NBSIR 87-3595

Users’ Guide to FIRST, A

Comprehensive Single-Room Fire

Model

Henri E. Mitler

John A. Rockett

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

September 1987

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 87-3595

USERS’ GUIDE TO FIRST, A

COMPREHENSIVE SINGLE-ROOM FIRE

MODEL

Henri E. Mitler

John A. Rockett

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

September 1987

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Clarence J. Brown, Acting Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

FOREWORD

Although considerable effort has been expended to make the program easy

to run, it is not meant to be used as a "black box" by a complete novice to

fire science: like any sophisticated tool, it should be used by someone who

understands its limitations as well as its strengths. Those limitations are

listed in Appendix D. It may also be appropriate to say here that a single

run will rarely if ever be adequate, in attempting to simulate a fire - aside

from the inaccuracies of the model inherent in the various simplifying

assumptions and approximations which were made in constructing this model,

there often are even larger uncertainties in the input data.

It should be possible for a user to sit at the console and run the

program by following the instructions which appear on the screen when the

program is started; that process will be much easier if this manual is read

(or at least skimmed) beforehand, however. One goal in writing this guide has

been that it should contain a minimum of jargon or other difficulties, so that

an intelligent layman could follow it easily. It is hoped that this goal has

been met.

Before attempting to compile this program, please refer to the comments

in section 2.2.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD iii

Abstract 1

1 . INTRODUCTION 1

2. MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROGRAM 3 2.1 Simulation Model 3 2 . 2 Computer Program 5

3. INPUT 8

3 . 1 Needed Information , 8

3.2 The Input File 15

3.3 Interactive Input 16

3 . 4 Errors 19

3.5 Numerical Options 19

3 . 6 Materials Handbook 20

3.7 Data Available at Present 22

4.

SAMPLE SESSIONS AT THE TERMINAL: OPERATING IN INTERACTIVE MODE .. 24

4.1 Example 1. Default Run 25

4.2 Example 2. Serial Input 27

4.3 Example 3. Menu-Driven Input 35

4.4 Example 4. A Variable -Flow Gas Burner Fire 39

4.5 Example 5. Forced- Flow Venting 48

4.6 Example 6. Alternative Algorithms for Physics 55

4.7 Example 7. Use of Input Files and Data Bank 57

4.8 Example 8. Errors 62

4.9 Example 9. Running MASBANK 66

5. RUNNING IN BATCH MODE 74

6. OUTPUT 77

6.1 Output File Names 77

6.2 Standard Form of Output 78

6.3 Short Form 83

6.4 Graphical Output 90

7. THE DEBUG OPTION 96

8. EXTENDING THE UTILITY OF THE PROGRAM 97

9. NOTATION 102

9.1 The Method 102

9.2 Dictionary of Symbols 107

10. REFERENCES 117

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

Page

APPENDIX A. Derivation of Values Used for Heptane in Table I 120

APPENDIX B. The Opening Option 124

APPENDIX C. Summary of Improvements in FIRST, Over Harvard Mark 5 126

APPENDIX D. Limitations of FIRST 129

APPENDIX E. Nomenclature 132

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Thermophysical/chemical values chosen for the materials

data bank 123

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Schematic of the enclosure, showing mass fluxes in and out

of the room and radiative fluxes to the target from the

layer and the flame 125

Figure 2. Schematic of a flame on a horizontal surface 12

v

USER'S GUIDE TO FIRST, A COMPREHENSIVE SINGLE-ROOM FIRE MODEL

Henri E. Mitler and John A. Rockett

Abstract

This document is an instructional manual which will facilitate use of

the computer program FIRST. (The name "FIRST" is an acronmym; it stands for

FIRe Simulation Technique.) This is a prototype of a "benchmark" computer

model of how a fire develops in a single compartment. Given a fire (or fires)

ignited on one or more fuel sources, FIRST describes the principal phenomena

which occur, such as the movement of gases in and out of the compartment, the

growth of the fire(s) , the development of a hot layer, etc. This guide is not

meant to be documentation for the model, and so detailed descriptions of the

physics or of the program structure have been kept to a minimum. The principal emphasis has been on how to input the information needed to run the program, and on the output obtained. Only a dozen pages of instruction are needed for the input, but an extensive section has been included which gives

"worked examples" of the use of the program. There is also a section which

gives suggestions for using it to simulate fires and situations for which no explicit provision has been made. Finally, a short table of thermophysical

data appropriate for running the program has been included.

Keywords: compartment fires; computer modeling; fire modeling; FIRST;

modeling; user's guide.

1 . INTRODUCTION

About ten years ago, an effort was undertaken at Harvard University to

construct a general-purpose mathematical model of how fires develop in enclosures; this was under the guidance of Professor H.W. Emmons, one of the

pioneers of fire science. The work was principally supported by grants from

the Center for Fire Research at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) . A

number of versions, of increasing complexity and sophistication, resulted (see

ref. [1-4]), culminating in what came to be known as Harvard Mark 5 (CFC V)

1
and Mark 6

1 (Mark 5 is a single-room model; Mark 6 a multiple-room version of

Mark 5). That project was terminated at Harvard in 1983. Development of Mark

5, originally documented in 1981 [2], has continued at NBS, however. In 1985,

it was decided to develop a new "generation" of benchmark- quality compartment

fire models at NBS [5]. As the first stage in this process, the numerous

improvements and enrichments which have been made to Mark 5 since 1981 have

been merged into a new computer code, FIRST. It must be noted that the

validation of the new algorithms is limited; the extent of the validation is

discussed in Appendix C.

By "benchmark" , we mean a model whose every component is nearly as good

as possible, consistent with the constraints that the program run in a reasonably short time, and that any effect need not be calculated to better

than 1% accuracy. This program ("FIRST") is a prototype, and - although very

good in many ways - it is not quite of benchmark quality.

This document will describe the capabilities of FIRST only briefly,

concentrating principally on descriptions of how to use it. The units usedfor input, output, and internally - are generally the Systeme International

(SI units) . This is a variant of the Mks (meter-kilogram-second) system. The

only exceptions at present are for fuel flow rate (in g/s , rather than kg/s),

and for pressure (meters equivalent of air, rather than Pascals). The rest of

the paper consists of eight sections, the two largest being section 3,

describing the input, and 4, which gives nine examples of how to enter

different cases. A nice feature which simplifies and facilitates input is

decribed in section 3.6.

1 There are other fire models which we will not touch on here; the

interested reader may see references [6-10].

2
2. MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROGRAM

2.1 Simulation Model

FIRST is a deterministic and time -dependent solution of simplified mass

and energy transfer processes which describe fire growth in a compartment. It

is a zone model, the principal geometrical zones in the compartment being the

burning object, a hot upper layer; a cooler lower layer; the thermal plume (s)

from the fire(s); the wall, ceiling, and floor areas; the vent areas; the

flame (s ) ; and any objects of interest which are exposed to heating fluxes.

The zones and dynamics of the fire may be made clearer by referring to figure

1, taken from refs. [2] and [3], The following is a very brief summary of the

physical processes involved; for greater detail, the reader may wish to see

refs. [8], [3], and [17].

Three types of fire may be simulated, at present: a fire growing on a horizontal surface, a pool fire, and a burner fire. The spread rate of the

growing fire is accelerated by the heat feedback from its own combustion zone,

from those of other fires, and from the hot layer and ceiling; it generally

grows exponentially in time under free-burn or open-burning conditions. The

pool fire has a fixed area. The burner fire is a very general fire, as it

permits the user to specify the gas flow rate as he wishes; this permits one

to simulate furniture items, wood cribs, etc. (However, if the open-air

burning rate is used to simulate then, that neglects the effects of radiation

feedback from the enclosure, which is taken into account in the growing-fire

and pool-fire algorithms). Because of its generality, this variable-flow

burner algorithm is very powerful.

Each burning item generates heat and prescribed combustion products,

comprising smoke particulates, CO, C02

, H2 0, etc.

Forced ventilation is incorporated in the model (see Mitler [11]); here

the user must specify the volumetric flow rate through (into or out of) the

given vent. It is important, however, to note that there must always be at

least one free (natural) vent for the enclosure. A photoelectric smoke

3
detector of user- specified sensitivity may be placed in the upper part of the

room.

Among other variables, the program calculates the concentration of 02 , CO, C02 , H2 0, smoke, and total hydrocarbons in the two layers, as a function

of time. It then calculates the extinction in these two zones.

The program is DIMENSIONEd so that up to four objects and five vents can

be treated in any one run. In fact, however, each object (there are "o" of

them) requires up to 15 variables; each wall/floor/ceiling construction, 12

"w" variables; the room, 22 variables; and each vent, 6 "v" variables. Thus

the total number of variables is

N = 22 + 15o + 12w + 6v (1)

The present numerical package permits a maximum of 100 variables to be

treated. Hence a room with one wall/floor/ceiling, must have 15o + 6v < 66

Thus, we can have no more than two objects if there are four or five vents,

three objects if there are two or three vents, and never more than four

obj ects

.

Target objects get heated by radiative and convective fluxes from the

various sources (hot layer, hot surfaces, flames, etc.); an object is assumed

to ignite when its exposed surface reaches a user-specified ignition temperature. The flame then rapidly spreads over the entire object. The effect on

the flame of oxygen vitiation in the upper layer is taken into account, albeit

crudely. The mass fluxes (in and out) through each vent are calculated.

These are based on cross-vent pressure differences which result from differences which result from differences in cross -vent gas buoyancy (temperature) and

other considerations. Whereas Mark 5 and other versions of the Harvard and

NBS/Harvard codes assume that the lower layer is always at ambient temperature, FIRST more realistically takes into account the fact that there is mixing of some of the upper hot gases with the incoming cool air, at a vent.

This entering flow of smoke -contaminated air enters the lower layer which

4
gradually heats up and becomes less transparent to radiation, This is in

agreement with what is experimentally observed.

2

2 . 2 Computer Program

FIRST is written in ANSI '77 FORTRAN; it has about 11700 lines of code,

including comments; this is 560 kilobytes. The convergence accuracy of the

calculation is user-chosen; a value of the order of one part in 104 has

generally been used (see paragraph 2 in section 3.5 for the definition of this

term) . The inaccuracies in the physics and in the thermophysical data

generally far exceed this level. The compiled program is 476 kilobytes long

(including the library routines) , when compiled with the profort FORTRAN

compiler on an IBM PC (AT or XT) computer.

We want the computer to read (input) from the keyboard and to write

(output) to the screen; these are usually logical units 5 and 6, respectively.

For many computers, this is the default option, and the program will run as

is. Unfortunately, it is impossible to write a completely machine- independent

program, even in standard FORTRAN. Thus for some computers, these logical

units must be assigned; however, the symbol denoting the console varies among

computers. This assignment is done by writing OPEN statements in the FORTRAN

program; for a CYBER, for example, these statements are OPEN (5 , FILE = 'INPUT', STATUS = 'OLD')

and OPEN ( 6 , FILE = ' OUTPUT ' , STATUS = ' OLD '

)

For a PC, 'INPUT' and 'OUTPUT' are replaced by 'CON'; for Perkin-Elmer

computers, they are replaced by either 'CON:' or 'C:', depending on the

particular P-E computer; and so forth. It is therefore necessary, before one compiles FIRST, to determine whether or not LU5 and 6 must be explicitly

assigned. If that is the case, it is easy to do: lines two and three of the

program are the ones shown above, but have been "commented" out.

2 More detailed explanations of the various dynamical processes will be

given in the documentation (to be published)

.

5
When the program is run, the results of the calculations must be made

accessible; in this program, they go to three places: the screen, and two

files. The first two questions which appear on the screen, upon running

FIRST, are requests for names of these output files. These two files and

their names are discussed in section 6.1.

The time required to make a run evidently will depend on the machine

used, the run length, and the complexity of the problem which is set up. We

will describe the default case which was run for reference: In 1977, Factory

Mutual Research Corporation carried out a series of well -instrumented fullscale room fires (ref [12-13]). The basic configuration was a 2.44 by 3.66 by

2.44 m (8' x 12' x 8') room, with an open 0.76 by 2.03 m (30" x 80") doorway;

a 1.52 x 1.52 m (5' x 5') slab of polyurethane foam 0.10 m (4") thick is in

one corner, and a 0.30 x 1.22 m (1' x 4') slab of the same material and of

like thickness in the facing corner. The first slab was ignited at its

center. That is the default case (more details can be found in section 4.1).

Incidently, the fire grew and the target object (the second slab) was observed

to ignite at about t = 310 sec; this growth and the time of ignition are closely approximated by the model.

Finally, the run time required also depends on the convergence criterion

which is used. When the convergence criterion is set at € = 10" 5

, it takes

over 9 min of CPU time on a Perkin-Elmer 3252 (comparable to a VAX 780) to

make a run of 500 simulated seconds. When this criterion is relaxed to e =

10" 4

, the same case takes only 6.5 min of CPU time, with no significant

difference in the results. If we relax it further, to e = 3 x 10" 4

, the

computing time drops to 6.1 minutes. Use of an optimizing compiler will

reduce this figure still further. These times may be compared with the 2 CPU

minutes taken by Mark 5 for the same problem.

Some comments on the reliability of the program are appropriate here.

First, we must distinguish between the precision and the accuracy of the

program. "Precision" concerns the adequacy with which the mathematical

equations (which constitute the model) are solved; that involves the fineness

of the discretization, truncation errors, the kind of convergence criterion

6
that is used, the mathematical techniques used to solve the equations, and

other such numerical questions. "Accuracy" refers to the adequacy with which

the model represents physical reality.

The accuracy is determined by making validation runs, where predictions

are compared with experimental results. This is a very complex problem, for

(for example) it is possible that the model might predict one variable - e.g.,

the hot layer temperature - very accurately (say, within 1%) , but another

variable, such as the time at which a target ignites, much less well. Or, it

might predict the layer temperature very well over 90% of the run, but less

well over the last 10%. The precision of the calculations is almost invariably far better than their accuracy; hence accuracy is what we must focus on.

Yet another problem, which is not often discussed, is that the

experiments themselves have inherent errors of non-negligible magnitude! All

of these points are discussed in some detail in references [14-16] , for Mark

5. From the results of the validation runs made with Mark 5, it turns out

that we can - very crudely - make a single estimate for the accuracy of Mark

5: the simplest estimate is that most calculations are accurate to within

10%, except for the CO concentration, which is very poorly calculated.

Preliminary comparisons with the first FMRC test indicate that calculation

with FIRST agrees even better with the experimental results than does calculation with Mark 5. To run the program, the source code (generally available on 9-track tape) must be compiled and linked; 3 then a few simple control instructions must be given in a short "control" file. Evidently, all of these

operations are dependent on the particular computer used, and - more to the

point - the particular operating system being used. When the program has been

properly installed and is working, a single "word" will bring it up; in the

sample run shown in section 4.1, the word RUNFIRST was used; others would be

equally good. The calling word has been omitted in the subsequent examples.

3 It is planned to also have the source code available on disk(s) , and an

executable version on disk for operation on IBM or IBM-like PC's running with

MSDOS and an 8087 chip.

7
It is very important to note that not all the variables have been

initialized in this program; therefore FIRST should be run with the option to

initially zero the memory.

As all other scientific programs do, this one has an INPUT section, a calculation section, and an OUTPUT section. This manual principally describes

input and output. For the reader interested in the calculations, reference

can be made to [2] , the very complete documentation available for version 5 (Mark 5) of the program, most of which is relevant to FIRST. Analogous

documentation for FIRST will be prepared.

3 . INPUT

3.1 Needed Information

Geometric and thermophysical data about the room, vents, walls, and

various objects must be supplied. The data which the user must supply for a run will now be listed. The superscripts in parenthesis refer to explanatory

notes at the end of this subsection . ( 1

)

All lengths are in meters.

For the room( 2

)

: Length in the x direction( 3

)

Length in the y direction

Height

Ambient temperature Ta (in degrees Kelvin)

Number of objects (4 maximum -- i.e., 0 < No <4) (A)

Is there a photoelectric detector in the room? (Y, N)

Threshold for activation of detector (in meters -1

)

( 5

5

Distance of detector below ceiling

For each object, geometrical information:

Is it horizontal or vertical? (8)

If vertical, what is the angle between the exposed surface and the x-z plane?

Location of center of exposed surface (x, y, height)

Size (a x b and its thickness 9 , or R and 0) (6) and( 7

}

Rmax . For pools

and burners, R = RInax . Initial burning radius , RQ

.

8
For each object, its chemical and thermophysical properties (20 items ) 19

)

Thermal conductivity

Specific heat

Mass density

Emissivity = absorptivity of surface

Actual air/fuel mass ratio

Stoichiometric air/fuel mass ratio

Combustion efficiency

Heat of combustion

Heat of vaporization

Pyrolization temperature ( 9

}

Ignition temperature

k

c

P

e b

7

7S X

Hc or (AHC

) H, or (AH*)

T

py r o T.i g

(in W/m K)

(in J/kg K)

( in kg/m3

)

(in J/kg)

(in j/kg)

(in deg K)

(in K)

Mass fractions f£ of CO, C02 , smoke, hydrocarbons (HC) , and H2 0 produced

in combustion( 1 0

)

Initial fuel mass

Semiapex angle of flame (11) mc (in kg)

(in degrees)

For growing fires , we also need the

Spread rate parameter

Burnout parameter ( 12

)

When it is burning, the absorption

coefficient of its flame,

A

K.

( in m/s) ( 1 5

}

(in seconds)

(in m" 1

) We also want to know whether it is flaming initially, or not (13) . Is it, or will it be, a growing fire, a pool fire, or a gas burner fire?

For burner fires , we need the

Gas flow rate (14)

Vent(s) : Number of vents (1 < N < 5). 4

m5 (t) (in g/s)

For each vent, its size (height, width) and its vertical location

("transom" height), ht If it is a forced vent, its flow rate V(t) (in m

3 /s) (16) . Wall: Its thickness

Its material parameters p, k, c

( 17 ) (in m)

Non- indexed variables ( 1 8

}

Specific heat of air c

p Ambient temperature outside building Ta Maximum heat transfer coefficient (walls) hmax Minimum heat transfer coefficient (walls) hm

. Heat transfer coefficient (for objects) h

Plume entrainment coefficient a Vent flow coefficient C,

(in J/kg K)

(in degrees K)

(in W/m2 K)

4 Also see Appendix B.

9
Finally, a number of choices have to be made for the output. We shall

defer discussing these until sections 3.5 and 4 have been covered; we will

only note here that one must still enter the length of the run (in seconds)

and the step size, At, in seconds.

Recall that the maximum number of variables permitted in this version is

100. Hence the user must make sure that N < 100, where N is given by eq. (1);

the input for FIRST is not sophisticated enough to warn the user, should he

inadvertently choose a mix involving too many variables -- e.g., four objects

and three vents

.

