native grasses; and (3) to follow changes in vegetative cover of a permanent pasture watershed. In all cases

the effect on water yields will be determined.

It is the purpose of this research to provide needed information on the effect of changes in pasture and meadow land use on runoff and water yields.

(h) "Effects on Runoff Volume for Perennial

Prairie Grass Seeded on Cultivated Land,"

W. L. Rice, F. J. Dragoun. J. of Soil and Water Conserv., Vol. 20, No. 2. March- April 1965.

(5566) LABORATORY STUDY OF DELTA DEVELOPMENT INDUCED BY FLOOD-WATER RETARDING AND SEDI- MENT DETENTION STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory investigations cooperative with

the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Engineering Research

Center, CSU Foothills Campus, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80521.

(d) Experimental investigations; basic and applied.

(e) Purpose of project is: (1) To investigate

the dynamic processes involved in delta

(topset bed) development above floodwater

or debris storage structures, and (2) to develop equations and graphical representations describing the delta development processes in terms of the variables in- volved.

(g) Project initiated September, 1964. As yet,

no data have been obtained.

(5567) AUTOMATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

b) Laboratory and field investigations.

c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box E, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522.

(d) Laboratory and field project. Applied re- search. Development, design and operation

of automated system.

(e) To develop labor-saving devices for surface application of irrigation water to farm fields for more efficient use of existing water supplies. Study involves development

and testing of remote operation of a pneumatic valve (patents pending) capable

of controlling water in open ditch and

closed pipe systems.

f) In early stages of development.

g) Water has been successfully applied to irrigation fields by radio control of pneumatic valves at distances up to one mile or more. Further studies are to be initiated at five locations where automatic

systems will be operated and tested on a total farm basis.

(h) "Pneumatic Valves for Automation of Irrigation Systems," H. R. Haise, E. G. Kruse and

N. A. Dimick, ARS 41-104. July 1965.

(5568) THE EFFECT OF SLOPE WITHIN A WATERSHED ON WATER INTAKE AND RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Norris P. Swanson, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Lincoln, Nebraska.

d) Field Investigations; basic and applied.

e) Purpose of the project is: (1) To measure

and compare intake, runoff, and erosion from

plots on slopes of approximately 3, 6, and

10 percent, located within small 4-acre watersheds using simulated rainfall; and

(2) to construct runoff hydrographs using

simulated rainfall data for comparison with hydrographs obtained from natural rainfall.

(f) Discontinued.

(5977) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN SUB-SURFACE DRAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

SWC-ARS-USDA, Engineering Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

d) Experimental, laboratory investigation.

e) Head losses are being determined for uniform

flow in different underground drainage

materials. Lines of clay and concrete tile are laid with varying joint spacings and alinements. Resistance is also being measured in new plastic and composition

drain materials.

(5978) IRRIGATION BORDER DESIGN ON A SHALLOW, SANDY

SOIL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

SWC-ARS-USDA, Engineering Research Center,

121
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado

80521.

d) Experimental, field investigation.

e) Varying rates and times of water application

are being made to Irrigated borders of dif- ferent lengths. Water applied, soil moisture

and runoff are measured to determine proper

design for maximum irrigation efficiency.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. NORTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 1096, Boise, Idaho 83701.

Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Branch Chief.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr, Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.),

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) To determine the effect of sprinkler

pattern on field irrigation efficiency and develop a method for calculation of field water application efficiency for a sprinkler

system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity,

humidity, temperature, Irrigation period, and related factors. Another phase of this project is to test typical sprinkler heads

for reproducibility of water distribution

pattern.

(f) Completed.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

(d) Experimental j field investigation, basic research

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an irrigation border strip.

(3553) DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC SURFACE IRRIGATION

EQUIPMENT.

b) Laboratory-field project.

c) Mr. Allan S. Humpherys, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River

Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

d) Experimental; design and development.

e) To develop automatic and semi-automatic control structures for surface irrigation.

(g) Gates which will check the flow of water in

a head ditch for a pre-determined period of time are being developed. These allow

a field to be irrigated a portion at a time. Automatic and manual reset gates are being developed for both lined and unlined

ditches. These are controlled by mechanical

timers, electrically and with floats.

(4311) FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS BY ELECTRONIC ANALOG.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho 83844.

(d) Analytical, basic and applied.

(e) Further development and adaption of electronic analog methods in the solution of flood routing problems and the prediction of flood hydrographs from agricultural and Foothill range watersheds of the northwest.

(4312) WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY WATERSHED CHAR- ACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho 83844.

d) Analytical.

e) Regional analysis of water yield as affected

by climatic, topographic, geologic, soil, land use and other characteristics of rangeland watersheds in the Northwest.

(4313) SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPHS AS INFLUENCED BY

CLIMATIC FACTORS AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho 83844.

d) Analytical, basic and applied.

e) To develop Improved methods for estimating

daily hydrographs of streamflow from mountainous watersheds where the supply is from snowmelt and occasional rain.

(4314) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORTHERN

SEMI-DESERT WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Research Botanist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho 83701.

d) Experimental, basic and applied.

e) The 93 square mile Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Owyhee County Idaho, has

recording raingages to a density in excess

of one per square mile. From this network, methods for evaluating rainfall amounts and intensities for different areas are being

developed. Seasonal distribution with

respect to amounts, character, and areal

extent of precipitation are being measured.

(g) Topography greatly influences precipitation

in Reynolds Valley. The regression equations for the' relation of precipitation to elevation,

computed for the east and west half of the watershed are parallel, but there is a five

inch difference in the constant term in the equations. This is attributable to the position of the valley in relation to in- coming storms. Precipitation is extremely

variable in the semi-arid Northwest. To estimate mean precipitation in a stream basin in the mountainous Northwest similar

to Reynolds Creek in relation of precipitation

to elevation, topography, elevation, storm patterns and rainfall with 95 percent

confidence of being or - 1 inch would

require approximately 55 rain gages.

(4315) THE DESIGN OF SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER

SYSTEMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.), Agricultural Research Service, Snake River

Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

d) Experimental, applied research, design.

e) Determine water application patterns of self-propelled sprinkler systems. Determine

the effect of wind on application patterns

of. self-propelled sprinkler laterals, and develop method of designing self-propelled

sprinkler laterals from theoretical formulas

(f) Completed.

(4836) WATER BUDGET OF A UNIT SOURCE AREA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Research Botanist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho 83701.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Determine as fully as possible the fate of water falling on a small representative watershed throughout the year and estimate

evaporation and transpiration from readily

obtained instrumental and climatological

data. Such a general understanding of the disposition of precipitation on an area is basic to an understanding of the effects of

soils, geology, vegetation and climate.

122
4837)

[4:838)

il]

(d)

(g)

(4839)

(4840)

(b)

(c)

(f) Combined with oroject: WATER BUDGET Op WATERSHED (5980). FACTORS AFFECTING SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT

ON UNIT SOURCE AREAS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho 83701. Experimental; basic and applied research. Determine physical and meteorological factors contributing to non-uniformity of snow ac- cumulation and melt in a shrub covered unit

source area in the sagebrush zone of Owyhee

County, Idaho

Any improvement in the quantity or timing of flow from snow fed streams by manipulation

of vegetation or other practices requires a thorough understanding of the behavior of snow under these conditions. Such infor- mation must be derived from research. A STUDY OF SURFACE WATER DIVERSIONS AND

RETURN FLOW IN REYNOLDS VALLEY. Laboratory project.

Mr. Clifton W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho 83701. Experimental; basic and applied research. This Investigation is designed to find the consumptive use of water by an upstream

irrigated area as it affects downstream water supplies. All of the inflow to Reynolds Valley is measured as is the outflow

and general ground water levels. About 50 percent of the water diverted for irrigation is used on the land with the remainder returning to the stream by over- land and ground water flow. GEOLOGIC CONTROL OF SUBSURFACE STORAGE AND

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF BASALT TERRANE. Laboratory project.

Mr. Gordon R. Stephenson, Geologist, F. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho 83701

Experimental and field Investigation; basic

and applied research. An intensive hydrogeologic study of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed is being made, using various geologic, geo- physical, and hydraulic methods to evaluate

the hydrologic characteristics of the basalt

terrane in this portion of Owyhee County,

Idaho. One objective is being approached by

studying the water balance on a closed basaltic basin. Boundaries of aquifers located, recharge rates

computed, and permeability and transmissibility

values determined for these basalts. The latter values for these upland basalts are low when compared to the aquifers in the basalts of the Snake River Plains. "Network Design for Ground Water Studies in

a Small Watershed," G. R. Stephenson. Proceedings of W.M.O. and I.A.S.H. Symposium on Design of Hydrometeorological Networks,

Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, 1965. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

(d)

(g)

(h)

(5209)

Laboratory project.

140. See project 4358, page

Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.) Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341. Experimental; applied research. To design a portable device that can be used in the design and evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. To determine

procedures for the use of this device. Completed. DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER MEASURING

DEVICES AMD METHODS. Laboratory and field project.

Mr. A. h. Robinson, Director, Snake River

Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Kimberly, (Twin Falls) Idaho 83341.

(d) Experimental design and development.

(e) To develop devices and methods for accurate measurement of flow of water.

(g) Improved devices will be developed to measure flow in pipes, channels and underground.

Specifically, devices to be or being studied

include: (1) Combination headgate and measurement structures, (2) improved measuring

flumes, (3) runoff measuring structures for

watersheds, (4) devices utilizing drag or deflection principles, and (5) dye diffusion

techniques

(h) "Simplified Flow Corrections for Parshall

Flumes Under Submerged Conditions," A. R. Robinson. Engineers' Notebook, Civil

Engineering, ASCE, September 1965.

(5569) IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ON SUGAR BEETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Marvin E. Jensen, Investigations Leader

(Water Management), Agricultural Research

Service, Snake River Conservation Research

Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho

83341.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Two moisture levels each with 3 nitrogen

rates are irrigated for 3 time durations to simulate the upper, middle and lower parts

of a field. The influence of these practices

on yield, sugar percentage, nitrogen recovery,

and deep percolation water losses will be evaluated.

(5570) FACTORS AFFECTING FARM AND PROJECT IRRI- GATION EFFICIENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Marvin E. Jensen, Investigations Leader

(Water Management), Agricultural Research

Service, Snake River Conservation Research

Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho

83341.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Detailed measurement of the disposition of irrigation waters on selected farms will be made by the USBR and ARS to evaluate the factors affecting farm and project irrigation

efficiencies.

(5571) DESIGN OF RECIRCULATING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and

design.

(e) This project will develop criteria for de- sign of pumping systems to return irrigation

runoff water to the distribution system.

Possible amounts and rates of runoff waters

will be determined, both theoretically and cn

a field basis. Size of system, (pump, sump, pipeline, etc.) as well as system operation

are being investigated.

(h) "Recirculating Farm Irrigation Systems,"

J. A. Bondurant and L. S. Willardson (In press, ASCE Proceedings).

(5980) WATER BUDGET OF WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. Russell Hamon, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, P.

0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho 83701.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Each hydrologic component is to be evaluated

and the parameters of predictive equations

related to easily determined physical char- acteristics and climate. Such equations will be used in combination with hydrologic

storages to develop a hydrologic model for predicting the water budget on ungaged

watersheds. These procedures will be developed principally for semi-arid range

lands

123
(h) "Reynolds Creek in Southwest Idaho: An Out- door Hydrologic Laboratory," J. S. Robins,

L. L. Kelly, and W. R. Hamon. Water Re- sources Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 407-413. Third Quarter 1965.

"Use of Experimental Watershed Data in Pre- dicting the Water Balance," W. Russell Hamon

and J. Marvin Rosa, Symposium of Budapest,

International Association of Scientific

Hydrology, Pub. No. 66, pp. 252-261, 1965.

(5981) TRANSIENT VERTICAL DRAINAGE IN IRRIGATED SOIL.

U)

(e)

(s)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Marvin E. Jensen, Investigation Leader

(Water Management), Agricultural Research

Service, Snake River Conservation Research

Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho

83341. Theoretical and experimental; and basic and

applied.

Numerical solutions for nonsteady state vertical drainage were obtained using a computer and independently determined hydraulic properties of the porous materials.

These were compared with experimental data

and used to evaluate approximate solutions. Deep percolation losses encountered when maintaining soil moisture within specific limits under various rates of evapotranspiration and root zone depths will be evaluated

In a similar manner for developing practical methods of predicting the magnitude of these losses

Under drainage, without evapotranspiration,

two flow regimes occurred in coarse-textured

materials. During the first stage, the out- flow rate from a column was related to the position and fluid pressure at the saturated

front. Only a portion of the drainable fluid

drains during this period. An approximate

solution presented by Youngs in 1960 predicts

the drainage rate adequately during this period,

but only during this period, During the second stage, the change in outflow rate was

not dependent on the movement of the saturated

front but was now dependent on the unsaturated

hydraulic conductivity and differential fluid capacity of the porous materials.

"Nonsteady-State Drainage of Fluid from Porous Media and Drainable Porosity," Marvin

E. Jensen, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Department,

August 1965.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHERN BRANCH, P. 0. Box 1039, Athens, Georgia

30601. Dr. A. R. Bertrand, Branch Chief.

(3870) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO CHANNEL STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State University.

(c) Mr. Joe C. Willis, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655, and Mr. Paul Yates, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia 30677.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) It is necessary for proper planning and design of agricultural watershed conser- vation work to have knowledge of the extent

of aggradation or degradation that Is likely to occur with placement of structures

in alluvial channels. Studies of deposition

and scour as related to actual structures

at various locations in Mississippi, Georgia,

Wisconsin and other selected locations to provide the needed field data are underway

to develop procedures and criteria useful in predicting channel adjustments with

structural installations and accompanying

changes in sediment transport and flow

pattern.

(g) Channel surveys show a slow rate of de- gradation of the streambed of Barber Creek,

Georgia, where the control of flood flows by flood water detention structure is greatest. Here the watershed is about 95 percent con- trolled. The degree of channel scour and channel erosion rates are being determined

in connection with several structural installations in Mississippi. Case histories

of over 70 gully control structures in Wisconsin have been, established. Laboratory

studies of degradation have been started.

The rates of degradation of laboratory sand- bed channels following suspension of sand

feed to the channel were measured. Three different sands were used.

(3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. Joe C. Willis, Hydraulic Engineer and

Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Laboratory flume experiments are conducted

to determine bed material transport, bed

material qualities, and stream hydraulics.

(g) In laboratory tests with a 400-mlcron median-diameter sand and depths of flow ranging between 0.4 ft. and 1.1 ft. the variable v - !•! is related to the type

1.1+ (y + 1.0) of bed form, the mean dune height, and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor rather well. Total load and bed load was determined by

mean velocity when moving duens were present on the bed. When mean velocity

was larger than the value producing minimum

bed friction factor, total load was a function only of mean bed shear stress.

A comparison of transport rates with those calculated by certain formulas, showed Schoklitsch 1 s to be preferable because of applicability and ease of computation. Further tests with a 100-micron median- diameter sand are planned to test these re- lationships.

(h) "Laboratories Studies of Total Load and Apparent Bed Load," R. A. Stein, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 70, No. 8, pp. 1831-1842, April 15, 1965.

(4305) TRAF EFFICIENCY OF RETARDING -TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Director, Sedimentation

Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and office analyses.

(e) The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a measure of the effectiveness of the structure

in retaining incoming sediment. Structures

need to be designed and built with different degrees of trap efficiency, and information

is needed so that the influencing parameters

can be adjusted to provide the desired trap

efficiency. In this study we are endeavoring to (1) collect and study data from retarding- type reservoirs in order to determine those factors that influence trap

efficiency, and (2) derive and test methods

for predicting the trap efficiency of retarding-type reservoirs.

(4316) HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS RELATIVE TO CHANNEL

STABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

124
Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental, field Investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) The determination of flood flow qualities in selected reaches of Pigeon Roost Creek

Mississippi, and other streams in studies of

the resistance to erosion of streambank and bed materials, and streambank vegetation. Measurements of the boundary shear stresses

in curved channels as affected by bend

radius, bed angle, and Froude number.

(h) "Vegetative Control of Streambank Erosion," Donald A. Parsons, Proceedings, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, USDA

Misc. Pub. 970, pp. 130-136, 1963.

"The Determination of Sediment Yields from

Flood Water Sampling," D. A. Parsons, R. P. Apmann, and G. H. Decker, IASH Pub. No. 65, pp. 7-15, 1964.

(4317) PRINCIPLES OF STABLE CHANNELS IN COHESIVE

MATERIALS.

(t>) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

(e) To study the properties of cohesive materials

that determine their stability to flowing

water. Rates of erosion are measured by

subjecting remolded materials to a constant

erosive flow of water. Objectives are:

(l) to determine the reasons for the resisting ability of soil and stream- bank materials to erosion by flowing

water; (2) to determine the kinds of tests needed to measure the resistance; and (3) obtain the quantitative values of the re- sistance for natural and synthetic materials.

(g) The stability of cohesive material was

found to be dependent upon the type, amount, and orientation of the clay minerals; the bulk density, antecedent moisture, and wetage time of the sample; and the temperature

of the eroding water. In general, stability

increases with increasing clay mineral

content and with increasing density.

Stability was greater for the 2:1 type clay

mixture than for the 1 : 1 type

(4318) METHODS OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) Includes: (1) Determination of the speeds

of motion and the requisite conditions for beginning of motion of solid particles in fluid flow for various flow, particle

quality, and boundary conditions in a laboratory study; (2) field investigations

on Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and other streams of the resisting abilities of bank and bed materials and bank vegetation

as determined by measured flood experiences

(this study is associated with the one on channel hydraulics); and (3) laboratory and field study of the behavior of non-cohesive

stands and silts in a stream channel bank

for the conditions of lateral seepage flow

to the stream.

(h) "Cellular Concrete Block Revetment," Donald A. Parsons and Robert P. Apmann. Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, Proceedings

ASCE, Vol. 91, No. WW2, pp. 27-37, May 1965. "Cellular Concrete Block Revetment," D. A. Parsons and R. P. Apmann, Civil Engineering,

ASCE, pp. 66. Feb. 1965.

(4319) SEDIMENT YIELDS AND CORRELATION WITH WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Messrs. Farris E. Dendy and Andrew J. Bowie,

Agricultural Engineers, Sedimentation

Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Analyses of hydrologic, hydraulic, land use, soils, and physiographic characteristics of agricultural watersheds (varying in size from a fraction of an acre to 100 sq. mi.)

are made to establish relationships with

sediment transport rates, amounts, and delivery ratios. Establishment of methodology for determining long-time average

annual sediment yields from fragmental field

data, correlation of characteristics of the basic runoff -sediment relation (sediment

rating curve) with affecting hydraulic and hydrologic parameters, and evaluation of the role of large storms as sediment contributors,

are all basic objectives that will lead to better sediment yield prediction procedures.

(g) Data from Pigeon Roost Creek Basin, Miss.,

indicates that sediment yields are highly

correlated with direct runoff. Variations

in unit direct runoff (and therefore unit

sediment) yields between watersheds of the basin are marked. They have to some extent been correlated with basin physiography

and land use. There are significant channel transmission losses in streams of the basin.

(h) "The Role of the Large Storm as a Sediment

Contributor," Robert F. Piest, Proceedings,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, USDA Misc. Pub. 970, pp. 98-108, 1963. "Long-Term Sediment Yields for Small Watersheds," R. F. Piest, IASH Pub. No. 65, pp. 121-140, 1964. "Sediment Yields from Small Watersheds Under

Various Land Uses and Forest Covers," S. J. Ursic and F. E. Dendy, Proceedings, No. 970, pp. 47-62, 1963. "Advances in Sedimentation Relevant to Water- shed Problems," C. R. Miller, Transactions

ASAE, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 146-152, 1965.

(4320) SEDIMENT ORIGIN AND ROUTING.

(h)

(c)

Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Runoff and sediment production are measured

from a small gully typical of the Yazoo- Tallahatchie Watershed. Sediment produced

from this gully will be related to gully

area, thereby providing information on the rate of gully erosion. When applicable,

comparisons will be made between the esti- mated sediment discharge utilizing radio- active tracer sand, and the measured sedi- ment discharge.

(g) Runoff and sediment measuring equipment have

been installed. A detailed topographic

survey has been made of the gully area. Surveys will be made periodically to observe

changes in gully shape.

(h) "Sediment Movement as Defined by Radioactive

Tracers: A Preliminary Report," L. L. McDowell, Proceedings Federal Inter-Agency

Sedimentation Conference, USDA Mis. Pub. 970, pp. 550-568, 1963.

(4321) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Research Agricultural Engr., and Mr. Paul H. Hawks, Geologist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental and field investigation for

basic research and developmental work.

(e) To relate sediment accumulation ir

125
reservoirs to sediment yields, runoff, and physical parameters of the watersheds. The nature of the sediment, its origin, mineralogy, chemistry, and biology are studied in relation to distribution and deposition

within the reservoir. Nuclear methods are used where applicable.

(g) A number of reservoirs have been periodically

surveyed for sediment accumulation. Nuclear

means of determining in situ densities have

been employed.

(h) "Summary of Reservoir Sediment Deposition

Surveys Made in the United States through

I960," compiled by J. A. Spraberry, USDA Misc. Pub. 964, 1964.

(4322) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR UTILIZING

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS FOR SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGY

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist and

Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) To devise, develop, and utilize procedures

for "tagging" sediment particles with

radioisotopes and identifying same in the laboratory and in the field. Results are

to be used in predicting sediment production,

transport and deposition.

(g) A satisfactory method has been developed for

"tagging" quartz particles with scandium-46,

silver-110, cerium-144, and antimony-124

(h) "Measurement of Sediment Density with Gamma

Probes," J. Roger McHenry and Paul H. Hawks,

Proceedings Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation

Conference, USDA Misc. Pub. 970, pp. 899-908,

1963. "Measurement of Sediment Density by Attenuation of Transmitted Gamma Rays," J. R. McHenry

and F. E. Dendy. Proceedings, Soil Science

Society of America, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 817-

822, 1964.

(4323) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES

ON HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Georgia State Highway Dept., Soil Conservation Service USDA, the University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations, and Bartow County, Georgia.

(c) Mr. Ellis G. Diseker, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 335, Cartersville, Georgia 30120.

d) Experimental, field; applied.

e) Measurements are made of runoff and soil losses

from one pair of bare roadbank plots and two pairs of plots vegetated in early 1963 (approximately 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on Cecil clay sub- soil using six H-flumes and Coshocton vane

samplers. On the two pairs of vegetated plots, annual soil loss was approximately 13 times less than before the plots were vegetated. Metal hub stakes are used to measure deposition or

scour in the flow channels. Over 35 plant

species have been tested for erosion control

on 1,292 roadbank plots.

(g) Losses on bare banks have varied from 25 to 453 tons per acre per year for the last 6 years, varying according to rainfall, frost

action, bank' aspect, and slope. Bank aspect and frost action are major factors in the erosion process. Northwest-facing banks, on

an average, have lost 2.2 times as much soil

as southeast-facing banks. Fescue, common Bermuda, lovegrass, broomsedge, Pensacola and Wilmington Bahiagrasses, crownvetch, sericea lespedeza, honeysuckle, and kudzu have proven

to be satisfactory for erosion control. Mulches

were necessary for satisfactory cover estab- lishment on slopes 2:1 and steeper, especially

for slowly developing plants such as crown- vetch and Bahiagrasses. Proper fertilizer

applications are necessary for maintenance of

most species, especially the grasses. Out- lined procedures for determining fertility

requirements for maintaining vegetation on roadside areas in the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia were begun in the fall of 1962. In the spring of 1963, studies were begun on Cecil soil to determine rates and amounts of sediment delivery for selected storms at monthly intervals, and annual production and delivery from bare road banks in relation to

(1) rainfall intensity, (2) antecedent moisture and temperature conditions, and (3) face-slope length with different aspects. Also in the spring of 1963, a study was initiated to determine sediment production

and delivery ratios from fully developed

mature stands of five representative plant

species. Studies of sediment delivery ratios In the Southern Piedmont revealed that rates

on Cecil soils were highly correlated with

EI (rainfall energy-intensity ) values. Other climatic factors, still to be evaluated, also affected these ratios. Comparison of sedi- ment production from vegetated roadside areas with that from unvegetated areas revealed the loss from vegetated plots to be only 8 percent of that from unvegetated plots. Scour- ing of the unprotected road ditches was responsible for most of the sediment losses

from vegetated plots. Investigations showed

the point-count index evaluation to be closely correlated with vegetative yields obtained

from harvested samples. The equation, Y = 632X-58, when Y is the total number of hits

made on plant cover and X is the dry weight

yield in tons per acre, gave the correlation

coefficient, r, of 0.995. Visual rating

appears to be biased (observers tended to underate poor stands of cover), however,

such ratings may be useful in estimating the degree of vegetative erosion protection.

Future tests on sediment production will be made with 2.5 tons/acre of vegetative cover obtained with mixtures of Pensacola Bahla- grass and Bermudagrass, sericea lespedeza

and lovegrass, Kentucky fescuegrass and Italian ryegrass, and crownvetch and Abruzzi

rye. EI was the best single prediction factor for annual sediment yield; however, alone, it does not always correlate well with annual sediment yield. Sediment yield was satisfac- torily measured on a monthly basis; sediment production was measured annually because of channel deposition. Sediment yield and pro- duction often were abnormally high on paired

plots because of ditch gradient. Monthly

production and yield apparently were greatly

Influenced by temperatures and soil moisture.

(4324) UTILIZATION OF TRITIUM IN WATERSHED

RESEARCH

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

d) Experimental basic research and development.

e) To devise, develop, test and apply tracer

techniques using tritium and other radioisotopes in support of studies of soil moisture and groundwater movement.

f) Discontinued.

g) Methods of high efficiency have been developed using a liquid scintillation

counter. Laboratory studies have shown

the precision and accuracy of the methods

are adequate. Some field tests have been

conducted. Results have not been conclusive. Tests designed to date water in limestone

aquifers have not been completed.

(4325) RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. A. J. Bowie, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA

126
sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

(e) To develop procedures for predicting flood

runoff, water yield and hydrograph

characteristics for ungaged upstream

watesheds. Runoff and precipitation are observed for the 117 so.uare-mile Pigeon

Roost Creek Watershed in northern Mississippi

including 11 sub-watersheds, and for four unit-source watersheds under 4 acres in

size. These data, accumulated over the past four years, are being processed by computer

and analyzed to develop synthetic unit hydrographs by incorporating antecedent soil moisture and watershed factors. The predicted hydrographs will be used to establish flow-duration curves.

(4326) SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Agricultural Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) To study the hydraulic characteristics of geologic strata and develop methods of predicting ground water accretion and

movement; subsurface and ground water

contribution to streamflow from a knowledge

of geology, soils, topography, climate, land use and treatment of agricultural watersheds;

and to evaluate hydrogeologic factors governing transmission gains and losses in stream channels. A portable drilling rig

is utilized to obtain geologic samples, establish ground water observation wells, and conduct permeability field tests,

(g) Maps showing structural and stratigraphic

characteristics and groundwater contours of the Pigeon Roost Creek watershed have been

prepared. Estimates have been made of ground- water storage and outflow from the watershed.

(4327) MOISTURE REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. John Kozachyn, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi 38655.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To provide soil moisture data for the development of prediction techniques for runoff and sediment production and to relate

the moisture regimes of agricultural watersheds to soil, climate and vegetative

parameters. Field observations of soil moisture to depths of 10 and 20 feet are obtained by" the neutron probe method for different cover, slope, and soil complexes.

(g) The superiority of the neutron probe

procedure over other available methods was

established from laboratory and field tests.

A method of installing access tubes has been perfected.

(4328) RELATION OF CLIMATE AND SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS

TO PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and the Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 9087, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33310.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations, both

basic and applied for evaluating measured

environmental conditions.

(e) Laboratory and field procedures are employed

to determine moisture intake, retention and transmission characteristics of mineral and

organic soils. Controlled water table

studies in non-weighing lysimeters are conducted to determine evapotranspiration,

crop growth, and soil physical properties as influenced by various water table depths.

Field and plot studies in organic soils are conducted to determine soil subsidence.

(g) Laboratory studies with porous tile used for subirrigation have shown that treating the irrigation water with sodium hypochlorite

prevented the tile from becoming clogged by

filamentous-type water bacteria. Tile that usually clog seriously in less than two weeks have maintained adequate flow for more

than six months when using the treated

water. Results of 6 years of evapotranspiration studies with sod crops grown on Arzell

fine sand with a 24-inch water table show a mean annual water consumption of 43 inches.

(h) "Subirrigation of Turf," E. H. Stewart,

E. 0. Burt, and R. R. Smalley. Proceedings,

Florida Turf -Grass Assn., 1965.

(4329) HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and The Florida Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, Attention:

W. H. Speir, Engineering Technician, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Fla . 33310.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) To collect, analyze, and correlate basic hydrologic data on agricultural watersheds

ranging in size from 4,000 to 63,000 acres

in the Coastal Plain of Florida. To de- termine the influence of climate, topography,

soils, geology, and land use on the rate and volume of runoff and to evaluate the water

balance. To devise methods of interpreting

watershed characteristics as similitudes

related to physiography of other areas.

(g) For an unimproved 98.7-sq mile watershed

the maximum daily discharge (Oct. 1956) was

2.28 inches-over-area with an instantaneous

peak rate of 71 c.f.s./sq. mile; and for the 15.7-sq. mile upper sub-basin the respective

rates were 3.14 inches and 161 c.f.s./sq.

mile. For an improved 78 square mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Sept. I960) was 2.37 inches-over-area with an instantaneous peak rate of 68 c.f.s./sq. mile. For

an improved 6.2 square mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Sept. I960) was

2.33 inches-over-area with an instantaneous

peak rate of 123 c.f.s./sq. mile. The ratio

of runoff to rainfall averaged 0.43 for the artesian-irrigated 78 sq. mile watershed

until 1959. Increased use of artesian irri- gation water increased this ratio to 0.55 after 1959. For the 98.7 sq. mile unimproved watershed this ratio has averaged 0.32 and for the 15.7-sq. mile sub-basin, 0.27 since

1955. For the 6.2 square mile watershed the ratio has averaged 32$ since 1956. This includes seepage runoff from pumped irrigation during dry periods. For the 98.7 sq. mile watershed base flow was averaged 66$,

interflow 25$, and overland flow 9% of total streamflow. For the 78-sq. mile watershed

these flow components have averaged 81$, 8$, and 11$, respectively. For the 15.7 sq. mile watershed they averaged 28%, 60%, and 42$. Storm rainfall in central and southern Fla. was characterized by analyzing records of 30 high-intensity rainfalls that occurred on 2 agricultural watersheds in that area. Periods

of rainfall records on the watersheds were approximately 9 years and 13 1/2 years. Watershed areas were 98.6 sq. mi. and 78 sq. mi. Storm time-distribution patterns were established for storms of long duration

(greater than 12 hours) and short duration

(less than 12 hours). Depth-area relations

were determined for both the long-duration

storms and the short-duration storms for both watersheds.

127
(h) "Storm Rainfall in Central and Southern

Florida," W. C. Mills, Soil and Crop Science

Society of Florida Proceedings Vol. 24, 1965.

(4330) RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN LOAM SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Cade E. Carter, Agricultural Engineer, North Mississippi Branch Experiment Station,

P. 0. Box 158, Holly Springs, Miss. 38635.

(d) Experimental, field; basic and applied.

(e) Rates and amounts of runoff and soil losses

from small plots are measured. The plots

range in size from 1/45 acre to 4 acres. The

slopes of the smaller areas are 2-1/2 percent,

5 percent, and 10 percent. Land use varies

from fallow and cultivated to pasture, with

good and poor management conditions for the cultivated and pastured areas.

(g) Both water and soil losses are excessive on bare land, and are reduced as the degree of ground cover is increased.

(4331) HYDRAULICS OF FARM WATER CONTROL IN THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. A. P. Barnett, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation

Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Ga. 30677.

d) Experimental laboratory; basic and applied.

e) Basic research on the mechanics of erosion

and hydraulics of flow in individual crop

rows and in terraced channels will be developed for both terrace systems and indi- vidual row systems for the different soils of

the Piedmont.

(g) Initial studies are underway.

(4332) SURFACE DRAINAGE -- ROW LENGTHS AND GRADES

FOR REMOVAL AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE WATER

ON FORMED AGRICULTURAL LAND OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Drawer U, University Station, Baton

Rouge, Louisiana 70803.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Approximately 80 acres of land have been

formed with four different slopes, in two replications, of 0.1', 1.15* , 0.2', and

0.25'. For each slope class, row lengths of

500', 700', 900', and 1,100' will be used

to determine the maximum row length for

formed land as related to slope.

Runoff, time-of-concentration, Infiltration,

soil temperature, and soil moisture data will be gathered and correlated with

rainfall, wind humidity, and sunshine radiation

Future studies are contemplated to evaluate

flow characteristics of surface water In furrows on agricultural land. This infor- mation will be used to develop a furrow crosssection with the best hydraulic characteristics.

the interrelations of climate, soil,

topography, cover, management, row direction,

runoff, soil movement and loss from Southern Piedmont soils. The work is conducted on fractional acre field plots under both

natural and simulated rainfall.

The natural rainfall plot study includes six

cover, two row direction and three slope

steepness treatments on a total of 42 plots. Total amounts of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual rainstorms. Meteor- ological data are also secured. The rainfall simulator designed to apply rain at 5, 2-1/2 and 1-1/4 inches per hour

simultaneously to three adjacent plots is used to secure runoff, soil loss, and pesticide loss data from specific soil,

slope, crop, and management complexes

through the application of designed storms. These data are used to evaluate their runoff and erosion control effectiveness.

(4334) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. Adrian W. Thomas, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Coastal Plains Experiment Station,

Tifton, Georgia 31794.

d) Field investigations; applied, for design.

e) The purpose of these studies is to de- termine interrelations of climate, soil, land

cover, runoff and soil loss for Southern Coastal Plain soils. The work is conducted

on 18 field plots, 1/20 acre in size, under

natural rainfall. There are four cover

treatments. Total amount of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual storms. Meteorological data are also secured.

(g) Grass-based 'rotations and continuous corn have been evaluated, showing protective

effects of perennial grass sods and of annual crop residues.

(4841) SURFACE WATER STORAGE AND SUPPLY ON FARMS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia

(c) Mr. Adrian W. Thomas, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Georgia Coastal Plains Experiment

Station, Tifton, Georgia 31794.

(d) Field Investigation; applied for design and development

(e) Purpose of the studies is to determine pond

storage efficiency under various soil and topographic conditions as affected by watershed yield, pond surface evaporation,

seepage into and out of the impoundment,

farm use of storage, and related factors. Initial study to be on one rather typical

farm pond in the coastal plain, with anti- cipation of extending the work to other

ponds

(g) Study currently in progress.

(g) An evaporation recorder has been developed.

Data have been collected and are being

analyzed for years 1963, 1964 and 1965.

333) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR THE SOUTHERN

PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. A. P. Barnett, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation

Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Ga. 30677.

(d) Experimental field investigations, development and applied.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

(4842) SHALLOW WELLS AND IRRIGATION PITS FOR

IRRIGATION AND OTHER FARM WATER SUPPLY IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia

(c) Mr. Adrian W. Thomas, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Georgia Coastal Plains Experiment

Station, Tifton, Georgia 31794.

(d) Field investigation; applied, for design and development

(e) The purpose of the studies is to develop

criteria by which engineers and soil scientists can classify sites for irrigation

pits, shallow wells, or other access to shallow ground water aquifers in the coastal plains on the basis of topography and soils. Initial study is concerned with excavated

128
irrigation pits, their adequacy of supply, the relation of recharge to rainfall and

soils, and other related influences. Investigations now involve 3 pits, each under somewhat different soil and topographic situations,

(g) Study currently in progress.

(4843) AN EFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE

LAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Drawer U, University Station, Baton

Rouge, Louisiana 70803.

fd) Experimental applied research.

(e) The present conventional system of sugarcane

land requires considerable land occupied by

ditches and is costly to maintain. Experimental work is underway to develop a more

efficient drainage system which will consume

less land and be more economical to maintain.

This is an adaptation of the cotton drainage

system to sugarcane.

(g) This system reduces the amount of land in ditches from 4 to 7 percent with a $5.22 per acre per annum savings in cost of maintenance.

(5210) RADIOCARBON DATING OF SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist (Chemistry),

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi 38655.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations; basic

research.

(e) To establish and maintain a radio-carbon

dating laboratory meeting' the requirements

of sedimentation research. The program is used to supplement geomorphological investi- gations by providing information on (l) the

age of sediments, e. g., buried soils and geologic horizons, and (2) the past rates

of sediment aggradation and degradation.

(g) The carbon in samples to be dated is processed

to benzene (C51 -Hg) and the number of beta-^ disintegrations arising from the natural C is determined by liquid scintillation

spectrometry. The necessary equipment

for synthesis of benzene has been built

and tested for operation. The liquid

scintillation spectrometer has been modified

and stabilized for radio-carbon.

The overall program has been standardized

and calibrated using contemporary carbon

standards (NBS) and inter-laboratory "check" samples from other dating laboratories. A few unknown samples have been dated; additional samples are now being processed.

(h) "USDA Sedimentation Laboratory Radiocarbon

Dates I" L. L. McDowell and M. E. Ryan,

Radiocarbon, Vol. 7, pp. 174-178, 1965.

(5572) CHANNEL BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING CHANNEL DREDGING.

(b) Laboratory project of USDA Sedimentation

Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi in co- operation with the Southern Piedmont

Conservation Research Center, Box 33, Uatkinsville, Georgia, and the Univ. of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations

(c) Mr. Paul Yates, Research Hydraulic Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation Research

Center, Box 33, Wa,tkinsville, Georgia 30677.

(d) Experimental field' investigations; basic

research.

(e) Basic research to determine the effects of stream channel dredging and reallnement on channel geometry, flow velocities, sediment

transport, scour and deposition, and re- tardance factors.

(5573) INFLUENCE OF FLOOD-RETARDING AND SEDIMENT

DETENTION STRUCTURES ON CHANNEL REGIMES.

(b) Laboratory project of USDA Sedimentation

Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi in co- operation with the Southern Piedmont

Conservation Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia, and the Univ. of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations.

(c) Mr. Paul Yates, Research Hydraulic Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation Research

Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia 30677.

(d) Experimental field investigations; basic

and applied.

(e) Basic research to study stream channel adjustments that are induced by changes in water-and sediment-discharge characteristics,

resulting from Imposed channel alternations,

dams, and other modifying installations. Also to develop procedures for predetermining channel changes likely to occur with

structural installations and channel modifications.

(5574) A MODEL STUDY OF THE FORCES EXERTED ON A PARTICLE ON A STREAM BED.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State Univ.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, U. S. Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental project; basic research.

(e) An enlarged Reynolds Model of a section of stream bed has been constructed in a water tunnel. Transducers for measuring

the force exerted on an exposed individual particle on the model bed are being de- veloped. Attempts will be made to determine whether the force applied to the particle

by the flow has lift and yaw components as well as a drag component. If the study is successful, the data obtained will be represented as plots of lift, drag, and yaw coefficients against Reynolds number. This information could then be used, with certain

limitations, to predict the forces to be expected under various flow conditions on particulate beds of material ranging in

size from that of sand grains to that of

rip- rap stones,

(g) The development of transducers is progressing.

(5575) A STUDY OF BED FORMS IN SAND BED CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory and field project, cooperative

with the Univ. of Mississippi and Mississippi State University.

(c) Mr. Richard A. Stein, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Relate the median and the standard deviation

of dune height, dune propogation speed, water depths over dune crest, and water surface slopes to mean velocity and depth of flow. Define the bed material and hydraulic con- ditions that are related to types and size

of bed configurations.

(f) Inactive.

(g) The parameter V - 1.1 appears to describes

1.75y + 1.25 the median values of the dune properties

studied. The standard deviations of these

dune properties appeared to be independent

of mean velocity and depth except for the depth of water over the dune crest, which

increased with depth.

(5576) A STUDY OF BOUNDARY IRREGULARITY IN A CHANNEL WITH A SAND BED.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, U. S. Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi 38655.

(d) Experimental investigation, basic research.

(e) Flows with various bed regimes (dunes,

129
antidunes, or other) were established In a laboratory flume. An echo-sounding instrument called The Dual Channel Stream Monitor

was used to take detailed bed and water

surface profiles over a 50-foot reach in the flume. The profiles are now being analyzed

by means of a computer program that yields

the mean depth of each experimental flow, the standard deviation about the mean depth, and

a depth autocorrelation function for each

flow. The autocorrelation function can be integrated to yield a length which may be considered a wave length of the boundary

irregularities. The depth standard devi- ation is an expression of the amplitude of the irregularities. The purpose of the study is to determine if these length scales will adequately portray the geometry in studies of bed forms, the migrations and the influences on open channel flow resistance.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, ARS-USDA, Bushland, Texas,

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief.

(3879) CHARACTERIZATION OP THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM

IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OP TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

(d) Experimental and field investigation - applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to determine zhe extent of salinity problems; characterize

and correlate the water table, soil, topographic and related measurable factors associated with salinity problems in the area

f) Completed.

g) Extensive water table observations show a fluctuating seasonally high saline water

table beneath the area. The water table

and ground surfaces slope approximately

one foot per mile to the northeast in the general direction of the Gulf Coast.

(h) "Ground Water Table and Salinity Conditions

in the Nonirrigated Area of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas," R. R. Allen, L. R. Ussery, and B. M. Taylor. USDA ARS 41-115.

(in press)

(3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OP UNSATURATED MOISTURE

FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The objectives are to obtain evidence on

the generality of the parabolic moisture

distribution with respect to the interface

of extraction and to interpret unsaturated

moisture flow in terms of molecular level mechanisms of flow. The experimental

technique is that of inducing moisture flow by various techniques at a series of temperatures and measuring the flow rate. The Arrhenius equation Is applied to the

data and an activation energy calculated.

The activation energy is then Interpreted

in terms of energy barriers to molecular

level flow mechanisms. The soil columns are sampled at the end of the runs to determine

the moisture distribution with respect to the interface of extraction.

(g) The results to date indicate that the resulting moisture distribution is a function

of peculiarities of the microdynamic flow processes involved and independent of the method of extraction.

(h) "Water Transmission by Various Ceramic,

Cellulose, Glass, and Steel Membranes," C. L. Wiegand and V/. A. Swanson. Proc. Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. (in press).

(4335) THE HYDRAULICS OF STRUCTURES USED IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agri- cultural Research Service, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division; Corn Belt

Branch, Project 1723, and Illinois State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, applied research for design.

(e) Experiments employ small scale models as well as full size structures tested under

simulated natural conditions to develop

designs for structures needed for soil and water conservation. Closed conduit spillway entrances including drop inlets, hood inlets, and orifice plates are tested. Debris guards are tested using full size structures to provide verification of the small models.

(g) Air flow required in vents to prevent primirg

of drop Inlet closed conduit spillways

equipped with orifice plates was determined

by full-scale experiments. A 30-inch square drop inlet was fitted with different orifice plates with orifices 10, 16, 18, and 20 inches in diameter. Air was provided to the underside of the plate through a 4-inch pipe

with valve control. Air requirements for

various flow rates were determined.

(4336) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) The measuring devices tested are used in the hydrology research program of the Agricultural Research Service. Sites for

runoff measuring stations are surveyed and then modeled in the laboratory. Proposed

structures are placed in the model and tested to develop a satisfactory design.

The final design is calibrated by model

tests. All current work is on specific

sites and no general experiments are done.

(g) Model calibrations were completed during

past year for two supercritical flow flumes

for measuring discharge rates up to 8,000

cubic feet per second. A V-notch and high- way culvert combination runoff measuring

station was rated by model test. A 9-inch H-flume was calibrated to measure runoff

from a water harvesting catchment.

(4337) HYDRAULICS OP FLOW IN VEGETATION LINED

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Channels or portions of channels are built

full size on the outdoor hydraulic labora- tory grounds. These are planted to the vegetation being investigated and then tested by flowing water at selected times. Friction factors and permissible velocities

(or tractive force values) are determined.

In recent years the establishment phase of vegetal channels has received the greater

emphasis. This has included the evaluation

of temporary, fabricated liners of jute,

glass fiber, and asphalt.

(g) Analysis of data.

(h) "Tests of a Glass Fiber Channel Liner," D. K. McCool and W. 0. Ree. USDA ARS 41-111. October 1965.

130
(4338) HYDRAULICS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V.

1 . 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) Studies are made of unsteady flow phenomena

occurring in the runoff process. Included

are investigations of overland flow,

spatially varied unsteady flow in channels, and flood wave movement in channels. The initial phase of the study is an analytical

one utilizing existing knowledge and theory.

This phase will be followed by a large

scale outdoor laboratory study to test hypotheses and evaluate coefficients.

(g) V/ater surface profile and velocity distribution measurements have been taken in a 400-

foot long by 30-foot wide, V-shaped, grass- lined channel conveying a spatially varied

flow. Momentum and velocity-head coefficients

have been determined for different grass lengths for both nonuniform and spatially

varied steady flow. A series of spatially

varied unsteady flow tests has been con- ducted in the channel.

(4339) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN THE RED PRAIRIE OF OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V/. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for

design.

(e) Three watersheds, 17 acres, 92 acres, and

206 acres in size and covered with native

grass, are instrumented to measure rainfall

and runoff. Annual water yield as well as peak flood flows are determined. Selected

runoff events provide data for distribution

graphs or unit hydrograph development.

(g) Data are on hand from continuous measurements

since 1951.

(h) "Determining the Effect of Farm Ponds on Runoff from Small Watersheds, " F. R. Crow and

W. 0. Ree. Okla. Agr. Sxpt. Sta. Bui. B-629,

14 pp. October 1964.

(4340) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, MOVEMENT AND DEPOSITION IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Suspended sediment sampling and total sediment transport determinations are made

at selected tributary and main stream locations in the Washita River Basin. These

samples are analyzed for size distribution.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4341) STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL WORKS IN CHANNELS OF THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Selected reaches of channels representing

different geologies, soils, and flow

regimes are being established for detailed

studies of stream channel morphology.

Information is being obtained on crosssections, slopes, thalweg lengths, alignments, vegetation, and bed and bank materials.

Any control works are completely identified

as to location, orientation, shape, size, and

materials. Flow history will be recorded,

including both water and sediment. Changes

in channel conditions, or lack of change, will be related to flow history and other

controlling factors for the development of

criteria for stable channel design.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4342) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) A network of 170 recording precipitation

gages has been established on a 3-mile

grid in an 1100-square mile area in the central portion of the Washita River Basin.

The precipitation characteristics will be analyzed to determine and evaluate precipitation parameters useful in estimating

runoff.

(h) Analyzing available data.

(4343) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Small watersheds generally not exceeding

100 acres in size, each representing a single

soil-cover combination are being instrumented

to measure rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture. Information on the runoff producing characteristics of the unit source areas will be useful in the development of equations for predicting runoff from ungaged complex water sheds.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4344) RELATION OF INTEGRATED CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD

OF THE WASHITA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OKLA

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) A reach of the Washita River extending

from Anadarko, Oklahoma, to Alex, Oklahoma,

has been selected for study. This reach has a length of 78 river miles and a drainage area along this length of 1128

square miles. Gaging stations are being

established near the mouth of 10 tributaries

and at 6 sites along the main stem of the Washita River in this reach. Watershed

characteristics are being measured and

defined. The watershed land use and structures development will be inventoried

periodically. Flood peaks, total flow and

its rate-time distribution will be de- termined and related to climatic and land

factors.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4345) EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE REGIMES OF WASHITA

RIVER MAIN STEM FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Analysis of record, applied research.

e) The flow history of the Washita River,

Oklahoma, for the 10-year period 1941 to 1950 is being analyzed to: (l) Determine

parameters characterizing the regime flows prior to development of upstream flood abatement measures; and (2) establish a base for reference in defining any future changes in flow regimes associated with

conservation and treatment programs in tributary watersheds.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4346) A QUI FE R- STREA MFLOW RELATIONS, GROUND WATER

i

131
BUDGET, WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chlckasha, Oklahoma 73018.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) The alluvia and underground flow system of

the Washita River Basin are being defined

by use of drilling equipment and existing

well logs. Permeability coefficients will

be determined and ground water observation

wells established. This is one part of a comprehensive research study of the total water budget in a portion of the Washita

River Basin.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4348) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SELECTED AREAS IN TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas

76682.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Rain gage networks are established on the Blacklands Experimental Watershed near

Riesel, Texas, and on the Edwards Plateau

near Sonora, Texas. Information is being

obtained on amounts, duration, seasonal distribution, and other characteristics of rainfall to the extent that the characteristics

influence runoff from agricultural watersheds.

(g) Data from 25 recording rain gages on 4,683-

acre experimental area near Riesel, Texas, and 14 recording rain gages on 48- square- mile area near Sonora, Texas. A study of depth frequency for periods from 1 to 15 days has been completed and a report prepared.

(h) Reported in USDA MISC. PUB. 945.

(4349) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS

TO STORM RUNOFF AND TO WATER YIELD FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLACKLANDS

OF TEXAS.

diction of runoff from ungaged watersheds

composed of combination of these single

soil-cover, sub-watersheds or unit source #reas

(4351) SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE TEXAS BLACKLANDS AND THE EDWARD3 PLATEAU.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas

76682.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) At the Blacklands Experimental Watershed

near Riesel, Texas, sediment yield measure- ments have been or are being made on twenty-four plots or watersheds varying

in size from one-quarter to 5860 acres. These sediment yields are correlated with

precipitation, runoff, topography, soils, land use, and conservation practices. The

data are analyzed to develop techniques and procedures for estimating sediment yield and sources from ungaged watersheds. On Lowry

Draw in the Edwards Plateau area near

Sonora, Texas, sediment range lines have been established, in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, at two detention

reservoir sites with drainage areas of 4.38

and 16.85 square miles. In addition, ar- rangements have been made for sampling the flow from the reservoir spillways.

(g) In the Texas Blacklands sediment yields

from watersheds of 100 to 200 acres having

a large percent of cultivated crops have been reduced about 85 percent by changing

to a complete conservation program.

(h) "Sediment Yields from Blacklands Watersheds,"

Ralph W. Baird. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr.

Engrs., Vol. 7, No. 4, pp 454-456. 1964.

(4352) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTER- ISTICS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU AREA OF WEST CENTRAL

TEXAS

(g)

(4350)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas

76682. Field investigation, applied research. Twenty watersheds at the Blacklands Experimental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, varying

in size from approximately 3 acres to 5860 acres, have been equipped with precalibrated

flumes or with current meter rated weirs to measure runoff rates. Precipitation is meas- ured by recording rain gages. The land factors are determined by periodic inventory

of crops, covers, and crop systems on the

land. Relationships between climatic and land factors and the runoff produced are ana- lyzed to develop prediction methods for esti- mating storm peaks and water yields.

The effects of conservation practices on storm runoff from major storms of infrequent

occurrence is not great but is appreciable

for many of the smaller storms. RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas

76682. Field investigation, applied research. Ten watersheds of from one-fourth to twenty acres in size and with single land

use on each are instrumented with pre- calibrated flumes to measure runoff. Soil moisture, tillage operations, and crop yields are also obtained. The relationships between the runoff and the associated

precipitation as influenced by the land characteristics are Investigated. These relationships will facilitate the pre-

(b) Laboratory project.

fc) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas

76682.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Five detention reservoirs in Lowrey Draw are equipped with water level recorders. Runoff rates and volumes are measured by volume changes in the reservoirs. The watersheds

above the reservoirs range in size from 686

to 10,787 acres. A current meter rated gaging station is at the outlet of the Lowrey Draw watershed which has a drainage

area of 48 square miles. A rain gage network

is used to determine the precipitation over

the area. In addition to the development of

the rainfall-runoff relationship for this

area, a study will be made of the disposition

of the water temporarily stored in the reservoirs.

(g) A major storm of 7 to 12 inches occurred on the 48-square-mile watershed Sept. 19-24. A special storm report is being prepared.

(4353) EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA OF OLD TILE DRAIN SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engr., P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

(d) Field investigation - applied research.

(e) A study to evaluate the effectiveness of some old existing tile systems in draining

and leaching soils; to evaluate the functioning of tile drains with and without

filter materials; and, to evaluate the adequacy of tile drain design criteria.

(f ) Completed; manuscript for publication in review stage.

(g) Tile lines laid in certain soils, without

filter or envelope materials provided,

132
(4354)

IS

(h)

(d)

(e)

accumulate soil over a long period of time until they become plugged or only partially

effective. Studies are shedding light on

the occurrence of the salinity - clay

mineral complex and interactions that influence movement of soil particles into drain lines. INFILTRATION HATES AND PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF

SALINITY. Laboratory project.

Dr. Craig Wiegand, Research Soil Scientist,

F. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 785S6. Field investigation; applied research.

The purpose of the work is to relate infiltration rates to the occurrence of salt-affected profiles. Infiltration

rates are to he determined on about a dozen salt affected and adjacent non-affected

profile pairs which have been chemically

and physically characterized. The infil- tration rates will be related statistically

to the severity of salinization and to the chemical and physical properties of the profiles.

Completed. The final intake rate (5 hours) In the nonsaline sites averaged about 3 times those of

the adjacent saline sites. Analysis of variance revealea that saline profiles were

highs

(4357)

percent clay, are slightly elevated

relative to the nor.saline sites and have greater surface slope than do the nonsaline

sites. Multiple regression analyses pre- dicted S5^ of" the variation in final intake

rate. Differences in clay content surface elevation and soil slope are concluded to result in differences in leaching effectiveness of rainfall due to their influences on infiltration and runoff. "Interspersed Salt-Affected and Unaffected

Dryland" Soils of the Lower Rio Grande Valley:

II. Infiltration Rates and Profile Characteristics in Relation to the Occurrence of Salinity," C. L. Wiegand, L. Lyles and D. L. Carter. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. ( in

oress)

556) EFFECTS CF BENCHING AND TERRACING ON MOISTURE

CONSERVATION ON SLOPING HARDLANDS OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer,

USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research

Center, Bushland, Texas 79012. Field investigation, applied and design

research.

1. To test the feasibility of altering the configuration of the land to intercept,

spread, and infiltrate surface runoff in contour basins. 2. To determine the extent

to which such intercepted runoff will add

to available soil moisture supplies and how

such additional soil moisture may best be utilized for crop production. 3. To de- termine the relative value of the three

types of terrace systems, conservation

benching, graded, and level closed end for

moisture conservation and crop production.

4. To measure runoff from well managed

contour farmed hardland soils.

It has been found that graded and level terraces are -equally effective in conserving

runoff water under semi-arid conditions

where 10 or 11 months of fallow precade

planting either wheat or grain sorghum. It has been found that the conservation bench

terrace system is superior to either graded

or level terraces in the conservation of runoff water. EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE ON RUNOFF, EROSION, AND CROP YIELDS UNDER

BLACKLAND CONDITIONS.

(c) Mr. D. VJ. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas 76502.

(d) Experimental - applied research.

(e) Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12 field scale (1 1/2 acre) plots representing

a typical cultivated slope of Blackland

Prairie soils. The plots are in three cropping systems with row cropping every

year, in alternate years, and every third

year. By taking soil moisture and crop residue measurements, in the future the interactions of varying climatic influences

with crops and management are determined as

a basis for determining runoff and erosion

on farms and watersheds.

(f) Terminated.

(g) Statistical analysis of runoff results for 4-year period 1959-62 indicated no significant difference between plot replications or cropping systems but a significant difference

in runoff for different years. Similar

analysis of soil loss data for this period

showed no significant difference between

cropping systems, and a significant difference between plot replications and years. Complete statistical analysis of runoff,

soil loss, and yield data will be made after the 1964 harvest.

(4844) TESTING OF MATERIALS FOR IMPROVED

DRAINAGE.

(g)

(4845)

(g)

SUBSURFACE

(b) Laboratory project.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engr., P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596. Experimental; applied research. Laboratory tank studies will be made to evaluate drainage materials with particular

emphasis on filters and new drain tube materials. One or more field installations

will be made in which drainage materials will be compared and evaluated. Electric

analogue studies will be made for predicting

flow rates into tile lines. Laboratory studies with semi-rigid plastic

lines have shown that the material can withstand loadings imposed by deep in- stallation, to 9 feet, if installed in a narrow 10-inch width trench and if installed

in an excavated cradle to provide some lateral strength. SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONS OF IRRIGATED

COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH TO WATER TABLE. Laboratory project.

Mr. L. N. Namken, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596. Field investigation; applied research.

A set of thirty-six lysimeters, one meter

so.uare and ten feet deep, are being utilized

to study the Influence of soil moisture level, water table depth and water table salt level treatments on evapotranspiration, vegetative

growth and yield of cotton. The objectives

of the project are: (l) To determine the contribution of a water table to the water

requirement of cotton; (2) to study soil moisture use and extraction by cotton as Influenced by various water table depths; and (3) to study the effect of water table

salt concentration on salt movement and moisture uptake by the cotton plant. The 1964 data, following leaching, contrast sharply with the 1963 results obtained under

relatively high salinity conditions. There was no significant difference in total moisture use by cotton due to moisture level or water table treatments in 1964; however,

total moisture use was nearly twice as great

in 1964 under low salinity conditions as in 1963 under high salinity conditions. Mean

total moisture use for moisture levels I and

II were 32.8 and 31.2 inches, respectively,

in 1964 compared with 18.6 and 16.6 inches,

respectively, in 1963. Lint cotton yields were also much greater in 1964 than in 1963. Mean line cotton yields for the 3-, 6-, and

9-foot water table treatments were 1820,

133
1617. and 1592 pounds/acre, respectively, in

1964, compared with 704, 989, and 950 pounds/

acre, respectively, in 1963. There was no significant difference in lint cotton yields

due to moisture level or water table treat- ments in 1964. Lint cotton yields and total dry weight production for 1963 and 1964 were

closely related to total moisture use. The percentage of the total moisture use by

cotton attributable to use from the water

table was significantly influenced by moisture level and water table treatments in 1964. Mean percentages for the 3 water table depths

(3-, 6- and 9-foot) were 56.7, 36.4 and 23.6

percent, respectively, for the high moisture

level treatment and 67.8, 63.9 and 51.1 percent, respectively, for the low moisture

level treatment. Mean daily rates of moisture use from, the water table by cotton was closely related to the percent of available moisture in the profile above the water table and to the salinity

level of the 3-4 foot zone above the water

table. Under all water table conditions with

similar profile moisture conditions, the mean

daily rates of moisture use from the water

table were considerably higher in 1964 (low

salinity) than in 1963 (high salinity)

A multiple regression of the 9-foot water

table treatment for 1963 and 1964, Indicates

that mean daily rates of moisture use from

the water table by cotton is closely associated with the percent available moisture in

the 0-6 foot zone and the osmotic stress of

the 5-7 foot zone.

(4846) EFFECT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF STUBBLE MULCH TILLAGE ON RUNOFF FROM UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma 73728.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Comparison of three types of tillage tools

for residue management on runoff from unit

source watersheds ranging in size from 1.7

to '2.2 acres on land slopes from 2.2 to 3.5 percent, cropped annually to wheat. Six watersheds with three treatments and

two replications.

(g) Treatment 1, large sweeps (8 ft.) con- served the most residue and produced the least amount of runoff; Treatment 3, chisel tool, was the next treatment for conserving residue, but more runoff resulted; Treatment 2, light disking and

chisel tool, conserved the least residue

and produced the most runoff.

(4848) GRADED FURROWS FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION CONTROL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas 76682.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Purpose of work is to determine relationships between furrow length and slope, runoff and

soil loss, and to see if graded furrows will permit increased terrace spacing. Terrace

spacing is doubled and a channel rather

than a conventional ridged terrace is used

to convey runoff water. Increased terrace

spacing is accomplished by planting on 40-inch lister furrows on a 1 percent

grade. The amount of runoff and soil loss from the furrows is measured along with

rainfall intensities, soil moisture, and surface residues.

(g) Special techniques and methods of measuring

runoff and soil loss have been designed and developed including sampling apparatus for separating runoff increments into various

amounts to permit timing of major portion

of erosion. Data shows total runoff and runoff rate from 600- and 900-foot rows to be practically the same and significantly

less than from 300-foot rows thus indicating

more moisture storage in longer rows. Soil losses, which represent an unstable condition

because of recency of plot installation,

averaged 2.1, 1.9, and 3.0 tons per acre for

the 300- , 600- , and 900-foot rows respectively.

(4849) EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE METHODS FOR THE NONIRRIGATED AREA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

or Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness and cost of installation

operation and maintenance of three drainage

methods; open drain ditches, subsurface drain tile, and drainage wells in reduction

of soil salinity and control of a ground water table.

(g) An underlying permeable sand aquifer limits Installation depth and effectiveness of open drain ditches and subsurface drain

tile. Pump drainage by wells has incurred

considerable expense for the small area affected.

(5211) LIMITED IRRIGATION OF GRAIN SORGHUM IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. J. T. Musick, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas 79012.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To determine number and timing of irrigations for most efficient use of limited irrigation

and expected precipitation; plant spacing far most efficient use of limited water; and soiib soil moisture-plant growth-yield relationships under limited soil moisture conditions.

(g) One or two well-timed seasonal irrigations

resulted in good yields and efficient use of limited Irrigation water which permitted a reduction in irrigation water requirements.

In addition to considering soil moisture, proper timing of limited irrigation should consider expected seasonal rainfall and

stage of plant development. Narrow row and plant spacings are necessary for most effi- cient use of water at higher yield levels.

(5212) SOIL LOSS FROM THE ENDS OF LEVEL TERRACES AND THE EROSION OCCURRING BETWEEN TERRACES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma 73728.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Purpose of work is to determine soil losses

from terraces and from different sections downslope within terrace intervals. Runoff and

soil loss are measured from a system con- sisting of 8 terraces and 20 small plots. Half of the area is clean tilled and half

stubble mulched. Terraces are arranged in pairs, one concrete and one soil channel. Concrete lined channels are used to provide

a permanent base for measuring soil movement

into terrace channels. Plots, located at the ends of the pairs of terraces, permit

determination of silt contribution from three sections of normal terrace intervals.

(g) Terrace installations are completed and 1963- 64 runoff and soil loss data have been

obtained. Data showed some variation

between different pairs of terraces but marked similarity of both runoff and soil loss

was obtained within pairs, i.e., between

concrete and regular soil channel terraces.

The small plot portion of the study is in- stalled but no data have been obtained.

(5213) WATER INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL MOISTURE UNDER GRADED FURROWS ON PULLMAN SILTY CLAY

LOAM.

134
b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. H. Sletten, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas 79012.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Determine water intake characteristics,

storage, distribution, and irrigation

efficiency of long furrows on Pullman

silty clay loam soil.

(g) This soil has a high initial intake rate which

rapidly drops to a very low basic rate. One

to two inches of initial intake occurs during

and soon after water passes a point in the furrow. The intake rate then declines rapidly

to about 0.6 inch per hour for the first hour

after runoff begins from a short furrow

segment to a basic rate of 0.1 inch per hour

or less about 4 hours later. Cutting off the water soon after it reaches the end of long furrows results in high application efficiencies, relatively good distribution and decreases tailwater runoff losses.

(5214:) DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A SIMPLE SYSTEM TO CLARIFY PLAYA WATER WITH FLOCCULENTS AND THE

USE OF AN IRRIGATION DITCH AS A SETTLING

BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas 79012.

(d) Field investigation; applied and design

research.

(e) To develop a simple system for removing

sediments from muddy playa lake water. This research project will be an effort to assemble relatively simple equipment to clarify muddy lake water prior to injection

into a shaft as a means of storing runoff water and thus prevent its loss to the atmosphere by evaporation.

(f) The experiment is continuing.

(g) The system design specified in the research

outline Is not capable of removing enough

sediment to be used in widespread recharge

projects. Tne modified system Including a sand filter did remove enough sediment to be used in recharge work but the capacity

of the system is low.

(5216) GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION OF A PLAYA AND ITS WATERSHED.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Research Agricultural

Engineer, USDA Southwestern Great Plains

Research Center, Bushland, Texas 79012.

(d) Determine the stratigraphy of a playa and its watershed using surface electrical resis- tivity and electric and gamma-ray well

logging equipment.

(e) The playa will be surveyed with the elec- trical resistivity equipment on a 500 foot

grid. Data will be collected and analyzed

according to standard practice. Each bore

hole drilled on the playa watershed will

be logged electrically and these data correlated viith the drillers log and the stratigraphy and properties of each lithologic member.

(f) Initiated in 1963, field and laboratory work is continuing.

(5217) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Jr., Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Rlesel, Texas 76682.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Seven watershed Installations are now com- plete and in operation. One watershed was completed in 1963, three in 1964, and three

in 1965. These watersheds are all in range

areas of different soil and geologic formations, and runoff will be measured by pre- calibrated flumes. The relationship between

the runoff and the associated precipitation

as influenced by range use, geology, and soils are investigated.

(5218) THE DURABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DRAINAGE MATERIALS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engr., P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A field installation of several types of subsurface drainage tile, pipes, and tubes was made to evaluate the durability and effectiveness of the materials. The investi- gation also includes a study of the effec- tiveness of providing fiberglass or gravel

envelope materials to increase the flow of water and decrease the movement of sediment into drain lines under stratified soil con- ditions.

(g) Three additional drain lines were installed

in December 1964 to complete the field in- stallation of 6 experimental 1/4-mile lines

In a 40-acre citrus grove. The 6 lines in- clude 6-inch concrete with and without a fiberglass envelope, 4-inch bituminous fiber pipe with fiberglass envelope, 4-inch polyethylene pipe with fiberglass and with

graded gravel envelopes, and a 2-inch steel,

plastic, and fiberglass drain tube.

(5577) SPECTRAL RECONNAISSANCE IN AGRICULTURE.

(b) Laboratory and field project, cooperative

with NASA, Purdue University and University

of Michigan.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engr., P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

(d) Part of the project is theoretical basic research and the remainder is applied re- search . (e) The purpose of the project is (l) to adapt remote sensing procedures for multispectral

characterization of crops and soils under

natural conditions, (2) to study the effects

of environmental conditions on reflectance

and emission characteristics of plants and

soils, and (3) to identify factors and mechanisms affecting reflectance and emission from plants and soils.

(h) "Light Reflectance and Chlorophyll and Carotent Contents of Grapefruit Leaves as Affected by .Nag SO/, NaCl, and CaClg," David

L. Carter and Victor I. Myers, Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 82:217-221, 1963. "Photogrammetry for Detailed Detection of Drainage and Salinity Problems," Victor I. Myers, L. Roy Ussery and W. J. Rippert, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin. Trans. 6(4) :332-334,

1963.

(5578) AERATION MEASUREMENTS FOR DETERMINING DRAINAGE NEEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Ross W. Learner, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596.

(d) Determine the suitability of (1) bare platinum electrodes, (21 membrane covered

gold electrodes, and (3) gas chromatograph

for indicating soil drainage conditions.

(e) Aeration measuring devices are installed in

a soil column in which water table level can be varied. The response of aeration measure- ments resulting from changes in water table

level determine sensitivity to drainage con- ditions .

(5579) EFFECT OF WIND ON A FALLING WATERDROP.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. L. Skidmore, Agronomy Dept., Waters

Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66504.

d) Laboratory Investigation; basic research.

e) Purpose of research is to determine influence

of wind on the velocity of a falling raindrop;

to determine effect of wind on path of drop;

to determine effect on horizontal acceleration

i

135
(E)

[5581)

of drop; and to determine effect of wind on kinetic energy and momentum of raindrops. The (d) experiment is being conducted in a wind (e) tunnel-rain tower facility where conditions

of wind and other variables can be rather precisely controlled,

(g) Air flow through the rain tower has been

studied and modified with screening devices

to develop a turbulent boundary layer and to provide a wind with profile characteristics

similar to natural winds. Drop formation and lighting problems have been resolved and experimental data will be taken in 1966.

(5580) LIMITED IRRIGATION OF WHEAT AND SORGHUM IN A FALLOW -WHEAT-SORGHUM SEQUENCE

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. T. Musick, Agricultural Engineer, (r) Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, (g) Bushland, Texas 79012.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine response to limited irrigation of (5982)

winter wheat and grain sorghum at two critical

stages of plant growth on yields, water use efficiencies, and plant characteristics; and

to evaluate the ability of an extended preseasonal crop period (11 to 12 months pre- (b) ceding both sorghum and wheat) to supply soil ( c ) moisture storage at planting and thus de- crease irrigation water requirements.

Irrigation water requirements of inter wheat (d) and grain sorghum can be reduced by growing (e) the crops in the "dryland" fallow-wheatsorghum sequences which permits eliminating

the preplant or emergence irrigation in most

years. TIMING OPPRESEASONAL IRRIGATION IN RELATION

TO, EFFICIENCY OF SOIL MOISTURE STORAGE

(b) Laboratory project. (5983)

(c) Mr. W. H. Sletten, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center,

Bushland, Texas 79012. (b)

(d) Field investigation; applied research. (c)

(e) Determine relationship between the storage

efficiency of preseasonal irrigation water (d) and timing of irrigation and the effect of (e) antecedent soil moisture on storage efficiency

of preseasonal precipitation and/or irri- gation . (g) Results based on 1 year's data Indicate that

a late fall water application after harvest

and initial tillage resulted in more available soil moisture at plant emergence (June

2S) than a preseasonal application during (f) winter, or early, mid or late spring. Pre- seasonal applied water that remained in the (5984) soil root zone for plant use ranged from 28 to 50 percent, depending on time of application. |b| WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MARRS ORANGES, RED

BLUSH GRAPEFRUIT, AND VALENCIA ORANGES IN (d) THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY. (e) Laboratory project.

Mr. Marvin D. Heilman, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596. Field investigation - applied research. This field investigation is designed to provide quantitative information on moisture (5985) use of Marrs and Valencia oranges and red blush grapefruit in the Rio Grande Valley.

From this data water management recommenda- (b) tions will be made for citrus production (c) grown under conditions of a limited water

supply. In addition, the investigations (d) will determine the effects of the various (e) citrus varieties.

(5583) VARIATION OF SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUC- TIVITY OF HOUSTON BLACK CLAY WITH SOIL

DEPTH AND WITH DIAMETER OF SOIL CORES.

(b) ARS-SWC, Blackland Conservation Experiment

Station, Temple, Texas. Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Earl Burnett, Research Soil Scientist,

(5582)

(djej

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas 76502. Experimental and basic research. Saturated hydraulic-conductivity will be determined for each 6-Inch interval of undisturbed 9-foot soil column of 16- and 29-Inch diameter and for 3-inch long soil cores of 3- to 3 7/8-inch diameter. The purposes will be (l) to determine the saturated flow rate of water through undisturbed cores of Houston Black clay profiles

and through various layers of the profile,

(2) to develop methods and procedures for utilizing large diameter cores for measuring

the hydraulic conductivity of soils, (3) to study the relation between core size and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and (4) to determine the relation between direction of water flow and hydraulic conductivity.

Completed.

Data analysis and interpretations are under

way. EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS WHEAT AND SORGHUM IN AN ALTERNATE DOUBLE-BED SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENT

USE OF LIMITED IRRIGATION AND PRECIPITATION

IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS. Laboratory project.

Mr. J. T. Musick, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center,

Bushland, Texas 79012. Field investigation; applied research. Determine yield potentials and water use efficiencies of wheat and sorghum in an alternate double-bed system under varied

soil moisture management and to determine

the ability of wheat and sorghum to utilize

soil moisture from adjacent double-bed areas during the non-growing period of the adjacent

crop. MEASUREMENT OF RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS DIFFER- ENCES BETWEEN ESTABLISHED PLOTS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P.O. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas 76682. Field investigation; applied research. Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12 field scale (1 1/2 acre) plots representing

a typical cultivated slope of Blackland

Prairie soils. All plots have the same cropping treatment. Data will be collected

for 3 years to determine variability in runoff and soil loss between plots with a uni- form cropping system. Started in 1965. EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATIONS ON SOIL SALINITY IN A NONIRRIGATED AREA. Laboratory project.

Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596. Field investigation; applied research. To determine the effect of lowering the surface of salt' spots by soil removal (to retain precipitation and collect runoff) on the total salt balance in selected non- irrigated, leveled fields of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. EFFECT OF SOIL SALINITY AND RATE OF LOWERING OF WATER TABLE ON GROWTH OF VEGETABLES. Laboratory project.

Dr. Ross W. Learner, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas 78596. Experimental and applied research. Vegetables will be grown in a greenhouse

where water table levels can be controlled. About three weeks after planting all treat- ments will be flooded and water maintained

one inch deep on the surface for 24 hours.

The water table will be lowered by pumping water from the drain lines each day to give

the variable rate of lowering of the water

table. The flooding cycle will be repeated

each 30 days. A low soil moisture tension

136
will be maintained between floodings. Vari- ables of soil "salinity will be established

prior to planting each crop,

(f) Active, initiated 1965.

U. S. DEBARMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. 3ox 2326, Riverside, Calif.

32506. Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief.

(151) LINING OP IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University and Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan Utah 84321.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs are being tested to develop more effective and lower cost methods of reducing seepage losses in irrigation

systems. The investigation included: (1) Evaluation of physical properties of lining

materials; (2) model testing of linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing

at selected sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic conditions.

(g) Of the membranes tested for use as lining

materials, cured butyl continues to be the most resistant to degradation when exposed

in the weather. Buried vinyl and polyethylene liners in test reservoirs continue

to provide excellent seepage control after

more than ten years of service. This is true

of 4-mil as well as 8-mil liners. Butyl,

polyisobutylene, and ethylene propylene

rubber sheet bonded to concrete specimens re- tained an excellent bond after more than

1,000 freeze-thaw cycles. Further tests are in progress to evaluate these materials for

use in repairing concrete linings or as an overlay on old concrete canal lining. Butyl

latex, when added to concrete mixes, acts as an air-entraining agent and imparts about the same frost protection as commercial air-entraining agents tested.

(2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OP

SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

and Federal agencies.

(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Branch Chief, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, California 92506.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

Applied research.

(e) To determine the consumptive use of water by crops, phreatophytes, and other

vegetation, and net irrigation supply re- quirements. To develop empirical formula

from climatological and other data for de- termining rates of consumptive use.

f) Discontinued.

h) "Consumptive Use and Water Requirements in New Mexico," Harry F. Blaney and Eldon G. Hanson, Technical Report 32, New Mexico

State Engineer, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1965.

[2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND

LAKES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

of California, counties and other agencies.

(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Branch Chief, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, California 92506.

(d) Experimental; compilation and analysis of

data. Applied research.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes and develop empirical

formulas from climatological data for

computing monthly evaporation. Cooperative

field measurements are being made of pan

evaporation at stations in California

ranging from near sea level in Santa Barbara

County to 9,194 feet elevation at Kaiser

Pass in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains,

(f) Discontinued.

(2181) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER FOR

IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer,

4816 East Shields Ave., Fresno, Calif. 93726.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store imported water underground in quantity and of a qualty needed

in various locations. The objectives are:

(1) To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of surface soil and sub- strata on selected recharge sites and to relate these characteristics to infiltration

and percolation rates, and to lateral aquifer flow; (2) to determine the feasi- bility of recharge irrigation (deep perco- lation by heavy irrigation of crops) as a means of storing water underground; (3) to determine the effect on recharge of the quality of water reaching the groundwater

table under selected site conditions, and

on the quality of the groundwater;

and (4) to prepare a recharge guide which

permits the evaluation of a site for

recharge, suggests methods and systems of recharge to be used and indicates the quality of groundwater that may be expected

as a result of recharge,

(h) "Unsaturated Flow Phenomena in Panoche Sandy Clam Loam as Indicated by Leaching of Chloride and Nitrate Ions," K. L. Dyer, Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:121-126, 1965. "Interpretation of Chloride and Nitrate Ion Distribution Patterns in Adjacent Irrigated

and Nonlrrigated Panoche Soils," K. L. Dyer, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:170-176, 1965. "Field Measurement of Soil Water Movement During Artificial Ground-Water Recharge,"

W. C. Bianchi and E. E. Haskell, Jr. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. 7:341-343, 1964. "Development and Dissipation of Ground Water

Mounds Beneath Square Recharge Basins," E. E. Haskell, Jr., and W. C. Bianchi, J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 57:349-353, 1965. "Pressure Distributions in Layered Sand Col- umns during Transient and Steady-State FlowsJ' J. J. Behnke and W. C. Bianchi. Water Re- sources Research, Vol. 1 (4): 557-562, 1965.

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan Utah 84321.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) New methods and equipment for conveying and applying Irrigation water are being

developed. The hydraulic properties of lay- flat tubing are being studied and new

materials are being evaluated to determine their use in conveyance structures.

(g) Two devices for regulating and measuring water deliveries from irrigation canals

and ditches have been developed. These devices are essentially leakproof and simple

to regulate.

(h) "Collapsible Tubing for Headgate Metering

and Turnout Structures," C. W. Lauritzen,

Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 46(9), 506-

507, 1965, illus.

(3558) LABORATORY MODEL AND FIELD STUDIES OF

REDUCING SEEPAGE IN SANDS WITH BENTONITE.

(b) Laboratory and field project, in cooperation

with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station

(c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Research Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 8014.

137
University Station, Reno, Nevada 89507.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine factors influencing blanket

treatments and sediment penetration and retention Involved with sealing irrigation

canals or reservoirs with bentonite, and to develop procedures to obtain effective seals. Laboratory experimentation is being done with sands placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches

in diameter and 2 feet long. Ponds 20 x 40 feet are used in field tests. Bentonite is applied by blanket treatment and by dis- persing it in the water. Numerous aspects

concerning the chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of the bentonites,

waters, and sands will be evaluated,

(g) Investigations, to date, suggest that effective

seals can be obtained within certain unknown

limitations for the dispersion or sediment treatment. Blanket treatments are very

effective if kept moist.

(3560) EVAPOTRANSP IRA TION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS.

(b) Laboratory and field project, in cooperation

with University of Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta. and Nevada State Department of Conservation

and Natural Resources.

(c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada 89507.

(d) Experimental, field investigation.

(e) To measure the evapo-transpiration of meadow vegetation in the Humboldt Basin area which subsists primarily under shallow water

table conditions. The data will be used to determine areal use of ground waters by

native vegetation and phreatophytes and to develop methods of more efficient utilization

of those water supplies.

(g) Evapo-transpirational rates are being obtained

by water use measurements of meadow grasses growing in plastic lysimeters. Vegetative

growth, soil moisture, water table, and weather data are being collected to which

evapo-transpiration rates from tanks can be related

(3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, U. S. Water

Conservation Laboratory, 4331 East Broadway,

Phoenix, Arizona 85040.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) ASA, class 125, cast iron, 90-degree, flanged

elbows of 3-, 6-, 10-, and 12-inch diameters

from five manufacturing sources were calibrated

to determine the expected accuracy of flow measurements made with uncalibrated elbow

meters. Effects of various fittings and installations on the calibration were deter- mined for 3-inch diameter elbows.

(g) Uncalibrated elbow meters can be expected to be accurate within 5 percent if properly in- stalled .

(3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanics Art, 130, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) There are areas in many regions where water

for livestock and even culinary uses is scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable water

In the form of precipitation falls each

year. As an example, the precipitation on one acre of land in an 8-inch rainfall area amounts to 217,248 gallons. This is enough

to supply water to more than 200 head of cattle for 100 days. This study includes

the development and testing of materials for

ground covers and storage facilities to be used for the collection and storage of

water in low rainfall areas together with

the design and operation of these facilities,

(g) Ground covers and closed storage structures

have been developed for intercepting and

storing precipitation. To satisfy the need

for a name this combination of structures has been termed a "Rain Trap." Butyl

sheeting continues to be the most satis- factory material for both the interceptor

and the storage reservoir. Other materials

are being investigated, and there are indications that some of these will be less expensive and reasonably serviceable as ground covers. Modifications have been made

in the design and fabrication of ground

covers and storage bags made of butyl to improve their performance.

(4358) FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT AND ROUTING IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3925, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental, field investigation.

(e) Water level recorders are located at 2,000-

foot intervals in a 3-mile reach of natural

channel. The reach has a gaging flume at the inlet and at the outlet, and major

tributary inflow is gaged. Flood waves generated by cloudburst type thunderstorms

are being studied.

(g) The velocity of a wave front on a dry channel bed was found to be relatively independent of the discharge, and is probably more dependent

on the moisture content of the channel alluvium. Velocity of the flow peak Increased with the 0.36 power of the discharge. Peak

velocities were considerably higher than the wave front velocities. For the first time

since the study was initiated, an abrupt

translatory wave varying in height from 1.0 to 1.9 feet occurred. Observed velocity of 11.1 feet per second compared with a theoret- ical pure gravity velocity of 10.2 feet per

second.

(4359) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SEMIA RID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic research

(e) Raingage networks with densities of one recording gage per square mile are being

operated on the 58-square-mile Walnut Gulch watershed in southeastern Arizona and the 67-square-mile Alamogordo Creek watershed

in northeastern New Mexico. The walnut

Gulch study is augmented by horizontalsearch 3-cm. radar. Objectives of the study

are to determine precipitation parameters

of importance in predicting runoff and sediment yield, and to give particular

attention to the small area, highly intense,

convective summer thunderstorms typical of the region.