Notes :

(1) If the user does not specify the input values, then a default list

will be chosen, corresponding to the standard case (see section 2

and PU foam, in Table 1). This is done in sets of information-

for example, we might have a problem in which all of the default

values except the set for the vent are appropriate. The vent set

would have to be modified to the desired values.

(2) The room index KR (taken to be 1 in the one -room code FIRST)

appears in many places in the program. The reason for this is

that much of the FIRST software is expected to be useful in future

multi -room codes.

10
( 3 ) The room is a rectangular paralellepiped with one corner of the

floor as the origin of coordinates. If the room has only one

door, then the lower left-hand corner of the room (as we face the

wall with the door in it, from outside the room) is the origin.

The x-axis extends to the right, the y-axis directly away

(forward) , and the z-axis upward.

(4) See, however, the cautionary comments in section 2, under eq. (1)

.

(5) If the layer is defined to be opaque when the extinction length is

0.30 m (1 ft), and a detector's sensitivity is designed to be such

that the detector responds when the extinction is 1% of this, then

the corresponding extinction length is 30 meters (100 ft) , and the

activation threshold is 0.033 nf 1

. This is the default value, but

the user can (as stated) enter whatever value describes the

performance of his detector.

(6) a and b are the dimensions of the (assumed rectangular) object. R

is its radius if the object is cylindrical. If it is rectangular,

the program internally finds an equivalent radius -- i.e.,

ttR2 = ab

.

(7) If the object is horizontal and can burn down its sides as well,

then the total maximum exposed area includes the area of

sides, as well, and we define --

for a rectangular parallelepiped, = ab + 2 ( a+b )

9

for a cylinder,

= ttR2 + 2ttR9 where 9 is the slab thickness.

(8) It was planned to have inclined objects; the user is therefore

asked for the angle of the object to the horizontal. However,

that feature has not yet been implemented; hence the question is a bit misleading. At present, if an angle <45° is typed in, the

program makes the object horizontal (0°); if a value > 45° is

typed in, the object is taken to be vertical (90°). Moreover,

even if the object is vertical, it is treated as if it were

horizontal

.

(9) The temperature at which pyrolysis is supposed to begin is a simplifying concept which is not used in this program. It may be

used in future versions, however, and is therefore left in. The

user should ignore this value.

(10) Thus, fco = grams of CO evolved per gram of material consumed.

Because of the uptake of 02 , the "fractions" of C02

, etc., might

be greater than unity. Thus for the P.U. foam, the stoichiometric

air/fuel mass ratio is 9.85; interpreting x as completeness of

11
combustion (for the sake of simplicity), then since x = 0.65, we have5 m(02 ) = 1.48 m^ , where m(02 ) is the mass of oxygen which

combines the mass in of fuel vapors. Thus the Siam of mass

fractions must be 2.48.

(11)

Flames are modeled as cones

in this program (see figure

2 at right) . The default

value of is 30° , although

8-20° is more realistic.

The user can choose any

reasonable value he pleases

for tJ), however. This will

then remain constant until

burnout is approached or oxygen "starvation" is

achieved (see [2], [17]).

Fig. 2. Schematic of a flame on

a horizontal surface.

(12)

When a fuel item approaches burnout, geometric and other

considerations reduce the burning rate. These effects are simulated by choosing a characteristic time tb , in which the

burning rate falls by the factor e; thus, we have an exponentially

decreasing burning rate towards the end. The default value is 20

sec

.

(13)

Note that we can start with several independent (simultaneous)

fires

.

(14)

The gas flow rate is input in g/s , rather than kg/s, because the

former is a much more convenient unit. Any predetermined fire

strength or flow rate [Ef (t) or mg (t)] can be approximated by a series of straight-line segments. Hence provision is made to

input up to 30 values of m

g (ti

) (at the times ti , i = 1-30). A

detailed explanation is displayed on the screen, of how to input

the values; a copy of that message is shown here:

IN ORDER TO REPRESENT THE BURNER GAS FLOW RATE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME,

IT WILL BE APPROXIMATED BY A SERIES OF STRAIGHT LINE SEGMENTS. EACH

SEGMENT IS BOUNDED BY A CORRESPONDING GAS FLOW RATE. THE PROGRAM THEN

INTERPOLATES FOR TIMES BETWEEN THOSE WHICH ARE INPUT. THE FIRST TIME MAY

5 1.48 = 0.65x9.85x0.232. 0.232 is the mass fraction of oxygen in air.

12
BE 0.0. IN ORDER TO REPRESENT A CONSTANT BURNER RATE THE PROGRAM WILL ASSUME

THAT THE FLOW RATE REMAINS CONSTANT FROM THE LAST INPUT VALUE TO THE END OF

THE ENTIRE RUN IF THE RUN TIME IS LONGER THAN THE LAST TIME ENTERED.

(Note that the last sentence implies that a single entry suffices,

if the flow is constant.) Too high an initial value, however, may

produce a discontinuity of such magnitude that the program will

not run. An explicit example of how to program the flow is given

in section 4.4. There is an internally specified default gas flow

rate of 10 g/s

,

used to show how the nominal heat release rate is

calculated. This can be overwritten, as will be shown in Example

4, section 4.4.

(15) When a fire grows exponentially, i.e.,

R = R0 ep

, due principally to the radiative feedback from the flame to the

pyrolyzing surface, we can tie together the spread rate R and the

radiation flux via

R = AC [1 + C/2 + C

2 /3]

where C = ^r ad/a^f and A = 4p/3/c.

In these expressions T_ is the flame temperature, assumed to be

1260 K, and <£ rad is tne radiation flux falling on the surface.

The wisdom of choosing the parameter A to describe the growth rate

is dubious, but it will be used until the spread-rate problem is

addressed in a better way.

(16) The volumetric flow rate must be prescribed by the user, as well

as whether it is into the room or out . The flow rate V(t) is

input in the same way as that of mg (t) for a burner (see note

(14) , just above) . The instructions given on the screen are reproduced here (also, see example 5 in section 4.5):

IN ORDER TO SIMULATE THE VOLUMETRIC THROUGHPUT AS ANY PRESCRIBED FUNCTION

OF TIME, IT IS APPROXIMATED BY A SERIES OF STRAIGHT-LINE SEGMENTS. EACH

IS BOUNDED BY TWO TIMES, OF COURSE. THE ENTRIES ARE THEREFORE A TIME

AND THE PRESCRIBED VOLUMETRIC THROUGHPUT AT THAT TIME. THE PROGRAM WILL THEN

INTERPOLATE LINEARLY BETWEEN THOSE FLOW VALUES, FOR ALL MOMENTS BETWEEN THE

GIVEN BOUNDING TIMES. THE INITIAL FLOW MAY BE TAKEN TO BE ZERO, TO ENSURE

A GRADUAL TURN-ON OF THE FAN (AND TO AVOID DISCONTINUOUS PHYSICAL PROCESSES!).

IN THAT CASE THERE MUST BE AT LEAST TWO SEGMENTS, OF COURSE.

13
IN GENERAL THE MINIMUM NUMBER IS 1, THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEGMENTS FOR THE

FORCED -VENT -FLOW CURVE IS 20.

(17) Provision has not been made for different wall, ceiling, and floor

properties (thickness or material) . Hence "wall" here is to be

interpreted as "wall, ceiling, and floor". When there are substantial differences in properties, an area-weighted average

might be used. Note : Walls are assumed to be thermally thick.

If a wall is thermally thin (as is likely to be the case for a metal wall) the wall-heating algorithm will not work properly.

(18) All flames are assumed to have the same temperature (1260 K) . Subsequent versions of the program will permit different flame

temperatures for different fuels.

(19) This assumes that each object is a homogeneous fuel with constant,

uniform properties. In a situation where there are many objects,

the limitation to four objects presents a serious difficulty.

Even if there were no such limitation, however, the calculation

would become unreasonably slow. A useful simplification, therefore, is to lump several objects into one "effective object." How

to achieve this is discussed in item 13, section 8.

It is appropriate at this point to define, for the user who is not

familiar with FORTRAN, the three relevant descriptive modes for numerical

input: the first is called "floating-point", and is denoted by the letter F.

It merely means that the number is written with a decimal point. Thus, 15. is a floating-point number, while 15 is not. So are .0, 0.0022, .1234, and

567.0; these examples are chosen to indicate that there need not necessarily

be a zero before or after the decimal point. But the decimal point must be

there. The description is actually more precise: there are two numbers

following the F, separated by a period - e.g., F12.4 - for our purposes, it is

not necessary to understand the significance of the 12; the 4 in this example

signifies that only the first four digits after the decimal point will be

"read" by the program. Thus, if the number 92.123456 were typed in, the

program would read it as 92.1234.

14
The second descriptive mode refers to integers; it is, reasonably

enough, denoted by I. Here it is necessary to not have a decimal point.

However, there is a potential source of difficulty here: the full description

has a number following the letter I - e.g., 13. This means that three digits

are expected (in this example). Thus if one were to enter (say) "5", this

would be an error; what needs to be entered is either "005", or two blanks and

then "5". On the other hand, if the number is followed by a comma (as is

sometimes called for)

,

then the entry is properly interpreted, even if only

one digit is entered.

The third descriptive mode refers to numbers given in exponential

notation. Thus, the number 1.2340 x 10~ 4 is written (in FORTRAN) as + 0.1234

E-03, and the format description is Ell. 4; "E" for "exponential", 11 is the

number of places required to write the number out, including space for the

sign and for the period; and (just as for floating-point numbers) , 4 is the

number of places appearing after the decimal point. In the above example, if

an E13.4 format had been called for, then two blanks should appear to the left

of the expression - otherwise the expression is not "right- justified" , and

would not be accepted. Some examples of these errors will be given in section

4.8.

Most of the input has a floating-point format -- that is, it must have a decimal point. That is important, for on some systems, if the user forgets to

enter a decimal point, the machine will assume one exists (at a place

determined by the left- justification of the number), and accept the entry-

which will then most likely be off by a few orders of magnitude. For a few

items (Hc , Hv ), it must be in exponential notation -- thus, for example,

0.00094 would have to be entered as 9.4E-04. As has been indicated above, the

units are S . I

.

3 .

2

The Input File

All of the information described in section 3.1 is stored in a file

(except for the default case, which is stored in the program as BLOCK DATA).

15
The file name is quite arbitrary, though usually short (eight or fewer

characters), with an extension such as . INP or .DAT (for "input" or "data"). 6 When the INPUT section of the program runs , the user can create such input

files. Once they are created, they can be named and stored, or discarded. In

subsequent runs of the program, a subroutine checks to see whether there are any input files available in the user's account, and lists them. The user can

then choose to delete one or more, to use one, to use the default case, and/or

to modify one of the available files and then save the modified file under a new name. If an "old" name is used (that is, of one of the preexisting

files) , then the "old" file is deleted (we cannot have two different files

with the same name) . It may be the case that the contents of one (or more) of

the named input files is not known to the user (or has been forgotten) . Therefore, if a file is chosen for use, the user is given the opportunity to

examine the file. Then the decision to keep, modify, or delete the file can

be easily made.

3.3 Interactive Input

An existing file can be modified either by using the computer's text

editor (i.e., prior to running the program), or through the "editor" built

into the program for just this purpose. Obviously, in order to use the

system's text editor to do this, one has to be familiar both with that editor

and with the structure of the input file as well. Neither is required if the

program itself is used, but access to a terminal is still required, of course.

The program can be run in batch mode (see section 5) , but creating a new input

file without access to a terminal would be very difficult. The input data is

entered (or altered) by answering a series of questions which appear on the

screen. There also is explanatory text to clarify both the questions and the

format in which the answers are to be given.

The input program is very flexible and user-friendly; it makes for quite

easy interactive use. The input data can be entered by running through the

6 Except for the CYBER computer, which does not permit a period within

the file name.

16
questions sequentially - data for the room, followed by the geometry of object

1, the thermophysical properties of object 1, the geometry of object 2, the

properties of object 2, etc. Then information about the vents must be

supplied; then about the walls; then some miscellaneous (but important)

physical constants. Finally, some information about the desired numerical and

output options must be specified. (These will be covered in sections 3.5 and

6, respectively.)

Alternatively, the input can be entered through a menu- driven option.

Thus, say a run has been made with input file TEST.INP, and it is desired to

make a run with everything unchanged except for (say) the width of a doorway.

It would be very tedious to run through the entire sequence in order to change

that one datum; instead, when the "menu" is presented, the vent section is

chosen, the change is made, and the process terminated. The user is then

asked whether he (she) desires to keep this change file (for future use or reference); if this is the case, "Y" (for "yes") is typed in, and then a name

is chosen for it. Otherwise, the changed data will be used for the current

run, but then it is eliminated. Before the run begins, however, all of the

data is recapitulated on the screen (in sequence); and a further opportunity

given to change some data in case an error has become apparent during the

recapitulation.

Whether the sequential or the menu- driven route is chosen, information

for a given category is presented on the screen, and the user may change one

or more of the items shown by typing in the item number (an integer) , comma,

then the new value (in floating-point form, generally; see section 3.4 if this

term is not familiar) , followed by a carriage return; then the next item

number, comma, its new value, etc. We will hereafter use the symbol <RET> to

mean "carriage return". When all the changes which are desired have been

made, an extra <RET> will go to the next display.

There is one other set of options not yet described: to use some

alternative physics subroutines (also see section 4.6). This appears as the

very first question when running through sequentially, or as choice (1)

"select physics subroutines", in the menu-driven option. It refers to three

17
areas of calculation where alternative calculational procedures can be used.

The first is in finding the surface temperature of an object (subroutines

TMPO) . Alternative #1 is a simple approximation which is generally not

recommended (there was insufficient to remove it in this version) . Alternative #2 is a numerical integration of the partial differential equation

describing the one -dimensional diffusion of heat in a slab. It is rather more

elaborate but much more accurate; moreover, it does not in fact take a great

deal of time to carry out, and is therefore the default option.

The second set of alternatives concerns the calculation of the

absorption coefficient k of the hot layer ( via subroutines ABSRB) . The first

choice here is to just use the soot concentration of the layer (calculated

elsewhere) to find ac; it works well for fuels where soot is the principal

absorber; this is the default option. The second choice uses a much more

elaborate calculation which takes the C02 and H2 0 molecular absorption bands

into account, as well. It evidently should be used for non- luminous fuels,

such as H2 , CO, or CH4

.

The third set of alternatives related to the expressions to be used for

the mass and energy fluxes carried into the upper layer by the thermal plume

above the fire. In Mark 5, the calculation assumed that there is an equivalent virtual point source beneath the fire surface (see ref. [2, 17]). This

is the default choice. Some experiments have shown, however (see [18-19])

that real plumes are better simulated by taking the point source at the

surface; this, therefore, is the second choice which is made available. There

exist, moreover, several other good plume models, based on other correlations

and/or analyses; there is no one definitive "correct" (or even "best"!) choice

to be made among them at present, however. Therefore, four additional new

choices (see [19-22]) have been made available for the knowledgeable user who

may prefer to use one of them. They are discussed in detail in ref. [22a].

In most cases, the results of using one of these will not differ very markedly

from those found using either of the first two plume models. This is especially true when the burning object is a complex combination of many items.

18
3.4 Errors

In typing in data, it is inevitable that errors will be made. These are of two kinds: erroneous choices (say, two vents instead of three) and errors

of syntax. The program is very forgiving of syntactical errors: with very

few exceptions, if such an error is made, the question is merely reasked. The

most common such errors involve omitting a decimal point where one belongs, or typing in a single digit where three are asked for.

Besides the syntactical errors, errors of choice or of entries (which

are syntactically correct) can be made; in order to catch these right away,

once one has made whatever changes are desired on a given display and has

(therefore) typed an extra <RET>, the display is repeated, with the altered

values now shown, and a new opportunity is given to effect whatever changes

are wanted.

At the very end of the entire procedure, when all desired changes have

been made, the entire set of data can be displayed yet again, if desired (via

subroutine RECAP) , and yet another opportunity to make last-minute changes is

given. If there are none, then another <RET> permits one to go on with the

actual calculation.

3.5 Numerical Options

We will not describe the numerical techniques used in solving the

equations (the interested reader is again referred to Mitler and Emmons [2]).

Suffice it to say here that an iterative scheme is used; if the number of

iterations needed to converge to a solution exceeds a certain number, the

message "NOT CONVERGED" appears on the screen. Then the time step At is

halved, and the procedure restarted. The halving will proceed (if necessary)

until the time increment is At(initial)/2048 ; for the default At (initial) = 2 sec, the smallest time step is approximately 1 ms (10" 3 sec); if it still

fails to converge, the message "YOU ARE IN TROUBLE" appears on the screen and

the options then are: (1) to stop the run, (2) to proceed, or (3) to invoke

the debugger (see section 7)

.

19
The covergence criterion used in these calculations is that, for each of

Ax

a certain subset of the variables, the fractional difference between two

successive iterations be less than a predetermined constant, TOLER. In Mark

5 , the default value of TOLER was taken to be 3 x 10' 4 but could be changed to

any desired value by the user, before any run. For FIRST, this default value

has been reduced to 10~ 4

. As pointed out in section 8 (item 11),. if a calculation runs into difficulties at some point, rerunning with TOLER changed

to some other value will often give almost exactly the same results, and

succeed in going through the troublesome region, as well. The number of

iterations carried out before halving the time interval was fixed at 35 in

Mark 5. In FIRST, this value has been increased to 100, but it can be changed

to any other desired value by the user, before a run.

Finally, the default time increment At is 2 seconds; however, this can

be changed to any other value before a run, if desired.

3 . 6 Materials Handbook

One of the more tedious aspects of running the program is to input the

chemical and thermophysical values for the various inert and flammable

materials involved in the particular problem. Still worse is finding the

appropriate data, which is often scattered in various handbooks and in the

literature, and - worse - is sometimes unpublished. Both of these

difficulties are avoided for a number of fuels, by the introduction of a separate data-base -management program, MASBANK, which sets up a file of the

thermophysical data which is needed. The program is designed to access this

data file, and this permits the user to choose a particular material (if it's

one of those in the data bank, that is) by name.

Even more troublesome is finding data for real burning objects

(upholstered chairs; beds; trash baskets); data on product generation rates : data applicable to situations to be modeled. Many of the inputs are not

fundamental properties or "constants", e.g., mass fractions, combustion efficiency, burnout parameter, spread rate parameter, absorption coefficient, etc.

20
If one can get a consistent set of values which succeeds in simulating such a complex item, therefore, it will be very useful to use MASBANK to store it.

MASBANK sets up two files, MASNAM and MASDAT; the first is merely a list

of the names of the materials which are included, with a short comment for

each. The second file contains the actual data. The user of MASBANK can add

as many new materials as he (she) pleases (up to a present limit of 50)

,

with

accompanying names. He can also delete any item, and rename any material.

Moreover, the list can be alphabetized (by choosing the "SORT" option). Also,

the existing data for a material can be modified. Finally, even though there

are only 20 pieces of thermophysical information for each material right now,

room has been made for up to 40 items per material. (For example, one might

want the transverse and parallel thermal conductivities for anisotropic

materials such as wood, in the future. However, some (small) changes must be

made in the program itself in order to expand the list beyond 20.)

It is as undesirable to have most users of the program be able to modify

the data bank, as it would be for someone to be able to modify a value in a handbook. It was therefore decided to have MASBANK as a separate program,

rather than to incorporate it as a subroutine in FIRST. It can thus be kept

in a master account, accessible only to the program custodian. MASDAT, then,

should be a protected file7 in the master account, inaccessible to users

except to copy it as is - i.e., to be used as "reference standards" which may

be copied into a user's account when required. The user can then change the

data via the program for his own purposes, but the master file remains

inviolate

.

The procedure in running MASBANK is completely analogous to that for

running FIRST - that is, a control file ( .CSS, .CON, or whatever) is set

up if necessary, so that keypunching MASBANK (or any other plausible name)

starts the program. A sample session is given in example 9, section 4.9. A

discussion of the available data is given in the next section (3.7).

7 Protected against any change or deletion by anyone other than the

program custodian.

21
3.7 Data Available at Present

It is appropriate to begin with an important caveat : the information

supplied with this program has been obtained from reliable sources, but may

not be entirely correct. What is more important, it will not be applicable to

all samples and all situations.

There are a number of basic problems involved:

(1) It is possible to give pretty unambiguous chemical and thermophysical data for pure simple substances such as water and

methane; however, many more substances come in a number of

similar but not identical forms - such as different isomers

of hydrocarbons. Still others come as mixtures (such as gasoline) which are not unique. For such substances there

is no one value which is correct, for any of the properties.

(2) A little less obvious are substances such as PMMA (polymethyl

methacrylate) , which can have different additives which change its

properties significantly. Or which can be in different states,

all of them appearing the same.

(3) Still other substances are strongly influenced by ambient

humidity, as they absorb water readily. This is true, for

example, for wood, gypsum and concrete.

(4) Some properties - such as thermal conductivity and specific heatare functions (sometimes complex) of temperature. The present

version of the model, however, does not take this into account.

Hence, we must choose some representative temperature at which to

list these values. The simplest choice is 25°C (although some

mean value might possibly be better)

.

(5) Ignition. For our ignition criterion, we use an "ignition

temperature", Ti g

. This is already an inaccurate description of

reality. Moreover, there are at least two values for it: piloted

ignition temperature and auto- ignition temperature. We assume

that in a room fire, the appropriate one is the pilot ignition

temperature

.

(6) Wood. Not only does wood have characteristics which vary with

relative humidity and with temperature, but it is an anisotropic

substance. Since lumber is cut along the grain, the proper value

to use for thermal conductivity is the transverse value, kj.

.

Moreover, wood chars and a description for that process is not yet

in the program.

(7) Many substances "age" - oxidation, cross-linking, decomposition,

devolatilization, and other processes occur which change the

material properties - often in unknown ways

.

22
(8) Similar phenomena as described in (7) typically take place during

burning

.

(9) Flame emissivity. A real flam is turbulent, inhomo genous , and

anisotropic. It is modeled here as a uniform, isotropic, homogenous cone of "grey" gas of uniform temperature. The appropriate

emissivity to use for it, therefore, is not immediately apparent,

even when good experimental data exists. The value to be used in

the model must be consistent with the flame temperature assumed

(1260 K, at present) , and with the radiative losses as well as radition back to the pyrolyzing surface.

(10) Perhaps even larger uncertainties appear because of disagreements

in measurements made by various experiments

.

(11) Finally, real combustibles often are composites which may generate

combustion products not in direct proportion to their mass or area , when burning

.

For all of these reasons (and others) , it has been decided to include

only a small set of materials. The data sources are listed in the reference

section. Within the next year or so a report will appear with a larger data

base

.

The materials which are covered are methane (CH4 ) , heptane (C 7 H16 ),

polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA; C 5 H8 02 ), and flexible polyurethane foam (PU;

CHi 91 O0 2 6 3 o 5 5

) These are shown in Table 1. For many of the values,

there are several references. The references listed in square brackets after

the value itself is the one which is probably best, in the author's opinion.

Values are also given in Table 1 for Tpyro , A, ij) , and tb which require

some discussion: The temperature at which pyrolysis is supposed to begin,

Tp

y ro i i s discussed in note (10), section 3.1. Any value can be used for it

since it is not used at present. The spread rate parameter A is also discussed in section 3.1 (see note (9) there). There is no data for A except

for PU foam; hence values have been estimated for it for materials other than

PU foam, from the relative burning rates of those materials. That is, it is

assumed that

A, = (m"/1^' ) A

p

23
where the subscript "p" here stands for "polyurethane", and m" is the

pyrolysis rate (in gm/m2 sec) for material i. The data for in" are taken from

Table II of reference [23]. What to use for ip and tb are discussed in notes

(12) and (13), respectively, section 3.1.

Finally, consider 7 . In a turbulent flame, the eddies of air which are pulled into the combustion zone may contain more oxygen than is required to

oxidize the fuel; that is, the actual air/fuel mass ratio in the flame may

exceed the stiochiometric value. Although in most cases 7 will be approximately 7s

, the possibility is therefore left open to take it to be larger than

7S

. An estimate of the actual values of 7 for a flame can be obtained from

the mean flame temperature: if it falls below the value it would have if

energy were lost from the region via radiation only, then 7 > 7S

.

4. SAMPLE SESSIONS AT THE TERMINAL: OPERATING IN INTERACTIVE MODE

In this subsection, several sample sessions at the keyboard will be

illustrated, with some supplementary notes. First, some general notes:

(a) Evidently, the first thing that must be done is to sign on (i.e.,

log on) . The procedure to be described here is specific to the

operating system OS 32, for Perkin-Elmer computers; if you have

another computer, consult your manual or your system operator for

the appropriate procedures - they are all generically similar, but

usually differ in details.

Initially, a system "prompt" is visible (it is an asterisk, for OS

32). We then type in something like:

S NAME, 100, SECRET

The S is shorthand for "sign on"; NAME is your identifying label

(for convenience); 100 is your account number, and SECRET is the

current password for account 100 (NAME, 100, and SECRET are, of

course, arbitrary labels chosen for this example). For many

systems, the password (SECRET, in this case) will not "echo"-

that is, it will not appear on the screen, even though it has been

properly typed in. This is done for security reasons.

(b) After signing on, the user must call up the program. This is done

by typing in some label; we have used RUNFIRE (some computers may

require typing in several lines: the control file, briefly

discussed in section 5.)

24
(c) <RET> is the symbol we use to refer to a "carriage return".

(d) User responses (Y, N, or a number) appear in column 1, while all

the text generated internally appears in cols. 2-80. Since the

responses show up in the margin, we do not need to use a prompt to

indicate where a user response is required (and given) . There are some exceptions, especially when a <RET> is called for.

(e) In the examples, the character "N" has been typed in (for "NO"),

wherever it is the appropriate answer. However, the program is so written that <RET> is generally accepted instead of N; N has been

used in these illustrative samples nevertheless, because a carriage return does not show up on the printed page. 8

(f) Whenever running interactively, the third question must always be

answered No

.

4.1 Example 1. Default Run

The shortest session requires precisely eight responses (two file names

and six N's, in this case), and that results in running the default case. The

names requested are for the output files; they are discussed in section 6.1;

FIROUT and PLOTUT are just sample names. The request for file names is

displayed explicitly only in this example; it is omitted in subsequent

examples

.

The run can be labeled any way one chooses, as we can see from the last

line shown on the next page: "Programmer -Run Number = ". (The reason for the

form of this label is that more than one programmer had access to the program,

during its development. It should, by rights, be changed to read "User ...".)

8 However, some machines (such as the CYBER 855) will interpret this as an "end of file" and cease "reading" what is being typed in. To avoid that, one can type a blank (i.e., hit the space bar) before <CR>.

25
RUNFIRE

ENTER A NAME FOR THE OUTPUT FILE

FILE NAME MAY BE A MAXIMUM OF 14 CHARACTERS

LENGTH OF FILE NAME IS LIMITED BY YOUR COMPUTER

FIROUT

ENTER A NAME FOR THE OUTPUT PLOT FILE

FILE NAME MAY BE A MAXIMUM OF 14 CHARACTERS

LENGTH OF FILE NAME IS LIMITED BY YOUR COMPUTER

PLOTUT

WILL THIS BE USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N):

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 3 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2.INP

HENRI. INP

LEN.INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE YOUR INPUT DATA IN A FILE? (Y/N):

N

ENTER USER-GENERATED DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS RUN:

PROGRAMMER-RUN NUMBER =

- 26-
4.2 Example 2. Serial Input

For our second example, we run through the entire input sequence

serially, making only one change in the input data: the air/fuel mass ratio

for the burning object is changed (from the present default value, to the

stoichiometric value) . Note that the order in which data is requested is as it is in section 3.1. A few remarks about this are in order: The program

first checks a file which lists the available input files; it counts their

number, prints it out, and then prints out their names.

Concerning the first table below (for ROOM NUMBER 1), item #4: note

that even though the number of objects in the room is an integer, it should

still be entered with a decimal point.

The second table, on the same page, and subsequent tables: the values

are given in exponential notation - even if they are entered in floating-point

form. At the end of each of these tables, there is an instruction to enter

the information in 14 format, comma, then F12.4 format. In fact, as soon as the comma is inserted, the program interprets the integer correctly, even if

it is not entered in 14 format. This is seen at the top of p. 31, where 5 is

entered (rather than 0005); similarly, the 9.85 is not entered in F12.4

format, but is correctly interpreted.

Near the end of the examples, the question "DO YOU WANT TO USE THE

DEBUGGER?" was answered with a carriage return <RET>, rather than with N; this

was inadvertent, but illustrates another feature: a <RET> is equivalent to a "No" answer in this program (see comment (e) , p. 25). The debugger should

only be used after you have become familiar with its capabilities, and then

only after your fire has been run once and it has been found that there are difficulties that need analysis.

Note : in Example 1, there were three input files available. Input

files can be created by anyone using the program; when Example 2 was run, it

was found that 6 input files now existed. Also note that the physical values

listed here (for PU foam) differ from the updated values shown in Table 1, at

the end of this report.

27
WILL THIS BE USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N):

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 6 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2 . INP

HENRI . INP

LEN . INP

TEST.DAT

JAR.TEM

PU . INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR — E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED —

CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

2

CHANGE FROM STANDARD PHYSICS SUBROUTINES? (Y/N):

N

28
CHANGE FROM STANDARD GEOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS? (Y/N):

Y

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

:

N

WHEN ENTERING THE ROOM GEOMETRY BELOW, NOTE THAT THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE

SYSTEM WE USE IS: FACING THE FRONT OF THE BUILDING, THE ORIGIN IS AT THE BOTTOM

OF THE GROUND FLOOR, EXTREME LEFT-HAND SIDE, FRONT. FOR A SINGLE ROOM WITH A

SINGLE DOOR, "THE FRONT" IS DEFINED AS THE WALL WITH THE DOOR IN IT. IF THERE

IS MORE THAN ONE DOOR, THE DEFINITION IS UP TO THE USER.

THE X- , Y- , AND Z- COORDINATES GIVE DISTANCES TO THE RIGHT, REAR, AND TOP

OF THE ROOM, THUS CONSTITUTING A STANDARD RIGHT-HANDED COORDINATE SYSTEM.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE.

IN EACH TABLE BELOW, IF ALL THE VALUES ARE SATISFACTORY, THEN AS

INDICATED, ENTER ITEM 0 AND <RET> . IN ORDER TO CHANGE ANY (OR ALL)

OF THE VALUES, TYPE IN THE APPROPRIATE ITEM NUMBER IN 13 FORMAT , THEN A COMMA, AND THEN THE RELEVANT DATA VALUE IN F12.4 OR E12.4,

FOLLOWED BY <RET> . REPEAT FOR AS MANY ITEMS AS DESIRED, ENDING

WITH AN EXTRA <RET> . (E.G.: "4,3. <RET>8 , 7 . 1E8<RET>11 , 1 . 09I<RETXRET>"

)

ROOM NUMBER 1:

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) LENGTH ALONG X (METERS): 2.438

2) LENGTH ALONG Y (METERS): 3.658

3) HEIGHT (METERS): 2.438

4) //OF OBJECTS: 2.

5) INITIAL ROOM TEMPERATURE (K) : 300.000

6) PHOTOELECTIC SMOKE DETECTOR (1.0 = PRESENT, 0.0 = ABSENT): 1.0

7) DETECTOR ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT THRESHOLD (1/M): 0.3300E-01

8) POSITION OF DETECTOR INPUT PORT (METERS EELOW CEILING): 0.2000E-01

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER ROOM

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE <RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

:

UNLESS THERE IS A COMPELLING REASON TO CHOOSE OTHERWISE, THE LOCATION

OF AN OBJECT IS THE POINT AT THE GEOMETRICAL CENTER OF THE PRINCIPAL

EXPOSED SURFACE OF THE OBJECT.

ROOM

0 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3)

4)

5)

6 ) 7)

NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 1 (OBJ KO = 1) - CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

X-COORDINATE (METERS):

Y-COORDINATE (METERS):

HEIGHT (METERS):

ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL (IN DEGREES):

IF SURFACE IS VERTICAL, ANGLE WITH XZ-PLANE:

THICKNESS (METERS):

INITIAL BURNING RADIUS (METERS):

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES:

0 . 8400E+00

0 . 2818E+01

0 . 6100E+00

0 . 0000E+00

0.0000E+00

0 . 1000E+00

0.3700E-01

29
8) OBJECT RADIUS (METERS): 0.8598E+00

9) MAXIMUM BURNING RADIUS (METERS): 0.9677E+00

10)

INSTEAD OF ITEMS 8 & 9, ENTER DIMENSIONS OF RECTANGULAR OBJECT

(ITEM NO., LENGTH AND WIDTH VALUES ALL ON ONE LINE (METERS):

E.G., "10,1. 5, 3. 85")

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT - ENTER "100, OBJECT#" (SAME FORMAT

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE<RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

:

THE OBJECT ? S CURRENT COORDINATES PLACE PART OF THE OBJECT OUTSIDE OF THE ROOM,

ASSUMING THAT THOSE COORDINATES ARE THE GEOMETRIC CENTER OF THE OBJECT.

UNLESS YOU INTEND FOR THE OBJECT' S COORDINATES TO BE SOMETHING OTHER THAN THE

GEOMETRIC CENTER OF THE OBJECT, THE FOLLOWING CHANGES ARE INDICATED:

A NEW X-COORDINATE FOR THE OBJECT IN THE RANGE [ 8 . 5980000E-01 , 1 . 5786000E+00]

A NEW Y-COORDINATE FOR THE OBJECT IN THE RANGE [ 8 . 5980000E-01 , 2 . 7978000E+00]

DO YOU WISH TO MAKE SUCH CHANGES? (TYPE Y/N)

N

Properties of selected materials are now available

from a data bank. Do you wish to use this feature? (Y/N)

N

ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 1 (OBJ KO = 1) - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

IS THE OBJECT BURNING? (Y/N):

Y

When burning, object 1 will be a

1) GROWING FIRE

2) POOL FIRE

3) GAS BURNER

4) SPECIAL FIRE (User must supply the algorithm)

5) WALL FIRE (Not currently available)

Enter number: 1-5 (FORMAT II)

1 Is this object away from walls: (0)

close to a wall: (1)

in a corner : (2)

0

Object 1 is Growing fire

It is away from all walls

1) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

:

2) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K)

:

3) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIC METERS):

4) EMISSIVITY/ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE:

5) AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO IN FREE BURN:

6) STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO:

7) FRACTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION RELEASED:

8) HEAT OF COMBUSTION (J/Kg):

9) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (J/Kg):

10) INITIAL FUEL MASS (Kg):

11) TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (K)

12) TEMPERATURE OF ONSET OF PYROLIZATION (K)

:

13) C02 MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

14) CO MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

15) SMOKE MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

16) WATER MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

17) SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME (IN DEGREES):

0 . 5400E-01

0 . 1900E+04

0.4800E+02

0 . 9800E+00

0 . 1445E+02 * 0 . 9850E+01

0 . 6500E+00

0 . 2870E+08

0 . 2054E+07

0 . 6852E+01

0 . 7270E+03

0.6000E+03

0 . 1504E+01

0 . 1330E-01

0 . 2410E+00

0.7135E+00

0 . 3000E+02

* Note: 14.45 is the default value; it is to be changed for this calculation.

- 30-
18) FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER (M/SEC): 0.1090E-01

19) BURNOUT PARAMETER (IN SECONDS): 20.00

20) Flame Extinction Coef. (1/M): 1.550

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT - ENTER T 100 , OBJECT#' (SAME FORMAT

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE <RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 1 (OBJ KO = 1)

Object 1 is Growing fire

It is away from all walls

1) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

2) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K)

:

3) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIC METERS):

4) EMISS I VITY/ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE:

5) AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO IN FREE BURN:

6) STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO:

7) FRACTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION RELEASED:

8) HEAT OF COMBUSTION (J/Kg):

9) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (J/Kg):

10) INITIAL FUEL MASS (Kg):

11) TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (K)

:

12) TEMPERATURE OF ONSET OF PYROLIZATION (K)

:

13) C02 MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

14) CO MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

15) SMOKE MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

16) WATER MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

17) SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME (IN DEGREES):

18) FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER (M/SEC):

19) BURNOUT PARAMETER (IN SECONDS):

20) Flame Extinction Coef. (1/M):

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT - DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N):

N

- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

0 . 5400E-01

0 . 1900E+04

0.4800E+02

0 . 9800E+00

0.9850E+01 * 0 . 9850E+01

0 . 6500E+00

0. 2870E+08

0.2054E+07

0 . 6852E+01

0 . 7270E+03

0 . 6000E+03

0 . 1504E+01

0 . 1330E-01

0.2410E+00

0 . 7135E+00

0 . 3000E+02

0 . 1090E-01

20.00

1.550

ENTER ’100, OBJECT#’ (SAME FORMAT

UNLESS THERE IS A COMPELLING REASON TO CHOOSE OTHERWISE, THE LOCATION

OF AN OBJECT IS THE POINT AT THE GEOMETRICAL CENTER OF THE PRINCIPAL

EXPOSED SURFACE OF THE OBJECT.

ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) X-COORDINATE (METERS):

2) Y-COORDINATE (METERS):

3) HEIGHT (METERS):

4) ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL (IN DEGREES):

5) IF SURFACE IS VERTICAL, ANGLE WITH XZ-PLANE

6) THICKNESS (METERS):

7) INITIAL BURNING RADIUS (METERS):

8) OBJECT RADIUS (METERS):

2 (OBJ KO = 2) - GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES:

0 . 2080E-I-01

0 . 2818E+01

0.8640E+00

0 . 0000E+00

0 . 0000E+00

0 . 1000E+00

0 . 3700E-01

0 . 3439E+00

0.4657E+00

10) INSTEAD OF ITEMS 8 & 9, ENTER DIMENSIONS OF RECTANGULAR OBJECT

(ITEM NO., LENGTH AND WIDTH VALUES ALL ON ONE LINE (METERS):

E.G., "10,1.5,3.85")

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT - ENTER " 100 , OBJECT#" (SAME FORMAT

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE <RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

:

* Note that the keyboard input has made items 5 and 6 identical in value,

as verified in this second display of the table.

- 31-
Properties of selected materials are now available

from a data bank. Do you wish to use this feature? (Y/N)

N

ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 2 (OBJ KO = 2) - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

IS THE OBJECT BURNING? (Y/N):

N

IS THE OBJECT FLAMMABLE? (Y/N):

Y

When burning, object 2 will be a

1) GROWING FIRE

2) POOL FIRE

3) GAS BURNER

4) SPECIAL FIRE (User must supply the algorithm)

5) WALL FIRE (Not currently available)

Enter number: 1-5 (FORMAT II)

Is this object away from walls

close to a wall

in a corner

( 0 ) ( 1 )

( 2 ) 0

Object 2 is Growing fire

It is away from all walls

1) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K) : 0.5400E-01

2) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K) : 0.1900E+04

3) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIC METERS): 0.4800E+02

4) EMISSIVITY/ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE: 0.9800E+00

5) AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO IN FREE BURN: 0.1445E+02

6) STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO: 0.9850E+01

7) FRACTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION RELEASED: 0.6500E+00

8) HEAT OF COMBUSTION (J/Kg): 0.2870E+08

9) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (J/Kg): 0.2054E+07

10) INITIAL FUEL MASS (Kg): 0.1096E+01

11) TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (K) : 0.7400E+03

12) TEMPERATURE OF ONSET OF PYROLIZATION (K) : 0.6000E+03

13) C02 MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS: 0.1504E+01

14) CO MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS: 0.1330E-01

15) SMOKE MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS: 0.2410E+00

16) WATER MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS: 0.7135E+00

17) SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME (IN DEGREES): 0.3000E+02

18) FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER (M/SEC): 0.1090E-01

19) BURNOUT PARAMETER (IN SECONDS): 20.00

20) Flame Extinction Coef. (1/M): 1.550

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT - ENTER ’ 100 , OBJECT# ' (SAME FORMAT

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE<RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>:

DESIRED NUMBER OF VENTS (DEFAULT = 1, MAX =5):

VENT NUMBER 1

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) WIDTH (METERS): 0.7620E+00

2) HEIGHT (METERS): 0.2032E+01

Note that omitting an entry has the effect of giving the default

value (1, in this case).
3) TRANSOM DEPTH (METERS): 0.4064E+00

4) SIDE 1 IS IN ROOM: 1 5) SIDE 2 IS IN ROOM: 0

6) THIS VENT IS INITIALLY OPEN

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER VENT - ENTER "100, VENT#" (SAME FORMAT)

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE<RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

VENT NUMBER 1 FORCED VENTILATION (T = PRESENT, F = ABSENT): F

TO CHANGE THE STATUS ENTER "T" OR "F" ONLY

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

WALL NUMBER 1 (SIDE 1 IN ROOM 1; SIDE 2 IN 0)

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) THICKNESS (METERS): 0.2540E-01

2) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K) : 0.1340E+00

3) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K) : 0.1062E+04

4) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIC METERS): 0.8000E+03

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER WALL - ENTER ”100, WALL#" (SAME FORMAT)

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE<RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

NON- INDEXED VARIABLES:

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR (J/Kg DEG C)

3) AMBIENT TEMP. OUTSIDE BUILDING (K)

4) MAX. HEAT TRANSFER COEF . (WALLS) (W/SQ . METERS DEG C)

:

5) MIN. HEAT TRANSFER COEF . (WALLS) (W/SQ . METERS DEG C)

:

6) HEAT TRANSFER COEF . (OBJECTS) (W/SQ . METERS DEG C)

7) PLUME ENTRAINMENT COEFFICIENT:

8) VENT FLOW COEFFICIENT:

0.1004E+04

0 . 3000E+03

0.5000E+02

0 . 5000E+0I

0.1000E+02

0 . 1000E+00

0 . 6800E+00

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER " ITEM, VALUE<HET>" (14, FI 2. 4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

YOU ARE DONE CHANGING THE GEOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS. WOULD YOU LIKE

TO GO BACK AND MAKE ANY FURTHER CHANGES? (Y/N)

N

DO YOU WANT OUTPUT IN COLUMNAR SHORT FORM (REQUIRES LINE PRINTER) INSTEAD OF

(DEFAULT) TABULAR LONG FORM? (Y/N):

N

DO YOU WANT THE TERMINAL OUTPUT IN GRAPHICAL FORM INSTEAD OF (OR IN

ADDITION TO THE DEFAULT) TABULAR FORM? (Y/N):

N

33
ENTER DESIRED

DEFAULT TO

50.

ENTER DESIRED

DEFAULT TO

TTY OUTPUT INTERVAL (IN F FORMAT),

20.0 SECONDS:

DISK OUTPUT INTERVAL (IN F FORMAT)

,

10.0 SECONDS:

OR <RET> TO

OR <RET> TO

ENTER DESIRED RUN LENGTH (IN F FORMAT), OR <RET> TO

DEFAULT TO 500.0 SECONDS:

ENTER DESIRED BASIC TIME INCREMENT (IN F FORMAT) , OR <R2T> TO

DEFAULT TO 2.0 SECONDS:

Present tolerance is 0.1000E-04

Do you wish to change this? (Y/N)

N

Present iteration limit is 100

Do you wish to change this? (Y/N)

N

DO YOU WANT TO USE THE DEBUGGER? (Y/N):

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO BACK AND MAKE ANY FURTHER CHANGES BEFORE

RUNNING THE SIMULATION? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE YOUR INPUT DATA IN A FILE? (Y/N):

N

ENTER USER-GENERATED DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS RUN:

PROGRAMMER-RUN NUMBER = TEST #1

TYPE IN COMMENT LINES FOR LABEL, ENDING WITH AN EXTRA <RET>.

NO COMMENTS AT THIS TIME

22 VARIABLES CURRENTLY IN THE SYSTEM

*** TMPW01 : NO. OF GRID POINTS (WALL= 1) = 20

(NT= 1 T= 2.000 DT= 2.000 G.S.)

IT = 30

T= 2.000 DT= 2.000 NT= 1 NIT= 30 IT= 30 G.S.

ROOM= 1: TELZR=-8 . 6277E-04 TELZD=-4 . 8306E+01 ZMLZZ= 8.2713E-02

The calculation has begun, and we can stop the example here.

** To understand the absence of an "N" here, see comment at beginning of section 4.2

34
4.3 Example 3. Menu-Driven Input

This is exactly the same as example 2, except that the change is made via

the menu-driven option; the procedure can be seen to be quite a bit more

succinct. Warning: see Section 4.9 before choosing option (10) in the menu!

WILL THIS BE USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N)

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 6 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2 . INP

HENRI . INP

LEN.INP

TEST.DAT

JAR.TEM

PU . INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR — E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED —

CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

-35 -
NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1 THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

2

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

Y

THE FOLLOWING MENU ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THE INPUT

VALUES WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT PROGRAM. TO MAKE A CHANGE,

ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS. ONCE YOU ARE DONE,

THIS MENU WILL REAPPEAR FOR FUTHER CHANGES TO BE MADE (IF ANY)

.

NOTE: CHANGING THE NUMBER OF OBJECTS IN A ROOM MAY BE DONE BY ENTERING

"GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR ROOM".

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

3

PLEASE ENTER THE OBJECT NUMBER

1 ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 1 (OBJ KO = 1) - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

IS THE OBJECT BURNING? (Y/N):

Y

When burning, object 1 will be a

1) GROWING FIRE

2) POOL FIRE

3) GAS BURNER

4) SPECIAL FIRE (User must supply the algorithm)

5) WALL FIRE (Not currently available)

Enter number: 1-5 (FORMAT II)

1 36
Is this object away from walls: (0)

close to a wall: (1)

in a corner : (2)

0

Object 1 is Growing fire

It is away from all walls

1) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

:

2) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K)

3) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIC METERS):

4) EMISSIVITY/ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE:

5) AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO IN FREE BURN:

6) STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO:

7) FRACTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION RELEASED:

8) HEAT OF COMBUSTION (J/Kg)

9) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (J/Kg):

10) INITIAL FUEL MASS (Kg):

11) TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (K)

:

12) TEMPERATURE OF ONSET OF PYROLIZATION (K)

13) C02 MASS EVOLVED /FUEL MASS:

14) CO MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

15) SMOKE MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

16) WATER MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

17) SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME (IN DEGREES):

18) FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER (M/SEC):

19) BURNOUT PARAMETER (IN SECONDS):

20) Flame Extinction Coef . (1/M):

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE <R£T>" (14,

5,9.85

0 . 5400E-01

0 . 1900E+04

0. 4800E+02

0 . 9800E+00

0 . 1445E+02

0 . 9850E+01

0 . 6500E+00

0.2870E+08

0.2054E+07

0.6852E+01

0 . 7270E+03

: 0 . 6000E+03

0.1504E+01

0. 1330E-01

0.2410E+00

0 . 7135E+00

0 . 3000E+02

0. I090E-01

20.00

1.550

- ENTER T 100, OBJECT#' (SAME FORMAT

F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

:

ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 1 (OBJ KO = 1)

Object 1 is Growing fire

It is away from all walls

1) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

:

2) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K)

:

3) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIC METERS):

4) EMISSIVITY/ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE:

5) AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO IN FREE BURN:

6) STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO:

7) FRACTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION RELEASED:

8) HEAT OF COMBUSTION (J/Kg):

9) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (J/Kg):

10) INITIAL FUEL MASS (Kg):

11) TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (K)

12) TEMPERATURE OF ONSET OF PYROLIZATION (K)

13) C02 MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

14) CO MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

15) SMOKE MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

16) WATER MASS EVOLVED /FUEL MASS:

17) SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME (IN DEGREES):

18) FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER (M/SEC):

19) BURNOUT PARAMETER (IN SECONDS):

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

0 . 5400E-01

0. 1900E+04

0 . 4800E4-02

0.9800E+00

0.9850E+01

0 . 9850E+01

0 . 6500E+00

0 . 2870E+08

0.2054E+07

0.6852E+01

0 . 7270E+03

0 . 6000E+03

0.1504E+01

0 . 1330E-01

0 . 2410E+00

0 . 7135E+00

0 . 3000E+02

0 . 1090E-01

20.00

37
20) Flame Extinction Coef. (1/M):

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N)

N

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

0

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

0

1.550

- ENTER ' 100, OBJECT#' (SAME FORMAT

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO BACK AND MAKE ANY FURTHER CHANGES BEFORE

RUNNING THE SIMULATION? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE YOUR INPUT DATA IN A FILE? (Y/N):

N

ENTER USER-GENERATED DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS RUN:

PROGRAMMER-RUN NUMBER = MIT 2

TYPE IN COMMENT LINES FOR LABEL, ENDING WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

.

FOOLS RUSH IN

38
4.4 Example 4. A Variable -Flow Gas Burner Fire

The variable gas-burner option is invoked in order to produce a specified fire. (Note that if we went ahead and ran this case, we would

automatically have a burner with the default radius, i.e., almost one meter!)

A table is built up of the values mg (ti

) of mass flow rate at times tL , i=l,

. . . , n (n<20) . There is also a fourth column, marked "nominal heat release

rate (kW) "

;

this is what the heat release rate would be if all the heating

value inherent in the gas (i.e., AHC J/kg) were released, yielding 1000

mg (ti )AHc watts. This is calculated internally, with the user-specified (or

default) value of AHC

. The actual heat release will be xAHc J/kg, unless

oxygen starvation limits the output even further.

Some of the thermal chemical/physical data for materials which is listed

in section 3.1, is not needed when we have a gas burner - for example, the

burnout parameter tb , the fire spread parameter A. Indeed, items 9-12 and 18-

19 from that list have been omitted in the list which appears on page 42, for

that reason. Items 1-4 should also have been omitted, but appear nevertheless; do not be confused by this programming lapse: these items are irrelevant, and should simply be ignored. (Indeed, they are not used in the burner

algorithm; the values which appear for items 1-4 could therefore be quite

arbitrary.

)

The problem we will solve in the following example is a gas burner

yielding a fire which increases to an initial peak at 40 sec, a second peak at

50 sec, and then declines rapidly to zero at 300 sec. Note that the fuel used

is user-chosen (if not, it will emit gaseous PU foam!)

39
WILL THIS BE USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N):

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 6 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2 . INP

HENRI . INP

LEN.INP

TEST.DAT

JAR . TEM

PU . INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR

-- E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED —

CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1 THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

40
0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

2

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

Y

THE FOLLOWING MENU ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THE INPUT

VALUES WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT PROGRAM. TO MAKE A CHANGE,

ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS. ONCE YOU ARE DONE,

THIS MENU WILL REAPPEAR FOR FUTHER CHANGES TO BE MADE (IF ANY).

NOTE: CHANGING THE NUMBER OF OBJECTS IN A ROOM MAY BE DONE BY ENTERING

"GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR ROOM".

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

3

PLEASE ENTER THE OBJECT NUMBER

1 ROOM NUMBER 1, OBJECT NUMBER 1 (OBJ KO = 1) - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

IS THE OBJECT BURNING? (Y/N):

Y

When burning, object 1 will be a

1) GROWING FIRE

2) POOL FIRE

3) GAS BURNER

4) SPECIAL FIRE (User must supply the algorithm)

5) WALL FIRE (Not currently available)

Enter number: 1-5 (FORMAT II)

3

Is this object away from walls: (0)

close to a wall: (1)

in a corner : (2)

0

Object 1 is Gas burner

It is away from all walls

1) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K) : 0.5400E-01

2) SPECIFIC HEAT (J/Kg DEG K) : 0.1900E+04

41
3) DENSITY (Kg/CUBIG METERS):

4) EMISS IV ITY /ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE:

5) AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO IN FREE BURN:

6) STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO:

7) FRACTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION RELEASED:

8) HEAT OF COMBUSTION (J/Kg)

13) C02 MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

14) CO MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

15) SMOKE MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

16) WATER MASS EVOLVED/FUEL MASS:

17) SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME (IN DEGREES):

20) Flame Extinction Coef. (1/M):

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER OBJECT -

0.4800E+02

0.9800E+00

0 . 1445E+02

0.9850E+01

0 . 6500E+00

0 . 2870E+08

0 . 1504E+01

0 . 1330E-01

0 o 2410E+00

0. 7135E+00

0.3000E+02

1.550

ENTER ’100, OBJECT//' (SAME FORMAT

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER "ITEM, VALUE<RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

:

IN ORDER TO REPRESENT THE BURNER GAS FLOW RATE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME,

IT WILL BE APROXIMATED BY A SERIES OF STRIAGHT LINE SEGMENTS. EACH

SEGMENT IS BOUNDED BY A CORRESPONDING GAS FLOW RATE. THE PROGRAM THEN

INTERPOLATES FOR TIMES BETWEEN THOSE WHICH ARE INPUT. THE FIRST TIME MAY

BE 0.0. IN ORDER TO REPRESENT A CONSTANT BURNER RATE THE PROGRAM WILL ASSUME

THAT THE FLOW RATE REMAINS CONSTANT FROM THE LAST INPUT VALUE TO THE END OF THE

ENTIRE RUN IF THE RUN TIME IS LONGER THAN THE LAST TIME ENTERED.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T(I) RATE(G/SEC) RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 10.000

2 40.0 10.000

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT?

287.000

287.000

(Y/N):

WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT(S)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T(I) RATE (G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 10.000 287.000

2 40.0 10.000 287.000

ENTER THE // OF THE POINT TO BE CHANGED, ENTER A ZERO(O) TO RETURN TO THE MENU.

1 PLEASE ENTER THE NEW TIME(SEC) AND THE NEW FLOW RATE (GRAMS /SEC)

SEPARATED BY A COMMA. DON’T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT!

0 . 0 , 0 .

42
WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT(S)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T( I ) RATE(G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE ( KW

)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 40.0 10.000 287.000

ENTER THE # OF THE POINT TO BE CHANGED, ENTER A ZERO(O) TO RETURN TO THE MENU.

2

PLEASE ENTER THE NEW TIME(SEC) AND THE NEW FLOW RATE( GRAMS/ SEC)

SEPARATED BY A COMMA. DON’T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT!

10 . , 1 . WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT(S)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T(I) RATE(G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (GRAMS/ SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

30. ,11.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T(I) RATE (G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE ( KW

)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

ENTER THE TIME (SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (GRAMS /SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

43
DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

40. ,30.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

I T(I)

GAS FLOW

RATE (G/ SEC)

"NOMINAL" HFAT

RELEASE RATE ( KW

)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE( GRAMS/ SEC) SEPARATED

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT. ! 45. ,25.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T( I) RATE (G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

5 45.0 25.000 717.500

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (GRAMS /SEC) SEPARATED

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT. ! 50. ,39.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T(I) RATE(G/SEC) RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 23.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

5 45.0 25.000 717.500

6 50.0 39.000 1119.300

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (GRAMS/ SEC ) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

60. ,35.

44
BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

I T(I)

GAS FLOW

RATE(G/SEC)

"NOMINAL" HEAT

RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

5 45.0 25.000 717.500

6 50.0 39.000 1119.300

7 60.0 35.000 1004.500

ENTER THE TIME (SEC) AND TEE FLOW RATE (GRAMS/ SEC) SEPARATED

(ENTER "9999.’' TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

120. ,6.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T( I) RATE(G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE(KW)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

5 45.0 25.000 717.500

6 50.0 39.000 1119.300

7 60.0 35.000 1004.500

8 120.0 6.000 172.200

ENTER THE TIME (SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (GRAMS /SEC) SEPARATED

(ENTER "9999.

’ TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT. ! 300. ,0.

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

GAS FLOW "NOMINAL" HEAT

I T(I) RATE (G/ SEC) RELEASE RATE ( KW

)

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

5 45.0 25.000 717.500

6 50.0 39.000 1119.300

7 60.0 35.000 1004.500

8 120.0 6.000 172.200

9 300.0 0.000 0.000

45
ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (GRAMS /SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999. " TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT. ! 9999.

WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT ( S

)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

BURNER GAS FLOW RATE

I T(I)

GAS FLOW

RATE (G/ SEC)

"NOMINAL" HEAT

RELEASE RATE( KV

1 0.0 0.000 0.000

2 10.0 1.000 28.700

3 30.0 11.000 315.700

4 40.0 30.000 861.000

5 45.0 25.000 717.500

6 50.0 39.000 1119.300

7 60.0 35.000 1004.500

8 120.0 6.000 172.200

9 300.0 0.000 0.000

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N):

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

0

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

46
3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

0

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO BACK AND MAKE ANY FURTHER CHANGES BEFORE

RUNNING THE SIMULATION? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE YOUR INPUT DATA IN A FILE? (Y/N):

N

ENTER USER-GENERATED DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS RUN:

PROGRAMMER-RUN NUMBER = MIT 3

TYPE IN COMMENT LINES FOR LABEL, ENDING WITH AN EXTRA <RET>.

. . .WHERE WISE MEN . . .

47
4.5 Example 5. Forced Flow Venting

The forced-flow option is demonstrated; note that we have two vents

because we must have at least one free vent (see the discussion in section

2). Note that the option to make the vent (#2, in this case) a forced vent is

giver, after the dimensions are specified.

WILL THIS BE USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N):

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM . THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND -GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 3 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2. INP

HENRI. INP

LEN. INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR — E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED -- CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

-48-
NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1 THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM . TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

2

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

Y

THE FOLLOWING MENU ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THE INPUT

VALUES WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT PROGRAM. TO MAKE A CHANGE,

ENTER THE ITEM NIMBER AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS. ONCE YOU ARE DONE,

THIS MENU WILL REAPPEAR FOR FUTHER CHANGES TO BE MADE (IF ANY).

NOTE: CHANGING THE NUMBER OF OBJECTS IN A ROOM MAY BE DONE BY ENTERING

"GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR ROOM".

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

8

VENT NUMBER 2

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) WIDTH (METERS): 0.7620E+00

2) HEIGHT (METERS): 0.2032E+01

3) TRANSCM DEPTH (METERS): 0.4064E+00

4) SIDE 1 IS IN ROCK: 1 5) SIDE 2 IS IN ROOM: 0

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER VENT - ENTER "100, VENT#" (SAME FORMAT)

TO CHANGE ITEMS, ENTER " ITEM , VALUE<RET>" (I4,F12.4); END WITH AN EXTRA <RET>

1 . . 4

2.

.

3

3, • 1

49
VENT NUMBER 2

0) CHANGE NOTHING (CONTINUE)

1) WIDTH (METERS): 0.4000E+00

2) HEIGHT (METERS): 0.3000E+00

3) TRANSOM DEPTH (METERS): 0. 1000E+00

4) SIDE 1 IS IN ROCM : 1 5) SIDE 2 IS IN ROOM: 0

100) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER VENT - ENTER "100, VENT#" (SAME FORMAT)

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N):

N

VENT NIMBER 2

FORCED VENTILATION (T = PRESENT, F = ABSENT): F

TO CHANGE THE STATUS ENTER "T" OR MF" ONLY

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

T

IN ORDER TO SIMULATE THE VOLUMETRIC THROUGHPUT AS ANY PRESCRIBED FUNCTION

OF TIME, IT IS APPROXIMATED BY A SERIES OF STRAIGHT-LINE SEGMENTS. EACH

SEGMENT IS BOUNDED BY TWO TIMES, OF COURSE. THE ENTRIES ARE THEREFORE A TIME

AND THE PRESCRIBED VOLUMETRIC THROUGHPUT AT THAT TIME. THE PROGRAM WILL THEN

INTERPOLATE LINEARLY BETWEEN THOSE FLOW VALUES, FOR ALL MOMENTS BETWEEN THE

GIVEN BOUNDING TIMES. THE INITIAL FLOW MAY BE TAKEN TO BE ZERO, TO ENSURE

A GRADUAL TURN-ON OF THE FAN (AND TO AVOID DISCONTINUOUS PHYSICAL PROCESSES!).

IN THAT CASE THERE MUST BE AT LEAST TWO SEGMENTS, OF COURSE.

IN GENERAL THE MINIMUM NUMBER IS 1, THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEGMENTS FOR THE

FORCED-VENT-FLOW CURVE IS 20.

HIT <RETURN> TO CONTINUE

RATE OF FORCED FLOW ( >0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T(I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 0.000 0.000

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N):

Y

WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT(S)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

(4) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER VENT

50
RATE OF FORCED FLOW (>0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 0.000 0.000

ENTER THE # OF THE POINT TO BE CHANGED,

2

WHAT IS THE NEW TIME(SEC) AND THE NEW FLOW RATE(CUBIC METERS/SEC)

SEPARATED BY A COMMA. DON’T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT!

10 . , . 1

RATE OF FORCED FLOW ( >0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 10.000 0.100

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N):

Y

WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT(S)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

(4) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER VENT

RATE OF FORCED FLOW (>0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 10.000 0.100

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE(CUBIC METERS/SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999. " TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

30. ,.5

RATE OF FORCED FLOW (>0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 10.000 0.100

3 30.000 0.500

ENTER THE TIME (SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE (CUBIC METERS/ SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

51
DON'T FORGET TEE DECIMAL PT. ! 120. ,.25

RATE OF FORCED FLOW (>0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 10.000 0. 100

3 30.000 0.500

4 120.000 0.250

ENTER. THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE(CUBIC METERS/SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

130. ,. 45

RATE OF FORCED FLOW (>0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 10.000 0.100

3 30.000 0.500

4 120.000 0.250

5 130.000 0.450

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE(CUBIC METERS/SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999. " TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

600. , .

2

RATE OF FORCED FLOW ( >0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000 0.000

2 10.000 0.100

3 30.000 0.500

4 120.000 0.250

5 130.000 0.450

6 600.000 0.200

ENTER THE TIME(SEC) AND THE FLOW RATE(CUBIC METERS/SEC) SEPARATED BY A COMMA

(ENTER "9999." TO RETURN TO THE MENU)

DON'T FORGET THE DECIMAL PT.

!

9999.

WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE?

(0) NO MORE CHANGES

(1) DELETE OLD POINT(S)

(2) ADD NEW POINT(S)

(3) ALTER A POINT(S)

52
(4) COPY ALL ABOVE DATA FROM ANOTHER VENT

0

RATE OF FORCED FLOW ( >0 = OUT OF THE ROOM, <0 = INTO THE ROOM)

I T( I) FLOW RATE

(SEC) (CUBIC METERS/SEC)

1 0.000

2 10.000

3 30.000

4 120.000

5 130.000

6 600.000

0.000

0.100

0.500

0.250

0.450

0.200

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR INPUT? (Y/N)

N

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

0

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

0

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO BACK AND MAKE ANY FURTHER CHANGES BEFORE

RUNNING THE SIMULATION? (Y/N):

N

53
WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE YOUR INPUT DATA IN A FILE? (Y/N):

N

ENTER USER-GENERATED DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS RUN:

PROGRAMMER-RUN NUMBER = MIT 4

TYPE IN COMMENT LINES FOR LABEL, ENDING WITH AN EXTRA <RET>.

...FEAR TO TREAD.

54
4.6 Example 6. Alternative Algorithms for Physics

This illustrates the choices available for different physics subroutines.

The input sequence is not run through to the end because that is not necessary

for our present purposes. The user is again urged to make the default choice

if he is not familiar with the literature. For the different plume models,

see ref . [22a]

.

WILL THIS 3E USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N):

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 3 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2.INP

HENRI. INP

LEN. INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR

-- E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED -- CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

-55 -
NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1 THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

1 TMP01 : SIMPLE ANALYTIC APPROXIMATION TO SURFACE TEMPERATURE

OF OBJECT BEING HEATED

TMP02 : "EXACT" ONE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE

OF OBJECT BEING HEATED

WHICH VERSION OF TMPO DO YOU WANT, I OR 2?

DEFAULT IS TMP02

2

ABSRB2 : ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF LAYER CALCULATED ASSUMING

SOOT IS ONLY CONTRIBUTOR

ABSRB3: MORE PRECISE CALCULATION, TAKING C02 AND H20 INTO ACCOUNT

WHICH VERSION OF ABSRB DO YOU WANT, 2 OR 3?

DEFAULT IS ABSRB2

2

PLUM1: AREA-SOURCE MORTON-TAYLOR-TURNER PLUME

(VIRTUAL POINT SOURCE BELOW FIRE BASE)

PLUM2 : SAME PLUME AS #1, BUT POINT SOURCE IS AT FIRE BASE

Plurae3: McCaffrey (empirical data fit)

Plume4: Zukoski, Kubota, Cetegen (empirical data fit)

Plume5: Delichat sios/FM (empirical data fit - low turbulence data)

Plume6: Tokunaga, Sakai, Kawagoe, Tanaka & Haserai (empirical data fit,

near field same as McCaffrey)

WHICH VERSION OF PLUM DO YOU WANT, 1-6?

DEFAULT IS PLUM1:

2

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

0

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

and so on....

56
4.7 Example 7. Use of Input Files and Data Bank

In this example, one of the available input files is chosen for use. Normally, one would examine this file (unless you were very familiar with it);

that is done here. In order to kill two birds with one stone, we also illustrate here how to use the materials data bank to choose a different material

for object #1. We then check the data to make sure that the correct information (for heptane) was indeed substituted for whatever was there before; the

example is not pursued beyond that point.''

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 3 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

DAN2.INP

HENRI. INP

LEN. INP

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

Y

PLEASE ENTER THE NAME OF THE FILE TO BE USED

HENRI. INP

PLEASE WAIT WHILE YOUR FILE IS BEING READ IN

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

Y

ROOM NUMBER 1:

DIMENSIONS(X, Y,Z ) = ( 2.4380 3.6580 2.4380)

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE= 300.0

A PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR IS PRESENT IN THE ROOM:

ABSORPTION COEEF ICIENT THRESHOLD FOR ALARM = 0.03300 1/M

LOCATION OF DETECTOR INPUT PORT (METERS BELOW CEILING) = 0.020

TYPE <RET> TO CONTINUE

* Warning: do not make choice #10 in the main program menu (as is done here)

unless files MASNAM and MASDAT exist in your account. If they do not, then at

least one entry must be made in the materials data bank, using MASBANK, so as

to generate those files. See Section 4.9.

- 57 -
OBJECT NUMBER 1 (ID= 1) :

It is Flaming a Growing Fire Away from Walls

COORDINATES (X,Y,Z) = ( 0.8400 2.8000 0.6100)

ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL* 0.00

THICKNESS= 0.100

INITIAL MASS= 6.852

MAXIMUM RADIUS= 0.968

SPECIFIC HEAT= 1900.

EMISSIVITY= 0.98

HEAT OF COMBUSTION = 2.870E+07

PYROLIZATION TEMP= 600.0

AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO= 14.45

FC02(C02 MASS/FUEL MASS)= 1.504

F S ( SMOKE MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.241

FHC (TOTAL HC/FUEL MASS)* 0.002

A(FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER) =0 . 0109

Flame Extinct. Coef.(l/m) 0.000

TYPE <RET> TO CONTINUE

OBJECT NUMBER 2 (ID* 2) :

ANGLE WITH XZ-PLANE= 0.00

DENSITY* 48.00

INITIAL RADIUS* 0.037

OBJECT RADIUS* 0.860

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY* 0.0540

CHI (FRACTION OF HEAT RELEASED)* 0.65

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = 2.054E+06

IGNITION TEMP* 727.0

STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO* 9.85

FCO(CO MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.013

FH20( H20 MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.714

Flame cone angle (deg) = 30.0

BURNOUT PARAMETER(SEC)* 20.00

It is Non Flaming a Growing Fire Away from Walls

COORDINATES (X , Y , Z ) = ( ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL* 0.00

THICKNESS* 0.100

INITIAL MASS* 1.096

MAXIMUM RADIUS* 0.466

SPECIFIC HEAT* 1900.

EMISSIVITY* 0.98

HEAT OF COMBUSTION = 2.870E+07

PYROLIZATION TEMP* 600.0

AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO* 14.45

FC02(C02 MASS/FUEL MASS)* 1.504

FS( SMOKE MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.241

FHC (TOTAL HC/FUEL MASS)* 0.002

A(FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER) =0 .0109

Flame Extinct. Coef.(l/m) 0.000

TYPE <RET> TO CONTINUE

.2200 1.8300 0.0000)

ANGLE WITH XZ -PLANE* 0.00

DENSITY* 48.00

INITIAL RADIUS* 0.037

OBJECT RADIUS* 0.344

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY* 0.0540

CHI(FRACTION OF HEAT RELEASED)* 0.65

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = 2.054E+06

IGNITION TEMP* 3000.0

STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO* 9.85

FCO(CO MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.013

FH20(H20 MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.714

Flame cone angle (deg) = 30.0

burnout parameter (sec)* 20.00

VENT NUMBER 1:

(WIDTH, HEIGHT, DEPTH) = ( 0.7620 2.0320 0.4064)

TYPE <RET> TO CONTINUE

WALL NUMBER 1:

THICKNESS* 0.0254

SPECIFIC HEAT* 1062.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS:

SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR* 1004.

FOR AIR:

HEAT TRANSFER COEFF* 10.00

FOR LAYER GASES:

MAX. HEAT TRANSFER COEFF* 50.00

FOR VENTS:

FLOW COEFFICIENT* 0.68

DENSITY = 800.00

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY* 0.1340

PLUME ENTRAINMENT COEFF* 0.10

MIN. HEAT TRANSFER COEFF* 5.00

58
Iteration limit: 140 Tolerance: 1.0E—05

Max time step: 2.00 Min time step: 0.00098

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR — E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED —

CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1 THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

2

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

Y

THE FOLLOWING MENU ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THE INPUT

VALUES WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT PROGRAM. TO MAKE A CHANGE,

ENTER THE ITEM NIMBER AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS. ONCE YOU ARE DONE,

THIS MENU WILL REAPPEAR FOR FUTHER CHANGES TO BE MADE (IF ANY).

NOTE: CHANGING THE NIMBER OF OBJECTS IN A ROOM MAY BE DONE BY ENTERING

"GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR ROOM".

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

59
9) DELETE A VENT

10) SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

10

PLEASE ENTER THE OBJECT NUMBER

1 Properties of selected materials are now available

from a data bank. Do you wish to use this feature? (Y/N)*

Y

1 HEPTANE 2 POLYSTYRENE 3 KEROSENE

4 PROPANE 5 POLYPROPYLENE 6 POLYURETHANE

7 GASOLINE 8 RUBBER

WHICH ONE OF THE ABOVE MATERIALS DO YOU WANT TO USE?

PICK A NUMBER >=1 and <= 8

1 Material selected is 1 HEPTANE

The data base includes the following notice about this material:

FLAMMABLE LIQUID/

Data in this base is derived from specific materials/objects tested in

various ways which may, or may not, be appropiate to your application.

Display the data for review and possible modification? (Y/N)

N

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

0

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

0

*Note: These 8 items are here for illustrative purposes only; at present there are

only four materials in the databank. What will appear on the screen will be

just what actually is included in the databank at that time (up to 50 -material

that is)

.

60
WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N)

Y

RECAPITULATION OF INPUT FOR THIS RUN:

ROOM NUMBER 1:

DIMENSIONS(X,Y,Z) = ( 2.4380 3.6580 2.4380)

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE= 300.0

A PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR IS PRESENT IN THE ROOM:

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT THRESHOLD FOR ALARM = 0.03300 1/M

LOCATION OF DETECTOR INPUT PORT (METERS BELOW CEILING) = 0.020

TYPE <RET> TO CONTINUE

OBJECT NUMBER 1 (ID* 1) :

It is Flaming a Growing Fire Away from Walls

COORDINATES (X.Y.Z) = ( 0.8400 2.8000 0.6100)

ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL* 0.00

THICKNESS* 0.100

INITIAL MASS* 6.852

MAXIMUM RADIUS* 0.968

* SPECIFIC HEAT* 2243.

* EMISSIVITY* 0.42

* HEAT OF COMBUSTION = 4.460E+07

* PYROLIZATION TEMP* 269.1

* AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO* 15.18

* FC02(C02 MASS/FUEL MASS)* 2.906

* FS( SMOKE MASS/FUEL MASS)* 0.016

* FHC (TOTAL HC/FUEL MASS)* 0.025

* A(FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER) =1 . 0000

* Flame Extinct. Coef.(l/m) 0.850

TYPE <RET> TO CONTINUE

ANGLE WITH XZ -PLANE* 0.00

DENSITY* 684.00

INITIAL RADIUS* 0.037

OBJECT RADIUS* 0.860

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY* 0.1400

CHI (FRACTION OF HEAT RELEASED)* 0.86

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = 3.620E+05

IGNITION TEMP* 371.6

STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO* 15.18

FCO( CO MASS /FUEL MASS)* 0.025

FH20(H20 MASS/FUEL MASS)* 1.404

Flame cone angle (deg) = 30.0

BURNOUT PARAMETER(SEC)* 20.00

•k

k

Note: the parameters which have been changed (to those corresponding to

heptane) are items 6-15 in the first column and items 2 and 5-11

in the second column. They have been starred for emphasis.

61
4.8 Example 8. Errors

In this example, a number of errors are purposely made in the process of

entering the input data, to demonstrate how the program handles them.

Generally, the question is merely reasked; this is done on this and the next

page. The program may still not be completely forgiving of syntactical errors

made by the user during input, however. Response errors were made in the

lines preceded by an asterisk. Any comment following an exclamation mark, in

the following pages, is a comment made here , and does not appear on the

screen.

- 62 -
WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N)

* PERHAPS

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR — E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED —

CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

8 ' 1 or 2 are the only permitted options.

! The question is reasked.

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

NOTE; IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE #2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

7

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

2

63
WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

MAYBE

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

OK

WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE THE MENU INSTEAD OF RUNNING THROUGH EACH SCREEN? (Y/N)

Y

THE FOLLOWING MENU ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE SPECIFIC CHANGES TO THE INPUT

VALUES WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT PROGRAM. TO MAKE A CHANGE,

ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS. ONCE YOU ARE DONE,

THIS MENU WILL REAPPEAR FOR FUTHER CHANGES TO BE MADE (IF ANY).

NOTE: CHANGING THE NUMBER OF OBJECTS IN A ROOM MAY BE DONE BY ENTERING

” GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR ROOM".

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

11

MENU FOR SPECIFIC CHANGES

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ROOM

2) GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

3) PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR OBJECT

4) VENT PARAMETERS

5) WALL PROPERTIES

7) NON-INDEXED VARIABLES

8) ADD A VENT

9) DELETE A VENT

10)

SELECT OBJECT MATERIAL

PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE SECTION TO BE CHANGED.

0

THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE.

0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

0

64
WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N)

*WHO WANTS TO KNOW?

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

*GO AWAY!

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO BACK AND MAKE ANY FURTHER CHANGES BEFORE

RUNNING THE SIMULATION? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE YOUR INPUT DATA IN A FILE? (Y/N):

*N

ENTER USER-GENERATED DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS RUN:

PROGRAMMER-RUN NUMBER = MIT 5

65
4.9 Example 9. Running MASBANK

The following pages show what happens upon loading MASBANK into the

computer, and running it (the commands for loading and starting are machine

dependent; for the Perken- Elmer computer, for example, the commands are LOAD

MASBANK and START)

.