(g) Data from Walnut Gulch watershed for a 7-year

period of record indicate that summer convective thunderstorms are elliptical in shape with the major axis approximately 1.5 times the minor axis. Within the boundary

of the Walnut Gulch watershed, 80$ of the storms cover less than 4 1/2 square miles in area, and 96$ cover less than 10 square miles. Maximum runoff events are typically

the result of multi-celled storms separated

in space and time. On the Alamogordo Creek

watershed, convective thunderstorms are of greater intensity and larger areal extent

than at Walnut Gulch. The difference is due

138
(h)

(4350)

(c)

(d)

(4361) w

(c)

13

(g)

to the greater amount of precipitable water

in the air mass in eastern New Mexico as compared with southeastern Arizona, and to the fact that frontal action is more common

thus giving an added lift to convective

storm cells.

"Dense Rain Gage Networks as a Supplement to Regional Networks in Semiarid Regions," H. B. Osbom and R. V. Keppel. Design of Hydro-

-=-e:rcl:=:i: = l Networks 3'— - . ?rcc. I.7.C-.C-. 1SS5. RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service.

Mr. R. -V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 65717. Experimental; applied research.

On semiarid rangeland watersheds up to

43, COO acres in size, runoff measurements

are being maintained, and an attempt is being made to relate water yield to climatic and watershed characteristics, and

to evaluate the effects of a range conservation program on rates and amounts of flood

runoff and on net water yields. A new design

of critical depth flume with capacities up to 22,500 cfs is being used to gage the flashy,

sediment-laden flows. On Walnut Gulch Watershed in southeastern

Arizona, 6 watersheds ranging in size from

560 to 36,900 acres are under study. Annual water yield decreases exponentially with the 0.3 power of the watershed area. Paak dis- charges of 2.44 inches per hour (5030 cfs) ha3 been recorded on the grass covered 3.2

square mile watershed 11. All of the water yields to date have occurred from June to September as a result of small diameter,

highly intense convective thunderstorms. At

the Alamogordo Creek Watershed in eastern New

Mexico (43,000 acres), flow events originating

on the central and upper portions of the valley floor cause flat-top hydrographs with

sustained peaks of 2 or 3 hours duration. On

the other hand, runoff events originating on the southeast and southwest branches have

sharp hydrograph peaks typical of the semiarid

Southwest. These differences can be explained

on the basis of channel morphology and valley

storage. THE ROLE OF VALLEY AND CHANNEL MATERIALS AND VEGETATION IN THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI- ARID WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural

Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. K. G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717. Experimental, field investigation. Measurements from tandem gaging stations are utilized to evaluate the losses that occur

as runoff traverses ephemeral stream

channels. Records from shallov; wells show depletion patterns of the transmission

loss water. Transmission losses of up to 50 acre-feet-per- mile of channel have been measured on one reach of channel in a single flash flow. Because of these high losses, the annual volume

of surface runoff is sometimes greater from a subwatershed than from the entire area. Not

only net runoff but also peak rates and the hydrograph shape are affected by the losses. Records from wells in both local and regional water tables indicate that the disposition of the loss water depends largely on the geology

in and adjacent to the channels. V/here imper- vious material underlies the channel, much of

the water is dissipated by evapotransplration.

In other portions of the channel some recharge

of regional water table occurs.

(h) "Performance of Local Aquifers as Influenced by Stream Transmission Losses and Riparian

Vegetation," K. G. Renard, et. al. Trans, cf Amer. Soc. of Agric. Engrs. Vol. 7, No. 4 pp 471-474, 1964.

(4362) THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND

NATIVE VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Ariz, and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U, S. Soil Conservation

Service.

(c) Dr. J. L. Gardner, Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research,

(e) Interrelations of soils and native vege- tation as they Influence water and sediment yield are being evaluated on rangeland watersheds of 100 to 43,000 acres in Arizona and New Mexico. Supplementary to studies on entire watersheds, infiltrometer

studies on 6 x 12' plots are in progress.

A primary objective of the infiltrometer

studies is determination of parameters of rangeland vegetation most effective in evaluating its influences on runoff and

sediment production on watersheds,

(g) Cover of shrubs was shown to be negatively

correlated with clay and silt in the soil crust, surface horizon and subsoil; positively correlated with gravel in the three

strata. Grass covfer was positively corre- lated with clay and silt. On small watersheds above stock ponds, average annual

sediment production —but not runoff—is logarithmically correlated with basal area

of grass cover. It may be that this in- fluence of grass cover in reducing sediment yield has been responsible for these corre- lations .

(4363) HYDROLOGIC DATA REDUCTION WITH ANALOG-TODIGITAL CONVERTER.

(b) Laboratory projects, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. D. L. Chery, Jr., Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental; laboratory.

(e) Hydrologic records in analog form are being

reduced to digital form by means of an automatic analog to digital converter. Information is transferred primarily from

rainfall charts to punched cards for future computer programs.

(4364) RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY MICROCLIMATE, WATER BALANCE, SOIL AND VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and Nevi Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research.

(e) Runoff and sediment yields are being measured from several small, single soil- cover subwatersheds located within larger

experimental watersheds having mixed soil- cover situations. Objectives are to eval- uate the effects of various, soil-vegetation

complexes, microclimate and water balance

phases on local runoff and sediment pro- duction, and to identify and characterize

unit source-areas controlling the net storm runoff and sediment yields of larger, more complex watersheds.

(g) Average annual sediment yield from small predominantly grass-covered watersheds is about \%, by weight, of their water yield.

Sediment yield measured from predominantly

brush-covered watersheds ranges from around

25?, by weight, of water yield upward.

139
(4365) SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Kenneth G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the relationship of sediment production on unit source areas to sediment yields of complex watersheds, (2) to develop

methods for sediment yield prediction, and

(3) to develop methods for reducing sediment yields from semiarid rangeland watersheds in the Southwest. Integrated depth samples of suspended sediment are being collected, and single-stage samples by automatic samplers. Total load and particle sizes are being

determined for correlation with storm and runoff measurements on several experimental watershed with varying soil, vegetation

characteristics, and drainage features. Studies will be carried out over a number

of years during which effects of changing

range cover and corresponding changes in flow regimes of the watersheds may be evaluated

(g) Suspended sediment samples collected to date do not indicate a simple water-sediment re- lationship for a flashy ephemeral stream such

as Walnut Gulch. Because of the rapidly

changing stages, samples are generally

collected at one position in the cross-section.

Suspended sediment samples collected in the mainstream of Walnut Gulch have been found to vary between 2 and 8 percent by weight. Un- fortunately, these results have been confined

so far to relatively small discharges. The following are indications from the samples

analyzed to date: (l) The sediment peak precedes the hydrograph peak. (2) The sand load

is relatively low in the samples collected

before the hydrograph peak, and beyond the peak the sand load is higher and it seems to be more closely related to the actual discharge

than are the small soil fractions. (3) Silt load is heavy at the sediment peak and drops

off thereafter, i.e., clay to silt ratio rises after the sediment peak. (4) Correlation of consecutive depth-integrated samples is very

good when the stage is not fluctuating rapidly. (5) The majority of the single stage

samples on the main channel appear to agree

well with the depth-integrated samples taken during the same period. (6) There is a con- siderable increase in the percentage of clay

for samples taken in the mainstream as com- pared to samples taken upstream in the good

grasslands. Greater gullying on other areas

and bank erosion along the main channels are probably responsible for this Increase.

(4368) DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conser- vation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Box 8014, Univ. Station, Reno, Nevada 89507.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) (1) To develop a portable device that can

be used in the design and evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems and (2) to determine procedures for the use of the portable Irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device in measuring soil intake rates, sprinkler application rates and other

factors pertinent to the efficient design

of sprinkler irrigation systems.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) A portable Irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device has been designed and constructed. Tests show that the device works satis- factorily. Procedures for measuring soil

intake rates for sprinkler irrigation

system design have been developed.

(4850) WATERSHED RELATIONS TO RECHARGE OF DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED GROUND WATER BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California 93438.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Soil moisture measurements (made with neutron scattering moisture meters to depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) together

with measurements of precipitation and other climatologlcal factors are being made on a watershed near Lompoc, California, to de- termine how much, if any, of the rainfall in certain areas penetrates beyond the root zone,

to recharge groundwater. The thirteen sites now being studied represent various cover,

soil, and topographic conditions. A study

is made of movement of water in various

soils to help determine net contribution

to ground water recharge by deeply pene- trating rainwater. A technique for pre- dicting ground water recharge by deep pene- tration of rainwater is being developed

which will provide probability estimates of seasonal recharge based site conditions and climatological records,

(g) Downward translocation of moisture has been observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. The magnitude of this migration is predictable and

amount of downward movement of moisture

through the root zone can be estimated

fairly accurately without the benefit of periodic moisture determinations; provided

monthly precipitation data are available and

the range of available moisture In the root

zone is known.

(4851) WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LOSSES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California 93438.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, basic

and applied research.

(e) Measurements of soil moisture content are being made at 13 neutron scatter metering

sites on a watershed near Lompoc, Calif.

Soil suction is measured at one site by

tensiometers . Precipitation is measured

within a complex of four of the soil moisture

sites. Outside of the watershed, in a plot

(approx. one acre) of perennial ryegrass,

soil moisture data are obtained by an elec- tronically weighing lysimeter, neutron

scatter meter, tensiometers and moisture

blocks. Soil temperature, soil heat flux,

drainage from the lysimeter, wind velocity

and direction, solar, total hemispherical,

and net radiation, albedo, air temperature

and humidity are measured in or near the lysimeter. Most of this data is automatically recorded. Data is also obtained from

an adjoining USWB class A type climate

station, which contains extra instruments

consisting of a hygrothermograph, spherical atmometers, and recording rain gage. Purpose

of this work is to determine the relationships

between evapotranspiration and various cli- matic, soil, and plant influences as these relationships affect watershed performance

with respect to net water yield.

(g) Much of the available water in the root zones of the native vegetation was quickly used after each dry season started. The lack of available water reduced evapotranspi- ration rates. It was found that these rates

of evapotranspiration correlated to con140
siderable degree with the soil moisture

content of the root zones.

(4853) SALINITY BALANCE INVESTIGATION OF CITRUS

IRRIGATION ON RESIDUAL SOILS, USING COLORADO

RIVER VJATER.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service, and Riverside County (California) Flood Control Dist.

(c) Mr. Sterling Davis, Agricultural Engineer,

102 Irrigation Bldg., University of Calif.,

Riverside, California 92502.

d) Experimental.

e) The salinity of the soil and drainage water from this watershed is compared with

total Colorado River water irrigation appli- cation plus rainfall to determine the salinity trends within a 1,000 acre watershed planted primarily to citrus orchards. Granodiorite rock underlying these soils minimizes loss of effluent to deep percolation. Bi-annual soil samplings are taken

of selected sites within the watershed. Intensive investigations including flow

recorders, flumes, and recording rain gages, were activated in May 1961. The program

was expanded In 1962 to Include sufficiently

large flumes to measure winter storm runoff.

The project was established as a five-year

program

(g) Salt accumulates in the soil during the summer growing season and leaches out during

the winter rainfall season. Chemical

analyses of the soil saturation extract and

of the drainage water show an ea.ullibrium is being established which is favorable to the continued growth of citrus trees.

(4854) EFFECT ON TILE DRAINS OF MANGANESE AND IRON SOLUBILITY IN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. L. B. Grass, Soil Scientist, Southviestern Irrigation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1339,

Brawley, California 92227.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A study to determine the ability of various

soils to yield ferrous or manganous Ions

in drainage effluent under varying conditions of reduction and pH and to develop

an index for classifying soils as to their

reduction potential. Tile line deposits of manganese and ferric oxide now represent a serious threat to irrigated agriculture,

particularly In the Coachella and Imperial

Valleys of California. SCS and ARS tech- nicians have collected and forwarded soil samples from 11 locations throughout the United States where this problem has been

observed in agricultural drain lines.

(5219) WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS WITH CHEMICAL

TRACERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, U. S. Water

Conservation Laboratory, 4331 East Broadway,

Phoenix, Arizona 85040.

(di Experimental; applied research.

(e) Techniques and equipment for the integrated

sample method of water discharge in open channels and' In pipelines using fluorescent

chemical trace-rs are being developed.

(g) A sensitive laboratory fluorometer has been

adapted for field use. Preliminary field measurements indicate that uniform mixing of tracer with water flowing in an open channel

Is difficult to obtain.

(5220) UNSATURATED FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRI- CULTURAL SOILS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. S. L. Rawlins, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California 92502.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The objectives are (-1) To develop improved

techniques (in terms of effort, reliability,

and time) for measuring the water transmitting

properties of agricultural soils at various

matric suction values; and (2) to determine

the unsaturated flow properties of a variety

of agricultural soils. Diffusion theory

and linear flow systems are being utilized.

(g) The measurement of the unsaturated flow properties of soil is by no means experimntally routine. However, the recent development of apparatus for accurately

measuring and recording low rates of liquid

flow simplifies the collection of the required outflow data.

(h) "Apparatus for Measuring Low Rates of Water

Flow," E. J. Doering and D. L. Decker. Soil

Scl. Soc. Am. Proc. 28:716-718, 1964. "Soil-Water Diffusivity by the One-Step

Method," E. J. Doering. Soil Sci. 99:322-326,

1965.

(5221) IHE ROLE OF SOIL MOISTURE IN SEMIA RID RANGE- LAND HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

(c) Dr. H. A. Schreiber, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

e) The objectives of this study are: (a) To determine the relation of soil moisture to vegetation and soil characteristics; (b) to determine and evaluate effects of soil moisture

and related vegetation conditions on detention,

retention, and deep penetration of rainfall;

(c) to compare with the naturally occurring

moisture regime the effects produced by two imposed moisture regimes on soil and vegetation

characteristics relating to the hydrology and sediment production of semlarid rangelands;

(d) to study the effects and interactions

with soil moisture of maintaining a higher

than natural level of fertility on soil and vegetation characteristics affecting the runoff net water yield, and sediment yields

and forage production of semiarid rangeland

watersheds

(g) Runoff produced from high intensity, short duration, convectlve thunderstorms increases

with Increasing precipitation quantity and

intensity. Antecedent soil moisture has a significant, but very minor effect on runoff produced from these storms in the area under

study.

(5222) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Tehachapi

Soil Conservation District, and California

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Sclentlest, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California 93438.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Objectives of this study are to develop stoim time-depth-area relationships of rainfall in Central and Southern California to geographic

location in the detail needed for design of flood runoff control works on agricultural watersheds of 400 square miles or less; and of characterize other precipitation parameters

relating to the net water yields, flood

runoff and sediment production of such water- sheds . (g) Additional instrumentation has been installed and data collection is underway.

(5223) DETERMINING THE EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL WATERSHED MODELING RELATIONSHIPS CAUSED BY MANIPULATING

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FLUID USED IN THE MODEL'S RAINSTORM SIMULATOR.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State

141
University.

(c) Mr. D. L. Chery, Jr., Hydraulic Engineer, P.

0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental laboratory. Applied research

(also for a doctoral thesis).

(e) To determine the effect on model -prototype

relationships of changes in the physical

properties of water-chemical mixtures

used in a model watershed's rainstorm simulator. Data from the model are compared with records

of the prototype watershed (97-acre semlarid watershed near Albuquerque, New Mexico) to ascertain which water-chemical mixtures give

the best model verification. The watershed

model consists of a 1:175 fiberglass topographical model and an automatically operated

rainstorm simulator. In the storm simulator

the liquid is applied in several independent

subunits by positive displacement pumps

driven by variable speed D.C. electric

motors. The fluid is distributed evenly

over a subarea by equal length polyethylene

tubing (0.011 inch ID),

(h) "Construction, Instrumentation, and Preliminary Verification of a Physical Hydrologic

Model," D. L. Chery, Jr. Utah Water Research

Laboratory, 152 pages, July 1965. (Obtain from Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah 84321.)

(5224) GROUND WATER AS A FACTOR IN THE WATER BUDGET

OP SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

lb)

(c)

(s)

rainy-season condition. Seeding the plots bo grass reduced runoff more than did pitting.

Clearing brush extended the period moisture was available for plant growth following the rainy season by about 35 days. A 560-acre watershed was contour furrowed with a soil ripper in Spring 1965.

(5226) DYNAMICS OP WATER AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS.

(5225)

(b)

(c)

is

(G)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

Mr. D. E. Wallace, Geologist, P. 0. Box 213,

Tombstone, Arizona 85638. Experimental, field; applied research. Objective of the study is to provide infor- mation on ground water accretion and movement and aquifer-streamflow relationship

as affected by surface and subsurface geologic conditions. Research will include: (l) Preparing maps

and stratigraphic sections of the watershed

and associated areas; (2) keeping an accurate

annual log on groundwater fluctuations in

the watershed and adjoining areas; (3) collecting cores and samples of the various materials

for laboratory analysis; (4) utilizing drilling techniques and sensory methods to determine porosity, permeability, and transmissability of aquifers and valley material.

Pumping tests and tracers will also be uti- lized in determining flow movement in sub- surface strata. Neutron-scattering, borehole logging equipment will be used in an attempt to determine water movement from ephemeral streambeds to regional water table. These seepage losses form a subsurface mound

beneath the channels. The magnitude of this contribution to regional groundwater has not

yet been determined. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OP RANGE CONSERVATION

TREATMENTS. Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Experiment Stations of Arizona and New Mexico, U. S. Soil Conservation Service,

local ranch owners.

Mr. D. R. Kincaid, Research Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717. Experimental, field; applied research. Treatments comprise combinations of brush

removal, soil pitting and reseeding to perennial range grasses. They are applied

to replicated 6xl2-foot plots, and to drainage areas up to 10 acres. Objective is to investigate effects of a practical range con- servation program on yields of water and

sediment

Twenty-four 6xl2-foot surface runoff plots were treated by combinations of brush removal,

soil pitting and reseeding to perennial range

grass. Summer rainfall reduced the roughness

produced by pitting to less than half the pre-

(5584)

(b)

Co)

(d)

(g)

(5585)

(b)

(c)

Laboratory project.

Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California 92502. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Principles involving uptake of water from

soil by plants and subsequent loss to atmosphere are under study. A mathematical

model for the soil-plant atmosphere system has been derived. Experiments are conducted

in the greenhouse and growth chamber to test the valid! ty of the model. The unsaturated conductivity of the soil as well as the soil suction has been shown to be important in governing water uptake by

plants. The mathematical model has been

extended to provide a quantitative relation between transpiration and soil moisture.

"Relation of Root Distribution to Water Uptake and Availability," W. R. Gardner. Agron. Jour. 56:41-45, 1964. "Relationship Between Transpiration and the Internal Water Relations of Plants," C. F. Ehlig and W. R. Gardner. Agron. Jour. 56: 127-130, 1964. "Dynamic Aspects of Soil-Water Availability

to Plants," W. R. Gardner. Ann. Rev. Plant

Physiol. 16:323-342, 1965. "Physical Aspects of the Internal Water

Relations of Plant Leaves," W. R. Gardner and

C. F. Ehlig. Plant Physiol. 40:705-710,

1965. "Rainfall, Runoff, and Return," W. R. Gardner,

Meteorological Monographs 6:138-148, 1965. SEDIMENT SOURCES AND DELIVERY PROCESSES ON AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. Joseph B. Murphey, Geologist, P. 0. Box

E, Lompoc, California 93438. Basic and applied research.

To determine sediment producing characteristics of watershed lands as related to their geology, climate, soils, land use, and treatment; their stream sediment movement

and depositional characteristics as related

to hydraulic and hydrologic influences; and

to develop therefrom methods for prediction

of sediment deposition on agricultural flood

plain areas and sediment carried out of agricultural watersheds.

None. Preliminary investigations are being

developed. WATER REQUIREMENTS OF LAWN GRASSES. Field project in cooperation with the U. S. Navy and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment

Station.

Mr. Rhys Tovey, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Research Service,

P. 0. Box 8014 University Station, Reno, Nevada 89507. Experimental; applied research.

1. Determine minimum water requirements,

including depth and frequency of application, to maintain a lawn in a top well dressed condition.

2. Determine minimum water requirements,

including frequency and depth of application, to maintain a lawn where it is desirable to reduce maintenance operations

to a minimum. Good turf must be maintained

that will go dormant during hot seasons and revive when watered by precipitation

or irrigation.

Study being carried on with nonweighing

lysimeters

142
15588) WATER BUDGET OP EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS IN RELATION TO WATER DYNAMICS, GEOLOGY, AND

VEGETATION.

(b) Field and laboratory project In cooperation

with Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. D. R. Kincaid, Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Laboratory and field research, basic and

applied,

(e) The investigations are aimed at (l) assessment

of ground water in local, water tables and development of management practices for

sustained supply and improved quality of usable water; and (2) basic research on the relation of temperature variation and fluctuation of the water table to soil moisture movement and evaporation. During

the summer rainy season, large proportions

of the ephemeral flows are absorbed by the stream channel, resulting in a rise of the surface of the local water table. Many

channels with deep alluvial deposits over- lying these perched water tables support

dense stands of phreatophytes. Evapotranspiration from such areas on the V/alnut Gulch Experimental Watershed is being studied by

means of both the water budget and the heat

balance approach. Amounts of water storage and rates of recharge are determined in the

field. Outflow from the area is recorded

to the nearest cubic foot, and diurnal fluc- tuation of the outflow and of the surface of the water table is continuously noted. Using Darcy's Law and a combination of methods for determining soil permeability

and hydraulic conductivities, rates of sub- surface inflow are computed. By use of a portable seismic unit and 28 observation

wells, extent of the aquifer has been deter- mined and an area -depth curve has been prepared.

(5589) RELATION OP SEDIMENTS AND STRATIGRAPHY TO THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

(c) Dr. Philip Seff, Research Geologist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic

research.

(e) Sediment collection stations are located at half-mile intervals where good surface exposures exist near the various experimental

watersheds. Detailed sample collections of each stratigraphic unit are made and sub- sequently analyzed in the laboratory. This procedure coupled with a fluvial geomorphic

analysis of the existing stream channels provides the necessary data for geologic

interpretations, and recognition of changing

climatic conditions.

(g) Subsurface water flow is restricted on both

the Alamogordo and Walnut Gulch watersheds by

high to medium Indurated beds of Mesozoic age and older. There are three major strati- graphic gravel units within the Walnut Gulch

watershed, each displaying varied degrees of cementation. The older covers the upper

part of the study area and is very tightly

cemented, hence relatively impermeable. The youngest is largely unconsolidated and covers

the lowest part of the watershed. It is very

permeable and is a source of much water loss through seepage. Additional studies reveal

the bulk of the present sediments in Walnut

Gulch are supplied through erosion of the older gravels. Very little of the modern

sediments are supplied by the adjacent

mountainous areas.

(h) "Rates of Rounding of Quartz Granules and Nature of Sedimentary Maturity, San Pedro

Valley, Cochise County, Arizona," Philip Seff and Walter Smith, ARS 41-108, July 1965.

(5986) EVALUATION OF SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service and the California

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Sterling Davis, Agricultural Engineer,

102 Irrigation Building, University of California, Riverside, California 92502.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Objectives are to evaluate a variety of devices, such as porous tubes and conduits,

as to their ability to supply irrigation water beneath the -soil surface thereby re- ducing water loss attendant to conventional

surface water application in citrus groves.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE-, Central States Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to R. D. Lane, Director, 111 Old

Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio 43215.

(3563) SUBSURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) R. Z. Whipkey, Project Leader, Forest

Service, U.S.D.A., Hydrology Laboratory,

2240 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio 43201.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Movement of subsoil water will be studied

in various geologic and soil types to:

(1) Develop techniques for quantitatively

measuring subsurface water movement from

small plots; (2) to learn the effect of artificial rainfall on quantity and timing

of subsurface water movement; and (3) to develop a flow equation, including coeffi- cients for the significant variables

affecting that flow. This information will aid watershed technicians in making land management decisions on areas that have

lots of subsurface stormflow.

(g) A plot 125 feet long by approximately 18 feet wide was bordered by a trench 18 inches

wide by 30 inches deep. This plot is des- cribed in the Central States Publication

CS-29 and the cover, soil, and topography

in the 1965 Issue of Hydraulic Research in

the United States. The plot was wetted by a sprinkler system

consisting of five separate manifolds, each controlling five sprinkler heads. Thus, rainfall could be applied over the entire

plot or at any 25-foot segment of the plot,

i.e., from 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, etc. or combinations of the above 25-foot sections. Rainfall intensities applied ranged from

0.5 to 1.0 inch per hour in steady applications. Storm lengths varied from 90 to 150 minutes. Seepage was measured in a trough system described in the 1965 Issue

and in Publication CS-29. The following

results were -noted: (l) No surface runoff occurred during 30 storms. Observation

showed occurrence of flow over the litter in

a few instances, but distances involved were usually less than 4 feet after which the flew disappeared into the permeable A horizon.

This surface runoff sometimes occurs where

leaf litter is thick and saturated from pre- vious wetting runs. The surface runoff occurring under these conditions Is due to the "shingle-effect" of the imbricated

leaves. (2) Patterns of flow were as measured in previous years, i.e., greatest volumes of seepage occurred from the uppermost soil horizon. Where upper-slope por- tions of the plot were wetted 50 feet above

the face, no flow seeped from the face. How- ever, where the 25 to 50 foot section was

wetted, flow did occur through the unwetted

0-25 foot section and seep from the downslope face into the collection system. (3) Seepage occurred in the trench surrounding

the trough in every run. This seepage came from root channels, along root courses,

143
through about 4 lateral feet of unwetted soil,

it was felt that the biological and struc- tural channels within this forest soil are important sources of turbulent subsurface

flow occurring through shallow depths of forest soil in the Allegheny-Cumberland

plateau. (4) To learn something of the effect

of opening the fine-textured, relatively

tight subsoils, a pit was dug across the plot

from 40 to 50 feet above the downslope face. This pit extended laterally from the boundary

trenches and was approximately 11 feet deep. The material removed was then replaced in a haphazard manner, with care taken to minimize mechanical layering and compaction. Our objective was to see if disturbance of natural bedding planes and the impeding

layers affected subsurface stormflow. This

will be tested in detail after the disturbed

area has settled over the winter season.

(5) Observed subsurface stormflow coming from forested drainages during winter storms and from plots during simulated storms has been

of the turbulent type. While it seems logical that Darcy's Law does not hold for this

type of flow, we are testing several methods

of measuring hydraulic conductivity of per- meable forest soils. These are: (a) an oversized, 6-inch core sampler that will give four times the cross-sectional area but only

twice the perimeter of the standard 3-inch

core, (b) the 8-inch Bouwer double-ring

apparatus for measuring hydraulic conductivity

above a saturated zone, and (c) a meter-square

block equipped in place with outlet and inlet reservoirs. In the latter small head differences will be employed to measure movement

rates. We hope to compare these techniques

and perhaps learn if there is a practical,

sound method for determining hydraulic con- ductivity of highly permeable forest soils,

(h) "Measuring Subsurface Stormflow from Simulated

Rainstorms - A Plot Technique," by P.. Z. Whipkey. Central States Forest Experiment

Station Note, CS-29, Feb., 1965, 6 pp. "Subsurface Stormflow from Forested Slopes,"

by R. Z. Whipkey. Bulletin, IASH, Fall 1965,

pp. 44-85. "Theory and Mechanics of Subsurface Stormflow,"

by R. Z. Whipkey. Proceedings, Int'l Symposium on Forest Hydrology, held at Penn. State

Univ., Sept. 1965, (in press).

(4373) USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION EQUIPMENT FOR

MEASURING FOREST SOIL MOISTURE AND DENSITY.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Some newly developed equipment, operating on

the principle of nuclear radiation, facilitates the measurement of soil moisture and

the soil's closely allied property--bulk

density. We now have a five-piece set of this nuclear radiation equipment. We are investigating principles that will guide us

in the use of this equipment,

f) Completed.

h) "Access Tubes and Timers for Use with Nuclear

Soil Moisture Meters," by R. B. Marston. Central States Forest Experiment Station Research Note CS-30, 4 pp., March 1965. "Checking the Calibration of Nuclear Soil Moisture and Density Measuring Equipment,"

by R. B. Marston. Central States Forest Experiment Research Note CS-31, 4 pp., March

1965. "Volumes of Field Soil and of Water Measured by Subsurface Nuclear Probes," by R. B. Marston. Central States Forest Experiment

Station Research Note CS-32, 6 pp., March 1965.

(4752) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CONIFEROUS PLANTATION THAT ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO TREE GROWTH AND TO WATER AVAILABLE FOR STREAMFLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) This is an Intensive soil-moisture study

initiated to discover some basic tree stand characteristics that are closely related to tree growth and to water available for stream flow and to develop guides for field

use in managing forest plantations to obtain

optimum production of wood and water,

(g) Preliminary results are not yet analyzed; in the process of compiling and analyzing during

winter 1965-66.

(47 53) FOREST RESTORATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ON SURFACE MINED AREAS IN THE APPALACHIAN

COAL FIELDS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Surface runoff on spoil banks, freshly

formed during strip mining in the Appalachian

coal fields, has a high soil erosion and sediment transport potential. This seriously affects water quality and has other

deleterious effects on watersheds in which

coal is harvested. It is highly desirable

to establish a vegetative cover as quickly

as possible after mining disturbance in order to minimize erosion and maintain water

quality. The purpose of this project is to

(1) develop practical methods of reducing

damage to watershed values during surface mining operations and (2) find feasible ways

to restore mined areas to productive forest

uses

Studies by individual scientists are divided among five disciplines including (l) Spoil Placement. (2) Soil Chemistry, (3) Haul

Roads, (4) Revegetation, and (5) Hydrology.

General hydrology studies recently started

include (l) A study of stormflow and sedi- ment yield from stripmined terraces; (2) a study of stormflow and sediment yield from outslopes of stripmined soil banks; and

(3) a study of the hydrology of ponds

originating on stripmined lands.

In these studies a number of small San Dimas flumes have been installed to measure storm runoff from a number of terrace and outslope

drainages. In the pond hydrology study a number of stilling wells and recorders have

been installed on ponds. Raingage networks have been installed to cover each sample

drainage area

(g) Design criteria have been established for piling spoil overburden on hillsides. Assuming

complete drainage control and a fill material free of trees and brush, spoils material can safely be piled on slopes up to 33° . The amount of material piled should vary with the slope. At 33° a bench width of 45 feet is considered safe. At 14° a bench width of 250 feet should be free from slides. The soil solution composition in acid producing

coal mine spoil bank materials is related to the soil pH. Concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn,

Cu, and Ni were found to be high in low pH materials especially below pH 3. Maximum con- centrations were: Fe, 20,000 ppm; Al, 8,000

ppm; Mn, 1,800 ppm; Zn, 145 ppm; Cu, 31 ppm; and Ni, 26 ppm.

(h) "Designing Coal Haul Roads for Good Drainage^'

by Weildon K. Weigle. Central States Forest Experiment Station. 23 pp. Illus. 1965.

"The Selection of Experimental Watersheds and Methods in Disturbed Fores-t Areas," by W. David

Striffler. Proceedings of Symposium of Buda- pest, Representative and Experimental Areas.

IASH, Publication No. 66, Vol. II, pp. 464-473.

1965.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah.

(5296) SOILS STABILIZATION IN RELATION TO LOGGING

ON STEEP TIMBERED SLOPES IN THE NORTHERN

ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

144
(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) To identify and quantify the interrelations

of soil, water, and vegetation to soil stability; to determine mechanical and vegetation requirements for stabilizing

soil; and to determine effects of timber

harvesting and roadbuilding on soil movement and water yield.

(g) From the inception of a study of cutting

ponderosa pine on 16 small watersheds in the Boise Basin Experimental Forest, sedimentation was checked reasonably well because of careful advance planning, close supervision

of logging, and application of intensive measures for controlling erosion promptly

after harvest. Sediment that reached the stream channels originated primarily on haul

roads. Proximity of a road to a stream affected the frequency with which sediment

flows reached that stream. Sediment reached

channel bottoms through undisturbed buffer

strips averaging 8 feet wide, but did not

reach them if the strips were more than 30 feet wide. After 3 years, movement of sedi- ment "en route" had almost halted. Six different surface treatments were applied

to the fill section of a newly constructed

road in the Zena Creek area of the Payette

National Forest, Idaho. Treatments were: (1) One layer of "erosionet" plus grass seed and fertilizer, (2) three layers of "Erosionet"

plus grass seed and fertilizer, (3) asphaltstraw mixture plus grass seed and fertilizer,

(4) chipped logging slash plus grass seed and

fertilizer, (5) surface holes plus grass seed and fertilizer, (6) control, no treatment. Best soil stabilizing results were obtained

in the use of one layer of "erosionet" and

the application of an asphalt and straw mixture. Steep rugged terrain is characteristic of millions of acres of forested land in central

Idaho. Natural rates of soil movement are

high, and may be increased by improper land

use. The purpose of one of our studies is to determine natural rates of soil movement and

to' ascertain change in rates caused by different methods of logging: jammer versus highlead. Soil movement is measured both on small watersheds and on l/100-acre plots. Roads were built in the jammer area in 1961, and then both jammer and high-lead areas were

logged in 1962. Immediately following road

construction, heavy soil losses were observed

in the jammer area . After the logging operation, soil losses did not increase in either

the high-lead or jammer areas. In 1964 (3 years following road construction and 2 years after the logging operation) soil losses in

the two areas appear to be of the same magnitude . Further analysis of sediment yield from the l/100-acre plots corroborates the results

of another study. These plots are on both

southwest and northwest exposures; plots on

hot, southwest exposures yield significantly

larger amounts of sediment than those on northwest exposures as a result of highintensity rainfall.

(h) "Probable Return Periods of Rainstorms in Central Idaho," W. Joe Kidd, Jr. 1964. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Res. Note INT-28,

8 pp., illus.

"Good Logging Practices Reduce Sedimentation

in Central Idaho," H. F. Haupt and V/. Joe

Kidd, Jr. 1965. Jour. Forestry 63: 664-

670.

(5297) WATERSHED PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS AND RE- HABILITATION MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF

FLOOD RUNOFF, EROSION, AND SEDIMENT FROM DETERIORATED FOREST AND RANGELANDS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) To relate soil and vegetation characteristics

to infiltration, overland and subsurface

flow, and soil erosion; to develop flood

and erosion hazard criteria and protection

requirements for deteriorated rangeland; and

to determine effects of watershed rehabilitation on erosion hazard and flood potential,

(g) The effects of seeding and grazing on infil- tration capacity and soil stability were

studied on a subalpine range in central Utah. Seven years after the range land was disked

and seeded to grass, the main effects were: decreased organic matter and capillary porosity in the surface soil, greater soil bulk

density, and decreased plant and litter covep. Seeding did not significantly affect infiltrar

tion or soil stability. Grazing during the previous 4 years decreased plant and litter

cover and noncapillary soil porosity, but in- creased capillary porosity in the surface soil and decreased infiltration and soil stability.

Another study has been completed in central Utah on 164 infiltrometer plots distributed

over a wide range of soil, topographic, and plant-cover conditions. Data obtained were

subjected to a stepwise multiple-regression

analyses to determine which combinations of site factors exert the greatest influence on infiltration and soil erosion processes. Equations were developed that provide good

estimates of infiltration and soil erosion

values from several readily measured site factors.

The single site factor most closely correlated

with total infiltration was bulk density of

the surface inch of the soil mantle. This factor accounted for 35 percent of the vari- ance in total 30-minute infiltration. When

combined with other site factors in multipleregression analyses, bulk density remained

the most important factor affecting total in- filtration, but average bulk density in the surface 4 inches of soil proved to be more in- fluencing than that in the surface inch. Seven other variables in combination with bulk density added significantly to the ex- plained variance in total infiltration.

These are: clay content of the surface inch

of soil, air-dry weight of vegetation, air- dry weight. of litter, capillary porosity

of the 1-- to 2-inch depth, soil organic matter content at the 4- to 6-inch depth,

plot slope gradient, and aspect. This com- bination of factors accounted for 65.3 percent of the variance in total infiltration

and had a standard error of regression of 0.379 inch of infiltrated water. This was the

smallest. standard error obtained in the analyses.

The amount of soil eroded from the plots dur- ing the 30-minute application of simulated

rain was related exponentially rather than linearly to the site factors. Consequently,

it was necessary to transform the dependent

variable to obtain a good fit of the data by

regression analysis. After several trans- formations were tried, the following regression model was accepted and used:

log ( E + 1/2 ) = t> 0 + b

x X

x + b

g X2

+ . . .

in which E is soil eroded in tons per acre, b's are regression coefficients, and the X's

are site factors.

The proportion of the ground surface exposed

as bare soil on the infiltrometer plots was

the single site factor most closely correlated

with the amount of soil eroded. The percent

of exposed bare soil accounted for 52 percent of the variance in the dependent variable

(log E + 1/2) . Plot slope gradient accounted

for an additional 10 percent of the variance, and bulk density of the surface 2 inches of

the soil mantle accounted for another 4 percent. Together, these three factors explained

66 percent of the variance in soil erosion. Only 1 percent additional variance was ac- counted for by the next three ranking factors: soil organic matter content, soil aggregates and particles larger than 0.05 mm. in diameter, and the percent of organic cover provided by plants and litter.

A study of infiltration characteristics of

145
ponded water in contour trenches and their

change with time, was begun in 1964 in northern Utah. First-year measurements show that the average infiltration rates in these trench sections

during the time required for them to completely drain (several hours) were 15.8 inches per hour on coarse-textured soil material, 15.4 inches per hour on medium-textured material,

and 9.2 inches per hour on fine-textured

material. Laboratory measurements of the saturated permeability of the surface 2 inches

of soil material from the trench sections

were 13.9, 11.3, and 9.1 inches per hour,

respectively, for the coarse-, medium-, and fine-textured soils. Differences in permea- bility between cut slopes and fill slopes in the trenches were not significant.

Differences in the infiltration characteristics of trenches in coarse and fine soils are reflected more sharply by comparisons

of infiltration rates with time. Initial in- filtration rates, during the first 3 to 5 minutes after the plastic liners were removed,

ranged from 130.0 inches per hour on a site where 61 percent of the soil material exceeded 19 mm. in diameter to 25.2 inches per

hour on a site where 60 percent of the soil material was smaller than 2 mm. After the trenches were more than three-fourths drained (several hours) the infiltration rates on these same sites had decreased, respectively,

to 12.1 and 0.6 inches per hour. Although data from the 1965 tests have not been analyzed, the long periods of time (from

12 to more than 30 hours) required for equivalent amounts of ponded water to infiltrate

indicate that infiltration capacities of these trenches 1 year after construction have decreased to perhaps 1/6 to l/3 of their 1964 capacities. These reductions in infiltration

appear to be due to sealing of the soil sur- face by silt and clay-size soil fractions.

A major source of these fine fractions is be- lieved to be wind-blown soil carried from the trench fill slopes during periods of strong

upslope winds,

(h) "Land Use and Ecological Factors in Relation

to Sediment Yields," Otis L. Copeland, 1965. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf. Proc.

1963. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub 970, pp. 72-84. "Effects of Seeding and Grazing on Infiltration Capacity and Soil Stability of a Sub- alpine Range in Central Utah," Richard 0. Meeuwig, 1965. Jour. Range Mangt. 18: 173-

180.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Lake States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., 55101, unless indicated

otherwise for a specific project.

(3887) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied -research,

(e) Tests the Influence of forested bogs on streamflow and ground water behavior. Present studies are concentrating on: (l) Hydrology of 6 small bogs instrumented by a total of 5 flumes and 1 weir and by 6 re- cording and 56 nonrecording wells. (2) Lab- boratory and field studies to evaluate the hydrological and physical properties of peat

soils. Laboratory tests have been made of rate of water movement through 86 peat cores, and 72 in situ hydraulic conductivity tests

have been run using the piezometer and tube methods. (3) Evapotranspiration studies have been conducted on thirteen 10-foot- dlameter bottomless steel lysimeters and

four with surface areas of 1 square meter, which have been driven to impermeable peat

material in forested and nonforested bogs.

(g) Results to date of a study of water table relationships in a perched and nonperched

bog indicate that the water table in the former Is perched well above the regional

flow system and is controlled by precipitation and evapotranspiration. The water

table in the nonperched bog is continuous

with the regional ground water flow system

and is partially controlled by it. Different peat materials with different physical

properties were found in each bog because

of the influence or lack of influence of mineral-enriched bog water. Waters in the perched bog were more acidic. Evapotranspiration in bottomless 10-foot-dia- meter lysimeters compared with other methods

of measuring evaporation or evapotranspiration showed the following correlations: With

open pans, r= 0.907; with Thornthwaite ET

values, r = 0.883; and with Hamon ET values,

r = 0.920.

(h) "Laboratory Techniques for Measuring Water

Storage Properties of Organic Soils," D. H. Boelter. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28: 823-824, 1964. "Drainage Along Swamp Forest Roads--Lessons

From Northern Europe," Joseph H. Stoeckeler.

Jour. Forestry 63: 7 72-776, 1965.

(3889) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FiE SEARCH IN THE DRIFTLESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, with some aspects in cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation Dept.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Major emphasis is given to the influence of the forests on runoff and erosion. Studies

are also underway on gullies in forested land,

particularly the evaluation of small struc- tures and the reduction of gullying by water

spreading into the forest. A total of 37 water-measuring devices, including 3 weirs and

34 flumes, are in operation on 12 separate watersheds and in 3 springflow areas. In addition, 32 wells are under observation, with

2 equipped with recording instruments; 30 are of the non-recording type.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that runoff water

from small fields of ridgetop agricultural

lands can be directed and spread safely into forest land by means of (l) log barriers

placed across the direction of flow in the forest or (2) small detention ponds in tandem.

Of 20 runoff events, no water passed through

the outlet flumes in the plot with the 3 de- tention ponds. Four storms out of 20 resulted

in outflow from the contour log treatment.

On a third plot, where runoff was diverted

into untreated woods, 16 of the 20 storms pro- duced outflow.

(h) "Forestry Research to Benefit Trout?", R. S. Sartz. Wis. Conserv. Bui. 30 (2): 20-21, 1965.

(3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER

MICHIGAN.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

(e) The major projects involved here deal with

(1) ground water recharge and evapotranspiration of various cover types in deep

sandy soils, (2) streambank stabilization

on trout streams, and (3) sedimentation in trout streams. Measurements of ground water recharge are based on the behavior of 112 wells and 12 stacks of Bouyoucos soil moisture units. Of the 112 wells, 8 are of the recording type. Suspended sediment

samples are being obtained on three streams

at six separate sampling stations. A co- operative study on sedimentation has been initiated with the Biology Dept. of Central Michigan Univ. to measure effects of sedi- mentation in terms of trout habitat, and especially in terms of aquatic insect popu146
latlons

(g) Measurements of eroding streambanks which

received chemical mulch treatments 2 years previously have shown no significant im- provement in vegetation density due to mulching when compared to seed and ferti- lizer treatments. These tests apply only

to sandy streambanks where survival of the herbaceous cover is affected more by the availability of soil moisture than by sur- face erosion of seeds. Studies of evapotranspiration losses from shallow water table lands showed that diurnal well fluctuations produced by such losses effectively ceased when the water

table was more than 4.5 feet below mean

ground level in lowland hardwoods and below

5.5 feet beneath a jack pine plantation.

Since the water table levels have dropped below these levels each year over a 4-year

period, it is obvious that these forests on poorly drained sand soils do not act as phreatophytes through the entire growing

season. A low capillary fringe in the sand subsoils is evident from these results.

(h) "Suspended Sediment Concentration in a Michigan Trout Stream as Related to Watershed

Characteristics," W. David Striffler. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf. Proc.

1963 (U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ . 970):

144-150, 1965.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania 19082.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va.,

to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages,

(g) Sreamflow data from control and clearcut watersheds at the Fernow Experimental

Forest were reanalyzed to determine if measurements taken once a day, twice a week, once a week, twice a month, or once

a month could be used instead of continuous

records. The results suggest that, under

some situations, much might be learned

from relatively few measurements. Errors in streamflow measurement from stage-discharge relations, manual checks

of stage, and methods used in compilation

of data were evaluated, and estimated to total not more than 3 to 5 percent of annual streamflow values. Dew deposition was measured at the Fernow Experimental Forest in a recording rain

gage modified to accommodate a section of live turf. The total for August, the month of maximum deposition, was 0.055 inch.

The accumulation was not large enough to warrant consideration as a factor in watershed management research. Before clearcutting a portion of an experimental watershed on the Fernow Experimental

Forest during the winter of 1963, all trees above 1-inch dbh were basal sprayed with

2,4,5-T in No. 2 diesel oil. After cutting

sawlogs and pulpwood all stumps were sprayed with the same mixture. In the following

May and June the foliage of residual vegetation was sprayed with 2,4,5-T with knapsack misblower. During these treatments numerous water samples were obtained from

the stream immediately below the treatment

area and sniff-tested. There was no evi- dence of contamination by the herbicide.

The watershed treatment Increased water

yield from the treated area by almost 200,000

gallons per acre during May-October 1964.

(h) Frequency of Streamflow Measurements Re- quired to Determine Forest Treatment Effects],' by Kenneth G. Reinhart. U. S. Forest Serv.

Res. Note NE-23. 7 pp., illus. Northeast.

Forest Expt. Sta., Upper Darby, Pa.

"The Importance of Dew in Watershed-Management Research," by. James W. Hornbeck. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE-24, 5 pp. Northeast For- est Expt . Sta . , Upper Darby, Pa

"Accuracy in Streamflow Measurements on the Fernow Experimental Forest," by James W. Hornbeck. U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE29, 8 pp., illus. Northeast Forest Expt.

Sta., Upper Darby, Pa. "Logging and Erosion on Rough Terrain in the East," Proc. Fed. -Inter Agency Sedimentation

Conf., U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 970: 43-

47, 1965. "Herbicidal Treatment of Watersheds to In- crease Water Yield," by K. G. Reinhart.

Proc. Northeastern Weed Control Conference

19: 546-551, 1965.

(2419) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field Investigation; basic and applied

research

(e) The objective is to determine the effect of forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West

Thornton, New Hampshire. Seven weirs have

been built and climatic stations established.

(4756) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SYRACUSE

UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) This cooperative project was started in 1961 to determine quantitative relationships

of forest types and stand conditions to the amount, timing, and quality of streamflow in the Adirondacks, the glaciated Appalachian

Plateau, and the Catskills.

(g) On the basis of equations for turbulent heat

and vapor transfer, and reasoned application

of knowledge about intercepted snow, great

differences are predicated in the energy and vapor balance between an intercepted "snowfield"

and one on level open ground. The differences,

resulting from the complex surface geometry of

a closed conifer forest, are sufficient to account for considerably greater losses from

intercepted. snow.

(h) "The Surface Geometry of A Closed Conifer

Forest in Relation to Losses of Intercepted

Snow," by Donald R. Satterlund and Arthur R. Eschner. U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper NE34, 16 pp., Northeast. Forest Expt. Sta., Upper Darby, Pa.

(5323) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, UPPER DARBY, PA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with: (l) the School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State University and the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters; (2) Baltimore (Md.) Bureau

of Water Supply; and (3) Division of Water

Supply of the City of Newark, N. J.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) At Pennsylvania State University a cooperative

study was started in 1957 to determine the effect of forest cover and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow in the oak- hickory type in Pennsylvania, and to study

147
associated and basic soil-water relationships.

Six experimental watersheds have been selected,

weirs have been constructed, and climatic

stations established.

At Baltimore, Md. a cooperative study started

in 1958 to determine effect of growth of loblolly and white pine in plantations on streamflow, and to compare streamflow from watersheds in conifer plantations with streamflow from a hardwood-forest watershed. Streamflow of three experimental watersheds is being measured and a climatic station has been

established.

At Newark, N. J. a cooperative study to de- termine the influence of selected treatments

of forested municipal watersheds on water

supply. Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds

were built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging and climatic measurements were started

in the spring of 1959.

(g) In a cooperative study with the School of Forestry of the Pennsylvania State University

an analysis was made to determine the amount

of annual and seasonal water yield, flow dur- ation, and peak flow frequency for seven major

physiographic units in the northeast. All watersheds (137) in the Northeast that were

less than 100 square miles in area, that had

continuous records from 1940 to 1957, and that

were not appreciably affected by regulation

and diversion were included in the analysis.

In addition, streamflows of four small forested

experimental watersheds were compared with

average streamflow values of the physiographic

units in which they were located. The longest

simultaneous record available was for a 3-year

period from 1959 to 1962. Results indicate

significant differences in water yield between

physiographic units as well as between watersheds within units. Water yields from the small experimental watersheds, although based

on a shorter and different period of time, were

found to correspond closely with average water

yields of their respective physiographic units.

(h) "Streamflow Characteristics of Physiographic

Units in the Northeast," by William E. Sopper

and Howard V. Lull. Water Resources Res. 1: 115-124.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following project should

be addressed to Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director, Northern Forest Experiment Station, 210 Admiral Way, Juneau, Alaska 99801.

(2654) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Field investigation, applied.

(e) This work is concerned with the relationships between salmon spawning streams and timber

harvesting in Southeast Alaska. Work is concentrated on 3 streams lying 40 miles

west of Ketchikan. Two of the watersheds

have been logged. The third watershed will

remain unlogged.

Study is concentrated on factors that can exert a major influence on pink and chum

salmon development and survival in streams in

a logged watershed. During 1964 stream dis- charge and stream temperature measurements

were obtained,

(g) The possibility of improving estimates of effective salmon spawning areas was explored

using large-scale (1:1, 620) aerial photographs and stream profiles. Stream obstructions, such as debris jams, may alter the 1 to 3 feet per second stream velocity range usable for spawning to higher or lower rates.

In 15,000 lineal feet of stream studied, 13 percent of the bed area was occupied by pool and pool-influenced areas associated with fallen tree and log debris in the stream. The combination of aerial photo interpretation, stream profile measurement, and estimates of roughness parameters appears to be

a way to estimate potential spawner use in stream reaches. The concept has not yet been tested under field conditions.

Two log debris jams artifically constructed

in a' salmon stream caused streambed scouring under the debris concentrations, downstream

deposition, unstable streambeds immediately

upstream, and removed streambed areas from spawning salmon use. The highest flood in

13 years of record removed the artificial

jams. Streambed gravel movement associated

with the flood and log jams significantly de- creased the amount of fine material in the gravels in some areas and caused small net reductions in others. In one area intra

gravel water dissolved oxygen content was significantly higher after the flood than before debris jam construction. In the other area the oxygen content was initially high

and increased only slightly after the flood.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box 3141, Portland, Oregon, 97208.

(4757) WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASH.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

(e) Field studies in ponderosa pine and mixed- conifer forests and foorest-ranges on the east slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon

and Washington: Erosion in forests and

ranges: (l) Sediment production from Swauk sandstone-ponderosa pine; (2) sediment pro- duction from grazed pine-fir-larch ranges, Blue Mountains; (3) stimulation of seeded

and natural grass cover by fertilization - Swauk sandstone soils; (4) relation of parent material and vegetative cover to organic matter, aggregation, pH, and bulk

density of forest-range soils - eastern

Washington; (5) effect of climate on development of soils from identical parent

rock. Evapotranspiration: Includes

studies with the overall objective of measur- ing factors which affect distribution and

use of water in forests and related ranges:

(l) Measurement of solar energy in a pine

forest; (2) seasonal changes in soil moisture under a lodgepole pine forest;

(3) measurements of moisture use by plants;

(4) effect of removing brush and tree growth in three experimental watersheds on water yield (Entiat watershed study, in calibration stage — no treatment yet ap- plied); (5) water-holding capacity and drying rates for humus types characteristic

of ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests - east

side of the Cascade Range.

(g) Early results of a study of soil moisture

depletion dramatically Illustrate the manner in which soil depth governs the potential water yield increases due to timber harvest. Measurements made during

the past year confirmed those made the previous year. The shallow soil (2-3 ft.) lost 2.5 inches while the deeper soil lost

6.4 Inches during the drying season. A vegetation inventory was completed and half of all the plots were cleared of all tree growth during late October. These data Indicate that removal of lodgepole pine from the deeper soils will result in stor- age of more soil water than would be gained

in shallow soils. Thus, it can be presumed that on deeper soils, more water can

be made available for streamflow by timber management practices.

(h) "The Energy Budget and Its use in Estimating Evapotranspiration," by William B. Fowler. Soc. Amer. Foresters Proc: 101-

148
104. September 1964. "Tracing Soil Particle Movement with Pe^° ", by David D. Wooldridge. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.

Proc. Vol. 29: 469-472, July and Aug. 1965.

(4758) WATERSHED LOGGING METHODS AND STREAMFLOW

(b) Laboratory project with some phases in co- operation with City of Portland, Bureau of Water Works and Oregon State University.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Research is conducted at three field

locations in the Cascade Range of western

Oregon: Bull Run watershed (domestic supply

area for Portland), H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and South Umpqua Experimental

Forest. Studies are confined to two forest

types representing major segments of the remaining old-growth forests of the Pacific

Northwest: (1) Douglas-fir, western

hemlock, western redcedar, and (2) Douglasfir, sugar pine. Investigations represent

an initial effort to study precipitation

runoff, erosion, and soil moisture in undisturbed stands, and to follow changes

caused by several methods of logging. Included are studies in four categories:

(l) Soil movement on logged land and an evaluation of effectiveness of grass seeding

on roadbanksj (2) changes in water quality

resulting from roadbullding, two methods of cable logging, two degrees of forest removal — 25 percent and 100 percent — and slash

burning; (3) changes in streamflow caused by clear cutting and partial cutting in groups of varying size on matched watersheds

in old-growth Douglas-fir and sugar pine-fir. Pretreatment measurements are still being

made to provide statistical basis for

treatment evaluation; (4) soil moisture

movement and disposition and the role of vegetation in evapotranspiration, including

measure of seasonal changes in soil moisture

under a Douglas-fir stand, vertical movement

of water in Douglas-fir soils, rainfall

interception by crowns of old-growth Douglasfir soils, rainfall interception by crowns

of old-growth Douglas-fir, and changes in plant succession following logging and

slash burning,

(g) Second year measurements after logging

showed a storage capacity at the end of the summer of 3.5 inches of water in the top 4 feet of soil. Had the timber not been logged, storage capacity would have been an estimated 6.7 inches. With some recovery of vegetation following logging

and burning, water removed from the top 4 feet of soil was about half what it would

have been under undisturbed conditions.

First measurements of suspended sediment

from tractors crossing small streams during road construction show that during

low summer flow there is a ten-fold re- duction in sediment concentration after

the stream flows through 1,000 feet of natural channel. Suspended sediment was reduced from 1,000 to 100 parts per

million. Particle size analysis showed

the following concentrations.

Distance downstream

from road crossing

feet

Suspended sediroent concentrations

parts per million

Sand Silt Clay Total

150 300

600

1200

80

3 1.5 0.8

618 358 1.055

238 440 681 39 410 450

3 104 108 Water samples collected in spring, summer, and winter of 1964 were analyzed. Form and concentration of nitrogen was erratic. Nitrate form in spring changed to ammonia

form in summer and winter. Alkalinity,

greater from burned watersheds in spring, returned to lower levels in summer and

winter. Hardness (combined alkaline

earths), greater in spring from logged and burned watersheds, returned to same levels

In both burned and unburned watersheds

summer and winter. Phosphate levels were greater from logged and burned watersheds

except during summer low flows. Sodium

was consistently slightly greater from logged and burned watersheds. K, Fe, and

Mn showed no difference. Total dissolved

solids were 88 percent HC0 3 plus hardness

plus Si. The other 12 percent included h, CI, PO4, Mn, K, Na. pH remained near neutral except during one sampling.

First-year results from snow measurements in 2-chain-wide, east-west, clearcut strips shew greater accumulation but more rapid melt of snow in the strips. At the time of maximum

accumulation in March, water content of snow

on the clearcut strip was 35 percent greater

than that under undisturbed forests. By

June 15, only 3 of 36 plots in the open were snow-covered in contrast to 26 of 36 plots snow-covered under the undisturbed forest,

(h) "Streamflow from Small Watersheds on the Western Slope of the Cascade Range of Oregon]! by Jack Rothacher. Water Resources Res. 1(1):

125-134, illus. First Quarter 1965. "Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Pumice Soils in Oregon," by C. T. Youngberg

and C. T. Dyrness. Soil Sci. 97(6): 391-399. June 1964. "Snow Accumulation and Melt in Strip Cuttings

on the West Slopes of the Oregon Cascades,"

by Jack Rothacher. U. S. Forest Service Re- search Note PNW-23, 7 pp., May 1965. "Sedimentation after Logging Road Construction

in a Small Western Oregon Watershed, " by

Richard L. Fredrlksen. In Proceedings of the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference,

1963. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 970, pp. 56-59, illus., June 1965. "Christmas Storm Damage on the H. J. Andrews'.' U. S. Forest Service Res. Note PNW-29, 11 pages, August 1965.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(4996) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN CALIFORNIA'S

SNOW ZONE (SNOW MANAGEMENT RESEARCH).

(b) Laboratory and the following cooperators:

State of California, Dept. of Water Resources,

Atomic Energy Commission, and Pacific Gas & Electric Company.

(c) Dr. James L. Smith, Project Leader, Snow Management Research, Pacific Southwest

Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The objective of this project is to determine methodology for increasing water yield and changing of timing of water delivery by

vegetation manipulation, by evaporation

suppressants, etc. Its area of Interest is confined to the snowpack zone of the Sierra Nevada of California. Present studies emphasize development of methods for management of high elevation snowpacks for yield

and control of water; the effects of timber

cutting upon soil moisture losses and snow accumulation and melt; and the evapotranspiration from various sites — species

combinations

Project scientists are located in Berkeley

with field personnel and studies located at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, Soda Springs, California, and studies only located

at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the headwaters of the north fork of the Kings

River above Fresno, California. Both sites

lie at 7000-8000 feet elevation. At the Teakettle Experimental Forest four small watersheds (0.27-0.86 square miles in area) are under study prior to installation of log roads and a timber harvest to determine their

149
effects upon water yield. At the Central

Sierra Snow Laboratory five small watersheds

are gaged for the study of logging effects upon water yield. In the headwaters of the Feather River a practical sized logging is being tested for snow accumulation and melt

effects. Gamma and neutron probes are being

tested for measuring hydrologic characteristics

of snowpacks. Evaporation suppressants are being tested for reduction of such losses from

snowpacks

(g) Rapid measurement of hydrologic characteristics of snowpack which may permit more

accurate appraisal and prediction of delivery

of snowmelt water has been possible using

gamma and neutron probes. Commercially

available probes with gamma source (Troxler

Laboratories SC-10 and SC-20 probes) were

tested for the ability to measure snow density of the individual layers in the snowpack. Usable regressions of snow density (D) measured gravimetrically and gamma counts

(Cg) in CFM in the snowpack were obtained. Only one calibration curve is needed regardless of how close to the snow-air interface

one takes measurements.

A snow gage has been tested with which one may accurately measure snow density in 1/2- inch vertical increments to 1.2 percent accuracy of actual density. With this system

a 10-foot snowpack may be profiled in 10 minutes by moving the detector and source through the snowpack at a constant rate. Output was recorded on an analog chart. The system operates on the theory of gamma transmission. Gammas from the source pulse

through the snowpack to the crystal detector,

thence through a pulse-height analyzer set to pass photo-peak energy only and from there

to the ratemeter-scaler . Output can be fed

to a chart. Problems of temperature effects upon the crystal are controllable. "Sun-cupping" pro- blems are negligible with use of proper access

tubing. Effect of crystalline structure of snow, ice, and water upon gamma attenuation are shown

to be negligible if present at all. Count was shown to be wholly dependent upon density of material between the source and

detector.

Soil samples were obtained for analysis In

a study designed to identify the hydrologic

constants of the major soils in the Sierra Nevada of California. Snow accumulation was

increased by 45 percent in clear-cut strips

132 feet wide. These strips were cut in virgin red fir at an elevation of 7,000 feet. However, approximately a quantity of snow almost equal to the Increase was "stolen"

from the bordering forest "downwind" from

the cut strips. Snowmelt in east-west cut strips was shown to be drastically affected by the heating up of the tree trunks of mature timber to the north of the cut strips. These in turn radiated heat to the snowpack and melted the pack rapidly from the north

edge progressively to the south edge.

Winter surface evaporation from snowpack at high elevation sites was reduced by the addition of the suppressant hexadecanol. It was shown that hexadecanol did not materially

increase snowmelt.

(h) "Radio-Snow Gages: A. Review of the Literature," by James L. Smith and Donald W. Willen. Isotopes and .Radiation Technology (Div. of Tech. Info. /Div. of Isotopes Devel., U. S. Atomic Energy Commission) 2 (l):41-49. 1964.

(4997) WATER SOURCE HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators are: State

of California, Department of Water Resources; University of California; State of Hawaii,

Division of Forestry.

(c) Mr. Henry W. Anderson, Project Leader, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is through analytical modeling

to advance the state of knowledge of watershed hydrology and sedimentation, and particularly,

knowledge of the relationship of watershed

management and other hydrologic processes at the water sources to water yield, floods,

sedimentation, and water quality delivered

from wildland watersheds.

(g) The relation of snow accumulation and melt

to terrain and forest conditions measured at 163 snow courses in central California were

determined, using principal component analysis. Snow data included wet years and dry, 1958, 1959 and 1960. Terrain was expressed In two parts: first, meso terrain, representing the surroundings

within a few hundreds or thousands of feet around the snow course, and second, the local terrain at the course. Meso terrain vari- ables were shade from surrounding mountains,

forest or lack of it at distances up to one mile to the windward, and position on the mountain slope, ridge vs. valley, etc. Inter- actions of these with the local terrain were

also investigated. Local terrain variables

included topographic and forest variables; topographic variables were elevation, slope and aspect; measured variables were expressed

in energy terms and included interactions with

meso terrain and the forest. The effects of topography at the snow course were represented

by variables affecting the amount of snowfall,

and the heat —both the solar energy and the exposure to winds affecting advective heating

at the course. Forest variables: the forest variables were density of forest canopy, vegetative species, tree heights, sizes of openings and position of the snow course within the forest or opening. Under conditions when average snow (at all

sites) was greater than 20 inches, the largest contrasts between amounts of snow on north

and south slopes occurred in the forest; open- ings were next; and forests near openings

showed very little contrast between slopes. Under all three forest conditions, maximum

differences occurred at about 35 inches of snow storage. The principal components

analysis also indicated the possible magnitude of meso-effects of forests for distances one-half mile to the windward (SWW) of snow courses. For a snow course with a dense forest

(66 percent canopy) to windward, and a comparable course with the forest canopy thinned to 33 percent, the analysis indicated 4 to 8 inches more snow at the course with the less dense forest to the windward.

In studies of the application of multivariate techniques in appraising the adequacy of cur- rent sediment networks, some interesting re- lations of sediment discharge to past land use

and condition have been indicated. For a selected group of 23 watersheds In northern

California the relation of suspended sediment discharge (SED) to watershed fires in the last

ten years (FIRE10), to unimproved roads

(UROADS), to "poor" logging (L0G1), to steep

grassland (IGS) and to mean annual streamflcw

(MAQ) were determined. Principal component

regression gave the following equation: log(SED) = + 0.456 + 07k3k log(RRA) + 0.2k0 log(FIRElO)

+ 0.159 log(UHOADS) + 0.105 log(LOGI)

+ 0.278 log(IGS) + 1.957 log (MAQ) By solving the equation one can obtain estimates

of the effects of a change in a particular

land use or change in streamflow. For example,

one can arrive at the conclusion that man's activities (as characterized by FIRE10, UROADS., and LOGl) have increased average sediment loads for some northern California streams by seventeen times.

(h) "Integrating Snow Management with Basin Man- agement," by Henry W. Anderson. To be pub- lished in Western Resources Symposium, John Wiley & Sons, N. Y. , 1965.

"Some Interpretations of Sediment Sources and Causes, Pacific Coast Basins in Oregon and

150
California," by Henry W. Anderson and James R. Wallis, Proo. Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf., 1963. U. S. Dept. Agric. Misc.

Publ. 970, pp 22-30, 1965. "Snow Accumulation and Melt in Relation to Terrain in Wet and Dry Years," by Henry W. Anderson and Allan J. West, Proc. 33rd West. Snow Conf. (In press.)

"A Factor Analysis of Soil Erosion and Stream Sedimentation in Northern California," by

James R. Wallis, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Ph.D. Dissertation, 141 pp., University

Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., No. 65-8113,1965.

"Multivariate methods of hydrology. A Com- parison Using Data of Known Functional Rela- tionship," by James R. Wallis, Water Resources

Research 4(1): 48-59, 1965.

"An Application of Multivariate Analysis to Sediment Network Design," by James R. Wallis

and H.rW. Anderson, Bui. Internat. Assoc.

Sci. Hydrol. X Annee No. 3, 1-22, 1965. "Surface Soil Textural and Potential Erodibility Characteristics of Some Southern Sierra Nevada Forest Sites," by Donald W. Willen,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29(2): 213-218,1965.

(4998) WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, AND FLOOD AND SEDI- MENT REDUCTION IN THE LOWER CONIFER ZONE OF

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators are: California Department of Water Resources, California Division of Forestry, East Bay

Municipal Utilities District, California

Department of Fish and Game.

(c) Mr. Robert P. Crouse, Project Leader, Lower

Conifer Zone, Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1960 Addison

Street, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) This project conducts basic studies of forest hydrology which will suggest methods

of land management for improving water yield,

preventing floods and controlling sediment in the commercial timber zones of California

below the snowpack.

A study of soil moisture depletion in the Sierra zone of the Lower Conifer Zone concerns

the magnitude of soil moisture storage and depletion under different stand and timber

cutting intensities. Because soil creep and landslides are prevalent in the zone, a study of gravitational

mass movement will form an effort to develop

the means of estimating the consequences of mass movement in terms of sedimentation. The ultimate objective is to develop the means

of predicting the role of land management

practices, such as logging and road building

in initiating or accelerating mass movement,

(g) Soil moisture data has been collected at 2- intervals for an additional summer's depletion

period from 84 neutron moisture meter access

tubes installed to a depth of 20 feet in a wide range of forest vegetation densities. Distance and bearing to all vegetation within

84 feet (1/2 acre) of each access tube has

been collected. Soil texture has been deter- mined for each plot to a depth of 50 feet. An additional 20 access tubes have been in- stalled to a depth of 17 feet around a single Isolated sugar pine. Recording water table

stage recorders have been installed at 3 locations.

The initial base survey of natural soil creep rates has been completed at the Moraga and Northern Coast Range sites. A preliminary

standard penetration test survey has also been completed in holes adjacent to all in- clinometer holes. A refraction seismograph

survey of soil thickness Is at present being

carried out at all sites. The watershed calibration period at Caspar

Creek is continuing with measurements of streamflow, sediment discharge, and pre- cipitation.

(4999) FLOOD AMD SEDIMENT REDUCTION FROM STEEP UNSTABLE BRUSHLANDS OF THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: California Division of Forestry, Los Angeles County

Flood Control District, Los Angeles County

Fire Department, University of California,

Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Riverside, Angeles

National Forest.

(c) Mr. Raymond M. Rice, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment StatioB,

110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field Investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Purposes are (1) to determine how watersheds

function: what happens to the precipitation,

and how water and soil movement are influenced

by conditions of vegetation, soil, geology, and topography; and (2) to develop methods of watershed management, including treatment of areas denuded by fire, to insure maximum

yield of usable water and satisfactory flood runoff and soil erosion control. Principal work center is the 17,000-acre San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started by

lightning in July 1960 consumed the vegetation,

mostly brush, on 90 percent of the area and destroyed or damaged many of the research

installations. Immediately after the fire

a major emergency research program was started

to test the effectiveness of various measures used to reduce flood runoff and erosion on the denuded watersheds. These rehabilitation measures include seeding grasses and mustard singly

and in combination with physical treatments

such as wattling, channel barriers and contour

terraces. The tests are being made on 38 watersheds of 2 to 90 acres each, equipped to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge and suspended s.ediment. Twenty-five have basins to measure bedload. Studies of the erosion processes and tests of applied management

methods to decrease the erosion potential are being continued.

(g) Plots installed in the fall of 1965 to evalu- ate two methods of applying a wetting agent

for post-fire erosion control yielded negative

results. There were no significant differences between the surface runoff and erosion from treated and controlled plots. The lack of effectiveness is attributed to wind blowing

the treated surface soil from the plots. Most

of the erosion measured occurred during dry inter- storm periods. Only trivial amounts cf water borne erosion were measured. As a re- sult of this finding four sideslope erosion

plots have been equipped with anemometers to evaluate the role of wind in soil movement cn steep sideslopes. Wind travel is being measured at the surface, at the vegetation crown level, and at a free air station. Laboratory findings have been reported under

(5000) . (h) ''Soil Wettability: A Neglected Factor In Watershed Management," by Jay S. Krammes and Leonard F. DeBano, Water Resources Res., 1(2)-

283-286, 1965. > "Effect of 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T on Water Qua- lity After A Spraying Treatment," by Jay S. Krammes and David B. Willets, Pacific S.W. Forest & Range Expt. Sta., U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note PSW-52, 4 pp., 1964.

"The Influence of Vegetation on the Thermal

Regime at the San Dimas Lysimeters," by Hasen K. Oashu and Paul J. Zinke, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 28(5) :703-706, illus., 1964. "Emergency Measures to Control Erosion After

A Fire on the San Dimas Experimental Forest," by R. M. Rice, R. P. Crouse, and E. S. Corbett,

Proc, Federal Inter-Agency Conference on Sedimentation, Jackson, Miss., 1965.

"The Effect of Former Plant Cover on Herbaceous

Vegetation After Fire," by Raymond M. Rice and Lisle R. Green, Jour, of Forestry, 62(11) :820-

821, 1964.

(5000) WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT FROM THE BRUSHLANDS

OF THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: California

151
Division of Forestry, Los Angeles County

Flood Control District, and University of California at Berkeley, Riverside, and Los Angeles.

(c) Mr. Leonard F. DeBano, Project Leader, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) The work center is the 17,000-acre San Dimas Experimental Forest in the San Gabriel

Mountains of Southern California.

Field investigations include studies concerned with the hydrologic factors of chaparral

watersheds, riparian zone hydrology, and evaluation of water yield improvements.

Laboratory studies on the movement (saturated and unsaturated), loss and storage of water

in brushland soils supplement field studies

on chaparral and riparian zone hydrology.

Purpose of the work is (l) to establish

fundamental plant, soil, water relationships

as they influence water losses and water

yields; and (2) to develop and test cultural practices aimed at improving water yield,

(g) Abstracts of unpublished material. "Water Repellent Soils and Their Relationship to Wildfire Temperatures," by L. F. DeBano and

J. S. Krammes (to be submitted to the Inter- national Association of Scientific Hydrology)

A naturally occurring water resi stent soil was

exposed to different burning times and temper- atures after which the soil samples were tested

for non-wettability . The less intense treat- ments produced an extremely non-wettable condition. Temperatures of 800 and 900 degrees

applied for 20 minutes completely destroyed the non-wettable property. Heat treatments within

the realm of soil temperatures existing during

wildfires were capable of producing the extreme (h) non-wettable condition. The increase surface runoff and erosion from burned southern Cali- fornia watersheds could be the result of this relationship.

"Effects of Hydrophobic Substances on Moisture (5001) Movement During Infiltration," by Leonard F. DeBano (presented to Division S-l, Soil Science (b) Society of America, National Meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Nov. 3, 1965). The effect of a hydrophobic substance on mois- (c) ture movement was studied during Infiltration

into soil columns. Physically similar wettable

and non-wettable soils were used for the experiments. Data on infiltration rates and soil (d) moisture distributions obtained during horizontal infiltration were used to calculate soil (e) moisture dlf fusivities for the two soils. Horizontal infiltration rates were used to calculate

soil moisture diffusivities for the two soils. Horizontal infiltration rates were reduced 25 fold by the presence of a hydrophobic substance.

Also, soil moisture distributions developed in

a non-wettable soil during infiltration were

different than in the wettable soil. In a non- wettable soil there was a decrease In moisture

content between the water source and the wetting

front while the wettable soil the decrease over

this interval was smaller. The ratios of soil moisture diffusivities of wettable to those of non-wettable soil increased as relative moisture content decreased. This indicates that

the hydrophobic substance has a greater effect

on unsaturated soil moisture movement at lower

moisture contents. Results of this study taken

as a whole suggests a non-wettable soil, pro- perty may be a significant factor in moisture

movement in southern California brushland soils. "Longevity of a Wetting Agent Treatment for Water Resistent Soils, by J. S. Krammes and

L. F. DeBano (presented to Division S-l, Soil Science Society of America, National Meetings

of the American Society of Agronomy, Columbus,

Ohio, November 3, 1965). (g) Field sampling in burned chaparral watersheds

shows a "non-wettable" soil property to be widespread in southern California. Restricted

moisture movement and penetration in this soil condition results in high surface runoff and erosion rates during storm periods. A wetting

agent treatment has been used to modify the

wetting charactistics of these soils on burned

watersheds. The longevity of such remedial

treatment was evaluated in the laboratory

leaching study. Both surface tension measure- ments of the leachate solution and capillary

rise data shows that wetting agent treatment to have a residual effect. It persisted in the

soil until an amount of water equivalent to more than 16 inches of natural precipitation

was applied. Other experiments.

Preliminary laboratory infiltration experiments

were conducted on soil columns containing a layer of non-wettable soil located below the

soil surface. The non-wettable layer was 2 inches thick with the upper interface being 2 1/2 inches below the top of the column. Similar textured wettable material was packed above and below the non-wettable layer. The results of infiltration experiments indi- cated that a non-wettable layer located in this position reduced total infiltration into columns. Infiltration rates decreased when the wetting front entered and passed through the non-wettable

layer. Infiltration rates into the wettable

soil overlying the non-wettable layer was simi- lar to those in columns packed with wettable

soil. As the wetting front entered the non- wettable layer, infiltration rates droppedbelow

those for columns packed only with non-wettable

soil. When the wetting front left the non-wettable layer and passed into the wettable soil,

infiltration rates increased slightly and maintained a rate similar to those of the non-wet- table soil. The non-wettable layer appeared

to influence not only infiltration when the wetting front was located in the non-wettable

layer, but also has a residual effect at lower depths in wettable soil. "Soil Wettability: A Neglected Factor in Watershed Management," by Jay S. Krammes

and L. F. DeBano, Water Resources Research,

1:283-286, 1965. WATER YIELDS IN HAWAII. Laboratory project. Cooperators: State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Re- sources, Div. of Forestry.

Mr. Robert E. Nelson, Chief, Hawaii Research

Center, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range

Experiment Station, 400 South Beretania St., Honolulu, Hawaii. Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

The objective is to develop a hydrological

and meteorological base in Hawaii's wildland watersheds that will suggest methods of land management for maintaining or improving water yield and water quality and minimizing soil erosion and sedimentation; to obtain adequate

understanding of the processes of receiving

and discharging water and being able to predict the effects of a wide span of forest

land management practices upon water yield

and water control; such studies are to suggest ways to manage watersheds that will (l) assure

the continued protection of watersheds; (2) improve the distribution of the water yield

by modifying the balance between the ground- water recharge and surface waterflow; (3) increase water yields by decreasing

evapotranspiration losses; and (4) minimize

flood runoff and sedimentation. Major work center is in Honolulu. The principal studies under way are the deter- mination of soil erodibillty indices for

forest soils in Hawaii, the measurement of evapotranspiration from several selected wildland vegetation types, and a study of rainfall-runoff relations on two small forest watersheds.

Studies of soil erodibillty Indices, their

predictability from recognizable site charac- teristics such as parent material, vegetation

and precipitation, and their relation to measured splash under artificial rain con- ditions are nearing completion. Publication

of these results is expected this year (1966), Measurements of soil moisture depletion under

152
a grass cover and under an aluminum-roofed

plot were made. This study complements

earlier measurements of soil moisture depletion under several tree and brush plots in adjacent areas.

A study of rainfall interception and fog-drip

was begun in several forest plantations on Maul and Oahu. These studies will be expanded

to include the effects of size, shape and other characteristics of natural and artificial leaves on water storage and drip under

laboratory conditions.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr, Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

I 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine

and spruce-fir forests and of the management

of these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water, largely from stored snow. The purpose is

to solve problems in the management of forested water sheds of the high altitude

zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum

yields of usable water.

(g) The energy budget for a snowpack is evaluated

to determine energy available for evaporation.

The effect of turbulence is considered. Re- sults were checked by determining sensible heat flux with known gradients of specific

humidity and temperature. Agreement was

close. In February and March 1963 evaporation from 0600 to 1800 on clear days was ranged from 0.02 inch to 0.07 inch. Nighttime condensation was 0.008 to 0.012 Inch. From oblique aerial photographs, significant

relationships between areal snow cover and

seasonal water yield have been derived for watersheds at Fraser Experimental Forest.

The characteristic rate of snow-cover depletion on a given basin can be indirectly de- termined from topographic characteristics

such as aspect and elevation. Near-identical

relationships were obtained when two adjacent watersheds having similar aspects were com- pared with respect to: (l) The distribution

of area with elevation and (2) areal extent

of snow cover. Watersheds are highly corre- lated with respect to residual runoff volumes.

This indicates that small index watersheds may provide a reliable basis for making accurate short-term residual volume forecasts for

large drainage basins. An automatic system has been devised to re- cord heat pulse velocities at preselected

intervals. Heat pulse velocities in tree

stems are an index to velocity and direction

of sap movement . Most rapid rates have been

observed in both spruce and lodgepole pine

during snowmelt when soils are throughly wet. Rates later In the summer are reduced. Apparently, even with old, well-established

trees soil moisture controls moisture loss from the trees more than do other environmental factors. Seismic determination on Fool Creek watershed at Fraser revealed that depth of soil and weathered rock is about 14 feet on slopes.

Concentration of runoff in the period during

and shortly after snowmelt indicates high

permeability of these regolith materials.

(h) "Evaporation from a Winter Snow Cover in the Rocky Mountain Forest Zone," James D. Bergen

and R. H. Swanson. West. Snow Conf. Proc.

32: 52-58, 1964. "Process and Significance of Interception in Colorado," Marvin D. Hoover and Charles F. Leaf. To be published in Internatl. Symposium Forest Hydrology Proc, Penna. State

Univ. 1965. "Seasonal Course of Transpiration of Lodgepole Pine and Engelmann Spruce," R. H. Swanson. To be published in Internatl. Symposiun Forest Hydrology Proc, Penna. State Univ.

1965.

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by waterhed vegetation; to determine the influence of various types of forest and grassland vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment

such as grazing and timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield; and to determine

for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving

plants) the amount of water used, methods

for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with more useful plants. At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and

erosion are measured on three watersheds in

the pine-fir vegetation type at high elevation, on two watersheds in the ponderosachaparral type, and from four watersheds in the grassland-chaparral type at intermediate

elevations, and on nine small watersheds in the semidesert-chaparral type at low elevations. Water use by different types

of plants in various soils is studied on eleven large lysimeters. Three watersheds

have been established on the ponderosa

pine type, three in the mixed-conifer type and two watersheds in the high (9,300- foot elevation) grassland type. Current

plans are to treat one ponderosa pine watershed in 1965, testing current Forest Service methods of harvesting mature

timber, but adjusting cutting methods

to lead to eventual even-aged management.

Soils from grass, aspen, and mixed- conifer plots are being laboratory

tested for hydrologic characteristics.

Soil moisture is followed with a neutron

probe. Gaging stations for four watersheds

in the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds and

and another cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental

studies are determining the proper use of chemicals, fire, and mechanical treatment

for manipulating shrub in the type. Ecology

of Tamarix pentandra and other phreatophytes

is under investigation. Germination,

seedling survival, sprouting ability, and

rate of spread studies were continued,

(g) Salt glands in T. Pentandra are distinct

structures composed of eight cells. The glands excrete salt solutions through a sin- gle pore during relatively high humidity

conditions.

More herbaceous plants emerged after complete

litter removal than after burning, scarifying,

or no treatment. Burning appeared to favor morning-glory and yerba-santa. Required

germination conditions for shrubs probably

were not met in these laboratory tests. Five years after converting one-third of the 248-acre North Fork Workman Creek watershed

from moist-site forest vegetation (White and Douglas fir) to perennial grass, the in- crease in water yield is statistically highly

significant. The slope of the posttreatment

regression is also significantly different

from the pretreatment regression. The signi- ficant difference in slope of the pretreatment

and the posttreatment regression lines, in- dicates the two converge near zero flow but diverge for high flows. This suggests a logical deduction that the largest increases

should occur during years of high streamflow when soil moisture deficits are satisfied

over larger parts of the watershed. The

153
increased water yield on North Fork has

varied from 4,4 percent in 1960 to 65 percent

in 1963, and has averaged 55 percent for the

5 posttreatment years. After 12 years, 1954-1965, the data from

South Pork indicates that streamflow has not been increased significantly. The changes

in water yields following treatment have

shown increases 9 out of 10 years, but the average increase was only 4 percent. If future increases are maintained in the same magnitude, approximately 40 years would be required to obtain statistical significance.

The 12 years' data indicate that small' water

yield increases may be expected from an indi- vidual trees selection timber harvest which

leaves a heavy stand of timber in the watershed.

In contrast to the two previous years, no frozen soils have been observed in the White

Mountain area (elevation 9,300 feet) during

the 1964-65 winter to February 1, 1965. This

appears to be related to early snow that has remained to protect both forest and grassland

soils. This lack of soil frost will be re- lated to runoff during the spring runoff

period

High water savings from "control" of sprouting

shrubs on the burned Three-Bar experimental watersheds continue into the fourth posttreatment year. Sediment movement has declined on all watersheds after the very high yield of the first postfire year. The three watersheds

left in shrubs are still releasing significant amounts of sediment, but watershed C converted

to grass, has yielded no sediment in the past

2 years even though this period included the largest high-intensity summer storm since the- watersheds were established in 1956. In Whitespar A and B, the previously noted

strong correlation with respect to timing

of peaks and lengths of spring recessions

continues. No particular change has occurred

in the sporadic flows from the three Mingus watersheds

A water vapor adsorption apparatus is being

developed for measuring the transpiratory

water losses from plants. Water vapor in air

is absorbed by a desiccant, and the amount adsorbed is determined gravlmetrically

Initially the method is being developed for

potted plants.

The control of transpiratory water losses

from plants by means of chemical treatments

is being explored. The objective of a recent study was to determine the influence

of foliage sprays of 4 amino, 3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) on the tran- spiratory water losses from potted shrub live oak plants. Picloram is a phytotoxic

chemical which shows promise for the control

of brush. Soil-applied treatments of pic- loram are lethal to potted shrub live oak

plants, whereas low-volume foliage sprays

are not. In the present study low-volume

foliage sprays of picloram were applied to potted shrub live oak plants and the tran- spiratory water losses of the treated plants were compared with those of untreated control plants. A low-volume foliage spray of picloram at a sublethal rate (1/2 lb. /A) reduced transpiration of shrub live oak temporarily only. Repeated applications were necessary to maintain or reduce the tran- spiration rate below the level achieved by

the initial' treatment.

A field reconnaissance survey has been devel- oped by a relatively fast and accurate samp- ling technique far measuring the riparian

vegetation. The survey was designed to test

the value of aerial photography in mapping

inaccessible riparian vegetation. The ma- jority of the riparian hardwood species can be identified from the large-scale aerial photographs,

(h) "Salt Gland Anatomy in Tamarix Pentandra

(Tamaricaceae)," C. J. Campbell and J. E. Strong, Southwest. Naturalist 9(4): 232-

238, illus.

"The Mechanism of Fenuron Injury to Plants,

Edwin A. Davis, Res. Note RM-50, 2 pp. "Picloram: A Promising Brush Control Chemical," Edwin A. Davis, Res. Note RM-35, 2 pp. "Effect of Litter Treatment on Germination of Species Found Under Manzanita (Arctostaphylos)," George E. Glendening and C. P. Pase,

Jour. Range Mangt. 17: 265-266, illus. "Reduction of Litter and Shrub Crowns by

Planned Fall Burning of Oak-mountainmahogany

Chaparral," C. P. Pase and George E. Glendening, Res. Note RM-49, 2 pp. illus. "Burned Chaparral to Grass: Early Effects on Water and Sediment Yields at Three-Bar,

C. P. Pase and P. A. Ingebo. To be published

in Ariz. Watershed Symposium Proc. 1965. "Results From Mixed Conifer Watersheds and Possible Future Treatments," Lowell R. Rich. To be published in Ariz. Watershed Symposium

Proc. 1965.

(196S) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUEROUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project. Some work in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management and Geological

Survey

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located

about 8 miles north of the San Luis community

and west of the Rio Puerco main channel pro- vide the study area. Water and sediment inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and

amounts of vegetation changes are periodically

measured over the watersheds. Ten years of data have been collected under cattle grazing during a 5 1/2-6 month overwinter

period (November 1 to April 30). Evaluation of soil ripping on surface runoff,

erosion, and vegetation. Surface runoff plots

(64), 10' x 31 ' , are installed on a north and south aspect and upper and lower slopes rep- resenting different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez drainage. Precipitation, runoff, and sediment are measured.

To obtain inventory information on the hydrologic variables of the pinyon- juniper

type, six small watersheds with ephemeral

streams are being gaged by means of a pre- fabricated, fiberglassed version of the Beaver

Creek flume,

(g) Ripping killed 28 percent of the perennial

grass ground cover on the Rio Puerco watersheds, caused a 50 percent loss of litter, and a 24 percent increase in bare soil. Beneficial effects of ripping were: an increase

in forage production from 265 pounds per acre to 476 pounds per acre; the first year after treatment no runoff was produced, and the second year runoff was about half as might be expected. Plot studies indicate ripping

effectiveness in stopping runoff will decline

in about 3 years. Protection from grazing has given some inter- esting results. Two grazing seasons are hardly enough to forecast what will ultimately

occur but trends are evident . Ground cover

has declined by 32 percent, but litter in- creased 333 percent. Bare soil stayed about

the same. Forage production has declined

about 11 percent. Forage production measure- ments separate current growth from last year's

litter, thus total plant material is greater

than reflected in the production measurements.

Fiberglassed plywood sheets are undergoing

strength and durability tests for use in gully

control check dams near Albuquerque, New Mexico. A low cost, rapidly installed, durable gully check dam is needed for use in rehabilitating watersheds in the Southwest. Tests

were begun this year on the use of prefabricated dams made of 4 foot by 8 foot fiber- glassed plywood sheets and plywood sheets treated with pentachlorophenol . Plywood is used as the apron and dam wall. Field construction is simple. After sites are selected, keyways are dug, the support frames

154
installed and the plywood is placed and screwed

to the frame

As with any gully check dam, success is dependent primarily on proper location, installation, and design for accommodating peak flows.

Since these initial dams are restricted to size, their widespread use is at present

limited. Currently work is being done to de- sign dams that can lap plywood pieces to ex- tend effective dam widths.

Those installed in the summer of 1965 were

given a severe test when between 1.25 and 1.5 inches of precipitation fell in an hour on the watersheds. The dams caught and held sediment without downstream or side scour,

(h) "Ground Cover Changes in Relation to Runoff

and Erosion in West-central New Mexico," Earl F. Aldon, Res. Note RM-34. 4 pp. "Changes In Perennial Grass Cover Following

Conversion from Yearlong to Summer-deferred

Grazing in West-central New Mexico," W. C. Hickey, Jr., and George Garcia, Res. Note RM-33,

3 pp.

"A Prefabricate Flume for Gaging Ephemeral

Streams," Earl F. Aldon and Fletcher J. Brown

Res. Note RM-55, 8 pp.

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (1) To evaluate water yield and sediment pro- duction in relation to standard forest management practices in ponderosa pine. (2) To determine surface runoff and rates of re- covery from soil compaction on Kentucky

bluegrass range in the Black Hills. (3) To determine soil moisture relations of ponderosa

pine thinned to different reserve densities

and by stand types.

(g) Amount of precipitation reaching the ground under ponderosa pine is dependent primarily

on the amount of precipitation in the open. Coefficients for linear correlation of weekly throughfall with weekly gross precipitation were 0.998 and 0.989 for thinned and unthinned pine respectively, leaving only 0.4

and 2.2 percent of variation in throughfall unaccounted for. Relationship of unaccounted

for variation in throughfall with canopy

factors was tested for the unthinned pine. Results indicated a probable curvilinear re- lationship, throughfall increasing with

increase in canopy density from 40 percent

to about 57 percent and then a drop in percent throughfall with increase in canopy

density to 70 percent, the limit of the data. Possible explanation for such a relationship

lies in .effects of canopy density on wind

velocity and turbulence factors. An impact penetrometer with cone point for measuring depth of soil freezing was developed. Use of a cone point (45°) with the base of the cone slightly larger than drive

rod diameter virtually eliminated frictional

resistance compared to a straight rod, making

breakthrough from frozen Into unfrozen soil much more distinct.

A diversion slot for sampling streamflow and suspended sediment off the end of a super- critical velocity flume was designed and

tested. Laboratory tests indicated a tapered

slot is necessary for constant proportional

sampling. Theoretical consideration of the relationship of mean cross section flow veloc- ity to mean velocity in center vertical of flume flow supports the hypothesis. From laboratory measurements approximate confor- mation of taper was calculated. There remains

the practical problem of preventing debris

from lodging on the slot in field operation.

(3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field Investigation; applied research,

(e) (1) To determine the effects of big sage- brush on total runoff from snowmelt, snow

accumulation and storage pattern. Three high elevation sagebrush watersheds,, 60

to 106 acres, in .western Wyoming provide

the study area. V-notch weirs gage the runoff, and suspended sediment samples

are taken periodically. Snowpack is sampled along permanent transects and

at random points. Precipitation is sampled by a network of recording and non-recording gages. (2) To determine

the soil moisture withdrawal pattern under natural stands of big sagebrush, and the effect of sagebrush eradication

on moisture withdrawal. Four 0.1 acre plots on an east and a west exposure

have been established within high

elevation sagebrush type in western

Wyoming. Sagebrush on two of the plots cn each exposure has been

eradicated by spraying. Soil moisture

samples are taken periodically to trace moisture withdrawal under each condition. (3) To evaluate the com- parative efficiencies in terms of water stored in accumulated snow,

of tandem 4-foot slatted snow fences erected at different spacing intervals

on open windswept slopes in southeast Wyoming. (4) To evaluate the effects

of inducing snow accumulation on a watershed through use of artificial

barriers. Three experimental grasslandtype drainages, 88 to 144 acres, have

been selected for the study area in southeastern Wyoming where snow transport by wind commonly occurs. V-notch weirs are installed to measure water yield. Snowpack is sampled

in areas of natural accumulation

along permanent transects. Summer precipitation is sampled by a net- work of recording and non- recording

gages. (5) To determine the basic hydrology of mountain bogs in Wyoming.

The prevalence of small bogs along many perennial streams in the mountains of Wyoming has stimulated the posing of various

questions concerning the hydrologic

significance of these areas in relation to management techniques for water yield improve

ment. To provide information basic to advanced studies oriented toward this problem

hydrologic characteristics of a 3-acre bog

were studied intensively during the summer

of 1963 and will be continued for another

field season. Observations of vegetation and physical conditions on the bog indicate

possible relationships between various

species and environmental conditions such

as peat depth and surface-water depth.

(g) The chemical control of big sagebrush has become an important method of range improvement. To provide information basic to under- standing results of a sagebrush watershed

study presently underway, a plot study of the effect of sagebrush eradication by spraying

on soil moisture withdrawal has been in pro- gress since .1960. Results during 1964, the third year following spraying of the treated

plots, indicate that soil moisture content

as measured by neutron probe equipment at depths of 0-8 feet on 0.1 acre treated and untreated plots were significantly different

(at the 0.90 confidence level) on one date near the commencement of snowmelt. Moisture

levels were not significantly different be- tween treatments on seven other sampling

dates. There were significant differences between treatments when changes in soil moisture content between consecutive sampling dates were analyzed, particularly in late spring and late summer. Soil moisture

accretion and depletion rates generally were greater on the untreated plots than on sprayed plots.

(h) "Inducing Snow Accumulation on High Windswept Plains in Southeastern Wyoming,"

H. W. Berndt, Jour. Soil & Water Conserv.

19(5): 196-198, illus.

"Snow Accumulation and Disappearance in

155
Lodgepole Pine Clearcut Blocks in Wyoming,

H. W. Berndt, Jour. Forestry 63(2): 88-91,

illus.

(3895) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALPINE HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigations; basic research.

(ej To determine methods for increasing the amount of snow storage in alpine snowfields,

and to develop control of evaporation and melting to insure maximum effective contribution to summer streamflow. To reduce snow avalanche danger by improved forecasting of hazard, and methods of stabilizing snowpacks

on mountain slopes.

(g) A joint study with the SCS was initiated in October 1964 at Berthoud Pass, Colorado, to test a pressure pillow designed to record

the weight of the snowpack. The circular

pillow is made of rubber 12 feet in diameter and is filled with 300 gallons of methyl

alcohol. The pressure of the snowpack on the pillow is continuously recorded on an F-35 water level recorder. Weekly increments

on the pillow compared closely to snow board

readings. However, short-term increments do not compare with snow board readings because

of the diurnal effects of temperature on the alcohol in the standpipe.

(h) "Relative Importance of Weather Factors Creating Slab Avalanches in Colorado,"

Arthur Judson. West. Snow Conf. Proc. 32: 60-67, illus. "Watershed Management in the Rocky Mountain

Alpine and Subalpine Zones," M. Martinelli,

Jr., Res. Note RM-36, 7 pp. illus. "Influence of Gap Width Below a Vertical

Snow Fence and the Size and Location of Lee Drift," M. Martinelli, Jr., Bui. I.S.A.H.

4(4): 48-57, illus.

"An Estimate of Summer Runoff From Alpine

Snowfields," M. Martinelli, Jr., Jour. Soil & Water Conserv. 20(1): 24-26, illus.

(3896) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS,

COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Field plot to observe the adaptability and growth characteristics of twenty- three tree

shrub and twenty-six grass and forb species

for further testing on critical erosion

sites

Research to find the influences of mechanical watershed rehabilitation measures on

the microclimate and other site factors in the southern Rocky Mountains. To determine

the effect of range conditions and related

factors on sediment production and runoff

on three mountain grassland watersheds in western Colorado. Range condition is being

measured by means of 20 or more 3-step

transects on each watershed. Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to gage the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to 272

acres. Water samples are taken several times daily during snowmelt and periods of storm runoff for determination of suspended

sediment; bedload is measured in the weir

ponds

(g) Costs of loose rock, wire bound, single fence and double fence rock check dams were determined for heights of dams of 2 and 6 feet and for gully bottom slopes of 5 to

15 percent, (a) The double fence type while

more complicated had lowest installation,

(b) Costs per cubic yard of structure decreased with increasing height of dam for all types. (c) Costs of gully control increased with increasing gradient. (d) Cost of gully control with double fence dams was less when 6-foot-high dams were

used except on gradients of 5 percent.

One prefabricated concrete check dam suc- cessfully passed a severe test when heavy

runoff from snowmelt filled the catch basin

to spillway crest with 4,000 cubic feet of sediment

On three Black Mesa watersheds spring snow- melt averaged 1.95 inches on a lightly

grazed watershed, 3.73 inches on a heavily

grazed watershed, and 7.09 inches on a moderately grazed watershed. Correlating

precipitation received (peak snowpack plus

incoming precipitation during the snowmelt

period) with spring runoff yield highly

significant correlation coefficients. From

84 to 96 percent of the variation in runoff

is explained by the precipitation variable

and the standard errors are about 1 inch. Using spring and fall soil moisture measurements to compute water available for runoff

does not yield improved correlation coefficients. In addition in multiple linear

regressions relating peak snowpack, soil moisture recharge index and runoff the soil moisture variable does not contribute significantly to the regression.

Suspended sediment yields for the light and heavily grazed watersheds are quite similar

(average 62 and 63 pounds per acre). Sus- pended sediment yields vary widely from year to year, but these are not in step with the small changes in ground cover in- dex or bare soil hits obtained from transect data.

(h) "A Pavement Breaker Attachment to Drive Steel Fenceposts," Burchard H. Heede, Jour. Soil

& Water Conserv. 19(5): 181-182, illus. "Multipurpoase Prefabricated Concrete Check

Dam," Burchard H. Heede, Res. Note RM-12,

16 pp., illus.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. T. F. McLintock, Director, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, P. 0. Box

2570, Asheville, North Carolina 28802.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use

and information.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Basic research into forest hydrologic pro- cesses governing the disposition of precipitation on forest lands of the southeastern United States. Demonstrations of several cover types and land management practices

and their effect upon the amount, quality,

and timing of water yield. Development of watershed management methods pertinent to

the region including pilot testing, cooperative trials, and demonstrations of these methods. The work is centered at the 5,600-

acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the mountains of western North Carolina near

Franklin. Located in the zone of maximum

precipitation in the eastern United States,

the research area receives an average of

80 inches of precipitation each year, mostly

coming as rain in about 100 separate climatic events. The basic hydrologic gaging network at Coweeta includes 3 multiple, 12 unit, and 16 standby watersheds ranging from

4 acres to 8 square miles with continuous

streamflow records up to 31 years in length;

12 recording and 11 standard rain gages; 1 evaporation pan; 1 metering anemometer; 2 recording pyrheliometers; and 1 hygrothermograph. A small laboratory provides faci- lities for routine soil moisture work and for turbidity measurement of streamflow.

Soil moisture is measured in the field by

3 neutron scattering devices. Now largely

inactive, a unit located near Union, South Carolina has been the site of considerable

work on erosion control, comparative water

use by different forest cover types, and

soil moisture recharge in the piedmont.

156
Research studies include: (l) forest treat- ment effects on water yield; (2) the hydrology of mountain unit watersheds under

several cover types; (3) movement and

storage of soil water on steep slopes;

(4) predicting soil moisture in steep terrain for hydrologic purposes; (5) morphology of the soil mantle related to water storage and release to streamflow;

(6) incident solar radiation on forested

and cleared slopes; (7) effect of forest cover and mountain physiography on the radiant energy balance; (8) rainfall in- terception by white pine; (9) mechanizing

hydrologic data collection and processing;

(10) stream diversion to deep soiled slopes

to stabilize and increase late summer flows; and (11) pilot testing multiple use of forest for water, timber, recreation, and. wildlife on a 3S5-acre watershed.

(f) Active; as individual studies are completed

they are reported via technical reports and publications.

(g) A 22-acre catchment converted from hardwood

to grass in 1959-1960 has continued to yield

more water each year as the original grass

cover declined in vigor. Water yield in- creases for the past 5 years have been 0, 0.9,

1.3, 4.6, and 6.9 inches as dry matter pro- duction of grass declined from about 3.5 to 1.5 tons per acre per year. Grass vigor was

restored to the 1960 level by heavy fertilization in April 1965; the effect on water

yield is not yet known. A computer method

of separating a continuous streamflow hydrograph into quick and delayed flow components

has been developed to facilitate study of streamflow behavior from small catchments. This technique employs a straight line of separation projected forward at beginning of hydrograph rise until it intersects the re- cession side of the storm hydrograph. All

flow above the separation line is quick flow,

all below it is delayed flow. Using this

technique, 15 forested watersheds in eastern

United States were separated into quick and delayed flow by computer and ranked according

to mean precipitation, quick flow, and re- sponse factors quick flow/precipitation and quick flow/total water yield. The over- riding prevalence of subsurface flow was in- dicated and other Important relationships

determined by this technique. Use of com- puter separated components of the hydrograph

is continuing to develop new and better

streamflow prediction methods and for analysis of forest treatment effects based on the climatic event. A clearcutting experiment on

a 40-acre watershed was repeated after 23 years of regrowth since the first cut in 1940. The water yeild increase during the first year after the second cut was almost identical with results after the first cut, 14.7 and L4.6 inches respectively. A review of worldwide forest cutting experiments reveals

that 100 percent reduction of forest vegetation may give water yield increases as large

as 18 inches during the first year following

treatment, but that most treatments give con- siderably less, depending primarily on cli- mate and distribution of precipitation

throughout the year.

(h) "Test of a Transpiration Inhibitor on a Forested V.'atershed, " by P . E. Waggoner and

J. D. Hewlett, Water Resources Research 1(3):

391-396, 1965. "Canopy and Litter Interception of Rainfall

by Hardwoods of Eastern United States," by

J. D. Helvey and J. H. Patric, Water Re- sources Research 1(2): 193-206, 1965.

"Soil Water Absorption by Mountain and Pied- mont Forests," by J. H. Patric, J. E. Douglass and J. D. Hewlett, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 29: 303-308,

1965. "Volumetric Calibration of Neutron Moisture

Probes," by J. E. Douglass, presented at the Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America, Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 1-6, 1955.

"A Specific Application of the Energy Balance Approach to the Interpretation of Watershed

Response," by L. W. Swift, Jr., presented at

the Research Conference on Energy Balance,

Washington, D. C, November 15-19, 1965.

"Some Effects on Soil Moisture of Midseason

Forest Defoliation," by J. H. Patric and J. E. Douglass, presented at the Annual American

Geophysical Union Meeting, Wash., D. C,

April 19-22, 1965. "Gaging Networks to Adequately Sample Rainfall Interception by Forests," by J. D. Helvey and J. H. Patric, presented at the International Symposium on Design of Hydrometerorological Networks, Quebec, Canada, June 15-22, 1965.

"P = (T + I +E) + R + AS . " by R. H. Stroud,

Sport Fishing Institute Bulletin, No. 160: 4-7, March 1965. "Effects of Species and Arrangement of Forests

on Evapotranspiration, " by J. E. Douglass,

presented at the International Symposium on Forest Hydrology, Penn. State University,

August 30- September 10, 1965. "Forest Treatment Effects on Water Yield,"

by A. R. Hibbert, presented at the Inter- national Symposium on Forest Hydrology,

Penn. State University, August 30-Sept. 10, 1965. "Streamflow Data Processing Opportunities and Applications," by A. R. Hibbert and G. B. Cunningham, presented at the International

Symposium on Forest Hydrology, Penn. State University, August 30-September 10, 1965. "Factors Affecting the Response of Small Watersheds to Precipitation in Humid Areas,"

by J. D. Hewlett and A. R. Hibbert, presented

at the International Symposium on Forest Hydrology, Penn. State University, Aug. 30- September 10, 1965. "Research in Forest Hydrology at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory," by J. E. Douglass,

presented at the Clemson University Council

on Hydrology, Clemson, South Carolina, March 17, 1965.

(5813) HYDROLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF WETLAND SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public

use and information.

d) Experimental; applied and basic research.

e) Project objective is to develop effective

and reliable water control and soil manage- ment techniques through increased knowledge

of the hydrology, soil properties and soil- water-plant relations of wetland forests. Research is conducted in wetland forests

of various types throughout the south- eastern control plain from Virginia through

Florida. Accordingly, much of the program

consists of water control and soil studies

in cooperation with wood-using industries,

and other wetland forest managers who have

made or plan capital investments to manage

the water on their land. In addition, research is also conducted on the Santee Experimental Forest, located 32 miles north

of Charleston, which has a small soils laboratory and three stream gaging stations

on watersheds of 400, 1,200, and 11,000

acres. Active studies include: (1) response

of wet, slash pine flats to drainage; (2) relationships between soil and water con- ditions and their effect on tree growth on drained wetlands; (3) study of the water

balance of selected wetland units; (4) precipitation-runoff relations on small forested watersheds in the coastal plain;

(5) effects of understory control on soil moisture; and (6) moisture characteristics

of representative wetland forest soils.

(f) Active; as individual studies are completed

they are reported via technical reports

and publications.

(g) Study of water tupelo, a valuable timber

species, in a swamp along the Santee River

in South Carolina, showed maximum diameter

and height growth occurred where soil and

site were poorly drained and subject to

157
long periods of wetness. It also appeared

that seepage Into the swamp from adjacent

upland areas provides important supplemental

moisture for this water-loving species. With

increasing intensive management of water

levels in lowland swamps, close attention

must be paid to their control if water tupelo

is to be perpetuated on these sites. On the other hand, large-scale drainage programs underway in other wetland forests are being

evaluated to aid forest managers in deter- mining the desirability of drainage to favor

other species. Changes in soil productivity

were assessed by measuring growth rates of pines before and after drainage on wet, sandy

pinelands in northwest Florida. Comparison

of observed increments with expected showed

soil drainage has resulted in increased site productivity. Surveys have shown that, under

certain conditions, increased site productivity for some southern pines by controlled

drainage could almost double pulpwood yields

from certain wet pinelands in the southeastern

coastal plain,

(h) "A Method for Sealing Soil Moisture Access

Tubes," by Cortland E. Young, Jr. and James E. Henderson, Soil Science, Vol. 99 (3) : 213-214.

1965. "Woodland Drainage in the Southeast," by

Ralph A. Klawitter, Jour. Soil and Water Cons.

Vol. 20(4) : 181-182. 1965. "Forest Drainage Research in the Coastal

Plain," by Ralph A. Klawitter and Cortland E. Young, Jr., Jour. Irr. and Drain. Div., Amer.

Soc. Civil Engineers, Vol. 91 (IR3), Proc. Paper 4456, Sept. 1965, pp 1-7.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. W. M. Zillgitt, Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, T-10210 Federal Bldg.,

701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70113.

(2914) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural Research

Service, and University of Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest

and potential forest lands; basic and applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments,

two to four acres each, were installed in batteries of three to determine runoff and erosion from old fields, depleted upland

hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature

upland pine-hardwoods. Four of the six old field and depleted hardwood watersheds

were planted to pine in 1964, after site preparation which included burning. Treat- ments on the pine and pine hardwoods are deferred until after a suitable calibration

period. Five additional watersheds in pine

plantations are being calibrated prior to testing effects of timber harvesting on runoff, erosion, and sediment flows. Re- lated studies include restoration of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water

relationships

(f) Data collection on all watersheds is continuing.

(g) Runoff and erosion appear to have increased

moderately after prescribed burning.

(h) "Diameter Growth and Phenology of Trees on Sites with High Water Tables," D. C. McClurkin.

U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note SO-22, 1965.

"Site Index Predictions for Pines in Mississippi," D.C. McClurkin and R.R. Covell. U. S. Forest Service Res. Paper SO-15, 9 pp., illus.

1965. "Estimating Foliage on Loblolly Pine," T. L. Rogerson. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note SO-16,

3 pp., illus. 1964.

"Sediment Yields from Small Watersheds Under Various Land Uses and Forest Covers," S.J. Ursic and F.E. Dendy. Proceedings of the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 1963, pp., 47-52, illus. and USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 970, June 1965.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON,

ARKANSAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

^d) Field investigations on effects of forest

type and condition on timing of flows in streams of the Ozark-Ouachita uplands; basic

and applied research.

(e) Runoff and sediment from three small mountain watersheds are measured currently. H-flumes and stage recorders were installed

on eight additional watersheds ranging

from 2 to 40 acres. Cover conditions will

be changed after an adequate calibration

period. Related studies of soil moisture and erosion are continuing.

(f) Records of runoff and sediment collected

currently.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, Coastal Engineering

Research Center. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Coastal Engineering

Research Center, 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20016.

(181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(di Experimental; basic research.

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will

be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale in small laboratory tanks (to determine scale effects) for various median diameter and specific

gravity sediments.

(g) Analysis is underway.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves. Wave

gages have been installed in a number of locations in coastal waters. These wave gages provide a pen and ink strip chart re- cording and also magnetic tape recordings.

The records from the paper chart records are analyzed for significant wave height and wave period. The records from the magnetic tape recorders are. analyzed to provide a spectral

analysis of wave frequency ( or period ) versus: (l) Linear average wave height; (2) squared average wave height; and (3) peak

wave height.

(g) Additional wave recording stations were

installed at the U. S. Coast Guard Light

Tower, Frying Pan Shoals, N. C, and Pleasure

Pier, Galveston, Texas. The previously

planned installation of 3 wave sensors at the Buzzards Bay Light Tower (Coast Guard) has

been re-scheduled for installation on a new Coast Guard Light Tower at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay. These gages will used to obtain pressure records at different water

depths. This data will be compared to sur- face waves as recorded by a surface wave

gage. Additional wave recording stations

are planned to be installed at: (a) Lake

Worth, Florida (b) Galveston, Texas (18 miles offshore on oil production platform) (c) u. S. Coast Guard Light Tower at entrance to Chesa- peake Bay. Two wave gages are to be installed

in Chesapeake Bay (Chesapeake Beach, Md. and Tilghman Island) for observation of wave characteristics relative to erosion processes

158
in this area.

(975) METHODS OP BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS. (g)

(b) Laboratory project.

fd) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping

sand past inlets and to determine the applicability of the methods in stabilization

of beaches adjacent to inlets. Data are being procured on the effect to the shoreline

of sand by-passing operations at Port Hueneme, California and Lake Worth Inlet, Pla. and on the effect to the shoreline of a new harbor constructed at Ventura, California. This latter harbor involves an offshore detached breakwater along with

entrance Jetties to the new harbor. Data at the three locations Include periodic hydrographic surveys south and north of the inlet, wave data, sand samples, detailed records of pumping operations, and detailed records of entrance channel maintenance. A general study

is being made of the possibility of adapting

commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive

source to the discharge line to measure quantity of material pumped in by-passing

operations

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OP CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of beaches by artificial means. The present

continuing phase of this general study involves the measurement of a natural beach

slope and attempts to determine its response

to the forces normally incident upon the

shore such as wave height and period, angle

of wave approach, tide, and direction and magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative importance of the forces or combinations of forces may be evaluated.

(g) Computing machine techniques have been

applied to the statistical evaluation of the importance of the forces and of the parameters.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION

GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Experimental; development.

(g) An ultrasonic flowmeter was checked in the laboratory large wave tank as a wave direction

gage. Data shows good promise of adapting

the flowmeter to function as a wave direction gage. Tests of the flowmeter were con- ducted at Atlantic City, N. J. in March of 1965. Results of these tests were somewhat encouraging. Results of the tests to date were presented in a paper at the ISA Oceanographic Instrumentation Conference, Miami,

Florida, held 21 April 1S65. Further tests

in both laboratory and field are planned.

(h) "An Ocean Wave Direction Gage," Leo C. Williams, Marine Sciences Instrumentation,

Volume 3, 16 pp., January 1966.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system. Initial tests consist of waves generated at

a 30-degree angle to the sand beach with measurement of material movement being made

at the downdrift end. Tne tests planned for

the immediate future, as have the current

season tests, will continue to emphasize

the task of collecting and establishing

reliable calibration data on the relationship between the littoral transport rate and the wave characteristics. These generalized

(not to specific model scale) studies are

(2192)

(g)

(2193)

(b)

being made in the Shore Processes Test Basin

of the Coastal Engineering Research Center. Littoral transport tests in the Shore Processes Test Basin' continue. Training and splitter walls have been removed and a rubble absorber beach has been installed. The new

setup is arranged to permit generation of a wave crest approximately 80 feet long which

approaches the toe of the test slope at a 30 degree angle, shoals and refracts and finally impinges along a test shoreline 92 feet long. The downdrift part of the test beach is a concrete slab (1 on 10 slope) about 30 feet long including a recessed trap for catching sand drift caused by the wave

atlon. The updrift section of the test area

is also a concrete slab. The test beach is 0.20 mm sand, is about 42 feet long, and

lies between the two concrete slabs. An initial test of this new sand beach setup was made with waves at T =3.75 sec. for a duration of 40 hours. At the end of 27 hours

a large cut had eroded Just updrift of the sand trap. Wave diffraction analysis of the test setup showed that waves diffracting fran both the updrift and downdrift ends of the wave generator pusher blades concentrated

wave energy in the area of the eroded cut. At the end of 27 hours of test, the down- drift generator was turned off so that durirg the remaining 13 hours of the test a wave

crest 60 feet in length was generated in con- trast to an 80-foot crest length up to this

time. As the tests continued beyond 27 hours the eroded cut filled in so that at the end

of 35 hours the shoreline was essentially

straight from trap to feeder. The shoreline remained essentially straight throughout the remainder of the test, ending at 40 hours

total test time. Turning off the downdrift

wave generator after 27 hours testing had the effect of shifting the K

1 line (attributable

to the downdrift wave diffraction) a distance

of approximately 23 feet updrift along the shoreline. The main result of this updrift

shift of wave diffraction was a redistribution of the wave energy reaching the shore. This redistribution resulted in less energy

reaching the previously eroded area immedi- ately updrift of the trap and more energy

reaching the shore in the area of the feeder,

with the general result of a more uniformly

distributed energy along the shore from trap

to feeder. This result from the test is based on a preliminary analysis of the data.

A more comprehensive analysis is in progress

but it is not expected to change the general

results and conclusion given here. REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE ATLANTIC COAST OF

NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MA RYLAND- VTRGINIA SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO

CAPE CHARLES. Laboratory project. Field investigations; basic research.

To compile all 'existing data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Reports

to consist of three chapters: geomorphology

and shoreline histories, littoral forces, and littoral materials. Subject matter to include physiography, geological development

of the shore region, sources of littoral

material, waves, tides or water level fluctuations, current physical characteristics of the littoral materials, inter- relation of sedimentary properties, relation

of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, and changes

in shoreline configuration.

The Delaware-Maryland-Virginia shoreline

from Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles is currently under study. Data compilation

for this reach is essentially completed and

the report is under preparation.

SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN. Laboratory project.

159
d) Design.

e) To supplement and revise the Coastal Engineering Research Center's (formerly Beach Erosion

Board) Technical Report No. 4, "Shore Pro- tection Planning and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) The supply of the 1961 edition of the report

has been depleted. It is anticipated that

the new edition will be available in the Spring of 1966.

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OP ARTIFICALLY NOURISHED AND

CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to restore or nourish a beach sector and

the effect of the fill on adjacent shores.

A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Follow-up reports prepared but not yet

published on beach fill projects at Sherwood

Island State Park, Conn., and Presque Isle Penninsula, Pa. Other reports are in preparation for beach fill projects at Hammonassett Beach State Park, Conn., and Key West,

Fla., and sand bypassing and beach nourishment operations at Channel Islands Harbor - Port Hueneme, Calif. Arrangements were made

to collect follow-up data at an inlet bypassing and feeder beach nourishment project on Long Island, N. Y. , groin construction on Long Island, N. Y. , and protective beach and

dune fill projects in North Carolina.

(h) "Behavior of Beach Fill and Borrow Area of Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Conn.," W. H. Vesper, Tech. Memo. No. 11 of CERC, 14 pp.,

Feb. 1965. Limited number of copies available for free distribution upon request to Director, CERC, 5201 Little Falls Rd., N. W. Vlashington, D. C. 20016.

(2660) STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN SUSPENSION

IN THE SURF ZONE ( INCLUDING TEMPERATURE

EFFECTS) .

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the relationship between wave, water, and sand characteristics, and the amount of material maintained in suspension

and, hence, available for longshore transport by currents.

(g) Analysis of suspended sand samples collected

at Nags Head, N. C. continues. An additional 415 suspended samples were collected in May 1965 at Ventnor, N. J. Analysis of these samples and related data and observations of the shore processes are in progress. Moment parameters from the samples at each location are being digitized for analysis

through a computer program which is now

operational. In addition to the suspended

sand samples, data at Ventnor, N. J. in- cluded wave height, wave breaker angles, bottom soundings along the pier, and a few observations of littoral current velocity. When the analysis of these samples are com- pleted the results will be published in the CERC Technical Memoranda series.

(h) "A Tractor-Mounted Suspended Sand Sampler," John C. Fairchild, Shore and Beach, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 31-34, October 1965.

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

for various waves for different types of shore structures. Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Analysis of some field measurements of run- up on a beach obtained in an attempt to de- lineate the run-up distribution function is underway.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of the mean water level of shoal- ing waves on beaches using damped piezometers

buried in the beach. Study is being made in order to (l) Check existing theory for setup offshore of breaking; (2) estimate rate of energy supply required to maintain setup in surf zone; and (3) provide engineering

criteria for design of coastal structures.

(g) Setup measurements on concrete beaches with

slopes of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 indicate that

the mean water level is depressed below the still water level in the shoaling zone off- shore of the breaking point. The mean water- level rises above the still water level at, or slightly shoreward of the breaking point.

(3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research.

(e) (1) Studies of possible field sites for the application of radioactive and/or fluorescent tracers are being continued. (2) Further

tests using fluorescent tracers were made repeating 2 runs to estimate sand movement

on a flat bed under wave action. These tests at large scale repeat small scale tests made by the Hydraulics Research Station in England.

(3) An analytic study of waiting times for probablistic motion of tracer particles was

made, and a model developed.

(g) A selected bibliography on tracers was published in the Bulletin of the Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vol. I, 1964.

(h) "A Theoretical Distribution of Waiting Times

for Tracer Particles on a Sand Bed," C. J. Galvin, Jr., Bulletin, Coastal Engineering

Research Center, Vol. I, 1964.

(4760) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DUNE BUILDING WITH

SAND FENCES.

(b) Laboratory project,

id) Experimental; design.

(e) The experimental study consists of the con- struction of various types and arrangements

of sand fences to determine the fence type

and arrangement most effective in building

a dune by trapping and holding wind-blov/n

sand. Slat- type snow fencing and locally constructed brush fencing have been used in straight, straight-with-side spurs, and

zigzag configurations. The study is being

conducted on the Outer Banks of North

Carolina between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout

(g) Multiple sand fences have been used to con- struct a dune 8 feet high and 80 feet in base width in 3 years. Vegetation (American Beach Grass) has been planted in an attempt

to grow a grass stabilized dune.

(4762) CORRELATION OF STORM WAVE ATTACK AND BEACH

EROSION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field and office Investigation to develop

quantitative correlation between storm violence and shore erosion,

(e) Repetitive profiles are taken at selected beach areas. Tne storm wave action between

surveys is analyzed and correlations between

the wave action and observed profile changes

are established. Repetitive profile lines were established in September 1962 at nine locations between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod. These profiles were re-surveyed at weekly and bi-weekly intervals. The resurvey interval now is 4 to 6 weeks. Storm wave action is measured by the Coastal Engineering Research Center ocean wave gages and storm surges by

U.S.C. & G.S. tide gages.

(h) An article entitled "The Study of Pilot Beaches in the New England Area for the Im- provement of Coastal Storm Warnings," John M.

160
Darling Is being prepared for publication in

a forthcoming CERC Bulletin.

(4763) OFFSHORE SAND SOURCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Fla. by geophysical (sonic) methods and by shallow

borings is scheduled for completion by Dec.

31, 1965. Further testing of the pumpashore system is planned for 1966.

(5079) WAVE HEIGHT PREDICTION FOR WAVE MAKERS IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

(e) By equating the volume of water displaced in half a period by a displacement-type wave maker to the volume of wa.er raised above mean water level in a sine-shaped wave, a simple relation results for shallow water

waves which gives wave height as a function

of wave length, wave maker stroke, and wave maker geometry. For shallow water, this relation agrees with hydrodynamlc theory

for piston-type and flap-type wave makers,

and with published and unpublished data for waves generated by displacement-type wave makers in absolute water depths ranging from 0.5 feet to 13 feet.

f) Suspended.

g) Data from a flap-type wave generator support

the approximate and the complete theories for

wave height prediction.

(5325) FIELD MEASUREMENT OF LONGSHORE CURRENT

VELOCITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Longshore current velocity was measured by

timing the travel of water filled balloons

in the surf on the beach near Nags Head,

N. C.j breaker angles were measured with a Brunton compass, by triangulation and by

measuring the speeds of the crest and plunge

point of the breaking wave; beach slope was obtained from profiles through the surf zone; and wave heights and periods were measured

from wave gage records.

(f) Suspended.

(g) For the five sets of data obtained, longshore

current velocity is roughly predicted by two

of the several equations available to predict

longshore current velocity.

(h) "Longshore Currents at Nags Head, North

Carolina" (abstract), C. J. Galvin and R. P. Savage, Trans. A.G.U., March 1965.

(5326) RESONANT EDGE WAVES ON LABORATORY BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) An unusual standing wave in the runup on laboratory beaches is under study. The com- binations of slope, period, breaker type,

standing wave length, and resonant ampli- fication are being measured in order to describe the phenomena and to understand

its affect on laboratory and natural beaches.

(g) The run-up from lightly plunging or surging waves occasionally resonates between the sldewalls of a wave tank 1.5 ft. wide. The resonant period is twice the period of the waves reaching the beach. Whenever the resonance is present on the plane beach, it always has a resonant period, beach slope, and tank width (1.5 1 ) which fits the equation

for resonant edge waves. When this resonance

occurs on a sand beach 40 feet wide, it occasionally produces cusps whose spacing

is one-half the edge wave length. The width

of the sand beach is not necessarily an integral multiple of the cusp spacing.

(h) "Resonant Edge Waves on Laboratory Beaches"

(abstract), C. J. Galvin, Trans. A.G.U.,

March 1965.

'5327) THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY WAVES ON WAVE RUN-UP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) This project was begun to learn the cause of certain pecularities in the variability of wave run-up with wave period and height on steep slopes. Run-up tests were made in a

2' x 1-1/2' x 72' wave tank on smooth slopes

installed at various locations along the tank. Slopes varied from 1:15 to 1:6. Each slope was tested in three water depths (0.65, 0.90, and 1.25 feet) in an attempt to determine the effect of water depth on the wave run-up.

(g) It was learned from an analysis of the tests

that a strong correlation exists relating

the phase angle between the primary and secondary waves and the height of wave runup. The run-up for a given wave condition

is a maximum if the primary and secondary waves are 180° out of phase (i.e. if the secondary wave is in the trough of the pri- mary wave) and a minimum when the two waves

are in phase. This variable phase relationship of primary and secondary waves causes

the run-up to vary up to a factor of 3 for

steep slopes. For flatter slopes (about

1:6) this effect had essentially disappeared. Parameters useful in correlating run-up to wave characteristics are currently under

study.

(5328) CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLUNGING BREAKER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) The wave height, mean water depth, and distance traveled in the breaking process are being measured for waves which break by

plunging on a plane concrete beach in a wave

tank 96 feet long and 1.5 feet wide, farallel

wire resistance wave gages measure the wave

heights, damped piezometers buried flush with the beach surface measure the mean water

level and photographs record the distance

traveled in breaking. This study is undertaken to increase knowledge of the breaking

process, to relate the energy flux of the incoming waves to the resulting wave setup, and to provide engineering criteria for the design of coastal structures.

(g) The horizontal distance between the observed breaking point and the point where the wave

crest touches down in the trough before it breaks was measured from movies of plunging

waves. On laboratory beaches this distance decreases as the beach slope increases, the ratio of this distance to breaker height

averaging 3.5 for 100 waves on a 0.05 slope, 3.2 for 102 waves on a 0.10 slope, and 1.9 for 43 waves on a 0.20 slope.

(5834) LONGSHORE CURRENT VELOCITY REVIEW,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Review of experimental, theoretical and field investigations,

(e) A search of the literature was made to collect all available data on longshore currents and all published relations for predicting longshore current velocity, for comparison purposes,

(g) Eight equations and 502 sets of data were

obtained from the literature. All data were

used in all applicable equations and the predicted and measured velocities compared. No single equation predicted well for more

than a limited part of the data.

(5835) ORIGIN AND TRANSMISSION OF SECONDARY WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) This project has as its purpose the study of the origin and transmission of secondary

waves. Tests have been conducted to determine the effect of scale with a length ratio

of 1:10 and 1:20. Tests have been made of

the effect of the type of generator on the

161
formation of these waves and of the ability

of energy absorbers to damp-out the secondary

waves. Current study is directed toward the breakdown of the unstable wave train into a sum of stable components and wave records have been collected in the CERC 635' tank for this purpose. In these tests wave records were

taken once each foot for 400' along the tank

and a generator driven timing mechanism was

used so that the water surface is known as a function of both time and distance along the

tank. A water depth of 2' was used so that

a relatively large length to depth ratio could be obtained.

(g) The results of the scale tests indicated that

a Proudian Scale ratio is appropriate.

(5836) FEASIBILITY STUDY OP A MODEL WAVE -POWERED

SAND DREDGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation.

(e) The model of a wave-powered sand dredge con- sisted of a float-supported vertical array of check valves. The purpose of these tests was

to determine if this device could use the wave energy present to bring sand through the nearshore and surf zones in sufficient quan- tities to be useful in beach replenishment

operations. The tests were conducted on a 1:15 scale in a 65 foot long tank using waves having prototype periods of 5, 9, and 13 seconds. The dredge was floated in the flume

(with the valve array parallel to the Impinging wave crests) over an equilibrium profile

having an average 1 on 10 slope, with the bottom material composed of crushed anthracite

having an average specific gravity of 1.52 and

a median diameter of .2 mm. The dredge was

placed at various locations along the length

of the profile and its valve array was set so that either 1, 2, 3, or 4 valves operated,

with the deepest valve being close to the bottom surface. Tests were made in which the dredge remained in a single location for the duration of a run, lasting about 13 minutes,

as well as where the dredge was moved, by

means of a winch and cable system, some distance along the length of the flume at a rate

of .2 feet per 5 minutes of wave action. A total of 27 runs was completed.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of the test series Indicate that

the device is not suitable for use as a dredge in its present form and actually in- creased the erosion rate by flushing far greater volumes of coal downslope on the sea- ward side of the dredge than were flushed

through the valve array on the upslope side of

the dredge.

(5837) NEW BERN STONE STABILITY TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A rubble breakwater with an armor layer of clayey limestone on a 1 on 1 1/2 slope is being tested for stability with non-breaking

waves. Stone weights for the armor layer vary from 230 to 430 pounds and tests are being made with wave periods of 3.75, 5.60, and 7.87 seconds. Wave heights used vary

from 2 to 4.5 feet. The tests are being con- ducted in a wave tank 635 feet long, 20 feet

deep, and 15 feet wide.

( 5858) RAYLEIGH DISC - WAVE DIRECTION GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) This project is being undertaken in an attempt

to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing a Rayleigh Disc as a wave direction gage. A dampening chamber with two fixed and two moving vanes, mounted on the shaft with the

disc, Is employed to reduce the instantaneous

response of the disc to changes in the flow field and thereby to cause the disc to respond

only to changes in the mean of the directional

velocity field. The gage has been tested in

unidirectional and bidirectional wave fields.

(g) Indications are that the Rayleigh Disc wave direction gage will Indicate the direction

of simple wave trains and the mean of the directions of mixed wave trains - the accu- racy of the indication being a function of the torques involved. The Rayleigh Disc

gage is subjected to four distinct torques; a primary moment Induced by the velocity field,

a periodic torque induced by secondary flows,

a damping torque, which is a function of the wave configuration, and a friction torque, caused by the shaft bearings. When the potential friction torque exceeds the pri- mary moment, the gage does not respond to the waves and Indicate wave direction; hence

there are sufficiently small waves whose direction Is not to be indicated by the gage. As the wave energy increases and the periodic torque increases, the damping

mechanism has been found to be relatively

effective in reducing the motion resulting

from the periodic torque, but for sufficient- ly large waves, the motion of the disc becomes quite erratic and the direction of the wave train is only poorly indicated.

(h) Memorandum for Record, Subject: The Rayleigh Disc as a Wave Direction Gage.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DIVISION, NORTH PACIFIC, Division Hydruallc Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Division Hydraulic

Laboratory, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North

Pacific, Corps of Engineers, Bonneville, Oregon 97008.

(1462) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OP THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:80-scale, undistorted, fixed bed model reproduces 2.7 miles of the Columbia River

at the dam site. The original layout con- sisted of a circular-arc, 30-bay spillway,

a 22-unit powerhouse, an 86- by 675-foot navigation lock, a rock-fill non-overflow

section, and facilities for passing fish over the dam. Maximum head is 90 feet. Revised

layout has a straight 23-bay spillway. Pur- poses are to study the structures alignment

and flow conditions affecting navigation, power generation, cofferdam placement, rockfill dam construction, and fish passage.

f) Completed.

g) Four major layout plans were tested and the most economical plan that effected satisfactory hydraulic conditions was selected. Tests indicated ability to reduce length of spill- way and to reduce forebay excavation by 30 feet. Data relative to water-surface elevations and velocities in the tailrace, and the effects of excess fill placed in the forebay

have been obtained. Flow conditions during

various stages of construction and with

the project completed have been observed

with special attention given to navigation

and fish migration problems.

(h) "The Dalles Dam, Columbia River, Oregon and Washington," U. S. Army Engineer Division

Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon.

Tech. Report No. 52-1, June 1965. (Avail- able on loan). Pinal report covering tests

in general (1462), and powerhouse Intake models (1729), respectively).

(1464) MODEL STUDY OF ROCK FILL, THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Ore.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The 1:40- scale model of the 500-foot-wide closure section of the rockfill nonoverflow

section of the Dalles Dam included portions

of the river channel upstream and downstream

162
therefrom and the eight partially completed

units at the upstream end of the powerhouse

through which the river flow was diverted as the closure fill was constructed. A study

of the rock sizes and placement procedure

required to construct the fill at a river

flow of 200,000 cfs and for stability of 300,000 cfs was made.

f) Completed.

g) The fill has been constructed by placing

quarry- run rock (1000 lb and less) in 10- foot lifts or by end-dumping from the Oregon

shore at river discharges of 200,000 cfs and

less. Owing to the faster placing program possible with the end-dump procedure, studies were concentrated on this method of closure. Hie 1000 lb and smaller material was placed

without loss in bottom velocities of 17 fps and surface velocities of 24 fps. The higher

velocities caused some movement of material

but owing to the 250-foot width of fill the material did not move beyond the confines of

the fill. Plow data were obtained during

the prototype closure for correlation with

model data. A model check of three stages

of the prototype closure showed good agreement of flow conditions.

(h) "Closure Fill and Skeleton Powerhouse Units,

The Dalles Dam, Columbia River, Oregon and Washington," U. S. Army Engineer Division

Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon.

Tech. Report No. 57-1, May 1965. (Available

on loan) . Final report covering tests in rock fill and powerhouse skeleton unit models (1464 and 1975, respectively).

(1466) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION

LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U.. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland. Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model reproduced the 86- by

675-ft lock chamber, its culvert systems,

and portions of the upstream and downstream

approach channels. Studies were made of various types of filling and emptying sys- tems to determine the most advantageous de- sign from the standpoints of rate of opera- tions during a maximum lift of 90 ft, degree of turbulence, and economy. The pro- posed plans included lateral culverts within the lock chamber combined with several locations of intake ports, longitudinal

culverts, and outlet ports.

(f) Completed.

(g) Designs were selected for all features of

the lock. A valve-opening schedule of 4 min resulted In a filling time of 12.5 min

and a maximum hawser force of 8 tons, without supplemental use of the upstream lock tainter gate. The lock emptied in 16 min. Studies have shown that staggered valve operation will reduce maximum hawser forces. Operational tests of the final design were

made with several heads and barge positions

using a 4-min valve-opening schedule. One combination of head and barge position cor- responded to conditions existing during

prototype tests performed in December 1957.

(h) "Navigation Lock, The Dalles Dam, Oregon

and Washington," U. S. Army Engineer Division Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville,

Oregon. Tech. Report No. 56-1. June 1965

(Available on loan). Final report covering

the test results.

(1728) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM FISH LADDERS, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Experiences with fish facilities at exist- ing large dams, together with results of tests on seven hydraulic models and other

test apparatus, were used to solve the complex problems associated with passing

migrant fish upstream at this huge project.

f) Completed.

g) The possible effects of the following on flow conditions affecting upstream passage

of salmonids were investigated: length of spillway training walls adjacent to fish- way entrances, adequacy of proposed quantities of attraction flows from all fishway

entrances, fish ladder operating charac- teristics for alternative weir crest de- signs, distribution of auxiliary attraction water from diffusion chambers in powerhouse fish collection system, scheduled sequences" of project construction, and different methods of project

operation. Pressure tests with live fingerling salmon showed that few young

fish would be killed by rapid decompression as they pass under the spillway gates.

(h) "Fish Facilities, The Dalles Dam, Columbia

River, Oregon and Washington," U. S. Army

Engineer Division Hydraulic Laboratory

Bonneville, Oregon Tech Report No. 61-1. June 1965. (Available on loan). Final report covering tests of fish facilities

in the general (1462), spillway (1465),

powerhouse skeleton unit (1975), rockfill closure (1464), fish ladder (1778), power- house fishway diffuser (1974) and fish ladder surge (2196) models.

(2665) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR POWERHOUSE INTAKE

GATES, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer Distric, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:25-scale model included a typical main

powerhouse unit with intake, scroll case, emergency closure gates, and gate slots. The middle closure gate was reproduced in plastic and was operated at simulated prototype speeds by means of a synchronous

electric motor. Correlation of model-prototype downpull forces on Chief Joseph power- house intake gates was made as a basis for evaluating tests of intake gates for Ice Har- bor powerhouse. Hydraulic downpull forces

on a moving gate were measured electronically

Forces on a stationary gate were computed

from pressures at piezometers on the lip, bottom beam, and top seal.

f) Completed.

g) Model-protype correlation of downpull forces

on Chief Joseph powerhouse intake was satis- factory. Maximum hydraulic downpull on the lip and bottom beam was about 94 per cent

of the total downpull on each gate design

that was tested for Ice Harbor. Maximum

downpull on the gate was reduced by extending the gate lip from 12 to 20 in. and by

increasing the bottom taper (no lip) from

30 to 45 degrees,

(h) "Hydraulic Downpull Forces on Powerhouse In- take Gates, Ice Harbor Dam, Snake River,

Washington," U. S. Army Engineer Division

Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon.

Tech. Report No. 87-1. November 1965. (Available on loan). Final report covering

the tests results.

(4504) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla, Corps

of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an un- dlstorted scale ratio of 1:100 reproduces the Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topography between river miles 68.3 and 71.6. The dam axis is at mile 70.3. The original

layout consists of a straight, 8-bay,

gravity-type spillway controlled by 50- by 59-ft tainter gates, a powerhouse for six Kaplan turbines (initial installation three units), an 86- by 675-ft navigation lock having a maximum lift of 101 ft, concrete nonoverflow sections, rockfill abutments,

163
and facilities for passing migratory fish over the dam. The initial power installation

will produce 405,000 kilowatts. Purposes of

the model are to check the structures layout

and flow conditions affecting cofferdam

placement, power generation, navigation, and fish passage,

(g) Following verification and tests of various

cofferdam plans, alternative structural arrangements and excavation amounts adjacent

to the structures were studied. Operational

tests of the final design structures and excavation plans are in progress.

(5068) MODEL STUDY OP SPILLWAY FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The 1 : 42 .47-scale model includes a 3-bay

section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling

basin. Tests are being made to evaluate hydraulic performance of the proposed spill- way and to develop revisions in design that would increase performance or reduce con- struction and maintenance costs.

f) Completed.

g) Pressures, head-discharge relationships, and pier contraction coefficients were determined

for free flow over the crest and for unequal

openings of adjacent crest gates. Although

an acceptable design for a horizontal stilling

basin was derived in the model, protection

against unusual amounts of artesian water

underneath the concrete apron will greatly

increase construction costs if a conventional

stilling basin is adopted. Attempts to eliminate the stilling basin paving through use of

a conventional roller-type bucket were not satisfactory. Satisfactory hydraulic conditions and minimum downstream erosion were

obtained with a denated roller-type bucket.

(5069) MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE NAVIGATION LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:25-scale model reproducing the intake manifolds, 86-ft-wide by 675-ft-long lock

chamber, split lateral filling and emptying

system, outlet culverts, and portions of adjacent approach and outlet areas is being used to check the suitability of the original design and to develop improvements If needed. An alternative method

for distributing flow to the lateral culverts through a central junction chamber is being studied in a separate l:25-scale model.

f) Completed.

g) Satisfactory designs for all elements of the structure were developed. The lock chamber

can be filled in 11.5 minutes and emptied in 12.8 minutes under an initial head of 101 feet through a split lateral hydraulic

system. Maximum hawser forces on an 8-barge

tow completely filling the lock will average

about 5 tons. After numerous revisions,

good flow distribution was obtained In the junction chamber model. This hydraulic

system was not tested in the comprehensive

model.

(5070) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) An undistorted, l:50-scale, fixed-bed

model reproduces the river bed and pertinent overbank topography for about 3600 feet upstream and downstream from

the project axis during tests of the cofferdams, diversion tunnel, tunnel

outlet channel, and temporary fishway

entrance. The 673-ft-high dam, spillway, stilling basin, regulating outlets,

and exit channel are being reproduced

for tests of these elements,

(g) Verification of the model and diversion

studies were completed. Tests indicated

that relocation of the tunnel entrance

and realignment of tunnel and downstream

approach were required.

(5071) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER GRANITE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) An undistorted, l:100-scale, fixed-bed model will reproduce the Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topography for 1.4 miles

upstream and 1.7 miles downstream from the project axis (107.5 river miles upstream

from the junction of the Snake and Columbia

Rivers). Studies will be made to determine

flow conditions during successive construction stages and after proposed structures

have been installed.

(g) Verification tests and studies of successive cofferdam and first-step diversion plans were completed

(5315) MODEL STUDY OF REGULATING OUTLETS FOR

DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Viash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) With the spillway gates closed, or with

pool level below the spillway crest, reservoir outflows will be controlled by

three 9- by 12.5-ft tainter gates located near the upstream end of separate conduits

at elevation 1350. Head on the conduits

will vary from 95 feet at minimum pool

elevation 1445 to slightly more than 250 feet at maximum pool elevation 1601. The outlet conduits will discharge onto the spillway chute at about elevation 1150. Total outlet capacity will vary from 28,300

cfs at minimum pool to approximately 40,000

cfs at maximum pool. Pressures, flow conditions, and discharge relationships will be checked in a' l : zo -scale sectional model

that reproduces a portion of the forebay,

an outside conduit (with streamlined en- trance and center line angled 5-38' to head wall), and a section of spillway downstream from the conduit outlet,

(g) Bellmouthed conduit entrances having simple and elliptical curves (plans A and B) were Investigated with two 15-in. and one 60-in.-

diam air vents in the valve housing and with

one or two 20-in. vents in the bulkhead slot. Pressures within the cavitation range existed

in both bellmouths when the tainter valve was fully opened (12.5 ft). Pressures were satis- factory for valve openings less than 12.0 ft. Pressure conditions were not improved when

the horizontal skew ( 5°-38'-01" in plan) was eliminated but the vertical skew (10 In elevation) was retained (plan C). Revision

of the model for tests of plan D bellmouth,

which will eliminate skew In both plan and elevation, is in progress.

(5317) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OAK POINT TO VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland, Oregon 97205.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 40-ft-deep by 600-ft-wlde navigation channel between Columbia River miles 52 and 109 and from the Willamette River mouth to Portland,

Oregon was authorized recently. Five separate movable-bed models, with 1:300 horizontal and 1:100 vertical scales, will

164
be required to cover improvements in the Columbia River. The models will be used

initially to check plans for constructing

and maintaining the 40-ft channel . During

these studies the location and need for

pile dikes, channel alignment and location

of spoil areas will be investigated. Later

the models will be useful on a continuing

basis to check operation and maintenance

activities and new construction.

(g) Verification tests on the first model, of Columbia River miles 64 to 78, were con- tinued. Construction of the second model

(miles 52 to 65)was completed and verification tests were begun.

(5318) MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR

JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Owing to an accelerated schedule for com- pleting construction of the John Day powerhouse, it is proposed to place as much of the draft tube concrete as diversion require- ments will allow. The proposed skeleton bay

interior would be much different from the present contract plans and from that at The Dalles Dam, which is the only unit that has

been model tested. Tests of the contract

plan and proposed skeleton unit were made

in a l:25-scale model.

f) Completed.

g) Discharge capacity of the contract plan

draft tube was inadequate to meet design

requirements. Improved designs were developed for units 11 to 19 (with drainage tunnel over draft tube) and for special unit 20 (without drainage tunnel).

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(5814) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LIBBY DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle,

Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project, located at mile 219 on Kootenai River, 17 miles upstream from Libby, Montana, will include a spillway with two 48-ft wide bays (design discharge 145,000

cfs under maximum head of 54 ft), three regulating outlets with total capacity of 41,000 cfs at maximum pool elev 2459 and 35,000 cfs at minimum pool elev 2287, and

a powerhouse for eight Francis units

(ultimate installation, 840,000 kw) . Three powerhouse units having a total rated capacity of 315,000 kw will be installed

initially. The powerhouse and spillway, with approach and exit channels, are in- stalled in a l:50-scale model to determine hydraulic characteristics of spillway

crest, pier, abutments, chute, regulating

outlets, and stilling basin and to check

flow conditions with and without powerhouse

discharge

(g) Design and construction of the model were

completed during 1965. Test results indi- cated that revisions of original designs

for the stilling basin and spillway abut- ments were needed. Development of improved

designs for these elements is in progress.

(5815) TESTS OF CONDUIT VALVE SEALS, DWORSHAK

DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Three tainter valves with eccentric trunnions

are proposed for use in the outlet works. Rubber seals mounted in the valve shaft upstream from each valve must be compressed

by horizontal valve motion to prevent blowby from hydrostatic heads up to 250 ft.

(g) Sealing tests on a 3-ft-long section of prototype rubber seal were made in a pressure chamber under heads up to 300 ft. Owing to residual "set" of the rubber under

pressure, satisfactory sealing was obtained under slightly different amounts of nominal

compression in successive pressure tests. The need for actual compression amounts greater than 3/8 in. was not indicated. Mechanical tests showed that a force of 5300

lb per lineal ft of seal was required to compress the seal 9/16 in. when the rate

of valve motion was 1-1/2 in. per min. Maximum forces needed to compress two modifications of the original seal 5/8 in. were

7700 and 6270 lb per lineal ft, respectively, under the same test conditions. With the modified seal designs, adequate sealing

should occur with no more than 1/4 in. of seal compression.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, page

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS

Cooperative with the Johns Hopkins Univ. See page 42.

(3805) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS. Cooperative with Oregon State Univ., Dept.

of Civil Engrg. See page 61. (2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. Cooperative with the National Bureau of Standards. See page 166.

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN. Cooperative with Colorado State Univ., Civil

Engrg. Section. See page 16.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. Cooperative with U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. See page 195.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR. Cooperative with Colorado State Univ., Civil

Engrg. Section. See page 18.

(5457) A NEW TYPE ENERGY DISSAPATOR FOR CULVERT

OUTLETS

Cooperative with Univ. of Texas, Dept. of Civil Engrg. See page 84. (5533) USE OF LARGE ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC ENERGY DISSIPATION. Cooperative with Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Dept. of Civil Engrg. See page 94.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Fluid Meters Section.

(6012) CALIBRATION AND PERFORMANCE OF TURBINE FLOW- METERS, SIZE 2-INCH AND SMALLER.

165
(g)

(h)

Bureau of Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. M. R. Shafer, Research Engineer, NBS, Washington, D~. C. 20234. Experimental; applied research.

To develop calibration procedures for and investigate the performance of typical tur- bine-type flowmeters, flowrate range 0.5 to 250 gallons per minute, while metering liquid

hydrocarbons. Purpose: to improve the accuracy of typical fuel and hydraulic oil metering applications in the aircraft in- dustry. Recent investigations have been concerned

with applications in which the turbine meters

are operating at pressure levels up to 1500

psig. The meters may be calibrated conven- iently while operating at high pressure levels by throttling meter discharge and measuring

with conventional gravimetric or volumetric

calibration systems. Influence of pressure

on the density (0.5 to 1.0$ per 1000 psi) and kinematic viscosity (10 to 20^ per 1000 psi)

of liquid hydrocarbons must be considered. Pressure and/or flow pulsations, originating

from piston and gear-type pumps in high pressure applications, may cause turbine flow- meters to indicate a flow higher than actual by an amount zero to 2%. "Performance Characteristics of Turbine Flow- meters," M. R. Shafer, Trans. ASME, Vol. 84, Series D, No. 4, pp 471-485, Dec. 1962.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Hydraulics Section.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. Bureau of Public Roads.

Mr. John L. French, Hydraulic Engineer,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. 20234. Experimental; applied research. To determine hydraulic characteristics of various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design.

(g) Experiments o mp^ted.

(2436)

(b)

(d

(h)

(4400)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental; applied research.

To evaluate the Increased dissipation at the air - water Interface due to a hydrophobic condition of the surface of partially

immersed plates oscillating vertically.

"Friction at Menisci on Hydrophobic Surfaces,"

by G. H. Keulegan and M. R. Brockman (being

revised)

MOTION AROUND A BODY IN A STRATIFIED FLUID. Office of' Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Karl Lofquist, Physicist, National

Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

A study is made of the internal waves pro- duced by the horizontal motion of spheres

througha stably stratified liquid.

Experiments completed.

(e) Investigation of effect of compliancy of boundaries on a turbulent flow with a view

toward possible damping of turbulence and potential reduction in wall shear stress.

(g) Experimental work completed.

(5252) WIND ACTION ON PRE-EXISTING WAVES.

(To) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulln, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of effect of a following wind

on a mechanically produced swell, with

emphasis on changes in wave damping and on hydraulic roughness of the resulting surface.

(f) Completed.

(g) Wind shear forces were deduced for a variety

of wind speeds and wave configurations.

(h) "Wind Effect on Pre-Existing Waves, G. Kulin, Proc. ASCE Coastal Engineering Conference,

1965. (In press)

(5613) RESPONSE OF A DENSITY- STRATIFIED LIQUID TO

A SOURCE OR SINK IMPULSE. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Karl Lofquist, Physicist, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A study of the internal waves produced by

the sudden inflation or contraction of a small spherical membrane situated within

stratified liquid.

(g) Some theoretical work has been completed.

(5614)

(g) (5615)

(g)

INTERACTION BETWEEN LONG WAVES AND SUPER- POSED SHORT WAVES. Office of -Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. Experimental; basic research. Investigation of the change of form of the shorter waves, and of the effect, if any, on damping of the longer waves. Experiments In progress. INTERCOMPARISON OF TOWING TANK AND WATER

TUNNEL CALIBRATIONS OF CURRENT METERS. Laboratory project.

Mr. John L. French, Hydraulic Engineer,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. 20234. Experimental; basic and applied research. Investigation of wall interference and turbulence effects on current meter cali- brations in water tunnels. Apparatus under construction.

(6013) DAMPING OF SHALLOW-WAVES: ABLE INFORMATION. SUMMARY OF AVAIL-

(g)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. Analytical; basic research.

A state-of-the-art review of viscous damping

of waves, with analysis of available theo- retical and experimental results. Literature review in progress.

(4891) WAVE PROPAGATION IN A TURBULENT LIQUID.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer, National Bureau of Standard^, Washington, D. C. 20234.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A study is being made of additional gravity

wave damping due to turbulence.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4892) TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW THROUGH COMPLIANT WALLED TUBES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU, Environmental Science Services Administration.

(5664) STREAMFLOW FORECASTING RESEARCH. Laboratory project.

Mr. William E. Hiatt, Associate Director of Weather Bureau (Hydrology), Wash. D. C. 20235. Theoretical and field; applied research.

In Wash., D. C, and at River Forecast Centers throughout the U. S., phenomena are being

investigated for improved objective forecasts

of streamflow. These phenomena Include (l) storage and movement of rain and snowmelt through the soil, including the influence of evapotranspiration, and (2) routing of flow

166
(s)

(h)

in natural channels. Major results are adaptation of field procedures to digital computer operation at several River Forecast Centers, using a more sophisti- cated model than was possible earlier. "Rainfall-Runoff Models," Max A. Kohler,

Publication No. 63 of the I.A.S.H. Symposium

on Surface Waters, 1964, pp. 479-491.

"Role of Digital Computers in Hydrologic Fore- casting and Analyses," J. P. McCallister,

Publication No. 63 of the I.A.S.H. Symposium

on Surface Waters, 1954, pp. 68-76.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(2948) ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS •

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver,

Colo.

(d) Theoretical study and instrument development.

(e) Use of a variable-resistance gird analyzer in analyzing steady-state ground-water flow problems in which the transmissibility varies

in space.

(f) Completed.

(h) "From Geologic Data to Aquifer Analog Models,

R. W. Stallman, Geotimes, v. 5, no. 7, p. 8- 11, 37, 1961. "Calculation of Resistance and Error in an Electric Analog of Steady Flow through Non- Homogeneous Aquifers," R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544-G,

20 p., 1963. "Evaluation of Numerical-Analysis Methods

for Determining Variations in Transmissibility," Edward A. Sammel, International

Association of Scientific Hydrology, no. 64,

p. 239-251, 1963. "Electric Analog of Three-Dimensional Flow

to Wells and Its Application to Unconfined

Aquifers," Robert W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1536-H, p. 205-

242, 1953.

(2950) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Thomas Maddoek, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Ba3ic research.

(e) Field and laboratory studies, original and other investigations will be analyzed In terms

of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism and other effects

on shape of natural channels.

(g) Relations between velocity and sediment load

have been developed. Relations involving

slope are shown to be indeterminate within

certain limits.

(h) "The Behavior of Straight Alluvial Channels,'

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper now in stage

of final review.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Cooperative with the State of California.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. .Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo, or Mr. Walter Hoffman, District Chief,

WRD, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Theoretical, laboratory and field study of specific yield, and related properties,

such as moisture equivalent, field capacity,

moisture tension, unsaturated permeability

and time-drainage relationships, as related

to ground-water storage. Evaluation of existing, and possible development of new methods for determing these properties.

(g) Library research, laboratory study in pro- gress or completed of factors affecting col- umn drainage, centrifuge moi autre equivalent,

moisture tension and unsaturated permeability

(h) 'Compilation of Specific Yields for Various

Materials," A. I. Johnson; U.S. Geological

Survey open-file report. (1965).

"Specific Yield--Laboratory Experiments

Showing the Effect of Time on Column Drainage," R. C. Prill, A. I. Johnson and D. A. Morris: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1662-B (1965)

"Specific Yield—Column Drainage and Centrifuge Moisture Content," A. I. Johnson, R. C. Prill and D. A. Morris: U. S. Geological

Survey open-file report; also U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1662-A (1963).

"Centrifuge Technique for Determining Time- Drainage Relations for a Natural Sand," R. C. Prill and A. I. Johnson: U.S. Geological

Survey Prof. Paper 450-E (1963). "Research on Specific Yield," (abstract) by

A. I. Johnson and D. A. Morris, California

Association Engineering Geologists Meeting, October 1961: U. S. Geological Survey openfile report (1961)

(3264)

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo

(d) Laboratory and field Investigation; applied

research.

(e) Laboratory model and field comparative study

of techniques and of various commercially

available instruments for measuring soil moisture. New equipment may also be de- signed as result of study.

(f) Completed.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neutron

meter, tensiometers, moisture blocks and sampling equipment. Evaluation of neutron

meter. Design of small-diameter fast-response

tensiometer. Library research.

SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research

(e) Evaluate and adapt subsurface sampling and coring equipment and techniques to ground- water investigations.

(g) Core samplers designed, and some commercial models procured and compared under field

conditions. Library research in progress.

(3265) INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH POROUS

MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Laboratory model study of infiltration of fluids from surface pits into a thick un- saturated zone above the water table.

(f) Completed.

(g) Model tank designed and constructed; several

test runs with beads of different particle

size completed; library research; test runs photographed by slide and lapse-time movies.

(4/87) MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Akio Ogata, U. S. Geological Survey,

P. 0. Box 657, Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental tnd theoretical study; basic research

(e) Theoretical and laboratory study of microscopic and macroscopic aspects of flow through porous media

(3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES. (5075) DOPPLER VELOCITY METER.

167
b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. F. Smoot, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

d) Experimental; Instrument development.

e) The objective Is to measure the instantaneous

local velocity by means of the Doppler

frequency shift of an ultrasonic signal reflected by minute particles of suspended

sediment

(g) Models undergoing laboratory and field tests.

(5077) CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR GAGING ALLUVIAL CHANNEL STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

(d) Experimental field and laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Project comprises two distinct approaches to solution of stream gaging problems on alluvial

channel streams. (l) Field construction and evaluation of experimental controls specifically for gaging alluvial channel streams. The following different types of controls

have been installed and are being evaluated:

(a) .Supercritical flow flume - Owl Creek,

Wyoming; (b) Wire covered rock control - Badwater Creek, Wyoming; (c) Dual weir sheet piling controls - Republican River and Pumpkin Creek, Nebraska; and (d) Subcritical

weir - Rio Grande Conveyance Channel, New

Mexico. (2) Evaluation of the Dye dilution

method of measuring discharge in alluvial

channels

(g) Despite earlier difficulties, all three

types of controls appear promising for gaging alluvial channels. Discharges from 3 to 3000 cfs have been measured satisfactorily

by the dye dilution method.

(h) "Stream Gaging Control Structure for the

Rio Grande Conveyance Channel Near Bernardo,"

D. D. Harris and E. V. Richardson, New

Mexico: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply

paper 1369E, 154 p. 1965.

"Use of Flumes in Measuring Discharge at Gaging Stations," F. A. Kilpatrick, U. S. Geol. Survey Surface Water Techniques Manual

on Hydraulic Measurement and Computation.

1965.

(5078) ALLUVIAL CHANNEL HYDRAULICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Messrs. H. P. Guy, E. V. Richardson, and

D. B. Simons, U. S. Geological Survey,

c/o Engineering Research Center, Foothills

Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A laboratory study of resistance to flow, sediment transport and related problems in alluvial channels.

f) Completed.

g) Five different bed materials ranging in

size from 0.19 millimeters to 0.93 milli- meters have been studied. The forms of bed

roughness which occur and their relation to sediment transport and resistance to flow have been studied and described. The effect

of large concentrations of suspended

fine sediment (clay), the viscosity of the water and the specific weight and gradation

of the bed material on the mechanics of flow and on sediment transport in alluvial

channels have also been investigated.

(h) "Total Bed-Material Transport," A. A. Bishop,

D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson; Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Jour. v. 91, no. HY 2, 1965.

"A Study of Variables Affecting Flow Characteristics in Alluvial Channels," D. B. Simons

and E. V. Richardson; Proc. Federal Inter- Agency Sedimentation Conf. 1963, Misc. Pub. No. 970 Agr. Research Service, USDA, 1965. "Sedimentation Structures Generated by Flow

in Alluvial Channels," D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson and C. F. Nordin, Jr; Soc. Econ. Paleont. and Minerolog. Spec. Pub. No. 12.

"Discussion of Hyperconcentrations of Sus- pended Sediment," E. V. Richardson and T. F. Hanly, Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Jour., v. 91, no. HY5, 1965.

(5599) RESEARCH ON PERMEABILITY.

b) Cooperative with the State of California.

c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo, or Mr. Walter Hoffman, District Chief, WRD,

U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Theoretical, library, laboratory, and field

study of permeability, mainly as related to water movement through rock and soil materials

both as saturated and unsaturated flow. Evaluation of existing laboratory and field methods and development of new or improved

methods.

(g) Library research leading to an annotated bibliography on permeability (manuscript in preparation) . Laboratory study of factors affecting saturated permeability measurements in progress. Laboratory study of re- lation between particle-size parameters and permeability. Laboratory evaluation of unsaturated permeability methods.

(5600) MOVING BOAT TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF

OPEN -CHANNEL DISCHARGE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. F. Smoot, U. S. Geological Survey, WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

(d) Experimental; instrument and technique develop

ment

(e) The purpose of this research is to provide the instrumentation and to develop the technique needs to rapidly, accurately and Inexpensively

measure flow, especially unsteady flow, in rivers and tidal estuaries.

(g) A Doppler navigator, Doppler velocity meter,

and a sonic sounder are being coupled together

to provide channel discharge. The navigator

provides the transverse distance traveled

across the channel, the sonic sounder provides

the cross-section depth, and the velocity meter provides the flow vector from which

the discharge may be electronically integrated.

(5603) ORIGIN OF BASE FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. G. R. Kunkle, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, 508 Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City,

Iowa 52241.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search . (e) The purpose is to study the mechanics of ground-water discharge to streams by relating

the hydrologic and geologic characteristics

of the contributing reservoirs to the re- sultant ground-water runoff. This knowledge

Is used to construct a detailed hydrograph

separation of ground from surface runoff.

f) Suspended.

g) Ground-water runoff is supported by an inter- connected two-reservoir system composed of bottom-land alluvial sand and upland loess. The percentage contribution from each reservoir is time dependent. The alluvial

sand is the major contributor.

(h) "Computation of Ground-Water Discharge to Streams During Floods, or to Individual Reaches During Base Flow, by Use of Specific

Conductance," G. R. Kunkle: U. S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 525-D (in press).

"A Hydrogeologic Study of the Reservoirs

Contributing Ground-Water Runoff, Four Mile

Creek, Iowa," G. R. Kunkle: (in preparation).

(5604) MECHANICS OF FLUID RESISTANCE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Room 164 Peachtree Seventh Building,

Atlanta, Georgia 30323.

168
(d) Theoretical and laboratory investigation;

basic research.

(e) The objective of this study is to attempt to describe the effects of the boundary on fluid resistance in terms of dimensionless ratios characterizing the physical size and shape of the roughness.

(g) The experimental aspect of the work is being

conducted in an artlfically roughened, closed circular, air tunnel using hot- wire anemometer equipment to determine

velocity profiles, turbulence, and energy

spectra. The work consists of tests in which roughness element size, density of spacing, and shape are systematically varied.

The resulting turbulence spectra are being

analyzed in order to correlate the physical

dimensions of the roughness with the energy

and momentum transfer mechanisms in turbulent

flow.

(5506) MULTIPLE CHANNEL DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. P. Smoot, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

d) Instrument development.

e) The objective of this project is to develop

a reliable, battery powered, sensing in- strument for field operation which is capable

of positioning a punched paper-tape digital

recorder. The instrument would be used to provide a variety of hydrologlc parameters

in rapid sequence for recording on tape.

(g) A transistorized system incorporating an A-C Wheatstone bridge balanced by a D-C servo system of minimum power requirements has been developed and is undergoing field

testing.

(h) "New Instrumentation for Vlatershed Investigations," G. F. Smoot, Proceedings of the Symposium on Experimental and Representative

Areas, IASH, 1965.

(5607) EVALUATION OP DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. H. P. Guy and R. E. Rathbun, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Colo. State Univ. Fort Collins,

Colo. 80521.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The objective is to Identify and evaluate the dependency characteristics of flow and sedi- ment measures of alluvial channel flow. The experiments are designed to (1) determine mean flow parameters and channel adjustments when bed material is an independent variable; (2) determine the importance of depth

as a scale parameter and as a driving force;

(3) determine the time for change when an independent variable is changed; (4) deter- mine the variance of slope, depth, velocity,

sediment transport, and bed conditions in time and space.

(5508) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OP RADIO- ACTIVE WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. W. Sayre and Dr. P. M. Chang, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo. 80521.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) A significant fraction of the low level liquid radioactive wastes which are dis- charged into surface streams is often

sorbed by bed material and fine material

sediment particles. Consequently the manner

in which these sediments are transported is

a significant factor in determining the distribution of radioactive wastes in the stream environment. The project is devoted

to investigating the dispersion and transport

of both fine and bed material sediment

particles. Experiments are conducted in natural streams and in laboratory flumes.

Radioactive tracer techniques, fluorometry

and nephelometry are among the experimental

techniques being employed. Analytically and experimentally the phenomenon of sediment transport is being treated from a Lagrangian

point of view.

f) Completed.

g) The degree of mixing and the behavior of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient during

the initial phases of the dispersion process

in turbulent open channel flow has been re- lated analytically to the dimensions of the channel, the resistance coefficient, and the von Karman turbulence coefficient.

(h) "Transport and Dispersion of Labeled Bed

Material, North Loup River, Nebraska," W. W. Sayre and D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 433-C, 48 p., 1965. "Closure to Sand Transport Studies With

Radioactive Tracers," D. W. Hubbell and W. W. Sayre, Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, v. 91, HY 5, p. 139-149, September 1965. "Application of Radioactive Tracers in the Study of Sediment Movement," D. W. Hubbell

and W. W. Sayre, Proc. Fed. Inter-Agency

Sedimentation Conf. 1963, Misc. Publ. no. 970 Agric. Res. Serv., p. 569-578, June 1965. "Discussion of Canal Discharge Measurements

with Radioisotopes," W. W. Sayre, Proc. Am.

Soc. Civil Engineers, v. 91, No. HY6, Nov.

1965.

(5609) STEP LENGTHS AND REST PERIODS OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. W. Sayre and Dr. F. M. Chang, U. S. Geol. Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo. 80521.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) The object is to study the individual and collective motions of bed-material sedi- ment with a view to obtaining better understanding of the fundamental transport

processes. Radioactive tracer and other

techniques will be used to determine (1) distribution functions for the step lengths

and rest periods of sediment particles and

(2) how the parameters describing the dis- tribution functions are related to, sediment

and flow characteristics.

(g) Preliminary experiments with lightweight

plastic particles indicate that the step

lengths of particles are gamma distributed

and that mean step lengths are on the order

of one-half to two-thirds of a ripple or dune length. Experiments with the same particles Indicated that the rest period

durations are exponentially distributed. It remains to be determined from single particle

experiments with radioactive tracer particles whether or not the same conclusions apply to natural sand particles.

(5610) MECHANICS OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND FLUID RE- SISTANCE —MOVABLE BOUNDARY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geol. Survey, c/o Engineering Research Center, Foothills Campus, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. 80521.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; basic research.

(e) The objective Is to measure the internal

flow field of turbulent shear flow in an open channel in order to obtain a funda- mental understanding of the mechanics of fluid resistance. Further knowledge of the mechanics of flow structure will give

a better understanding of the phenomena of energy dissipation, velocity distribution,

shear distribution and the transport and dispersion of solutes and sediment.

(g) The velocity distribution for flow over a plain sand bed with appreciable bed material

transport has an inner and outer zone. The distribution is logarithmic in both zones.

In the inner zone the parameters for the dis- tribution vary with the size, density, and

169
concentration of the bed material, whereas in

the outer zone they are constant. The coef- ficients of a general resistance to flow equation for equilibrium flow in a sand channel vary widely because (l) the flow may be steady

or unsteady, uniform or nonuniform depending

on the bed configuration; (2) there are four

types of energy dissipation; (3) there is a range of shear stress where the bed configuration may range from dunes to plain bed or antidunes

(h) "Resistance to Plow in Sand Channels," E. V. Richardson, Ph.D. dissertation, Colo. State

Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. 1965.

(5611) FALL VELOCITY OF GRAVEL-SIZED PARTICLES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. H. P. Guy, U. S. Geol. Survey, c/o Engrg. Research Center, Foothills Campus, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. 80521.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is to evaluate the effects of

size, shape, density, and fluid characteristic on the fall velocity of gravel-sized

sediment particles and to make exploratory

studies on the physical significance of the Reynolds number and the effect of turbulence

on fall velocity.

(g) Studies of the behavior of spheres, disks, oblate spheroids, cylinders, and prolate

spheroids falling in quiescent liquids show that (1) the fall pattern of disks changes

from stable to oscillating to glide-tumble to tumble as the Reynolds number increases, (2) the stability number and the frequency number

can be correlated with stability, and (3) particles with small values of the Corey shape factor are less stable than those with large

values.