The ten fuel items in the list on the next page are only illustrative:

they are not the ones currently in the data bank. 9 When a new material is

introduced into the data bank (as is done in this example) , the data values

have to be inserted. This is done here without any preliminary instructions,

right after any comments re the material are made. The way this is done is

for the current (generally zero) value of property to be listed, with a request for a value to be entered. When this is done, that (new) value is

displayed, and the next item on the list requested.

As soon as all the data has been entered, the entire list of new data is

displayed. (Incidently, the format requested is F15 . 5 (i.e., floating-point

format); in fact, however, any format is acceptable.) After the new data has

been displayed, the "correction" (C) option is exercised (in this example)

,

and then the "alphabetize" (S) option. Finally, ARBITRARY is deleted (it was

only a fake material anyway)

.

The user who wishes to enter the thermophysical data displayed in Table

1 (or any other data) by just typing in the name of the material, as in

example 4.7, must first use MASBANK to place those data into the input file

MASDAT. MASDAT will contain as much information as is typed in by the user

(and it will be in the form required by subroutine DBANK in FIRST)

.

9 In example 7, there were eight illustrative items; the ten items here

are just as arbitrary, and (again) meant only as illustration. This program

is actually being distributed with only the data for PMMA (as given in Table

1) in file MASDAT.

66
THIS PROGRAM CREATES AND MAINTAINS A DATA BASE OF MATERIALS AND THEIR

FIRE PROPERTIES FOR USE BY THE NBS/ HARVARD FIRE SIMULATION PROGRAMS.

THERE ARE TWO FILES:

MASNAM HOLDS THE NAMES OF THE MATERIALS WHOSE

PROPERTIES ARE STORED.

MASDAT HOLDS THE STORED DATA.

PRESS "RETURN" < CR

>

TO CONTINUE

MATERIAL NAMES CURRENTLY IN THE DATA

TO BE CHANGED)

:

BANK (JOT DOWN THE NUMBER(S) OF ITEM

! See footnote, previous page

1 GASOLINE

4 METHANE

7 POLYURETHANE

10 RED OAK

PRESS "RETURN"

2 HEPTANE

5 PMMA

8 PROPANE

CR > TO CONTINUE

3 KEROSENE

6 POLYSTYRENE

9 PU FOAM

THIS PROGRAM HAS SIX USE OPTIONS:

A) ADD A MATERIAL TO THE DATA BANK

C) CHANGE MATERIAL DATA ALREADY IN THE BANK

D) DELETE A MATERIAL

E) EXIT PROGRAM; WRITE DATA BASE TO DISK FILE

S) SORT (ALPHABETIZE) THE DATA BANK

V) VIEW A MATERIAL IN THE BANK

ENTER YOUR CHOICE: A, C, D, E, S OR V

A

ENTER NAME OF THE NEW MATERIAL: THE NAME SHOULD START IN COLUMN 1.

ARBITRARY

THE NEW MATERIAL NAME IS

11 ARBITRARY

IS THIS CORRECT? (Y/N)

Y

ENTER NEW COMMENTS (75 CHARACTRS MAX)

CURRENT MATERIAL COMMENT IS

IS THIS CORRECT? (Y/N)

N

ENTER NEW COMMENTS (75 CHARACTRS MAX)

FAKE MATERIAL

CURRENT MATERIAL COMMENT IS

FAKE MATERIAL

IS THIS CORRECT? (Y/N)

Y

1 ZJOZZ . 00000D+00 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

- 67 -
WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

1 . 1 ZJOZZ

2 ZCOZZ

WHAT VALUE

THE FORMAT

2 . 2 ZCOZZ . 20000D+01 SPECIFIC HEAT (J/KG DEG)

3 VMOZZ . 00000D+00 DENSITY (KG/ M3)

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE DENSITY (KG/ M3) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

3.

3 VMOZZ . 30000D+01 DENSITY (KG/M3)

4 EB . 00000D+00 EMISSIVITY/ ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE EMISSIVITY/ ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

. 10000D+01 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

. 00000D+00 SPECIFIC HEAT (J/KG DEG)

DO YOU WANT FOR THE SPECIFIC HEAT (J/KG DEG) ?

IS F15.5

4 . 4 EB . 40000D+01 EMISSIVITY/ ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE

5 XGAMMA . 00000D+00 AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE AIR /FUEL MASS RATIO ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

5.

5 XGAMMA . 50000D+01 AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

6 XGAMAS . 00000D+00 STOICHIOMETRIC AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE STOICHIOMETRIC AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO ?

THE FORMAT IS FI 5.

5

6 . 6 XGAMAS . 60000D+01 STOICHIOMETRIC AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

7 CHI . 00000D+00 COMBUSTION ENERGY, FRACTION RELEASED

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE COMBUSTION ENERGY, FRACTION RELEASED ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

7.

7 CHI . 70000D+01 COMBUSTION ENERGY, FRACTION RELEASED

8 QF . 00000D+00 HEAT OF COMBUSTION ( JOULES/KG)

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE HEAT OF COMBUSTION( JOULES/KG) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

8 . 8 QF . 80000D+01 HEAT OF COMBUSTION( JOULES /KG)

9 QVAP . 00000D+00 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION ( JOULES /KG)

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (JOULES /KG) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

9.

9 QVAP . 90000D+01 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (JOULES /KG)

- 68-
10 ZKOPY . 00000D+00 TEMPERATURE OF PYROLYSIS

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE TEMPERATURE OF PYROLYSIS ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

10 . 10 ZKOPY . 10000D+02 TEMPERATURE OF PYROLYSIS

11 FC02 . 00000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS C02

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS C02 ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.1

11 FC02 . 10000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS C02

12 FCO . 00000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS CO

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS CO ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.2

12 FCO . 20000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS CO

13 FS . 00000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS SMOKE

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS SMOKE ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.3

13 FS . 30000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS SMOKE

14 FHC . 00000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS HYDROCARBONS

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS HYDROCARBONS?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.4

14 FHC . 40000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS HYDROCARBONS

15 FH20 . 00000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS H20

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS H20 ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.5

15 FH20 . 50000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS H20

16 AFIRE . 00000D+00 FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

. 6

16 AFIRE . 60000D+00 FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER

17 ZKOIG . 00000D+00 TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION(DEG K)

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION(DEG K) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.7

17 ZKOIG . 70000D+00 TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION(DEG K)

18 PSI . 00000D+00 SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

8

- 69-
18 PSI .80000D+00 SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME

19 TBURN . 00000D+00 BURNOUT TIME (SEC)

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE BURNOUT TIME (SEC) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

.9

19 TBURN . 90000D+00 BURNOUT TIME (SEC)

20 ZUFZZ o 00000D+00 FLAME EXTINCTION COEF . (1/M)

WHAT VALUE DO YOU WANT FOR THE FLAME EXTINCTION COEF. (1/M) ?

THE FORMAT IS F15.5

1.1

20 ZUFZZ . 1 1000D+01 FLAME EXTINCTION COEF . (1/M)

RECAPITULATION OF DATA FOR THIS MATERIAL ! DATA APPEARS IN SLIGHTLY

! DIFFERENT ORDER FROM

! WHAT IT IS IN SECTIONS

! 3 . 1 AND 4.2.

N

1 ZJOZZ . 10000D+01 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

2 ZCOZZ . 20000D+01 SPECIFIC HEAT (J/KG DEG)

3 VMOZZ . 30000D+01 DENSITY (KG/M3)

4 EB . 40000D+01 EMI SSIVITY/ ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE

5 XGAMMA . 50000D+01 AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

6 XGAMAS . 60000D+01 STOICHIOMETRIC AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

7 CHI . 70000D+01 COMBUSTION ENERGY, FRACTION RELEASED

8 QF . 80000D+01 HEAT OF COMBUSTION ( JOULE S / KG

)

9 QVAP . 90000D+01 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (JOULES /KG)

10 ZKOPY . 10000D+02 TEMPERATURE OF PYROLYSIS

11 FC02 . 10000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS C02

12 FCO . 20000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS CO

13 FS . 30000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS SMOKE

14 FHC . 40000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS HYDROCARBONS

15 FH20 . 50000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS H20

16 AFIRE . 60000D+00 FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER

17 ZKOIG . 70000D+00 TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (DEG K)

18 PSI . 80000D+00 SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME

19 TBURN . 90000D+00 BURNOUT TIME (SEC)

20 ZUFZZ . 1 1000D+01 FLAME EXTINCTION COEF. (1/M)

PRESS "RETURN" < CR > TO CONTINUE

ANY CORRECTIONS? ANS (Y/N)

MATERIAL NAMES CURRENTLY IN THE DATA BANK (JOT DOWN THE NUMBER(S) OF

TO BE CHANGED)

:

1 GASOLINE 2 HEPTANE 3 KEROSENE

4 METHANE 5 PMMA 6 POLYSTYRENE

7 POLYURETHANE 8 PROPANE 9 PU FOAM

10 RED OAK 11 ARBITRARY

PRESS "RETURN" < CR

>

TO CONTINUE

- 70-
THIS PROGRAM HAS SIX USE OPTIONS:

A) ADD A MATERIAL TO THE DATA BANK

C) CHANGE MATERIAL DATA ALREADY IN THE BANK

D) DELETE A MATERIAL

E) EXIT PROGRAM; WRITE DATA BASE TO DISK FILE

S) SORT (ALPHABETIZE) THE DATA BANK

V) VIEW A MATERIAL IN THE BANK

ENTER YOUR CHOICE: A, C, D, E, S OR V

C

ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE MATERIAL WHOSE DATA IS TO BE CHANGED.

11

11 ARBITRARY

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE MATERIAL? IF SO, ENTER "Y

N

CURRENT MATERIAL COMMENT IS

FAKE MATERIAL

IS THIS CORRECT? (Y/N)

Y

CURRENT DATA FOR ARBITRARY IS

1 ZJOZZ . 10000D+01 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

2 ZCOZZ . 20000D+01 SPECIFIC HEAT (J/KG DEG)

3 VMOZZ . 30000D+01 DENSITY (KG/M3)

4 EB . 40000D+01 EMI SSIVITY /ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE

5 XGAMMA .50000D+01 AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

6 XGAMAS . 60000D+01 STOICHIOMETRIC AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

7 CHI . 70000D+01 COMBUSTION ENERGY, FRACTION RELEASED

8 QF . 80000D+01 HEAT OF COMBUSTION ( JOULES /KG)

9 QVAP . 90000D+01 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (JOULES /KG)

10 ZKOPY . 10000D+02 TEMPERATURE OF PYROLYSIS

11 FC02 . 10000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS C02

12 FCO . 20000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS CO

13 FS . 30000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS SMOKE

14 FHC . 40000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS HYDROCARBONS

15 FH20 . 50000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS H20

16 AFIRE . 60000D+00 FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER

17 ZKOIG . 70000D+00 TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION(DEG K)

18 PSI . 80000D+00 SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME

19 TBURN . 90000D+00 BURNOUT TIME (SEC)

20 ZUFZZ . 1 1000D+01 FLAME EXTINCTION COEF . (1/M)

PRESS "RETURN "

< CR > TO CONTINUE

ENTER INDEX NUMBER OF ITEM TO BE CHANGED FOLLOWED BY A COMMA,

FOLLOWED BY THE NEW VALUE (F15.5). ENTER 0 , 0 TO END CHANGES.

20,8.205

15, .0075

10,798.65

0,0

1 ZJOZZ

2 ZCOZZ

3 VMOZZ

4 EB

. 10000D+01

. 20000D+01

. 30000D+01

. 40000D+01

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/M DEG K)

SPECIFIC HEAT (J/KG DEG)

DENSITY (KG/M3)

EMI SSIVITY/ ABSORPTIVITY OF SURFACE

71-
5 XGAMMA . 50000D+01 AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

6 XGAMAS . 60000D+01 STOICHIOMETRIC AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO

7 CHI . 70000D+01 COMBUSTION ENERGY, FRACTION RELEASED

8 QF . 80000D+01 HEAT OF COMBUSTION (JOULES /KG)

9 QVAP . 90000D+01 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (JOULES /KG)

10 ZKOPY . 79865D+03 TEMPERATURE OF PYROLYSIS

11 FC02 . 10000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS C02

12 FCO . 20000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS CO

13 FS . 30000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS SMOKE

14 FHC . 40000D+00 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS HYDROCARBONS

15 FH20 . 75000D-02 MASS FRACTION EVOLVED AS H20

16 AFIRE . 60000D+00 FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER

17 ZKOIG . 70000D+00 TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION (DEG K)

18 PSI . 80000D+00 SEMIAPEX ANGLE OF FLAME

19 TBURN . 90000D+00 BURNOUT TIME (SEC)

20 ZUFZZ . 82050D+01 FLAME EXTINCTION COEF . (1/M)

PRESS "RETURN" < CR > TO CONTINUE

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE ANY MORE VALUES?. ENTER

"Y" IF SO.

N

MATERIAL NAMES CURRENTLY IN THE DATA BANK (JOT DOWN THE NUMBER(S) OF ITEM

TO BE CHANGED)

:

1 GASOLINE

4 METHANE

7 POLYURETHANE

10 RED OAK

PRESS "RETURN"

2 HEPTANE

5 PMMA

8 PROPANE

11 ARBITRARY

< CR > TO CONTINUE

3 KEROSENE

6 POLYSTYRENE

9 PU FOAM

THIS PROGRAM HAS SIX USE OPTIONS:

A) ADD A MATERIAL TO THE DATA BANK

C) CHANGE MATERIAL DATA ALREADY IN THE BANK

D) DELETE A MATERIAL

E) EXIT PROGRAM; WRITE DATA BASE TO DISK FILE

S) SORT (ALPHABETIZE) THE DATA BANK

V) VIEW A MATERIAL IN THE BANK

ENTER YOUR CHOICE: A, C, D, E, S OR V

S

SORTING DATA BASE

MATERIAL NAMES CURRENTLY IN THE DATA BANK (JOT DOWN THE NUMBER(S) OF ITEM

TO BE CHANGED)

:

1 ARBITRARY

4 KEROSENE

7 POLYSTYRENE

10 PU FOAM

PRESS "RETURN" < CR

>

2 GASOLINE

5 METHANE

8 POLYURETHANE

11 RED OAK

CONTINUE

3 HEPTANE

6 PMMA

9 PROPANE

THIS PROGRAM HAS SIX USE OPTIONS:

A) ADD A MATERIAL TO THE DATA BANK

C) CHANGE MATERIAL DATA ALREADY IN THE BANK

D) DELETE A MATERIAL

- 72-
E) EXIT PROGRAM; WRITE DATA BASE TO DISK FILE

S) SORT (ALPHABETIZE) THE DATA BANK

V) VIEW A MATERIAL IN THE BANK

ENTER YOUR CHOICE: A, C, D, E, S OR V

D

ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE MATERIAL TO BE DELETED FROM THE DATA BANK

1

THE MATERIAL TO BE DELETED IS

1 ARBITRARY

PROCEED WITH DELETION? ANS (Y/N)

Y

MATERIAL NAMES CURRENTLY IN THE DATA BANK (JOT DOWN THE NUMBER(S) OF ITEM

TO BE CHANGED)

1 GASOLINE 2 HEPTANE 3 KEROSENE

4 METHANE 5 PMMA 6 POLYSTYRENE

7 POLYURETHANE 8 PROPANE 9 PU FOAM

10 RED OAK

PRESS "RETURN 1

' < CR > TO CONTINUE

THIS PROGRAM HAS SIX USE OPTIONS:

A) ADD A MATERIAL TO THE DATA BANK

C) CHANGE MATERIAL DATA ALREADY IN THE BANK

D) DELETE A MATERIAL

E) EXIT PROGRAM; WRITE DATA BASE TO DISK FILE

S) SORT (ALPHABETIZE) THE DATA BANK

V) VIEW A MATERIAL IN THE BANK

ENTER YOUR CHOICE: A, C, D, E, S OR V

E

STOP

- 73-
5. RUNNING IN BATCH MODE

To run in "batch" merely requires that the computer be "told" to run

FIRST, and then to provide the answers to the same questions that are asked

during interactive use. The first procedure is machine - dependent ; that is, it

varies with the operating system. The second item - the answers to the

questions - are given in a batch file; we will call it BTCHIN for convenience.

If we refer to Examples 4.1 and 4.7, we see that the simplest batch file we can have consists of 11 lines and an extra carriage return:

FIROUT

PLOTUT

N

N

Y

SOMINP

N

N

N

any number

any number

<CR>

The SOMINP appearing in the sixth line above is just an example name for some

input file, prepared in the usual way - i.e., during interactive runningsaved with that name. It is then available for either interactive or batch

use

.

74
Since you will not (necessarily) be there in person to run the program,

a little '‘control" program (file) must be written in order to instruct the

computer to run FIRST. The details of how this is done will vary from one computer to another, but they have a generic similarity: the control program

always does three things - it

1. signs you on (i.e.,logs you on),

2. starts execution of the progrma with a named batch file

3. signs you off

Thus in the example above, the control file signed you on the machine,

called up the executable version of FIRST, and directed it to use the file

BTCHIN, displayed on the previous page; that file acts as your surrogate, and

answers the questions "asked" by FIRST. BTCHIN specifies, in this example,

that SOMINP be used as the input file. After the program has been run, you

are automatically signed off.

It must again be stressed that the form and the preparation of the

control file are machine -dependent (more precisely, they depend on the

operating system with which the user works) . Therefore we will not attempt to

give an explicit example of a control file. The batch file, on the other

hand, is almost machine- independent (any dependence appears in the forms of

file names permitted by the computer)

.

75
When the third question, "WILL THIS BE USED FOR ... BATCH RUNS?", is

answered with "Yes", output to the viedo screen is suppressed, which is

appropriate when there is no one there to observe the screen. Moreover, some

machines may have difficulty finding enough space for all the output, in batch

mode, so that this alleviates that potential problem. On the other hand, an

analogous difficulty has been found for the opposite case: one version of the

operating system for a PE 3252 computer found it impossible to allocate

adequate space for the creation of the batch files when the "Y" option was

chosen. Thus it is not possible, with the present program, to operate

successfully in all machine environments. Should difficulties appear when "Y"

is chosen, therefore, it is advisable to use "N" (but choose an output

interval longer than the run length)

.

76
6 . OUTPUT

There are two places where output appears: on the terminal screen, and

in one or more files (stored on the disk, and therefore usually referred to as disk files). In section 6.1 below, the names of the disk files are discused;

in section 6.2 the appearance of the disk files is first discussed, then that

of the running output on the screen.