(h) "Behavior of Geometric Particles Falling In Quiescent Viscous Fluids," G. E. Stringham,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1965.

(5612) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RIPPLES, DUNES AND

ANTIDUNES.

(b) Laboratory and field.

(cj Messrs. C. F. Nordin and J. H. Algert.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective Is to statistically analyze the frequency distribution of length, amplitude, and shape of bed forms and their sequential

dependence on parameters of flow and sediment transport . Data are obtained from sonic records of the movement of these forms under

conditions of equilibrium flow in laboratory

flumes.

f) Suspended.

g) Techniques of correlation and spectral den- sity analysis were applied to describe dune profiles for data from a 0.4-ft flume, an 8- ft flume and a conveyance channel near

Bernardo, New Mexico. The first three values

of the covariance functions were found to be

sufficient for computing approximate models.

Two parameters describe the bed elevation as

a function of distance by a second order autoregression scheme. The first value of covariance also relates well with unit dis- charge . (h) "A Statistical Study of Bed Forms in Alluvial

Channels, " J. H. Algert, M. S. Thesis, Colo. State Univ.'. Fort Collins, Colo., 1965.

(5839) MECHANICS OF GROUND-WATER FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

(d) Theoretical investigations with field applications; basic and applied research.

(e) Analysis of ground-water flow problems for which practical need has developed out of field investigations or other sources.

(g) (l) A solution for the response of well-aquifer systems to seismic waves as a function of well geometry, aquifer constants, and frequency of seismic wave was derived and checked by an electric analog model. (2) A technique for determining the rate of ground-water flow through semiconfining

beds from the earth's thermal profile was

devised. (3) Solutions for the nonsteady

radial flow toward a well pumping from (a) an infinite two-layered aquifer, and (b) an infinite anisotropic aquifer were derived,

(h) "Rates of Vertical Groundwater Movement Estimated from the Earth's Thermal Profile,"

J. D. Bredehoeft and I. S. Papadopulos, Water Resources Research, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 325-328, 1965. "Seismic Fluctuations in an Open Artesian Water Well," J. D. Bredehoeft, H. H. Cooper,

Jr., I. S. Papadopulos and R. R. Bennett.

USGS Prof. Paper 525-C, p. C51-C57, 1965.

"The Response of Well-Aquifer Systems to Seismic Waves," H. H. Cooper Jr., J. D. Bredehoeft, I. S. Papadopulos and R. R. Bennett. Jour. Geophys. Res., vol. 70, no.

16, p. 3915-3926, 1965.

(5840) AREAL GROUND-WATER CONTROL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Objective is to test, in the field, methods

of measuring the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone, and to find the re- lation between evapotranspiration and depth

to the water table. Measurements of liquid head and liquid content, as functions of time and depth, will

be used for computing hydraulic conductivity

and evapotranspiration. Data from several

sites will be plotted for relating evapo- transpiration and depth to the water table. Tensiometers, moisture measurement access

tubes, and piezometers were installed at four field locations; and a column of thermistors for measuring the temperature

profile was Installed at one site. Weekly

measurements of head were made at all operable sites. Moisture measurements were

made sporadically until February 1965,

monthly thereafter. Preliminary data

analysis was made in May 1965.

[5841) DENVER MULTIPHASE FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

d) Theoretical and field investigation.

e) Devise and test methods of measuring flow in and hydraulic properties of, the unsaturated

zone in the field. Measure velocities of fluids underground by analysis of temperature

profiles. Develop and test methods of pre- dicting the nature of flow in the unsaturated

zone. Improve, and develop new techniques for field measurement of evapotranspiration.

(g) Measurement of the time lag and attenuation

of fluctuations in gas pressure due to barometric changes as functions of depth below the land surface were made in the un- saturated zone near Cuba, New Mexico, for determining permeability of the unsaturated

zone. Although the field tests were success- ful, improvement in the instrumentation

adopted is indicated. Type curves for analyzing drawdowns observed

in well fields having variable discharges at scattered locations were developed for the New Mexico ground-water district through the Geological Survey Computations Unit. The computer program evolved is available for calculating the hydraulic properties of aquifers in areas where intensive use of ground-water is monitored at observation wells. Underground temperature profiles were ob- served in the field near Globe, Arizona and

Roswell, New Mexico to test the possibility

of using the temperature profile for indicat- ing vertical velocities of ground water

170
through beds having low permeability. Indications are that vertical velocities as small as 0.1 ft. per year can be identified by analysis

of the steady- state temperature profile ob- served in beds about 100 feet or more in thick-: ness

The relation between losses from ground water

and evapotranspiration is being studied with

the aid of the field offices of the Water

Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey,

in Colorado. Measurements of ground-water

levels, soil moisture tension and content, and temperature are being made at four 25 acre

sites in the Arkansas River Valley. Lateral

contribution to ground-water loss, due to spatial changes in flow through the aquifer,

is monitored by finite-difference analysis

of the shape of the water table. Project

interest lies in testing of field techniques

of measuring the hydraulic properties of the unsaturated zone, and defining the relation

between evapotranspiration and depth to the water table. Field installations were com- pleted in Hay 1965, and rebuilt by October

1955 after destruction by floods,

(h) Discussion of "Analysis of Data from Non-equilibrium Pumping Tests Allowing for Delayed

Yield from Storage, by N. S. Boulton,

Robert W. Stallman, Inst. Civil Engineers

Proc. (British) v. 28, p. 603-604, 1964. "Multiphase Fluids in Porous Media —a Review

of Theories Pertinent to Hydrologlc Studies," Robert W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 411-E, 51 p., 1964. "Effects of Water Table Conditions on Water

Level Changes Near Pumping Wells," R. W. Stallman, Water Resources Research, v. 1, no.

2, p. 2S5-312, 1965. "Steady One-dimensional Fluid Flow in a Semi- infinite Porous Medium with Sinusoidal Surface Temperature," R. W. Stallman, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 70, no. 12, p. 2821-

2827, 1965.

(5842) THE MOVEMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY.

b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

c) Mr. D. W. Hubbell, Project Chief, U. S. Geo- logical Survey, P.O. Box 3202, Portland,

Oregon 97208.

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

e) Certain radionuclides enter the Columbia

River from the Hanford installation of the

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Part of the radionuclides remain in solution, part are sorbed by fluvial sediments, and part are sorbed by biota. In order to insure that no dangerous condition prevails or develops

In the Columbia River estuary, it is important to know the distribution of radionuclides

in time and space, and the processes by which

the distribution is altered. The purpose of this investigation is to study the movement

of radionuclides in the Columbia River

estuary as it is affected by flow, sediment

transport, and chemical processes; to assess

the distribution of radioactivity in the estuary; to develop measurement methods and techniques for large estuaries; and to contribute' knowledge of estuarine processes.

(g) Measurement equipment and techniques have been developed for collecting necessary data in the estuary. The equipment includes

systems for measuring water discharge rapidly, for collecting large-volume water and

suspended- sediment samples, for filtering

large-volume samples rapidly, for collecting

6-foot long bed-material cores, and for

monitoring radioactivity in situ. The areal distribution of radlaactivity in the estuary

varies markedly and, in general, high

activities are associated with fine sediments.

(h) "A Sampler for Coring in Rivers and Estuaries,"

E. A. Prych and D. W. Hubbell; submitted for publication as a short note in the Geological

Society of America Bulletin.

"Measurement Equipment and Techniques Used in Studying Radionuclide Movement in the Columbia

River Estuary," E. A. Prych, D. W. Hubbell

and J. L. Glenn; submitted to the American

Society of Civil Engineers for publication

in a Special Proceedings Volume for the Coastal Engineering Conference, Santa Barbara, California, October 11-13, 1965.

(5843) THE OCCURRENCE, TRANSPORT, AND DISPOSITION OF RADIONUCLIDES AS SOLUTES AND ASSOCIATED

WITH FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS IN THE LOWER COLUMBIA

RIVER.

b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

c) Mr. W. L. Haushild, Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, P. 0. Box 3202, Portland,

Oregon 97208.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Small amounts of minerals in the water used

for cooling the reactors at the Hanford

installation near Richland, Wash, are acti- vated and subsequently discharged into the Columbia River in the controlled release of the cooling water. The purpose of the project is to determine the disposition of these radionuclides in and along the channel and the mechanics of transport of the radio- nuclides by the water and sediment in the river. The investigation is intended to supply information from the 330-mile reach

of the Columbia River between Hanford and

the head of the estuary.

(g) The transport and retention of radionuclides

correlates with (l) the flow characteristics

of the river system, and (2) the Influence of the chemical and physical composition of the environmental system. The radionuclides

affixed to the sediments varies for specific

radionuclides and correlates with the physical and mineral characteristics of the sedi- ments. There is a differential transport of these affixed radionuclides because of the differences in the fall velocity of the sedi- ments, and this difference in transport

affects the retention of radionuclides in the study reach. The digital computer solu- tions of a mathematical model for transient river flow have been successfully applied to the production of continuous discharge data for tidal-affected flows of the Columbia

River at Vancouver, Wash.

(h) "An Electric-Powered Vehicle for Large River

Measurements," H. H. Stevens, Jr., and G. R. Dempster, Jr., Civil Engineering, v. 34, no.

6, p. 74, June 1964.

A discussion of "Annual Variation of Stream Water Temperatures," J. C. Ward; by W. L. Haushild and G. R. Dempster, Jr., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc, v. 90, no. SA4, p. 90-92, August 1964. "Concurrent Collection of Hydraulic and

Sediment Data in Rivers," G. R. Dempster, Jr, and H. H. Stevens, Jr., Jour. Am. Water

Works Assoc., v. 57, no. 9, p. 1135-1138,

September 1965.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF MINES, Morgantown Research Center.

(4436) FLOW PROPERTIES OF COAL-WATER SLURRIES.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Mines, Morgantown Coal Research Center.

(c) Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director, Morgantown Research Center, Morgantown, West

Virginia

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The object of the project is to establish

friction factor-Reynolds number relationships for coal-water slurries of various concen- trations with coals of different ranks and

size analyses. Work is being done with 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch pipes. Data are processed on an L3M-1620 computer.

(f) Inactive for the present.

171
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except where otherwise indicated, should he addressed to Office of Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225.

(2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A model was constructed to generalize stilling

basin dimensions, using either one or two slide gates.

(g) Data were taken for two types of stilling

basins for high-head slide gates. Preliminary design curves were developed for the usual hydraulic jump basin and for a simple

plunge-type basin.

(3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) A 24-inch slide gate turnout was calibrated

by means of a 1:2 scale model. Design

changes resulting from use of the turnout have necessitated an analysis and calibration

of the variables affecting the discharge

capacity.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Results show that submergence of the orifice

or of the upstream gate of the two-gate turnout has a major effect on the discharge

coefficient. A calibration curve for a 9 cfs standard turnout and several comparative

calibrations of modified turnouts have been

obtained

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Into-the-f low offsets with abrupt edges, chamfered edges, and rounded edges were

tested to determine the velocity-head

relationships for incipient cavitation.

(g) Data analysis not completed.

(h) Progress report to be prepared.

(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR,

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Combined laboratory and field research.

(e) Weirs having adjustable crest height are used for checking water surface levels for upstream water delivery and for water measurement beyond the weir. An investigation of the head discharge capacity of a single

2-foot crest-length weir was completed.

(f ) Single weir investigation completed.

(g) Capacities of weir for crest heights

greater than 0.1 foot above fixed blade compare very favorably with standard 2-foot clpolletti weir.

(h) "Vertical Adjustable Weir," J. C. Schuster,

Report No. Hyd-553, 1965.

(3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES.

(3985)

18

(e)

(e)

(g)

(f)

(g)

(h)

DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE-LINED

CANALS. Laboratory project.

Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research and design. This study is for the purpose of exploring

the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the relationship of boundary surface resistance

to the cumulative resistance of crossings,

inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local items in concrete-lined canals of different

sizes, shapes, and grades. This study is part of a program to explain why design

procedures used successfully for small and medium sizes of canals may not be adequate

for large concrete-lined canals on flat slope Completed. Between 1957 and 1962, tests were made on

170 miles of nine large (700 to 13,200 cfs) canals having ages ranging from 7 to 25 years. Resistance coefficients varied with

the amount growth, canal alinement, and

canal size and ranged from 0.013 to 0.016

for the smaller canals, and from 0.015 to 0.019 for the larger canals. "Analyses and Descriptions of Capacity Tests

in Large Concrete-lined Canals," Paul J. Tilp and Mansil W. Scrivner, Technical Memorandum

661, April 1964. HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE BLOCK

PRESSURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A spillway stilling basin model has been

constructed to study chute block and baffle block pressures and to relate these pressures

to the Froude number of the entrance flow

and to tailwater depth.

(4791) HIGH -VELOCITY JET ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS. Laboratory project.

Experimental; for operation and maintenance.

A 100-fps, 1-inch-diameter jet was impinged

at 45 degrees on protective coverings pro- posed for application on concrete surfaces

to be subjected to high- velocity flow. Completed.

All protective coatings tested, in whicn

the surface was unbroken, withstood the jet for 4 hours. All coatings tested in which a broken or cut surface extended to the cen- crete were ripped from the concrete test blocks in less than 5 minutes.

Report in preparation.

(3994)

(h)

(4792)

(b)

(d)

Laboratory project.

Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research. Radial gates are used extensively in Irri- gation systems for discharge and water sur- face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of flow passing the gated structure be known. Literature research resulted In an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the gate capacity with unsubmerged flow. Extensive model and prototype radial gate

data were obtained from the TVA Hydraulic

Laboratory. The data are being analyzed to verify the proposed discharge formula and

to extend the scope of presently available

information.

(h)

CANADIAN RIVER AQUEDUCT CHECK TOWERS. Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

Laboratory tests are being made to determine

the hydraulic losses and alr-entrainment

potential of check towers to be installed

in the 125-mile-long Canadian River Aqueduct. The aqueduct consists of 54-, 60-, and 66- inch-diameter concrete conduit. The check towers are so designed that the top of each

is slightly below the hydraulic grade line when the aqueduct Is flowing full. Each

check tower consists of a 90 degree vertical bend to direct the conduit upward, a 180- degree return bend at the top of the tower, and a 90-degree bend at the bottom of the downstream leg to return the conduit to the original alinement. There is a 22-inch air

vent at the top of each tower. Completed

Head loss was determined for each size check

tower. During filling or evacuating the tower, air was entrained in the downstream

leg and carried into the horizontal conduit.

A 36-inch-diameter vent was installed 120 feet downstream from each tower to release

the entrained air. Report In preparation.

172
(4794) VERTICAL STILLING WELL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The purpose is to obtain the optimum size,

depth, and internal configuration of vertical

stilling wells for high-head discharges.

The test installation has a 4-foot by 4-foot-square well 6 feet deep, followed by a canal with a 4-foot bottom width and 1-1/2:1 side slopes. An adjustable downspout is symmetrically located in the well

and discharges against the flat floor. Piezometers are located in the floor and lower sidewalls of the well. Adjustable

corner fillets provide a means for determining optimum fillet angle, size, and height.

f) Continuing.

g) The addition of corner fillets to the. well results in much smoother water surfaces. The fillets direct the flow from the corners back to the center of the well inducing roller action. Optimum fillet configuration

has been determined for one ratio of downspout area to well area. Additional studies will determine optimum fillet configurations for larger downspouts.

(4802) STUDIES ON ORIFICES FOR AUTOMATIC RADIAL

GATE CONTROLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e; The studies are for the purpose of determining flow characteristics and discharge coef- ficients for various size orifices in float- well intakes of automatic radial gate

controls. A 1:1 scale model of a floatwell

intake structure was constructed to determine discharge coefficients of the irregular orifice configuration in the regulating structure.

(g) Although the test arrangements differed

substantially from arrangements for which

data are presently available, measured

coefficients compared closely with existing

data

(4807) MORROW POINT DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to aid

in the development of the unusual design of the spillway and outlet works for the thin- arch concrete dam. The original design,

consisting of a free overfall spillway and

an outlet works located near the bottom of the dam, was abandoned because of un- desirable flow conditions in the artifi- cially formed stilling pool at the base of the dam. The present design includes four fixed-wheel gate controlled conduits near the top of the dam which discharge 34,400 cfs,

allowing it to fall approximately 400 feet

to the stilling pool. The small slide- gate-controlled outlet works in the lower

portion of the dam and the underground

powerplant tailrace channels are also in- cluded.

f) Completed.

g) Model studies have proven the acceptability

of the present design. Design of the control weir which forms the stilling

pool was modified and the two inside spill- way conduits were tipped downward to provide more even distribution of Impact

of the free-falling jets. Revisions were made to the topography of the downstream

river channels to improve flow conditions

in those areas.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4947) OROVTLLE DAM INCLINED POWERPLANT INTAKE

TOWERS.

b) California Department of Water Resources.

c) California Dept. of VJater Resources, State of California, Sacramento 2, California.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Hydraulic phenomena of the unique inclined

intake towers were studied in a 1:24 scale model. Temperature control shutters were arranged on the towers so water could be drawn from selected levels in the reservoir

to maintain desired river temperatures for irrigation and for fish propagation.

Differential pressures across these very

large gates, and any tendencies for hydraulic

instability during operation were studied.

f) Completed.

g) (l) The uppermost temperature control shutters

must be a minimum of 40 feet below the reservoir water surface to prevent air

entrainment by vortices. (2) The head loss

is 2.9 feet for maximum discharge (8,600 cfs) with water flowing through the trashracks,

past the temperature control shutters and emergency closure gate, and into the 22-foot- diameter penstock. (3) A head differential

of 3 feet will exist across the 40- by 42- foot temperature control shutters during

normal power plant operation,

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Oroville Dam Powerplant Intake Structure, California,"

K. G. Bucher, Report No. Hyd-509, June 1965.

(4948) OROVILLE DAM FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY.

b) California Department of Water Resources.

c) California Department of Water Resources,

State of California, Sacramento 2, Calif.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Models built to 1:48 and 1:78 scale are being used to study the hydraulic features

of a revised design of the flood control

outlet. The general flow conditions, dis- charge coefficients, water surface profiles,

flow velocities and energy dissipation as the flow reaches the Feather River are being

tested on the 1:78 scale model of the entire

outlet structure. The 1:48 scale sectional model of four of the eight outlet bays is being used to obtain discharge capacities

for controlled and uncontrolled releases. Pressures along the pier walls and bellmouth

roof of the bays were recorded from this model. A 1,740-foot-long uncontrolled

overfall spillway which will operate only

during extreme flood conditions was not modeled.

f) Completed.

g) Flow through the outlet approach area, bays

and channel was good except for slight vortex action at the outlet entrances. Modifications at the left abutment virtually

eliminated the vortices. Pressures on the pier sides and bellmouth roof were all at

or slightly below atmospheric. The dischar^

capacity was slightly higher than design

capacity. Spillway chute and bucket were developed for discharge of 250,000 cfs.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Flood Control Outlet and Spillway for Oroville Dam —Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.,"

T. J. R hone and W. F. Arris, Report No. Hyd-510, September 30, 1965.

(4950) NAVAJO MAIN CANAL HEADWORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 scale model containing two 9- by 12- foot top seal radial gates, a divided under- ground stilling basin, and a hore shoe- shaped downstream tunnel was constructed to aid in evaluating and improving the stilling basin

performance, and to test the unusual application of radial gates. Discharges ranged

up to 1,800 cfs, and heads ranged from 15

to 126.5 feet.

(f) Completed.

(g) Abasin was developed that provided good

energy dissipation and smooth water surface conditions in the downstream tunnel. Backflow, which struck the downstream faces of

the radial gates for a wide range of heads

and discharges, was prevented by placing

I

173
curtain walls above the 15° chutes Just above

the path of the high velocity jets. An underpass wave suppressor in the down- stream portion of the basin prevented large waves from entering the tunnel,

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Main Canal Outlet

Works, Navajo Indian Irrigation Project, New

Mexico," T. J. Isbester, Report No. Hyd-536,

January 1965.

(4952) SURGE STUDIES IN LONG, LOW -HEAD PIPELINE

SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Laboratory studies will be made to verify an electronic computer program for analyzing

low frequency surge characteristics of long

pipeline systems. The test facility con- sists of 1,400 feet of 4-inch pipe, a constant head water supply, a constant head

terminal reservoir, and a slow closing and opening valve for producing controlled changes

in rate of flow. The pipeline is interrupted at 160-foot intervals with open check stands that divide the line into individual reaches with pressure heads not greater than 2.8 feet. Total drop of the

line is 24 feet.

f) Continuing.

g) A series of test runs with varying control

valve closure times have been made. The results, listing head versus discharge for various stations and time intervals have been furnished for debugging and modifying

an ADP program which will be used to predict prototype results.

(4954) SAN LUIS FOREBAY PUMPING PLANT INTAKE TRANSITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model was used to compare

head loss, velocity distribution, and flow patterns in various configurations of canal transitions to pumping plant intakes.

f) Completed.

g) On the basis of velocity distribution and surface flow patterns in the transition and

pump Intake bays a symmetrical transition

was found to be more desirable than an angled transition. Head losses were too

small to justify comparison on this basis.

The angled transition was chosen for the final design after consideration of economic factors. Numerical methods and

a digital computer were used to analyze

the large volume of velocity data.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Inlet Transition at Radar Pumping Plant, Columbia Basin

Project, Washington," D. L. King, Report No. Hyd-547, -April 1965.

(4955) SAN LUIS FOREBAY CANAL SURGE STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:48 scale model was tested to determine

the magnitude and velocity of surge in a pumping plant supply canal after power fail- ure and rejection of flow. Effects of bifurcations, curves, and canal structures and methods of relieving surges were investigated.

f) Completed.

g) Comprehensive data were obtained on the

size, form, and velocity of surge waves

following rejection of the canal flow and drainage from'the pump discharge

lines. A longitudinal side weir was de- veloped to attenuate the surge to an allowable height.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Surges Developed

by Rejection of Flow at the San Luis Forebay

Pumping Plant, Central Valley Project,

California," D. L. King, Report No. Hyd-546, December 1965.

(4956) YELLOWTAIL AFTERBAY DAM SLUICEWAY AND OVER- FALL WEIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) One to twenty-four scale models were used

to determine the hydraulic operating

characteristics of the afterbay dam sluiceway and overfall weir, and to develop satisfactory stilling basins for

both structures. The basins were judged

on appearance of flow conditions and downstream bed erosion.

f) Completed.

g) The model study resulted in hydraulic

jump type stilling basins containing

chute blocks, baffle piers, and an end

sill (Type III) being recommended for

the sluiceway and overfall weir. Both recommended structures provided smooth approach-, chute-, stilling basin-, and downstream channel-flow, and produced

no erosion or movement of downstream

riverbed or riprap. Discharge capacity

and coefficient curves were prepared for

both structures.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Sluiceway and the Overflow Weir, Yellowtail Afterbay Dam, MRBP, Montana," W. F. Arris, Report No. Hyd523, April 1965.

(4957) BAFFLED PIPE OUTLET ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Applied research.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are being made to extend present information concerning this type of Impact energy dissipator. Prototype

data from existing operating structures will

be compared with model data. Investigation

of erosion around the structures and in the downstream bed will be studied.

(f) Suspended.

(4958) AIR DEMAND TESTS ON 84-INCH JET FLOW GATE-- TRINITY DAM, CALIFORNIA .

(b) Laboratory project,

(dl Field investigations.

(e) Field measurements were obtained to compare model and prototype air demand for the complete range of gate openings at maximum

operating head (369 feet) on the gate. A laboratory model study was made to obtain

centerline velocity coefficients for the prototype air duct to provide for quantitative analysis of field measurements.

f) Completed.

g) Maximum velocity in the air supply conduit was within design limits.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4959) FLAT BOTTOMED TRAPEZOIDAL VENTURI FLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A pilot study of a single flume Is being

conducted to determine the best approach to

a comprehensive program to generalize the design and calibration of this type of water

measuring device.

(g) The model study has demonstrated that the particular pilot flume tested is an adequate

measuring device.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4960) PROTOTYPE PIEZOMETRIC AND AIR DEMAND MEASURE- MENTS OF 4- BY 4-FOOT TANDEM GATE —NAVAJO

DAM, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field Investigation.

(e) To compare the model and prototype, piezometric measurements were obtained for the complete

range of gate openings with a head of 164.5

feet. Prototype air demand measurements

were made simultaneously with piezometric

valves to evaluate adequacy of the air supp]y

system. Further tests are planned at heads

of about 230 feet and 300 feet to more fully

evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of this gate and to check the model scaling.

174
(4962) LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE REMOVAL OF

SALT WATER FROM A TWO-PART AQUIFER USING TILE DRAINS INSTALLED IN THE UPPER MEMBER, AND

PUMP WELLS INSTALLED IN THE LOWER AQUIFER.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Applied research.

(e) Tests were performed on a 16-foot-long 1:40

scale model containing two-part and singlepart aquifers to determine the hydraulic

action of simulated tile ground-water drains

placed 0.2 foot below the model surface.

The lower aquifer was composed of coarse

sand 50 times more permeable than the fine

sand in the upper aquifer. For initial con- ditions the model was charged with salt water, concentration 6,000 ppm NaCl, dyed blue for visual identification. Tests are continuing using vertical pump wells in the lower aquifer as drains.

(g) For the given prototype conditions, tile ground-water drains will not intercept and discharge fresh water if the lower aquifer

contains salt water. The fresh water tends

to drive the salt water ahead of it to the

drain.

(h) Progress Report No. 2 in preparation.

(5331) INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF TURNOUT

GEOMETRY ON THE ACCURACY OF A PROPELLERTYPE OPEN FLOW METER.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) The purpose of the Investigation was to determine whether a change in the design of outlet structures for open flow meters

from a relatively unconfined outlet to a confined outlet changed the registration accuracy of the meter.

f) Completed.

g) Results indicate that a confinement Just large enough to pass the design discharge

of the turnout did not significantly change

the meter registration accuracy.

(h) "Investigation of the Effect of Turnout Geometry on the Registration Accuracy of a Propeller-Type Open-flow Meter, " C. E. Brockway, Report No. Hyd-545, May 1965.

(5335) HIGH PRESSURE SLIDE GATE STUDIES FOR RUEDI AND MORROW POINT DAM OUTLET WORKS,

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:9 scale model Is being used to determine operating characteristics and pressure con- ditions on slide gates to be used for regulation at heads up to 355 feet. The

flow passages of the gates slope downward

30° in the direction of flow, and the gate leaves and bonnets are vertical. Effects

of flaring the sidewalls Immediately downstream from the leaf are being studied.

(g) Preliminary studies show that a gate slot design used very successfully on gates with

horizontal flow passages and vertical leaves

is not satisfactory for gates with 30° sloping passages and vertical leaves. Also,

flaring the downstream walls in the normal fashion Just downstream from the leaf leads

to extremely subatmospheric pressure con- ditions and cavitation. By offsetting the walls abruptly 3 or 4 inches outward a very

short distance downstream from the leaves, an excellent design with either parallel or diverging downstream walls Is apparently ob- tained.

(5336) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDIES WITH CAVITATION

OCCURRING

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A commercial 8-lnch, 125 psi butterfly valve

Is being tested under portotype head to determine the effects on cavitation characteristics, air demand, and discharge coefficients

that result from discharging the valve directly Into sudden enlargements, or through

short conduits into the enlargements. Tests

are made with and without the admission of

air, and quantities of air needed to Just quiet the cavitation are being obtained. Effects of air admission on the discharge

coefficient are also being obtained.

(g) Preliminary results show that satisfactory pressure reducing stations for high dif- ferential heads and low back pressures can

be obtained with butterfly valves if the valves discharge directly into a 2.0 dia enlargement. Air in sufficient quantities

to relieve cavitation when the discharge

enters the enlargement directly, or through

short sections of pipe, has little effect upon the discharge coefficient.

(5337) PRESSURE RELIEF PANELS FOR OROVILLE DAM POWER PLANT INTAKE TOWERS.

(b) California Dept. of Water Resources.

(c) California Dept. of Water Resources, Sac- ramento 2, Calif.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The 40- by 42-foot temperature control shutters for the inclined intake towers are designed to withstand a maximum head dif- ferential of 5 feet of water. Under maximum

discharge through the power plant the head

differential across the shutters will be 3 feet. Surges caused by power plant demand fluctuations, or removal or replacement of temperature control shutters, could cause pressures across the shutters in excess of the design maximum allowable.

(f) Completed.

(gj Relief panels have been . designed which will

open under a head differential of 3 1/2

feet. The recommended panel was calibrated

to determine- the number of panels required to furnish the discharge demand of the power

plant for a maximum head differential of 5 feet of water.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Pressurerelief Panels in the Powerplant Intake Structure —Oroville Dam, California Dept. of Water Resources, State of California," D. Colgate, Report No. Hyd-549, October 1965.

(5338) LABORATORY TESTS OF GATE SEALS UNDER PROTOTYPE HEADS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design

(e) A facility for testing gate seals under heads

of up to 200 feet was used on two similar double stem rubber gate seals. One seal bulb was capped with teflon and the other was

uncapped. The program consisted of extrusion tests under sustained load, and tests with relative motion to determine the seal action

as it approached, touched, and moved on the

seat. A new facility is being built to test seals at heads of approximately 600 feet.

(g) The teflon cap added to the rigidity of the

seal and prevented much of the distortion

noted with the uncapped seal. Also, when the seal was moved relative to the seat, the teflon cap prevented the seal from being

pinched between the clamp bar and seal seat.

(5339) MODEL-PROTOTYPE CORRELATION OF AIR DEMAND.

(b) Field tests and laboratory project.

Id) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Basic parameters are being developed to cor- relate model results with prototype measure- ments for the flow of air in a closed conduit partially filled with moving water. Prototype measurements are essentially complete.

Laboratory tests are beginning in a variable

slope, enclosed, rectangular channel. The mean air velocity and turbulence intensity of the air stream will be measured for various water velocitites, various water depths and various pressure gradients.

(5341) GRANBY DAM SPILLWAY.

175
(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model was used to study the modification to the spillway chute and the proposed flip bucket and plunge basin for

flows up to 12,000 cfs at velocities in the flip bucket ranging up to approximately

100 feet per second.

(f) Completed.

(g) A deflector and transition in the curved

super elevated, horizontal portion of the chute was developed to provide good flow distribution in the flip bucket. The flip bucket and plunge basin were developed

to provide effective energy dissipation

for flows up to 3,000 cfs and to prevent

erosion in the area adjacent to the flip

bucket for flows up to 12,000 cfs.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Granby Dam Spillway Modification, Colorado-Big Thompson

Project," G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd-539,

May 1S65.

(5342) SWIFT DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:42 scale model was studied to determine necessary modifications to rehabilitate a 46-year-old chute spillway.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Swift Dam Spill- ways—Pondera County Canal and Reservoir

Company, Montana," G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd-548, December 1965.

(5343) STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Library study.

(e) Library research is being made to determine

the extent of work that is being done and

has been done in this field. An abstract

will be prepared and a proposal made for laboratory research. Particular interest

is being given to regulation of reservoir

releases and the design of outlet works

to maintain desirable oxygen balance in streams

(5345) YELLOWTAIL AFTERBAY DAM SPAWNING CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8 scale model was constructed to study the stilling basin and diffuser

chamber in the intake to the resting

pool of the spawning channel.

(f) Completed.

(g) A slotted baffle for the stilling basin

was developed to dissipate the energy of the incoming flow and to provide good

flow distribution from the diffuser

chamber into the resting pool.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Yellowtail After- bay Dam Spawning Channel Stilling Basin and Diffuser Chamber," G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd-525, March 1965.

(5346) GLEN ELDER DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:72 scale model is being used to study

the hydraulic features of the spillway. The model contains 12 radial gate con- trolled spillway bays, the approach

channel, surrounding topography, the hydraulic jump stilling basin and concrete lined apron, and a portion of the downstream channel.

(f) Completed.

(g) The flow in the approach area, through

the bays, and in the downstream channel Is smooth. The operation of the stilling

basin Is efficient. There is no excessive erosion of the downstream channel. No major changes to the initial design were recommended as a result of the model study.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5347) LITTLE PANOCHE CREEK DETENTION DAM OUTLET

WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURE

(b) Laboratory project.

id J Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model was built to study the flow conditions in a square, submerged

vertical inlet and bend when stop logs are used to control the flow into the inlet.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5844) PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DAM LOW LEVEL OUTLET WORKS.

(b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority,

W. F. Miles, General Manager.

(c) International Power and Engineering Consultants, Ltd., 570 Dunsmuir Street, Vancouver 2, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The outlet works will utilize two of the three 48-foot-diameter horseshoe- shaped

diversion tunnels and will consist of two conduits through each of the two diversion

tunnel plugs. An 84-lnch Howell-Bunger valve

at the downstream end of each conduit is used

to control the flow. Each conduit is de- signed to discharge 2,500 cfs at an approxi- mate head of 450 feet but may discharge

twice this amount in emergencies. A 1:14 scale model of the valves and the horseshoeshaped tunnel has been constructed to develop the design of the air supply system

to the valves, the optimum location of the valves, and the energy dissipating devices required In the diversion tunnel.

(5845) PATILLAS DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority.

(c) Rafael V. Urrutia, Executive Director, Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The existing spillway has operated over the years and a considerable amount of erosion

has occurred in the natural channel at the downstream end of the spillway. Numerous modifications to the original spillway have been ineffective in reducing the erosion. A 1:36 scale model is being constructed to develop the. required modifications to elimi- nate this adverse operating condition.

(5846) CRYSTAL DAM SPILLWAY.

(bj Laboratory project,

(cj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:40 scale model of the spillway will be tested to investigate overall flow conditions.

In addition, a structure at the end of the spillway tunnel will be developed which will function as a stilling basin for flows up to 11,000 cfs and as a flip bucket for higher

discharges. Determination of discharge co- efficients for a tainter gate on the spill- way crest and the development of an atmospheric pressure spillway crest will be accomplished through the use of a 1:24 sec- tional model.

(5847) CRYSTAL DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(bj Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:12 scale model will be tested to evaluate the operation of the outlet works stilling

basin. Two 3-foot 3-inch-square high-pressure slide gates discharge a maximum of about 2,000 cfs into the stilling basin under a head of approximately 200 feet. The energy

dissipating efficiency of the basin and the downstream flow conditions will be investigated. Special attention will be given to the measurement and evaluation of hydrodynamic forces acting on various parts of the structure, particularly the cantilevered

vertical concrete wall which separates the flow from the two gates.

176
(5848) EL VADO DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; design. A 1:30 scale model was used to develop a flip bucket which would minimize river channel erosion by dispersing sizable releases, and would allow small releases to be bypassed

through an offset opening in the right wall.

The model contained a section of the dual

gate controlled outlet works tunnel, the flip

bucket, a section of the existing spillway, and a section of river channel.

The recommended flip bucket contained two vertical confining walls and two sloping

plane surfaces to intercept and direct the flow to the lip of the bucket. The best

flow dispersion occurs for normal releases of from 2,000 to 4,000 cfs. Small releases are passed through an offset opening in the right wall

Report in preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Comanding Officer and Director,

David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, D. C. 20007.

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

id) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of underwater noise associated with various

hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation, bubble oscillations, surface disturbances,

turbulence, and unsteady flow. Attention

is now being given to measurement of spectra

and space-time correlations of pressure fluc- tuations on walls adjacent to turbulent

flows, such as curved plate boundary layer

flows, turbulent boundary layers on buoyancy

propelled bodies, and fully turbulent pipe

flows.

(g) The effect of flush microphone size on measurements of boundary layer pressure fluctuations has been determined. The pressure distribution on the noses of various

bodies of revolution have been examined. The pressure fields below multipole sources near

a free surface have been studied.

(h) "The Pressure Fields Below Low-Frequency Monopoles and Vertical Dipoles Near a Free Surface, Gerald J. Franz. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Acoustics Liege

Belgium, Volume lb, 1965.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines which can be applied to a wide variety of ship forms especially to those of modem

design.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathe- matical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Phase 1: Statistical study to clarify the basic nature of slamming phenomenon ex- perienced by a ship in rough seas and to develop a method for predicting the frequency

of occurrence of slamming as well as Its severity.

Phase 2: Computations and measurements of

the pressure distribution and impact forces

on the bottoms of slamming ship for the purpose of developing criteria to effect their

reduction.

(f) Phase 1: Partially completed. Phase 2: Partially completed.

(g) Phase 1: Basic nature of ship slamming

phenomenon has been clarified by conducting

tests on a MARINER model. Effects of sea severity, ship speed, course angle, and load- ing conditions on slamming were obtained. A theory for predicting the frequency of occurrence and severity of slamming has been

developed. Phase 2: A theory which is applicable to almost any practical ship forebody section has been developed for determining impact

force and pressures on ship's bottom during

slamming. A two-dimensional drop test to evaluate the effect of sectional form on impact pressure was conducted for three dif- ferent ship forms ranging from extreme U to extreme V form. A comparison between

theoretical and experimental results was

made on impact pressure.

(h) "Random Impact Loads due to Ship Slamming in Rough Seas," Michel K. Ochi. First Conference on Ship Vibration, January 1965. "Two-Dimensional Experiments on the Effect

of Hull Forms on Hydrodynamic Impact," M. K. Ochi and F. M. Schwartz. David Taylor

Model Basin Report, in review.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and moments acting on bodies due to the prox- imity of a free surface. The studies in- clude both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in which there are disturbances originating at

a distance. Experiments are being con- ducted to verify the theoretical developments.

(g) Methods were developed for computing the forces and moments acting on bodies of revolution, both due to waves generated

by the body itself and to regular trains

of waves. Experiments with a spheroid

moving under waves largely confirmed the theory except in following seas. The damping forces on a submerged translating

ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of its six degrees of freedom have been developed theoretically. The effect of tank walls has been evaluated theoretically

as well. Theoretical methods have been developed for

the determination of wave resistance of floating bodies in steady motion from wave measurements along a parallel cut. The first and second order diffraction and radiation forces acting on a submerged two- dimensional circular cylinder have been developed and computations have been made. Analytic expressions have been obtained for arbitrary bodies relating the radiation and diffraction forces to each other. For a submerged, translating, two-dimensional cylinder, it has been shown that second- order forces due to nonlinearity of the free surface boundary conditions are com- parable to second order forces resulting

from exact satisfaction of the body boundary

conditions

Formulas have been derived for the sinkage and trim of ships moving in shallow water. These agree well with experiments except for speeds near to the shallow water

critical speed. Formulas have been derived for the force and moment on a slender body of revolution moving parallel to a plane infinite rigid wall.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

177
(g)

Hydrodynamic research.

A theoretical .study, with experimental

confirmation, of the factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships, for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their

motions

Theoretical results for ship motions based

on the "thin-ship" idealization have gen- erally proved to be either inaccurate or

incomplete. Recent results from appli- cation of slender body theory have shown good agreement with experiments at zero

speed of advance. The corresponding

theory has been developed for non-zero

speeds, but calculations have not yet been

made, and so it is not known whether the success at zero speed can be extended to the more general situation. Improved methods of testing ship models have been

developed, and the entire frequency re- sponse of a ship at a single speed can

be determined from one test run. The form of the equations of motion have been obtained by a very general theoretical

approach. These equations are charac- terized by the appearance of convolution

integrals involving the entire past

history of the motion; they are free of the usual frequency-dependent coefficients. Tests have been conducted to characterize

the dynamics of a ship, relating the kernels of these convolution Integrals

to the common added mass and damping

coefficients. A survey of ship-motion

theory has been prepared. Formulas have been derived for the drift force and moment on slender ships in regular waves,

at zero forward speed.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(h)

(2971)

fS)

(e)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Theoretical; applied research. Studies of the corrections on lifting line theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades. "Hydrodynamic Aspects of Propeller Design Based on Lifting Surface Theory, Part II: Arbitrary Chordwise Load Distribution," H. M. Cheng, DTMB Report 1803 (June 1965).

"A Comparison of the Lifting Surface Corrections Calculated by Different Methods for

Three Propeller Designs," E. E. Harley,

DTMB Report 2049 (Sept. 1965). FULL SCALE TRIALS AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Experimental testing and re-evaluation of existing test data. The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the proper selection of the correlation

allowance (a Cp) to be used in model tests. The results of about 54 correlations of surface ships have been completed and published. The present target is the analysis of correlations submarines, con- sidering all trials conducted, and selecting

those most acceptable to this program.

Same analysis has been done in connection

with submarines. Further analysis of the data derived from the surface ship trials

is continuing.

Computations are done, based on existing

theories, to determine cavitation inception

speeds of hydrofoils as functions of surface roughness.

(f) Tests were completed with a subcavitating, NACA 16-209 profile hydrofoil model in smooth water. For the surface-piercing

strut study, profiles were determined and equipment is being designed and assembled.

For the surface roughness study, computations are being made on the IBM 7090 com- puter.

(g) Reports will be written on the smooth water

tests. Tests will be continued under waves. The surface-piercing struts will be tested.

A report will be written on the surface roughness study.

(h) "Calculated Hydrodynamic Loads on an Oscillating Hydrofoil," T. J. Langan and D. W. Coder, TMB Report 1695, January 1965. "Hydrofoils Beneath a Free Surface at Various Cavitation Numbers," J. H. Pattison, TMB

Report 1776, March 1965. "Unsteady Hydrodynamic Loads and Flutter of Two-Dimensional Hydrofoils," D. S. CieslowskL and J. H. Pattison, presented at the Spring Meeting of the Society of Naval Architects

and Marine Engineers, May 1965. "Computation of Oscillatory Loads on a Supercavitating Hydrofoil," Jon Patton and Avis Borden, Ph.D., TMB Report 1840, August

1965. "Experimental Measurements of the Steady Lift,

Drag, and Moment on Surface-Piercing Struts,"' S. M. Wilburn and H. S. Haller, Jr., TMB

Report 1778, October 1965. "Survey of Steady Lift and Moment on Two- Dimensional Flat-Plate Hydrofoils Beneath a Free Surface at Various Cavitation Numbers,"

J. H. Pallism, TMB Report 1776, (in review).

(3285) HYDROELA STICITY PROBLEMS.

SI

(e)

(g)

(3284) UNSTEADY HYDRQFOILS.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Experimental and Theoretical Applied

Research. Investigations to determine the flutter para- meters of two-dimensional, two-degree of freedom hydrofoils. The effects of speed,

frequencies, mass distribution, free surfaces,

ventilation and waves are being studied. This work is related to Unsteady Hydrofoils

(Reference No. 3284). Flutter tests have been conducted in the 36" Variable Pressure Water Tunnel and in the High Speed Towing Basin at various submergence

depths. All tests have been performed with

a NACA 16-209 hydrofoil.

There was good flutter speed correlation between the tests carried out in the Water

Tunnel and in the Towing Basin at a sub- mergence of one chord. An increase in the flutter speeds was noticed at submergences

less than one chord length beneath the free surface

"Flutter of a Two-Dimensional, Two-Degree of Freedom Hydrofoil, " Daniel S. Cieslowski,

DTMB Hydromechanics Test Report 051-H-01,

February 1965. "Unsteady Hydrodynamic Loads and Flutter of Two-Dimensional Hydrofoils," Daniel S. Cieslowski and John H. Pattison, presented at the Spring Meeting of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Seattle,

Washington, Paper 2b, May 13-14, 1965.

(3286) SUPE RCA VITA TING PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

(li)

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) The Bureau of Ships uses results of thi3 work

to design high speed, sea-going hydrofoil

craft. Two experiments are being run to determine: (1) The unsteady forces on two- dimensional hydrofoils due to hydrofoil

motions, surface waves, and cavitation. (2) The forces on surface-piercing struts as functions of profile, angle of yaw and ventilation.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds including improved

section shapes for good operating characteristics and better strength capability,

(g) Recent calculations using nonlinear methods have shown some improvement in predicting

test results. A unified supercavitating

propeller design theory is being developed.

The off-design problem is being considered

178
8)

(e)

(g)

for computer programming.

>92) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Experimental; basic research.

(e) A new seakeeplng test facility is now in operation. Techniques for generating irregu- lar short-crested seas and measuring the response of ship models at oblique headings

is under development.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Pro- gramming to individual wavemakers results

in generation of confused seas of almost any nature. The rectangular basin offers opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even in cross seas. Problems in analysis involve determination

of the 'seaway (in the tank) as a function

of frequency and direction. Ship motions

in confused seas will be random in nature

and will be analyzed by spectrum methods.

517) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

David Taylor Model Basin. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

Studies and design of ventilated propellers

for operation at intermediate speeds. New instrumentation is being assembled for tests scheduled for this winter during which

cavity pressures on an operating ventilated

propeller will be measured. Some work show- ing the feasibility of low-speed ventilation

on foils has been completed. This work will

be reported this fiscal year (1966).

(3619) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies of performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

(4426) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW WAVE DRAG HULL FORM.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Basic research.

(e) To establish a series of basic hull forms which can be used as a guide to evaluate the merit of future high speed ship designs.

(g) Results of resistance tests of 27 models of conventional hull form up to speed-length

ratio of 5-0 has been reported.

(4427) A METHOD OF CALCULATING SPINDLE TORQUE OF

CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(dl Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method of calculating the spindle torque of

a controllable pitch propeller over the com- plete range of operating conditions and a theoretical investigation of the effect of various design parameters upon spindle torque

In order to calculate spindle torque at off design conditions, the off design performance

of the controllable pitch propeller must first

be determined.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A method of calculating the spindle torque

at design conditions has been completed. The geometric problem of determing the effective

distortion of blade sections at off design

pitch settings has been solved. The solution has been programmed for the 7090 Computer.

(4428) COMPUTER SOLUTIONS OF FREE SURFACE FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Hydrodynamic research.

(e) The linearized potential problem of a body

oscillating on the free surface will be solved directly on a digital computer by dis- tributing pulsating sources over the surface

of the body and calculating the required

source density. The individual source potentials are chosen to satisfy the free surface boundary condition,

(g) The integral equations for the case of two dimensional bodies have been approximated by

algebraic equations. Solutions have been

obtained for heave, sway, and roll motions

of several bodies. Forces and moments have been calculated. An extension to 3-dimenslonal solutions has been made for zero and infinite frequencies,

and computations of added masses performed

for actual ship hulls.

(4429) LATERAL FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dl Hydrodynamic research.

(e) The lateral force on a translating body which vertically cuts the free surface Is being formulated theoretically. Two special cases

are included: (a) If the draft is large

compared to the length, the body is a strut with angle of attack, (b) If the draft is very small, the body corresponds to a yawed

thin ship.

(f) Suspended.

(g) An integral equation has been derived for the density of a surface distribution of dipoles, such that the boundary condltons are satisfied.

(4809) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN PRESSURE GRADIENTS ON ROUGH SURFACES. Laboratory project, David Taylor Model Basin. Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research. Research in the behavior of rough surface turbulent boundary layer in pressure gradients

leading to separation. Roughnesses are screens of various gages fastened to wall of wind tunnel. Pressure gradients are obtained by deforming the opposite wall. Velocity surveys and turbulence measurement

will be made.

Data have been obtained, with one wall roughness In three pressure conditions. Measurements are in progress to obtain' smooth wall data under similar pressure con- ditions. Boundary layer velocity profiles

are measured with a pitot tube and hot wire. Longitudinal turbulent Intensities are measured with a hot wire. Measurements are made at numerous longitudinal positions along

the wall. Two reports on this work will be published in the near future.

"The Influence of Pressure Gradient on a Turbulent Boundary Layer Over a Rough Surface,"

Victor E. Scottron and John L. Power, DTMB

Report 2115 (to be published early 1966.)

"The Low Turbulence Wind Tunnel," Victor E. Scottron and D. A. Shaffer, DTMB Report 2116

(to be published 1966).

(4810) SHIP WAKE SIMULATION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental ' and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) To produce ship wake distributions in a ariable pressure water tunnel in order to determine the performance of propellers in non-uniform wake flows.

(f) Completed.

(g) A theoretical method has been obtained for determining the wire grid geometry necessary

to produce arbitrary, steady, three-dimensional flows. Simple experimental confir- mation of the method has been obtained.

(h) "Steady Flow Past Nonuniform Wire Grids,"

J. H. McCarthy, Journal of Fluid Mechanics,

Vol. 19, Part 4, 1964.

(4811) STEADY-STATE FORCES ON SUPERCAVITA TING AND

VENTILATED HYDROFOILS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

81

(e)

(g)

(h)

179
(e) To study the steady-state lift and drag

characteristics of supercavltating hydrofoil

configurations for application to hydrofoil

craft and supercavitating propeller design.

(g) Experimental determination of the lift and drag of various three-dimensional super- cavitating hydrofoils is in progress. These

include foils with 2-term, 5-term and flat- faced sections. The effects of aspect-ratio

and taper are being Investigated. Ventilation by blowing air through holes in the suction surface of the foil is used to extend the range of cavitation number. Future research includes the determination

of two-dimensional lift and drag, studies

of flap configurations and measurement of the interaction of tandem and cascade foils.

(h) "Performance Characteristics of the BuShips

Parent Hydrofoil," G. F. Dobay, TMB Report

2084, August 1965.

(4812) PROPELLER AND BODY INTERACTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

(e) Study and development of design criteria for determining propulsion characteristics of submerged bodies and hydrofoil-supported

craft.

(g) Axial clearance between a submerged body of revolution and a stern propeller has been optimized on the basis of propulsive coefficient. A method has been developed for computing thrust deduction for submerged

hydrofoil-propeller arrangements.

(4813) INVESTIGATION OF DUCTED PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

(e) To develop a design method for ducted propellers and to conduct a parametric study

of ducted propeller performance.

(g) A theory of the ducted propeller with finite number of blades has been developed. From this theory a design method will be devel- oped and then a parametric study of ducted propeller performance will be conducted.

(h) "Prediction of the Aerodynamic Characteristics

of Annular Airfoils," W. B. Morgan and E. B. Caster, TMB Report 1830, January 1965.

(4816) FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SHIP ROLLING.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Though extensive studies of rolling have

been made in recent years, a great deal remains to be learned concerning the funda- mental properties of rolling for both

surface ships and submarines. Areas which

require additional research are (l) applicability of superposition principle for rolling motion especially In short crested

waves, (2) unstable rolling motion in o- blique regular and in irregular waves, (3) nonlinear roll behavior in rough seas, etc. In order to clarify the fundamental nature

of rolling, forced oscillation tests as well

as model tests in regular and irregular

waves will be conducted. Parameters

significant for roll will be investigated.

(g) The effect of bilge keels on roll magnitude

and damping characteristics has been

clarified through forced and free rolltests

at various speeds of advance.

(5121) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER INDUCED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces to study the effect of fore and aft clearance in the propeller aperture of the Clearwater type. The effect of number

of blades and the tip clearance will also be determined. In addition, the pressure transmitted and shaft transmitted forces

will be measured Independently to determine

the significance of each,

(g) Technique and instrumentation capable of measuring the hydraulically transmitted

propeller forces on ship models has been developed in the past few years. Using

these measurements obtained on various types

of ship models the optimum parameters for horizontal and vertical propeller clearances

(position) will be established to minimize

the effect of propeller forces on the ship structure. Improved stern and appendages

designs to reduce these forces will be developed.

(5122) FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To visually determine in water the effect of boundary-layer growth and trailing edge

geometry on separation, and the mechanism of vortex shedding, from stationary and oscil- lating hydrofoil shapes.

(g) The hydrogen bubble visualization technique

has been adopted to the 12-INCH water tunnel

and preliminary flow studies have been made

on a number of two-dimensional bodies. The experiments are being extended to study vortex shedding from stationary foils having

different trailing edge geometries.

(h) A report has been written and is under re- view titled "The Hydrogen-Bubble, Flow Visualization Technique" G. E. Mattingly TMB

Report, Sept. 1965.

(5123) THE EFFECT OF GAS NUCLEI ON CAVITATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of gas nuclei on the inception of cavitation.

(g) Acoustic techniques to measure the distri- bution and size of nuclei are being studied,

and one will be applied to the water tunnels

at DTMB. Cavitation inception studies will

be made for a simple body and propellers

and the results correlated with gas nuclei

content of the water.

(5124) PROPELLER OSCILLATING PRESSURE FIELD.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To experimentally determine the oscillating

pressure field about marine propellers and correlate these measurements with theoretical predictions.

(g) Pressures have been measured on a flat plate

parallel to the axis of two propellers, one

a propeller of conventional design and the other of double blade thickness, in both

uniform and non-uniform flow.

(5125) H YDRODYNA M ICA LLY EXCITED PROPELLER SINGING.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the characteristics of flow induced propeller singing and investigate methods to suppress singing.

(g) Tests on a model propeller have demonstrated

the feasibility of studying singing at model

scale by suitable trailing edge modification.

The investigation will be extended to determine the applicability of two-dimentional flow-excited vibration data to propeller

blades and to study the influence of vari- ations in trailing edge geometry and other

design parameters, including the use of high

damping alloys, on propeller singing.

(h) "A Preliminary Study of Vortex- Induced Propeller - Blade Vibrations and Surging,"

R. A. Cumming, TMB Report 1838, Sept. 1965.

(5126) CAVITATION INCEPTION ON A ROUGH SURFACE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) An investigation to determine the effect of surface roughness on cavitation inception.

180
The incipient cavitation number of various

types of surface roughnesses mounted in boundary layers will be determined as a function of boundary layer parameters. The- oretical studies will attempt to establish

scaling laws for cavitation,

(g) The incipient cavitation number has been

obtained for idealized three-dimensional

roughnesses in the form of cylinders, cones

and semi spheres. These roughnesses were mounted in a flat plate boundary layer. The cavitation number was determined as a func- tion of the ratio of roughness height to boundary layer thickness. This work will

soon be published as TMB Report 2104. Similar

tests will be conducted on roughness that more closely simulate roughnesses found on ship hulls.

(5127) INTERACTION FORCES BETWEEN LIFTING SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional theory for determining the forces and moments acting on two lifting

surfaces as one passes through the wake of the other will be developed. This theory will

be applied to the prediction of propellerappendage interaction forces on a ship.

(g) A theoretical analysis has lead to a system

of coupled multiple integral equations. Methods for solving this system are presently

being investigated.

(5128) BOUNDARY-LAYER STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; basic and applied

research.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied

research.

(e) Studies of boundary-layer phenomena important

to naval hydrodynamics; methods for reducing

frlctional resistance, prediction of transition

from laminar to turbulent flow for bodies

of revolution.

1965.

(5850) SHIP DESIGN WAVE RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To provide a meaningful simulation of oceanographic environmental conditions in the Model Basin's Seakeeping Facility.

To provide for measurements of directional

seaways by use of buoys or other devices.

(g) Long crested random seaways can be generated

in the Model Basin Seakeeping Basin. Point

spectrum of wave height can be measured using telemetering wave buoys.

(h) "Simulation of a Long Crested Gaussian Sea- way," M. C. Davis, David Taylor Model Basin

Report 1755 (Mar 1963).

(5851) TRANSIENT RESPONSE IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop various experimental techniques

for rapidly determining transfer functions

of ship motions.

(g) Techniques have been developed to determine motion responses to transient waves and transient forces.

(h) "Testing Ship Models in Transient Waves,"

Lt. Cdr. Davis USN and E. E. Zarnick, David

Taylor Model Basin Report 2128, (in publication) .

(5852) RELATION OF HULL FORM TO SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A systematic series investigation will be carried out in order to determine the effect of basic hull form parameters on seakeeping qualities and speed loss at sea. Design criteria for ships with minimum

motions, dry decks and high speed will be established.

(5324) CAVITY FLOW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) A study of the vortex shedding phenomenon

recently observed in fully cavitating flow. The study comprises (l) The experimental in- vestigation of the dependence on cavitation number and ventilation index of a modified

Strouhaul number for simple two-dimensional

bodies; (2) the development of a new mathematical model for cavity flows; and (3) the investigation of the relationship between

vortex shedding and hydrofoil oscillation.

Ihe purpose is to gain more understanding of cavity flows.

(5849) SHIP HULL FORM RESEARCH.

• (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical as well as experimental research.

(e; The wavemaklng resistance theory is used in the design of practical ships forms with low resistance characteristics. Model experi- ments are conducted to supplement the theo- retical analysis.

(g) A new ship design procedure has been used to develop a number of hull forms. Test results

of these forms have shown significant re- ductions in total resistances in the vicinity

of designed speeds.

(h) "Theoretical and Experimental Study of Wave- making Resistance of Ships," Pao Chi Pien and Wilburn L. Moore, International Seminar on Theoretical Wave Resistance, Volume I, pp. 133-188, August 1965, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan.

"The Application of Wavemaklng Resistance

Theory to the Design of Ship Hulls with Low

Total Resistance," Pao C. Pien, Fifth

Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Sept. 1964,

Bergen, Norway.

"Some Experimental Results of Hull Form Re- search," Pao C. Pien. DTMB Report 2144, Dec.

(5853) UNSTEADY PROPELLER FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To experimentally determine the oscillating

forces and moments on a propeller operating

in a nonuniform velocity field and correlate

these measurements with theoretical predictions . (g) A six component propeller dynamometer for unsteady forces has been developed along with instrumentation for on-the-spot determination of amplitude and phase of the harmonic

components of the oscillating forces and moments. Propeller tests are in progress.

(5854) WATER TUNNEL CAVITATION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Experiments are being performed to evaluate

the differences between open and closed-jet

tunnels, to evaluate the effect of a re- sorber on cavitation inception on bodies

and conventional propellers, and to evaluate propeller size and loading effects on super- cavitating propellers. These tests are being performed in the TMB 24-inch open- jet water tunnel, and in the TMB 36-inch water

tunnel with both open-jet and closed- jet sections

(g) No results are available at this time since

the first phase of testing has not been completed

(5855) CAVITATION INCEPTION ON HYDROFOILS.

(b) BuShips, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Project objective is to predict inception on practical hydrofoils from macroscopic principles.

(g) Methods of pressure predictions on two181
dimensional hydrofoils have been examined

and refined to insure the predicted minimum

is obtained. Inception tests are being per- formed on two-dimensional foils by varying

significant parameters,

(h) "Steady Two-Dimensional Pressure Distributions on Arbitrary Profiles," T. Brockett, DTMB Report 1821, (Oct. 1965).

(5856) SELF-EXCITED PLANING VIBRATION

(b) BuShips, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) A study of the self-excited vibration of lifting shapes planing on a water surface. The purpose of the work is to define the conditions of incipient vibration and explain the mechanism involved.

f) Completed.

g) The effects of beam, sweepback, trim, load,

speed, natural frequency and vibrational

direction on the incipience of vibration of planing surfaces with large wetted aspect

ratio were investigated. Experimental results

are presented in non-dimensional form and correlated with results from a semi-empirical

analysis. These results lead to the conclusion that the vibration under study was a dynamic instability Involving an induced rise

of the water surface ahead of the planing

surface. Based on the results of this study, means of alleviation of the vibration are suggested

(h) "Investigation of Self-excited Planing Vibration at Large Wetted Aspect Ratio," E. J. Mottard, DTMB Report 2017.

(5857) ELECTRIC ANALOG TECHNIQUE FOR HYDROFOIL IN- DUCED DRAG.

(b) BuShips, David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Basic research.

(e) Modification and refinement of an electric analog technique for determining load dis- tribution of non-planar lifting lines having

minimum induced drag.

(g) Analog results have been obtained for some simple configurations. Comparison with

analytical computations indicate that good accuracy is possible.

(5858) HIGH SPEED TESTS OF BUSHIPS "PARENT HYDROFOIL."

(b) BuShips, David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Experimental applied research.

(e) Tests in the NASA High Speed Hydrodynamics

Facility to determine the lift and drag of the BuShips "Parent Hydrofoil" at high speed.

(g) Tests in the 45-70 knot range are complete.

Agreement with lower speed results is acceptable where the cavity is similar; however,

there is considerable variation of cavity

ventilation with speed. For sponsored projects see the following:

(5190) Sound Radiated From a Turbulent Boundary

Layer. 4 (5191) Interaction of Distributed Surface Vibrations with an Adjacent Boundary Layer

Flow. 4 (49711 Ship Resistance in Irregular Waves. 13

(5774) Hydrodynamics of Ship Slamming. 14

(4099) Wake Characteristics for Bodies of Revolution with Momentum Addition. 16

(5193) Theoretical Study of Hydrofoil Flutter Characteristics. 24 5739) A Study of Viscous Flow Past a Ship. 24 5775) Theoretical Study of, Free-Surface Effects

on Apparent-Mass, Quasi-Steady, and Wake Contributions to Hydrofoil Loads. 25 (5776) Theoretical Investigation of Hydrofoils

Running Under Sinusoidal Surface Waves. 25

(5196) Turbulent Flow Transition Near Solid and Flexible Boundaries. 31 2091) Research of Ship Theory. 38

4974) Turbulence Characteristics of the Wake

of a Body of Revolution. 39

(5371) A Photomicroscopic Investigation of Non-Newtonian Flow at Low Reynolds

Numbers. 53 (5671) A Theoretical and Experimental Study

of the Fluid Motion About a Flat Plate Rotated Impulsively From Rest to a Uniform Angular Velocity. 56 (5499) Influence of Micro Bubbles on Flow Noise. 71 5495) A Study of Impact Cavitation Damage. 71 5496 ) Structure of Turbulence of Non-Newtonian Flows. 71 (5497) A Study of Flow Noise in a Non-Newtonian Fluid. 71 (5498) A Study of Surface Sealants to Reduce Cavitation Damage. 71 (5500) Hydrodynamic Flutter on Supercavitating

Hydrofoils. 71 (5792) ITTC Headform Study. 72 (5794) Jet Flap Studies. 72 (5795) Non-Newtonian Boundary Layer. 72 (5796) Impact Cavitation Damage II. 72 (5797 1 Tunnel Feasibility Study. 72 (4702) Hydrodynamics of Ship Anti-Roll Tanks. 75 (4704) Vibration of Hydrofoil Structure. 75 (5663) Monograph of Hydroelastlc Problems of Hydrofoil Craft. 75 (4219) Supercavitating Hydrofoil Theory. 76 (5060) Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for a Marine Propeller of an Arbitrary Pitch

Angle with Chordwise Loading Distribution. 77 (5309) Estimation of Stability Derivatives

and Indices of Various Ship Forms, and Comparison with Experimental Results. 78 (5310) Acoustic Properties of Bubbles in Pressure Fields. 78 (5311) Structure of Turbulent Wakes with

Asymmetries. 78 (5928) Rough Water Take-Off Resistance of Hydrofoil Ship Hulls. 79 (5935) Unsteady Loads on Ducted Propellers

and Nozzles. 80 (5936) Propeller-Singing Phenomenon as a Self- Excited Vibration System. 80 (5937) Propeller- Rudder Interaction. 80 (5938) Unsteady Loads on a Marine Propeller. 80 (4863) Dimension Effects on Hydrophone

Output in the Near Field. 80 (5189) Acoustic Excitation of Flat Plates by Turbulent Flow. 81 (4716) Drag Forces In Velocity Gradient

Fields. 83 (5198) Low-Aspect-Ratio Jet-Flap Control Surfaces. 86 5789) Prediction of Ship Slamming Loads. 86

5199) The Effect of Flow Separation From

the Hull on the Stability of a High

Speed Submarine. 93 5202) Determination of Ship Wave Resistance. 98 5291) Effect of Polymer Colling on Drag

Reduction. 98 (5961) Effect of Molecular Weight and Segmental Constitution on Drag

Reduction. 98 (5112) Turbulence Measurements in Liquids. 105

PHILADELPHIA NAVAL SHIPYARD, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory.

(3623) HIGH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

CALIBRATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phlla. 12, Penna

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A facility is available for calibrating with water at pressures and temperatures up to 2500 psi and 600 F respectively. Capacity

is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and temperature and greater at lower pressures and temperatures. After flowing through the metering section the water is cooled and weighed. The facility is also used to in- vestigate and verify orifice meter coef- ficients at pressures and temperatures above

those at which the coefficients in use were

182
established. A number of flow meters which measure the flow In nuclear reactor loops have been calibrated.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A limited amount of test data indicate good

agreement between orifice flow rates obtained

by calibration at high pressures and temper- atures and those obtained by extrapolating

from cold water calibrations. Other meter

tests show the need to include suitable corrections for change in shape, size,

density, etc.

(4001) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER PLOW TESTS.

(h)

(5286) GO

(c)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory,

Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila. 12, Penna. (g) Experimental; applied research.

Althoug"h the ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters has sponsored many fundamental research programs dealing with the development of basic constants used with primary (h) elements, hardly any of this work has been

done on steam flow at high pressures and temperatures. Neither has research been done

on high temperature water flow. Analysis

of many tests indicate that the basic calibrations obtained with low temperature water (air and gas) could be extrapolated

with high accuracy to the measurement of high pressure and temperature steam and water flow provided suitable corrections were

made for the change in the shape and size of

the primary element, the pipe and the fluid. This procedure has been experimentally

verified for steam up to 2000 psi and 1050 F and for water to 2500 psi and 500 F. Completed. Nozzles and orifices were calibrated with water at 240 F, 2200 psla, and with steam at 1050 F, 2000 psia. Pipe Reynolds numbers averaged 600,000 for the water and 4,000,000

for the steam. Coefficients were generally

in agreement with ASME predicted coefficients.

Two and a quarter percent (2 1/4^) chrome- molybdenum steel proved unsatisfactory for

the steam nozzles showing rusting and pitting after less than 10 hours. Type 430 stainless steel was substituted and was

satisfactory.

"ASME Research on High Pressure-High Tempera- ture Steam and Water Flow Measurement," Rept. (b

( of Subcommittee 7 of the ASIC Fluid Meters (c. Research Committee by J. W. Murdock, presented

at the 1964 Winter Annual Meeting of the ASME (Paper No. 64-WA/FM-4). MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC VELOCITY OF STEAM. \e\

Joint research project, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory and Office of Naval

Research.

Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila.,

Pa. 19112. Experimental; basic research. Objective Is to obtain precise knowledge

of acoustic velocity values for steam in (g) liquid- vapor and vapor phase. Data will be obtained with steam pressures

and temperatures up to 5000 psi and 800F

respectively.

the behavior of missiles. The study

includes the stability and forces during

the entry, cavity development and pressure,

and the missile trajectory. A wide range

of developmental and research configurations

and of esperimental conditions are investigated. The missiles are launced from gas or powder guns.

A large tank facility, under construction, is scheduled for completion in early 1966. This facility, which was designed for use with

large, high-speed missiles, will be supple- mented by the smaller, lower- speed tank now

in operation. Both - tanks are suited to experi- mental projects such as water-entry, water

exit, and trajectory studies, and both permit

atmospheric pressure reduction for water- entry scaling.

Data have been obtained on the water-entry

whip of missiles with cone noses. These include preliminary experimental results and calculations using an unsophisticated mathe- matical model.

"The Proposed Large Variable-Pressure Tank

at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory," by A. May

and A. E. Seigel. Proceedings of Symposium

on Cavitation Research Facilities and Techniques, ASME 1964. "Degeneration of Image Contrast and Resolution

in Underwater Photography," by A. May and" P. H. Cords, Jr.. Physical Aspects of Light

in the Sea; A Symposium, University of Hawaii Press 1964.

"A Study of the Water-Entry Cavity," by A. Developments in Mechanics, Pergamon Press,

1965.

"A Study of the Water Entry Cavity," by A. May , and W. R. Hoover, NOLTR 63-264, 1965. "Approximate Impact Drag Coefficients for the Vertical Water-Entry of Families of Cone, Ellipsoidal and Tangent Ogive Nosed MissilesJ by W. R. Hoover and P. J. Readon, NOLTR 64-

110, Oct. 1964. "NOL Hydroballistics Facility," by V. C. D. Dawson, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 4,

p. 350, 1965.

May

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

(4002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY.

(4867) THE HYDROBALLISTICS OF WATER ENTRY.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic and

applied research.

(e) The purpose is to study high velocity water

entry as related directly or indirectly to

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California

Experimental; basic research.

The objectives of this project are as follows:

(1) To study missile water-exit behavior and associated phenomena under different con- ditions to determine if problems exist In missile water-exit technology and to establish scaling techniques for modeling

missile water-exit behavior. (2) To evaluate qualitatively the inherent value of slender- body theory in predicting the underwater and water-exit behavior of an underwater launched missile in the presence of various sea states. The following studies were made in collabora- tion with the California Institute of Technology* Fasdena, California: (l) A series of tests was made to determine the added mass of a 1-inch-diameter steel sphere impulsively

accelerated vertically upward from rest alorg the axis of Lucite cylinders filled with water and the results correlated with ideal fluid theory. No free surface effects were

Involved. The sphere was accelerated electro- magnetically and the acceleration regime was sufficiently brief so that essentially po- tential frictionless flow obtained. Eight

cylinders were used whose inside diameters

ranged from 1.11 to 4.45 inches. The agreement between experiment and theory was very

good. (2) Further tests were made to determine the effect of water surface proximity on the added mass of a 1-inch-diameter

steel sphere accelerated vertically upward

183
from rest in open water and the results

correlated with ideal fluid theory. Again,

essentially frictionless potential flow obtained during the acceleration regime. The agreement between experiment and theory was very good and the results indicate that sur- face proximity has practically no effect on

the added mass until the sphere center is about two diameters from the surface. For lesser depths, the added mass decreases with

depth. (3) Several techniques for metric

photography were developed and used in the studies described above. In the first,

missile position-time data are obtained from measurement of photographs of the virtual

image produced in a precision-ground sphere

by a timed stroboscopic point-source lamp.

In the second, a rotating circular film disk

is covered with sector-shaped exposures using

a timed stroboscopic lamp. In the third, the previously described techniques are combined

to obtain data simultaneously,

(h) "The Variable-Atmosphere VJave Tank," J. G. Waugh and A. T. Ellis. Published in Cavitation Research Facilities and Techniques, 1964, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, pp. 114-117. "Techniques for Metric Photography," J. G. Waugh, A. T. Ellis and S. B. Mellsen. Sub- mitted for publication in the Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television

Engineers

(4434) SHROUDED PROPELLER DESIGN.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., Attn: Mr. J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074,

3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) This study involves the analysis of flow

fields induced by shrouded propeller models. This will lead to a pumpjet configuration

which includes boundary layer, central body

and wide blade effects. The analysis will

also allow for a pumpjet design at any level

of complexity based on calculations of the induced inlet velocities. This gives an improved estimate of the inlet velocity

profile

(g) (1) Computer programs are available which

compute the average radial velocities in- duced by a finite bladed propeller operating

in a uniform or non-uniform flow field. (2) A computer program is available which

determines the axial velocities at the propeller plane induced by an average shroud

load distribution. These velocities can be computed at locations both on and off the cylindrical vortex surface representing the shroud. The above computer programs will

give a preliminary design procedure for an open water or wake adapted shrouded propeller

model, neglecting central body effects.

(h) "Summary of Shrouded Propeller Theory," to be published.

(4866) N ON -NEWTONIAN FLUIDS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: J. W. Hoyt, Code P807, 3202 E. Foothill

Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The turbulent flow characteristics of dilute solutions of various high polymers

are being studied to understand why they often display anomalous flow behavior.

(g) Pipe flow tests and chemistry studies are being made of high polymers which seem to reduce the intensity of turbulence.

(h) "The Effects of Additives on Fluid Friction,"

by J. W. Hoyt and A. G. Fabula, NAVWEPS Rpt.

8636, Dec. 1964.

"An Ultra-Low Shear-Rate Vlscosimeter, " J. M. Caraher, in Symposium on Rheology, ASME, 1965.

"A Turbulent-Flow Rheometer," J. W. Hoyt in Symposium on Rehology, ASME, 1965.

"Algal Cultures: Ability to Reduce Turbulent

Friction in Flow," J. W. Hoyt and Giorgio

Soli, Science, Vol. 149, p. 1509-11, 24 September 1965.

(4872) A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYERS BASED ON THE LAW OF THE WALL AND THE

LAW OF THE WAKE.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena

8, California.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method for computing turbulent boundary

layers based on the law of the wall and

Coles' law of wake is under development. This method Is applicable to two dimensional

bodies and to bodies of revolution in axial- symmetric flow where the boundary layer

thickness is not necessarily small compared

to the body radius. A simultaneous solution

of the momentum integral equation and the energy integral equation is carried out assuming the mean velocity profiles are given by a universal, two-parameter repre- sentation as suggested by Coles. The computational procedure will be programmed

for an IBM 7090 computer.

(g) All theoretical work, computer programming,

and comparisons with experimental data have been completed. A final report is in preparation.

(4873) RING WING LOADINGS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analysis of loadings and induced flow from isolated ring wings with applications to shrouded propeller design.

(4920) UNDERWATER GAS-JET PROPULSION STUDY.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd. Pasadena 8, Calif.

Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or T. G. Lang, Code P5006. .

' d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The thrust and efficiency of a submerged

supersonic gas-jet propulsion system will be studied on a model propelled by a solid propellant grain generating hot gas at 4,000

psi exhausted through four nozzles along its afterbody. The efficiency of the momentum

exchange with the surrounding water will be studied in an effort to increase the normally

low propulsion efficiency of high speed Jets.

(g) Propulsion tests at speeds to 40 knots in a ring channel have been successfully com- pleted.

(5381) BASE-VENTED TORPEDO STUDY.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or

T. G. Lang, Code P5006, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The drag of several truncated torpedo models

with air exhausted through their bases is measured as a function of gas flow rate, water tunnel speed, and angle of attack. Cavity pressure is also measured.

(f) Completed.

(g) The drag of all models remained the same as that of a streamlined model for truncations

up to 90$ of the maximum diameter, one of

the models was fully base vented.

(h) "Water Tunnel Tests of Base-Vented Torpedo

Models," T. G. Lang and H. V. L. Patrick,

Nov. 30, 1964, ASME publication 64-WA/UNT-5.

Also, NAVWEPS Report 8559, Nov. 1964.

184
(5382) DROP TESTS OF OBJECTS IN A HIGH-POLYMER

SOLUTION

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or

T. G. Lang, Code P5006, M. A. Ruszczycky,

Code P8076, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) In the first experiments, twenty-five small objects were dropped in a tank of water

with zero, 200, and 1000 wppm of Polyox

additive. The majority of the objects

were spheres and cones. A second series

of tests has been completed to determine whether high-polymer solutions, in relatively high concentrations, (up to 1.5%), affect the velocity of steel spheres

falling at laminar- separation flow conditions.

(g) In the first series of tests the drag of spheres up to 2 1/2 inches in diameter was reduced up to 70#; and drag of cones was only

slightly reduced. Wake photographs showed

that the Polyox additive moved the separation

point rearward. In the second series, different diameter spheres dropped in high-polymer

solutions showed definite velocity increases

over that obtained in water. Within the sphere

sizes tested, the apparent drag reduction

noted was 33. 5£. The increased viscosity

effect accounts for only about 185? reduction

in drag. The highest Reynolds number reached

in the tests was 5.19 x 10*, based on water; and from this it was concluded that all the steel spheres in the tests experienced

laminar-separation flow only.

(h) "Sphere Drop Tests in High-polymer Solutions,"

M. A. Ruszczycky, Nature, Vol. 206, No. 4984,

pp. 514-15, May 8, 1965.

(5383) COLLAPSE OF GAS FILLED BUBBLES AGAINST A RIGID BOUNDARY.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: A. 0. Musolf, Code P8076,

3202- E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, Calif.

d) Experimental research.

e) The investigation of a high velocity water

jet formed during the collapse of small cavitation bubbles is extended to larger,

6-inch maximum diameter, explosively formed

bubbles. High speed motion pictures and resilient boundaries clearly show that the

Jet is capable of imparting a large force to the boundary.

(f) Work is completed.

(5384) LIFTING-SURFACE DESIGN METHOD FOR COUNTERROTATING PROPELLERS.

(bi Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

(&) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The lifting-surface propeller design method

for single-rotating propellers developed at the U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station (NAVWEPS

Reports 8442 and 8772) is being extended to counter-rotating propellers. A lifting line solution for counter-rotating propellers

serves as the starting point for the lifting

surface solution. The camber lines and pitch

angles are computed as for the single-rotating

propeller except the variation across the chord of the axial component of the inter- ference velocities (velocities induced at one propeller by the other) is accounted for.

(g) All theoretical work and computer programming

is complete. A description of the method will

be published later with the work on the in- clusion of the hub boundary condition described

in another section.

(5385) DETERMINATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS

OF BODIES OF REVOLUTION USING THE DOUGLAS POTENTIAL FLOW PROGRAMS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The Douglas Aircraft Company computer programs for the solution of the potential flow about bodies of revolution, where the bodies are represented by a surface source density, are being used to theoretically determine hydrodynamic coefficients for bodies of revolution.

A comparison between the theoretical values

and the experimental values for blunt base bodies will be made first. Depending on the success of the method for these blunt base bodies, the method will then be applied to streamlined bodies having thick boundary

layers on the aft end. This will be done by

a combination of boundary layer calculations

and potential flow calculations to obtain,

if possible, a reasonable theoretical model

of the flow about such bodies.

(g) All theoretical work related to blunt based

bodies has been completed and a comparison

with experimental data has been made.

(h) "Hydrodynamic Coefficient Calculation using

Douglas Potential Flow Computer Program,"

D. M. Nelson. NAVWEPS Report 8799, NOTS TP 3905, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

China Lake, California.

(5859) INCLUSION OF THE HUB BOUNDARY CONDITION IN LIFTING SURFACE PROPELLER DESIGN.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202

E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. 91107.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method of including the hub boundary con- dition in lifting surface propeller design is under development. The hub is represented by a surface source distribution by utilizing a recently developed Douglas potential flow computer program for three-dimensional bodies

in an arbitrary onset flow. The onset flow

to the hub is computed from the singularity

distributions representing the blade sur- faces. This onset flow and the hub geometry

is then input to the Douglas program which

yields the hub induced flow at the propeller

blades. The camber lines and angles of attack of the blade sections are then com- puted including the hub induced flow.

(5860) EFFECT OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ON SEPARATED FLCW.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Attn: H.V. L. Patrick, Code P5006, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, California 91107.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The diffuser efficiency is evaluated on conical diffusers exhibiting transitory and fully established separated flow using high molecular weight polymer solutions. The purpose is to evaluate what effect polymer

additives villi have on separated flow as a function of Reynolds number and solution concentration

(g) The diffuser efficiency of a conical diffuser with a transitory separated flow regime is improved by approximately 11%. These results were obtained when using J2-FP guar gum solutions at concentrations of 1/64 to 1/8$

and Reynolds numbers greater than fifty

thousand but less than eighty thousand.

U. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH. For sponsored projects see the following:

Project p age

(15481 Problems in Hydrodynamics. 4 (3378) Hydrodynamics of Turboma chines. 6

(5770) Experimental Studies of Unsteady

185
Project

Cavity Plow.

(57 71) Research on Cavltating Ring Wings.

(3677) Annular Nozzle Ground Effect

Machine.

(4083) Dynamic Interaction Between Ships.

(4084) Ships of Minimum Resistance.

(4570) Pressure Distribution on Semi- Submerged Oscillating Bodies.

(4112) The Discharge of Major Western Rivers

in Relation to the General Circulation of the Atmosphere.

(5412) Hydrometeorology of Western River

Basins.

(5193) Theoretical Study of Hydrofoil Flutter Characteristics.

(5364) Radar Investigation of Dynamics of Water Particle Motion in Waves.

(5776) Theoretical Investigation of Hydrofoils Running Under Sinusoidal

Surface Waves.

(5685) Study of Long Wave Penetration in Deep Narrow Fiords (Iceland).

(73) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing Water.

(79) Cavitation.

(1875) Characteristics of Stable Eddies.

(2091) Research of Ship Theory.

(2328) Investigation of Surface Roughness.

(2541) Development of Instruments for Use

in Analyzing Aperodic Signals.

(3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux.

(4149) Drag of Supercavitating Bodies of Revolution.

(5907) Self-Preservation Tendency in Turbulent Shear Flows.

(2801) Interaction of Waves with Sub- merged and Floating Bodies.

(3444) Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous Damping of the Amplitude

of Resonant Oscillations in Harbors.

(4160) Motion of Submerged Bodies Below

a Free Surface.

(4983) Determination of the State of the Art in Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Phenomena

(5780) Analytical and Experimental Inves- tigation of Flow Oscillations in a Closed Loop with Transparent, Parallel, Vertical, Heated Channels.

(5264) Separated Flow About Lifting Bodies.

(3120) Office of Naval Research Atmosphere

Inter-Action and Wave Project.

(5593) Investigation of Laminar Boundary

Layer and Transition in the Vicinity

and Between Suction Soils.

(5594) Grid Turbulence in Dilute Polymer

Solutions

(5595) Turbulence Measurements in the Viscous Sublayer.

(5596) Theoretical' Investigation of Tur- bulence Flow of Non-Newtonian Media.

(2144) Experimental and Analytical Studies

of Hydrofoils.

(3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation Numbers.

(4700) Oscillating Lift and Drag Forces on Ventilated Hydrofoils in Regular

Waves.

(5495) A Study of Impact Cavitation Damage.

(5499) Influence of Micro Bubbles on Flow Noise.

(5796) Impact Cavitation Damage II. (5922) Mechanics of Sediment Transport by Waves and Currents.

(5923) The Circulation of Water on Beaches.

(5925) Wave Attenuation.

(5927) Deep Sea Tides.

(4226) Investigation of Surface-Piercing

Fully Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils.

(4917) Mechanisms Involved in Wind-Generated

Waves.

(5453) Studies of Large Waves.

(4227) Smooth Water Behavior of Surface- Piercing Hydrofoil Vessel.

(4229) The Boundary Layer Under Progressive

and Standing Waves.

Page

6 (5312

7

11 (5313

13 (5930

13

( 5812

13

(5197

17 (5199

21

24 (4737 25 (5286

(2436

25 (4400

28 (4891 37 (4892

3738 ( 5252

38

38 (5613

38

36 (5614 39 (6013

4046

4 1

47

52

57

65

6b

69

70

76

77

77

Project

Investigate Gain in Water Speed

Obtained by Coupling Amphibious

Craft. Hydrodynamic Track Propulsion.

Publication of Amphibian Research

Studies

Effect of Natural Roughness on

the Pressure Fluctuations in a Turbulent Boundary Layer.

Special Problems in Fluid

Dynamics

The Effect of Flow Separation

From the Hull on the Stability

of a High Speed Submarine. Hydrodynamics of Rotating

Liquids. Measurement of Acoustic Velocity

of Steam. Flow Over Hydroprobic Materials. Motion Around a Body In a Strat- ified Fluid. Wave Propagation In a Turbulent

Liquid. Turbulent Shear Flow through

Compliant Walled Tubes. Wind Action On Pre-Existing

Waves

Response of a Density - Strati- fied Liquid to a Source or Sink

Impulse

Interaction Between Long Waves

and Superposed Short Waves. Damping of Shallow-Waves: Summary of Available Information.

Page

78

78

79

8185

93

101 166

166 166

166 166

166

166 166

166

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director, TVA Engineering Laboratory, P. 0. Box 37, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

(d) Development.

(e) Transistorized radio components powered from

nicl cadimum batteries, which will be charged by thermoelectric generators and/or

solar cells, will be used. Data in gray

code will be transmitted by audio

tone pulses. Unattended operation of long

duration is a primary objective in the design

of these stations,

(g) Construction of station components is under

way.

(4441) MEASUREMENT OF KAPLAN TURBINE DISCHARGES USING OTT COMPONENT CURRENT METERS.

(d) Equipment development and field measurement

operation

(e) Turbine discharge rating equipment, using

the Ott component type current meters, has been developed to measure the discharge of turbine units. Twenty-seven current meters mounted on three frames are used

to simultaneously measure velocities in the three Intakes of each unit by either the step or integration method. Measurements

made at several fixed loads are employed to calibrate the Winter-Kennedy scroll case pressure taps. The Winter-Kennedy taps are used with suitable measuring equipment to determine the discharge for any turbine

loading.

(g) Measurements have been taken at four main

river hydro dams, Wilson, Kentucky,

Guntersville and Wheeler. Forty-one turbine units at these facilities have been measured.

(4881) BASIC STREAM AND RESERVOIR HEAT BUDGET

STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for basic and applied research.

(e) This is a study to develop the basic tem186
perature prediction equations for a stream or reservoir into which a volume of water

at a different temperature is injected. All known variables such as stream flow characteristics, meteorological conditions and

thermal characteristics will be included. Theoretical studies, field tests, and possible laboratory studies will be com- bined to produce verified equations.

Additional field data were collected during

the year and the measured water temperatures

are being compared to the predictions pro- duced by the basic heat budget equation.

(g) Several particular solutions, involving the equilibrium temperature concept, have been

obtained from the basic differential equation

relating hydraulic, meteorologies and thermal

parameters, and an intensive study of indi- vidual heat budget terms has been made to determine the most reliable means of evalu- ating each term. Five sets of field data have been collected for evaluating the accuracy of the prediction equations.

(5004) NICKAJACK PROJECT.

dl Experimental; for design.

e) Studies using the 1:150 horizontal by 1:90 vertical scale distorted model of the NickaJack Project were completed and a 1:100 scale undlstorted model constructed to study the apron development problems. The 1:100 scale model represents an area of approximately 2 miles in length by 1 mile in width of the river site. In addition to the apron studies,

the 1:100 scale undlstorted model was used to develop information on the training wall

dimensions, bank protection designs and the design of various other features in the river

areas immediately upstream and downstream

from the dam structures.

(h) Thirteen internal reports have been issued

to date.

(5386) NICKAJACK PROJECT—LOCK MODEL.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 scale model of the 800' x 110' main

Nickajack lock was used to adapt the multiport filling and emptying system to this

size chamber. The proposed intake and outlet structures for both the main and 600' x 110' auxiliary lock are being tested by incorporating them with the main chamber model and

a simplified model of the auxiliary chamber.

(h) Three internal reports were issued describing

the results of lock chamber studies, lock

intake systems studies and the development of the 600-foot-lock outlet system.

(5387) NICKAJACK PROJECT—VALVE-CULVERT MODEL.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:10 model of an existing lock filling

valve, with related culvert appurtenances,

is being used to determine the nature and origin of the hydrodynamic forces which act

on reversed talnter lock filling valves.

The model was specifically designed to re- produce the transient conditions existing

while the valve is opening. Two valve designs are being compared with respect

to their reaction to hydrodynamic forces.

(h) Three internal reports were issued.

(5388) NICKAJACK PROJECT—SPILLWAY MODEL,

dl Experimental; for design.

e) Studies were conducted on a 1:35 scale model

of three of the ten spillway bays of the Nickajack project. Tests were for the purposes of determining the spillway

capacity under the maximum design head,

developing the optimum upstream pier shape, and finding a relatively simple yet effective

apron design. Such factors as water surface profiles through a bay and pressures on the piers under adverse gate openings were also investigated,

(g) An upstream pier shape with a relatively

sharp nose was found to decrease vortex

action upstream from the gate for gated

discharges. A simple horizontal spillway

apron with a dentated end sill minimized

scour and produced acceptable wave action.

(5392) MODEL PLUME TO HE USED TO STUDY THERMAL

DENSITY RECIRCULATION PROBLEMS.

d) Experimental; operations and basic research.

e) A model flume was constructed of transparent

material and equipped with circulating pumps

to simulate a typioal steam power plant's con- densate intake and outlet system. The flume

is approximately 100 feet in length and 9 inches deep by 12 inches wide.

The basic intent is to develop and prove the analytical equations for flows in the vicinity

of a steam plant or in similar areas.

(g) Data on lengths and depths of warm wedges near the intake and outlet, for various

river and intake flows and for various

initial density differences have been

obtained, but have not been analyzed.

(5709) WALL-PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN A CAVITA TING TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW. See Project 5709, University of Kansas, page 43.

(5943) NICKAJACK PROJECT—TURBINE INTAKE GATE STUDIES.

d) Applied research; operations.

e) Tests on multi-leaf gates have indicated an interdependence of the design of the lifting beam and gate when the gates are to be positioned in flowing water. A 1:36 scale model of a complete three-bay turbine intake and a 1:12 scale model of one bay were used

in tests conducted to develop an operable

lifting beam and gate design for the Nickajack Project. Double leaf gates 18' x 18' are to be used.

(g) A lifting beam and gate design was developed

which solved the basic problems of success- fully lowering and releasing the gate and beam in flowing water.

(h) An internal report of these results was

issued.

(5944) WATER QUALITY STUDY; MEASUREMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE OF STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS.

d) Field investigation, basic research.

e) Effective and optimum water resource development requires knowledge of the yearly

cyclic changes of the various properties of

the water in deep, stratified reservoirs. This study will measure current velocities,

dissolved oxygen content, temperature, con- ductivity, and density as a function of depth at various stations in Fontana Reser- voir during the stratification season. All measurements are performed from a barge

securely moored to each bank of the lake. Currents are measured with a deep water

isotoplc current analyzer which utilizes a radioactive tracer material and which is capable of measuring velocities from 0.005 to

1 fps. Oxygen content is measured from water samples with a simplified Winkler

method. Temperatures are measured continuous- ly in situ with a resistance-type thermometer. Conductivity and water densities are measured

in water samples with a capacitance instru- ment and precision hydrometer, respectively.

Depth is measured continuously with a pressure transducer.

(g) Thermal stratification causes selective withdrawal from the reservoir. The thickness and speed of the flowing layer are being

established. The equipment will be used in other reservoirs which have different outlet structures

(5945) TIMS FORD PROJECT.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

i

187
(o) A 1:100 scale model will be used to determine

the characteristics of the proposed flip bucket spillway. Particular attention will

be given to erosion patterns and means of limiting scour.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch. Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Mr. James W. Beverage, Chief, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902. EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN. Field investigation ; applied research.

To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Basin, together with standard meteorological

readings

Results published in monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee

River Basin" (Project 768). PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN. Field investigation; basic research.

A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc. Monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation

in Tennessee River Basin." RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

Field investigation; basic research. Study of water utilization and water movement

as concerns industrial and steam plant locations and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in selected

reservoirs are determined by soundings, and by continuous recording gages in selected

natural streams. Periodic observations are made at gaging stations. GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS. Field investigations; design.

Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability. MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY. Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. Theoretical; applied research. Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling

factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions. Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies. PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE. Theoretical; operation.

By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined for

use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs. Results reported weekly within the organization. "Uncontrolled Storage Evaluation in the Tennessee Valley," Paul C. Sodemann. Paper

for AGU meeting, April 1963. SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

Field Investigation; basic research. Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and

sounded, volumetric samples are collected and

analyzed, quantity and distribution of sedi- ment are computed to determine deposition by

stream, probable life of reservoir, effect

of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs,

and probable sedimentation in future reser- voirs . (3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering,

(d) To determine water-land relationships for

some of the principal soils used for agri- cultural purposes in western North Carolina under important vegetative covers. Obser- vations include rainfall, runoff, soil- moisture, potential evapotranspiration, and actual evapotranspiration.

A statistically designed rotation of four covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a fifth watershed. Instrumentation has been added to observe evaporation for correlation with evapotranspiration and soil moisture data. Results to date are summarized in annual reports on the project.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(3307)

(b)

(d)

PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT. Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm de- velopment program designed to give the optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended

and deposited sediment are observed, periodic

soils-land-use and inventories are made and records of income summaries and public and private investments are maintained.

Project activities are divided into cali- bration, action, and evaluation phases..

Agricultural economics portion of project

terminated June 30, 1962; hydrologic portion

terminated September 30, 1962. Results are summarized in annual reports on the project. WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

To study the effect of changes in the vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of cultivation on the hydrologic factors of runoff and soil erosion. Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall.,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover Indexes. Logging road system has been located, con- struction started. Selective cutting to begin in winter of 1965-1966. During the 24-year period 1935-1958, the forest cover improvement in the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection with no measurable change in water yield, no change in volume of either surface runoff

or ground-water runoff, marked reduction in summer peak rates of discharge with lesser reduction in winter rates, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff

from the channel system, and a 96 percent

reduction in the sediment load. "Effects of Forest Cover Upon the Hydrologic

Characteristics of a Small Watershed In the Limestone Region of East Tennessee," by

Paul C. Sodemann and Jones E. Tyslnger.

Paper prepared for presentation at Symposium

sponsored by UNESCO, October 1965.

(3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and erosion control measures.

(e) Continuous record from 1941 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(3308)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

188
(f)

(g)

(4011) w

(g)

(h)

(4884)

(b)

U)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Selective cutting delayed, now scheduled for

1965-66. During the 20-year period 1941-1960, the cover improvement and erosion control in the watershed resulted in a decrease in surface runoff volumes and an increase in ground- water discharges, marked reductions in summer and winter peak flood discharges, a reduction in overland surface velocities, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff from the channel system, an appreciable decrease in water yield, and a 96 percent reduction, in sediment load.

NORTH PORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED.

Project conducted in cooperation with U.S. Forest Service. Field investigation; basic research. To determine the effects of normal, highstandard National Forest Multiple-use

management upon the hydrology of the area

Observations include rainfall, runoff, air

and water temperature, and humidity.

Timber Inventories, soil surveys, wildlife

inventories, and evaluations of soil dis- turbances will be made. Project activities

are divided into calibration, development,

and evaluation phases.

Calibration period completed. "Action" phase

started with access road construction into watershed to site of first timber sale. Results are published in annual reports

distributed to cooperating agencies.

"North Fork Citico Creek Watershed Study,"

Report for 1964 Water Year, Tennessee Valley

Authority, U. S. Forest Service, Tennessee

Game and Fish Commission, August 1965. UPPER HEAR CREEK EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT.

TVA Tributary Area Development project

cooperative with U. S. Forest Service and Auburn University.

Quantitative determination of the effect of

soil type, slope, and vegetative cover upon

runoff, peak discharge, and erosion on small watersheds progressing to large watersheds. Development of procedures to make data usable in projecting effects from small watersheds to larger drainage areas and to transfer results of -the study to ungaged

areas. Four general types of land cover and use will

be considered in the study of the watersheds

that progress downstream from areas of several hundred acres through intermediatesized watersheds to a drainage area of 143

square miles. Hydrologic condition surveys made in March

and August 1965. Results are published in quarterly and

special reports on the project.

"Upper Bear Creek Experimental Project - Research in Area-Stream Factor Correlation," Water Resources Research Paper No. 1, TVA, February 1965.

"The Upper Bear Creek Experimental Project - 1962-1964," TVA, U. S. Forest Service,

May 1965.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39181.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

0>)

if!

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; for design.

The project provides for construction and operation of a model of the Mississippi

River watershed including the Missouri, Ohio,

White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers and their

principal tributaries. All existing and proposed flood-control reservoirs as well. as

levees, dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent works are reproduced.

The model area comprises 200 acres, and measures 4500 ft east and west, and 3900 ft north and south. Completed construction consists of the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal, Mo., to Baton Rouge, La; the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa to the mouth; the Arkansas River from Blackburn Dam

site, Okla., to the mouth; the Ohio River

from Louisville, Ky., to the mouth; the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam, Term.,

to the mouth; the Tennessee River from Pick- wick Dam to the mouth; and the Atchafalaya

River to the Gulf of Mexico. The topography

of the streams and floodplains is being re- produced to a horizontal scale of 1:2000 and

vertical scale of 1:100. Water-surface ele- vations are measured by electrically operated

stage devices with the recorders located in central control buildings. Streamflow is in- troduced and controlled by automatic instru- ments called inflow controllers.

The purpose is to study the coordination of releases from reservoirs, investigate the effect of reservoir operation on flood stages, check the routing of project and other floods,

establish and check levee grades, predict

stages, and determine the effect of floodways

on stage reduction,

(g) The extent of model operation each year is de- termined by the testing programs directed by

the Mississippi Basin Model Board and Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions and Dis- tricts that have operable sections on the model. The model was operated as an inte- grated unit to Memphis, Tenn., for comprehensive (basinwide) tests. Tests were completed

of the four historical floods—1937, 1943, 1945 and 1950—using those reservoirs (EN) scheduled for completion in the near future (approximately 1970), and with ultimate

reservoirs (END) operated to full capacity to store inflows that affect crest stages of the Lower Mississippi River, and of the three hypothetical floods~M 52-A, M 56 and M 58- AOR—using flows unmodified by reservoirs, and modified by EN and END reservoirs for local

and Lower Mississippi River benefits for the basinwide testing program. Tests were com- pleted also for the U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, to obtain effect of proposal

interstate highway fill on Wabash River in vicinity of Grayville, 111. Tests were con- ducted for Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates,

Inc., St. Louis, Mo., on the portion of the MBM model that is in the Lower Mississippi

Valley Division. These tests were concerned

with the size and effect of various waterway

openings for the proposed Mississippi River

Bridge to be constructed near Caruthersville,

Mo., on Interstate Route 155.

(425) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for a navigation channel

about 96 miles long from Trenton, N. J., to Delaware Bay. As modified in 1954, the project provides a 40-ft depth generally 800 ft wide along the west side of the channel from

the bay to the upper end of Philadelphia, a 40-ft-deep by 400-ft-wlde channel between

Philadelphia and the upper end of Newbold

Island, thence a 35-ft-deep by 300-ft-wide

channel to Trenton. Included in the project

are provisions for constructing dikes and training walls for regulation of tidal flows, and dredging to provide turning basins and adequate anchorage at several points.

The purpose is to develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation channel; and to determine the probable effect on the hydraulic and salinity

189
regimen in the estuary that would result from modifications of channel depth and alignment

and flow regulation.

The model is of the fixed-bed, silt-injection

type with linear-scale ratios of 1:1000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, and reproduces the entire tidal portion of Delaware River and Bay from the Capes to Trenton, in- cluding tidal portions of major tributaries.

Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by

automatic tide control mechanisms, and fresh- water discharges of the Delaware River and

significant tributaries are Introduced by

means of Van Leer weirs. Observed prototype

salinities are reproduced in the Delaware Bay

portion of the model, and provisions have been

made for the injection of silt into the model,

and for measuring silt deposits on the bed of

the model. Studies of the dispersion of various contaminants are made by releasing per- manent dyes and tracing their movement and concentrations with time after release and distance from the release points,

(g) A preliminary report, Delaware River Model

Study; Results of Hydraulic and Shoaling

Studies in the Marcus Hook - Schuylkill

River Reach, was furnished the Philadelphia

District in October for review and comment. The tests were conducted in the existing

model to determine the effects on tides, currents, and shoaling of filling several

large back-channel areas with dredge spoil. Several proposed sediment traps, conveniently

adjacent to spoil disposal areas, were tested

to determine whether or not depositing of sediments would occur in the traps and if auch depositing would cause significant reductions

in channel shoaling. Special tests to determine the effects of the current (1965)

drought on salinities in the Delaware estuary

were undertaken and completed. Tests on the existing Delaware River model to determine the effects of diking off several back-channel areas to provide disposal areas

for dredge spoil and the dredging of adjacent

sediment traps indicated that closure of both

the Tlnicum Island and the Chester Island back channels would have no detrimental effects

on the main navigation channel. A small-boat

channel should be provided through Tinicum

Island. Overdredging in Mantua Creek anchorage and in Tinicum range to create sediment

traps would cause no significant Increase in deposition and is not considered justified.

Sediment traps in Marcus Hook anchorage and adjacent to Chester Island would be beneficial

to channel shoaling.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This is a general study, be means of model

tests, of the cavitation characteristics of various elements of hydraulic structures, and

of the resistance of construction materials

to cavitation damage. Further, the investi- gation includes a review of literature to evaluate the many variables that affect cavitation results.

The purpose is (a) To study cavitation

characteristics of such elements as baffle

piers, steps -in stilling basins, spillway and conduit gate -slots, and offset Joints. This program will include tests to determine the conditions for dynamic similarity of the cavitation phenomenon. (b) To determine the resistance to cavitation damage of construction materials with particular emphasis on materials suitable for patching concrete.

The cavitation characteristics of the various elements are Investigated in a variable pressure water tunnel with a 12-by 12-in. test

section. Velocities in the test section can

be varied from 8 to 35 fps. Resistance-todamage tests are conducted in apparatus in which cavitation is Induced in velocities of

90 fps by an alignment change.

(994) EFFECTS OP MODEL DISTORTION ON HYDRAULIC

ELEMENTS

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This is a general study of similitude rela- tions in distorted models.

The purpose is to determine the hydraulic

effects of various types and degrees of model scale distortion on velocity distribution ard other hydraulic conditions, with the ultimate aim of establishing limits of permissible

distortion for the various types of models. Tests have been conducted in a 5-ft-wide masonry flume having a 90-degree bend of 10-

ft radius, with a straight approach channel

20 ft long and exit channel 60 ft long, in which can be reproduced a hypothetical strean to a horizontal scale of 1:200 and variable

vertical scales to produce distortions up to 1:10. The flume was provided with three venturi meters of different sizes for the control of discharge and a tailgate for the control of tailwater elevation.

(f) Suspended.

(998^ WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This a general investigation to (a) study

existing literature and adapt or acquire

testing equipment; (b) verify experimentally

the clapotis pressure theory; (c) determine

maximum shock-type pressures caused by break- ing waves, and delineate the critical conditions necessary to create the extremely high

shock pressures; and (d) determine the magni- tude of pressures due to partially breaking

waves. The purpose is to conduct theoretical and experimental investigations of wave pressures and impact forces on vertical-wall and composite breakwaters from which the magnitude, duration, and location of forces on these structures, caused by breaking waves, can be determined with sufficient accuracy

to ensure the design of safe and economical

structures

A 3- by 3- by 6-ft steel tank was used for

the experiments on shock pressures caused by

the impact of an accelerated plate with a water body. Plastic, aluminum, and steel plates of different masses were dropped into water in the tank and the shock pressures developed were measured and recorded electri- cally. A 2- by 5.5- by 140-ft concrete wave

flume will also be used for conducting

experiments on shock pressures and total im- pact forces caused by waves breaking against

vertical-wall breakwaters.

(g) A series of experiments on shock pressures

caused by the impact of an accelerated plate

with a water body was conducted in the 3- by

3- by 6-ft steel tank. The data obtained

from these experiments were analyzed and compared with experimental and prototype date available on shock pressures caused by waves breaking against a vertical wall. Preparation of a report on this phase of the study

was initiated.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study of rubble-mound breakwaters

to determine weight, specific weight, and

shape of armor units required for stability under wave attack. To develop design procedures and formulas,

supported by experimental data, from which

the design of safe and economical rubble- mound breakwaters can be determined. In addition to quarrystone, the investigation

includes tests of tetrapods, tetrahedrons,

190
tribars, quadrlpods, modified cubes, and other specially molded armor units. Tests will be conducted in a 50- by 5.5- by

250 ft, L-shaped wave flume designed to allow

the testing of breakwater sections using

various angles of wave incidence,

(g) Preparation of the 50- by 5.5- by 250-ft wave flume for the testing of breakwater sections using various angles of wave incidence was

initiated. Preparation of a final report

describing the results of tests conducted on breakwater trunks constructed of quarrystones,

tetrapods, tetrahedrons, quadrlpods, modified

cubes, hexapods, and tribars using nonbreaking

waves in deep water was initiated.

(1002) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING . TECHNIQUES ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION AND BREAKWATER MODELS.

(b) Office rof the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A general study is being conducted to deter- mine effects of various model scales and distortion on wave characteristics in harbor

and breakwater stability models. The effects

on test results of various model-testing

techniques are also being investigated.

The purpose is to obtain information which

will allow more accurate determination of optimum scales for wave models, and the ef- fects of different scales and operating

techniques on the accuracy of model results.

A 2- by 4.5- by 8.0-ft, rocking, rectangular

steel basin will be used for studying the wave-damping effect of expanded metal screens.

(g) Preparation of the rectangular steel basin for studying the wave-damping effect of expanded metal screens was initiated.

(1004) INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; development.

e; Development of instruments for use in nyaraulic models and in field measurements.

To develop various types of measurement and

control equipment for use in hydraulic models

and in the field,

(g) The development of improvements for a current- direction indicator was completed. Development of a revolution-sensing and remote- indicating device for velocity meters, development of a spherical-head turbulence meter, and development of a water-level Indicator for

tests of prototype locks were continued.

(1467) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Analytical (model and prototype); for design.

e) Hydraulic design criteria relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, gates,

valves, navigation structures, flood-control

channels, and natural waterways are developed

from laboratory research, model studies, and prototype observations. Results are prepared

in the form of design charts and distributed

to design offices.

To analyze hydraulic data, theories, and procedures, to develop design criteria therefrom, and to disseminate this information in the form of Hydraulic Design Criteria to insure adequate capacity, economy of design and con- struction, and safe and satisfactory operation

of the large hydraulic structures being de- signed, built, and operated by the Corps of Engineers.

(g) Preparation of the reproduction copy of the thirteenth issue of Hydraulic Design Criteria was in progress. This issue provides design

criteria on energy losses for high overflow

spillways and discharge coefficients for low

ogee crests with 45-degree upstream sloping

faces, for flows over low monoliths in con- crete gravity dams, and for vertical-lift

spillway gates. Charts are also included on

crest shapes for overhanging spillways, low

ogee crest toe curve pressures, hydraulic

Jumps on sloping aprons, and stilling basin

end-sill heights. Fourteenth issue studies undertaken included minimum pressure in pipe

bends, loss coefficients for outlet works

control structures with one or more gate passages closed, and discharge coefficients

for spillway vertical-lift and tainter gates

operating under submerged conditions. The

final contract report from the University of Missouri was received and published as WES Contract Report 2-116, Analytical Study of Flow Characteristics for Flow Over a Curved Spillway Bucket, by J. J. Cassldy, May 1965. An electronic computer analysis of flow patterns in spillway, flip buckets based on a contract study on this report was undertaken. Extensive studies pertinent to the hydraulic

design of riprap were in progress. A draft

of a miscellaneous paper on hydraulic design

of riprap was prepared. The study of experimental data on minimum

pressures in pipe bends showed that two- dimensional flow analysis was applicable to pipe bends as well as to circular bends in rectangular conduits. The study of loss coefficients for multiple gate-passage outlet works control structures with one or more passages inoperative indicated that loss co- efficients for abrupt expansion are not ap- plicable to the control structure problem.

The studies on hydraulic design of riprap in- dicate the need for field and laboratory in- vestigations to provide firm criteria for

design purposes.

(1986) INVESTIGATION OF SALINITY INTRUSION AND

RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers (correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. J.B. Tiffany, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.).

fd) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The project consists of the following three broad phases: (a) analysis of prototype data

to define the range of conditions for which

investigations appear desirable; (b) flume tests to study the effects of the various

factors Involved; and (c) analytical studies aimed at establishment of fundamental laws describing the phenomena involved, and prep- aration of the data for use in application

to specific prototype problems. Dr. Donald

Harleman, consultant, has been engaged to assist in phase (c) above. To determine the effects of the physical and hydraulic features of estuaries such as tidal prism, tidal range, freshwater discharge,

channel depth, channel width, etc., on the extent of salinity intrusion, the nature of salinity intrusion, the magnitudes and durations of current velocities, and other fac- tors considered ' essential to proper solution

of estuarlne problems encountered by the Corps of Engineers.

The flume studies under phase (b) above are being carried out in a transparent flume 327

ft long, 1.5 ft deep, and 0.75 ft wide. One end of the flume is connected to a tidal basin 25 ft square and 5 ft deep, which is equipped with a tide generator capable of producing tides of any desired range, period, or other characteristic. The opposite end of the flume is connected to a circular headbay

equipped with weirs for measuring and intro- ducing freshwater inflows. Salt water to fill the tidal basin and flume is supplied

from an adjacent underground sump equipped

with the necessary appurtenances to mix salt and fresh water and control the salinity of

the mixture. The tidal basin is equipped

with skimming weirs to maintain a constant basin salinity during tests. Current velocities are measured in the flume by timing the travel of indicators over measured ranges, and salinity measurements are made either by

191
(1988)

(b)

it]

withdrawing samples for chemical titration or by means of a recording salinity meter which

operates on the electrical conductivity

principle.

(g) No flume tests were required during the year; however, prototype and model physical, hydraulic, and salinity data from Savannah Harbor

were furnished to Dr. Harleman for his use in checking the validity of equations developed

from flume test data. Analysis of flume data, and checking of re- sults obtained against prototype and model

data from Savannah Harbor are in progress by

Dr. Harleman and his staff. Additional

flume tests will be conducted as necessary to supplement available data.

(1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The erosion characteristics of various sizes

of riprap and gravel material are being

studied with a view to securing adequate

protection at minimum cost. Measurements of velocity and turbulence at which movement of material begins are being made. The purpose is to develop design criteria for

riprap at hydraulic structures. WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research.

It has long been known that water temperature

variations caused marked variations in the nature and rate of bed movement, which are

of major significance in movable-bed model

studies. The onset of cold weather produces

excessive riffling of bed surfaces, result- ing in sharp increases in roughness values

and changes in volumes of material transported. The investigation of this phenomenon

is being conducted in existing laboratory

flumes, in which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally experienced

summer and winter temperatures.

The purpose is to determine the effects of water temperature on streambed forms and bed roughness of various types of bed

material

(g) Review of the work accomplished to date and literature available on the subject was

completed, and a future comprehensive test- ing program was developed.

(2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The purpose is to determine if the present

rate of shoaling can be reduced by proposed

plans of channel realignment, freshwater

diversion, and other remedial measures; to develop relief for the critical spoil disposal problem; and to test ultimate harbor

developments. Studies were also made to determine effects of proposed improvement

plans on dispersion and dilution of contaminants discharged into the harbor.

The investigation was conducted in a model which reproduced the following: (a) that portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound

on the north to Wassaw Sound on the south;

(b) the Savannah River and its floodplain to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and

(c) that portion of the Intra-coastal Water- way which crosses the area included in the model. The model was of fixed-bed construction with scale ratios, model to prototype,

of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically.

Automatic tide generators were used to re- produce tides and tidal currents throughout

the harbor, and salt water was used in the

model ocean to reproduce the effects of density difference on current velocities and distributions. Shoaling studies were made by injecting finely ground gilsonite Into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling

as observed in the prototype, following

which the effects of proposed improvement

plans on shoaling patterns could be observed

and evaluated,

(f) Completed.

(g; Measurements were made of sediment load,

suspended and colloidal, moving in Savannah River above the tidal prism. In Savannah

Harbor, periodic surveys and sampling of the dredge discharge material were performed to determine the consolidation rates and the locations of the shoaling. A separate

.report of prototype Investigations is not required.

The results of model tests indicated that

the effectiveness of the previously recom- mended plan for reducing shoaling in the Savannah Harbor would not be materially

changed by construction of the authorized

deeper and wider channel. Model tests in- dicated that pollution of Wilmington River

by the City of Savannah municipal and industrial wastes could be reduced by closure of the South Channel and/or St. Augustine Creek. Model tests indicated that bank erosion in the North Channel would probably be reduced by construction of the authorized deeper and wider channel,

(h) Section 4, "Results of Tests of Increased

Channel Dimensions," Section 5, "Wilmington

River Pollution Studies," and Section 6, "Results of Tests of Bank Erosion in North

Channel," of TR 2-580, Volume III, were published in March, April and October 1965,

respectively.

(2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(ej A l:120-scale comprehensive model of the fixed-bed type reproduced the Cumberland River from mile 29.4 to mile 32.2 and the

lock, dam, and' powerhouse. A l:36-scale

section model reproduced the riverward, downstream lock wall including the culvert manifold which discharges into the spillway

stilling basin, five spillway bays, the land- wall culvert discharge manifold which dis- charges through the floor of the spillway

apron, 324 ft of approach and 596 ft of exit channel. The emergency lock gate was stud- ied in a l:25-scale model which reproduced

the gate, gate sill, and portions of the upstream lock approach and the lock chamber

downstream from the gate. To determine the best arrangement of lock and appurtenant walls and to study approach con- titions under various flows; to develop a satisfactory stilling basin and determine the feasibility of emptying the lock into the spillway stilling basin; and to determine (a) hydraulic forces on and stability of the emergency lock gate under various flows in- cluding free -flow over the lock miter sill,

(b) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions, (c) gate wheel reactions and sill roller reactions at given positions, and (d) head loss through the bridge decking.

(f) Completed.

(g) Adequacy of the spillway stilling basin was

verified, and the orientation of the lock and alignment of the right bank downstream from

the powerhouse were accomplished. The ori- ginal design of the emergency lock gate was unsatisfactory as uplift forces exceeded the dry weight of gate. This was corrected by

the use of a 45-degree lip on the apex of the gate. For this design the gate was stable throughout its operational range and hydraulic forces were in the range of 107 kips

downpull and 207 kips uplift. No rotation of

192
(h)

12678)

(b)

(g)

(h)

(2681)

(b)

Si

(g)

(2931)

the gate in a downstream direction was noted. (d) TR 2-689, "Tests of Structure Orientation, (e) Spillway, and Lock Emergency Gate, Barkley

Lock and Dam, Cumberland River, Kentucky;

Hydraulic Model Investigation, August 1965. MODEL STUDY OP NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, McALPINE

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design. A l:120-scale, fixed-bed model was used for

the Investigation. The model reproduced the reach of the Ohio River from about mile 602

to about mile 608 below Pittsburgh, Pa., in- cluding adjacent overbank areas to an elevation of approximately 445 ft msl, the locks

and dam structures, and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions. To determine the effects of location, size, and alignment of the dam on stages and cur- rents within the upper pool; study the effects

of location, size, and alignment of a new (f) approach channel on navigation and surge (g) conditions; determine the best location for

a new navigable span on the Pennsylvania

Railroad bridge; determine a method of oper- ating the dam for optimum navigation conditions; study navigation conditions in the lower approach as affected by flow through

dam, powerhouse, and lock emptying system; and provide a means for navigation interests

to satisfy themselves as to the acceptability

of the proposed plan by observing the model

in operation.

Satisfactory plans were developed covering (h) composition and location of the dam, upper

and lower approach channels, and lock filling

and emptying. Tests of various gated sections

of the dam provided data for use by the (2932) District office in developing discharge rat- ing and stage-duration curves. Data were (b) also obtained on the effects of various dam designs on head at the hydroplant, and on velocities along the Indiana shore. (d) Preparation of final report is in progress. (e) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research.

To Investigate the effects of model scale on

the results of experimentally determined

criteria for design of rubble-mound breakwaters. Stability tests were made of a breakwater

slope of 1 on 1-1/2 using wave periods of

2.61, 3.75, 7.87, and 11.33 sec. Tests in the CERC wave flume (15 by 20 by 635 ft) were con- ducted using a linear scale of 7.5 to 1 based

on the tests conducted in the WES 5- by 4- by

119-ft wave flume. Additional stability tests

villi be conducted in the WES 5- by 4- by 119-

ft wave flume using linear scales of 0.5 to 1, and 1 to 1, and following the same testing

procedure used in the tests conducted in the CERC wave flume. Therefore, data on the stability or rubble-mound breakwaters will be available for three different linear scales, (f) 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data (g) from the CERC wave flume will be correlated with data from the WES flume. Revisions were made to a 5- by 4- by 119-ft concrete wave flume to be used for the test

on the stability of rubble-mound breakwaters

conducted using linear scales of 0.5 to 1 and

1 to 1. MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisana.

Experimental; for design. To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (Jetty extensions, channel realignments, and contraction works) in the elimination or reduction of maintenance

dredging in the jetty and bar channels.

The investigation was conducted in a model constructed to linear scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, and reproduced the lower 12 miles of Southwest Pass and the Gulf area adjacent to the Pass. The entire bed of the model was molded in concrete to the latest hydrographic survey available at the time of construction. Provisions were made for re- producing prototype tides, tidal currents, littoral currents, and wave action in the simulated Gulf of Mexico and saltwater and freshwater density flows in Southwest Pass

and the bar channel. Shoaling studies were made by introducing various mixtures of plastic materials, simulating prototype

shoaling materials, into the model and re- producing the shoaling patterns and distri- bution that occur in the prototype.

Completed. Tests of proposed plans for reducing shoaling

in the jetty and bar channels indicated that plans involving a curved realignment to the jetty channel, and plans involving relocating

the bar upstream from ends of the jetties would greatly reduce shoaling for the authorized project depth of -40 ft, as com- pared to a 40-ft-deep channel on the align- ment of the existing channel. The tests indicated that reducing the jetty channel width from 800 to 600 ft would also be benefi- cial in reducing shoaling. "Plans for Reducing Shoaling, Southwest Pass, Mississippi River; Hydraulic Model Investigation," TR 2-690, August 1965. MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING, HUDSON RIVER, N. Y. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N. Y. Experimental; for design. To determine the source of material shoaling

the Hudson River in the vicinity of Edgewater

and Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this shoaling; to determine the causes of shoaling in the pier slips in New York Harbor and develop

plans for alleviating this shoaling. Two models were used in this study. Shoalirg

in the river channel was studied on a fixed- bed model, built to scales of 1:100 verti- cally and 1:1000 horizontally. The model reproduced Upper and Lower New York Bays,

Raritan Bay, Hudson River to Hyde Park, East

River to Throg's Neck, and tributaries flow- ing into the model bodies of water. Provisions were included for reproducing tides, freshwater discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling. The study of pier-slip shoaling

was conducted in a section model reproducing

that portion of the Hudson River between pier 21 (Duane St.) and West 158th St., Manhattan, constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:300 horizontally, in which

the tides, tidal currents, and shoaling of navigation slips was reproduced.

Completed.

Tests in the comprehensive model indicated

that the best plan involving increasing the river cross section at the George Washington

Bridge would decrease shoaling of the naviga- tion channels by about 25 percent and would

decrease shoaling of the slips by about 15 percent. Field and office studies indicated

that a control structure in the Harlem River

is technically infeasible, although model

tests showed that such a structure would

significantly reduce shoaling both in the navigation channels and in the slips. Tests

showed that deepening the channel through Haverstraw Bay would not reduce shoaling of channels or slips. A sediment trap in the

193
upstream end of the 30-ft project channel would reduce - shoaling In the remainder of this

channel, although similar reduction i can be attained by overdredging the area involved at frequent intervals. Test in the pier- slip m model indicated that approximately 25 percent (f

)

of any dredge spoil free-dumped in the naviga- (g) tion channel would return to and deposit in the slips. These tests also showed that freedumping, if permitted, should not be done within 500 ft of the pierhead line,

(h) "Hudson River Channel, New York and New

Jersey, Plans to Reduce Shoaling in Hudson

River Channels and Adjacent Pier Slips;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," TR 2-694,

September 1965.

(3243) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS OP LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4 (RECONSTRUCTED), MONONGAHELA

RIVER. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Reconstruction of dam 4 will involve replace- (h) ment of the existing fixed dam with a non- navigable-type gated dam in order to raise

the pool 6 ft, as required for the Maxwell

project upstream. The reconstructed dam will (3586) have five 84-ft crest gates. A raised fixed

weir will extend the dam to the existing (b) locks, which are 56 ft wide, and 720 and 360

ft long. Provision is being made in the dam structure for ultimate replacement of the (d) existing locks by two locks each 720 ft long, (e) with one lock to be 84 ft wide and the other

110 ft wide.

The purpose is to determine the effects of modifications of the existing locks and dam

on navigation conditions, and to develop

modifications required to overcome any un- desirable conditions.

A l:120-scale, fixed-bed, comprehensive model reproduced about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela

River and the locks and dam structures.

(g) The last series of tests showed that additions

of concrete cells at the end of the upper

guard wall would tend to Improve navigation

conditions with the existing locks and recon- structed dam.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3584) MODEL STUDY OP STILLING BASIN AND CONDUIT

OUTLET PORTAL, RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES RIVER,

IOWA. (g)

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Disrict, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Red Rock Dam, a flood-control structure to be located at mile 143 on the Des Moines River,

10 miles east of Knoxville, Iowa, will be an (h) earth fill 6260 ft long, rising about 112 ft above the river floor. The ogee-type spill- (3590) way will be 241 ft wide, surmounted by five

41- by 45-ft talnter gates, and will contain fourteen 5- by 9-ft controlled conduits. A hydraulic jump-type stilling basin with two (b) rows of baffle piers and an end sill will return flow to the Des Moines River. The investigation was conducted on a 1:50- (d) scale model reproducing 900 ft of the approach (e) channel above the spillway, an 825-ft-wide

section along the dam, the spillway, conduits,

stilling basi-n, and 575 ft of the outlet channel. The model reproduced on the entire spillway and stilling basin, sufficient ap- proach area to assure natural flow conditions

over the spillway and at the abutments, and sufficient exit area to permit formation of the natural flow pattern in the exit channel.

A l:16-scale model of the intersection of the spillway face and conduit outlet portal was used for the armor-plate requirements tests. To verify stilling basin and training wall

design; to calibrate the spillway; to study flow conditions in the upper approach, particularly at the abutments; to determine armorplate requirements at the outlet portal; to determine the reduction in conduit flow dur- ing combined operation; and to study the effects of deflectors above the conduit outlet portals.

Completed. Tests on the l:16-scale model indicated that during combined operation, siumlating spill- way and conduit flow at maximum reservoir

elevation, pressures within the conduit and

in the outlet portal were positive. "Eye- brows" or deflectors above the portal in- creased conduit flow and dropped the grade

line within the conduit. The Folsom Dam high-level conduit, reproduced in the model,

verified prototype cavitation-damage areas

and furnished a basis for interpretation of Red Rock conduit test results. The general model provided information on spillway

capacity as affected by abutment changes;

velocities in the approach, particularly

against the dam; optimum basin elevation

consistent with safety and economy; basin elements of minimum size; and bottom velocities in the exit channel. "Spillway and Sluices, Red Rock Dam, Des

Moines River, Iowa; Hydraulic Model Investigation," TR 2-673, March 1965. MODEL STUDY OF DRAGHEAD FOR HOPPER DREDGE. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Experimental; for design. This study is a component of a comprehensive

"Program for the Improvement of Hopper

Dredges and Hopper Dredging." It involves comparison of the effectiveness of hopper

dredge dragheads of different designs in various types of materials.

The investigation was conducted in a 60- by

10-ft flume containing various types of bed material. The draghead and suction line, constructed to a scale of 1:6, were connected

to a suction pump mounted on a double car- riage that provided travel, both longitudinally and transversely, along the top of the

flume. The carriage traveled on rails extending the length of the flume. To develop improved dragheads designed to attain a greater rate of intake of solids when dredging mud and silt mixtures (soft

materials) and dredging densely packed, fine sand (hard material).

The results demonstrated how the performance

of dragheads can be affected by variations

in design and operating procedures. The factors affecting the performance of drag- head were indicated to be shape and dimensions of the draghead, position of draghead

with respect to the bottom, vacuum, and draghead speed.

Preparation of final report in progress. MODEL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF HURRICANE BARRIER

ON NAVIGATION CONDITIONS IN EAST PASSAGE, NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND. Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts. Experimental; for design.

A barrier across East Passage, Narragansett

Bay, has been proposed to limit the quantity

of water entering the bay from hurricane

surges. To examine ship navigation conditions with

respect to barrier location and its navigation opening under current, wave, and wind

conditions created by astronomical tides and hurricane surges. Also, to investigate the discharge characteristics of the navigation

opening.

A l:150-scale model of East Passage was used

in the study of navigation conditions. Currents, waves, and wind effects were simulated,

A self-propelled, radio-controlled, model aircraft carrier, constructed dynamically

similar to its prototype, was used in the

194
(g)

(h)

tests. In the study of the discharge charac- teristics of the navigation opening, two section models, reproducing the barrier to scales of 1:50 and 1:150, were used to de- termine the effects of approach depth, rough- ness of the barrier, model scale, and weir

design on the discharge characteristics. In addition, the l:150-scale, three-dimensional

model was used to determine the discharge

characteristics of two weir plans. Tests showed that a velocity of 3.5 knots

through the roughened barrier is produced by

a head differential of 0.5 ft across the barrier. This is equivalent to the maximum

differential caused by a 2.8-ft tide range. Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the' Army, and Bureau of Public Roads,

Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This was a general investigation to determine

a resistance coefficient and the law of velocity distribution for flow in structural- plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test section reproducing a 5-foot-diameter

standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:4

was tested in order to obtain additional data

on the resistance coefficient and velocity

distribution and to correlate model work with

full-scale tests. Fiber-glass test sections reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-foot- diameter structural-plate pipe at scales of

1:2.2, 1:8, and 1:16, respectively, were tested to determine the effect of relative

roughness upon the resistance coefficient

and velocity distribution. The hydraulic

gradient and the energy loss through 20- to 80-diameter lengths of test section were established by piezometers located at 5-foot

intervals. These piezometers were l/8 inch in diameter, on center of the crests of

the corrugations, and four in number around

the periphery of the pipe. Velocity traverses

were made by means of calibrated pitot

tubes at several locations along the test section for determination of the velocity

distribution.

Completed.

Hydraulic gradients, velocity distributions,

and static pressure measurements across a diameter for a range of Reynolds number were used to develop a mean flow equation with

which the resistance coefficients due to the corrugations for all sizes of structural

plate pipe can be computed. A method for determining the increment of resistance

attributable to the assembly bolts of struc- tural plate pipe is presented (Appendix A). In addition, empirical equations were de- veloped that enable determination of the maximum values of the Darcy-Weisbach f and

the Manning's n for any diameter of cor- rugated pipe of the common structural plate

and standard varieties as well as the rela- tively new type with annular 1- by 3-lnch

corrugations,

(h) "Resistance Coefficients for Structural Plate Corrugated Pipe; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-715,

February 1966. (Available on loan.)

(3902) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, GALVESTON BAY (HARBOR), TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; field investigation.

(e) To study the movement of sediment in the vicinity of the Galveston Bay jetties by use

of radioactive gold-impregnated glass. A radioactive sediment tracer labeled with

gold 198 was used to follow sediment movement

in the vicinity of the north and south jet- ties in Galveston Bay. The pattern of sedi- ment movement is needed to verify the

Galveston model and to aid In design of cor- rective measures to prevent silting of the Galveston ship channel.

The glass tracer 'was ground to the particle

size of the natural sediment and deposited

on the gulfside of the Jetties. It was expected that the tidal action, littoral cur- rent, and wind waves would move the material

around the Jetties into the ship channel or through the Jetties. The path of the acti- vated gold-impregnated glass particles was traced by instruments from a small boat.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of the -north jetty tests Indi- cated that, while Small amounts of tracer

moved through the small boat pass in the Jetty and perhaps through the jetty proper, much larger amounts of tracer moved around

the seaward end of the Jetty and into the navigation channel. In the one south Jetty

test, the movement of the tracer was generally seaward for the duration of the, test, and

there was no indication of tracer movement

around the end of the Jetty into the entrance. Personnel monitoring was performed during all high-activity handling operations Including

transportation and release. In addition,

adjacent beaches were monitored for possible

contamination. Maximum dosage to personnel

was less than 15 percent of maximum permis

sible weekly dosage; no beach contamination

was observed during the tests. Equipment and procedures used during the tests were satisfactory and will be used

again In the event of future tests. It should be noted for future programs of this

type that periods of time up to 6 months or

more may be required to obtain approval by

all agencies involved and to secure the nec- cesary license for such tests.

(h) "Radioactive Sediment Tracer Tests near the North and South Jetties, Galveston Harbor

Entrance, MP 2-472, November 1965.

[3903) MODEL STUDY OF TSUNAMIS AND NAVIGATION

IMPROVEMENTS AT HILO HARBOR, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Field study: To measure wave and surge action

at piers 1 and 2 In the harbor to provide

data for use in determining the cause of the surge problem. Model study: To determine the optimum breakwater plan to decrease wave and

surge action in the harbor so that troublesome and damaging ship motion at piers 1, 2, and 3 will be alleviated, and to investigate effects of different plans of construction

on reduction of damage to the city of Hilo

from tsuamls.

The model, about 62 ft wide and 92 ft long,

Is constructed to a vertical scale of 1:200 and a horizontal scale of 1:600 and is con- toured from 220 ft above mean lower low

water. This model area of 2286 sq ft is com- prised of 12- by 12-ft sections with jacked

supports to 'compensate for differential

settlement of the foundation, and also in- cludes a 1809-sq-ft concrete slab In the wave generator pit. The wave generator is comprised of eight pneumatic chambers, each being 6 by 8 by 10 ft. A programmer oper- ates the generator to simulate tsunami waves.

(f) Tests are complete.

(g) The Honolulu District completed its test program except for the analysis and final report of test data. Five basic plans, with

several variations to each plan, were tested during the year with a total of approximately

1500 test runs being completed.

The Hilo Harbor model consultants held a conference in Hawaii in March. The test program was realigned to the recommendations

of the consultants. The Hilo Tsunami Technical Advisory Council (consultants to local interests) met in Hawaii in December to discuss results of the model tests. They con- cluded that the test results were valid.

195
Analysis of test data Is incomplete. The model is being transferred to the University

of Hawaii in accordance with the Memorandum

of Understanding. However, it will he available for use by the Corps of Engineers, if needed, until construction is under way.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3906) POWER-PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND

OAHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, N. DAK. AND S. DAK.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, Missouri River, and District

Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha,

Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; applied research- and

design.

(e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of powerplant transients for different plant loadings, and instantaneous pressure values at a number

of locations in the power tunnel, the surge tank system, turbine scroll case, and draft

tube were obtained simultaneously with in- stantaneous values of tunnel flow velocity,

reservoir and tailwater elevations, turbine

speed and gate opening, power output, and other elements (including governor system)

Pressure and water-level measurements were

made with electrical pressure transducers,

velocities were measured with pressure trans- ducers mounted in probes projecting into the flow and connected to pitot-static tubes on cross struts in the penstock, and mechanical

and electrical values were obtained with

appropriate transducers. Measurements were recorded on about 90 channels of oscillograph

and magnetic tape recorders, and digitized

for use in the digital computer analyses by Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

To evaluate results of a comprehensive digital

computer study made by the Missouri River

Division, Omaha District, and Massachusetts

Institute of Technology and to determine

extent operation corresponds to design, in order to develop a solution of the entire problem of power-plant transients, with pri- mary emphasis on governing stability.

(g) Data are being digitized by the Omaha District

for computer analyses. The final report on

the test operations is being prepared.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3907) SHOALING PROCESSES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The annual cost to the Federal Government of maintaining navigable channels in tidal water- ways is estimated to be of the order or $60,

000,000. The Committee on Tidal Hydraulics

has concluded that a thorough study of shoal- ing processes in tidal waterways would lead

to improvements in channel design, dredging, and spoiling practices, and other maintenance

techniques which would reduce this large

expenditure. The Committee concludes that

the following program of research is essential

in arriving at the objective of reducing

maintenance cost: (a) flume studies to deter- mine the basic laws Involved in the movement

and deposition of muddy sediments; (b) flume studies to determine effects of repetitive

scour and deposition on sedimentation; (c) the development of techniques for using

radioactive tracers for observing the move- ment and deposition of sediments In nature;

(d) the development of a simple and accurate instrument for in-place measurement of turbidity; (e) a study of the physical chemical, and hydraulic factors Involved in the stabili- zation of deposits in navigable channels; (f) determination of the effects of flocculation

on shoaling; (g) prototype studies aimed at correlation of sedimentation phenomena in tidal waterways with physical, chemical,

hydraulic, salinity, and other significant

factors; and (h) classification of the sedi- ments which constitute all major repetitive

shoals in tidal waterways,

(g) Item (a) above has been completed under terms of a contract between the University of California and the San Francisco District,

and all pertinent reports have been published; Item (b) is presently inactive; item (c) is presently inactive; item (d) is presently

inactive; item (e) was completed by the University of California, under terms of a contract with WES, and a report entitled A Study of Rheological Properties of Estuarlal

Sediments was published as Technical Bulletin

No. 7 of the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics;

item (f) is under study by the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics and WES, and a program of field research on this item has been formulated; and items (g) and (h) are in progress

at WES.

(3908) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION ENTRANCE TO ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests were conducted on a fixed-bed model reproducing to scales of 1:600 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers, 57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 miles of the lower White River, and the major portion of the White-Arkansas River backwater area. The model was used to demonstrate alternate

routes for the entrance to the ArkansasWhite Cutoff, and problems related to the location and alignment of the navigation

entrance to the Arkansas River from the Mississippi River.

(g) Data on stages for various combinations of flow from the three streams, velocity

measurements at critical points, and current directions were obtained under various test conditions for use of design engineers in determining the most feasible plan from both

a navigation and economical standpoint.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3909) HANNIBAL (FORMERLY OPOSSUM CREEK) LOCKS AND

DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Penna.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests were conducted in a 1:120, fixed-bed,

comprehensive model reproducing about 4 miles of the Ohio River and the lock and dam structures

The purpose Is to study navigation conditions

in the approaches to the locks, determine

suitability of the selected site, and develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions found,

(f) Suspended.

(3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduced about 800 square miles

of prototype area, Including all of Matagorda

Bay, part of the connecting bay system, and

a portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents were reproduced by one primary and one secondary

tide generator, and fresh-water discharges

of tributaries, together with the rainfall over the area, are introduced by means of weirs and flowmeters. Salt water was used in the model gulf to reproduce the prototype salinity regimen, and provisions

were made for the injection of ailt in the model for measurements of deposits on

196
the bed of the model. Studies were made

to determine: (1) The best location for the entrance channel; (2) the best route for the channel from the entrance to Point Comfort;

(3) such protective works as may be required

In the Interests of navigation and maintenance of the channel; and (4) the effects of

the deep-draft navigation channel on the salinity regimen of the bay system.

(g) Test results indicate that proposed channel

Route C is superior to any of the other

channel routes tested. Model tests also

indicate an arrangement of spoil disposal

areas for use with .this channel route which

will have the least adverse effects on tidal currents, circulation, and salinity.

(h) Preparation of final report is In progress.

(3912) MODEL STUDY OP GALVESTON BAY (HARBOR), TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas,

d) Experimental; for design,

e; A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of

1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

reproduces about 174.5 square miles of prototype area, including a small portion of Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico extending 8 miles north of the north

Jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south jetty, and offshore to about the 50-foot contour of depth. Tides, tidal currents, littoral

currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico are reproduced. Studies have been

made to determine: (1) Plans for relocation

and stabilization of the Jetty channel on an allnement and depth suitable for navigation

of supertankers; (2) means of protecting the north Jetty from undermining action of tidal

currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of the relocated and deepened jetty (inner bar) channel and plans for minimizing shoaling; and (4) shoaling characteristics of the deepened outer bar channel

(g) The following studies were conducted during

the year: Eight-year movable-bed tests of

(a) three proposed deepwater anchorage areas furnished by the Galveston District; (b) the effectiveness of a spur dike normal to the north Jetty in impounding drift presently

moving around the outer end of the jetty; (c) the effects of closure of Galveston Harbor

channel on conditions in the entrance; (d) the plan 2 realigned channel with the channel width reduced from 800 to 600 ft; (e) three proposed Jetty modifications in conjunction

with a deepened channel realignment (inner bar -46 ft mlt; outer bar -48 ft mlt).

(a) The results of the proposed deepwater

anchorage area tests indicate that anchorage

area "B", located on the north side of the inner bar channel, would require an annual maintenance dredging of about 250,000 cu yd, whereas the addition of anchorage area "C" would increase the annual maintenance dredging to 1,463,000 cu yd. Anchorage area "C" is located on the south side of the channel.

(b) The results of the spur dike tests in- dicate that a spur dike normal to the north

Jetty, 3000 ft long with a crest elevation

of -12 ft mlt, would reduce total shoaling

about 23 percent, (c) The results of the tests of the closure of Galveston Harbor

channel indicate that total shoaling would

be increased about 60 percent. (d) The results of tests of reducing the width of the plan 2 channel from 800 ft to 600 ft Indicate a reduction in total shoaling of about 15 percent, (e) The results of the Jetty modification tests Indicate no improvement in channel shoaling with the Jetty

modifications installed in the model.

(3914) MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OP EXISTING

LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model which reproduced the filling and emptying system was used to develop feasible

modifications which will Improve prototype

performance

(g) Tests established the need for connecting the filling and emptying culverts and determined

the best port arrangement and valve schedule for filling the locks. Tests indicated that

the best port arrangements still will not permit filling in less than 16 min if re- quirement for a maximum hawser stress of 5 tons is satisfied. A filling time of 16 min with approximately equal hawser stresses can

be obtained, either by use of the type 2 in- take and a 12-min valve schedule or the type

1 intake and a 4-min valve schedule. If maximum hawser stresses greater than 5 tons

are allowed, advantages can be gained by use

of the type 2 intake.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3915) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING VALLEY

PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebra ska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Gering Valley project in western Nebr. will consist of low rectangular drop struc- tures designed for alluvial channels, a series of which will be located in the main

Gering drain as well as in the tributaries. Structure widths will vary from 6 to 33 ft and lengths from 16 to 47 ft, with drop

heights of 5 and 10 ft. A l:12-scale model and a l:33-scale model were used in the investigation. Each model

reproduced a typical drop structure, adjacent overbank areas, and about 300 ft of the approach and exit areas. The smaller scale model permitted more rapid modifications of the structure. Purpose of the investigation to examine the hydraulic performance of the drop structures with particular interest in basin performance,

discharge capacity, and the extent and size

of riprap required upstream and downstream

of structure.

(g) Families of curves were developed that permitted drop structure design based on drop height and discharge conditions. Desigi criteria based on investigation of structures having a 5-ft drop height were applicable to structures with drop heights up to 10 ft. A satisfactory plan for placement of riprap

material in the vicinity of the structure was developed.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A general study, by means of model tests, of various elements of spillways to develop im- proved designs and to better define values

of coefficients used in design formulas.

A flume 70 ft long by 6 ft wide and 6 ft high comprises the test facility. Section

models designed for study of particular

elements of spillways are installed in the test flume. To study hydraulic characteristics of spill- way crest shapes with heads greater than the design head, including the effects of approach

depth, crest piers and gates, elevation of downstream floor of spillway, and of down- stream slope of spillway, and to establish

general rules for design of roller-type energy dissipators.

(4382) HYDRAULIC PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Field investigations for applied research

and design.

197
(e) The purpose of the investigation is to co- ordinate the hydraulic prototype testing

program of the Corps in order to ensure com- plete coverage of needed testing, prevent unnecessary duplication of testing facilities

and tests, recommend instrument Installations

at projects where physical and hydraulic

conditions will be suitable for obtaining

data, and investigate hydraulic performance.

(g) Assistance in planning prototype instrumentation and tests was furnished to 16 Districts

for 22 projects. Other hydraulic prototype

tests related to and conducted partly under

this study are described in detail under: (a) Power-Plant Transients Tests, Garrison and

Oahe Dams, Missouri River, N. Dak. and S. Dak.;

(b) Barren River Dam, Barren River, Ky.,

Stilling Basin Prototype Pressure Tests; (c) Prototype Hawser-Force Measurements, Jackson

Lock, Tombigbee River, Ala.; (d) Prototype

Spillway Tests, Analysis and Report, Fort Randall Dam, Missouri River, S. Dak.; (e) Prototype Culvert Pressure Tests, Greenup

Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Ky. and Ohio; (f)

' Protyotype Tests, Gated Intake and Tunnel,

Nolin Dam, Nolin River, Ky.; (g) Acoustic

Flowmeter Installation and Prototype Tests, Summersvllle Dam, Gauley River, W. Va.; and

(h) Old River Control Structure, La., Prototype Tests.

(h) Prototype Hawser - Force Measurements, Jackson Lock, Tombigbee River, Ala., TR 2-685,

August 1965.

(4383) MODEL STUDY OF TURTLE CREEK CHANNEL

IMPROVEMENT.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To evaluate proposed channel improvements and determine the necessity for raising bridges

and modifying piers and abutments In the lower 7700 ft of the project. The model reproduced the lower 7 700 ft of the Turtle Creek channel to a scale of 1:50. Provisions were made to test the lower 1500

ft of the creek in existing and improved

conditions

(g) Tests indicated that the proposed channel was

adequate to carry the design discharge, al- though low-level railroad bridges in the reach would project into the flow. Additional

reduction in stages and improvement in flow conditions could be obtained by realignment of the lower 800 ft of channel to eliminate pro- jecting piers and abutments, and by removing

projections and obstructions remaining in the channel upstream.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(4385) GENERAL MODEL STUDY BELLEVILLE LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, OHIO AND W. VA

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project involves construction of a non- navigable-type dam with parallel locks about

204 miles below Pittsburgh, Pa.; the main

lock will be 1200 by 110 ft and the auxiliary

lock 600 by 110 ft. The dam will consist of eight gate bays, each 110 ft wide, and a 265- ft-long fixed-crest weir. The locks and dam will have a lift of 22 ft and will replace four of the existing low-lift locks and dams.

A l:120-scale, fixe"d--bed model, reproducing

about 3 miles of the river, adjacent overbank

area, and the locks and dam structures, was used for the Investigation. The model in- cluded sufficient piezometer- type gages to permit an accurate study of the effects of the installation on stages at the dam, at the ends of the lock walls, and upstream and downstream from the ends of the walls. To study navigation conditions in the lock approaches and the effects of the structures

on flood stages under various flow conditions;

to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions; and to demonstrate to navigation Interests the acceptability of the proposed design from a navigation standpoint,

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(4386) GENERAL MODEL STUDIES OF HOLT LOCK AND DAM, WARRIOR RIVER, ALA

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To study flow conditions in the lock approaches

and in the approach and exit channels for all arrangements of the structures; to determine

the adequacy of the weir and stilling basin

design; to determine the most advantageous

type of filling and emptying system from the standpoints of rate of operation, degree of turbulence, and economy; and to study pro- posed valve designs. Four models were used in this study: a 1:80-

scale model reproducing the structures, 4800

ft of the approach channel, and 4800 ft of the exit channel; a l:36-scale section model reproducing one full bay and two adjacent half bays of the spillway and stilling basin;

a l:25-scale model reproducing 800 ft of the lock approach channel, intake manifolds, the 670-ft lock chamber culverts, bottom laterals, outlet stilling basin, and 730 ft of the downstream exit channel; and a l:15-scale

model of a culvert valve.

(g) The 1:80 general model Indicated that the overall arrangement and location of the structures are generally satisfactory. In- stallation of a 300-ft-long dike In the downstream river channel afforded improved

flow conditions in the lower approach to the lock. Tests on the 1:36 section model indi- cated that the 80-ft-long, apron-type basin

can be replaced with a small, 20-ft-radius

bucket. In the 1:25 lock model the original

design laterals were revised for better flow distribution between the 12 ports. The bottom, middle-third lateral system was found

to be feasible. Increasing the spacing between the laterals in this system improved

its performance. The final design middlethird system consisted of 12 laterals spaced

on 17-ft centers with the first lateral 237

ft below the upstream miter gate pintle. A satisfactory split-lateral filling system was also developed, consisting of 12 laterals divided into two groups of six each at 17-ft centers. The land-wall group began 17 7 ft from the upstream miter gate pintle and the river-wall group began 401 ft from the upper miter gate pintle. With either filling or emptying system installed the lock could be filled in 9.3 min with a 4-min valve or emptied in 11 m'in with a 2-min valve. Hawser stresses of 5 tons or less obtained. A verti- cally framed culvert valve was developed in the 1:15 valve model.

(h) "Lock Filling and Emptying System, Holt Lock

and Dam, Warrior River, Ala., Hydraulic Model Investigation," TR 2-698, November 1965.

(4388) SECTION MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, TYPICAL LOW HEAD NAVIGATION DAM, ARKANSAS 'RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Stability of the stone blanket was investi- gated on a l:25-scale model reproducing a 5- ft depth of approach channel, one 60-ft gate

bay and two adjacent half bays, the spillway,

stilling basin, and outlet channel. Observa- tions of gate sill performance and stilling

basin action were made on a l:50-scale sec- tion model installed in a 1-ft-wide, glasssided flume. Supplementary tests were conducted to investigate (a) flow conditions and maximum bottom velocities downstream of a trapezoidal gate

198
(h)

(4390)

(b)

sill without stilling basin; (b) relative

merits of a parabolic gate sill with a roller

bucket energy dissipator and same sill with a horizontal apron stilling basin terminated by

a sloping end sill for dissipating energy at low-head navigation dams, specifically, pro- posed Locks and Dams 5 and 7; and (c) stabil- ity of a horizonatal protective stone blanket downstream of the most practical energy dissipator.

Completed.

The trapezoidal gate sill permitted separation

of the nappe from the gate sill and formation

of an undesirable flow condition termed an undulating Jet which created high bottom

velocities and objectionable surface waves in the exit channel. Therefore, use of such a sill and the possibility of eliminating still- ing basins at certain low-head dams on the Ark. River were dropped from further consideration.

Tests revealed the relatively short apron and

end sill to be the most practical design for

use with the parabolic gate sill and the con- ditions expected at the proposed Locks and Dams 5 and 7. The model also indicated that horizontal protective stone blankets consisting of stone up to 36 and 48 in. in diameter

were stable downstream of the horizontal

apron and end sill for all possible flow

conditions other than spray action. The additional tests indicated that the elimination of stilling basins was not practical for

the conditions investigated. However, a 40- ft-long, horizontal apron terminated by a 4- ft-hlgh sloping end sill provided satisfactory

performance and was found to be more effective

in dissipating energy than were various roller buckets.

"Gate Sills and Stilling Basins for Locks and Dams Nos. 5 and 7," Appendix A to the final report on the principal study, TR 2-655,

Spillway for Typical Low-Head Navigation Dam, Arkansas River, Arkansas: , Hydraulic Model Investigation, October 1955. GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF CANNELTON

DAM, OHIO RIVER, IND. AND KY. JXKS AND

(g)

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design. The project involves the construction of a nonnavigable dara approximately 721 miles below Pittsburgh, Pa., with parallel locks,

the main lock to have clear dimensions of 1200 by 110 ft and the auxiliary lock to be

600 by 110 ft. Two models were used in this study. A 1:120-

scale model reproduces about 9 miles of the river and sufficient overbank areas to permit

the reproduction and study of flows up to the maximum of record (1937 flood). The model in- cludes the locks and dam structures with pro- visions for the installation of powerhouse

facilities. Also, 20 piezometer-type gages

are provided to permit study of swellheads

as affected by the locks and dam and the powerhouse facilities. A l:25-scale model reproduced 500 ft of the lock approach channel, intake manifolds, the 1200-ft lock chamber,

culvert, sidewall port manifolds, outlets, and

20C ft of the downstream exit channel.

To investigate navigation conditions in the lock approaches and effects of the structures

on flood stages; to obtain data for development of rating curves; to determine the effect of powerhouse installation on flow and navigation conditions; and to determine the suitability of a sidewall port filling system under heads and submergences which will obtain

at the Cannelton Lock and other locks on the Ohio River. Tests on the l:120-scale model indicated that

the powerhouse should be placed on an angle of

70451 with the axis of the dam, and that satisfactory navigation conditions could be obtained during floods by degrading a portion

of the left overbank upstream of the powerhouse

entrance channel. Lock model tests indicated

that satisfactory performance should be obtained with a sidewall port arrangement for

a 110-by 1200-ft lock based on the following

recommendations: (a) Port-area to culvertarea ratios should be about 0.95. (b) Ports

should be spaced 28 ft on centers, (c) The port group should extend over about 50 percent of the lock chamber, and be centered in the chamber, (d) Triangular deflectors or recesses are desirable at the upstream one- third of the ports.

(4391) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 3, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A movable-bed model reproducing about 13 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank area, constructed to a scale of 1:120 horizontally and 1:80 vertically, was

used. The purpose is to determine the suitability

of the proposed site for the lock and dam structure, the effects of proposed regulating works in the vicinity including a cutoff, and modifications which might be required to pro- vide adequate channel depths in the lock approaches and safe navigation conditions

with minimum maintenance.

(g) Tests to determine the effects of various

combinations of training dikes and gate

operation were accomplished. Results indicated that shoaling in the lower lock approach can be reduced by selected operation of the lock gates and the installa- tion of training dikes in the channel up- stream of the dam.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(4396) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY, ENTRANCE TO OAK POINT, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The model reproduces the lower 52 miles

of the Columbia River and pertinent offshore

areas to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents, density currents, waves, and other phenomena significant to the movement and deposition of sediments are reproduced

and studied. Some portions of the model are

of the fixed-bed type, while some portions

are to be converted to the movable-bed type

at a later date. The purposes of the study

are to determine the need for and to develop

optimum plans for rehabilitation of existing

Jetties and proposed additional improvements; to investigate future shoaling developments

in the entrance. channel and in the reach bet- ween the entrance and Oak Point, and means of alleviating such shoaling; and to investigate

existing and proposed spoil-disposal areas to establish locations that will not permit movement of material back to the channel,

(g) Fixed-bed shoaling tests indicated that con- struction of the proposed 40- by 600-ft chan- nel will increase channel shoaling by the following amounts: Miller Sands Bar, 41.0 percent; Tongue Point Bar, 124.4 percent; Wauna-Lower Westport Bar, 75.8 percent; and Pillar Rock Bar, 60.2 percent. An improve- ment plan at Miller Sands Bar, consisting of

a combination of 4 pile dikes and an 8700-ft- long dredge spoil fill, was developed which

reduced the 40- by 600-ft channel shoaling

rate by 47.8 percent. Dredge spoil areas at Tongue Point Bar were developed which will

not affect the shoaling rate at this bar. An improvement plan at Wauna-Lower Westport Bar, consisting of a combination of 4 pile dikes

and 3 dredge spoil fills, was developed which reduced the 40- by 600-ft channel shoaling

rate by 29.6 percent.

199
(4593) general model studies of millers ferry lock and dam, Alabama river, Alabama.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project is located 142.2 miles above the mouth of the Alabama River and is part of the development program of the Alabama River

waterway. It will include a nonnavigable dam with a gated and an overflow section, a lock

on the left bank .having clear dimensions of 600 by 84 ft, and a powerhouse.

To investigate navigation conditions through

an existing bridge and in the lock approaches,

the effects of the structures on flood stages, and the effects of powerhouse operations on navigation conditions. A separate model study

investigated the suitability of a longitudinal floor culvert system for filling and emptying

the lock under heads and submergences which

will obtain at the Millers Ferry Lock site. A 1:100- scale general model reproducting about

3.1 miles of river was used to study navigation conditions, and a l:25-scale model re- producing 700 ft of the lock approach channel,

the 600-ft by 84-ft lock chamber, the entire culvert system, and 800 ft of the downstream

exit channel was used to study filling and emptying of the lock.

(g) Results in the general model indicated the need for modification of the excavation along

the left bank to facilitate the movement of downbound tows leaving the lock. In the lock

studies, two satisfactory floor culvert ar- rangements were developed. One arrangement

was adapted to the particular foundation con- ditions existing at the Millers Ferry Lock

site which confined the culvert system to the middle third of the lock chamber. The second arrangement was developed for locations with

less restrictive foundation conditions.

(h) Preparation of final reports on general and lock model studies is in progress.

(4594) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, SHELBYVILLE DAM, KASKASKIA RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis,

Missouri

d) Experimental j for design.

e) The investigation was conducted on a 1:40-

scale model that reproduced the spillway and allied structures, a portion of the earth embankment on each side of the spillway, 1550

ft of the approach channel, and 1150 ft of the exit channel. The purpose of the Investigation is to study

the overall hydraulic performance of the spillway and outlets of the sluices, verify

chute and stilling basin designs, and develop

an exit channel protection plan.

(g) Adequate spillway capacity and flow conditions

at the abutments were obtained by placing

rock dikes at the abutment to guide flow into

the weir. The diversion blockout was found

to be adequate and satisfactory for the re- lease of the expected diversion flows. Exit

channel protection, with and without berms behind the stilling basin training walls,

consisting of riprap and concrete paving was developed.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(4595) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, OUACHITA RIVER, LA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, VIcksburg,

Mississippi

.d) Experimental; for design,

e) The project involves construction of a cutoff channel about 5,600 feet long with a bottom width of 522 feet, a gated structure

(consisting of four talnter gates each 50 feet wide and 26 feet high) located about midway of the cutoff, a 200-foot-wide navigable pass on the right of the dam, and

a 600- by 84-foot lock on the left. A

1:100 model, reproducing about 2.6 miles of the river, was used to investigate navigation

conditions in the approaches to the lock and navigable pass, and the effects of the structures on flood stages,

(f) Final report in preparation.

(4598) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, CAYUGA INLET, ITHACA, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation was conducted on a 1 descale model which reproduced 300 ft of the approach channel, the drop structure, and about 400 ft of the exit channel. The purpose of the study was to confirm the suitability of the drop structure, and if indicated, to develop advantageous modifications thereto. Of particular concern is the magnitude of channel velocities below the structure

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests demonstrated that the original design structure was unsatisfactory as little or no energy dissipation occurred at low and inter- mediate flows. The length of the stucture

was reduced and baffle piers were eliminated

from the basin. A 3-ft-high sill was added

to the weir crest to reduce velocities in the channel upstream from the structure. Use of

a 12-ft-radius abutment wall improved condi- tions at the entrance to the structure and reduced construction costs.

(h) "Drop Structure, Cayuga Inlet Cayuga Lake, New York Hydraulic Model Investigation," TR

2-709, Dec, 1965.

(4599) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURES, LITTLE SIOUX RIVER PROJECT, LITTLE SIOUX, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The l:30-scale model reproduced about 700 ft of the channel and berms upstream of the structure, the drop structure, and about 13C0 ft of the channel and berms below the struc- ture. Portions of the levees containing the structure were reproduced adjacent to the berms. The approach channel and berms were initially molded in sand; subsequent tests were conducted with this area molded in cement mortar to sheet-metal templates.

Prototype roughness was simulated by install- ing expanded metal mesh (7/8-in.) on the up- stream berms. The concrete area of the drop structure was fabricated of plastic-coated

plywood.

Studies were made of the placement of riprap

materials in the vicinity of the structure, and the discharge capacity of the structure,

(g) As the design of the drop structure for Little Sioux was based on the successful de- sign of the Gering Valley structure, and as initial observations revealed satisfactory

performance of the structure from a hydraulic

standpoint no changes were made to the drop structure during the course of the model

study. Model tests were mainly concerned

with the determination of an adequate riprap

plan to protect the structure and obtain the most economical use of the rock. Calibration data for submerged and unsubmerged flows were obtained. It was determined from the model

study that while the overall performance of the structure was excellent, and the dimensions of the drop structure based on the Ger- ing Valley tests were satisfactory, certain modifications to the structure would improve

hydraulic performance and effect economies In construction

Tests indicated that stone sizes in the original riprap plan were larger than nec- cessary and smaller sizes could be used with

a resulting saving in construction costs. Tests also indicated that approximately 150

ft of riprap protection on the channel banks upstream from the structure could be eliminated^

200
The capacity of the control sturcture was found to be adequate,

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(4502) LOCK FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; applied research,

e; The following models were used in this study

during the past year: the l:25-scale model

of the 670- by 110-ft low-lift locks on the Arkansas River project, the l:25-scale model

of the 655- by 84-ft Jones Bluff Lock, Ala.

River, and a l:36-scale model of the culvert

system for a longitudinal floor-culvert

system in 1200-ft locks. The purpose of the studies is to provide new

or improved design information and procedures

to assist in the design of navigation lock filling and emptying systems.

(g) Tests were conducted in the low-lift lock test facility to provide additional information on

the desirable culvert and port sizes for use

in sidewall port filling and emptying systems. The longitudinal floor-culvert filling and emptying system developed for the Jones Bluff

Lock was tested at a head of 69 ft to provide

data on the performance of this type system

at high heads. Developmental tests of a floor-culvert system for use in high-lift

locks were initiated in the l:36-scale model. Tests to date have been directed toward im- proving the design of the transitions, bifurcations, and bends required in the culvert

system. Several designs have been tested in an effort to minimize head losses while main- taining the desired distribution of flow in the culvert system.

Correlation of results from the low-lift lock

tests with other data resulted in design

recommendations for low-lift lock systems. Results of the tests on the Jones Bluff Lock

model indicated that the longitudinal floorculvert system has potential for adaptation

to larger locks with intermediate and high

lifts.

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(4603) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM FOR LOW-LIFT LOCKS, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock,

Arkansas, and other interested Corps of Engineers offices.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The investigation was conducted on a 1:25-

scale model which reproduced 700 ft of lock approach channel, intake manifolds, a 670- ft-long lock chamber, culvert, sidewall port

manifolds, outlet manifold, and 700 ft of downstream channel. It is being used to determine an optimum port arrangement for the filling and emptying system for low-lift

locks.

(g) Results of the generalized tests indicated

that a satisfactory sidewall port arrangement

for a 110- by 600-ft lock should result from

the following recommendations: (a) Port-area

to culvert-area ratio should be about 0.95.

b) Ports should be spaced 28 ft on centers.

c) The port group should extend over about

50-60 percent of the lock chamber and be centered about the midpoint of the lock chamber or a point slightly downstream. (d) Triangular deflectors or recesses are desir- able at the upstream one-third of the ports.

Filling and emptying characteristics were obtained for a range of lifts and submergences

for the optimum arrangements of 14 type A ports (type 35) and 13 type D ports (type 56)

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(4604) MODEL STUDY OF INTAKE AND FLOOD-CONTROL

OUTLET, DEGRAY DAM, CADDO RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vlcksburg, Mississippi.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The investigation was conducted on a 1:23-

scale model that reproduced the intake tower and a portion of the reservoir, the 29-ft-dlam diversion tunnel, stilling basin,

and 240 ft of the exit channel. At the conclusion of the diversion tests, the flood- control gate was Installed at the end of the 29-ft-diam conduit for additional flow

studies. Purpose is to develop a conventional hydraulic jump-type stilling basin, and to study

flow through the intake tower, elbow, tunnels, and the flood-control regulating gate

at the end of the 29-ft diam. conduit.

f) Completed.

g) A cylinder-gate intake tower functioned with

less head loss and less surging than did the slide-gate intake tower. Pressures in the tunnel and elbow were positive and no zones

of separation were evident. Pressures in the flood-control transitions indicated a gradient that approximated that of the area

curve. The stilling basin developed for the large diversion releases was found to be adequate for dissipation of the high-energy

flood-control releases.

(h) "Outlet Works, DeGray Dam, Caddo River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation," TR 2-684, July 1965.

(5228) CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF SMALL-BOAT HARBORS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To develop equations and experimental coef- ficients for use in predicting the motion of samll boats moored to floating docks under

the action of progressive- and standing-wave

systems; determine the optimum shape of harbors and types of perimeter walls with

respect to the response characteristics of small-craft harbors and the surging of moored craft in the harbors; and provide design

criteria for protective structures at the entrance to small-craft harbors. Wave basins of various sizes will be used in the laboratory tests.

(h) "Wave Induced Oscillation of Small Moored

Vessels," by Fredrich Raichlen, Report No. CR-2-131, October 1965.

(5229) GENERAL COASTAL INLET STUDIES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This is a general study to develop means for computing discharge and velocity distribution through tidal inlets, leading to determination

of tidal prisms and water-surface elevations

in inner bay systems; and to determine the factors involved in both inner and outer bar

formation, the shoaling of inlet channels, and

the stability of inlet shape and location.

The project will consist of the following

three phases: (l) Tests in four generalized

test facilities, three of which (Facilities

A, B, and C) will be located at the Waterways

Experiment Station and the fourth at the Coastal Engineering Research Center; (2) analysis of results of these tests by the Waterways Experiment Station, the Coastal Engineering Research Center, and the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics; and (3) field observations under sponsorship of the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics to confirm the principles developed. Construction of Facility A at WES, including the control

system and pumping plant, has been completed, and design of the initial inlets to be tested in this facility has been completed. The basic structure of Facility C, located at WES, has been constructed and materials for

the water supply and control systems have been obtained. Design of Facility B to be located at WES has been completed. Fabri- cation of the shelter to house Facilities B

and C has been initiated.

201
(5230) MODEL STUDY OP NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 4, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS. W

(d)

(g)

(h)

(5231)

(b)

(g)

(h)

(5233)

(t;

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas. Experimental; for design. The investigation was conducted on a 1:120-

scale, fixed-bed, comprehensive model, re- producing about 5 miles of the Arkansas

River and adjacent overbank areas, the lock

and dam structures, and all bridges and other

structures that might affect flow conditions.

The purpose is to determine the suitability

of the proposed site for the lock and dam structure, and the effects of regulating

works in the lower approach, and to develop

modifications which might be required to overcome any undesirable navigation conditions.

The location and arrangement of the lock, dam, and overflow sections were satisfactory. The upper guard wall should be on the riverside

rather than landside. Modification of the Rob Roy Bridge and alignment of the right bank near the bridge would be desirable to improve ..avigation. The mooring area would

have less effect on navigation through the lock if moved upstream. Shoaling in the lower approach will depend on amount of sediraent moving through the dam. Preparation of final report is in progress. MODEL STUDY 0? NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, OZARK LOCK At!D DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

kittle Rock, Arkansas. Experimental; for design.

A 1:120, fixed-bed model, reproducing about

3 miles of the Arkansas River, adjacent over- bank areas to an elevation of approximately

385 ft rnsl, the lock and dam structures,

and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions, is being used

to determine the suitability of the proposed

site for the lock and dam structures, and to develop modifications which might be required

to overcome any undesirable navigation

conditions

Tests have resulted in modifications in the lock approaches and in the excavation in the approach to the powerhouse, and in the development of a suitable plan for spoil disposal.

Preparation of final report is in progress. MODEL STUDY OF SUBMERGED SILLS, ST. CLAIR

RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Detroit, Corps of Engineers,

Detroit, Michigan.

Experimental; for design. To study effects of one or more submerged

sills at different locations on backwater

effect, to study sedimentation characteristics

and velocities and current directions, and to verify the adequacy of the submerged sills to withstand propeller wash with an initial velocity of 25 fps. The comprehensive model reproduced the St. Clair River from Lake Huron to a point about

3.1 miles downstream to a scale of 1:60; this model was of' the fixed-bed type with provisions for the study of sediment movement and

for the study of shoaling in the critical area.

A l:20-scale section model installed in an existing, 2.5-ft-wide flume was used to in- vestigate the stability of the submerged sills and the ability of 15-ton precast units and various sizes of stone to withstand propeller

wash with an initial velocity of 25 fps. Tests on the comprehensive model to determine

the effects of various submerged sill com- binations were conducted. Construction of the section model and tests to determine the stability and discharge coefficients of various

submerged sills were completed. Tests to determine the effects of a new type sill (selected as a result of the section model

tests) and the effects of sediment deposition were accomplished.

The results indicated that: the new type sill would be slightly less effective than the vertical-faced sills; sediment deposition between sills would tend to reduce the effectiveness of the sills; and sills would

have no appreciable effect on navigation

conditions in the reach.