6 . 1 Output File Names

As discussed in section 4.1, the output files must be named by the user

(there are no default names) . The output files may be named fairly arbitrarily, but OUTPUT should be avoided; also FILES and BCHDAT are "reserved" names,

and may not be used. 10 The file names may have up to fourteen characters

(each); of these, the last four may be a period plus a three -character "extension" (except for the CYBER, which forbids the period) ; the first two may be

drive specifiers (for PC's). Warning: your operating system may not permit

as many as 14 characters; check first. Precisely because some systems are fairly restrictive, only six-character (or fewer) file names have been used in

FIRST - e.g. FIROUT rather than FIRE. OUT, BCHDAT rather then BATCH . DAT , etc.

The output plot file PLOTUT is used when graphical output is requested (see

section 6.4). For illustrative purposes only, we will assume that the name

FIROUT has been chosen for the output file, just as shown in section 5.

On a VAX with VMS operating system, version numbers are automatically

appended after the extension, so that if several runs were made, the results

would appear in FIROUT; 1, FIROUT; 2, etc. The operating system used on the

Perkin-Elmer machine (and many others) does not have this feature; hence the

program deletes any preexisting file with the name now chosen for the output

file (FIROUT, here) before a new run is made with output going into a file of

that name. Thus, if a record is desired of a given run, the contents of

FIROUT must be printed out, or the file must be renamed, or some other name

10 The file FILES consists of the names of input files produced by the

user; it is opened in subroutine SEARCH.

77
must be chosen for the new output file. There can be more output; this will

be discussed in section 6.4.

6.2 Standard Form of Output

The first thing to appear on the disk file are the choices made by the

user for the physics subroutines. Next is a "header" consisting of the user's

input comments (if any). Following this is a list of the user's input: the

geographical arrangements and the thermophysical data, as shown on the next

page. On the page following that, some sample output is displayed (one notes

that it is given to five significant figures; this is done not because we

believe the results accurate to five places, but in order to be able to

compare one output with another)

.

78
PHYSICAL SUBROUTINES SELECTED:

OBJECT TEMPERATURES: 2 TMP02

GAS ABSORPTION COEF: 2 ABSRB2

PLUME ENTRAINMENT: 1 AREA PLM

RUN 1 FIRST VERSION 1 DEFAULT CASE. JUNE 4, 1987.

GEOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

ROOM NUMBER 1

:

D I MENS I ONS ( X , Y , Z ) = ( 2.4384 3.6576 2.4384)

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE® 300.0

A PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR IS PRESENT IN THE ROOM:

ABSORPTION COEEFICIENT THRESHOLD FOR ALARM = .03300 1/M

LOCATION OF DETECTOR INPUT PORT (METERS BELOW CEILING) = .020

OBJECT NUMBER 1 (ID® 1) :

IT IS FLAMING A GROWING FIRE AWAY FROM WALLS

COORD I NAT ES ( X , Y , Z ) = ( .8400 2.8180 .6100)

ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL® .00 ANGLE WITH XZ-PLANE® .00

THICKNESS® .100 DENSITY® 47.00

INITIAL MASS® 6.852 INITIAL RADIUS® .037

MAXIMUM RADIUS® .968 OBJECT RADIUS® .860

SPECIFIC HEAT® 1700. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY® .0400

EMISSIVITY® .98 CHI (FRACTION OF HEAT RELEASED)® .65

HEAT OF COMBUSTION = 2.870E+07 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = 2.580E+06

PYROLIZATION TEMP® 600.0 IGNITION TEMP® 770.0

AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO® 9.85 STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO® 9.85

FC02(C02 MASS/FUEL MASS)® 1.510 FCO(CO MASS/FUEL MASS)® .013

FS(SMOKE MASS/FUEL MASS)® .240 FH20(H20 MASS/FUEL MASS)® .714

FHC (TOTAL HC/FUEL MASS)® .002 FLAME CONE ANGLE (DEG) = 30.0

A(FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER)® .0137 BURNOUT PARAMETER (SEC)® 20.00

FLAME EXTINCT. COEF.(1/M) 1.280

OBJECT NUMBER 2 (ID® 2) :

IT IS NON FLAMING A GROWING FIRE AWAY FROM WALLS

COORDINATES(X.Y.Z) = ( ANGLE WITH HORIZONTAL® .00

THICKNESS® .100

INITIAL MASS® 1.096

MAXIMUM RADIUS® .466

SPECIFIC HEAT® 1700.

EMISSIVITY® .98

HEAT OF COMBUSTION = 2.870E+07

PYROLIZATION TEMP® 600.0

AIR/FUEL MASS RATIO® 9.85

FC02(C02 MASS/FUEL MASS)® 1.510

FS( SMOKE MASS/FUEL MASS)® .240

FHC (TOTAL HC/FUEL MASS)® .002

A(FIRE SPREAD PARAMETER)® .0137

FLAME EXTINCT. COEF.(1/M) 1.280

VENT NUMBER 1

:

(WIDTH, HEIGHT, DEPTH) = ( WALL NUMBER 1

:

THICKNESS® .0254

SPECIFIC HEAT® 1062.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS:

SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR® 1004.

FOR AIR: HEAT TRANSFER COEFF® 10.00

FOR LAYER GASES:

MAX. HEAT TRANSFER COEFF® 50.00

FOR VENTS:

FLOW COEFFICIENT® .68

:.1800 2.8180 .8640)

ANGLE WITH XZ-PLANE® .00

DENSITY® 47.00

INITIAL RADIUS® .037

OBJECT RADIUS® .344

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY® .0400

CHI (FRACTION OF HEAT RELEASED)® .65

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = 2.580E+06

IGNITION TEMP® 770.0

STOICHIOMETRIC MASS RATIO® 9.85

FCO(CO MASS/FUEL MASS)® .013

FH20(H20 MASS/FUEL MASS)® .714

FLAME CONE ANGLE (DEG) = 30.0

BURNOUT PARAMETER (SEC)® 20.00

.7620 2.0320 .4064)

DENSITY = 800.00

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY® .1340

PLUME ENTRAINMENT COEFF® .10

MIN. HEAT TRANSFER COEFF® 5.00

ITERATION LIMIT: 100 TOLERANCE: 1.0E-04

MAX TIME STEP: 2.00, MIN TIME STEP: .00098- 79-
The regular (default) output has this appearance:

T= 50.000 DT= 2.000 NT = 25 NIT= 734 IT= 25 G.S.

R0CM= 1: TELZ R=-3. 1559E+00

TMLZZ= 1 . 0320E-01

ZHLZZ = 4. 4079E-01

TELZD=-1. 7624E+02

ZELZZ= 1 . 3937E+06

Z KLZZ = 3. 021 1E+02

ZMLZZ = 4. 5947E+00

TELZZ = 3. 1472E+04

ZKDZZ= 3. 0000E+02 1 Z YLOZ = 2. 3133E-01 Z YLDZ = 7 . 6813E-04 Z YIMZ= 2. 3723E-06 ( First

Z YLSZ = 6. 6133E-05

ZYCO = 2. 3180E-01

ZYCS = 0. 0000E+00

ZPRZZ=-1. 9585E-07

Z YLWZ = 1. 2727E-04

ZYCD = 5. 0000E-04

ZYCW = 0. 0000E+00

Z ULZZ= 1. 6948E-02

Z YLHC= 9. 6401E-05 / ZYCM = 0. 0000E+00 \

F QDF D= 0.0000E+00

Block

0BJ= 1: FQL0R= 1. 8660E+00 FQW0R= 4. 2951E+02 F QP0R= 1. 0006E+04

(ID= 1) ZK0ZZ= 7 . 2700E+02

TE0ZZ=-9. 2888E+02

ZMOZZ = 6. 8507E+00 TMOZZ =-4. 9792E-05

, Second

ZHPZZ= 1. 3876E+00

TEPZ R= 3. 7315E+02

ZRFZZ= 6. 2494E-02

TMPZZ= 1 . 04 16E-0

1

TEPZZ= 3. 1 942E+04 Block

0BJ= 2: FQL0R= 2. 1344E+00 FQW0R= 4. 57 52E+02 FQP0R= 0. 0000E+00

, Third (ID= 2) ZK0ZZ= 3. 0002E+02

TEOZZ = 0. 0000E+00

ZMOZZ = 1 . 0963E+00 TMOZZ = 0. 0000E+00

VENT= 1: TEUZZ = 2. 9049E+02

TMDZZ= 3. 8502E-04

TMUZZ= 9. 5771E-04

TMIXM = 0. 0000E+00

TEDZZ= 1. 1597E+02 » Fourth

WALL= 1,1: F QLWR= 5. 381 1E+00

ZKWZZ= 3. 0028E+02

FQPWR= 4. 9833E+00

ZKFL0= 3. 0000E+02

FQLWD= 1. 0896E+01

Fifth

WALL= 1,2: FQLWR= 0. 0000E+00

ZKWZZ = 3. 0000E+02

F QPWR= 0. 0000E+00

Z KFL0= 3. 0000E+02

FQLWD=-7. 9581E-12

This appears on the screen every 20 seconds (default interval) of fire time

(not time on your clock!), unless another interval is specified by the user.

It appears on the disk file (i.e., in file FIROUT for example shown in this

guide) every 10 seconds of fire time, again unless something other than ten

seconds has been specified by the user. It is appropriate to note here that

the screen output "scrolls" past - that is, it moves across the screen

continuously, making it impossible to study; this is usually not a problem,

especially as most operating systems permit the user to "freeze" the image by

holding down the CONTROL and the C, S, or T keys simultaneously (or by some

other keyboard command)

.

The top line gives the following information:

T is the time in seconds since the start of the run - i.e., since

ignition of the first item.

DT is AT, the last time increment (in seconds).

80
NT is the total number of time steps needed to get to this point. Thus,

T/NT gives the average time increment, <At>.

NIT is the total number of iterations required to get to this point.

IT is the number of iterations required to converge to the time step

shown (i.e., from t - At to t)

.

G.S. stands for "Gauss-Seidel" , the numerical technique upon which is

based the method of solution for the simultaneous coupled equations of

the model. This is indicated, because there is an alternate technique

built in, the Newton method, chosen automatically by the computer, when

required. The latter is hardly used any longer, however, because of

improvements in the physics.

The remainder of the output gives values of the variables which are calculated. The first block of data (23 items) , labeled ROOM, gives values of

15 variables pertaining to the upper gas layer in the room, such as its

temperature, species concentrations, etc.; and 6 to the lower gas layer. It

also includes the convective heat flux to the floor, and the pressure difference (at the floor) between inside and outside pressure (this drives the

flows through the vents)

.

The symbols identifying these variables are neither euphonious nor

mnemonic. However, they are rational, and are explained in section 9.1; a "dictionary'' of these symbols is given in section 9.2. The next block of data

(12 items), labeled OBJECT #1, gives values of variables pertaining to object

#1: the fluxes falling on its surface, its mass, the pyrolysis rate when it's

pyrolyzing, the energy released when it's burning, etc.

The third block of data (7 items), labeled OBJECT #2, does the same

thing for the second item. It has five fewer entries because it is not yet

burning. There are as many of these blocks as there are objects, of course.

The fourth block (5 items), labeled VENT #1, pertains to the mass and

energy fluxes through that vent.

The final block (8 items)

,

labeled WALL, gives the fluxes falling on the

upper wall and ceiling from several sources, and the resulting surface

81
temperatures as well as the floor/lower wall temperature (which, even though

reported, is not in fact varied in this version)

.

The first index in the label (l,i) refers to "wall number 1" (in this

version there is only one wall/ceiling) ; the second index refers to the

interior of the room (i=l) , or the exterior (i=2)

.

Appropriate comments appear between outputs, both on the user's screen

and on the disk file, when various interesting things happen. Thus, the

ignition of an object is announced together with the time this occurs.

Similarly, when oxygen starvation begins and/or ends for a burning object, the

burnout of an object, and the activation of a photoelectric detector (if one

is present) are all announced.

More information appears on the screen than on the disk file: after the

regular block of output, some abbreviated information on the progress of the

calculation is flashed on the screen, as shown here:

(NT=

IT = 26 T=37

32.000 DT= 2.000 G.S. )

43 VARIABLES CURRENTLY IN THE SYSTfcM

(NT=

IT = 27 T=29

34.000 DT= 2.000 G.S.

)

(NT*

IT =

28 T=

19

36.000 DT= 2.000 G.S.)

(NT=

IT = 29 T=

31

58.000 DT= 2.000 G.S.)

One of these double lines appears for each time step (or attempted time step)

.

If the number of iterations required to converge exceeds the current maximum

(100 is the default), the message "NOT CONVERGED" will appear.

If the lower- layer temperature is calculated to be higher than the

calculated upper- layer temperature during iteration, the message

COLD LAYER TEMPERATURE A HIGHER THAN LAYER B

82
appears on the screen; A is the lower- layer temperature, B is the upper- layer

temperature

.

The thickness of each layer is calculated independently. Their sum must

equal the height of the room. As long as this sum differs from the actual

room height by less than one part in a thousand, no message appears on the screen. But when the error is greater than 10~ 3 = 0.1%, the message

Layer height sum error ... %

,

appears on the screen.

6 . 3 Short Form

As is seen from the appearance of the regular output, there is a minimum

of 23 lines of output per (chosen or default) output interval, and three extra

lines for every extra (non-burning) object. This results in a rather thick

stack of paper if a long run is made; since only a few of the variables will

generally be of interest to a user, much of that is a waste. Therefore an alternative output format has been devised, which produces only one line of

output per output interval. This tabulates eight user-chosen variables. If

the user does not choose the variables, a default set is output.

The output resulting from a 500-sec run of a case similar to the

reference (default) case (see section 2) is given on the next two pages. We

note that the header for each column is the code name for a particular

variable; the argument for each variable refers to the room number (KR=1) for

the room variables, or to the object number (K0=1 or 2) for the object

variables. Above each header is a short description of what that variable is;

these descriptions do not in fact appear in the output, they are only included

here for clarification.

83
O O fO M N (N (S .£??????

op O nO I—I ON <F on <r on co

cn oo o o o o o o

oo «M <t r>-

• • • • • 00 1—< CM CO LT>

CN^QNin^ONi-iini-

???????????????????? imuwuHwuidwwuawwwuaaw itrivooqoNvOvD\pr-i co m~

01 ^ o o m <t ON

* CN O' IN CO <t

r-( N0 s h in o

CN CN CN CO CO CO CNMCNMNCNHHr—IHH

3r^.

ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca CO <r r-H NO co <r CM ON r-H NO NO ON ON O CO m ON CN CN CN p'. CN ON NO in r- CO oo O O r-H »-H CN co

I", I""* 00 00 ON ON !—l i—l r—-l r—l r—

l

w a a a a m no oo on

00 00 On OO a a a a a a no co in oo m <r rs

r-H NO

00 >—1 CM CM 0O CO 0O 00 00

3

CN CN CN CN CM CN CN CO CO 0O OO 22222222222 cacaMHcacacailWcaca r-iinoocNH<fcoonoinM inin'T'jcNHHNODvoo i—I'^f^oini-Jr^i—cr^'^’oom M'oominffiNncNNcnoM • •••••••••• I—l f—I CN CO <f NO ON i—i i—i CN COco co cn 'j

¥ ? ¥ ¥ ca ca ca & r-< n m -J

nO <f ON O h co oo g>

<r on o o

ca ca in r-* m oo

NO NO

<r on

uj ca cn cn ON R O’ nO m

inmininininininNO

rNOCO-ONCOCOCOOi

????????? aiaaaaaaa

sfOrsooooO'-tNj’^ mNM^<r<roNHCN O CO N r—l CM nv o 1-H NfincoHr-iHCNcnM'OcoHHHCNcoM'incOH

£j

IN

oomininininmin^'i •i'^'J'^'JoncocococooncocococNcNCMMCNCN ??????????? cacawpacaiacacacacaca ????????????????????

lOOfficNHOOCOOoOCONf LncN^fmcooNr-tNOONCN oooNr^OoocNON<tr^r^<r inoocooNNONOONoo ' * ~ oo oo ON NO NO ON co cn r- SONi-IHCNCOnTsOONi-IH

r—i r—i r-o r—t r—

1

t—» r—

1

r—

1

f—i r—

i

???????????

NON^ON(OnOCOnOCN<T aaaaawawaaa

NooiniANj^cocNHOco i—l r—l i—l i—l i—H i—l r—l t—l r—l i—l r~~) cococoncocococotocoo

CMCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCN

? ? ca a O CO N Nf K CO CN on is i—i n in n co

cn co oo <r no r-i ‘ * O ON H (O N vO

CN NO OO O oo no no in <f co cn i—

i

CN

00

ON

I

CO *8u

•Hu

328oo no

~ o CO 3 CN CO CN cn <}

c3

ca ca ONO CN

in m oo o

ca m

lo i—

h

r—i r—-4 3

CN COaaaaaaaaaau NinooooNONMM'cnai ‘ O 00 N N M

~

cn on <r co m i—t m CN (O nO CO

_ CO N N oo in jo n m CN nO CN

. NO O ON

CN o

3

M-inrsCNHHCNcoM-iO

????????????????????

^-ir-tcNcoQ— aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa i^r^cNCNQr^coomcNco^rOO iOCOO'4QOOOnMtOQHSin«jiONtON'J^ ‘ ONo QOMTiOOOONinM-CNOSCOON-iN^incOCN onCNCNCNCMCNCNCNCNCNi—ir—<OOON 00 Nin

CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN »—I r—I r-( <—l i—

l

????????????????????

aaaNincoNOCNNM’OONOjNNOO'-iNoafo aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

HCN'J'fNNtNCNO'HNOCNCNinnrJoinco 00 -3’ ON CN t-H in r—l On nO ^

O nO i—i in nO CO O nO CN N CNNMOnOCO-HOOnO (N (Ti |n 'C '-l ONoooor^r^r^r^vONONONOinminin

co m

sr ^

oo m

co co

CO CN fH i—l i—I i-H i—l i—l i—H i-H i—l Taaaaaaaaaaa 9 ?????????

NomoNiSminoocooNHoo SinNOONSCNOCNNH CNOQr—ICOQ nOOQCNnO ON'CT'TCNOOOnONOOnOCO

nOnOt—irNcn^NfiniorNoo

CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN ???¥?¥????¥

ONoocNONONincooNi— aaBaa^aaaaa(coco ~ (NinoocNoo<rco

cn ni co g

o o S 2 888qoqqqoo

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

ao

4-J 8

-ua

M

???¥?¥ W Cd Cd H a W on on on m co o _ QONinin\ocN\OooH(n Oi CO 00 CO

' ‘ ' on m on o

8

8S

ca ca n o on

co vo oo

ca ta ca <r r^- Pd ca ca <r on

r—I \0 CN i—i co m oo h

ca ca <r on_ & m no

i—I i—l i—l i—l CN CN CN CN CO CO CO 3 S

CO O'N Cn t-H i-H r-H pH r-H t—

H

r-H r-H r—H t—H *-H

CN CN CNJ CN eg eg CN ¥?¥¥¥¥¥ ca ca ca ca ca ca ca

i—i oi 4 co \o a <f N n N oo o m no oo o co no >—

i

rH t-H r-H CN

CN CN CN CN eg CN ?????? S a p] a a S SCNI ON N N O co on <r cn vo cn on on h in

CN CO CO -d" nO I

CN CN CN CN CN CN CN O O i—i <r O' r>- <r cni cn <t <r o o cn o o n <• cn <

on i—i m on m co co cocococococococofncocOi-ococo<r<r<finoN

a CNOOOOOOOOO HCNCOM'inONOCO'

3

0-i OOOOQOOOO cMco<finNor^cooN OOOOQOOOO cNco^rinvor^oooN

r—I,—I,—li—I.—l^H—I-—Ir-IONCNCNCNCNCNCNCMCMCNCO

- 84-
8

s

ON

2r>- m

on

on

?????????