(5234) MODEL STUDY OF SEAWALL, TEXAS CITY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A levee and seawall system has been proposed

to protect Texas City and adjacent areas

of the shore of Galveston Bay from flooding

caused by hurricanes. To develop designs for

(1) vertical-faced seawalls, (2) rubble-mourd structures to protect the natural ground at the base of a vertical wall on its bayside,

and (3) rubble-mound armor layers to protect

the bayside slope and crown of an earth levee, 1:35 section models of the structures are being tested in a concrete flume 119 feet

long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Model waves are generated by a plunger-type wave

machine, and measured and recorded

electrically.

(g) To stabilize the type 1 design, when attacked by 6-second, 15-foot waves, 6-ton stones instead of 3.3-ton stones were required at the bayside toe. The landside slope was made stable by using 3.3-ton stones instead

of riprap. The type 2 and type 3 designs

were made stable under the attack of 6- second, 15-foot waves by using a mound of

1- to 1-1/2-ton stones to scotch the toe of

the 6-ton cover layers. The results of the pressure distribution tests showed that the forces acting on the vertical-wall section

were greater than those obtained from Sainflou's theory for nonbreaking waves, and less than those obtained from Minikin !s formula for breaking waves.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5235) MODEL STUDY OF BESSIE CUTOFF, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Memphis, Corps of Engineers,

Memphis, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed Bessie Cutoff would eliminate

the river bend at New Madrid, Mo., and shorten the river about 21 miles. A model,

reproducing 85 miles of the river to a horizontal scale of 1:500 and a vertical

scale of 1:100, is being used to obtain indications of the probable effects of various degrees of cutoff development on velocities, current directions, watersurface profiles, navigation depths, channel meandering tendencies, and general

navigability of the affected reach. The model is of the fixed-bed type with pro- vision for converting to a movable bed the reaches expected to be affected appreciably

by the cutoff.

(f) Completed.

(g) Test results indicated no serious navigation

difficulties during the time of the inter- mediate or final development stages of the cutoff, except for locally high velocities.

The low-water slopes upstream of the cutoff would be increased by about 50 percent, with

stages lowered from 1.5 ft at Columbus, Ky. (about 37 miles upstream of the cutoff), to 6.5 ft at the head of the cutoff with a flow

of about 200,000 cfs. Flood stages would be lowered by amounts ranging from about 9.5 to 11.0 ft at the head of the cutoff, depending

on the magnitude of the flood and whether or not the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway is in operation. The study also indicated the general effects of the cutoff on channel development and stabilization, the effects of

202
the floodfree roadway connecting the severed area with the mainland, and the movement of sediment at the head of the cutoff during the initial development,

(h) "Model Study of Bessie Cutoff, Mississippi

River; Hydraulic Model Investigation," Report

No. TR 2-592, September 1965.

(5238) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, STOCKTON DAM, SAC RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Kansas City, Corps of Engineers, Kansas City, Kansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 4-gated, ogee spillway and one 45,000-

kilowatt powerhouse unit located in a concrete nonoverflow section adjacent to the spillway are proposed for Stockton Dam. A 1:50 model reproducing 1,700 feet of the approach area, the entire spillway and powerhouse, the stilling basin, and 1,100

feet of the exit channel was used to investigate the hydraulic adequacy of the spillway, stilling basin, and appurtenances,

and determine any desirable modifications

for various operating conditions.

f) Tests completed.

g) The overall performance of the original de- sign structure was satisfactory. Flow con- ditions in the approach, at the abutments,

over the spillway, and on the chute were

adequate. The capacity of the spillway as determined on the model was greater than that

computed. No alterations to the original

design spillway section were made during the course of the model study. However, in several tests the discharge per foot of crest width was adjusted upward to simulate flow

over a slightly reduced crest width. The performance of the original design stilling

basin was satisfactory in the dissipation of

all spillway discharges. However, three alternate designs were investigated in an attempt to effect economies in construction

costs. A stilling basin (type 3) was devel- oped which permitted a reduction in the size

of basin elements and permitted the basin

elevation to be raised 5 ft. The model tests also indicated that the height of the stilling

basin divider wall could be reduced 5 ft without affecting the efficiency of the basin.

(h) "Spillway for Stockton Dam, Sac River, Mo.; Hydraulic Model Investigation," final report

no. TR 2-683, July 19S5.

(5241) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION AND SHIP MOORING, POINT LOMA, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Navy Electronics Laboratory desires to use an aircraft carrier, moored behind a protective breakwater about 4,000 feet

offshore, in the design and development of electronic equipment. A 1:100 model re- producing about 4.5 square miles of the locality, and a 1:100 model of an Essex

class aircraft carrier were used to:

(l) Determine wave-action conditions that will

obtain within the mooring area; (2) study variations in design and location of

the breakwater; (3) secure data on actual movement of the model ship due to wave

action; (4) investigate the feasibility of

a proposed floating causeway shoreward from

the ship; and (5) study adequacy of design

of a proposed small-craft landing area

in the Immediate vicinity. Waves were

generated by a 60-foot-long wave machine,

and are measured and recorded electrically.

The model of the aircraft carrier was dynamically balanced to reproduce the physical characteristics of the prototype

ship.

f) Completed.

g) (l) Breakwater length was reduced from 3,600

to 2,100 feet, a 40 percent reduction from

original design. (2) It was determined that wave heights behind the breakwater, and the

resulting ship motion, would not be excessive insofar as waves from average severe storms

are concerned. (3) The optimum crown elevation for a rubble-mound causeway and

small boat landing area was established.

(4) It was determined that a nearby sewer

outfall pier would be unsafe for fishermen

during periods when wave heights approached

13 to 18 feet because of overtopping of the structure

(h) "U. S. Navy Ship Mooring Facility, West

Coast of Point Loma, San Diego, California; Hydraulic Model Investigation," U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Techni- cal Report No. 2-708, December 1965. (Avail- able on loan.

)

(5242) PROTOTYPE CULVERT PRESSURE TESTS, GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, KENTUCKY AND OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project, located on the Ohio River 341 miles downstream from Pittsburgh, Pa., con- sists of a 110- by 600-ft auxiliary lock, a 110- by 1200-ft main lock, and a nine-bay,

1287-ft-long spillway dam. The lift of the locks is 32 ft at present, but will be 30 ft when additional downstream development is completed. The filling and emptying system

of the main lock consists of two culverts and

a split-lateral system. To measure prototype pressures in the filling and emptying system of the main lock and water- surface elevations in the lock chamber

for comparison with model results and for

further development of lock design criteria. Electrical transducers connected to piezo- meters by ai"r-purged lines were used to measure pressures in the lock culverts and water-surface elevations in the lock. Cir- cular potentiometers were used to indicate

the positions of the filling and emptying

valves. All data, accompanied by a common

time indication, were recorded on light-beam

oscillographs. Other data included photographic records of flow conditions and staff gage readings,

(g) The data analysis and model-prototype com- parison in report form were furnished by the

St. Paul District. These were combined with remainder of the report. Final editing is In progress

Analysis of prototype pressures in the fill- ing and emptying systems of the main lock for two-culvert (normal) operation, single-cul- vert operation, and steady-flow conditions

indicates reasonable confirmation of the model results. Discrepancies between model

and prototype similitude are thought to cause the dissimilarity in the data.

(5243) PROTOTYPE TESTS, GATED INTAKE AND TUNNEL, NOLIN DAM, NOLIN RIVER, KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

td) Experimental; for design.

(e) Molin Dam is a rock-fill dam, 169 ft in ht, used for flood control. Tne outlet works,

consisting of a three-gated intake structure

and semielliptical-shaped tunnel, has a 16,000-cfs capacity. An uncontrolled saddle- type spillway is located on the right abut- ment . To measure the tunnel hydraulic grade line and gate-hoist cylinder pressures. From these measurements, tunnel friction and in- take losses can be evaluated and gate forces computed

Test facilities included five pairs of side- wall piezometers connected to a manifold. Pressures at full tunnel flow were measured by means of the air-purge technique, using a mercury manometer and a pressure gage. Pres- sure taps were provided in one of the operat- ing gate-hoist cylinders and measurements of

203
gate hydraulic cylinder pressures were made

with pressure gages,

(g) Tests were conducted in December 1964. Pre- liminary analysis of the data has been com- pleted and a report prepared. Additional

tests are planned when water becomes available .

(5245) MODEL STUDY OF HOUSTON SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Houston Ship Channel is a 52-mile reach extending from the Gulf of Mexico across Galveston Bay to the Turning Basin at Houston. A model study is being conducted to determine if the present cost of maintenance dredging in the channel can be re- duced by proposed plans of channel realinement, partial or complete diking of connecting bays, sediment traps, dikes in Galveston Bay, local contractions, enlargements, and other remedial measures. The model reproduces a portion of the Gulf of Mexico outside the entrance to Galveston

Bay; all of Galveston and Trinity Bays;

Dickinson Bay and Clear Creek to the head

of project; the tidal portion of Trinity

River; the Houston Ship Channel in its entirety; and Buffalo Bayou from the Turning

Basin to the confluence of White Oak Bayou.

The model is of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:600 horizontally and 1:60 vertically. Tides and

tidal currents are reproduced by a tide generator located in the Gulf of Mexico

portion of the model, and the salinity of

the model Gulf is reproduced to scale so that the effects of salinity differences on the vertical distribution of current velocities, as well as salinity concentrations

throughout the model, accurately reproduce

those of the prototype. The model will be used to establish the effects of all proposed

improvement works on tidal current velocities,

current patterns, and salinities in all critical areas. All hydraulic and salinity

data obtained from the model will be quantitative and can be applied directly to the prototype. Shoaling studies will be made by injecting finely ground gilsonite

into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed in the prototype,

following which the effects of proposed

improvement plans on shoaling patterns may

be observed and evaluated from a qualitative

viewpoint

(g) Operation of the model with salt water for verification of salinities, tidal elevations,

and current velocities for conditions of. low and medium freshwater discharges was in progress; model verification is about 90 percent

complete

(5246) MODEL STUDY OP NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, UNIONTOWN LOCK AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves construction of a dam consisting of a gated section with sill elevation at 317, a fixed overflow section with crest at elevation of 344, and two parallel locks. The main lock chamber will

have clear dimensions of 110 by 1200 ft. The auxiliary lock, 110 by 600 ft, will be located

on the right bank.

To investigate navigation conditions with the proposed structures, to determine the effects

of modifications in the composition and arrangment of the structures, and to develop any modifications considered desirable. The investigation is being conducted on a 1: 120 model reproducing about 8.6 miles of the Ohio River and adjacent overbank area near

Uniontown, Ky., the lock and dam structures,

(5247)

(b)

(5249)

(t>)

and the lower reach of the Wabash River. MODEL STUDY OP PILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, JONESVILLE LOCK Af;D DAM, OUACHITA -BLACK

RIVER, LOUISIANA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 model, reproducing 750 feet of the lock approach channel, intake manifold, the 84- by 600-foot lock chamber, culvert, sidewall port manifolds, outlets, and 650 feet of the exit channel, is being used to develop the optimum side port filling and emptying

system for the lock. Completed.

The original design intake and outlet manifold performed satisfactorily. Tests of 31 sidewall port arrangements resulted in the adoption of 17 ports per culvert spaced 20 ft on centers with 8- by 8- by 2-ft-deep

recesses in the lock chamber floor in front

of each port. With the adopted hydraulic

system installed in the model, hawser

stresses on 4- and 6-barge tows were well within the 5-ton limit during operation at normal and probable maximum heads and sub- mergences. Flow conditions in the upstream

lock approach Indicated that rectangular

guide wall piers contributed to vortex

tendencies at the intake manifold; therefore, the use of circular guide wall piers

is recommended. Flow conditions in the downstream approach were satisfactory during

emptying operations. PROTOTYPE HAWSER- FORCE MEASUREMENTS, JACKSON

LOCK, TOMBIGEEE RIVER, ALABAMA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers,

Mobile, Alabama, and Office, Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C. Experimental; for design.

The Jackson Lock chamber is 110 feet wide by

670 feet long and has a 34-foot maximum

lift. Reverse tainter valves control flow

in two 12. 5-foot- square culverts, each of which has 6, intake ports in the upper

approach walls, 14 side ports to the lock

chamber, and an outlet discharging outside

the lower lock approach.

To measure prototype hawser loads resulting

from hydraulic forces acting on a tow of loaded barges. Data obtained with rigid- and flexible-type connections between the tow and floating mooring bitts were compared

with model results and used in developing

lock design criteria. The rigid connections, containing calibrated

dynamometers, were installed fore and aft

on the portside of the tow and connected to floating mooring bitts in the lock land wall. One connection measured longitudinal hawser

forces, and the other measured transverse

forces. Potentiometers were mounted on the culvert-valve operating arm to measure valve

opening. Differential-type pressure trans- ducers were used for measuring the slope of

the water surface in the lock chamber, and absolute pressure transducers were used for drawdown measurements of the water surface

in the approach channel. Potentiometers

also were Installed on the land-wall float- ing bitts to measure tow movement during the rigid connection tests. For the flexible- connection tests, the rigid connections were replaced by flexible hawsers of 1-inch-diam- eter wire rope at all four corners of the

tow, and calibrated dynamometers were in- stalled in the hawsers and connected to floating bitts in both lock walls. Other instrumentation was identical with that of the rigid connection tests. Completed. Good agreement was found between the prototype cable hawser measurements and the model results with maximum longitudinal forces of

204
about 4 tons and maximum transverse forces of about 1-1/2 tons. Un-s^heduled overfilling of the look chamber, resulting from the momentum (g) of the flow in the filling system, forced the upstream miter gates to open near the end of the 4-min-valve tests, causing longitudinal

forces of 8 tons. Prototype hawser loads in

the rigid-connection tests were much higher

than with the cable connections because

allowable clearances between the floating

mooring bitt rollers and guides permitted the tow to move freely about 2 in., resulting in (5634)

impact-type loads,

(h) "Prototype Hawser-Force Measurements, Jackson

Lock, Tombigbee River, Alabama," Technical (b) Report 2-685, August 1965.

(5250) PROTOTYPE SPILLWAY TESTS, ANALYSIS AND REPORT, (d) PORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. (e)

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e; Port Randall Dam, in southeastern South Dakota,

is one of a system of multiple-purpose res- ervoirs. The dam consists of a rolled-earthfill embankment alomost 2 miles long with a maximum height of 160 ft. Pour 22-ft-diam

conduits discharging into a common stilling

basin provide for flood-control releases. Eight 22-ft-diam penstocks supply water for power generation. A 1000-ft-wide, concretechute spillway with a design capacity of 620,000 cfs is located in the left abutment. Spillway discharge is controlled by 21 tainter

gates, each 29 ft high and 40 ft wide.

To obtain vertical velocity distribution and water- surface depths on the spillway chute for use in checking design resistance coef- ficient assumptions and computing discharge

over the spillway. These data will assist in eliminating a deficiency in the information

on full-scale chute spillway flows used in design of such structures. Two pitot piers were fabricated and installed

on the spillway chute . The pitot piers in- strumentation consisted of eight total-head

tubes to measure vertical velocity distributions. Water-surface measurements along the (g) spillway length were made with wire-weight

gages. Visual observations and photographic

records of flow conditions were also made.

(g) Water-surface depths measured on the chute spillway appeared to be close to the normal

depths at the downstream end of the chute. Vertical velocity distributions on the spill- way slab were in good agreement with a loga- rithmic equation for the supercritical flow conditions of the tests. Plow resistance was relatively high, possibly due to the concrete

spillway slab Joints or water-surface wave effects in the super-critical flow. Equivalent

sand grain roughness values and the slope of

the velocity distribution curve agree with

results of previous investigations.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(5251) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, ROBERT

S. KERR LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (h) District, Tulsa, Corns of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma. (5635)

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Robert S. Kerr Lock and Dam, to be located

at about mile 395 on the Arkansas River, will

involve construction of a nonnavigable-type

dam, a 110- by 600-ft lock, and a powerhouse. (b) The lock will provide a maximum lift of about

48 ft. (d) To study navigation conditions in the approaches to the lock, determine suitability

of the selected site, and develop modifications

required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

The model reproduces about 3.2 miles of the Arkansas River and the lock and dam structures

to a scale of 1:120. It is a fixed-bed model with provision for a movable-bed section below

the dam for use in the development of chan- nel configurations in the reach. Tests have indicated the need for modification of the alignment of the right bank

downstream of the powerhouse and for an extension to the lower guard wall to Improve

navigation in the lower approach with existing and ultimate channel, and a fill along

the left side of the approach channel to eliminate objectionable crosscurrents. MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATERS, DANA POINT HARBOR,

CALIFORNIA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

Experimental; for design.

Dana Point Harbor is a proposed small-craft harbor to be located on the southern Calif, coast in Orange County, about 40 miles south- east of Los Angeles. This harbor Is to be constructed at a site which is exposed to ocean waves. The harbor will be protected by rubble-mound breakwaters which are permeable

and allow some of the wave energy to pass

through the structures into the calm area.

To determine the effectiveness of the proposed breakwater sections in reducing transmitted

wave energy, and the stability of the break- waters to provide a basis for the design of

the proposed harbor; and to add to the available basic data on the transmission of wave energy into artificial harbors. Tests were conducted in a concrete wave

flume 119 ft long, 5 ft wide, and 4 ft deep

on section models of the proposed structures constructed to linear scales of 1:50 and 1: 100. Model waves were generated by a plungertype wave machine and measured and recorded

electrically.

Stability tests, wave-transmission tests, and wave runup and rundown tests were conducted

on breakwater sections with crown elevations

of +14 and +18 ft mllw. Tests were also con- ducted on wave absorbers on the face slope of the mole with a view to reducing the wave runup on the mole and wave heights in the fairway between the mole and the breakwater. Stability tests showed that the proposed breakwater section would be adequate to with- stand the attack of the 12-sec, 16-ft design

waves. The maximum transmitted wave height measured on the harborside was found to be about 45 percent of the incident wave height. The average value of the wave transmission

coefficient (H r/Hi) is about 15 percent of the incident wave height. The longer the wave period, the more wave energy Is trans- mitted through a rubble-mound breakwater. Appreciable scale effect in wave transmission was found between the results of tests ob- tained from the l:50-scale and the 1:100-

scale model. It was found that a 25-ft-wide berm at elevation +4 ft mllw when used in combination with the model-developed break- water at crown elevation of +18 ft mllw would provide a mole revetment and breakwater com- bination that would satisfy the selected wave-height criterion in the fairway between

the mole and the breakwater. Preparation of final report is in progress. INVESTIGATION OF WAVE REFLECTING AND TRANS- MITTING CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS, RUBBLE-WAVE ABSORBERS, SAND BEACHES, WAVE TRAPS, AND RESONATORS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

A theoretical study of the phenomena of wave transmission through rubble breakwaters in the light of turbulent flow through porous

media has been Initiated. Experiments to study the effects of breakwater permeability

and wave characteristics on wave transmission through rubble breakwaters are being conducted

In a 1- by 1.5- by 85-ft wave flume. Break205
water sections, having different crown width,

side slopes, and rock characteristics (size,

shape, and roughness) are being built and

subjected to waves having different heights

and periods. Both the incident and transmitted

waves are measured and recorded electrically.

Similar tests will also be conducted in a 2- by 5.5- by 149-ft wave flume. Laboratory in- vestigations of the wave reflecting-absorbing

characteristics of the different types of wave absorbers will be conducted. The scale ef- fects relating to wave absorbers will be in- vestigated.

To establish design criteria (a) for rubble breakwaters with respect to their wave reflecting-transmission characteristics, and (b) for the different types of wave absorbers

(natural sand beaches, wave traps, resonators, and rubble mound)

A 1- by 1.5- by 85-ft steel wave flume is used

in which waves are generated by a hinged-plate

type wave generator and are measured and re- corded electrically. A 2- by 5.5- by 149-ft concrete wave flume will also be used.

(g) A theoretical study of the phenomena of wave transmission through rubble breakwaters in

the light of turbulent flow through porous

media has been initiated. Revisions were

made to the 1- by 1.5- by 85-ft steel wave

flume in which tests on v;ave transmission

through rubble breakwaters are being con- ducted.

(h) "Wave Absorbers in Harbors," Bernard Le Mehaute, Waterways Experiment Station Contract

Report 2-122, 1355.

(5636) FLUSHING STUDIES OF VICTORIA CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) Model study, Waterways Experiment Station,

for Galveston District.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Channel to Victoria, Tex., is located along the gulf

coast in south-central Texas. The navigation

channel extends northwesterly from the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in San Antonio Bay about

35 channel miles to a turning basin about 7 miles south of Victoria, Tax. The channel when completed will have a controlling depth

of 10 ft below mean sea level over a bottom

width of 100 ft and l-on-3 slopes. The pro- posed turning basin and flushing system will

be located at the end of the navigation channel. The flushing system is to consist of a freshwater intake ditch, flushing canal, gate

structure, underground conduit, and stilling

basin. It is anticipated that the navigation

channel will require two flushings per year

to eliminate objectionable surface debris, oil, and foul water. Although an average annual inflow of 14,400 acre-ft can be expected to enter the channel from local runoff, the un- predictable magnitude of storms and the dis- tribution of the inflow throughout the length

of the navigation channel may not insure two thorough flushings per year. Flushing will

be accomplished with fresh water taken from

the Guadalupe River which will be conveyed

through the intake ditch, control gates, con- duits, and stilling basin and introduced near

the head of the navigation channel. Since most of the Guadalupe flow is used for irrigation and other purposes, it is likely that diversion will only be .possible during flood peaks lasting" two to three days and occurring

once or twice. per year. To determine the flow requirements of the flushing system to replace the stagnant water

in the navigation channel. The tests were made in the Waterways Experiment Station salinity flume which is 327 ft long, 0.75 ft wide, and 1.5 ft deep. Duplicate tests were made for two depth scales

(1:15 and 1:30) to determine if the data con- tained any significant scale effects. In both

series of tests, the horizontal scale for

length along the channel was 1:323, and that for width across the channel was 1:173. Use

of different horizontal scales for length and width was necessary to make the existing

flume dimensions conform to those of the landlocked portion of the channel. The salinity scale used for the tests was 1:1.

(g) Tests indicate that the rate of flushing of the channel is initially high and decreases

with time. VJhile flushing of the surface stratum over the entire length of the channel is fairly rapid, as was flushing of the entire depth over the major portion of the channel length, flushing of the bottom

stratum for the downstream few miles of the landlocked reach is relatively slow. It is possible that complete flushing of the entire channel volume may not be necessary, and that complete flushing of the surface stratum would constitute a satisfactorily flushed

condition. The design discharge of 1000 cfs requires about 22 hr to flush the surface stratum over the entire length of the channel, at which time only about 62 percent of the entire channel volume has been flushed.

Thus, if flushing of the surface stratum only should prove to be acceptable, this can

be effected in considerably less time and with less fresh water than would be required

to flush the entire channel volume.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(5637) SECTION MODEL OF SPILLWAY, BELLEVILLE DAM, OHIO RIVER, W. VA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, VJest Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Belleville Dam spillway will consist of a concrete sill surmounted by eight tainter

gates, and a conventional horizontal stilling

basin with baffle piers and end sill. A 1:35 model, reproducing approximately 700 feet of

the approach area, one central gate bay and approximately one-half of the adjacent bays

as well as the piers that separate them,

a 216-foot-wide section of the stilling basin, and approximately 800 feet of the exit area, was used to determine the optimum shape for

the downstream face of the gate sill, develop

a satisfactory stilling basin, and verify the stability of the riprap blanket propos.ed downstream from the stilling basin.

f) Completed.

g) Tests revealed that flow conditions were satisfactory for all partial gate openings

with the original design gate sill shape. The original design stilling basin resulted

in high bottom velocities in the exit channel which were reduced by lowering the elevation

of the basin apron. The stability of a store protection blanket placed on a l-on-6 slope downstream from the end eill was determined.

(h) "Spillway for Belleville Locks and Dam, Ohio

River, Ohio and West Virginia; Hydraulic

Model Investigation," Technical Report No.

2-687, August 1965.

(5638) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 9, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project involves construction of a gated

dam and lock. As proposed, the dam will contain 14 gate bays (60-ft span) with sill

at el 253. The lock will have clear dimensions of 110 by 600 ft. The maximum lift will be 19 ft. To investigate navigation conditions with the proposed structures, to determine the effects

of modifications in the composition and arrangement of the structures, and to develop

such modifications as might be considered

desirable

The Investigation is being conducted on a 1

120-scale model reproducing about 6 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank area near Morrilton, Ark. The model is of the fixed-bed type with provisions for changes in the channel based on the effects of the

206
proposed regulating structures,

(g) Design and construction of the model were com- pleted, and tests for the development of satisfactory navigation conditions were undertaken. Results have indicated the need for improvement in navigation conditions in the upper

and lower lock approach.

(5639) MODEL STUDY 0? NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 7, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120, fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 7 miles of the Arkansas

River, adjacent overbank areas, the lock

(110 by 600 feet) and dam structures, and other structures that might affect flow

conditions, will be used to study navigation

conditions in the lock approaches, the design

of the upstream guard wall, and location and design of any training works needed to improve navigation conditions and distri- bution of flow to the spillway.

(g) Design and construction of the model were

completed, and tests for the development of channel configurations based on proposed

regulating structures were accomplished.

Tests for development of satisfactory navigation conditions were undertaken.

Results indicated the need for modification

in regulating works upstream of the lock for

the improvement of navigation conditions and distribution of flow through the gated spillway.

(5640) POLLUTION MODEL STUDY, CHARLESTON HARBOR,

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Charleston, Corps of Engineers,

Charleston, South Carolina.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Charleston Harbor model reproduces about

17 miles of the South Carolina shoreline,

230 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean, and

the entire tidal portions of the Cooper,

Ashley, and Wando Rivers and their tributaries. The model is of the fixed-bed type and is constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:2000 horizontally. Pro- visions are Included for reproducing tides

and tidal currents, upland freshwater flows, ocean salinities, and salinity intrusion. Conservative-type fluorescent dyes will be introduced to simulate industrial and municipal waste, and the effects of variations

in the upland flow on the dispersion and flushing characteristics of the dyes will be determined.

To provide data on dispersion and transport

of wastes In the harbor under various con- ditions of freshwater Inflow along with data

on tides, currents, and salinities for all Inflow conditions studied,

(g) The testing program to provide data on the dispersion and transport of wastes in the harbor was undertaken. Several special

series of tests to determine the effects of various plans and suggested changes were undertaken and completed. The special

studies involved: (a) extension of the navigation channel in the Cooper River to

Pinopolls, (b) construction of a sediment

trap in lower Wando River, (c) construction

of a spoil disposal area in the shallows

adjacent to Daniel Island, and (d) diversion

of the powerhouse discharge from the Cooper

River into the Wando River.

(5641) MODEL STUDY OF FREMONT DROP STRUCTURE, SANDUSKY RIVER, OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for widening, deepening, and streamlining the main channel of the Sandusky River in the vicinity of Fremont,

Ohio. A drop structure will be constructed near the upper end of the project area to dissipate energy created by the difference In elevation of the water surface above and through the improved reach. The structure

will include a concrete weir 10 ft high, con- crete paved sloping abutments and stilling

basin, and riprap protection above and below

the paved sections. Model tests were conducted on a l:36-scale

model reproducing the drop structure and 800 ft of the channel upstream and 900 ft downstream. Tests were also conducted on a 1:40- scale rock-lined channel which reproduced

about 2000 ft of the proposed channel. To develop an economical design of the drop structure which will assure the dissipation

of the kinetic energy developed when the water-surface profile drops from existing

levels upstream of the improvements to levels within the improved channel. Tests were also conducted to investigate the adequacy of a rock-lined friction channel in lieu of the drop structure.

(g) The length of basin below the weir was in- creased from 22 to 41 ft and the basin de- pressed 2 ft in elevation (alternate weir

arrangement). No riprap protection was re- quired upstream of the structure and the downstream rock protection could replace all but 20 ft of the concrete below the struc- ture (plan 5 riprap). The alternate weir

arrangement with its multlarea openings (to- tal area 675 sq ft) provided satisfactory

fish passage facilities through the structure. The channel below the structure could

be reduced in width from 450 to 350 ft without materially affecting flow conditions in the exit. A friction channel that will pro- vide a drop in water surface of about 4 ft in a 2000-ft-long reach with minimum size stable slope stone was developed.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(5642) MODEL STUDY, DESIGN OF SMALL BOAT HARBOR, DANA POINT HARBOR, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The inner-harbor berthing area and navigation channels will comprise about 200 acres. The inner-harbor basin will be enclosed by

a mole and will be accessible through 200- foot-wlde navigation entrances, one at each

end of the 3,500-foot-long inner basin. The inner harbor will be protected by two arms of rubble-mound breakwater having a total length of about 7,700 feet. Tests

to study the effects of storm-wave action

on the proposed harbor design and to determine whatj if any, design modifications

are necessary to ensure that wave heights

during storms do not exceed (l) 1.5 feet

in the Inner-basin anchorage, (2) 4 feet in the approaches to the entrances of the inner-harbor berthing areas, (3) 5 feet in the fairway channel paralleling the pro- posed west breakwater, and (4) 2.5 feet

in the ramp basin area in the eastern

sector of the inner harbor, are being con- ducted on a 1:100, fixed-bed model. The model reproduces sufficient area of the shoreline and oceanward to ensure that propagation of waves toward the problem

area is adequately simulated. Waves are generated by a 60-foot-long, plunger-type

wave machine, and are measured and recorded

electrically.

(g) Wave-height tests were performed with model conditions simulating (a) basic or existing

prototype conditions, (b) the first phase of proposed prototype construction wherein only

the proposed rubble-mound breakwater system will be installed, and (c) the overall pro- posed inner-harbor elements in combination

207
with the protective rubble-mound breakwater

system. Modifications in the alignments and lengths of the rubble-mound breakwaters, and also different crown heights and rock dis- tribution were tested to determine the ade- quacy of the proposed harbor design. Tests were performed simulating storm waves gener- ated from all critical directions reckoned counterclockwise between west and south- southeast. All tests were performed using a still-water level of +6.0 ft above mllw. Companion two-dimensional flume tests per- formed to determine the characteristics of

the optimum slope and rock composition of the mole-section slope, along the fairway,

indicate that a berm section along the molesection slope will ensure reduction of waves reflected from this structure sufficiently to meet the required wave-height criterion.

(5643) ACOUSTIC FLOWMETER INSTALLATION AND PROTOTYPE

TESTS WORKS, SUMMERSVTLLE DAM, GAULEY RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The outlet works consist of an intake structure, 29-foot-diameter operating tunnel, three 11-foot-diameter outlet conduits, and

one 3-foot-diameter low-flow outlet pipe. Tests will be made with an acoustic flow- meter to gage operational discharges, and to measure pressure gradients through the three- branch manifold connecting the 29-foot tunnel

to the three 11-foot conduits; from these measurements, evaluations of tunnel resistance

and intake and manifold losses will be made. The acoustic flowmeter includes a pair of transducers in the tunnel and each conduit

and the accompanying circuitry to indicate

the discharge from the effects of the flow

rates on the acoustic signals. The pressure

test facilities consist of six pairs of piezometers along the tunnel and three pairs

along each conduit.

(g) The final report is being prepared on evaluation tests made at Oahe Dam in November 1964. The equipment will be installed in Summersville Dam early in 1966. Equipment for measurements in the 3-ft pipe was added to the flowmeter.

(5644) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LITTLE

ROCK REACH, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model reproducing about 3 miles

of the Arkansas River and adjacent overflow

areas to a scale of 1:100, is being used to study navigation conditions through six bridges at Little Rock, Ark., to determine

modifications required in the existing bridges, and to develop a plan of regulating structures required to provide satisfactory navigation

conditions

(g) The need for modifications in dimensions of some of the bridge spans with pier protection

and training structures has been indicated.

(5645) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, COCHITI DAM, NEW

MEXICO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque, Corps of Engineers,

Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Experimental; for design,

(e) The dam will contain a concrete, gravity, un- controlled spillway with a 460-foot-long ogee

crest. A 160-foot-long section of the spill- way crest will be lowered 10.5 feet to provide

a service spillway. The outlet works will consist of a triple box conduit. The neces- sity for providing a reliable water supply

for irrigation throughout the range of conduit

releases, and the need for a two-level stilling basin 60 feet wide to provide for flows

as large as 15,200 cfs made it desirable to test the energy dissipator, and the irrigation

and silt sluices in a model. Tests were con- ducted in a 1:20 model that reproduced the downstream 150 feet of the triple box conduit,

the chute, the primary and secondary stilling

basins, the irrigation and the silt sluices, and 670 feet of exit channel.

(f) Completed.

(g) The performance of the energy dissipator was improved by raising the apron of the second- ary basin 5 ft, and modifying the position of the baffle piers and end sill in the secon- dary basin. Capacity of the irrigation di«, version sluices was found to be adequate.

Realignment of one of the irrigation sluices

to eliminate a relatively sharp horizontal

bend was proposed in order to reduce wave action in the downstream end of the sluice. Hydraulic performance of the silt sluices was as anticipated, but at low discharges,

fine sand was removed from the model only in the immediate vicinity of the sluice intakes.

(h) "Outlet Works, Cochiti Dam, Rio Grande, New

Mexico; Hydraulics Model Investigation,"

TR 2-705, Nov. 1965.

(5646) SECTION MODEL OF SPILLWAY, HANNIBAL DAM, 0H3D RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The spillway will consist of a concrete sill surmounted by 8 tainter gates and a conventional, horizontal stilling basin with baffle piers and end sill. A 1:36 section model,

reproducing approximately 700 feet of the approach area, one central gate bay and the adjacent half-bays of the spillway, a 216- foot-wide section of the stilling basin, and approximately 800 feet of the exit area, will be used to investigate the adequacy of the proposed stilling basin for a full range of tailwater elevations at which the structure

will be required to operate.

(g) Tests to determine the optimum elevation and

length of the stilling basin and the size and arrangement of its elements were conducted.

The spillway: rating curves for full and partial gate openings were determined.

The original design stilling basin resulted

in high bottom velocities in the exit channel with one gate open approximately halfway and minimum tailwater. These velocities were reduced by lowering the elevation of the basin apron.

(5647) GATE VIBRATION TESTS. See Project No. 5321, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, page 40. (5648) MODEL STUDY, BRUNSWICK HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dis- trict, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation is being conducted in a model reproducing the following areas: (a) from vicinity of Jekyll Island and St. Simons Island on the downstream end to the upper

limits of Turtle River and Brunswick River

on the upstream end; (b) East River in its entirety; (c) Jekyll Creek from Brunswick

River to Highway 84 Bridge; and (d) all marsh areas surrounding the rivers, creeks, and tributaries of the system. The model is

of the fixed-bed molded of concrete to linear scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:100 vertically and 1:500 horizontally. Automatic

tide generators reproduce tides and tidal currents throughout the harbor. Shoaling

studies will be made by injecting finely

ground gil son! te into the model to reproduce

the patterns of shoaling observed in the prototype, and to determine the effects of

208
proposed improvement plans on shoaling pat- terns. Changes in shoaling patterns as ef- fected by each proposed improvement plan

will be determined and evaluated.

(g) Design and construction of the model were

completed, and adjustment of the model to reproduce prototype tides and currents was undertaken.

(5649) SECTION MODEL OP SPILLWAY, CANNELTON DAM, OHIO RIVER, INDIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway will consist of a concrete sill surmounted by 12 tainter gates and a conventional horizontal stilling basin with baffle

piers and end sill. A riprap blanket will be provided downstream from the stilling basin

to prevent undermining of the structure. A 1:36 section model, reproducing approximately

70 feet of the approach area, one central

gate bay and adjacent half bays of the spillway, a 216-foot-wide section of the stilling

basin, and approximately 800 feet of the exit area, is being used to determine the flow characteristics of the spillway, the optimum elevation and configurations of the apron, baffle piers, and end sill, and to develop an adequate protective stone blanket

downstream from the stilling basin.

(f) Completed.

(g; The conditions at which failure of various

protective stone blankets downstream from

the stilling basin occurred were determined.

The final report, TR 2-710, Spillway for Cannelton Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Kentucky

and Indiana; Hydraulic Model Investigation,

was published in December. Tests revealed that flow separated from the downstream face of the original gate sill which utilized submergible gates, and a parabolic shape was added to the weir crest

in order to prevent separation and guide flow

into the stilling basin. Rating curves were determined for the submergible-gate spillway

with both weir crest shapes. Tests to deter- mine effect of gate radius and trunnion

location on stilling basin action with the submergible-gate spillway revealed that a 64-ft-radius gate with its trunnion at elevation 388.0 was more effective in preventing

undesirable basin actions than was a 50-ft- radius gate with its trunnion at elevation

383.0. Although adequate performance was obtained with the submergible-gate spillway

utilizing the parabolic weir crest, tests revealed that satisfactory flow conditions,

adequate energy dissipation, and effective

passage of debris could be obtained with a nonsubmergible-gate spillway which is con- sidered to be the most practicable design. Several stilling basin designs v/ere tested, but the original basin design was recommended

for adoption because of structural advantages.

Riprap requirements were investigated, and

the conditions at which failure occurred were

determined.

(h) "Spillway for Cannelton Locks and Dam, Ohio

River, Kentucky and Indiana; Hydraulic Model

Investigation,'1 TR 2-710, December 1965.

(5650) MODEL STUDY OP PILLING AND EMPTYING VALVES, CORDELL HULL LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENN.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The lock will be 84 by 400 feet. A 1:25 model,

reproducing only the portion of the lock between filling and emptying valves, is being

used to evaluate the overall performance of the multiport system, with particular emphasis

on determining the optimum number and position

of chamber ports, and to investigate methods

of controlling pressures below the filling

valves.

(g) Multiport arrangements using 14-in.-diam

ports were tested. Tests confirmed that acceptable performance could be expected

from the original design multiport arrangement for Cordell Hull Lock. Additional tests resulted in the development of satisfactory

multiport arrangements using 8-, 10-, and 12-in.-diam ports. No satisfactory arrangement using 14-in.-diam ports was developed.

For a lift of 62 ft, these arrangements re- sulted in a filling time of about 8.9 min with a maximum hawser stress of about 3.5

tons. Tests indicated that pressure condi- tions in the critical area just downstream

from the filling valve were improved by

flaring the culvert roof at the downstream

end of the valve well. The effect of air

venting on culvert pressures was also in- vestigated.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5651) MODEL STUDY OF JAMES RIVER, VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Norfolk, Corps of Engineers,

Norfolk, Virginia, and the State of Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The James River, which discharges into

Chesapeake Bay, presently has a controlling

channel depth from Newport News to Richmond

of 25 feet mean low water. An Improvement

plan has been proposed to increase the channel depth to 35 feet mean low water, and widen the channel at several locations. Because the James River estuary and tributaries provide ideal locations for

oyster beds, an important industry in the area, a model study will be made to deter- mine the effects of the channel improve- ments on hydraulic and salinity conditions

in an adjacent to the oyster beds. The fixed-bed model will reproduce 300 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean, the James River estuary, and all its principal

tributaries from Norfolk to Richmond, Va.,

to scales of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents will

be reproduced by a tide generator located

in the ocean portion of the model. The ocean salinity will be reproduced so that

the effects of salinity differences on the vertical distribution of current velocities,

as well as salinity concentrations throughout the model, will accurately simulate those of the prototype

(g) Design and construction of the model were

completed, and the hydraulic and salinity

verifications were initiated. Verification

of the model was about 50 percent complete

as of December 31, 1965.

(5652) MODEL STUDY OP NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, WEBBERS FALLS LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Webbers Palls Lock and Dam, to be located about mile 432.2 on the Arkansas River, will involve the construction of a nonnavigabletype dam, a 110- by 600-ft lock, and a powerhouse. The lock will provide a maximum

lift of about 30 ft. To study navigation conditions in the approaches to the lock, determine the adequacy of the design, and develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable

conditions.

The model reproduces about 3.1 miles of

the Arkansas River and the lock and dam structures to a scale of 1:120. It is of the fixed-bed type with provisions for

changes which can be anticipated at this

time

(g) Construction of the model was completed, and

tests to develop satisfactory navigation

conditions were undertaken. Results indicated the need for modification

in the design of the upper lock approach

209
channel and that by use of a training dike upstream the elevation of the nonoverflow

section could be reduced. Tests have also indicated that the length of the upper guard

wall and dredging in the approach channel

could be reduced.

(5653) LAKE ERIE-LAKE ONTARIO WATERWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

d) Experimental j for design.

e) The project will provide a second navigation

passage from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario to supplement the existing Welland Canal. The plan includes a control structure at the head

of the Niagara River, a new lock to replace

the Black Rock Lock at Buffalo, and improve- ments to the existing navigation channel around Grand Island to the entrance of the proposed overland canal downstream of Tonawanda Island. The canal (with locks) will

connect the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. An existing Niagara River model is being used

to investigate control structure and lock arrangements and navigation channel features including compensating excavations or struc- tures required to maintain existing stagedischarge relations. Navigation conditions

at the entrance to the overland canal are being studied in a second model.

The Initial phase of the study utilized an (g) existing distorted- scale model which repro- duces the Niagara River from approximately

11,500 ft above the Peace Bridge at Buffalo (6014)

to Rainbow Bridge below the falls. The upper limit extends into Lake Erie. The model was constructed to scale ratios of 1:360 (b) horizontally and 1:60 vertically. It is of the fixed-bed type with all channel and over- bank areas molded in concrete. An undistorted- (d) scale model of a reach of the river at the (e) overland canal entrance was constructed for studying navigation conditions in this area. The model is of the fixed-bed type, constructed

to a scale of 1:120.

(g) Pour lock plans were investigated in the dis- torted model and a fifth possible lock plan

location is being considered. Each plan was

tested with an improved navigation channel. Construction was completed and testing was initiated on the undistorted model of the overland canal entrance and improved navigation channel. A radio-controlled model ship

is being used to study navigation conditions

in this model.

Of the four lock plans tested in the distorted

model, lock plan 1 appeared to be the most

feasible. Lock plan 1 is the only one of the plans tested which can be used without a con- (g) trol structure at the mouth of the river. This

plan also requires less excavation. A fifth

lock plan is being considered which positions

the lock farther downstream than lock plan 1. Current patterns in the improved channel near

the canal entrance, as shown in the undistorted

model, indicate the need for widening of the improved channel between Tonawanda Island and

the canal entrance. A widened channel would

not only tend to reduce the severity of cur- rents across the channel, but also could be designed to provide an anchorage area for use

in times of severe weather.

(6011) MODEL STUDY QF HARBOR DESIGN, SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, Calif.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The enlarged harbor, to be enclosed by the (6015)

protective breakwater system, will have an area of about 188 acres. Of this area, three moles and their perimeter wave-absorber slopes (b) will occupy about 48 acres, leaving about 140 acres within the west, center, and east basins

and the access channels leading thereto. New (d) breakwater required under the project plan will (e)

aggregate about 5700 lin ft, 1600 ft of Which would be a detached structure about

1600 ft long protecting the harbor entrance.

To study the effects of storm wave action on the proposed harbor design and to determine

in advance of prototype construction what, if any, design modifications are necessary to ensure that (a) wave heights in the berthing

areas do not exceed specified criteria during storms, and -(b) these criteria are met while using the minimum amount of protective breakwater positioned to provide minimum

requirements for navigation to and from the harbor by pleasure craft and also commercial

fishing boats. The l:100-scale model is of the fixed-bed

type and Is molded of concrete except for

the breakwaters and absorbers flanking the inner-harbor moles which are constructed of rubble, sized to simulate that required for prototype construction. The model reproduces sufficient area along the shoreline east and west of the harbor site and oceanward to ensure that propagation of waves toward the problem area is adequately simulated. The model has an area of about 10,700 sq ft, equivalent to about 3.84 square miles in nature. Waves are generated by a 60-ft-long,

plunger-type wave machine. Electrical print>- ed-circuit-type wave-measuring rods are used

in connection with automatic recording equip- ment to obtain necessary wave-height data. The model was designed and construction

initiated. MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATER STABILITY, SANTA BARBARA HARBOR, CALIFORNIA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, Calif. Experimental; for design.

Additional protection by construction of rubble-mound breakwaters is proposed. These

structures are permeable and thus will allow

some wave energy to pass through the structure into the protected area. To determine the effectiveness of the pro- posed breakwater sections in reducing trans- mitted wave energy and to develop a break- water section at a 1:100 scale that will transmit the same amount of energy as trans- mitted at a 1:33 scale. Wave transmission tests were conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 ft long, 5 ft wide, and 4 ft deep on section models of the pro- posed structures constructed to linear scales of 1:33 and 1:100. Model waves were gener- ated by a plunger-type wave machine and measured and recorded electrically. Wave transmission tests were conducted on a breakwater design proposed by the District

Engineer. Tests were conducted using 8-, 12-, and 16-sec waves and wave heights of 6, 10, 14, and 18 ft. These tests were conducted

using model scales of 1:33 and 1:100. Wave transmission tests indicated that changing the scale of model test sections from

1:33 to 1:100 reduced the heights of trans- mitted waves about 25 percent. It was found

that for waves less than about 14 ft in height, wave transmission characteristics far 1:33- and l:100-scale breakwaters would be similar if the armor stone size for the 1: 100-scale test section was increased about

100 percent. Also, the crown elevation of the core stone in the 1: 100-scale model was lowered about 6 ft. For waves greater than

14 ft in height, wave transmission in the 1: 100-scale model breakwater section was less

than obtained in the l:33-scale model. MODEL STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN, NOYO HARBOR, CALIFORNIA

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, San Francisco, Corps of Engineers,

San Francisco, Calif. Experimental; for design. The plan of harbor improvement will entail

210
construction of two arms of rubble-moundtype breakwater. One arm would stem from

shore on the south side of Noyo Cove and extend 1100 ft or more In a northwesterly

direction while the companion arm would stem from the north side of the cove . A navigation entrance Into the harbor not less than

400 ft In width, measured at -35 ft mllw, would be required. Inside the harbor local interests would construct a lumber-loading

pier or wharf about 1050 ft long. To study the effects of storm wave action and

characteristics of the Noyo area on the pro- posed harbor design and determine in advance

of any prototype construction what, if any, design modifications are necessary to ensure

that (a) wave heights during storms do not exceed the selected criterion of 2 ft along

the outer 500 ft of the proposed inner-harbor

pier, , and (b) the minimum system of break- water necessary to satisfy finalized criteria for the harbor.

The 1:100- scale model is of the fixed-bed

type and is molded of concrete except for the breakwaters which are constructed of rubble, sized to simulate that required for prototype

construction. The model reproduces sufficient

area along the shoreline north, south, and oceanward of the harbor site to ensure that propagation of waves toward the problem area

is adequately simulated. Special emphasis

was placed on reproducing all wave-reflecting

and wave-absorbing characteristics of the prototype in all plan elements. A weir to permit simulation of Noyo River floodflow was

also an element of the model. The model has

an area of 5500 sq ft, equivalent to about 2 square miles in the prototype. Waves are generated in the model by a plunger-type wave

machine, and electrical, prlnted-circuit-type

wave rods In connection with automatic re- cording equipment are used to obtain necessary

wave-height data,

(g) The model was designed and constructed, and wave-height tests were performed with model conditions simulating (a) basic or existing

prototype conditions, and (b) the effects of storm wave action attacking the harbor with

the "project-document" plan and several alter- nate variations thereof installed in the model.

In these tests the characteristics of the waves were varied with respect to period,

height, and direction of attack. Waves used

in the tests of the proposed improvement

plans were generated alternately from the west, west-northwest, and northwest deepwater

directions using waves ranging in period from

10 to 17 sec and in height from 16 to 26 ft adjacent to the harbor approaches. The pri- mary pl3ns tested used the project-document

plan consisting of a rubble breakwater 1100

ft in length stemming from the south side of Noyo Cove in combination with a 400-ft-long

companion structure stemming from the north

side of the cove to form the required navigation entrance. Modifications of the projectdocument plan were tested using alternate

lengths for the south breakwater. The alternate lengths for the south breakwater used in combination with the cited north breakwater

were 1300, 1500, 1700, 1900, and 2100 ft. Other variations involving realignment of the north breakwater in combination with 1500-, 1700- , and 1900-ft lengths of south breakwater were also tested. All tests were per- formed using a still-water level of +6.9 ft mllw. Results obtained to date show that no plan

tested met the selected 2-ft wave-height

criterion specified for acceptability. However, the plan characterized by a 1900-ftlong south breakwater, and companion 400-ftlong north breakwater would allow waves to average from 2 to 3 ft no more than 30 hours

per year as a result of severe storm wave

action. The project document plan would per- mit the selected criterion to be exceeded

about 215 hours per year and would allow

waves as high as 8.5 to 9.0 ft in height to occur for about 4 hours per year. The SFD is

conducting a reanalysis of project-construction costs on the basis of a revised criter- ion for plan acceptability. Further testing

must await decisions specifying the modified

criterion.

(6016) MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATER STABILITY, NOYO

HARBOR, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, San Francisco, Corps of Engineers,

San Francisco, Calif.

d) Experimental j for.design.

e) The harbor will be protected by rubble-mound breakwaters which are permeable and allow

small amounts of energy to pass through the structure into the protected area. To develop stable rubble-mound breakwaters

using quarrystone and molded concrete armor

units. Also the effectiveness of crown elevation of a concrete cap will be investi- gated with respect to overtopping' and trans- mission of wave energy through the breakwater. Tests will be conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 ft long, 5 ft wide, and 4 ft deep

on section models of the proposed structures

to linear scales of 1:61.4 and 1:50. Model waves are generated by a plunger-type wave machine and measured and recorded electrical-

(g) Stability tests were conducted on a section

of the south breakwater constructed of two layers of 36-ton tetrapods placed on seaside slopes of 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6. Wave- transmission tests were conducted on break- water sections with crown elevations of +25 and +30 ft mllw. All breakwater sections tested were capped with a concrete cap 2 ft thick and the stone beneath the cap was grouted from the base of the concrete cap down to the base elevation of the tetrapod armor layer.

Stability tests showed that a breakwater with

a crown elevation of +20 ft mllw (elevation

of concrete concrete cap +20 ft mllw and

elevation of armor layer crown +30 ft mllw) constructed of two layers of random-placed, 36-ton tetrapods on a slope of 1:4 from crown to -5 ft mllw and 1:1-1/2 from -5 ft mllw to bottom would be stable for the selected prototype design wave 29 ft in height. Wave- transmission tests showed that for 14-sec waves greater than 29 ft in height, the heights of the transmitted waves were reduced about 67 percent by raising the crown eleva- tion of the armor layer from +25 to +30 ft mllw.

(6017) MODEL STUDY OF EAU GALLE OUTLET STRUCTURE, SPRING VALLEY, WISCONSIN.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers,

St. Paul, Minn.

d) Experimental;, for design.

e) The project provides for a flood-control reservoir Immediately upstream from Spring

Valley, Wis.; enlargement of the river channel through the village; and levees, drop structures, and Improved channels for the two creeks, Mines and Burghardt, which flow through the village.

A l:20-scale plastic model reproduced the morning glory intake, the elbow below the intake, the horseshoe conduit, a stilling

basin, and about 400 ft of the exit channel.

The morning glory intake was housed in a headbay which reproduced appropriate entrance conditions

(g) Tests demonstrated that the original design

structure was unsatisfactory, as negative pressures in the range of one atmosphere

(-34 ft of water) were recorded in the intake structure. Satisfactory pressure conditions

were obtained by modifying to the morning

glory intake and replacing the 90-degree

elbow below the intake with a streamlined

conduit intake shape

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

211
(6016) MODEL STUDY OF MONTEREY HARBOR, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, San Francisco, Corps of Engineers,

San Francisco, Calif.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The approved project entails extension of the existing rubble-mound-type breakwater about

1600 ft in an easterly direction to the west

side of a proposed 400-ft-wide navigation

entrance which would be formed by construction of a companion dogleg-aligned east breakwater about 2150 ft long that would

extend in a southeasterly direction to shore. This expanded enclosure will provide in- creased protection for the fishing fleet operating from this basin and will permit

development of greatly expanded recreational

facilities associated with boating and other water sports. To study the effects of storm wave action on

the harbor associated both with the surgetype waves having periods ranging from about

25 to 300 sec and short-period waves con- sidered to range from about 5 to 20 sec. Determination of the effect of this range of wave conditions on the approved harbor expansion is required in advance of actual con- struction to ensure that (a) selection of an optimum navigation entrance to the harbor is possible both with respect to width and position, (b) the minimum amount of breakwater is used in satisfying wave-protection requirements

for proposed inner-harbor development, and

(c) any resonance characteristics an other- wise satisfactory harbor boundary may have are fully investigated to permit optimum positioning of inner-harbor anchorage areas. The l:120-scale model is of the fixed-bed type and is molded of concrete except for the break- waters which are constructed of rubble, sized

to simulate that required for prototype con- struction. The model reproduces sufficient

area along the shoreline northerly, easterly, and oceanward to ensure that propagation of waves shoreward is adequately simulated. The model has an area of 7800 sq ft, equivalent to about 4 square miles in nature. Waves are generated by two sections of vertical-bulkhead

plunger-type wave machine which can be aligned

so as to reproduce the average curvature of a wave front bent by refraction as it travels through shallow water. The generators, by use

of couplings, operate from a single motor

power source. Electrical printed-circuit-type

wave measuring rods are used in connection with

automatic recording equipment to obtain necessary wave-height data,

(g) Under a contract, Dr. Basil W. Wilson, Science

Engineering Associates, San Marino, Calif.,

performed a study of the wave and surge problems charaterizing Monterey Bay. In his

report, Contract Report 2-136, Feasibility

Study for a Surge-Action Model of Monterey

Harbor, Calif., October 1965, sufficient in- formation was made available to permit WES to adequately design the required model. Design

and construction of the model are in progress.

(6019) MODEL STUDY OF FORT SMITH REACH, ARKANSAS

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Ark.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves the improvement of the Arkansas River for navigation from the vicinity

of Tulsa, Okla., to its junctions with the Mississippi River. The 9-ft channel will be provided by a system of locks and dams and

channel regulating and stabilization works.

The channel will have a minimum width of 250

ft in the Arkansas River reach and 150 ft in Verdigris River reach with lock chambers 110 by 600 ft. To study navigation conditions at the mouth

of Poteau River and the two bridges at Fort

Smith, Ark., to determine modification required

in the existing bridge; and to develop a plan of regulating structures required to provide satisfactory navigation conditions.

The investigation is being conducted on a 1: 120-scale, semifixed-bed model, reproducing

about 3.3 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overflow areas, the mouth and about

1.4 miles of the Poteau River, one railroad

and one highway bridge, and other structures

that might affect flow conditions,

(g) Design and construction of the model were accomplished.

(6020) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 14, VERDIGRIS RIVER, OKLA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project Involves the improvement of the Arkansas River for navigation from the vicinity of Tulsa, Okla., to its Junction with the Mississippi River. The 9-ft channel will be provided by a system of locks

and dams and channel regulating and stabili- zation works.; The channel will have a minimum width of

j

! 250 ft in the Arkansas River

reach and 150" ft in the Verdigris River

reach with lock chambers 110 by 600 ft. To investigate navigation conditions with

the proposed structures, to determine the location and width of a navigation channel,

and to develop a plan of regulating struc- tures required to provide satisfactory

navigation conditions.

The investigation will be conducted on a 1: 120-scale semifixed-bed model, reproducing

about 4.25 miles of the Arkansas River, Bruce Island, Cherokee Chute, and adjacent overbank area near Old Fort Coffee on the right bank and Wilsons Rock on the left bank. The model will also include the lock and dam structure and existing channel regulating

structures

(g) Design and construction of the model were accomplished, and adjustment of the model was undertaken.

[6021) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 17, VERDIGRIS RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa,

Okla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves the improvement of the Arkansas River for navigation from the vicinity of Tulsa, Okla., to its junction

with the Mississippi River. The 9-ft channel will be provided by a system of locks and dams and channel regulating and stabilization works. The channel will have a minimum width of 250 ft in the Arkansas River reach and 150 ft in Verdigris River reach with lock cham- bers 110 by 600 ft. To determine the adequacy of the proposed

channel dredging and realignment, and to develop modifications which might be required

to overcome undesirable navigation conditions. The investigation will be conducted on two 1: 120-scale, fixed-bed comprehensive models.

One model will reproduce about 1.7 miles of the Verdigris River and adjacent overbank

area in the vicinity and upstream of Lock and Dam No. 17. The second model will reproduce

about 2.1 miles of the Verdigris River and adjacent overbank area downstream of Lock and Dam No. 17.

6022) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 8, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project Involves the improvement of the Arkansas River for navigation from the vicinity

212
of Tulsa, Okla., to its junction with the Mississippi River. The 9-ft channel will be provided by a system of locks and dams and channel regulating and stabilization works.

The channel in the Arkansas River reach will

have a minimum width of 250 ft and in the Verdigris River reach, 150 ft. Lock cham- bers will be 110 by 600 ft. To investigate various plans of regulating

structures and to develop modifications as required for the development of a channel of adequate dimensions and satisfactory navigation conditions in the approaches to the lock. The investigation is- to be conducted on a movable-bed model reproducing about 10 miles

of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank

areas to a scale of 1:120 horizontally and

1:80 vertically.

(6023) MODEL STUDY OF LOCK CULVERT DISCHARGE "BASINS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, V/. Va.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A review of project plans for several of the Ohio River locks indicated that predominant

lock culvert outlet positions used at these projects had the outlet either normal to the lock wall or turned slightly downstream at an angle of approximately 65 degrees to the lock wall. At several of the completed Ohio River locks with lock culvert outlet basins

located outside the riverward lock wall,

difficulty has been experienced in fully

emptying the lock when river discharge con- ditions were near maximum locking stage. At

these projects, the lock emptying operation resulted in a residual head differential

across the lower miter gates. Detailed in- vestigation of the various projects was not considered feasible. Consequently, a generalized investigation was recommended to provide

information on possible corrective measures.

To provide information on possible outlet basin modifications which could be used to alleviate the operating difficulty at com- pleted projects or obviate it at projects

proposed or under construction.

A 1:25- scale model of the lock culvert outlet basin was constructed in an existing flume. The model reproduced a 125-ft-wide section of rectangular river channel. A 25-ft-wide by

75-ft-long tank located outside the channel simulated a portion of the lock chamber. The

single culvert outlet basin located in the channel section was connected to the tank by

a 16- by 18-ft culvert. The shape and size

of the outlet basin were based on an outlet design used at the Cannelton Locks,

(g) Tests were made to determine the effect of the following features on head differential

between the simulated lock chamber and the adjacent river: (a) position of the basin with

respect to direction of flow, (b) height of basin wall above river floor, (c) vertical extensions on basin walls, and (d) velocity

of flow past basin. The predominant positions of outlets at these projects were normal to the lock wall or turned slightly downstream at 65 degrees to the wall. Results of tests with the outlet

at these positions indicate that construction

of the basic outlet walls above the river

floor or addition of vertical wall extensions

will result in a lowering of the lock chamber

water- surface elevation with respect to the adjacent river water-surface elevation. Test

data also show that no advantage results

from turning the basin downstream (parallel

to the lock wall)

(6024) MODEL STUDY OP NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, JONES BLUFF LOCK AND DAM, ALABAMA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves the construction of a dam, a 68,000-kw power plant, and a 45-ftlift, 84- by 600-ft lock 245.4 miles above

the mouth of the Alabama River. The project

will provide 9-ft navigable depths for 80 miles upstream.

To investigate navigation conditions with

the proposed plan and to develop modifications which might be required to overcome any undesirable navigation conditions.

The investigation will be conducted on a 1: 100-scale, fixed-bed comprehensive model reproducing the proposed structures and about 3.6 miles of the Alabama River and adjacent overbank area,

(g) Design of the model was undertaken.

(6025) MODEL STUDIES OF TEXAS COAST HURRICANE SURGE.

(b)

(g)

(6026)

(b)

(g)

(6027)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas. Experimental; for design.

The Galveston Bay hurricane surge model re- produces the coast from Freeport on the

south to High Island on Bolivar Peninsula on

the east. The model includes an average width of the Gulf of Mexico of about 25 miles, measured normal to the Gulf; all of

the barrier islands in the bay interior, in- cluding its many connecting arms, lakes, and

lagoons; and the coastal area within this sector up to a maximum elevation of 20 ft msl, The model is of the fixed-bed type molded of concrete to linear scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:100 vertically and 1:3000 horizontally. Automatic tide generators

reproduce normal tides and tidal currents

throughout the model. The hurricane surges will be reproduced by a horizontal-displacement type surge generator.

Design and construction of the model were

completed, and adjustment of the model to reproduce prototype tides and current velocities was undertaken. Analysis of prototype

tidal and hurricane surge data was undertaken. MODEL STUDY OF UMPQUA RIVER ESTUARY, OREGON. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Texas. Experimental; for design.

The existing authorized project in the Umpqua River entrance provides for a channel

26 ft deep at mllw with no specified width

for about 5000 ft across the entrance bar, and thence 22 ft deep and 200 ft wide to Gardiner and Reedsport. The north and south jetties at the river mouth are about 7800 and 3800 ft long, respectively. A training jetty inside the south jetty is 5500 ft long. To obtain the optimum layout of a jetty

system or other structure to reduce entrance maintenance dredging to a minimum, and (b) with the optimum for a guide to adapt the existing jetty system to approach the optimun

to the limit allowed by economic considerations. The model will reproduce the lower 14 miles

of the Umpqua River and pertinent offshore

areas to linear scales of 1:300 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. An additional 14 miles

of the Umpqua River and 20 miles of the Smith River villi be reproduced schematically

in order to include the upstream tidal reaches. All portions of the model will initially be of the fixed-bed type, with

provisions for converting the entrance area

to a movable-bed type if movable-bed studies

are required. Tides and tidal currents, freshwater inflow, density currents, waves,

and other phenomena significant to the movement and deposition of sediments will be reproduced and studied. Design of the model was completed, and construction was initiated. MODEL STUDY OF GASTINEAU CHANNEL, ALASKA.

213
(t>) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Alaska, Corps of Engineers.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The existing authorized project in Gastineau

Channel provides for a channel 75 ft wide

with a depth of 0.0 mllw from Fritz Cove to naturally deep water near Juneau, Alaska.

The navigation channel is flanked by contin- uous tidal flats having elevations as much as

15 ft above the channel bottom for a distance

of about 3 miles. To reduce shoaling in order to maintain a suitable navigation channel, various dike layouts which will isolate the channel cut from the surrounding area will be investigated.

The model reproduces the westernmost 8 miles

of Gastineau Channel and Fritz Cove to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides, tidal currents, and freshwater inflow significant to the movement

and deposition of sediments are reproduced

and studied. All portions of the model are

of the fixed-bed type,

(g) Design and construction of the model were

completed, and adjustment of the model was

initiated.

(6028) MODEL STUDY OF FIRE ISLAND INLET, LONG

ISLAND, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, M. Y.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Fire Island Inlet, located on the south shore

of Long Island, N. Y., connects the Atlantic

Ocean with Great South Bay. The inlet is about 3 miles long and approximately 1/2 mile wide, extending generally east and west between Oak Beach on the north and the western end of Fire Island on the south. Great

South Bay, the inland waterway to which Fire Island Inlet is the main entrance, is a tidal body 25 miles long and 2 to 5 miles wide with

a general depth of about 6 to 25 ft at mlw. Attempts have been made to stabilize an entrance channel through Fire Island Inlet with little success. To provide quantitative data on the direction

and velocity of tidal currents under existing

conditions and with various proposed training

structures installed, and by qualitative mov- able-bed tests to determine probable areas of erosion and deposition.

A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of 1: 500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, re- produces all of Fire Island Inlet and a portion of the Atlantic Ocean. Tides, tidal currents, and wave action in the Atlantic

Ocean are reproduced.

(6029) MODEL STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF PNEUMATIC BARRIERS

ON SALINITY INTRUSION.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pa.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Prolonged drought conditions, plus diversion

of water from the Delaware Basin to supply New York City, resulted in reduced upland

flows into the Delaware estuary. Upland flow

is the controlling factor in preventing the upstream advance of the. salinity front in the estuary to the extent that the Philadelphia water supply is contaminated. Other means for retarding the advance of salt water up the Delaware are being sought. To determine if the additional agitation

provided by pneumatic barriers would displace

the salinity front in a downstream direction

for steady- state conditions, or retard the rate of advance of the salinity front periods

of decreasing upland flow.

(s) Five tests were conducted in the Delaware

model to determine the effects of pneumatic

barriers on salinities. The barriers extended completely across the estuary at several locations, and barrier combinations were

tested both for steady-state and transient

conditions. One test was performed in the existing New York Harbor model, and this test involved four pneumatic barriers located in the lower Hudson River. The results of tests in the Delaware model indicated that pneumatic barriers would have

no significant effects on salinity intrusion

for either steady-state or transient conditions. This is attributed to the fact

that salt and fresh water in the Delaware are well mixed vertically by existing tidal

forces, and additional mixing by supplemental means has little effect on the phenomena.

The results of the one test in the New York Harbor model indicate that the pneumatic

barriers would be very effective in reducing

the extent of salinity intrusion for steadystate conditions. Additional testing to determine such things as the number of bar- riers required and the best barrier locations

is indicated,

(h) Preparation of final report (letter report)

is in progress.

(6030) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF WEST POINT DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Ga.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project is a part of the general plan far the development of the Apalachicola,

Chattahoochee, and Flint Rivers. The pro- posed structure is on the Chattahoochee

River at mile 201.4 above the mouth and 3.2 miles north of West Point, Ga. It is 147 river miles below Buford Dam and 126 miles

above Walter F. George Lock and Dam. The project calls for a gravity-type concrete spillway with crest gates across the main

river channel, a penstock intake section and powerhouse, and a concrete nonoverflow section along nonoverflow section along the right

riverbank. Earth enbankments extend to high

ground on each side of the structure. The structure will provide hydroelectric power, flood control, and more dependable streamflcw

for navigation and recreational uses.

To verify the performance of the structure with emphasis on approach conditions to the spillway and the development of a satisfactory energy dissipator below the spillway.

The model tests are being conducted on a 1: 60- scale general model reproducing about 1700 ft of the approach, the spillway, powerhouse, and 1500 ft of the exit area. Sufficient overbank areas on each side of the structure

are provided to reproduce expected flow conditions. Initial study of the energy dis- sipator was conducted on a l:60-scale section model of the spillway and stilling basin

which was installed in a 1-ft-wide glasssided flume. This permitted observation of subsurface flow condition's in the basin and facilitated modifications of the basin.

(g) Design and construction of the general model were completed and testing was initiated.

The original design bucket-type energy dis- sipator was unsatisfactory. Tests indicate

that an apron-type basin (75 ft long) with

a single row of 6-ft-high baffle piers and a 4-ft-hlgh sloped end sill will provide ex- cellent energy dissipation.

(6031) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, WALNUT CREEK, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Sacramento, Corps of Engineers,

Sacramento, Calif.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Walnut Creek project, located 15 miles

east of San Francisco Bay, will provide for enlargement and rectification of the existing channels of Walnut, Lower San Ramon, and Los Trampas Creeks. The project has a drainage

area of 145 square miles and flows northerly

to empty into Suisun Bay. Grade control

'214
structures will be used to reduce velocities

and dissipate excessive energy from floodflows.

To determine the optimum dimensions for the stilling basin at drop structure 2 that will

result in maximum energy dissipation and mini- mum surface waves downstream in the rock- lined channel, and to determine the stability

of the riprap in this channel.

A l:20-scale model was used to reproduce sec- tions of a trapezoidal earth channel, a 50-ft- wide concrete-lined channel, an inlet transition, and drop structure 2

(g) Tests to determine the optimum dimensions of the stilling basin and the stability of riprap downstream from the basin were completed. The stilling basin of original design resulted in excessive velocities and wave action in

the channels downstream from the drop structure. Several modifications to drop struc- ture 2 were tested. A satisfactory design was developed by flaring the basin walls 1 on 10, adding a trajectory curve at the drop, re- placing an 8-ft-high vertical end sill with

10-ft-high baffle blocks, adding quadranttype wing walls below the basin, and sloping

the channel invert up 1 on 6 from the basin

floor to the trapezoidal channel invert. Tests

of the riprap protection plan in the earth

channel Indicated the stone to be stable for

the design discharge.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(6032) PROTOTYPE TESTS OP OLD RIVER CONTROL STRUCTURE, LA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, La.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project, located on the Mississippi

River approximately 50 miles downstream from Vidalia, La., consists of an 11-bay, 484-ft- long gated spillway. Flood control is ob- tained by diverting through the structure approximately one-fourth of the flow in the Mississippi River. To measure vibration of the structure during

periods of high discharge and determine the magnitude of the resulting displacements.

Utilizing these data, stresses caused by the dynamic response of the structure will then

be computed. Accelerometers to measure vibration in the principal directions were located on the piers, gate guides, and crane rail of bays

6 and 10 as well as the left downstream wing

wall and the bridge walkway. Data were re- corded on both magnetic tape and oscillo- grams . (g) Two test series were conducted at Mississippi

River project stages of 40 and 47 ft. The analysis of the oscillograms and a report

describing a frequency spectrum analysis of the data from one of the tests have been

furnished the Nev; Orleans District. Plans

are being made for another test in 1966 at a higher river stage

Due to the very low level of structure acceleration, measurements at more severe flow conditions are needed before a definite

conclusion can be made concerning the magnitude of the vibration.

(6033) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF KAYSTKGER BLUFF DAM, OSAGE RIVER, MO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Kansas City, Corps of Engineers, Kansas City, Kansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The multipurpose dam is located on the Osage River near Warsaw, Mo., and has the primary

functions of flood control and power generation. Plans call for an earth-fill dam about

5000 ft long with a height of 97 ft above the valley floor, a 4-bay gated overfall, a hydraulic jump-type stilling basin and an adjacent power facility in the right terrace. To study the adequacy of the spillway and

the performance of the hydraulic jump-type

stilling basin with and without diversion

through the powerhouse.

A l:60-scale undistorted model that repro- duces 1400 ft of the approach and 1900 ft of the exit areas, the spillway, powerhouse, nonoverflow sections, and portions of the earth embankment is being utilized to conduct the study,

(g) The weir was calibrated for uncontrolled

flows, pressures on the weir crest along the center of a gate bay were measured, and basic stilling basin performance data were

obtained.

A surging occurred at the weir for gated

flows. Capacity of the weir was slightly below that anticipated. The stilling basin may be raised 5 ft. (6034) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, BRANCHED OAK

DAM, NEBR.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebr

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Branched Oak Dam will create one of several flood-control reservoirs of the Salt Creek

project near Lincoln, Nebr. The outlet works will consist of a rectangular intake structure with two inlets (3.5 by 12 ft) and

a 6- by 12-ft riser shaft 30 ft high, follow- ed by an elbow and transition, a 6-ft-diam

circular conduit 370 ft long, a flared transition with a parabolic invert, an SAF

stilling basin, and an exit channel.

To verify the performance of the structure, and particularly to ensure against undesirable characteristics such as surging during

transition from weir control to pressure

flow or excessive vibration under pressure

flow.

A l:10-scale plastic model reproduced the outlet works including the intake structure,

the elbow, the transition, the circular

tunnel, the outlet transition, the stilling

basin, and about 150 ft of exit channel. Pressures in the model were determined by

piezometers located in appropriate areas of the model. The intake structure was install- ed in a baffled headbay which reproduced the approximate geometry and conditions at entry,

(g) All model tests to verify the adequacy of the design of the outlet structure have been

completed; however, tests are under way to determine the effects of other heights of the riser shaft in order to obtain more generalized results. Discharge characteristics, entrance losses, flow conditions, and pressures throughout

the original design outlet works for Branched Oak Dam were found to be satisfactory. The SAF stilling basin provided ade- quate energy dissipation, and a practical

scheme of riprap protection for the exit channel was determined. Additional te.sts will be conducted to investigate the performance of the outlet works

with increased heights of the riser shaft.

(6035) STILLING BASIN PROTOTYPE PRESSURE TESTS, BARREN RIVER DAM, BARREN RIVER, KY.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, ^a

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Barren River Dam is a 146-ft-high earth dam used for flood control, recreation, and low

flow augmentation. The outlet works are a three-gated intake structure and a 17-ft,

elliptically shaped tunnel with a 10,000-cfs

capacity. An uncontrolled, saddle-type

spillway is located on the right abutment.

The stilling basin is 40 ft wide with a single row of streamlined baffle blocks and

an end sill. To measure average and fluctuating pressures

against the stilling basin sidewall and on

a baffle block. The sidewall pressure magnitude and areal extent will give useful

!

215
data for the design of similar stilling

basins. Baffle pressures will provide fullscale data on turbulence pressure fluctuations and possible cavitation. Prototype test facilities include four slots

for pressure transducer carriages and ten embedded pressure transducer boxes on and near a baffle block. A pressure transducer

will be installed on each carriage and measurements made at various flow depths. Data will be recorded on oscillographs and magnetic tape for later electronic correlation,

(g) Preliminary sidewall pressure measurements

were made in April at a discharge of 3600 cfs. Tests are planned in January 1966 at a flow

of 6000 cfs to measure both sidewall and baffle block pressures. Preliminary data indicated that extreme pressure fluctuations against the stilling basin

sidewall were less than 0.3 times the enter- ing velocity head. Predominant fluctuations

were about 3 ft of water.

(6036) SECTION MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OP BANKHEAD

DAM, BLACK WARRIOR RIVER, ALA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The existing spillway at John K. Bankhead

Lock and Dam, Black Warrior River, Ala.,

which has served its useful life, is to be modified to provide an adequate structure

and, under present criteria, extend its economic life 50 years.

To study existing and modified spillway

conditions

A l:30-scale section model reproduces a 49-ft- wide gate bay and adjacent half bays (net spillway length S8 ft) with sufficient length

of approach and exit channels,

(g) Model tests of existing and modified condi- tions indicated cavitation-range pressures

on the weir. Aerating the low-pressure

zones failed to raise pressures out of the cavitation range as the air did not spread

sufficiently in a lateral direction.

(6037) MODEL STUDY OF NEW BUFFALO HARBOR, NEW

BUFFALO, MICHIGAN.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Chicago, Corps of Engineers, Chicago,

Illinois

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The proposed small-boat harbor at New Buffalo

is located at the mouth of Galien River on the southeast shore of i,ake Michigan. This

project is cosponsored by the Corps of Engineers and local interests. The harbor will

be protected by the north and south break- waters which converge westward toward the entrance in the form of an arrowhead to fur- nish an enclosed area of about 8 acres. The proposed 200-ft navigation opening faces west

and is located about 800 ft northwesterly

from the mouth of the Galien River. The entrance channel is 80 to 180 ft wide by 10 ft deep and 800 ft long. New Buffalo Harbor

is used as a base or port of call for light- draft recreational and commercial fishing

vessels

To determine (a) the relative effects of waves

of various magnitudes that approach the har- bor site from the predominant storm directions;

(b) the optimum length and alignment of the proposed arrowhead breakwater system; (c) the optimum crown heights or north and south breakwaters to meet the selected wave-height

criteria for the inner-harbor basin during

severe storms on Lake Michigan; and (d) the optimum direction and width of navigation

opening with respect to reducing wave action

in the protected area. The harbor model tests were conducted on a l:75-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model, con- structed of concrete except for the break- waters which simulated the stone characteristics of the proposed breakwaters. The model

reproduced all the inner-harbor area, the breakwater system, and sufficient beachline

and offshore hydrography to permit simula- tion of waves propagated toward the harbor

from the directions between north-northeast

and west. The model covered an area of 5600

sq ft, approximately 1.1 square miles in nature. V.'aves were generated by a 40-ft-lorg

plunger-type wave machine. Wave heights at selected locations in the model were measured with electrical printed-circuit staff gages,

and were recorded electrically with a multichannel oscillograph.

(g) The model was designed and constructed. Wave-height tests were performed with model conditions simulating (a) basic or existing

prototype conditions; (b) various combinations

or breakwater lengths, alignments, end har- bor entrance widths with a +12 ft Iwd crown elevation for determination of the optimum

length and alignment of the proposed arrow- head-type breakwater system; and (c) selected improvement plans viith various breakwater

crown elevations for determination of the optimum crown elevations of breakwater sys- tems. Tests were performed simulating storm waves generated from all critical directions reckoned counterclockwise from north-northeast through north to west. All tests were performed using a still-water level of +4.5

ft lwd. Results obtained indicate that 9 of the 15 improvement plans tested met the wave-height

criteria selected for the navigation entrance, navigation channel, and ramp and mooring area of the harbor. The recommended plan, select- ed from these nine on the basis of economy

and direction of littoral transport, pro- vides a total length of 1305 ft of north breakwater and 861 ft of south breakwater

with a crown elevation of +9 ft lwd.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(6038) MODEL STUDY OF MAGIC ISLAND AND KEWALO BASIN, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Magic Island is a land-reclamation project.

Fronting Ala Moana Park in Honolulu, approximately 120 acres of shallow coral reef will

be filled in to create new land for recreational and associated commercial use. Ala

Wai Boat Harbor, a pleasure-boat harbor, lies to the east of the project; Kewalo Basin,

the home of Hawaii's commercial fishing

fleet, lies to the west.

(a) To study wave action in Kewalo Basin for existing conditions and following the proposed construction; (b) to develop remedial plans for alleviation of undesirable navigation conditions and wave action in Kewalo

Basin; (c) to determine extent of pollution

in inner lagoon and develop a satisfactory

circulation system therein; and (d) to study wave action in Ala Wai Harbor before and after proposed revisions to that harbor. The three-dimensional, l:100-scale model was

molded in cement mortar, and reproduces the entire problem area and underwater contours

to an offshore depth of 80 ft. Sufficient

additional off-shore area was included to permit generation of test waves from all critical directions. Waves in the model are generated by an 85-ft-long wave machine; wave-height data are secured by the use of electrical measuring and recording apparatus. Model appurtenances also include a system for manual reproduction of tide levels in the area,

(g) Design and construction of the model were accomplished. All model operation was

completed except the tests pertaining to the Ala Wai Boat Harbor. Analysis of data from

the Kewalo Basin tests was in progress.

A circulation system was developed for the inner lagoon which resulted in negligible

pollution and stagnation for prevailing wave conditions

216
(5039) STABILITY TESTS OF NAVIGATION OPENING STRUCTURES, HILO HARBOR TSUNAMI BARRIER, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project will provide a breakwater of barrier across the entrance to Hilo Harbor,

Hawaii, to protect the harbor and the city of Hilo against the attack of damaging tsunami

waves. A navigation. pass will be provided

through the barrier. Passage of tsunami waves will result in several minutes of highvelocity flow through the navigation opening. To provide Information on the barrier head

shape and stone size required to withstand

steady flow at a head differential across the barrier of 28 ft. (The effects of wave action on the barrier were investigated in other model studies.) Two model arrangements were used during the test program. Tests designed primarily to provide data on the stone size required for

stability of the barrier heads were conducted

in a l:60-scale model which reproduced one- half of the navigation opening. Tests con- ducted to provide information on channel bottom or barrier toe protection were made with

the full navigation opening reproduced at a scale of 1:72.

(g) Eighteen modifications of the basic navigation

opening plan were tested to determine the stone sizes required and to evaluate two methods of providing protection for the toe of a barrier

constructed on sand. Test results showed that barrier head stone sizes required for stability under the maxi- mum anticipated steady-flow conditions were considerably smaller than those required to withstand the attack of the design waves. Test data also indicated that, if possible,

the barrier heads should be constructed on a rock foundation. This was considered the only

reliable method of obtaining stable heads. However, if foundation conditions at the site

make' this method of construction impractical,

a protective blanket covering the entire channel bottom through the opening would provide

protection for the toe of the barrier heads. The second method of toe protection investi- gated was the "armoring" technique in which

additional stone is placed around the toe of the barrier head to armor the toe as the sand

is scoured away. Use of this method is not recommended unless the depth of sand is shallow and unless repair and maintenance

operations are scheduled after each tsunami until the currents have removed all sand and

the barrier heads rest on rock.

(h) Preparation of final report is in progress.

(6040) MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATER STABILITY, HILO

HARBOR, HAVIA II.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Hilo Harbor is on the northeast coast of the Island of Hawaii, about 195 nautical miles

southeast of Honolulu. The proposed plan to protect the harbor against seismic waves

(tsunamis) and short-period wind waves (sea and swell) consists of extending the existing breakwater westward to a total length of about 10,570 ft. providing a navigation opening 600

ft wide and 35 ft deep, and constructing a breakwater about 4000 ft long on the west side

of the harbor, extending eastward. The break- waters are. to be constructed of quarrystone

and concrete armor units.

To develop a breakwater trunk section that will

be stable against the attack of seismic waves

(tsunamis) and short-period wind waves (sea and swell)

Stability tests of the breakwater trunk when

subjected to seismic waves (tsunamis) were conducted at a 1:50 scale in a steel flume 230

ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. Model

seismic waves (bores) were generated by a pneumatic-type bore generator, and measured

and recorded electrically. Stability tests

of the breakwater trunk when subjected to short-period waves were conducted at a 1:50

scale in a concrete wave flume 119 ft long,

5 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. Model waves were generated by a plunger- type wave machine, and measured and recorded electrically,

(g) The existing flume facilities were revised

for the study. A pneumatic bore generator

was designed, constructed, and programmed to generate the required tsunamis. Preliminary

tests were conducted on a typical section of

the breakwater trunk to study the causes and remedies of failure of breakwater trunks

when subjected to tsunamis. Several over- topping and nonovertopping sections of the breakwater trunk were designed and tested for stability against tsunamis. Some of the breakwater trunk sections, which were found

to be stable against the attack of tsunamis, were checked for stability against the attadc

of short-period waves.

It was found that: (a) Rehabilitation of the existing breakwater will require the addition

of one layer of 20-ton stone (placed with

tongs) to the existing breakwater section,

grouting 4 ft of the top of the harborside

slope of the cover layer of the existing

barrier, and addition of a concrete impervious

diaphragm on top of the grouted layer, (b) extension of the existing breakwater westward and construction of a breakwater on the west

side of the harbor extending eastward will require the construction of a nonovertopping

barrier with 3-ft freeboard, a seaside slope

of 1 on 1-1/2, and a harborside slope of 1 cn 2. The nonovertopping barrier consists of core material ranging in size from 50- to 1500-lb stone, one layer of about 10-ton stone (placed with tongs) on the harborside slope

extending from elevation -10 ft to elevation

+25 ft, and armor cover layers on the sea- side slope adequate to withstand the attack

of short-period waves.

(6041) MODEL STUDY OF HARBOR, CRESCENT CITY, CALIFORNIA.

{0} District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, San Francisco, Corps of Engineers,

San Francisco, Calif.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing recommended project entails dredging to a 20-ft depth an area of about

18 acres adjacent to the Citizens Dock, thus reducing the adjacent 10-ft project

depth area to 12 acres, and a 300-ft-long

extension, aligned in the northwest direction, of the existing inner breakwater. Other alternate improvements which have been requested by local interests involve (a) possible construction of an arm of breakwater extending about 2400 ft southwesterly from Whaler Island to provide, with the existing outer breakwater, a navigation entrance about 400 ft wide, and (b) rock removal to 20-ft depths in the Dutton Wharf area of the north- west sector of the harbor.

To study the effects of storm wave action involving short-period waves, 5 to 20 sec, on the existing harbor and with various

proposed plans of improvement installed in the model. These proposed plans of improvement Involve determination of (a) optimum

arrangements for an increased breakwater

system, (b) effects on harbor wave action

within an area inside the harbor which would

be dredged to and maintained at increased

project depths necessary to satisfy navigation requirements for deeper draft vessels,

and the effects of wave action on the small craft in existing marina areas and also the feasibility of possible marina expansion

should such action become desirable in the future

The l:125-scale model is of the fixed-bed

type, and is molded of concrete except for

the breakwaters which are constructed of

I

217
rubble, sized to simulate that required for prototype construction. The model reproduces

sufficient area along the shoreline north,

south, and oceanward of the harbor site to ensure that propagation of waves toward the problem area is adequately simulated. The

model has an area of about 7800 sq ft, equiv- alent to about 4.4 square miles in nature. Waves are generated by a 60-ft-long, plungertype wave machine. Electrical printed-circuit-type wave measuring rods in conection

with automatic recording equipment are used

to obtain necessary wave-height data.

(6042) LABORATORY RESEARCH ON DIKE DESIGN.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Memphis, Vicksburg and New Orleans Districts

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves the construction of dikes for the regulation and improvement of

alluvial streams, such as the Mississippi

River, to provide for adequate channel depth and alignment for navigation.

To determine the relative effectiveness of various factors, such as alignment, elevation,

length, permeability, etc., in stabilizing low-water channels and in providing the required increase in depth.

The investigation is being conducted in a flume 230 ft long by 20 ft wide, including

two bends and a relatively long, straight

reach between bends. The study is of the movable-bed type with a fine, uniform sand used for bed material,

(g) Tests of 15 dike systems were completed. Results have indicated some of the factors affecting the performance of rock dikes,

performance characteristics of various types

of dike systems, and factors which should be considered in the design of a dike system. The most promising dike designs are being

built and tested in the field.

218
H. G. ACRES Sc COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Mr. 0. M. Erickson, Head, Hydraulic

Department, H. G. Acres & Company Limited, Consulting

Engineers, Niagara Falls, Canada.

(5618) MODEL TESTS OF THE ROCKFILL CAUSEWAY CROSS

SECTION FOR THE NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT

CROSSING.

(b) Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

d) Experimental; design.

e) The rockfill causeway section of the Northumberland Strait Crossing will be approximately three miles in length. The rockfill core must be protected against

the combined effects of a 20-foot design

wave, currents resulting from partial

closure of the Strait which at present

experiences 8-foot tides, and the movement

of extremely large ice floes. Wave studies

are being carried out on a 1:20 scale model

to determine the most economic combination

of dyke freeboard, dyke slope, primary precast concrete armour units and secondary

riprap requirements, which will meet the design conditions.

(5619) TIDAL MODEL TESTS FOR THE PROPOSED NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CROSSING.

(b) Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

d) Experimental; design.

e) To study the effect of partial closure of the Northumberland Strait by the building

of a causeway. Model studies are being

made of the Strait to scale of 1:6400 horizontal and 1:64 vertical. Tidal movements within the Strait are caused by the tides imposed on the entrances; two tide generators are therefore used. The principal objectives of the study are to confirm

conclusions derived from analytical calculations, to determine the velocity distri- bution through the causeway opening, the overall velocity pattern, and the maximum

tidal difference across the causeway.

On completion of the studies for design

data, the model will be available for

studies required by other interested

agencies such as the Department of Fisheries.

(5620) MODEL STUDY OF BRIDGE PIERS SUBJECTED TO PRESSURES FROM LARGE ICE FLOES.

(b) Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

d) Experimental; design.

e) Piers for the bridged section of the proposed

crossing of Northumberland Strait will be subjected to ice pressure. Various shapes

are being tested on a 1:60 scale model to find the magnitude and direction of the forces, and to observe the mechanics of

the splitting and breaking of ice floes against these piers. A special substance

has been devised having the appropriate

mechanical properties to simulate the ice

to the scale of the model. The piers are supported by a specially designed dyna- mometer and placed in the centre of a raceway. The artificial ice floes,

floating in the water, are either carried

by the current of water, or forcibly

propelled and made to collide with the

pier.

(5987) WAVE MEASUREMENTS IN NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT.

(b) Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

d) Field; design.

e) To enable calibration of wave formula for

local conditions, a wave recorder consisting

of an electronic circuitry cabinet and electrode probe mounted on a mast 50 feet in length and anchored to the ocean floor

approximately one mile off Borden, P.E.I., was designed and used to obtain wave data. The sensing device on the mast was connected

by a 7-conductor submarine cable to a power

source and chart recorder located on the

shore. The wave records obtained are being

analyzed for significant wave, wave spectrum

and wave period,

(g) Preliminary analysis of wave data indicates

good agreement with Bretschneider ' s technique for wave forecasting, although some adjustment seems Justifie'd for use of the techniqus for an intermediate size body of water. Wave spectrum data was found to be in good agreement with the Longuet-Hlggins data.

(5988) INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON BRIDGE PIERS AND TUNNEL ELEMENTS DURING

PLACEMENT.

(b) Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

d) Experimental; design.

e) To determine the hydrodynamic forces on the bridge piers and tunnel elements of the Northumberland Strait Crossing, 1 to 35 scale models of the piers and tunnel elements

are being tested in a flume 11 feet wide, 4 feet deep and 80 feet long. The flume, which

is equipped with pneumatic wave generator, Is so designed that both current and wave forces can be simulated simultaneously on the models.

(5989) MODEL STUDY OF PORTAGE DIVERSION SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN.

(b) Water Control and Conservation Branch, Dept.

of Agriculture and Conservation, Government

of Manitoba, Winnipeg 1, Manitoba.

d) Experimental; design.

e) The Portage Diversion spillway which will be located on the Assiniboine River, near Portage

la Prairie, has a capacity of 25,000 cfs. The flow will, be controlled by means of two 14-foot high by 75-foot long bascule gates located on the crest of the spillway. A 1 to 36 scale model was used to investigate

the performance of the stilling ttesin for discharge over the spillway crest and through

an 8-foot by 10-foot low level outlet conduit. Tests were also carried out to deter- mine hydraulic loads for design of the gate

operator. Qualitative tests of gate vibration and aeration were also undertaken.

f) Completed.

g) A large baffle pier was found to be required

at the outlet of the low level conduit to disperse the flow throughout the stilling basin to obtain satisfactory energy dissipation.

(h) A report has been prepared and submitted to the client.

(5990) MODEL STUDY OF MACTAQUAC STILLING BASIN.

(b) The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission,

Fredericton, New Brunswick.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The main spillway of the Mactaquac Development has a capacity of 285,000 cfs and is located adjacent to the powerhouse. Five 45- foot wide by 53-foot high spillway crest gates regulate the flow into the stilling

basin. The difference between the headwater

and the tailwater is about 90 feet. A 1 to

72 scale movable bed model was used to study

the performance of the stilling basin and to determine the optimum arrangement of baffle

blocks, end sill and length of stilling

basin. Scour patterns downstream from the stilling basin and adjacent to the power- house were also investigated.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory design was developed using a stilling basin length equal to approximately

0.3 times the length of the hydraulic Jump.

(h) Report prepared and submitted to the client.

(5991) MODEL STUDY OF PROPOSED LOCK 6 WEST INTAKE

219
STRUCTURE

( b) The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Montreal,

Canada

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A new filling system for Lock 6 West of the Welland Canal requires construction of a new

intake. The proposed intake structure consists of a funnel shaped entrance transition,

symmetrically divided to convey water to two tunnels. The flow in each tunnel is regulated

by a reverse taintor gate. A 1 to 40 scale model was used to investigate the possibility

of separation, air entrainment and vortex

formation at the intake.

(f) Completed.

(g) A tendency for vortex formation was found in

the model. Several types of vortex suppressors were tested at 1, 2 and 2.5 times the Froude velocity and a canopy type suppressor

recommended as a permanent feature of the intake

(h) Report completed and submitted to the client.

(5992) MODEL STUDY OF LOCK 7 WEST OUTLET STRUCTURE.

(b) The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Montreal,

Canada

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The new emptying system for Lock 7 West of the Welland Canal consists of two concrete

tunnels, each 20 feet wide by 20 feet high, and an outlet structure. The outlet structure consists of two conduits curved, in plan, 66.23 degrees on a horizontal radius of 98.5

feet, with two vertical bends having radii varying from 60 to 80 feet. Each conduit of

the outlet structure is 20 feet high by 20 feet wide at the entrance, and is expanded

and divided by a separation wall along its centreline, into two branch conduits, each with dimensions 14 feet by 29 feet at outfall.

A 1 to 40 scale model was used to investigate

flow separation along the curve walls, flow distribution at outfall and energy losses.

(f) Completed.

(g) The model showed separation to take place

along the inside wall of the horizontal curves

of each branch and guide vanes were added to improve the velocity distribution and turbulence at outfall.

(h) Report prepared and submitted to the client.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (EDMONTON), Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(5665) ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REGIME.

b) University, with NRC grant.

c) Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ.

of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

d) Laboratory study; Master's thesis.

e) Literature study and attempt to co-ordinate

the maximum scour for a given depth in sand and coal bed material.

(g) A useful formula was obtained containing a power of the buoyant specific gravity of the bed material. Maximum scour was found to be,

paradoxically, less in the light-weight

material

(h) "Co-ordination of Model Bridge-Pier Scour",

A. S. Qureshl, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1965.

(5666) ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REGIME.

b) University and Alberta Research Council.

c) Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ.

of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

(d) Field study under Co-operative Highway Re- search Program; Master's thesis and official

report

(e) Fluviological field study and analysis of sand-river regime

(g) Bed behaviour over 3 miles were observed in detail at three low flood stages using a sonic sounder and careful ground control

Space alternations of scour and deposition

were recorded as discharge varied; dune patterns were studied; scour pattern changes with time were noted at a bend. A preliminary

quantitative analysis was attempted in terms

of regime theory parameters, Manning's n, and

a friction factor; the variations of these factors were considered in terms of the qualitative river behaviour,

(h) "Field Observations of Bed Changes in Red Deer River, near Duchess", N. Bobey, M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Alberta, 1965.

(5667) ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REGIME.

(b) University of Alberta, with NRC grant.

(c) Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engrg. Univ.

of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

(d) Laboratory Study, Master's thesis.

(e) Study of laminar flow of sand suspension in vertical tubes, and co-ordination of theory.

(f) Terminated.

(g) An attempt was made to co-ordinate the many

formulas offered in Chemical Engineering

literature for dilatant behaviour of sus- pensions. V/D was found to be a suitable factor for correlating with boundary shear

stress. The Bagnold experiments and ideas on dllatancy suggested non-dimensional parameters

and the use of a linear separation factor instead of concentration; the resulting for- mula was a simple power one with an index that changed at high concentration where particles

probably interfered with each other violently.

(h) "Investigation of Rheological Characteristics

of Sand-Water Suspensions", N. Subramanya,

Univ. of Alberta, M.Sc. Thesis, 1965.

(5668) ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REGIME.

b) University of Alberta, with NRC grant.

c) Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

d) Laboratory study; Ph.D. thesis.

e) Study of sand suspension in pipes near the drop

out condition.

f) Continuing to other problems.

g) Scattering of Gamma-Rays was used to measure

sediment concentration on vertical and horizontal lines. The technique proved satisfactory.

Concentration followed an approximately expo- nential decay law from bottom of pipe to top

of observable material. Bagnold 's ideas on dllatancy were used to give a rough explanation of results. The work follows from Ansley's, 1964, and aims, inter alia, at ultimate understanding of bed-load transfer.

(h) "Investigation of the Concentration Gradient in Fluidized Solids Transport", M. P. duPlessis,

Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Alberta, 1965.

(5675) SUBMERGED SLUICE GATE FLOW AS A WALL JET

PROBLEM.

bi University on NRC Grant,

c) Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton.

(d) Basic problem with practical application;

experimental and theoretical in nature.

(e) This work is being done to treat the sub- merged flow below a sluice gate as the case

of a plane turbulent wall jet under essentially zero pressure gradient and to understand

the mechanics of the jet diffusion and energy dissipation.

f) Completed.

g) The analysis has been successful. The veloc- ity scale factors have been determined and

It has been found possible to predict the

Jet diffusion and the energy dissipation.

(h) "Submerged Sluice Gate Flow as a Wall Jet Problem," by N. Rajaratnam, Proc. 2nd Australasian Conf. on Hydraulics & Fluid

Mechanics, Auckland, New Zealand, Dec. 1965.

(5676) SUBMERGED HYDRAULIC JUMP AS A WALL JET.

b) University on NRC Grant.

c) Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

220
problem with a view of using it for the measure- ment of boundary shear stress.

(g) A method has been developed for predicting the true static pressure using two holes of different diameters. Also Shaw's curve has been found to be applicable for open channel flows.

(h) "A Note on the Static Hole Error Problem," by N. Rajaratnam, J. of the Royal Aero. Soc,

London (in press). Discussion of "Errors in Plezometric Measurement," by N. Rajaratnam,

Proc. ASCE, J. Hydraulics Divn., Sept. 1965.

(5681) PRESTON TUBE WITH A HEMISPHERICAL NOSE.

(h)

(5677)

(d)

(e)

ill

(h)

University on NRC Grant.

Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Basic problem with applications.

The purpose is to develop a method of using

the familiar Prandtl-type pitot-static tube for the measurement of the boundary shear

stress. Completed.

A calibration curve has been developed for the pitot-static tube to predict the boundary

shear stress.

"On the Preston Tube with a Hemi- spherical Nose," by N. Rajaratnam, Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, London (in press).

(5682) SUBMERGED JUMP IN TRIANGULAR CHANNEL.

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

(d) Basic problem with practical application; - theoretical and experimental.

(e) The purpose of this work is to develop a sound method of understanding the diffusion and energy dissipation in the submerged jump.

(f) Completed.

(g) The submerged jump has been treated as a plane turbulent wall jet, with an adverse pressure

gradient with backward flow on top. The for- ward flow has been successfully studied; the friction on the bed has been measured with a Preston tube and a method has been developed

to predict the backward flow on top. The

effect of the submergence factor has been

brought out clearly.

"Submerged Hydraulic Jump," by N. Rajaratnam.

Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers,

J. Hydraulics Divn., July 1965. HYDRAULIC JUMP AS A WALL JET. University on NRC Grant.

Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Basic problem with practical application;

theoretical and experimental.

The purpose of this work is to understand the diffusion and energy dissipation in the jump and also to find out the effect of the adverse pressure gradient on the growth of a wall jet.

(f) Completed.

(g) The velocity distribution in the boundary

layer and the free mixing region have been

studied and have been found to be similar.

The corresponding scale factors have been

determined. The boundary friction has been measured with a Preston tube. A more correct

form of the momentum equation for the jump has been developed. The surface profile and energy fall in the Jump have been predicted.

(h) "The Hydraulic Jump as a Wall Jet" by N. Rajaratnam, Proc. ASCE, J. Hydraulics Divn.,

September 1965.

(5678) PLANE TURBULENT WALL JETS ON ROUGH BOUNDARIES.

(b) University on NRC Grant.

(c) Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

(d) Basic problem with applications; theoretical & experimental.

(e) The purpose of this work is to study systematically, the effect of boundary roughness on

the growth of the wall Jet.

(g) The growth and diffusion of the plane turbulent wall Jet on rough boundaries has been

studied over a fairly wide range of relative

roughness under essentially zero pressure

gradient. Further work is in progress to study the effect of adverse pressure gradients.

(h) "Plane Turbulent Wall Jets on Rough Boundaries,"

by N. Rajaratnam. Submitted for Publication

to the ASCE, J. of the Hydraulics Divn.

(5679) PRESTON TUBE - A THEORETICAL CALIBRATION CURVE. UNIVERSITY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

lii

(h)

(5683)

(b)

(SI

13

(h)

University on NRC Grant.

Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Applied research.

To understand the effect of submergence on the jump in a triangular channel. Completed.

The momentum equation has been found to be satisfactory to predict the overall flow pattern and the energy loss. "Experiments on Submerged Jump in a Triangular

Channel," by N. Rajaratnam, Civil Engineering

and Public Works Review, London, July 1965. HYDRAULIC JUMP IN HORIZONTAL CONDUITS. University on NRC Grant.

Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Applied research.

To develop simplified charts to predict the jump characteristics in conduits. Completed.

Simple charts have been developed for pre- dicting the jump formation in horizontal

conduits of circular or exponential crosssection. The effect of air entrainment has

also been considered.

"Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Conduits," by

N. Rajaratnam, Water Power, London, Feb. 1965.

(b) University with NRC Grant.

(c) Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

(d) Basic problem with applications.

(e) The purpose is to develop a refined theoretical calibration curve for the Preston tube on smooth boundaries for large Reynolds numbers.

(f) Completed.

(g) The theoretical curve developed agrees very

well with the extensive and precise results

of Rechenberg and Patel

(h) "A Theoretical Calibration Curve for the Preston Tube on Smooth Boundaries for Large

Reynolds Numbers," J. of the Royal Aero. Soc,

London, February 1965.

(5680) THE STATIC HOLE ERROR PROBLEM.

(4451) HEAD LOSS IN SPHERICAL AND CONVENTIONAL WYES.

151

(d)

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of British Columbia. Applied research. Much of the experimental work is being done by an M.A.Sc. student. Lucite models of spherical and conventional

type of wyes were constructed and the head

losses measured. For all wyes the inside diameter of the main pipe and the branch

pipes are 5 1/4 and 3 3/4 inches respectively. Several modifications such as tierods,

tapered outlets, rounded corners and different sphere diameters are being investigated.

M.A.Sc. Thesis by Sirajuddin Ahmed, Oct. 1965.

University on NRC Grant.

Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Basic problem with applications.

The purpose is to study the static hole error

(5993) FLOW THROUGH PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Muir, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.-C.

221
(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Preparation of Fortran IV computer programs

for determination of flow and friction losses through water pipe networks served (a) by

gravity from one or more storage reservoirs,

(b) by a combination of pumps and reservoirs.

(5994) THE USE OP AIR BUBBLERS TO PREVENT SHOALING AT A WHARF IN A NAVIGABLE, ALLUVIAL, TIDAL

RIVER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. S. Pretious; Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.

(d) Laboratory experiments and field tests. Applied research to aid operation and development. Project used for master's

thesis.

(e) A grain elevator wharf owned and operated by

the Fraser River Harbour Commission on the left bank of the Fraser River at New Westminster, B. C, is subject to severe shoaling

annually, immediately following a freshet. This shoal is removed by conventional dredging

which is inconvenient for shipping using the wharf. If dredges are not immediately available the wharf has to close, resulting in serious financial loss. The shoal is com- posed of fine sand having a median diameter

of about 0.1 m.m. which may be carried in suspension during the freshet. By creating

a curtain of air bubbles it might be possible

to deflect the sediment deposition away from

the wharf; in the manner of an underwater

deflecting groin, except that it would not constitute a hazard to shipping. Compressed

air will be forced through perforations in plastic pipe anchored to the river bed in the vicinity of the wharf, which is 1,129 feet long parallel to the bank.

(g) It will be necessary to know the optimum

arrangement of the air lines on the river bed

and at what stage of the river flow to commence the air bubbler operation. Furthermore, the local tidal action may produce

shoaling patterns which can best be countered by varying the operation to suit flood, slack, and ebb tides. To be a success, the air- bubbler system will have to compete with con- ventional dredging as regards cost, apart

from the other advantages mentioned.

(h) The findings will be presented in a master's

thesis.

(5995) A GENERAL-PURPOSE, LABORATORY WAVE GENERATOR.

(b) Laboratory project supported by National

Research Council of Canada.

(c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.

(d) Design and construction of a wave generator

and wave absorbers to provide laboratory

facilities for wave research.

(e) The short length of the existing laboratory

flumes precludes long spending beaches and

also makes it necessary to generate the type

of wave desired (shallow-water, deep-water or transitional type) right at the generator.

By a suitable linkage the wave generator can

act as a hinged paddle, a plunger, or as a combination of the two, depending on the water-particle motion desired. This wave research facility will be available for demonstration and graduate research.

(g) The electronic controls for accurately

measuring wave lengths (periods), profiles

and heights have been designed and completed.

The existing generator is being built for a small flume which will act as a pilot model

for a much larger flume. The experience

gained with the small flume should benefit

the larger installation.

(h) A laboratory report including mechanical

drawings, circuit diagrams and photographs

will be prepared. OPTIMUM CLOSING OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE GATES. Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.

(d) Theoretical, for Master's thesi3.

(e) To find for a hydraulic turbine, served by a penstock from a distant reservoir, the optimum gate closure arrangement resulting

in minimum speed rise. The change in power

output at the gate, caused by an arbitrary

gate closure operating, is derived in terms

of (l) changes in energy input at the intake,

(2) changes in kinetic and pressure energy

of water and (3) strain energy of the pen- stock walls.

(5997) RIVER FLOOD FORECASTING. British Columbia Disaster Relief Fund.

Dr. R. Singh, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver. B. C. Applied research (mostly theoretical).

To forecast the floods on the Fraser River

from snow and temperature data by considering

an analogous system. Under study.

Satisfactory.

"River Flood Flows and Probabilities,"

Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE,

Vol. 91, No. HY3, Proc. Paper 4312, May 1965, pp. 1-18.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, Department of Civil Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

(4043) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS.

(b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department,

Inspection Division.

(c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnlque,

2500 Marie-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A full scale three- story plumbing system has been erected in the Hydrodynamics

Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnlque. The diameter of the pluvial column, the soil stack and the drain is 4 inches. The drain has many sections of pyrex glass to permit

observations at critical points. A system

of valves and of cross-connections on the vents lends to various combinations of tests. The back-water valves have a transparent

luclte cover to enable visual observations. As air entralnment has a great importance

on the venting capacity, the rate of air

entrained in the vertical columns is measured at the inlet by means of a hot- wire air-meter. Various flooding conditions

of the public sewers are simulated by a tank

in which the water level can be controlled

by gate valves. This research is aimed at determining whether back-water valves can offer home dwellers a reliable protection

against flooding due to any overload of combined sewers.

(f) Reactivated.

(g) The mechanism of air entralnment has been

studied and tests have revealed the best position for some of the vents. Recent tests have been conducted with new positions of the vents and new arrangements In the piping.

(h) Interim report entitled "Etude experlmentale

des soupapes de surete contre les surcharges

d'egout", BY Andre Leclerc, Roger Labonte

and Raymond Boucher, December 1963, sub- mitted to sponsor. Final report in preparation .

(5513) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE INTAKE FOR THE MANICOUAGAN 5 HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnlque, 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal

222
26, Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A comprehensive model built to an undlstorted

scale of 1:50 reproduces the forebay topography, the intake canal and intake structures. This investigation is conducted to examine

the overall performance of the structures

and to verify the design. A second model of

the intake structures of a different design has also been built to the same scale. The first model of the intake structures has been tested. Testing of the second model is being executed at the present time.

(h) Progress reports submitted to sponsor.

(5946) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OP LOG-PASSING DEVICES AT DAMS.

b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

c) Prof. Andre Leclerc, Associate Director,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique,

2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada

d) Theoretical and experimental for design.

e) The study is conducted to determine the best geometry of intakes, transitions, flumes and chutes to prevent log Jamming and ascertain

efficient flow especially in vertical and horizontal bends of chutes. The main pur- pose of this study is to design an intake

that will pass the largest flow of logs of 4,

8, 12 and 16 feet with the minimum of water

per log. Consideration must be given to the

fact that the water level upstream of the dam may vary with time up to 35 feet at some locations. The elevation of the intake

structure must be varied accordingly to control the rate of flow.

(g) Two Intakes have been designed which seem to conform to the requirements. Tests are now

conducted on a 1:16 scale model to refine the shapes and determine the best slopes. Theo- retical designs of transitions have been made which will be subjected to experimental

verification in the near future.

(h) Progress reports submitted to sponsor.

(5947) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OP HEAD LOSSES THROUGH VARIOUS RESTRICTED ORIFICES FOR THE SURGE TANKS OF MANICOUAGAN 5 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

c) Prof. Raymond Boucher, Director, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Quebec, Can.

d) Experimental; applied research (M. S. thesis).

e) One model has been built to a scale of 1: 107.3. Head loss coefficients of various

orifice shapes have been studied for the two flow directions under steady flow conditions.

To obtain a given loss coefficient ratio for

the two flow directions, a final form of the orifice to be Installed in the surge tanks has been determined. Fundamental study is planned on four models built to different

scales to verify possible scale effects.

(5948} THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE TIDAL MOTION IN THE

ST. LAWRENCE ESTUARY.

(b) National Research Council; laboratory

project.

(c) Dr. H. Werner Partenscky, Ecole Polytechnique, Hydrodynamics Lab., 2500 Marie- Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research for M.S. thesis.

(e) Investigation of the tidal characteristics

of the St. Lawrence Estuary by means of a mathematical model. Empirical determination

of geometric and roughness effects on tidal amplitudes and velocities. Calculation of tidal discharges. Study of geostrophic

effects. Comparison of computed tidal velocities with field measurements.

f ) Almost completed.

g) Theoretical results showed good agreement

with field measurements for average tidal amplitudes and velocities.

(h) "An Investigation of the Tidal Characteristics of the St. Lawrence Estuary by a Math- ematical Model," Rene Vincent, M. S. thesis, Laval University, Nov. 1965. Final report

in preparation.

(5949) SALINITY INTRUSION STUDY FOR THE ST. LAWRENCE ESTUARY.

(b) National Research Council; laboratory

project

(c) Dr. H. Werner Partenscky, Ecole Polytechnique, Hydrodynamics Lab., 2500 Marie-Guyard

Ave., Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigation.

(e) One-dimensional study on the salinity in- trusion in the St. Lawrence Estuary based

on mean tidal velocities obtained from theoretical investigations and field measurements. Comparison of computed salinity values with prototype data.

(f) Preliminary studies completed. Investigations

continuing.

(5950) STUDY ON THE OSCILLATIONS OF FLAP GATES.

(b) National Research Council; laboratory

project.

(c) Dr. H. Werner Partenscky, Ecole Polytechnique, Hydrodynamics Lab., 2500 Marie-Guyard

Ave., Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; fundamental study; M.S. thesis.

e) The excitation of flap gates to oscillate are being investigated for different gate shapes and operating positions. Measures to prevent the oscillations are being studied. Criteria are to be established for the desiga and operation of flap gates.

(g) Investigation in planning stage.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO, Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer,

Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University

Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model reproducing five miles of the Niagara River

from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts

is being used to determine the operational

characteristics of the Niagara River Control Structure under developed conditions. This

model was previously used to investigate

the remedial works necessary for the Preser- vation and Enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the location of the intakes and necessary river improvements of both Ontario

Hydro and the Power Authority of the State

of New York. To fully realize the terms of

the 1950 Niagara Treaty, additional remedial works have been designed. These include a five-gate extension to the existing 13-gate

control structure as well as a system con- taining an upstream accelerating wall, a downstream training wall and overflow weir

for the safe passage of ice past the various

intakes along the Canadian shore of the river above the Falls. The sequence of con- struction of these works and the conditions

during their construction were determined

in the model. Rating of the structure under

cofferdammed conditions was obtained. An echo-sounding survey with electronic fixing

was made in the field in 1962 and portions

of the model re-contoured. Certain river

improvements were designed and executed to assist in the passage of ice floes.

(4455) ARROW LAKES DAM - COLUMBIA RIVER.

(b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.

223
(f)

(f)

Experimental; for design and operation. An 1:80 scale model of the Arrow Lakes and

dam and environs was built to determine the detailed location and adequacy of the water

passages in a concrete structure and the energy-dissipating works necessary to ensure

the protection of an associated earth dam. Numerous tests have been made with a movable

bed of fine sand to determine erosion

characteristics and navigation velocities

upstream and downstream of a lock situated between the concrete structure and the earth

dam.

A 1:50 scale model was tested in a flume to determine the hydraulic design of the tunnel ports in the concrete structure and to de- velop the associated energy-dissipating work. Rating of these ports was obtained as well as

the hydraulic loadings on the port gates. A 1:60 soale model of one of the four sluice- ways is being tested in the flume to determine

the rating of the sluice and the hydraulic

loadings on the sluice gate. Piezometers

are being used to determine under varying

conditions of flow, the rollway pressures as well as the pressures at selected locations

in the energy-dissipating bucket and associated tooth-like projections of the dissipator.

Design completed, but model still active. SIR ADAM BECK-NIAGARA GENERATING STATIONS. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:80 scale model was built of the two canals leading to the plants including the crossover, in order to determine the per- formance with the increased flow of Sir

Adam Beck No. 1 canal due to its enlargement. Work completed and model inactive. LAMBTON GENERATING STATION. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1 to 80 scale model reproduces about one mile of the St. Clair River topography. The model will determine the location and size of

the intake channels for cooling water and any river excavation for the channel and

shipping. Work completed and model Inactive. SIR ADAM BECK-NIAGARA GENERATING STATIONS. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:50 model of the trapezoidal section of

the hydraulic canal leading to Sir Adam Beck

No. 1 Generating Station was constructed in order to redesign an enlarged trapezoid in the earth section to accommodate the larger

flows of the enlarged rock canal section up

and downstream. Work completed and model Inactive. SIR ADAM BECK-NIAGARA GENERATING STATIONS. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:50 scale model was constructed of the downstream end of the enlarged hydraulic

rock canal leading to Sir Adam Beck No. 1 Generating Station, to design an enlarged

section in order to recover velocity head

of water travelling 17 fps and reducing to

12 fps where it merges with water in the new

canal leading to Sir Adam Beck No. 2 Generating Station. Included in the model was an inclined ramp and a large central pier, 12

feet by 80 feet, for dewaterlng purposes. Work completed and model inactive. MOUNTAIN CHUTE GENERATING STATION. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:80 scale topographic model of the power

site was constructed to determine cofferdam

layout, tunnel port details and operation

with a hlnged-flap closure gate, sluiceway

location, and downstream training walls and rock excavation, tailrace configuration and excavation, and beneficial location of spoil excavation.

(5694) INTAKE STUDY.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 plexiglass model was constructed to determine the minimum opening in the dam face consistent with performance for a singlegated bell mouth type of opening. An upper

transition from square to round and a lower

transition made with a reducing elbow were

also studied. Pressure planes were also tested with piezometer rings for use with the Gibson Method of testing a short penstock.

Variations in opening radii, height of sill above bed etc., will be investigated later.

(5695) BARRETT CHUTE GENERATING STATION.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model was constructed for an existing

station with a long headrace canal excavated

in rock to which will be added two large

units for peaking purposes. The model is being used to determine the design of a modi- fied inlet to "the deepened canal and an en- larged forebay leading to the new units.

(5696) PICKERING GENERATING STATION. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:36 model of the hydraulic passages from

Lake Ontario to the C. W. & Service water

pumps for four 500 Mw units of a nuclear

plant are being studied. Of particular in- terest are the waterways from the sereenhouse, under the spent fuel bay and the pump well

design. The water requirement is over 1,000

cfs per unit. Surge heights at shutdown are also being examined.

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD.

(4517) MONTREAL - SOREL SHIP CHANNEL.

Depa-rtment of Transport.

Theoretical and experimental: design. Two models representing a section of the

St. Lawrence River from Laprairie Basin

including Montreal Harbour to Sorel Islands were built at a scale 1/150 vertically and

1/600 horizontally.

The purpose of the model was to study the improvement of navigation in this section of

the St. Lawrence River. LITTLE CURRENT .SHIP PASSAGE.

Dept. of Public Works, Canada and consulting

engineers

Scale model study of navigation problems in Little Current Narrows with the aid of radio- guided ship model. Study of corrective measures for currents induced by wind, tide and seiche action. Completed

Report submitted to sponsor.

(5427) ARROW LAKES LOCK.

(b) C B A Engineering Ltd.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The purpose of the study carried out on a 1/20 scale model is to ascertain the hydraulic performance of the design of the lock and make the modifications suggested

by these preliminary tests.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5425)

(b)

(d)

(e)

IS

224
(5428) PEACE RIVER TAILRACE.

(b) I P E C (International Power and Engineering

Consultants Ltd).

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design.

(e) Study of a 1/96 scale model of the head

losses and surge waves in the tailrace manifold and tunnel. A study of the flood spill- way is in progress.

(5429) SNOW MELTING DEVICE,

(b) City of Montreal.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; design.

(e) Study on a 1/12 scale model of a circular

type of snow melter in which the burnt gas

of the burners develops a swirling flow in

the snow dumping basin. This swirling flow Improves heat exchanges, carries the. floating

slush on a circular weir in the center of the basin and transports the sand and debris on

the bottom of the basin in a sand trap. With

this patented type of snow melter, practically no mechanical components other than

the burners are required.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(6043) ILE NOTRE DAME ARTIFICIAL FOUNTAINS.

(b) D. W. Graham & Associates,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Assistance in designing attractive layout

of artificial watercourses for 1967 World's

Fair. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor. CHANDLER HARBOR BREAKWATER.

Dept. of Public V.'orks (Harbours and Rivers

Engineering Branch), and Picard, Rochette

and Marquis, Consulting Engineers.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Flume tests at scale 1 in 50 to check the stability of the breakwater profile recom- mended in the preliminary phase of the design work.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report sumbitted to sponsor.

(5718) BURLEIGH FALLS LOCK (TRENT CANAL).

(b) Dept. of Transport (Canada), Canals Division,

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic model investigation of the lock,

at scale 1/20. Fast rates of operations

had to be achieved, without detriment to light pleasure craft; emphasis was put on elimination of residual turbulence and surging in the lock, as well as immediately

downstream from it, in the navigation channel,

into which the lock is dumped.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5719) LAKE ST. JOHN SHORELINE PROTECTION.

S3

(5717)

(b)

(b) Saguenay Power Company Ltd.

(dj Field investigation and theoretical; design.

(e) Study of protective measures against wave

erosion of fine sand deposits forming much of shoreline. Difficulties encountered were the extreme fineness of this sand, a dearth of cheap local stone or gravel of intermediate

grades for construction, and great length of shoreline being eroded.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5720) QUEBEC ATOMIC POWER REACTOR.

(b) Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; design.

(e) Study on scale models of the hydraulic pro- blems involved by the emergency dumping process of the heavy water moderator.

Dump port shape was first studied on a 1/4 scale two-dimensional model in order to maximize the discharge capacity of the dump port. Then a 1:9.46 model of the reactor vessel was used to study problems pertaining to the dumping process.

(5721) NORTHERN MONTREAL SEWER COLLECTOR.

(b) City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Study of the modification to be made to the sewer outlet to Improve sewage flow discharge in the Riviere des Prairies.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5722) BACK FILLING IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

18

(e)

Department of Public Works, City of Montreal. Theoretical and design.

A theoretical study was made to determine the Influence which the back filling of the Ilets Verts would have on the flow velocities of the St. Lawrence River, as well as the ice conditions prevailing in this region, with

respect to water levels. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

(5723) RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER PROJECT. Montreal Engineering Company Ltd. Theoretical; design.

Study of a cooling water intake withdrawing

from the bottom cool water layer and mini- mizing the hazard of vortices. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

(5724) TIDE MACHINE. Laboratory project.

Designed and developed as laboratory equip- ment . Comparison of water level in model and cam reproducing the law of variation. Correction by pulse generated device. Completed.

In operation in a scale model.

(5725) TRANSPORTATION OF PULPWOOD CHIPS INPIPELINES. Laboratory project.

Experimental; design. The use of an ejector to introduce the pulp- wood chips into the pipeline was studied. The different characteristics of this ejectorwere

determined. The problem of separating the chips from the water, at the end of the pipe- line. Completed. Internal report.

(5726) CLOSING OF A DIVERSION TUNNEL.

(b) Hydro-Quebec,

(dj Experimental.

£e) A 1/96 scale model was used to determine the conditions pertaining to the closure of a di- version tunnel on the Outardes River. The method used consists in the blasting off of a mass of rock, suspended above the entrance to the tunnel. Completion of the closure is achieved by the piling up of layers of materials of diminishing size.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5727) ICE THRUST ON THREE RIVERS BRIDGE CAISSONS. Dufresne Engineering, Montreal. Theoretical and design.

Estimation of forces of impact due to the

ice on the caissons of the bridge under con- struction, across the St. Lawrence river. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

[5728) CURRENT DEFLECTORS - THREE RIVERS BRIDGE

CAISSONS.

225
(b) Dufresne Engineering, Montreal.

(d) Experimental and design.

(e) A 1/78 scale model was used to determine the current conditions along the caissons of the proposed Three Rivers bridge when a deflector

with a total nose angle of 90° is placed in front. Elimination of the surging motion in the protected area was achieved.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

29) SURGE TANK ORIFICE.

fb) Shawmont Engineering, Montreal.

(d) Empirical and design.

(e) An orifice was designed and tested on a 1/48

scale model, to obtain the required head

losses. The corresponding head loss coefficient for flow conditions in both directions

was measured.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

50) MANIFOLD DESIGN.

(b) Hydro-Quebec and consulting engineers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Two types of manifolds for the Manicouagan

V Power project were tested on a l/48 scale model. The head-loss coefficient pertaining

to those two types were determined.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsors.

31) ICE THRUST ON PILES.

fb) Montreal World Exhibition.

(d) Theoretical and design.

(e) Estimation of the ice thrust on the piers of

a bridge in the St. Lawrence River.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

32) OUTARDES 4 POWER PROJECT: TAILRACE CANAL.

(b) Hydro-Quebec and consulting engineers.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design.

(e) Study on a 1/96 scale model of the head losses

at the exit from the turbines into the canal

and from the canal into the river. Determination of the geometry best suited for minimum

losses in both transitions.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

33) OUTARDES 3 RIVER: TAILRACE TUNNEL.

(b) Hydro-Quebec and consulting engineers,

id) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on a 1/60 scale model of the head

losses and surge waves in the tailrace tunnel. Determination of the dimensions of the tunnel best suited to ensure free surface flow.

34) SCOUR PATTERN UNDER SINKING CAISSON.

(b) Dufresne Engineering Ltd.

Id) Experimental for design.

(e) Model study of scouring of fine material as floating caisson is slowly sunk on the bottom

of the river.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

35) STUDY OF PARTIAL CLOSURE OF THE ST. LAWRENCE

RIVER.

(b) Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World

Exhibition, and Corlsulting engineers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental for design.

(e) Determination of water levels and current patterns as one arm of the St. Lawrence be- tween the South Shore and an Island is closed.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

36) DESIGN OF A DAM IN A TIDAL ESTUARY.

(b) Department of Public Works of Canada,

(d) Study of different construction stages as an

estuary with 18 ft. tides is gradually closed by a dam. Verification of scour conditions,

determination of percolation conditions dur- ing operations. Study of the hydrology of

the estuary; design of floodways and energy

dissipators, etc. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Prof. E. Kuiper, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Manitoba, Fort Garry, Manitoba, Canada.

(5255) MOVABLE BED MODEL SCALES.

(b) University of Manitoba.

(d) Basic research in the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree.

(e) Tests have been conducted in a movable bed channel, 4 feet wide, 1 foot deep, and 20 feet long. Erosion patterns have been

established, resulting from a coffer dam that blocked off half of the channel cross-section.

Subsequent tests were conducted with smaller models and different bed materials to re- produce the same scour pattern.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) It was found that at differet scales, re- presentative scour patterns cannot be reproduced when using non-uniform sand.

(h) Report completed.

(5998) PORTAGE DIVERSION INLET STRUCTURE.

(d

(ej

(h)

;5999)

(Si

(e)

(h)

( 6000

)

fs)

(e)

(h)

Manitoba Water Control Branch. Hydraulic design of inlet structure.

The intake of the diversion channel near

Portage La Prairie, with a control dam with

vertical lift gates, was reproduced at an un- distorted scale of 1:48 resulting in a model

of 30x60 ft. Tests were conducted for prototype discharges ranging from 5000 to 45000 ofa. Tests completed. Tests enabled to shorten the design of the approach channel and the length of the still- ing basin.

Report completed. HELICOIDAL FLOW IN RIVER BENDS. University of Manitoba. Basic research in the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree.

The study was conducted in a fixed bed

channel, 40 feet long, 1.0 feet wide and 0.5 feet deep with four curves of different

radii. The helicoidal flow phenomenon was

studied for different depths of flow. Tests completed.

The tests proved- that helicoidal flow can

take place in a curved laboratory flume. Direction of bottom currents and transverse water surface slope were in agreement with

the theory.

Report under preparation. RIVER BANK STABILIZATION. University of Manitoba.

Basic research in the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree. Tests have been conducted in a movable-bed

channel, 40 feet long, 10 feet wide and 0.5

feet deep with four curves of different

radii. Basic stabilization measures con- sisted of spur dikes, jetties and revetments. Tests completed.

The effect of the stabilization measures on the natural erosion patterns was studied and

recorded. The findings were in general agree- ment with established theories. Report under preparation.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering

226
and Applied Mechanics.

^4546)

15) w

(e)

!2

(h)

CAVITATION AT HIGH -HEAD SLUICE GATES. National Research Council, Canada.

Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P. Q., Canada. Experimental; applied research, for Doctoral

degree

Study of pressure fluctuations on wall 'behind an obstruction which produces cavitation. Work transferred to 11" by 11" water tunnel.

The flow was established in a syphon tunnel

of section 3" by 3". Mean pressure dis- tributions were measured for a wide range

of blockage ratios, with and. without air

addition. Overall pressure recovery was found to be accurately predicted by momentum

balance assuming one-dimensional flow. Length of eddy behind gate (without air

addition) agreed with previous measurements

of Rouse and Forthmann. The length of the eddy was found to be as much as twice that

of the eddy formed in the very similar flow

at a sluice gate beyond which there is a nearly level free surface.

"A Syphon Tunnel for Studies of Control Gates" by A. D. Kapur. M. Eng. Thesis, Dec, 1964. "Operator's Manual for the 26-cm. Water

Tunnel", by N. Rangaswami, Fluid Mechanics Note 8, Dept. of Civil Engineering, McGill

University, July 1965.

(4923) DIVISION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) National Research Council, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for Master's

degree.

(e) Detailed examination of flow at Junction between straight channel and a branch at 90°.

(f) Completed.

(g) All three sections of the experimental

channel are 8" wide, the walls and bottom being plexlglas and painted steel. The features noted in several earlier studies

of such flows have been fitted into a consistent pattern. Simple mathematical

models have been fJound to describe almost every feature of the flow well away from the

junction.

(h) "Dividing Flow in an Open Channel", by

S. W. Law. M. Eng. Thesis, August 1965.

(4924) WAVES IN AND NEAR PACK ICE.

(b) Defence Research Board, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research, for Master's degree.

(e) Study of fundamental mechanical processes

of interaction between surface waves and floating elastic bodies.

(g) The dependence of reflection and trans- mission coefficient on wave-length, wave

steepness, and the nature of the edge of the floating sheet has been determined experimentally. Wave celerity and damping in the system composed of sheet and water have also been determined.

(h) "Wave Celerity in a Floating, Elastic Plate,"

"The Energy of Waves in a Floating, Elastic

Plate," "Influence of a Layer of Water above

a Floating Plate," by A. J. Reynolds, Fluid Mechanics Notes 1, 2 and 7 of the Dept. of Civil Engineering, McGill University, June

1963 and July 1965.

(5280) UNIFORM DISTORTION OF TURBULENCE.

(b) Defence Research Board, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P.O., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral

thesis.

(e) Study of uniformly distorted turbulence to investigate the approach to equilibrium

structure and the nature of that structure.

(g) Several distorting ducts have been con- structed, to allow both planar and three- dimensional irrotational straining of grid

turbulence. The case of plane straining

has been studied in detail, the turbulence being found to respond in two respects in a manner markedly different from that reported

by Townsend. The degree of anisotropy

attainable is much greater; the relaxation

of anisotropy upon release of the strain is much more abrupt.

(5669) GENERATION OF SURGES AND SOLITARY WAVES.

(d)

(e)

(g)

National Research Council, Canada,. Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal 2, P. Q. , Canada. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis. Study of the generation and development of waves by a single stroke of a piston at uniform velocity.

Apparatus being set up.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Hydraulics Section,

Division of Mechanical Engineering.

(4466) AIR BUBBLERS FOR PREVENTING ICE COVER

FORMATION

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. Ince, Head, Hydraulics Section, Natl. Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa 7, Canada.

(d) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) Field measurements and laboratory tests were performed to determine the mechanism whereby

an air bubbler prevents ice formation in an oceanic environment.

(f) Completed.

(g) Investigations revealed that the efficiency

and success of the operation depend upon the thermal reservoir of the oceanic environment.

(h) "A Guide to the Design of Air Bubblers for Melting Ice," S. Ince. Proceedings of the

IX Conference on Coastal Engineering,

Lisbon, July 1964.

(4525) FORMATION OF ICE IN RIVERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. Ince, Head, Hydraulics Section, Natl. Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa 7, Canada.

(d) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) Water temperatures are being recorded in the

St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Three Rivers, Quebec, to obtain information .on heat losses.

(g) Preliminary calculations show satisfactory

agreement between measured and computed

heat losses. For closer correlation more

precise measurement of meteorological con- ditions- particularly radiation- will be necessary.

(h) "Observations on the Winter Temperature

Structure of the St. Lawrence River," S. Ince and G. W. T. Ashe. Proceedings of the Eastern Snow Conference, Utica, New York,

February 1964.

(5090) CODROY HARBOUR, NEWFOUNDLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(c) Mr. J. Ploeg, Hydraulics Section, Natl. Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa 7, Canada

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1:180 by 1:120 fixed-bed wave and current

model of the harbour has been constructed to investigate silting conditions in the harbour entrance and to devise remedial works.

227
(f) Completed.

(g) A 750-ft. long new breakwater and a change of direction of an existing breakwater was found

to reduce slltatlon of the harbour.

(5094) PERFORATED VERTICAL-WALL BREAKWATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. E. Jarlan, Hydraulics Section, Natl. Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa 7, Canada

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Two-dimensional flume experiments are being

made to determine the behaviour of an erodible bed in front of the breakwater.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results obtained hitherto indicate that, for a non-cohesive bed, no erosion develops

at the toe of the breakwater regardless of

the wave height or period.

(h) "A Perforated Vertical-Wall Breakwater," G. E. Jarlan. The Dock and Harbour Authority, Vol.

XLI, No. 486, April 1961.

(5766) CHURCHILL HARBOUR, MANITOBA.

(b) National Harbours Board, Canada.

(c) Mr. T. M. Dick, Hydraulics Section, Natl. Research Council, Montreal Rd., Ottawa 7, Canada

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Surveys are conducted to determine ice formation and movement in the estuary to determine means of extending the navigation

season.

(5767) WAVE CLIMATE STUDY, LAKE SUPERIOR.

Dept. of Transport, Canada.

Mr. J. Ploeg, Hydraulics Section, Natl. Research Council, Montreal Rd., Ottawa 7, Canada

Field investigation. Accelerometer type wave recorders are in- stalled at four locations in Lake Superior

to measure waves and correlate with the wind

field.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, Hydraulic

Laboratories

(3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied.

(e) Two-dimensional investigation of mass transport and sediment movement with and without

superimposed currents; three-dimensional

model investigation of the waves generated

by a moving vessel in shallow water.

(4057) THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL IN PIPE-LINES.

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ont., Canada.

(d) Laboratory investigation.

(e) Pipes of differing shapes being used to study the parameters affecting the critical velocity of deposition.

(h) "Derivation of Regime Equations From Rela- tionships For Pressurized Flow By Use Of The Principle Of Minimum Energy-Degradation Rate," by K. C. Wilson, Queen's, C. E. Report No. 51. (5287) LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE INTENSITIES OF SECONDARY CURRENTS IN AIR FLOWS.

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Prof. S. S. Lazier, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Basic research for Master's Degree,

(f j Suspended.

(g) Report being prepared.

(h) Second Master's thesis accepted.

(5673)

(b)

(c)

[5674)

(d)

(e)

THE ATTENUATION OF WATER WAVES BY A FLOATING PULPWOOD BREAKWATER.

The Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's University,

Kingston, Ont., Canada. Experimental project for Master's thesis. The attenuation of waves of various size and steepness by log masses of different characteristics was measured in the laboratory.

Completed.

Substantial dissipation of wave energy was

achieved, a paper is being prepared. STUDIES OF FLOW-THROUGH VORTICES.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's University,

Kingston, Ont., Canada. Experimental and theoretical project for Master's and Doctoral theses. Velocities, pressures and turbulence charac- teristics in a series of closed flow-through vortex chambers are being measured by photographic and electronic techniques. Master's thesis accepted.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

theses.

(e) A long-term research carried out with a view

to systematizing discharge characteristics

for spillways having various pier spacings

and proportions.

(g) Significant correlations obtained via special

plotting techniques.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2252) HYDRAULIC FLOW .IN OPEN CHANNELS OF VARIABLE

SLOPE

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Ontario.

(d) Experimental; fundamental and applied

research

(e) A doubly-tilting, variable-section flume facility of 160 ft. length is under construction. Provision is being made for a wide

range of experimental conditions.

(3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

15)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(4889)

ici

(d)

Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and analytical; basic research for doctoral thesis. Critical analysis of the hydraulic radius concept and the effect of cross-section

geometry on the resistance to flow In con- duits. Detailed evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities, and wall shear

stresses. The channel under study was 70 feet long and had a variable rectangular

cross-section of 3 x 1, 3, 9 inches, re- spectively, and used air as the fluid medium. First project completed; others in progress. UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN SHORT, CLOSED

CONDUITS. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and analytical, basic research

for master's thesis.

228
(e)

(4890)

Various cases of unsteady (oscillating)

laminar flow as encountered in typical

viscous damping devices are being investigated.

Completed.

Report in progress. CHARACTERISTICS OP FLOW OP FLUID- SEDIMENT

MIXTURES. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental, basic research. Evaluation has been achieved of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities and wall shear stresses in a two-dimensional closed conduit

of 1:10 aspect ratio, for pure air flow. Work on fluid- sediment mixtures is in preparation. OPTIMUM HEIGHTS OF CHIMNEYS.

The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, Department of Works.

Prof. G. R. Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental, applied research for design

Information. Determination, in wind tunnel, of thickness

distributions of zone of separated flow on roofs of various building shapes. Results will form basis for code on minimum heights

of roof-mounted chimneys.

FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada. Experimental and analytical; applied research

for master's thesis. As an approach to fundamental considerations

of fluid flow in porous media, flow has been investigated in a two-dimensional wavy

channel

Significant progress has been made on suitable computer procedures for various flow conditions. "Investigation of Flow In a Two-Dimensional

Wavy Channel," K. B. Elgohary, M. A. Sc. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1966. OPEN-CHANNEL PROFILE ANALYSIS. Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada. Analytical, basic research. Fundamental computational projects are being

reviev/ed and Investigated by computer analysis.

Improved extrapolation procedures indicate

that significant accuracy of integration can

be achieved with confidence and economy.

PLOW IN A WEDGE WITH POROUS WALLS. Laboratory project.

Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

The flow of a fluid with a narrow wedge

(less than 10 degrees Included angle) is being investigated for walls made of screen. Pressure gradients and velocity distri- butions are being studied. Peculiar characteristics have been found for flow approaching a screen at a small angle. Pressure drop is much greater than that predicted by simple theory. BUILDING AERODYNAMICS. Division of Building Research, National

Research Council of Canada.

Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Ontario. Experimental; applied research for design

information.

(e) Determination of pressure distributions for block-type and cylindrical buildings in a constant-velocity wind field. Critical

analysis of model testing techniques as employed In building aerodynamics.

(g) Net uplift force on roofs with eaves in- creases with eave width and building height.

Strong experimental evidence indicates that ratio of boundary-layer thickness to building height is a significant similitude parameter in experimental building aero- dynamics.

(h) "Pressure Distribution on a Cube at Various

Degrees of Boundary-Layer Immersion," H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Mechanical

Engrg. Tech. Publication Series, TP 6502,

1965.

"The Effects of Eaves on the Roof Pressure- Coefficients of Block-Type and Cylindrical

Structures," H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Mech. Engrg. Tech. Publ. Series,

TP 6503, 1965.

(5628) WATER- FLOW-INDUCED AIR CURRENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Ontario.

(d) Experimental, basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Using a covered 50-foot tilting flume, air

motion as induced by uniform open channel

flow is being studied.

(5629) DYNAMICS OF A TURBULENT LINE VORTEX PAIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Keffer, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Counter-rotating turbulent line vortices are convected by a free stream. The characteristics of the turbulence, entrainment, velocity

profiles and vortex Interaction are being

determined by conventional hot-wire anemom- eter equipment and visual techniques.

(5630) MOTION OF BODIES IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Keffer, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) The initial wake formation, asymptotic

turbulent wake are being examined for various shaped bodies. A heated wind tunnel is being used to obtain stratification.

(5631) INVESTIGATION OF PERIODICITY IN TURBULENT

WAKES. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. F. Keffer, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. With hot-wire anemometer and flow visualization techniques, characteristics of a turbulent wake are examined. The wake has been

strained laterally to amplify turbulent

motions. Results Indicate that the large eddy motions

have -a definite periodicity, not directly

related to von Karman frequency. Indications

are that large motions are initiated by inter- action of von Karman street with lateral periodic motions. A more detailed investi- gation of conditions during the breakdown

into turbulence is under way.

"The Uniform Distortion of a Turbulent

Wake" by J. F. Keffer, Journ. of Fluid

Mechanics, 22 (1965), pp. 135-139.

(g)

(h)

( 6001

)

TRANSITIONS FROM PRESSURE TO FREE-SURFACE

FLOW. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto,

229
(g)

Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis. Fluid separation from ceiling of closed two- dimensional conduit is studied. Motion is laminar and steady. Analysis is completed,

experimental proof in progress. EFFECTS OF SKIN FRICTION ON PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis. Effects of floor roughness on the efficiency

of stationary hydraulic jumps in horizontal

rectangular channels is being studied. SMOKE DIFFUSION FROM INDUSTRIAL STACKS. Contract research.

Prof. G. R. Lord, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada. Experimental; applied research for design

purposes. Wind-tunnel study of stack discharge as affected by a highly complex array of sur- rounding buildings. Model measured 25 ft. x 25

ft. and included 20 different industrialsized stacks. Completed. JET SHEETS WITH LATERAL PRESSURE. Laboratory project.

Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

Measurements are made of the shape, velocity

and pressure distribution of a two-dimensional Jet sheet across which a pressure difference exists. Comparisons are made with

elementary theory. For low pressures the jet shape obeys the one-dimensional momentum equation and the velocity distribution is not affected. The

shape is strongly affected by downstream

obstacles. STRATIFIED FLOW THROUGH CURVED SCREENS. Laboratory project.

Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis. Uniform flow with a small lateral temperature gradient passes through a screen of arbitrary shape. Downstream velocity and temperature profiles are being studied. Theory has been developed which indicates

shape required to produce linear velocity

distribution. Preliminary tests confirm

(6006)

ft)

(d)

(e)

theory. REYNOLDS STRESS IN TURBULENT STRATIFIED FLOW.

Toronto, Laboratory project.

Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental; applied research for doctoral

thesis. Measurements are being made of spread of temperature and velocity discontinuities in otherwise uniform flow of a temperature - stratified fluid, as well as of Reynolds

stress and turbulent heat transfer.

(6007) FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Cantilevered vertical cylinders are mounted

on elastic bases in an air stream. Reaction

to the von Karman vortex trail produces a vibration which interacts with the trail. Fluid force produced on such an elastic body

is being studied. PUMP AND PIPE SYSTEM TRANSIENTS. Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Analytical; applied research. Computer solutions of equations for various

combinations of pump and pipe characteristics. Results to date indicate a significant effect caused by shape of characteristic curves. Report in preparation. MATHEMATICAL STUDIES IN HYDROLOGY. Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Analytical; applied research. Various methods of analysis are under study: deterministic and probabilistic methods, stochastic processes, synthetic flow series,

regulation procedures over short and long

time-periods, etc. LEAST-SQUARES FITTING OF RIVER RATING- CURVES .

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Proper attention to statistical weighting

requires involved computing techniques.

Suitable simple alternatives have been developed which Have a wide applicability.

(h) Report in progress.

[6008)

(Si

it!

(g)

(h) 6009)

f!l

it}

(6010)

230
SUBJECT INDEX

ABSORPTION, gas, by turbulent liquids (4988).... 56 ACCELERATING FLOWS

around submerged bodies (see Submerged Bodies)

induced mass of (3782) 56 ACOUSTIC EXCITATION

flat plates in turbulent flow (5189) 81 ACOUSTIC FLOWMETER, Summersville Dam (5643) 208 ADDED MASS

spheres, free surface effect (5035) 6 (See also, Submerged Bodies)

AERATION

bubble, oxygen-transfer in (5504) 71 river pollution (4648) 48

SDray, efficiency (5373) 53 AERODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS

resistance-thermometer development (4606).... 17 tracer gas in turbulent diffusion (5399) 19 AIR BUBBLERS, ice cover prevention (4456) 227 AIR CURRENTS, induction by water currents (5628) 229 AIR DEMAND

closed conduit flow, model-prototype

correlation (5339) 175

gates, (see Gates) AIR ENTRAINMENT

check towers (4792) 172

steep open channels (3824) 70 ALLUVIAL CHANNELS bar resistance, degrading channel (5436) 12 bed forms, see also Open-Channel Flow; Sediment bed ripples, wind-wave effects (5888) 22 evaluation of dependent and independent

variables (5607) 169 flood wave propagation, dry beds (4358) 138 resistance and sediment transport (5165) 18 hydraulics of flow in (5078) 168 infiltration, of silt-laden water (5349) 1 meandering

laboratory study (2505) 11 secondary currents (5402) 19 sediment transport

aggradation and degradation related to channel structures (3870) 124 roughness and velocity relations (2950). •• I67 seepage through dunes (5451) 90 stream gaging methods (5077) 168 shear distribution related to ultimate stable sections (5889) 22 see also Open-Channel Flow; River Flow AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLES

comprehensive study (5930) 79 docking characteristics of Larc V (5931) 79 drag effect of coupling (5312) 78 floating truck investigation (5933) 79 propulsion in water by spinning wheels (5314) 78 by track motion (5313) 78 swimming performance of marginal-terrain

vehicle (5934) 80 ANALOG METHODS

electronic analysis of Tucson groundwater (5869) 2 flood routing and hydrographs (4311) 122 Induced drag of hydrofoils (5857) 182

tidal hydraulics predictions, SacramentoSan Joaquin Delta (4933) 11 ANALOGY, hydraulic, (see Hydraulic Analogy) ANEMOMETERS

(see Hydraulic, Aerodynamie Measurements) ANTI-DUNES

(see Alluvial Channels; Open-Channel Flow, Resistance; Sediment Transport)

APPARATUS, (see Facilities)

AQUIFERS

drainage effluent quality (5161) 18 idealized, recession hydrographs for (5303).. 26 non-homogeneous, dispersion of pollutants

(5543) 50 nonlinear elastic, drawdown in (5714) 59 overlying, unsteady flow between (5952) 65 response to seismic waves, theory (5839) 170

saline, drainage effluent quality (5161) 18 streamflow relations, Washita River Basin,

Okla. (4346) 131 two part, salt water removal with tile drains

and well pumps (4962) 175

see also (Ground Water; Porous-media Flow)

ARTERIES, blood flow (see Bio-Engineering) ATOMIC POWER PLANT

cooling water for Rajasthan plant (5723) 225 AXIAL FLOW INDUCERS (5592) 64 -B- BACKWATER CURVES (see Open-Channel Flow) BANK STABILIZATION (see Channels, Stabilization)

BASE FLOW (see Ground Water) BASINS

sedimention (see Sedimentation)

stilling (see Stilling Basins) BEACH EROSION

correlation with storm waves, Atlantic

Coast (4762) , 160 Hilo Bay beach model (5895) 29 (see also Erosion, Coastal) BEACH PROCESSES, theory and experiment (1609)... 46 BEACHES

artificial construction and nourishment (2195) 160 criteria for construction (976) 159 equilibrium profile, wave effects on (181)... 158 erosion (see Beach Erosion)

sand, scour by waves (5552) 45 slopes, wave effects on (1631) 74 wave action on, (see also Waves) wave reflection, transmission (5635) 205

(see also Shore Processes) BED FORMS

(See Alluvial Channels; Open-Channel Flow, Resistance; Sediment Transport) BENDS

channel (see Open-Channel Flow)

pipe (see Pipe Flow) BINGHAM FLUID (3747) 44 BIO-ENGINEERING

blood flow arterial system for brain, model (4143)... 36

cell motions in (5535) 94 effect of branches on stability (4559).... 37 pulsatile, in distensible tubes (4859).;.., 53 extracorporeal circulation research (5474)... 58 heart-flow noise (5475) 59 ventricle-pump research (5473) 58 BLOOD FLOW (see Blo-englneering)

BOILERS, flow-pattern studies (5966) 103 BOUNDARY LAYERS

boiling, on flat plate (5591) 64 control ( see Boundary Layer Control

)

laminar, under surface waves (4229) 77 naval -hydrodynamics applications (5128) 181 non-Newtonian (5795) 72 separation, hydrofoil leading edge (4700).... 70 ship hull, theory (5739) 24 stability, flexible wall (5191) 4 sublayer, turbulence measurements (5595) 65 transition

bodies of revolution (5128) 181 flexible wall effect (5196) 31 with suction (5593) 65 turbulent computation based on laws of wall and wake (4872) 184 free surface effect on separation (2091).. 38 normal step (4142) 36 rough surface (4809) 179 rough surface (5812) 81 rough surface (5939) 80 sound radiation in (5190) 4 vibrating wall, Reynolds stresses (5191) 4 BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL

compliant walls (3143) 63 suction (3143) 63 suction (5593) 64 suction noise in strainer plates (4864) 80 (see also, Drag Reduction) BREAKWATERS

floating

pulpwood (5673) 228 water-filled spherical bags (5505) 72 perforated vertical wall (5094) 228 rubble laboratory stability tests (999) 190 laboratory stability tests (5837) 162

231
BREAKWATERS (continued) rubble

scale effects, stability tests (2681) 193 wave energy transmission (5818) 12 wave reflection, transmission (5635) 205 siltation control, Codroy Harbour, model

(5090) 227 stability, laboratory study (5717) 225 tubular (2801) 46 wave forces on (998) 190

(see also Models) BRIDGE PIERS hydrodynamic forces, model (5988) 219

ice forces (5731) 226

ice forces, model study (5620) 219

scour, (see Scour) BUBBLES

air, to prevent shoaling (5394) 222 cavitation (see Cavitation)

gasacoustic properties in pressure fields

(5310) 78 flow noise, effect (5499) 71 oxygen transfer to water (5504) 71 suspensions in shear flow (5195) 28 (see also Cavitation, Bubbles) BUILDING AERODYNAMICS (5627) 229

CAISSONS deflector effect on flow around (5728) 225

ice forces on (5727) 225 scour around, model study (5734) 226 CANALS

concrete, discharge capacity (3985) 172 water movement to water table (5900) 40 (see also Models)

CASCADES, wetted and cavitating flow (3378) 6 CAVITATION

abrupt pipe expansions (79) 37 bubbles

collapse on rigid wall (5383) 185 collapsing, light emission from (5715).... 59 dynamics of (1548) 4 formation, nearly- saturated flow (5742)... 96 butterfly valves, laboratory (5336) 175 concrete surface irregularities (3278) 172 damage

Impact of liquid drops (5495) 71 impact of liquid drops (5796) 72 sealants for surface protection (5498).... 71 theoretical study (1548) 4 dredge pump model (5550) (5551) 45 gas-nuclei effects (5123) 180 hydraulic-structure models (993) 190 inception

ITTC headform (5792) 7 2 prediction for hydrofoils (5855) 181 roughness, various distributions (5542)... 50 rough surfaces (5126) 180 water-tunnel resorber effect (5854) 181

Jet propulsion of hydrofoil boat (5803) 73 ogive noses, laboratory study (3807) 63 sluice gates (4546) 227 turbulent flow, wall pressure fluctuations

(5709) 43 CAVITY FLOWS

effect of vortex shedding in (5324) 181

(see also, Free-streamline Theory) CHANNELS

alluvial (see Alluvial Channels)

ephemeral, water budget (5588) 143 erosion (see Erosion)

improvement (see Models, River)

laboratory (see Facilities)

shoaling (3907) 196 stabilization

banks, suspended load reduction by (4821). 116 methods evaluation (4284) 113 revetments, jetties, spur dikes (6000).... 226 Washita River basin (4341) 131

(see also Open-Channel Flow) CHECK TOWERS, Canadian River aqueduct (4792) 172 CHIMNEYS optimum height for reduced downwash (5256)... 229 smoke diffusion, industrial stacks (6003).... 230 CIRCULATION, wind-driven (see Lakes) COAL-WATER SLURRY (4436) 171

COASTAL INLETS field study

Florida inlets (3413) 27 Lake Worth, Fla. (4474) 27 Hillsboro Inlet, Fla. (4475) 27 Macquarie Harbor, Tasmania (5686) 28 Sebastian Inlet, Fla. (4897) 28 general studies (5229) 201 sand by-passing methods (975) 159 theoretical study (5686) 28 COASTAL PROTECTION, Florida (4479) 27 COASTAL SEDIMENT

beach sand, radioactive tracers (3897) 160 by-passing methods at inlets (975) 159 fluorescent tracers (4127) 27 Galveston Bay tracer tests (3902) 195 Galveston-Trinity Bays (5458) 84 groin effect on movement, laboratory (2190).. 159 offshore sand sources, search for (4763) 161 sand movement by wind and waves (4930) 11 suspended in surf zone, temperature effect on quantity (2660) 160 wave-power sand-dredge feasibility (5836).... 162 COASTAL STRUCTURES, wave forces on (5439) 12 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW compression waves in railroad tunnels (5783). 52 radial, between parallel disks (5712) 68 CONDUITS, exit-portal studies (2543) 43 CONSERVATION STRUCTURES

inlets, outlets and transitions (1723) 107 COOLING SYSTEM

air cycle, for supersonic aircraft (5782).... 52 CORE SAMPLERS (see Hydraulic Measurements) CORROSION

protection, CaC03 pipe coatings (4135) 32

aea water, inhibition research (1554) 10 CULVERTS hydraulics of pipe, box culverts (2435) 166 inlets, outlets and transitions (1723) 107 runoff measurement with (2365) 60 steep grades, performance (5955) 85 CURRENT METERS (see Hydraulic Measurements) CURRENTS

density (see Stratified Flow)

rip, theory (5923) 74 wind-driven (see Lakes) CUSP DEVICES, flow in (4123) 27 CYLINDERS

concentric, turbulent flow, inner cylinder

rotating (4734) 100 flow around (see Submerged Bodies)

DAMSacoustic flowmeter, Summersville (5643) 208 checkplywood sheets (1969) 154 prefabricated concrete (3896) 156 earth, flow through, laboratory (3030) 14 effect on downstream temperature (5698) 98 gallery drainage (771) 188

in tidal estuary, design (5736) 226 models (see Models, Dam) outlet prototype tests, Summersville (5643).. 208 prototype tests, Nolin Dam (5243) 203 rockfill, flow through, experiments (4663)... 55 uplift pressure analysis (5258).. 14 DELTA FORMATION

detention- structure effects (5566) 121 DENSITY CURRENTS, (see Stratified Flow)

DESALINATION, sea water conversion (1554) 10 DIFFUSERS, two-phase flow in (5554) 52 DIFFUSION

atmospheric; geometric, aerodynamic,

thermal factors (3398) 15 entrapped gas In porous media (5891) 23 sewage, ocean outfalls (3678) 11 smoke, from industrial stacks (6003) 230 turbulent downstream of hill (5399) 19 molecular-diffuslvity effect In boundary

layer (5401) 19 over simulated vegetation (5399) 19 DIKES

river, design research (6042) 217 spurdesign criteria, bridge abutment (3086)... 44 effect of geometry on scour (4645) 45

232
DISKS, thrust developed by rotation (5314) 78 DISPERSION

contaminants in reservoirs (59,53) 85 ground-water flow (5790) 100 open-channel flow ^5773) 5 pollutants in estuaries (4648) 48 Texas bays (5954) 85

(see also Porous Mediaj Turbulence)

DISTORTION, model (see Model Laws) DITCHES (see Drainage) DOPPLER VELOCITY METER (5075) 167 DOPPLER VELOCITY METER (5600) 168 DRAG

aerodynamic, vehicles in tunnels (5781) 52 bluff bodies (3776) 55 reduction (see Drag Reduction)

wake momentum method, effect of turbulent

normal stresses (4558) 37 (see also Submerged Bodies) DRAG REDUCTION

flexible wall

in turbulent pipe flow (4892) 166 theory and experiment (5196) 31 underwater bodies (3143) 63 gas bubble suspensions (5195) 28 non-Newtonian additives

grid- turbulence measurements (5594) 65 polymers in pipe flow (4868) 184 polymer-coiling effect (5291) 98 polymer molecular weight, segmentalconstitution effect (5961) 98 sphere drop tests (5382) 185

see also Boundary Layer Control

DRAINAGE

aeration measurements to determine drainage

needs (5578) 135 assessment procedure, drained land (5809).... 33 channel spacing, slowly permeable soils (5808) 33 evaluation of Northeast practices (4819) 116 gallery (see Dams) gypsum effect on solonetzlc soils (4987) 33 highway, bound-rock ditch linings (5489) 24 irrigation, theory and computer programs (1819) 7 materials

durability and effectiveness (5218) 135 testing (4844) 133 methods, lower Rio Grande valley (4849) 134 plastic-lined mole drains (4271) 108 practices, level and sloping land (5206) 117 stormhydrologlc considerations, urban areas (856) 42 surface waves in large drains (4101) 16 subsurface analog studies (5205) 11? blount silt loam (4183) 66 effect of soil characteristics (5176) 60 hydraulics of drains (5977) 121 materials testing for (4844) 133 model laws for drains (5892) 23 surface ditch studies, Mississippi delta (4067)... 3 parallel ditches, Clermont soil (5481).... 67 row lengths, grades for Miss, delta (4332) 128 surface and subsurface studies (4273) 108 system for sugarcane land (4843) 129 tile drains

effect on salt-affected land (4831) 120 effect on soil iron and manganese

solubility (4854) 141 evaluation of old systems (4353) 132 geometry effects (2330) 40 sedimentation in (3490) 66 tile spacing, agricultural land (5033).... 59 transient vertical, irrigated soil (5981).... 124 waste recharge installation (4592) 41 DRAINS (see Drainage) DREDGING

effect on channel behavior (5572) 129 dredge models (see Models)

protection for (5282) 28 pumps (see Pumps)

suction, literature survey (5173) 45 DROP STRUCTURES (see Models)

DROPLETS, water, oxygen transfer coefficients for (5373) 53 DROPS (see Rainfall) DUNESbed (see Bed Forms)

sand (see Sand Fence)

-E- EDDIES, (see Vortices) ELBOW METERS

3872) 138

5172) 45 ELBOWS (see Pipes) ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE

(4498) 51 ELECTROKINETICS

fine sand (4209) 70 soil capillaries (5450) 90 ELECTROMAGNETS, cooling (4490) 51 ELLIPSOIDS, unsteady flow around (4180) 63 ENERGY DISSIPATORS

baffled pipe outlet (4957) 174 culverts (5662) 36 culverts (5457) 84 efficiency analysis (5146) 9 large roughness elements (5533) 94 ENLARGEMENTS

flow through, experiments (4123) 27 EPHEMERAL CHANNELS (see Channels) EROSION

bankchannel-stabilization, laboratory (6000).. 226 riprap protection, small streams (5921)... 63 vegetative control (4316) 124 channel

channel stabilization methods (4318) 125

rate related to causal factors (4303) 119 stable channels, cohesive materials (4317) 125 coastal

Florida (4479) 27 Lake St. John (5719) 225

sea level change effect (4129) 27 gully

in deep loess (5563) 112 field study (4913) 41 rate related to causal factors (4303) 119 sediment routing in Yazoo-Tallahatchie watershed (4320) 125 highway cuts and fills (4323) 126 inverted filters (5768) 69 inverted filters (5769) 24 Lake Michigan, field study (1863).... 32 riprap and gravel (1987) 192

soilBarnes silty clay (4817) Ill basic mechanics of (4275) 109 between terraces and loss from terrace

ends (5212) 134 by flowing water, laboratory (5477) 81 Cascade region (4757) 148 complex watershed (5207) 121 control by graded furrows (4848) 134 cropping and climate effects in Blacklands (4357) 133 deteriorated forest, rangeland (5297) 145 eastern South Dakota (5561) 112 erodibllity determinations (4277) 110 erodibility of Northeast soils (4294) 115 improved control practices (4276) 109 logging effects, Rocky Mts. (5296) 144 plot geometry, soil property effects (4182) 66 plots and small watersheds (3808) 66 rainfall energy relations (4278) no

reduction, Southwest brushlands (4999).... 151 relation to cohesive soil properties (5800) 75 relation to raindrop properties (3424).... 33 relation to raindrop properties (4182).... 66 rotating shear apparatus (5477) 81 runoff-erosion in brown loams (4330) 128 runoff-erosion, Iowa (4279) no

runoff-erosion, midwest claypans (4281)... no

runoff-erosion, southern coastal plains (4334) 128 runoff-erosion, southern Piedmont (4333).. 128 runoff-erosion, Wisconsin (4280) 110 simulated rainfall, Minnesota (4282) 110 simulated-rainfall study (2596) 66 summary of erosion-runoff data (4274) 109 terrace systems in the Piedmont (4331).... 128 tillage, other management practices (4295) 115 variability, Blackland Prairie soils (5983) 136

(see also Sediment Yield) ESTUARIES

design of dam in (5736) 226 dispersion of pollutants (4648) 48

233
ESTUARIES (continued)

ecological studies (5959) 97 salinity intrusion

James River model (5651) 209 laboratory studies (1986) 191 pneumatic barriers. Delaware R. (6029).... 214

St. Lawrence (5949) 223 shoaling (3907) 196 stratified flow and sedimentation (51191 49 tidal current effects on sediment (470l) 75 tidal motion in St. Lawrence (5948) cZb EVAPORATION climatic-change relations (5442) 89 field study (765) 188 measurement, new concepts (5441) 89 pan, hydrodynamics and energy budget (5305).. 26 rangeland stockponds (4824) 120 reservoir losses (2180) 137 retardation

mono-layers, aerial application (5132).... 88 mono-layers, aerial application (5440).... 89 mono-layers, application and effectiveness (2828) 60 retardant chemicals (3057) 29 selective withdrawal (4234) 83 stream, turbulence and turbidity effect (5787) 62 5VAP0RAT0RS horizontal tube, heat transfer in (4982) 51 SVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Central and Southern Calif. (4851) 140 Humboldt Basin, Nev. (3560) 138 solar radiation effect, western U.S. (4833).. 121 -F- PACILITIES calibration tank, current meters (5793) 72 closed conduit for sediment studies (5304)... 26 hydro-ballistic tanks (4867) 183 laboratory, for undergraduate course (5484).. 105 open channels

doubly-tilting, variable-section (2252)... 228 large lab. flume performance (5831) 105 tilting lab. channel design (5951) 57 rotating drum apparatus for sediment studies (4654) 48 seakeeping tank (3292) 179 tide machine (5724) 225 towing tanks, blockage corrections (5377).... 104 water tunnel evaluation of open and closed jet (5854).. 181 test-section modifications (5797) 72 wave generator design, construction (5995)... 222 wind-wave channel (5454) 76 wind tunnel dispersion research (5833) 106

?ALL VELOCITY

gravel-sized particles (5611) 170 solids in suspension flow (5302) 26 spheres in horizontally oscillating

fluid (5184) 65 MLMS, fluid mechanics educational (3739) 39

?ILTERS coarse, effe'ct on recharged water (2535) 32 flow through, theory, experiment (5798). 72 inverted (5768) 69 inverted (5769) 24

niSH CONTROL

artificial spawning grounds, silt deposit (543/) 12 fish ladders baffled-pipe type, hydraulics of (5300)... 61 models, (see Models)

guidance, structures for (5697) 98 logging effects on Alaska salmon (3535) 97 spawning-channel stilling basin model (5345). 176 TASHBOARDS, dynamic forces on (5910) 40 TAT PLATES (see Boundary Layer; Hydroelasticity) XEXIBLE TUBES hydraulic investigations (5885) 22 pulsatile flow In (5555) 52 TEXIBLE WALLS (see Drag Reduction)

"LOATS scour-depth (5488) 69 scour-depth (5490) 24 TOODS

control, Illinois R. model (5549) 32 damage to corn (5707) 41 forecasts, Fraser R. , Canada (5997) 222 hydrology, frozen-ground floods (5901) 30 Minnesota River 1965 flood (5801) 73

FLOODS, (continued)

reduction research California forests (4998) 151 Southwest brushlands (4999) 151 routing

flood waves in alluvial channels (4358).. 138 mathematical models (4565) n

natural channels, computer methods (3476) 58 steep mountain streams (4285) 114 small watershed design floods, arid, semi- arid West (5884) 22 FLOW (see under modifier, e.g., Accelerated Flow) FLOW MEASUREMENT (see Hydraulic Measurements)

FLOW NOISE (see Hydrodynamic Noise)

FLOW METERS (see Hydraulic Measurements)

FLOW VISUALIZATION (see Hydraulic Measurements)

FLUID AMPLIFICATION

hydrodynamic noise in (5912) 31 hydrodynamic noise in (5913) 31 latching vortex (5265) 56 vortex oscillator (4893) 56 FLUID CONTROL

jet reattachment study (5537) 95 FLUMES laboratory (see Facilities)

measuring (see Hydraulic Measurements) FLUTTER

flat plates in water (2802).. 46

(see also Hydrofoils) FOAM LINES, in lakes, theory (4252) 99 FOREBAY

configuration effect on vortex formation at penstock inlet (5867) 9 FOUNTAINS, decorative, for World'.s Fair (6043). 225 FREE-STREAMLINE THEORY

(see Potential Flow) FREE SURFACE FLOW

(see Open-Channel Flow) FRICTION

(see Boundary Layer; Pipes; Open Channels;

etc .

)

FROTHhydraulic disruption and re-entrainment

(5536)... 94 FUEL SLOSHING (4216) (4217) (4927) (5267) 75

-G- GAGES (see Hydraulic Measurements) GALLERY (see Dams) GATESair demand Navajo Dam (4960) 174 Trinity Dam (4958) 174 downpull, Ice Harbor intakes (2665) 163

flap, experiments on oscillations (5950).... 223 hydraulics of, Navajo Dam (4960) 174 multiple leaf, lifting beam effect on vibration (4976) 39 outlet, pressure-fluctuations (5321) 40 radial automatic control by orifices (4802) 172 discharge coefficients for (3612) 172 discharge coefficients for overflow

and underflow (5863) 9 seals, lab. study, prototype heads (5338)... 175

slide

lab. calibration for turnout (3274) 172 Ruedi and Morrow Point Dam (5335) 175 sluice cavitation (4546) 227 submerged flow (5675) 220 time-dependent flows (5142) 8 turbine, optimum closing (5996) 222 GRAVEL, fall velocity (5611') 170 GREAT SALT LAKE, hydrologic analysis (5139).... 88 GROINS, (see Coastal Sediment) GROUND EFFECT MACHINES annular-nozzle type (3677) 11 GROUND WATER

accretion and movement related to watershed

characteristics (4290) 115 areal control (5840) 170 base flow, origin of (5603) 168 basin management research (4932) 11 basins, stream intersection with (5185) 65 budget, Washita R. basin, Okla. (4346) 131 dynamic storage (5185) 65 flow and storage, basalt terrane, Idaho (4839)123 flow, dispersion and recharge in (5790) 100

234
3ROUND WATER (continued)

flow in capillary zone (5816) 12 fluctuations, relation to pumping (821) 15 hydraulic-model development (4630) 1 hydrologic studies of N. Dak. Red River Valley (3217) 117 management, Colorado high plains (5405) 20 measurement, (see Hydraulic Measurements) movement in highway landslides (5368) 30 physical and biological changes (5890) 23 protection (5713) 46 quality change in reservoir (5880) 22 radiocarbon as a tracer (4628) 1 recharge Arkansas rice area (2255) 2 artificial, of irrigation in Calif. (2181) 137 artificial, on Arickaree R. (5396) 19 Pullman-Moscow basin (5529).... 96 watershed-characteristic factors (4850)... 140 reservoir management

Integration with surface water (5393) 18 optimum operation techniques (4106) 16 resources, Arkansas rice area (2255) 2 salinity, lower Rio Grande valley (3879) 130 storage field study (5171) 42 periodic evaluation (780 j 188 Tucson basin electric analog (5869) 2 water-budget factor in semi-arid watersheds (5224) 142

(see also Porous Media)

iULLIES channel dynamics above control structures

(4251) 99 (see also trosion)

3UTTER GRATE INLETS hydraulics of, self-cleansing of (5259) 53 -H- HARBORS

design criteria, small-boat (5228) 201 model studies, (see Models)

oscillations

geometric and viscous effects (3444) 47 small-boat mooring (5228) 201 wave-induced (5014) 5 silting, L. Ontario north shore (3364) 228 HEART-LUNG MACHINE

fluid dynamics of (5474) 58 HEAT TRANSFER

electromagnet cooling (4490) 51 horizontal tube evaporator (4982) 51 HELE-SHAW PLOW (see Models, Hele-Shaw) HELICAL FLOW Non-Newtonian, stability (5710) 43 river bends (5999) 226 HOLES, pressure taps, (see Hydr. Meas.)

"HOT-SPOT" PROBLEM

lower Rio Grande valley (3879) 130 HURRICANE BARRIER

Narraganset Bay, R.I. (3590) 194 HYDRAULIC ANALOGY

railroad-tunnel compression waves (5783) 52 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, (see Porous Media) HYDRAULIC CONTROLS (see Hydraulic Servomechar- nisms) HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA (1467) 191 HYDRAULIC JUMP abrupt bottom elevation change (2161) 82

as a wall Jet (5677) 221 bed shear in (5532) 97 chute and baffle block pressures (3994) 172 effect of submerged jets on (5468) 55 horizontal conduits (5683) 221 skin-friction effects (6002) 230 submerged

as a wall Jet (5676) 220 triangular channel (5682) 221 HYDRAULIC LINES, dynamics of (4197) 67 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY

pumps, (see Pumps)

turbines, optimum gate closure (5996) 222 HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS

cavity-pressure instrumentation (3617) 179 core samplers

ground water studies (3264) 167 radionuclide detection (5842) 171 culverts, for runoff measurement (2365) 60 current direction (1004) 191

HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS (continued) current meters calibration comparison, towing tank and water tunnel (5615) 166 oceanographic, calibration facility (5793) 72 turbine discharge (4441).... 186 turbulence effect, Price meters (5911)... 40 digital point gage recorder (ill) 69 discharge, buoyant particles (5829) 54 diversion slot for flume sampling (2658).... 155 elbow meters, dynamic similarity in (3872).. 138 estuaries, methods for (5842) 171 flowmeters

acoustic, Summersvil'le Dam (5643) 208 calibration facility, high pressure, temperature (3623) 182 coefficient prediction (5022) 101 high-pressure steam, calibration (4001).. 183 flow nozzles, calibration (3859) (4255) (4746) 101 flow nozzles, calibration (5962) 103 flow tubes calibration (5279) ; 103 conduit flow meter development (5804).... 73 magnetic, calibration (1963) 101 magnetic, calibration (5963) 103 flow visualization

electrochemiluminescence (4498) 51 hydrogen-bubble technique (5122) 180 flumes

alluvial channels (5077) 168 calibration of (3848) 95 Parshall, gate modification effect (5764) 92 Parshall, submerged-flow correction (5 209) 123 prefabricated, ephemeral stream (1969)... 154 runoff measurement (4336) 130 submerged (5762) 92 submerged Parshall (5763) 92 submerged rectangular, (design) (5444)... 89 trapezoidal (5164) 18 trapezoidal (2902) 15 trapezoidal, ' design, calibration (5445).. 89 trapezoidal Venturl, design (4959) 174 gas-liquid flows, direct measurement of momentum flux (5557) 52 ground water flow, unsaturated (5841) 170 hot-wire anemometer

measuring aerosol concentration (5485)... 105

(see also Hydr. Meas., Turbulence)

hydraulic conductivity of soils (5840) 170 hydrofoil-flutter dynamometer (3285) 178 hydrophones

face and base spacing effect (4863). 80

(see also, Hydr. Meas., Turbulence)

irrigation

devices for farms (3556) 137 devices, methods development (5209) 123 headgate as measuring device (5129) 87 soil-water intake rate (4840) 123 manometers, unsteady pressures (5186) 65 mass transfer by electrochemiluminescence

(4498) 51 micro-photographic

shear-stress determination (5660) 35 velocity profile, non-Newtonian flow

(5371) 53 nearshore-regime instrumentation (5924) 74 orifices cylindrical slot (5011) 100 for automatic gate control (4802) 172 skewed, coefficients for (5320) 40 vorticity effect on discharge (1181) 99 photography

accelerating-sphere data (5035) 6 accelerating-sphere data (4002) 183 aerial, river-pollution study (5406) 20 ocean-floor sediment (5922) 74 pump-volute flow (3746) 44 pipe discharge with radioisotopes (5883).... 22 pressure fluctuations (see Hydr. Meas., Turbulence)

pitot-tube, five-hole spherical for wake

survey (5378) 104 porous-media flow

chlorine and potassium dichromate (5871). 2 dispersion, fluorescent dye (5870) 2 nulltensiometer development (5900) 30 Preston tube (5679) (5681) 221 propeller meters, effect of turnout geometry (5331) 175

235
HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS (continued)

propellers

force transmitted to ship models (5121)... 180 unsteady-force measuring device (5853).... 181 radionuclide-movement study techniques (5842) 171 reservoir stratification (5944) 187 scour-depth floats recovery (5490) 24 reliability (5488) 69 sediment concentration, size distribution by

ultrasonics (3528) 86 concentration , size distribution by

ultrasonics (5754) 91 density, gamma probes (4322) 126 density, nuclear device (4321) 125

loads, electronic sensing (194) 73 loads, measurement methods (194) 73 loads, nuclear density probe (194) 73 nephelometry (5608) 169 ocean floor, photographic (5922) 74 radiocarbon dating (5210) 129 suspended, sampler development (194) 73 suspended, surf -zone sampler (2660) 160 suspended, turbidimeters (194) 73 ship wave resistance from wave pattern (5202) 98 slurry flow with elbow meter (5172) 45 soil-water apparatus, low flow rates (5220).. 141 solid-liquid flows (5304) 26 static-pressure hole errors (5502) 71 static-pressure hole errors (5680) 221 stream gaging

controls, instruments, alluvial

channels (5077) 168 Doppler meter (5600)... 168 dye-dilution methods (5077) 168 electric vehicle for large rivers (5843).. 171 moving-boat technique (5600) 168 weirs (3848) 95 stream level, VHP radio gage reporters (3629) 186 tension in liquids (5106) 64 tides, instruments for deep-sea (5927) 74 total-head probe calibration, suspension

flow (4649) „ 48 tracer methods

fluorescent tracers for discharge (5219)., 141 radioactive tracers, beaches (3897) 160 radiocarbon in groundwater (4628) l sediment drift (4127) 27 soils (3079) 41 soils (4757) 148

soils (5293) 59 tritum, other radioisotopes (4324) 126 turbine discharge, current meters (4441) 186 turbine flowmeters calibration (5278) 103 for liquid hydrocarbons (6012) 165 turbulent flow rheometer (4868) 184 turbulence

data analysis system (4608) 17 electroklnetic transducer (5398) 19 electrokinetic transducer (2770) 15 electromagnetic and pressure transducers (5112) 105 electromagnetic probe (3539) 99 electromagnetic probe (5501) 71 equipment comparison, liquids (5112) 105 hot film equipment (5112) 105 hot-wire, aging effects (73) 37 hot wire in liquids (5110) 105 hydrophone size effect (5812) 81 microphone size effect (1778) 177 optical method (5904) 31 piezoelectric transducer (5131) 87 spherical-head meter (l004) 191 unsteady flow, aperiodic-signal analyzers

(2541) 38 velocity

Doppler-effect meter (5075).. 167 Doppler-effect meter (5600) 168 pltot-sphere probe (5832) 106 remote indicating device (1004) 191 semi-conductor strain gages, suspension wires (5164) 18 suspension wire (2902) 15 viscometer, ultrarlow shear rates (4868)..!!! 184 wavesaccelerometer recorders (5767) 228 complex-wave analysis (4159) 47 direction, Rayleigh Disc (5838) 162

HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS (continued) waves

direction, ultrasonic flowmeter (31 1) 159 directional-seaways measurement (5850).... 181 height and direction gage (977) 159 kinematics of shoaling, meas. (1609) 46 Northumberland Strait, Canada (5987) 219 weirs

adjustable, laboratory study (3611) 172 approach-velocity effect (319) 54 broadcrested, accuracy of (2902) 15 circumferential (5492) 24 irrotational flow theory (4088) 7 side, flow division by (5740) 55 stream gaging (3848) 95 HYDRAULIC MODELS (see Models) HYDRAULIC RADIUS (3003) 228 HYDRAULIC SE RVOME CHAN ISMS adaptive electro-hydraulic system (3436)..... 42 for missile control (4678) , 64 hydraulic-line dynamics (4197) 67 pulse width modulated (4499) 68 switching techniques (2335) 41 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES free-streamline theory for (5452) 90 riprap protection (1987) 192

soil and water conservation works (4335) 130 HYDROBALLISTICS

forces on wetted and cavitating objects (5772) 7 torpedo drag, base vented models (5381) 184 water entry apparatus (4867) 183 water entry-exit theory (5197) 85 water exit, spheres (5035) 6 water exit, spheres (4002) 183 HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE boundary-layer suction plates (4864) 80 fluid amplifier jets (5912) 31 fluid amplifiers (5913) 31 gas bubble in pressure field (5310) 78 heart valves (5475) 59 micro-bubble influence (5499) 71 non-Newtonian fluids (5497) 71 turbulent boundary layer

pressure fluctuations (1778) 177 wall effect on sound radiation (5190) 4 two-phase flows (4235) 83 HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY (see Stability) HYDROELASTICITY

flat plate in turbulent flow (5189) 81 hydrofoil craft (5663) 7 5 relation to wake and separated boundary

layers (5111) 105 supercavitating hydrofoils (5266) 75 (see also Flutter) HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS (see Hydropower) HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES, Idaho streams (5167)... 30 HYDROFOIL CRAFT hydroelastlcity (5663). 75 jet propelled, jet Inlet study (5803) 73 rough water take-off resistance (5928) 79 smooth water performance, surface-percing

foils (4227) 77 HYDROFOILS

cavitation inception prediction (5855) 181 drag, Induced, electric analog (5857) 182 flow separation, hydrogen-bubble

observations (5122) 180 flutter

planform-variation effect (5062) 77 theory and experiment (3284) (3265) 178 theory of (5193) 24 jet-flap theory (5198). 86 Kutta condition (5107).. 64 lift, drag, BuShips foil (5858) 182 oscillating

forces, free surface effects (5775) 25 loads on (3284) 178 oscillating flap, forces, moments (5194).. 25 pressure distribution around (5855) 181 ring, supercavitating and ventilated (5771).. 7 sinusoidal waves, forces (5776) 25 supercavitating

flap design considerations (3153) 70 flat plate, oscillating flap (3153) 70 flutter (5500) 71 forces, gravity effects (4219) 76 forces and moments on (5363) 25 hydroelastlcity (5266) 75 ring hydrofoils (5771) 7 steady-state forces on (4811) 179

236
HYDROFOILS (continued)

surface-piercing struts, loads (3284) 178

teed, oblique-sea loads (5058).. 77 unsteady motions, loads (3284) 178 ventilated

heaving motions near surface (2144).. 69

jet flap studies (5794) 72 regular waves, lift and drag (4700) 70 steady-state forces on (4811) 179 surface-piercing dihedral, forces (4226).. 76 ventilated and wetted, unsteady flow (5770). . 6 vibration (4704) 75 wetted and cavltating cascades (3378) 6 (see also Free-streamline Theory) HYDROGEN -BUBBLE TECHNIQUE (5122) 180 HYDROGRAPHS

flood, by electronic analog (4311) 122 linearity in elementary channel (5807) 73 precipitation pattern influence on basin

lag (4287) 114 snowmelt, climatic and watershed characteristic effects (4313) 122 unit

small watersheds (5461) 85 storm-hydrograph shape effect (4732) 99 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS

A.R.S. experimental watersheds (4820) 116 Colorado front range watersheds (5409) 20 Great Salt Lake (5139) 88 Massachusetts (2561) 52 Missouri Valley deep loess (5204) Ill mountain bogs and meadows, geologic factors (5408) 20 mountain watersheds, California (23) 7 North Central Wisconsin basins (4733), 100 range conservation treatment effect (5225)... 142

small watersheds

agricultural, Florida (4329) 127 Colorado (4108) 16 desert (3057) 29 grass covered, Oklahoma (2365) 60 mathematical model (5369) 33 Missouri (4662) 55 upstream-reservoir effect (5919) 61 subsurface, Allegheny plateau (4268) 108 urban areas (856) 42 Virginia, agricultural watersheds land-use influence (4291) 115 Waller Creek Watershed, Texas (2162) 82 Wisconsin agricultural watersheds (4264) 107

(see also Hydrologic Systems; Watersheds) HYDROLOGIC DATA analog-to-digital conversion (4363) 139 A.R.S. watershed compilation (4823) 117 HYDROLOGIC MEASUREMENTS

evaporation (5441) 89 evapotranspiration, field methods (5841) 170 multiple-channel digital recording (5606).... 169 rainfall, VHF radio gage reporters (3629).... 186

snowpressure pillow (4286) 114 remote measuring device (5404) 20 snowpack weight (3895) 156

soil moisture neutron probes (4327) 127 nuclear radiation equipment (4373) 144 review of equipment available (3260) 167

(see also Hydraulic Meas., Tracers)

sonic, electronic, optical (5441) 89 telemetering data from mountain sites (3056). 29 transplrational water use by plants,

electromagnetic sensors (5751) 90 water yield, dye tracer methods (5395) 18 HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS analog methods (5657) 35 analysis (4909) 35 analysis (5664) 166 analysis and synthesis (5117) 49 computer analysis (5657) (5658) 35 electronic analog, river basin (5747) 90 electronic analog, river basin (5140) 89 mathematical simulation (1946) 75 mathematical simulation (4910) 35 mathematical simulation (5716) 60 nonlinear analysis (5145) 8 synthesis, computer models (1946) 75 urban systems (5824) 51 HYDROLOGY

mathematical methods analysis (6009) 230 microclimatic (5443) 89

HYDROLOGY (continued)

subsurface, Pigeon Roost Creek, Miss. (4326). 127 synthetic

for rainfall-runoff (4910) 35

(see also Hydrologic Systems) HYDROMETEOROLOGY

western river basins (5412) 21 western river discharge related to atmospheric circulation (4112) 17 HYDROPHOBIC SURFACE, dissipation at menisci (2435)166 HYDROPHONES (see Hydraulic Measurements)

HYDROPLANING, of aircraft tires (5932) 79 HYDROPOWER PLANTS routing of unsteady flows (5114) 49 transients, computer simulation (3443) 47 (see also Models)

-IICE forces

bridge pier, model (5620) 219 bridge piers (5731) 226 caissons (5727) 225 formation

Churchill Harbour, Manitoba (5766) 228 prevention, air bubblers (4466)... 227 rivers, field study (4525) 227 IMPROVEMENT, channel (see Channels) INFILTRATION

alluvial channels, silty-water effect (5349). 1 forest floor (5530) 97 layered material, experiments (3265) 167 relation to salinity occurrence (4354) 133 soilduring irrigation and rain (4986) 33 soil parameter effect, theory (3507) 76 theory and experiment (5788) 67 unsaturated prous media, theory (5307) 26 unsaturated porous media, theory (5446) 89 wetting agent effect, Southwest brushlands (5000) 151 INLETS

coastal, (see Coastal inlets)

drop, hydraulic characteristics (5597) 100

(see also Culverts) INSTRUCTION

fluid mechanics films (3739) 39 fluid mechanics laboratory for (5830) 105 laboratory equipment for undergraduate

course (5484) 105 INSTRUMENTATION, (see Hydraulic Measurements)

INTAKES (see Models) INTERFLOW Allegheny plateau (4266) 107 claypan soils (4264) 107 claypan soils (5564) 112 INTRUSION, salt water (see Estuaries)

IRRIGATION automation of systems (5567) 121 border check systems

fine soils In S. Dakota (4828) 120 medium soils (4827) 120 border design for shallow, sandy soil (5978). 121 canals Colorado bentonite sealer (3704) 15 liner materials tests (151) 137 cut-back furrow, automation (5177) 61 ditches

durability, concrete lining (5471) 58 durability, polyethylene lining (3121).... 58 unsteady flow analysis (5918) 61 drainage theory, computer programs (1819).... 7 effect on tobacco yield (3867) 113 fallow-wheat-sorghum sequence (5580) 136

farm structures, literature survey (5130).... 87 farm-water conveyances, metering (3556) 137 furrow, hydraulics of (4066) 3 grain sorghum in Southern Plains (5211) 134 headgates for flow measurement (5129) 87 inflltrometer tests (4175) 58 low gradient border checks (5876) 21 pipes, durability of concrete (5471) 58 pre-season, relation to soil moisture

storage effeciency (5581) 136 pumping plant efficiency study (5397) 19 recirculating-system design (5571) 123 selected farm investigations (5570) 123 soil infiltration rate studies (4986) 33

237
IRRIGATION (continued}

sprinklers

pattern variation effects (3550) 122 portable evaluation device (4368) 140 portable evaluation device (4840) 123 self-propelled systems (4315) 122 subsurface evaluation of systems (5986) 143 tile-clogging prevention (4328) 127 surface automatic equipment development (3553) 122 hydraulics of (3552) 122 hydraulics of (5449 90 hydraulics of (5351) 2 hydraulics of (5479 82 hydraulics of (3185) 86 infiltration theory (3185) 86 overland flow theory 757 52) 91 overland flow theory (3185) 86 surface flooding (4664) 55 water diversion effects in Reynolds Valley,

Idaho (4838) 123 water management on sugar beets (5569) 123 water measurement research (5164)..... 18 wheat and sorghum in alternate double-bed

system (5982) 136 IRROTATIONAL FLOW (see Potential Flow)

JET FLAPS (see Hydrofoils)

JETS

as inlet for oil-water separator (3854) 99 colliding (5523) 96 diffusion

slot ,1ets (5403) 19 warm water Jets near surface (3678) 11 discharge into stratified flow (5690) 93 fluid control (5537) 95 gas, underwater, for propulsion (4920) 184 high velocity, protective coating (4791) 172 instability, magnetic-field effect (5108) 64 sheet jets with lateral pressure difference

(6004) 230 submerged

hydraulic jump control (5468) 55

in stilling basins (5469) 55 turbulent, hydrodynamic noise in (5912) 31 vertical impact on stilling basin (3775) 54 wall (5675) (5676) 220 wall (5677) (5678; 221 JETTIES, channel stabilization (6000) 226

JUMP, hydraulic (see Hydr. Jump) JUNCTIONS (see Open-Channel Flow)

-K- KARMAN K, suspension flow (5041) KUTTA CONDITION, hydrofoils, unsteady flow (5107) 26

64

LABORATORIES (see Facilities; Instruction)

LADDERS, fish (see Fish) LAKE HURON, level-control study (5233) 202 LAKE MICHIGAN

erosion study (1863) 32 wind-driven circulation (5472) 58 LAKE ONTARIO, silting, north-shore harbors (3364) 228 LAKE SUPERIOR

circulation and mixing (5791) 100 wave climate study (5767) 228 LAKES

circulation

mixing in Lake Superior (5791) 100 model-feasibility study (5120) 50 wind-driven velocity profiles (5806) 73 foam lines, theory (4252) 99 LAMINAR FLOW boundary layer (see Boundary Layer) energy transport and dissipation (5909) 40 stability (see Pipe Flow; boundary Layer)

LANDSLIDES, ground water movement in (5368) 30 LIFT (see Submerged bodies; Hydrofoils)

LIFTING SURFACES interaction forces between (5127) 181

(see also Hydrofoils; Propellers) LITTORAL DRIFT

field study (4127) ,27 field study (5281) 28

LITTORAL DRIFT (continued)

laboratory study (4898) 28 Lake Ontario, harbors (3364) 228

(see also, Coastal Sediment; Coastal Inlets) LOADS

lifting surface (see Hydrofoils)

sediment (see Sediment) LOCKShawser force, Jackson Lock (5249) 204

(see Models) LONGSHORE CURRENTS

Lake Ontario harbors (3364) 228 literature review (5834) 161 Nags Head, N. C. (5325) 161 theory for plane beach (1609).... 46

(see also LlttoralDrif t)

-M- MANIFOLDS, spacing-effect experiments (5786).... 62 MANNING "N", various rivers (5040) 26 MANOMETERS (see Hydraulic Measurements) MEANDERING (see Alluvial Channels; Open-Channel

Flow) MEASUREMENTS (see Hydraulic Measurements)

MENISCUS, energy loss, hydrophobic surface (2436) 166 METERS, all types (see Hydraulic Meas.) MINING hydraulics of solution cavities (5887) 22 telescoping tubes, solution mining (5886).... 22 MIXING CHAMBERS

for waters of different qualities (5865) 9 MODEL LAWS air demand, closed conduit flow (5339) 175 distortion effects (994) 190 flow into sub-soil drains (5892) 23 ground water movement (4630) 1 harbor, wave models (1002) 191 movable-bed models (5255) 226 movable-bed models (5684) 28 porous media flow (5411) (5877) 21 rainfall simulation (5223) 141 rock protective structures (5-906) 40 sedimentation basins (3541) ship, (see Ship)

silt-clay-water mixture flow (3441) 44 solar pond (5544) 51 surface run-off (5117) 49 watersheds (5225) ... 142 MODELS

aqueducts, California studies (5866) 9 beach profiles, scale effects (181) 158 blood flow system for brain (4143) 36 breakwater

Codroy Harbour, Newfoundland (5090) 227 Dana Point Harbor (5634) 205 rubble, scale effects (268l) 193 Santa Barbara Harbor (6014) 210 stability, Chandler Harbor (5717) 225 stability, Hilo Harbor (6040) 217 stability, Noyo Harbor (6016) 211 bridge piers, ice-floe pressure, Northumberland Strait, Can. (5620) 219 bridge piers and tunnel sections, Northumberland Strait, Can. (5988) 219 bridge scour, Big Sioux River (5493) 70 caissons deflector effects on flow (5728) 225 scour around (5734) 226 causeways

tidal action, Northumberland Strait,

Can. (5619) 219 wave protection, Northumberland Strait,

Can. (5618) 219 canals Beck-Niagara (5691) (5692) 224 outlet works, Navajo Project (4950) 173 tailrace, Outardes 4 Project (5732) 226 channel-diversion intake, Portage Diversion,

Manitoba (5998) 226 channel improvement, Soldier Creek, 111.(5548) 32 coastal inlets

Fire Island Inlet (6028) 214 Sebastian Inlet, Fla. (4897) 28 conservation, drainage structures (2789) 32 damsArrow Lakes (4455) 223 Cabin Creek Pumped Storage (5269) . ... 102 Del Valle (5868) 10 Kayslnger Bluff Dam (6033) 215

238
MODELS (continued)

"Little Goose (4504) 163 log-passing devices (5946) 223 Lower Granite Dam (5071) 164 Muscoda Barrage (4735) 100 navigation, Arkansas R. (4366) 198 New Jersey No. 3 (5359) 4 Nlckajack Project overall model (5004).... 187 overfall weirs, Yellowtail Afterbay (4956) 174 Powerdale (5745) 97 rock fill at Hie Dalles (1464) 162 sluiceway, Yellowtail Afterbay (4956) 174 Sullivan Creek (5746) 97 The Dalles (1462) 162 West Point Dam (6030) 214 diversion tunnels

closure (5726) . 225 Dworshak Dam (5070) 164 dredge pumps cavitation studies (5550) (5551) 45 performance studies (5174) 45 drop inlet, Klckapoo River (5597) 100 drop structures Cayuga Inlet (4598) 200 Fremont, Sandusky R. (5641) 207 Gering Valley Project (3915) 197 Little Sioux R. (4599) 200 Walnut Creek (6031) 214 electronic analog

for ground water flow (2948) 167 for river basin analysis (5140) 89 for river basin analysis (5747) 90 energy dlssipator, baffled pipe outlet (4957) 174 flshladders

Rock Island (5524) 96 The Dalles (1728) 163 gates

Holyoke Power Development (52761 102 Nlckajack turbine intakes (5943) 187 grit-removal channel (5805) 73 harbors

Brunswick, Ga., shoaling (5648) 208 Burns Waterways, Ind. (4899) 28 Charleston, S.C., pollution (5640) 207 Codroy, Newfoundland (5090) 227 Crescent City (6041) 217 Dana Point, Cal., small-boat (5642) 207 Galveston Bay (3912) 197 Hilo Bay, Hawaii (5894) 29 Hllo Bay beach erosion (5895) 29 Hilo Bay tsunamis (3903) 195 Hilo tsunami barrier (6039) 217 Kewalo Basin (6038) 216 Monterey, Cal. (6018) 212 New Buffalo (6037) 216 Noyo Harbor (6015) 210

Pt. Loma, Calif. (5241) 203 Santa Barbara (6011) 210 Savannah, Ga. (2428) 192 heavy-water dump area (5720) 225 Hele-Shaw

for e^uifer hydrographs (5303) 26 for drainage studies (1819) 7 hopper dredges (3586) 194 hurricane barrier, Narraganset Bay (3590).... 194 hurricane surge, Texas coast (6025) 213 hydroelectric projects

Barrett Chute generating sta. (5695) 224 Beck-Niagara generating sta. (5516) 224 Chong Pyong, Korea (4740) 101 Clceroz plant, Turkey (5273) 102 Guri project, Venezuela (4201) 70 Hells Canyon (5521) 96 Intakes (5694) 224 Intakes, Manicouagan 5 (5513) 222 Kastraki Plant (5270) 102 Keban Plant, Turkey (5274) 102 Lambton generating station (5517).. 224 Mountain Chute generating sta. (5693) 224 Peace River (5428) 225 Pickering Generation Station (5696) 224 surge tanks, Manicouagan 5 (5947) 223 Wells Hydrocorobine (4724) 95 intake gates, downpull, Ice Harbor (2665).... 163 intake structures, pressure relief panels for

Orovllle Dam (5337) 175 intake towers DeGray Dam (4604) 201 Orovllle Dam powerplant (4947) 173

MODELS (continued)

lakes, rotating, for circulation study (5120) 50 locksArkansas R. No. 3 (4391) 199 Arkansas R. No. 4 (5230) 202 Arkansas R. No. 7 (5639) 207 Arkansas R. No. 8 (6022) 212 Arkansas R. No. 9 (5638) 206 Arrow Lakes dam (5427) 224 Barkley Dam (2673) 192 Belleville Locks and Dam (4385) 198 Burleigh Palls (5718) 225 Cannelton Locks and Dam (4390) 199 Columbia Lock, Ouachita R. (4595) 200 Cordell Hull Lock (5650) 209 culvert discharge basins (6023) 213 emptying, filling systems, general (4602). 201 Greenup Locks and Dam (5242) 203 Hannibal Locks and Dam (3909) 196 Holt Lock and Dam (4386) 198 intake, Lock 6 West, Welland Canal (,5991). 219 Jones Bluff Lock and Dam (6024) 213 Jonesville Lock and Dam (5247) 204 Kerr Lock and Dam (5251) 205 Little Goose Dam (5069) 164 low lift, Arkansas R. (4603) 201 McAlpine Locks and Dam (2678) 193 McAlpine modernization (3914) 197 Millers Perry Lock and Dam (4593j 200 Monongahela No. 4 (3243) 194 Nlckajack Project (5386) 187 Nlckajack Project valve-culvert (5387).... 187 outlet, Lock 7 West, Welland Canal (5992). 220 Ozark Lock and Dam (5231) 202 The Dalles (1466) 163 Uniontown Lock and Dam (5246) 204 Verdigris R. No. 4 (6020) 212 Verdigris R. No. 17 (6021) 212 Webbers Falls Lock and Dam (5652) 209 manifold, Manicouagan 5 (5730) 226 mathematical

flood routing (4565) 11 hydrologlc (see Hydrology)

tides, St. Lawrence estuary (5948) 223 orifices (5729) 226 outlet works Branched Oak Dam (6034) 215 Cochiti Dam (5645) 208 DeGray Dam (4604) 201 Dworshak Dam, Idaho (5315) 164 Eau Galle project (6017) 211 Intake, Little Panoche Creek (5347) 176 Morrow Point dam (4807) 173 Orovllle Dam (4948) 173 Portage Mountain Dam (5844) 176 powerhouse, John Day Dam (5318) 165 pumped storage plants

Cabin Creek (5269) 102 intake, Cornwall development (4741 ) 101 intake, Muddy Run development (5021) 101 manifold, penstock, Cornwall develop- ment (5024) 102 pumping plants

canal surges, San Luis Forebay (4955) 174 Intake transition, San Luis Forebay (4954) 174 inlets, Uttarbhag Station, India (3540)... 106 riverArkansas R., Ft. Smith reach (6019) 212 Arkansas R., Little Rock reach (5644) 208 Arkansas, navigation entrance (3908) 196 Bessie Cutoff, Mississippi R. (5235) 202 Columbia, Oak Pt. to Vancouver (5317) 164 Columbia R. estuary (4396) 199 Delaware, Bay to Trenton (425) 189 Hudson, shoaling at N.Y.C. (2932) 193 Illinois R. flood control (5549) 32 James River estuary (5651) 209 Little Current Narrows (5425) 224 Mississippi Basin (236) 189 Niagara River (4026) 223

St. Clair submerged sills (5233) 202

St. Croix thermal density currents (5494). 71 St. Lawrence, Montreal area (4517) 224 Soldier Crk. channel improvement (5548)... 32 Southwest Pass, Mississippi R. (2931) 193 Turtle Creek channel improvement (4383)... 198 Umpqua River estuary (6026) 213 salinity intrusion, Delaware R. (6029) 214 sand dredge, wave-power feasibility (5836)... 162 seawalls, Texas City (5234) 202

S
MODELS (continued)

ship (see Ships)

ship channels Gastineau channel (6027) 213 Houston (5245) 204

L. Erie - L. Ontario waterway (5653) 210 Matagorda Bay (3911) 196 Victoria Channel, flushing (5636) 206 sound- suppressor inlet (5519) 96 spillways Bankhead Dam (6036) 216 Belleville Dam (5637).... 206 Cannelton Dam (5649) 209 Chief Joseph Dam, scale effects (3085).... 44 Crystal Dam (5846) 176

Del Valle dam (5866) 10 Dworshak Dam (5070) 164 general tests (3917) 197 Glen Elder Dam (5346) 176 glory-hole, Del Valle Dam (5864).... 9 Granby Dam (5341) 175 Guri project, Venezuela (4201) 70 Hannibal Dam (5646) 208 Iron Gate Dam (5744) 97 Kinkaid Creek Dam (5656) 32 Libby Dam (5814) 165 Little Goose Dam (5068) 164 Magnla project (3502) 70 Morrow Point dam (4807) 173 Nickajack Project (5388) 187 Old River control structure (6032) 215 Oroville Dam (4948) 173 Patillas Dam (5845) 176 Portage Diversion. Manitoba (5989) 219 Rock Island (4721) 95 Shelbyville Dam (4594) 200 Stockton Dam (5238) 203 Swift Dam (5342) 176 Tims Ford flip-bucket (5945) 187 Toledo Bend Dam (5956) 85 steam power plants

Cardinal Steam Plant (5020) 101 intake, Brunner Island Plant (5964) 103 intake, Campbell Plant (5271) 102 intake, Indian Point Plant (5272) 102 Intake, Kanawha River Plant (5965) 103 intake, Little Gypsy plant (5268).... 102 intake, Willow Glen Plant (5971) 103 Petersburg Plant (5275) 102 tidal effluent dispersion at Millstone

Plant, L. I. (5968) 103 water box, tube banks, Chalk Pt. Plant

(5969) 103 stilling basins

Barren River Dam (6035) 215 Crystal Dam (5847) 176 flip bucket, El Vado Dam (5848) 177 Kinkaid Creek Dam (5656) 32 Mactaquac project, N..B., Can. (5990) 219 Portage Diversion, Manitoba (5989) 219 Red Rock Dam (3584) 194 spawning channel, Yellowtail Afterbay (5345 ) 176 Willow Glen steam plant (5970) 103 suction wells (4e96) 28 tsunamis

run-up on Oahu, Hawaii (5896) 29

(see also Models, Harbor)

tunnel tailrace, Outardes 3 R. (5733) 226 watersheds (3845) 87 watersheds (see also Hydrology; Watersheds)

wave action (see Models, Harbor)

MOISTURE, soil (see Soil Moisture) MONO-LAYERS (see Evaporation) MOORING floating oil tanks (5802) 73 ships (see Harbors) MOUNTAIN-STREAM HYDRAULICS (4285) 114 MULTI-COMPONENT PLOW coal-water (4436) 171 pulpwood-water (5725) 225 suspended solids in pipes (4057) 228

(see also Two-Phase Flow)

-N- NAPPES (see Free-Streamline Theory) NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, at locks (see Models)

NETWORKS, (see Pipe Networks) NOISE (see Hydrodynamic Noise) NONLINEAR SYSTEMS, analysis (4562) 11

NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS boundary layer (5795) 72 flow noise (5497) 71 slurry flows in pipes (3747) 44 Taylor vortices in (5710) 43 Taylor vortices in (5496) 71 turbulence in (5496) 71 turbulence in (5594) (5596) 65 velocity distribution measurements (5371).... 53 visco-elastic, turbulent heat transfer (5960) 98 (see also Drag Reduction) NOZZLES (see Hydraulic Measurements)

NUCLEUS, gas, (see Cavitation)

-0-

OCEANOGRAPHY, air-sea interaction studies (3120). 57 OIL TANKS, floating, mooring-problems (5802).... 73 OPEN -CHANNEL FLOW air entrainment, steep channels (3824) 70 backwater curves, effects of approximations

(4661) 55 bends

optimum geometry for (5522) 96 turbulence and mean flow (4148) 39 channel hydraulics relative to channel stability (4316) 124 check-structure efficiency (5866) 9 critical slope, trapezoidal channels (5624).. 229 dispersion in (5773) 5 division by side weirs (5740) 55 division at Junctions (4923) 227 division at junctions (5701) 23 end-depth relation to shape (5308) 26 induction of air currents (5628) 229 long waves, computation methods (4667) 57 meandering

Froude number, shape effects (4148) 39 secondary currents (5402) 19 (see also Alluvial Channels)

resistance

alluvial stream roughness (2950) 167 cobble-strewn beds (5181) 62 concrete-canal discontinuities (3985) 172 degrading channels (5436) 12 friction of deposited mud (3675) 11 hydraulic-radius concept analysis (3003).. 228 relations between flow structure and bed character (5610) 169 ripple and dune roughness (5118) 49 rippled boundaries 75905) 40 roughness elements (2328) 38 schematic dune roughness (5753) 91 semi-circular disk roughness (5759) 92 small rough channels (3400) 15 small rough channels (4296) 117 temperature effect on bed form (1988) 192 vegetation-lined channels (4337) 130 roll waves (see Waves)

rough-channel turbulence (5131) 87 secondary-current measurements (4531) 25 shear stress distribution

meandering (4191) 104 mlcrophotography (5660). 35 river flood flows (4283) , 113 sewers, drains (4541) 34 stable alluvial channels (5889) 22 slug flow, steep channels (5360) 5 slug flow, steep channels (5957) 95 spatially varying, hydrographs for (5807).... 73 steep mountain-stream hydraulics (4285) 114 steep, rough flumes (3183) 86 supercritical

Junctions (3805) 61 transitions (5182) 62 transitions (2386) 70 systems analysis (5861) 9 transients, computer methods (5144) 8 transitions

efficiency, trapezoidal channel (5866).... 9 experiments for design (5348) 1 from pressure flow (6001) 229

(see also Open-Channel Flow, Supercritical)

unsteady

arbitrary cross-section, numerical (5144). 8 computer analysis (5874) 26 computer simulation in rectangular non- prismatic channels (5114) 49 concrete canals (5918) 61 grass-lined V-channels (4338) 131

240
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW (continued)

unsteady

large storm drains (4101) 16 open-channel systems (5825) 51 variable- slope channel design (2252) 228 velocity distribution

large bed-roughness effect (5958) 95 rainfall effect, shallow flow (5478) 81 rough, triangular sections (2083) 36 wavy bottom (5539) 50 wide flat triangular channel (5491) 24 (see also River Plow; Alluvial Channels) ORIFICES model study (5729) 226

(see Hydraulic Measurements) OUTLET WORKS, dams (see Models)

OUTLETS, culvert, energy dissipator for (5457).. 84 OVERBANK FLOW (see River Flow) OVERLAND PLOW computer analysis of (5369) 33 porous bed, variable Infiltration rate (3185) 86 theory of (1946) 75 theory of (5752) 91 wetting front advance (5143) 8 (see also Runoff, Surface) OXYGEN TRANSFER

bubble aeration (5504) 71 river pollution (4648) 48

PERMEABILITY

electroklnetic effect, fine sand (4209) 70 (see also Porous Media; Ground Water)

PIERS, bridge, see (bridge Piers) PIEZOMETERS (see Hydraulic Measurements)

PILES (see Waves, Forces) PIPE FLOW air demand, model-prototype correlation (5339)175 bends

losses, velocity-distribution effect (5023)101

two-dimensional, 90° (5659) 35 branches, effect on laminar stability (4559). 37 compliant-walled tubes (4892) 166

distensible tubes, pulsatile flow (4859) 53 exits, various configurations (2543) 43 fitting, losses, high pressure (956) 99 flexible tubes hydraulics of (5885) 22 wave propagation, pulsatile flow (5555)... 52 flow-induced vibrations (5538) 31 laminar oscillating flow (4889) 228 laminar stability (5670) 56 laminar stability (4559) 35 losses under high pressure (956) 99 resistance

aquatic-growth effect (5827) 54 corrugated-pipe roughness (3597) 195 slurry flow (3747) 44 short-pipe discharge characteristics (5177).. 61 submerged, entralnment through ports (4725).. 97 surges resonance occurrence (4946) 53 valve closure (4952) 174 suspensions turbulent-flow investigations (4649) 48 variation of Karman K (5041) 26 telescoping tubes, solution mining (5886).... 22 transport of solids (4057) 2 28 turbulence natural and artificial roughness (3427)... 36 roughness-dimension effect (5534) 94 suspension flow (4649) 48 turbulence structure, rough pipes (5823)... 51 wye losses, spherical wyes (4451) 221 PIPE NETWORKS

computer analysis (1689) 95 computer analysis (5993) 221 minimum-cost design (5540) 50 systems analysis (4538) 33 PIPELINES

resonance in (4946) 53 submerged, fluid entralnment through ports

(4725) 97 PIPES

corrosion protection, CaC03 coatings (4135).. 32 PITCH (see Ships, Motions) PITOT TUBE (see Hydraulic Measurements) PLANING SURFACES

self-excited vibrations of (5856) 182

PLAYAS, geophysical exploration (5216) 135 POLLUTION Charleston Harbor, S.C. (5640) 207 dispersion in aquifers (5543) 50 dispersion in estuaries (4648) 48 South Platte R., aerial photography (5406).. 20 POLYMERS (see Drag Reduction) POROUS MEDIA FLOW canals to ground water table (5900) 30 capillary zone (5816) 12 coarse-material experiments (2535) 32 colloidal-suspension flow (5293) 59 diffusion of entrapped gas (5891) 23 dispersion

coastal aquifers (3748) 47 non-uniform media (5870) 2 pollutants (4916) 76 pollutants (5543) 50 random-walk models (5170) 30 solutes (4086) 7 stratification effects (5013) 5 drawdown nonlinear elastic aquifer (5714) 59 pore-water pressure during (5039)........ 25 dune seepage, alluvial channels (5451) 90 electric analog analysis (2948) 167 electroklnetic potential (5450) 90 external air pressure effect (5903) 30 filters and soils (5798) 72 heterogeneous media, mathematical model

(5699) (5700) 3 hydraulic conductivity, Houston clay (5583). 136

into sinks, theory (5706) 41 laminar- turbulent transition (5902) 30 microscopic, macroscopic aspects (4787) 167 modeling (5411) (5877) 21 modeling, partial saturation (5892) 23 multiphase flow (5841) 170 near drainage facilities (5411) (5877) 21 near drainage facilities (5897) 30 non-homogeneous, non-isotropic media (3524). 83 permeability, methods and factors (5599).... 168 pore size distribution (5306) 26 sand-epoxy resin columns (4627) 1 silt-carrying water (5820) 12 sinuous-flow fundamentals (5623) 229 soil-properties effects (5450) 90 sound waves in (4736) 100 specific yield (3263) 167 stability, stratification effects (5013).... 5 stratified (5013) 5 theory (5687) 93 tracers (3079) 41 two-fluid flow (4717) 83 unsaturated

agricultural soils (5220) 141 Darcy law validity (4679) 67 hydraulic parameters (4826) 120 infiltration theory (5446) 89 particle transport (4612) 17 to plant roots (5871) 2 water movement prediction (5354) 2 unsteady

earth dams (3030) 14 initial capillary pressure effect (5898). 30 toward a well (4736) 100 vertical drainage (5981) 124 waste recharge (4592) 41 vadose flow (3265) 167

(see also Ground Water; Aquifers) POROUS PLATE, flow over (5531) 97 POTENTIAL FLOW added mass

body oscillating' on free surface (4428).. 179

in hydrofoil theory (5775) 25 bodies of revolution, Douglas program (5385) 185

free streamline theory

cavity flows (5324) 181 flow over hydraulic structures (5452).... 90 flow over spillway buckets (5260) 54 hydrofoils and cascades (3378) 6 hydrofoils in unsteady flow (5770) 6 integral-equation method (4944) 43 irrotational flow over weir (4088) 7 ring hydrofoils (5771) 7 supercavitating body of revolution (4149) 39 supercavltating hydrofoils (4219) (4226). 76 supercavitating hydrofoils (5363) 25 wedges in boundary layer (5506) 72 hydrofoils in sinsusoidal waves (5776) 25 241
POTENTIAL FLOW ( continued)

hydrofoils, (see also Hydrofoils)

Schwartz-Christoffel transformation, complex

integration of (5785) 62 ship forms (2091) 38 slender-body theory, water entry-exit (5197). 85 PRECIPTATION

collection with ground covers (3873) 138 data analysis by computer (2316) 32 environmental effects, Colo. Front Range (5702) 23 patterns and characteristics effects on hydrograph (4287) 114 patterns in northern semi-desert watershed

(4314) 122 physical state properties (5899) 30 Tennessee Valley (768) (779) 188

(see also Rainfall) PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS (see Hydraulic Meas.) PRESTON TUBE (see Hydraulic Measurements) PROPELLER METER (see Hydr. Meas.) PROPELLERS

body interaction (4812) 180 controllable pitch, spindle torque (4427).... 179 counter-rotating, theory (5384) 185 ducted aerodynamic coefficients and dynamic

derivatives (5941) 94 hull interference (5200) 94 theory and design (4813) 180 unsteady loads (5935) 80 lifting surface theory

finite blade extent (2237).... 178 hub boundary condition (5859) 185 unsteady (5060) 77 loads, non-uniform three-dim. flow (5938) . 80 measurements (see Hydraulic Meas.)

oscillating pressure field (5124) 180 rudder Interaction (5937) 80 ship vibration induced by (5121) 180 shrouded, theory and design (4434) 184 singing

self-excited vibration theory (5936) 80 trailing-edge geometry effect (5125) 180 superca vita ting

size and loading effects (5854) 181 theory and design (3286) 178 water tunnel tests (5854) 181 unsteady forces, non-uniform field (5853).... 181 ventilated, theory and design (3617) 179 vertical axis, theory, experiment (3619) 179 PROPULSION underwater gas jet, experiments (4920) 184 PROTOTYPE TESTS (4382) 197 PULPWOOD-WATER FLOW (5725) 225 PUMP-PIPE SYSTEMS, transients (6008j 230 PUMPING PLANTS efficiency study, irrigation pumps (5397).... 19 PUMPS

axial flow inducers (5592) 64 centrifugal, volute flow pattern (3746) 44 dredge

cavitation, viscosity effect (5551) 45

cavitation,' pump-parameter effects (5550). 45 design improvement, hopper dredge (3084).. 43 design studies (4154) 44 gas removal systems for (5822) 45 impeller design improvements (3442) 44 multiple-pump systems (4156) 44 performance studies (5174) 45 ventricle (5473) 58

-R- RADIOACTIVE WASTES

radionuclide movement, Columbia R. (5842).... 171 radionuclide movement, Columbia R. (5843).... 171 transport in bed material (5608) 169 transport by river sediment (5843) 171 RAINDROPS

energy, relation to soil erosion (3424) 33 energy, relation to soil erosion (4275) 109 energy, relation to soil erosion (4278) 110 wind effect on (5579) 135 RAINFALL artificial (see Rainfall, Simulation)

effect on shallow open-channel flow (5478)... 81 runoff relations (see Rainfall-Runoff)

simulation infiltration studies (4986) 33 model laws (5223) 141

RAINFALL (continued)

simulation

review (4282) 110

soil and water management (2596) 66 soil erosion studies (4275) 109 surface runoff studies (4906) 34 waterdrop splash investigation (4275) 109

(see also Precipitation) RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS Allegheny plateau (4265) 107 mathematical models (5456) 84 Minnesota watersheds (5799) 72 Ralston Creek watershed, Iowa (66) 37 Rapid Creek watershed, Iowa (68) 37 sequences (4100) 16

small Southwest watersheds (2397) 82 small watersheds and plots (3808) 66 small W. Va. watersheds, effect of chiseling

shale (4292) 115

small watersheds, urban and rural (5916) 53 Texas morphology studies (5940) 82 watershed slope effect (5568) 121 western S. Dakota rangelands (4309) 119

(see also Runoff; Watershed Analysis;

Hydrologic Analysis) RANDOM WALK MODEL

dispersion in porous media (5170) 30 RATING CURVES, river flow (6010) 230 RAYLEIGH DISC (5838) 162 REAERATION

turbulence effect (4661).... 36 turbulence effect (5688) , 93 RECHARGE (see Ground Water)

REGIMES, river (see River) RESERVOIRS contaminant mixing and dispersion (5953) 85 effect on channel regimes (5573) 129 effect on water quality (5689) 93 evaporation losses (2180) 137 evaporation losses, (see also Evaporation)

retarding

sediment distribution in (4306) 119 trap efficiencies (4305) 124 sealing

chemical methods (5400) 19 liner materials tests (151) 137 stock-pond linings (3057) 29 sedimentation

deposition surveys (4321) 125 field study, Iowa, Missouri (5708)....;... 41 field study, TVA (785) 186 sediment distribution, retardlng-type (4306) 119 sediment survey methods (4307) Ill sediment survey methods (4825) Ill trap efficiency (4305) 124 trap efficiency (5562) 112 stratified flow (see Stratified Flow) water temperature (769) 188 RESISTANCE

roughness characterization by size and

shape (5604) 168 ship (see Ships)

(see also Open-Channel Flow; Pipe Flow) REVETMENTS

concrete-block, for channel stabilization

(4318) 125 REYNOLDS STRESSES, in stratified flow (6006) 230

RIP CURRENTS, theory (5923) 74 RIPRAP, hydraulic-structure protection (1987)... 192 RIVER FLOW cross-section shapes at bends (5438) 12 discharge, western rivers, related to atmospheric circulation (4112) 17 flood effect on channel boundaries (4283).... ] 13 helicoidal flow in bends, laboratory

(5999) 226 log-Jam effacts (2654) 148 Manning's "n" for various rivers (5040) 26 meandering and flood plain flow (4191) 104 pollution, evaluation by aerial photography

(5406) 20 rating-curve fitting, least squares (6010)... 230 regimes Albertan co-operative studies (5665) (5666)

(5667) (5668) 220 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basin (3031) 14 Washita River, Okla. (4345) 131

'back fill effect near Montreal (5722) 225 partial closure near Montreal (5735) 226

242
RIVER FLOW (continued)

steady and transient flow between reservoirs

(5873) 26 stratified, break-up by turbulence (5737).... 24 turbulent diffusion (5688) 93 (see also Stream Plow; Open-Channel Plow; Alluvial Channels) RIVER FORMS verification of Exner's equation (5183) 62 ROLL (see Ships, Motions)

ROLL WAVES (see Waves) ROTATING LIQUIDS

disturbance on free surface (5738) 24 flow between parallel rotating disks (5741).. 68 hydrodynamics, in variable depth (4737) 101 ROUGHNESS bed ripples (5905) 40 characterization by size and shape (5604).... 168 effect on turb. boundary layer (see Boundary

Layer)-

ship-hull plates (5939) 80 water surface, due to wind action (5806) 73 (see also Resistance) RUNOFF

agricultural watersheds

conventionally and conservation-farmed,

comparison (4300) 118 Illinois, small watersheds (2316) 32 land use effects (4288) 114 precipitation characteristic effects,

Washita basin, Okla. (4342) 131 Red Prairie areas, Okla. (4339) 131 claypan soils, Mo. and 111. (5565) 112 climatic and watershed factors, Ariz.-

N. Mexico (4360) 139 deteriorated forests, rangelands (5297) 145 lntensity-of-grazlng relationship (4301) 118 large mixed-use watersheds (4299) 118 precipitation factors

semi-arid watersheds (4359) 138 Texas watersheds (4348) 132 Washita basin, Okla. (4342) 131 range-conservation treatment effect (5225)... 142

small single-cover watersheds (4298) 118

soil moisture effect, semi-arid rangelands

(5221) 141 snow and frozen soil influence (4286) 114

stream, long-time fluctuations, lower Miss.

R. basin (3522) 83 subsurface, northern hardwood forests (3563). 143 surface agricultural watersheds (2331) 41 Allegheny plateau (4266) 107 basin-storage effects (4909) 35 control by graded furrows (4848) 134 hydrographs, nonlinear system parameters

(5658) 35 laboratory model (4906) 34 northern hardwood forests (3563) 143 overland, sheet-flow mechanics (5920) 61 relation to erosion (see Erosion, Soil)

similarity criteria for (5117) 49 small agricultural watersheds (5915) 46

small urban watersheds (5455) 84 small watersheds, field study (2334) 41 small watershed model (5294) 59 small watersheds, Coshocton (5716) 60 snow-cover relations (377) 153 synthetic-hydrology approach (4910) 35 terrace-design effect (5974) 112

tillage, other management practice (4295). 115 urban systems (5824) 51 urban watersheds, Indiana (5482) 105 urbanization effects (5558) 53 unit sources Edwards plateau, Texas (5217) 135 microclimate, water balance, soil and cover effects (4364) 139 stubble mulch tillage effect (4846) 134 Texas Blacklands (4350) 132 Washita River basin, Okla. (4343) 131 variability, Blackland Prairie soil (5983)... 136

(see also Rainfall-Runoff; Watersheds; Water

Yield)

-S- SAND

beach (see Beach) DREDGING (see Dredging; Pumps)

SAND (continued) fences (4482) 28 fences (4760) 160 fenoes (4895) 28 fences (5284) 28 transport

coastal, by waves and wind (4930) 11 wind (4482) 28 wind (4895) 28 SCHWARTZ-CHRISTOFFEL TRANSFORMATION (5785) 62 SCOUR

bridge pier

Big Sioux R. crossing, model (5493) 70 experiments (4626) 1 experiments (5665) 220 experiments, theory (4617) 18 cantllevered pipe outlets (1168) 69 dams, model study (5359) 4 drop spillways, model study (2789) 32 effect of spur dike geometry (4645) 45 estuaries, bays, by tidal currents (4701)... 75 floats for measuring depth (5488) 69 floats for measuring depth (5490) 24 localmechanics of (4617) 18 secondary-flow at obstructions (4991).... 84 model laws, movable bed models (5255) 226 relation to channel structures (3870) 124 resistance of cohesive sediments (2874) 82 scraper operation (5283) 28 stones in open-channel flow (5705) 23 SCRAPER (see Sand) SEA-AIR INTERACTION (3120) 57 SEALS, (see Reservoirs; Gates)

SEAWALLS, overtopping by wind waves (5435) 12 SECONDARY CURRENTS air flows (5287) 228 axial flow inducers (5592) 64 corners, open-channel flow (4531) 25 SEDIMENT

concentration measurement, Gamma-Ray (5669). 220 control works, Washita R. basin (4341) 131 origin, routing, in gully erosion (4320).... 125 radiocarbon dating (5210) 129 relation of stratigraphy to hydrology, semi- arid watersheds (5589) 143 reservoirs, (see Reservoirs)

sources and delivery, agricultural watersheds (5584) 142 transport (see Sediment Transport) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

alluvial channels evaluation of dependent and independent variables (5607) 169 evaluation of formulas for (3671) 4 laboratory research (5078) 168 laboratory, field research (2950) 167 (see also Alluvial Channels)

bed forms

dune effect on resistance (4075) 4 dune formation at low transport (4075)... 4 dune forms (5575) 129 dune forms (5576) 129 ripple and dune movement related to bed- load transport (5165) 18 ripples, dunes, basic mechanics (5118)... 49 ripples, effective roughness of (5905). .. 40 ripples, wind-wave effect on (5888) 22 statistical analysis (5612) 170 bed load bed form, total load, laboratory study

(3871) 124 movable-bed models (5684) 28 New York mountain streams (4822) 117 by waves and currents (5922) 74 clay deposition, L. Maracaibo Channel (5119) 49 climatic and watershed factors (4365) 140 closed-conduit research facility (5304) 26 critical tractive force, uniform sand (4625) 1 deposition prevention, air bubblers (5994).. 222 effect of simulated rainfall (5478) 81 estuaries, summary of knowledge (5119) 49 fall velocity, irregular gravel (5165)...... 18 forces on particle on model bed (5574) 129 friction of clay deposits (3675) 11 Galveston-Trinity Bays (5458) 84 gully-control structure effects (4251) 99 littoral drift, (see Coastal Sediment)

particle step-length, rest periods (5609)... 169

243
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT (continued) porous media, effect of saturation degree

(4612) 17 radioactive wastes (5608) 169 records for Iowa streams (67) 37 river bed movement, field study (56661 220 rotating drum research facility (4654) 48 sedimentation basins (see Sedimentation)

sedimentation in tile drains (3490) 66

silt deposit over gravel bed (5437) 12 silt, through porous media (5820) 12 suspended

bank-stabilization effect on load (4821).. 116 flow in pipes (5668) 220 flow in pipes, laminar (5667) 220 measurement by ultrasonics (35281 86 measurement by ultrasonics (5754) 91 two-dimensional closed conduit (4890) 229 tile-drain flow (3490) 66 turbialty-current experiments (5361) 5 velocity distribution relation to sand bed character (5610) 169 Washita River basin, Okla. (4340) 131 SEDIMENT YIELD conventionally and conservation-farmed

watersheds (4300) 118 correlation with watershed characteristics

(4319) 125 gully and channel erosion (4303) 119 northern plains rangelands (4310) 119 Ssbetha Lake Watershed, Kansas (4304) 119 small agric. watersheds, So. Calif. (5222)... 141 small corn-belt watersheds (5973) 112 Texas Blackland watersheds (4351J 132 SEDIMENTATION BASINS, CIRCULAR

flow-pattern experiments (4669) 57 hydraulic characteristics of (3541) 106 SEEPAGE

bank, during flood flows (3428) 38 dams (see Dams)

rangeland stockponds (4824) 120 reduction with Bentonite (3558) 137 through dunes in alluvial channels (5451).... 90 SEICHES (see Waves; Harbors) SEPARATED FLOW

at interior corners (4151) 43 effect of polymer additives (5860) 185 SEPARATORS

oil-water, reaction- jet inlet for (3854) 99 SEPTIC TANKS, effluent percolation (5176) 60 SERVOMECHAN ISMS (see Hydraulic Servomechanisms)

SEWAGE PLOW outfalls, diffusion into ocean (3678) 11 outlet design, Montreal (57211 225 predilution at outfalls (4725) 97 SEWAGE TREATMENT

rit-removal model (5805) 73 see also Sedimentation Basins) SEWER SYSTEMS, optimum design theory (5825) 51 SHEAR, WALL

distribution (see Open-Channel Flow) measurement (see Hydraulic Meas.) SHIPS

hullsbending moments in waves (3516) 76 design for low wave drag (4426) 179 large bulbous bow (5375) 104 low resistance, merchant vessel (5379).... 104 mathematical ship lines (1783) 177 plate roughness effect (5939) 80 potential flow around ship forms (2091)... 38 relation of form to seaworthiness (5852).. 181 wave drag (5849) 181 models

blockage correction, towing tank (5377)... 104 correlation, model prototype results (2971) 178

scale effects on resistance, propulsion

(5376) „ kh

tank sizjv effect on drag (2091) 38 viscous wag by wake surveys (5378) 104 motions

anti-roll tanks (4702) 75 low-speed maneuvering (5064) 78 parallel ships, dynamic interaction (4083) 13 pressures in heave and pitch (4570) 13 roll and pitch (1907) 75 roll, bilge keel effects (4816) 180 seaworthiness, theory (2230) 177 stability derivatives, various forms (5309) 78 transient response in waves (5851) 181

SHIPS (continued)

motions

yaw, lateral forces in (4429) 179 resistance

determined from wave pattern (5202) 98 in irregular waves (4971) 13 minimum resistance research (4084) 13 viscous and wave drag resolution (2091).. 38 viscous flow past a ship (5739) 24 sea-going barges, hydrodynamics (5972) 104 seakeeping

effect of hull forms (5852) 181 facility for 3-dimensional tests (3292).. 179 irregular wave patterns (5203) 98 ship waves in navigation channels (5817).... 12 slamming

air-cushion effects (5774) 14 computer methods, force prediction (5789) .86 drop tests (5301) 13 model studies (5942) 98 theory, experiment (l786) 177 vibration, propeller-induced (5121) 180 wake simulation studies (4810) 179 SHOALING, waterways (3907) 196 SHORE PROCESSES New Jersey to Cape Charles, Va. (2192) 159 planning and design for protection (2193)... 159

(see also Beaches; Coastal Sediment)

SHORE PROTECTION, planning and design manual

(2193) 159 SILLS, submerged, L. Huron level control (5233) 202 SIMILITUDE (see Model Laws)

SIPHONS, pumping-plant discharge, air entrap- ment in (5862) 9 SLAMMING (see Ships) SLENDER-BODY THEORY (see Potential Flow) SLOSHING (see Fuel Sloshing) SLUG FLOW (see Open-Channel Flow) SLUICE GATES, (see Gates) SLURRIES coal-water flow (4436) 171 flow measurement with elbow meter (5172).... 45 head loss in pipe flow (3747) 44

(see also Suspensions)

SNOWaccumulation and melting in unit source

area (4837) 123 additives, melt and evaporation control

(5395) 18 hydrographs, mountain watersheds (4313) 122 management research, California (4996) 149 management research, California (4997) 150 measurements and streamflow forecast (55)... 14 melting device (5429) 225 remote measuring device (5404) 20 SOIL

capillaries, electrokinetic potential (5450) 90 erosion (see Erosion, Soil) flow through (see Porous Media)

moisture (see Soil Moisture)

salinity

citrus irrigated with Colorado R. water (4853) 141 effect on vegetable growth (5985) 136 surface modification effects in non- irrigated areas (5984) 136 water-table fall effect, winter (4832)... 120 tile drains effect on iron and manganese

solubility (4854) 141 SOIL MOISTURE conservation

Barnes silty clay (4817) Ill benching and terracing In Southern Great Plains (4356) 133 eastern South Dakota (5561) 112 mulch management (5979) 117 distribution

furrowed Pullman silty clay loam (5213).. 134 Missouri Valley loess, terraced (5976)... 113 dynamics of uptake by plants (5226) 142 flow microdynamlcs (3880) 130 measurement (see Hydrologic Meas.)

regimes in Allegheny plateau (4269) 108 regimes of agricultural watersheds (4327)... 127 retention, corn-belt soils (5975) 113 semi-arid rangeland hydrology (5221) 141 water-table fall effect, winter (4832) 120 SOLAR POND, modeling techniques (5544) 51 SOLITARY WAVE, (see Waves) SOLUTION CAVITY MINING (see Mining)

244
SPECIFIC YIELD, laboratory and field research

(3263) 167 SPECTRAL RECONNAISSANCE, in agriculture (5577).. 135

SPHERES, (see Submerged Bodies) SPILLWAYS closed conduit drop inlet investigation (ill) 69 full-scale studies (4335) 130 discharge

effect of crest shape (5828) 54 various pier configurations (1298) 228 drop inlet, hydraulic design (1865) 31 irrotatlonal flow through bucket (5260) 54 models (see Models)

prototype tests, Ft. Randall Dam (5250) 205 scourcantllevered pipe outlets (1168) 69 Patillas Dam (5845) 176

vertical internal (4169) 54 STABILITY

branched pipe flow (4559) 37 laminar pipe flow (5670) 56 Taylor vortices, non-Newtonian fluid (5710).. 43 theory, asymptotic expansions in (5779) 37 (see also Waves, Roll) STEAM, acoustic velocities in (5286) 183 STILLING BASINS

culvert outlets (5457) 84 pipe to open-channel flow (5133) 88 slide-gate outlets (2959) 172 vertical Jet lmDingement on (3775) 54 vertical stilling well (4794) 173

(see also Energy Dissipators)

sr?,-.Ti?TEL r_;v; estuaries (1986) 191 interfaclal disturbances in zone of flow establishment (4145) 39 internal waves generation by moving spheres (4400) 166 generation by source-sink inroulse (5613).. 166 theory (4252) 99

(see also Waves, Internal)

jet discharge into (5690) 93 literature survey (5343) 176 porous media; stability, dispersion (5013)... 5 reservoirs

measurements, Fontana (5944) 187 mixing, effect on (5689) 93 release and outlet design (5343) 176 withdrawal studies (4561) 4 Reynolds stresses (6006) 230 salinity intrusion (see Estuaries)

thermal density currents cooling-water intakes (5723) 225

St. Croix River model (5494) 71 steam plant circulation, model (5392) 187 through curved screens (6005) 230 turbidity currents, underflow (5361) 5 turbulence and curvature effects (5908) 40 turbulent mixing due to wakes (4160) 47 viscous non-diffusive flows (5826) 51 wake formation in (5630) 229 STREAMFLOW forecasting (5664) 166

Idaho streams, data (5167) 30 Iowa records (67) 37 logging effects (4758) 149 regional variation of statistical parameters

(5875) 26 relationship of coniferous plantation

characteristics (4752) 144 subsurface portion, Sleepers R., Vt. (4289).. 115

(see also River Flow) STREAM GAGING (see Hydraulic Meas.)

STRUCTURES, HYDRAULIC (see Hydr. Structures) SUBMARINES

effect of flow separation on stability (5199) 93 SUBMERGED BODIES

bodies of revolution

coefficients, Douglas programs (5385) 185 near surface effects (2229) 177 cube in velocity gradient

free surface effect on drag (5758) 91 free surface effect on turbulence (5757).. 91 cylinder in velocity gradient, drag (4716)... 83 drag, flows between creep and boundary-layer

flow (5778) 37 fall veloclties.. gravel particles (5611) 170

sphere, horizontally oscillating fluid

(5184) 65

SUBMERGED BODIES (continued)

forces, water tunnel study (2832) 63 hemisphere on boundary

free surface effect on drag (5134) (5137). 88 free surface effect on flow (5755) 91 free surface effect on lift (5135) 88

free surface effect on turbulence (5756).. 91 seepage effect on forces (5765) 93 ITTC headform, cavitation Inception (5792)... 72 pressure distribution around nose (1778) 177 semi-circular disk

drag, free surface effects (5761) 92 drag, various configurations (5760) 92 semi-submerged, heave and pitch (4570) 13 slender bodies, separated flow (5264)... 56 sphere drag, non-Newtonian fluid (5382) 185 spheroids in potential flow (2091) 38 stability coefficients (2832) 63 unsteady flow accelerated cylinders (2265) 11 bluff bodies, 2-dimensional (3776) 55 ellipsoids (4180) 63 flat plate, Impulsive rotation (5671) 56 spheres, added mass (3799) 58 vehicles in tunnels, drag (5781) 52 vertical cylinders, vortex shedding in waves (3750) 47 vibrations of transmission lines (5743) 96 wakes, in stratified fluids (5630) 229 wakes, in stratified fluids (4160) 47 wakes (see also Wakes) wall effect on forces (4181) 63 wave generation, stratified liquid (4400).... 166 wedges, supercavitating, in boundary layer

(5506) 72 SUCTION (see Boundary Layer) SUPERCAVITATING FLOW disks and wings (5772) 7 two-dimensional wedges (4677) 64 wedges in boundary layer (5506) 72 (see also Hydrofoils; Propellers)

SURFACE RUNOFF, (see Runoff) SURFACE WATER (see Water) SURGES

dry bed (5143) 8 generation of, laboratory (5569) 227 harbor (see Harbors)

surge tanks (see Models)

(see also Hydropower) SUSPENSION FLOWS

clear-zone investigation (5535) 94 colloidal electrokinetic separation (5672) 60 porous media (5293) 59 fluid- sediment mixtures (4890) 229 lnertial effects in (5480) 65 pipes, variation of Karman K (5041) 26 settling velocities of solids (5302) 26 turbulent transfer mechanics (4649) 48 viscosity theory (5560) 56 (see also Slurries) SUSPENSION WIRE (see Hydr. Meas.) SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY (see Hydrologic Analysis)

-T- TAYLOR VORTICES, (see Vorticies) TENNESSEE VALLEY, precipitation (768) (779) 188 TENSION, in liquids, measurements (5106) 64 TERRACES

effect on moisture distribution (5976) 113 effect on runoff (5974) 112 TIDAL HYDRAULICS

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, analog methods

(4933) 11 (see also Estuaries)

TIDES, (see Waves)

TORPEDOES, (see Hydroballistics; Submerged

Bodies)

TOWERS, INTAKE (see Models) TRACTIVE FORCE critical (see Sediment Transport)

distribution (see Open-Channel Flow)

TRANSIENTS, POWER PLANT

Garrison, Oahe Dams (3906) 196

(see also Hydropower) TRANSITION

laminar- turbulent, porous media flow (5902).. 30 turbulent to laminar, cooled liquid flow (5784) 52 (see also Boundary Layer; Pipe Flow; Stability)

245
TRANSITIONS

pipe to open channel (6001) 229 pipe to open channel, stilling basin (5133)... 88 supercritical flow, design of (2386) 70 TSUNAMIS, (see Waves) TUNNELS

diversion, closure of (5726) 225 drag on vehicles in (5781) 52 hydrodynamic forces during placement (5988)... 219 TURBIDITY

current (see Stratified Plow) measurement (see Hydr. Meas.) TURBOMACHINERY

hydrodynamics of, cavitating (3378) 6 three-dimensional effects (5777) 37 turbine discharge, current meters (4441) 186 TURBULENCE

around cube, in velocity gradient, free surface effect (5757) 91 atmospheric

research wind tunnel development (5833).... 106 Rocky Mtns., relation to water yield (4110) 17 boundary layer roughness, heating-cooling,

effects (4606) 17 concentric rotating cylinders (4734) 100 Couette-type shear flow (2536) 36

data analysis system (4608) 17 decay, in axisymmetric wakes (4099) 16 diffusion

atmospheric surface layer (3398) 15

in rivers (5688) 93 of aerosol droplets (5485) 105 dilute polymer solutions (5594) 65 distortion of, laboratory (5280) 227 effect on river stratification (5737) 24 electroklnetic phenomena in liquids (2770).... 15 Karman K in suspension flow (5041) 26 measurements

in viscous sublayer (5595) 65 water (3486) 63

(see also Hydraulic Meas.)

non-Newtonian fluids, theory (5596) 65 pipe flow polymer additives effect (4868) 184 structure near rough wall (5823) 51 wall roughness effect (34271 36 wall roughness effect (5534) 94 rough open channels (5131) 87 self-preservation in shear flow (5907) 40 wakesbody of revolution (4974) 39 body of revolution (5311) 78 effect on drag evaluation (4558) 37 self-propelled bodies (3074) 38 TURNOUT, slide gate, calibration (3274) 172 TWO-PHASE FLOW

gas- liquid

air entrainment, steep channels (3824) 70 bubble effect on shear flows (5195) 28 diffuser flows (5554) 52 flow oscillations in closed loop (5780).... 52 gas absorption mechanism (4988) 56 literature survey and review (4983) 52 momentum-flux measurement (5557) 52 sound generated by various types (4235).... 83 various pipe fittings, effects of (5967)... 103 vertical tube, mass transfer (2374) 68 porous media (5841) 170 solid-liquid

experiments (5304) 26

(see also Slurries; Suspensions)

-U- UNDERWATER ORDNANCE (see Hydroballistics)

UNDERWATER SOUND ( see "Hydrodynamic Noise) UNIT SOURCE AREAS (see .Runoff) UNSTEADY FLOW rapid-acceleration hydrodynamics (3740) 39

(see also Submerged Bodies) UPLIFT (see Dams)

-V- VALVES

backwater, protection of plumbing from sewage

(4043) 222 butterfly, cavitation characteristics (5336).. 175 float operated, design criteria (5872) 13 seal3, tests for Dworshak Dam (5815) 165

VELOCITY, measurement (see Hydraulic Meas.) VENTURI FLUMES (see Hydraulic Meas.) VIBRATION

circular cylinder, accelerated flow (2265).. 11 flat plate

in a viscous liquid, theory (5929) 79 relation to wake structure (2802) 46 flow-Induced, cantilever beams (6007) 230 planing surfaces (5856) 182 submerged plates and cylinders (5111) 105 thin-walled pipes (5538) 31 transmission lines (5743) 96 VISCOMETER (see Hydr. Meas.) VORTEX CHAMBERS, flow in (5674) 228 VORTEX-SINK FLOW

5263) 56 4945) 43 VORTICES

abrupt expansions (1875) 38 bluff-body wakes (4668) 57 laminar, in lakes, theory (4252) 99 penstock Inlet (5867) 9 suppression, at drop inlets (ill) 69 Taylor, non-Newtonian fluids (5496) 71 turbulent line vortex, convection (5629) . 229 wing (5590) 64 VORTICITY, effect on orifice discharge (1181).. 99 -W- WAKES

bodies of revolution

turbulence characterisitcs (4974) 39 turbulent, asymmetry effect (5311) 78 with momentum addition (4099) 16 drag by momentum method, effect of turbulent

normal stresses (4558) 37 initial, in stratified fluids (5630) 229

ship, simulation of (4810) 179 turbulent behind flat plate (2802) 46 bodies in stratified liquids (4160) 47 bodies of revolution (4974) 39 bodies of revolution (5311) 78 periodicity in (5631) 229 vortex motion in (4668) 57 vortex shedding, unsteady flow (3776) 55 zero momentum flux (3074) 38 WASTE WATER RECHARGE, in porous media (3748)... 47 WATER

availability to plants, dynamics of (5226).. 142 budget

ephemeral stream channels (5588) 143 ground water factor in semi-arid watersheds (5224) 142 semi-arid rangeland, hydrologic model

(5980) 123 unit source area (4836) 122 distribution, systems analysis (4538) 33 entry-exit (see Hydroballistics)

farmhydraulic studies in southern Piedmont

terrace systems (4331) 128 surface water storage and supply on coastal-plain farms (4841) 128 wells and irrigation pits on coastal- plain farms (4842) 128 ground (see Ground Water)

quality

Alaska streams, logging effect (3535).... 97 changes, in ground water reservoir (5880) 22 land use effects In forested mountains

(5413) 21 pesticide residue effect (581l) 67 watershed environment and microbial

dynamics (5407) 20 requirements

citrus in Rio Grande valley (5582) 136 irrigated areas of Southwest (2177) 137 lawn grasses (5585) 142 marshlands (3530) 87 plans, State of Utah (5138) 88 resources (see Water Resources)

rights, legal and hydrologic study (5703)... 23 storage

management research (5879) 21 management research (5881) 22 saline aquifers (5711) 46 surface water

investigations in Iowa (67) 37

246
WATER (continued) surface water

treatment for farm use (2837) 66 table (see Water Table)

temperature (see Water Temperature) treatment flocculents In playa water (5214) 135 for farm use (2837) 66 from small reservoirs (5810) 67 use (see Water Use)

yield (see Water Yield) WATER HAMMER

control by valve stroking (5917) 53 liquid column separation (4862) 53 resonance in triplex pump suction and discharge

lines (4858) 53 WATER RESOURCES

atmospheric, in Utah (5750) 90 Klowa-Bijou basins, Colo. (5882) 22 mathematical. models, system analysis (5115).. 49 mathematical models, system analysis (4543).. 34 planning, Latin America (5116) 49 WATER TABLE

depth effect on irrigated cotton (4845) 133 fall effect on soil moisture, winter (4832).. 120 lowering effect on vegetable growth (5985)... 136 topographic effects on shape (5819) 12 WATER TEMPERATURE

ecological studies (5914) 42 cooling-water discharge (5914) 42 stratification break-up by turbulence (5737). 24 streams

dams, downstream effect (5698) 98 reservoirs and streams (769) 188 reservoir-stream heat budget (4881) 186

St. Lawrence River (4525) 227 turbulence, turbidity, radiation effects

(5787) 62 WATER USE analysis, Little Bear River Basin (5748) 90 Arkansas River basin, Colo. (5410) 20 municipalities and Industries (5704) 23 optimizing conjunctive use of surface and ground water (5749) 90 organizational and procedural study (5394)... 18 plans, State of Utah (5138) 88 plant growth (4328) 127 residential (3437) 42 WATER YIELD

atmospheric-turbulence relation (4110) 17 Cascade region (4757) 148 climatic and watershed factors Edwards plateau, Tex. (4352) 132 Northwest rangelands (4312) 122 Texas Blacklands (4349) 132 Washita River basin, Okla. (4344) 131 conservation-treatments effects (4297)' 118 Hawaii (5001) 152 improvement research

California forests (4998) 151 Southwest brushlands (5000) 151 northern plains rangelands (4310) 119 permanent grass watersheds (5208) 121 WATERSHED ANALYSIS Allegheny plateau (4267) 108 Cascade region (4757) 148 Cascade Region (4758) 149 Colo, front range, small watersheds (5409)... 20 logging effects (4758) 149 mathematical model for (5369) 33 Medicine Creek, Nebr. (4302) 119 nonlinear hydrologic systems (5145) 8 Pigeon Roost Creek, Miss. (4325) 126 protection and rehabilitation, Utah (5297)... 145 runoff-rainfall relations, Minnesota (5799).. 72 semi-arid watersheds

soil and vegetation factors (4362) 139 valley and channel materials, vegetation

(4361) 139 small agricultural watersheds, So. Calif.

(5222) 141 small Indiana watersheds (2841) 104

small Missouri watersheds (4662) 55 small watershed model (5294) 59 southwestern arid, model (3845) 87 urban watersheds in Indiana (5482) 105 vegetation effects (4757) 148

(see also Watershed Management; Hydrologic

Analysis; Runoff; Water Yield)

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Albuquerque, N. M. (1969) 154 Alpine Hydrologic Lab. (3895) 156 Appalachian coal fields (4753) 144 California snow zone (4996) 149 Citico Creek (4011) 189 Fernow Exp. Forest, West Va. (1188) 147 Fort Collins, Colo. (3896) 156 Fraser Lab. (377) 153 Harrison, Arkansas (3225) 158 Hawaii (5001) 152 Hubbard Brook Exp. Forest, N. H. (2419) 147 irrigation water supply (5395) 18 Laramie, Wyo. (3569) '. 155 Lower Michigan (3890) 146 Northern Minnesota (3887) 146 Oxford, Miss. (2914) 158 Pacific Southwest (4997).. 150 Parker Branch (3307) 188 Pine Tree Branch (3309) 188 Rapid City, S. D. (2658) 155 Southeastern forests (380) 156 Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 146 Syracuse University. N. Y. (4756) 147 Tempe, Arizona (657J 153 Upper Bear Creek (4884) 189 Upper Darby, Pa. (5323) 147 Western No. Carolina (3306) 188 wetland forests, Southeastern U. S. (5813)... 157 White Hollow (3308) 188

(see also Watershed Analysis; Hydrologic

Analysis; Runoff; Water Yield; Sediment) WAVES

absorbers, rubble (5635) 205 beach-contour relations (1631) 74 bore forces on coastal structures (5439) 12 cnoidal, shoaling theory (4990) 83 complex, instruments for analysis (4159) 47 currents Induced on beaches (5923) 74 damping

by submerged spheres (5505) 72 effect of following wind (5252) 166 laminar boundary layer (4229)...... 77 over long distances, field study (5925)... 74 turbulent liquid (4891) 166 viscous-damping summary (6013) 166 deep water, high-order nonlinear thacry (5598) 100 diffraction through submerged reef (4934).... 12 edge, laboratory study (5326) 161 energy flux (4128) 27 field observations

Lake Superior (5767) 228 various coastal locations (660) 158 floating ice (4924) 227 flood, dry-bed alluvial channels (4358). 138 forecasting

hindcasting techniques (5470) 57 Northumberland Strait, Canada (5987) 219 forces on objects

breaking on vertical wall (4908) 34 breakwaters (998) 190 coastal structures, statistical (5439).... 12 moored objects (5289) 35 moored oil storage tanks (5802) 73 vertical cylinders (3750) 47 structural Interactions (4905) 34 generators confused seas (3292) 179 general-purpose design (5995) 222 tides (5724) 225 wave-height prediction, shallow water

(5079) 161 harbor oscillations induced by (3444) 47 interactions, long and short waves (5614).... 166 Internal

due to source-sink impulses (5613)........ 166 spheres in stratified liquid (4400) 166

ocean, field and theory (4500) 74 (see also Stratified Flows)

long

amplification at circular islands (5893).. 29 bore formation (4667) 57 diffraction by islands (4666) 81 in fiords (5685) 28 theory of (4866) 81 measurement, (see Hydraulic Measurements)

microwave scattering from (5364) 25 nonlinear properties (3120) 57

247
WAVES (continued)

plunger characteristics, laboratory (5328).... 161 reflection

from cylindrical pile arrays (5821) 45 from floating rectangular bodies (4644).... 44 sand beaches (5635) 205 refraction of wind waves (4934) 12 resonators (5635) 205

roll

in steep open channels (5360) 5 in steep rough channels (5957) 95 Rossby (4737) 101 run-up

effect of secondary waves (5327) 161 large wave shore run-up (5453) 76

on composite beaches (4155) 44

on shore structures, field study (2661).... 160 tsunamis at Oahu (5896) 29 scour of flat beaches (5552) 45 secondary

effect on run-up on beaches (5327).... 161 origin and transmission (5835) 161 sediment-ripple formation (5118) 49 sediment transport mechanics (5922) 74 seiches, Hilo Bay model (5894) 29 setup on beaches (3228) 160

ship, (see Ships)

shoaling

analysis, cnoidal-wave theory (4990) 83 beach-process studies (1609) 46 gradual change in width, depth (2801) 46

large waves, shoaling, breaking (5453) 76 simulation of long-crested Gaussian seaway

(5850) 181 sloshing (see Fuel Sloshing)

solitary

celerity by numerical analysis (5261) 54 generation (5669) 227

of maximum amplitude (5261) 54 standing

high-order theory (5459) 84

in harbors ( 501 i) 5 storm-wave beach erosion, Atlantic Coast (4762)160

supercritical-channel junctions (3805) 61 tidesinstruments for deep-sea tides (5927)...... 74 modern time-series methods (5926) 74 tidal-current scouring, shoaling (4701).... 75

WAVES (continued)

transformation with gradual changes in width

and depth (2801) 46 transmission

through cylindrical pile arrays (5821)... 45 through rubble (5818) 12 traps (5635) 205 tsunamis Hilo Bay model (3903) 195 run-up on Oahu (5896) 29 wind

effect on bed ripples (5888) 22 generation and growth (4) 74 mechanics of generation (3120) 57 mechanics of generation 14917) 76 overtopping of seawalls (5435) 12 overtopping of structures (5460) 85 two-dimensional spectrum (4934) 12 wind forces on (5252) 166 wind interaction, energy transfer (5454).... 76

(see also Harbors) WEATHER MODIFICATION considerations for experiments (5878) 21 WEDGE FLOW, porous walls (5626) 229 WEIRS

clover shaped, obtaining uniform flow along (5519) 96 free streamline theory (5452) 90 (see also Hydraulic Measurements) WELLS

multiple, interference effects (4857) 8 model study (4896) 28 use in area development (4857) 8 WINGS

ring, effect of geometry on loads (4873).... 184 WIND DRIVEN CURRENTS enclosed bodies of water (5806) 73 Lake Michigan (5472) 58 (see also Lakes) WYES

(see Pipe Flow)

-Y- YAW

(see Ships, motions) YIELD

(see Sediment; Water)

248

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