OOr^iHrH<i-QNr^o aaawMwwtqa

in^onnn^O’vOH NO n CM O'- CM i—I lO o w MNOico^n<fnn • ••••••••

noONrvrvrvrs^j'X)

????????? EdCdEdEdEdEdEdEdCd CNr- — Irlin-Cfr'N.COCNO ONCMCOCMOONOOn ~ “ ON M lO n CM H 00 <f H 00

ON <r on n n <r <f ro to n n

1mmn

co

?????????

OJ£N^nO>?nOOJOn -^^ rsHlsOOOQ^

555ON NO nO CO CM CM 00

• ••••••vo

T—i r—l r—

1

f—i r—i r—i r—i r—» r—

»

????????? CdHCdWCdtdfcdCdy OCOONOOHOnIsnOCO ONNONONlOtONlJN cMp^ocooNnnoon (nNNiOHN(OONNO

^iotn<f<rntooj(Ni

&

MT

i—

i

n

EdONnn*n

8

3

n n n n n n

nO CM ON

co cq oo on 3f O

rH r—I ON NO

<r

On. o

CO

ON CM

Ed Ed Ed Ed 00

rH nNO

cnON 8 CM ON I"- n r>. i-'» ON 00

r>» 8 CM rH

CO CO CO CO CO ¥¥¥?¥ lii ^3 si cd s

n

On

CO

>-h coQ

<r co

r-l <T I''" o» 8

rH iH CN rH H

?

tSnO

ON

00

1n*3

00

8• CO

CMCO

CM CM CM CM CN ?????

ON 00 Q ON On

CO On in CO H co oo <r <r

CM CM CO CO ????

8 3 8 8 CM NO CO On

CM n nO CO

NO ^0 nO iH ????????? EdEdEdEdEdCdEdEdfd ia w a rH r—I CO

i—i O O. on CM n n on

m cd w Ed

I—I NO no 00 St I1

cm n rs nd n oo ^ CM N O N ON H 0O O <f H Nfl ONONfCOCNjHHNflNf CMHONNOOCNIHONO

CM2

8CO

00

ON

CO

rHco

H

CM O CM CM V ¥ ¥ Ed <H Ed Ed ON > tH o>

CM cm n CO CM H ON Eh nO H • CO n 8 n

>cr St

cS

Cd Cd cd Ed Ed Ed Ed Ed Ed a Ed Cd

r>* o 00 CM NO ^H ON CM rH o oS CO

NO <r CM CM CM r-v CM 00 NO ON n n $ 3

CO 00 CM <|- NO i"-. co ON st oo rH rH CM CM CM CM CM CM

t—i rHi—4 rH—i rHi— CM CM CM CM CM 8 8 CM CM

i

Cd Cd

I00

ONCO

Ed 8<r

CM1

rH

r^. ON

OCMCO

????????? 883888838 nnooOsONOcocMCM wnnjrHi^gNooOin

<r p>. cm <r n no no no no n n no no

nm ns cd S3 cd 8

Ed Cd

IN CM nS NO 8

66 ON O'- CM 0 00 n NO co CO O 00

'J H rH rH CM CM CM CM rH

CO CO CO CM CM CM CM CM CM ???¥?¥¥?¥

nNOvjr^cM<i-r^.0Q<J‘ SdatSawaaH

NONOoonoN'Tconoo OOOn?)<fiNM

rH r—H rH CTn 00 r*** 'sO LO LO

R >cfinNor^cooNOrH oqooooqo

co co <r <r n no co co co co co

????????? CdCdCdCdCdCdCdCdCd H <f On ON 00 NO

1—I ON On no in <r

OC^ ON CM nO O <f n

ON

°q

CM CO CM n ON CM N 00 00 00 ON

8 8 8 8 3 N N ON ON 00 n cm on n co

rH H ^0 ^0 ^0 ???

co388<r n rH CO N CO O

rH H rH rH iH rH ON ON ON

CM CM CM CM ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ Cd cd cd Cd <f n CM Mf

co n no n cm oo

ON NO ^

<f <r

nr

•<r

CM CM CM CM CM ¥¥?¥¥ B3 cd Ed Id -Jg 00 ON 00 NO o 00 NO CM H N co in ® ^ on

CM rH o O ON M M M <r co

N^M-itinONOOiT'

<r o<r<r o‘ o o NO

' M O’ M

o~ oON

nt <r n

-85
We also see that messages appear when certain noteworthy events occur

(such as ignition of the second item at 306.6 sec). There are also somewhat

more cryptic notes, such as "state 2 -* 5" or "state 5 -* 10". These numbered

"states" refer to the status of an object. State 2 means "heating", 5 means

"flaming", and 10 means "consumed" (burned up). Other numberd states (such as 4 for "smoldering") are not yet incorporated into the program. "Oxygen

starvation" means that insufficient oxygen is being entrained into the fire

plume for complete combustion of the fuel vapor.

In the following three pages, a sample session at the terminal is

reproduced, illustrating how to change the list of variables (if desired). We

see from the table on the second of the three pages there are 70 variables

available from among which to choose 8. They are identified with two arguments. When the second argument is zero, only the first is significant, and

its meaning is as described above (i.e., KR, KO, KV, etc., - see section 6.3).

When the second argument is non-zero, it refers to the inside (1) or outside

(2) of a wall, ceiling, or floor. Thus, FQPWR(1,1) is 11 the radiative heat

flux from flame number one to the inside of the wall.

There are two important points to be made here:

(1) Although it is not stated in the instructions appearing on the

screen, the numerical entries should be integers. Contrary to the

instructions given in section 3.1, however, in this case the

location of the integer is not important.

(2) Although this is not mentioned in the instructions on the screen

either, if the carriage return (<RET>) key is struck, the default

variable is entered (with the caveat indicated in the footnote in

section 4.). This, too, is illustrated in the following example.

11 Item 63 in the list on p . 88.

86
WILL THIS BE USED FOR FURTHER BATCH RUNS? (Y/N):

N

WELCOME TO THE INPUT PORTION OF THE PROGRAM. THIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU

TO INITIALIZE YOUR VARIABLES EITHER BY BLOCK DATA OR BY A PREEXISTING INPUT

FILE. IT THEN ALLOWS YOU TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO YOUR INPUT DATA AND GIVES

YOU THE OPTION TO SAVE THESE CHANGES IN A FILE (NAMED BY YOU).

YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 1 INPUT FILE(S)

AVAILABLE FOR USE

LEN.DAT

BEFORE CONTINUING, WOULD YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE INPUT FILES DELETED? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE ONE OF THESE INPUT DATA FILES TO BE READ IN AND

INITIALIZE THE INPUT VARIABLES? (Y/N):

N

YOUR INPUT DATA WILL BE BASED ON THE PROGRAM BLOCK-DATA DEFAULTS

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR INPUT DATA DISPLAYED TO LET YOU SEE WHAT THE VARIABLES

HAVE BEEN INITIALIZED TO? (Y/N):

N

WOULD YOU LIKE TO MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THE INPUT DATA? (Y/N):

Y

IN THE INPUT SEQUENCE TO FOLLOW, NOTE THAT AN INPUT ERROR — E.G. TYPING A LETTER WHERE A DIGIT IS REQUIRED —

CAUSES THE QUESTION TO BE REASKED.

THE SYMBOL <RET> STANDS FOR CARRIAGE RETURN, OR NEWLINE, OR

WHATEVER KEY ON THE TERMINAL IS USED TO ENTER DATA.

HIT <RET> TO CONTINUE

YOU HAVE 2 OPTIONS FOR CHANGING THE DATA:

1) A MENU FOR SELECTING YOUR AREAS OF CHANGE

2) RUN THROUGH THE WHOLE INPUT SEQUENCE, START

TO FINISH

NOTE: IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE INPUT PROGRAM, IT IS BEST TO

MAKE CHOICE //2 IN ORDER TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE

DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

PLEASE ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE

1 THE FOLLOWING LIST IS A BREAKUP OF THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM. TO

CHANGE THE DATA IN ANY ONE OF THESE SECTIONS, ENTER THE ITEM NUMBER OF

YOUR CHOICE:

- 87 -
0) NO MORE CHANGES

1) SELECT PHYSICS SUBROUTINES

2) CHANGE GEOMETRIC AND/OR PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

3) CHANGE OUTPUT OPTIONS

3

DO YOU WANT OUTPUT IN COLUMNAR SHORT FORM (REQUIRES LINE PRINTER) INSTEAD OF

(DEFAULT) TABULAR LONG FORM? (Y/N)

:

Y

VARIABLES TO BE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT VARIABLE

OUTPUT ARE:

ZKLZZ(l)

ZHLZZ(l)

ZULZZ(l)

ZYLOZ(l)

ZRFZZ(l)

-TEOZZ(l)

ZKOZZ(2)

TMUZZ(l)

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS LIST? (Y/N)

:

Y

From the table that follows, jot down on a piece of paper the numbers

of the new variable names you chose.

VARIABLES IN THE RUN:

1) TELZR( 1 ,0) 16) ZMCZZ( 1

, 0) 31) ZMOZZ( 1,0) 46) TEPZR( 2 , 0)

2) TELZD( 1 ,0) 17) ZECZZ( 1 , 0) 32) ZM0ZZ(2 ,0) 47) ZRFZZ (1,0)

3) ZMLZZ (1,0) 18) TMCZZ(1 ,0) 33) TMOZZ( 1,0) 48) ZRFZZ(2 ,0)

4) TMLZZ( 1,0) 19) TECZZ( 1

, 0) 34) TM0ZZ(2 ,0) 49) TPSI( 1 ,0)

5) ZELZZ( 1 ,0) 20) ZKDZZ (1,0) 35) TEOZZ( 1,0) 50) TPSI(2 ,0)

6) TELZZ( 1,0) 21) ZYLHC( 1,0) 36) TE0ZZ(2 ,0) 51) TMBZZ( 1, 0)

7) ZHLZZ( 1 ,0) 22) FQDFD( 1,0) 37) ZHPZZ (1,0) 52) TMBZZ(2 ,0)

8) ZKLZZ( 1,0) 23) FQLOR( 1,0) 38) ZHPZZ(2 ,0) 53) TEUZZ( 1, 0)

9) ZYL0Z( 1 ,0) 24) FQLOR(2 ,0) 39) TMPZZ (1,0) 54) TMUZZ( 1,0)

10) ZYLDZ( 1,0) 25) FQW0R( 1,0) 40) TMPZZ(2 ,0) 55) TEDZZ (1,0)

11) ZYLMZ (1,0) 26) FQWOR( 2,0) 41) TEPZZ( 1 ,0) 56) TMDZZ(1,0)

12) ZYLSZ( 1 ,0) 27) FQPOR( 1,0) 42) TEPZZ(2 ,0) 57) TMIXM( 1,0)

13) ZYLWZ (1,0) 28) FQPOR( 2 , 0) 43) TMPLU( 1 ,0) 58) ZKVZZ (1,0)

14) ZPRZZ (1,0) 29) ZK0ZZ( 1, 0) 44) TMPLU(2 ,0) 59) AQUW (1,0)

15) ZULZZ( 1,0) 30) ZK0ZZ(2 ,0) 45) TEPZR( 1,0) 60) AQDW( 1,0)

Enter <CR> to continue

61) FQLWR( 1,1) 64) FQPWR( 1,2) 67) ZKWZZ (1,1) 70) ZKFL0( 1,2)

62) FQLWR( 1,2) 65) FQLWD( 1,1) 68) ZKWZZ(1 ,2)

63) FQPWR( 1,1) 66) FQLWD( 1,2) 69) ZKFLO( 1,1)

Enter <CR> to continue

RESPOND TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PROMPTS BY ENTERING THE NUMBER

CORRESPONDING TO THE DESIRED VARIABLE IN THE TABLE ABOVE. ENTER

A SIGN BEFORE THE NUMBER TO OUTPUT THE NEGATIVE OF THAT VARIABLE’S VALUE.

NUMBER OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT IN COLUMN 1 (DEFAULT IS 8, ZKLZZ(1,0)):

8

NUMBER OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT IN COLUMN 2 (DEFAULT IS 7, ZHLZZ(1,0)):

7

88
NUMBER

37

OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT

NUMBER

-33

OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT

NUMBER

-35

OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT

NUMBER

54

OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT

NUMBER

39

OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT

NUMBER

Q

OF VARIABLE FOR OUTPUT

VARIABLES TO BE OUTPUT ARE:

OUTPUT VARIABLE 1 ZKLZZ(l)

OUTPUT VARIABLE 2

OUTPUT VARIABLE 3

OUTPUT VARIABLE 4

OUTPUT VARIABLE 5 OUTPUT VARIABLE 6

OUTPUT VARIABLE 7 OUTPUT VARIABLE 8

ZHLZZ(l)

ZHPZZ(l)

-TMOZZ(l)

-TEOZZ(l)

TMUZZ(l)

TMPZZ(l)

ZYLOZ(l)

IN COLUMN 3 (DEFAULT IS 15, ZULZZ (1,0))

:

IN COLUMN 4 (DEFAULT IS 9, ZYLOZ( 1

, 0) )

;

IN COLUMN 5 (DEFAULT IS 47, ZRFZZ (1,0)):

IN COLUMN 6 (DEFAULT IS -35, -TEOZZ (1,0)):

IN COLUMN 7 (DEFAULT IS 30, ZKOZZ (2,0)):

IN COLUMN 8 (DEFAULT IS 54, TMUZZ (1,0)):

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS LIST? (Y/N)

N

89
6.4 Graphical Output

Some years back, a method was devised to provide graphics if desired.

Refer to example 2, section 4; the third item up from the bottom on the nextto-last page, reads, "DO YOU WANT THE TERMINAL OUTPUT IN GRAPHICAL FORM?"

When that question is answered in the affirmative (i.e., "Y"), a second

question appears: "DO YOU WANT TO SAVE (THE) GRAPHICAL OUTPUT (ON LU#14)?"

LU#14 means "Logical Unit 14" and corresponds to the output plot file named by

the user; it was named PLOTUT in sections 4.1 and 5. If the answer to this

second question is "No", then the graphical displays appear on the screen. If

the answer is "Yes", then there is no graphical display on the screen, but

only in file PLOTUT - i.e., the second disk (output) file.

When the graphical display appears on the screen, the tabular output

does not. The display scrolls by, and must be stopped if examination is

desired. Some samples of the graphical output are shown below; they correspond to various stages of the fire for the default case.

As we can see from the first figure, thirteen items of information are displayed: on the top line, the dimensions of the room and a temperature are displayed; the temperature is marked "Tamb " apparently standing for the

ambient temperature. In fact, this is misleadingly labeled - it is the

temperature of the lower layer in the room. On the second line, the time

(after ignition) and the heat release rate from combustion are listed. The

asterisks form the outline of the ceiling, floor, and walls of the room,

displayed in a side view. Note that the floor and ceiling extend beyond the

room; the doorway sill is represented by a square bracket. The ceiling/wall

temperature appears as "Twall" (as if embedded in the ceiling) . The hot layer

is represented by rows of dots. When the layer is thick enough so that there

are at least two such rows representing it (which is the case at t=40 sec) , its temperature and the oxygen mass fraction are superimposed on one of the

rows. Just outside the room, the mass outflow rate from the hot layer is

given; in this case (at t=40) the layer is not yet below the soffit and hence

the flow is zero. The column of P's represents the thermal plume rising from

the flame into the layer. The width of this column reflects the width of the

90
flame base and thermal plume. At the bottom of that column FF appears representing the flame. Below that is a row of 1 ' s , bounded by square brackets;

that represents the fuel slab, and its mass is listed just underneath it.

Finally, just below the floor, the flux to object #2 (when it exists) is

listed, as well as the mass-loss (pyrolysis) rate of the fuel slab. In the

second figure, corresponding to t=60 sec, we see that the layer has gotten so thick that gas spills out of the room at the rate shown.

In the third figure, corresponding to t=120 sec, we see that

temperatures and flow rates have increased; the fire radius has also grown, as well as the corresponding flame height. Hence the plume is thicker. At

t=160, the flame is so high that it enters the hot layer. At t=200, the

increasing sootiness of the layer is indicated by having a darker shading of

the layer via double rows of dots replacing the single rows. At t=220, the

layer is still more opaque and that's indicated by using small circles, rather

than dots, for the "shading". At 300 sec, just before ignition of the target

item, the flame has almost spread to the edge of the fuel slab. Finally, at

320 sec, the layer has fallen still lower, because the ignited second item

(not shown) has put much more gas into the upper layer, making it thicker

still; the flame over object 1 no longer shows, at this level of graphic

resolution.

91
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 1 (40 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tamb = 26.84 C

Time = 40. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 4.90E-01 KW

Tral 1 = 27 . C

****

Vent Flow *<>... Tlayer = 28. C ... Oxygen = 23.1 % * 0.0E+00 KG/S * *

* PP * PP * PP * PP * PP * PP * PP * FF * [1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 6.85 KG ***

Obj. 2 Flux = 4.60E-01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 2.63E-05 KG/Sec

GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 2 (60 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tamb = 26.84 C

Time = 60. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 9.31E-01 KW

kkkkkidrkkkkkkkkkkkkkkirkMckkkirkkkkk-k-kk'Mdrkkkirk-Jckk'k-kkick ~| = 27 • C

****

Vent Flow *.... Tlayer = 29. C ... Oxygen = 23.1 % * 3.8E-03 KG/S * *

* * PP * PP * PP * PP * PP * PP * FF * [1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 6.85 KG **

*

Obj. 2 Flux = 4.59E-01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 4.99E-05 KG/Sec

- 92 -
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 3 (120 SEC)

Length - 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tarab = 26.85 C

Time = 120. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 5.98E+00 KW

Tygl 1 = 28. C

****

Vent Flow *.... Tlayer = 34. C ... Oxygen = 23.0 % * l.GE-01 KG/S *

*

, . . .

... , , , * PPPPP

PPPPP

FFFFF

FFFFF

[1111111111111111111111111111]

FUEL = 6.84 KG

**

**

**

** kkirkkirkirkicMck

J kick~A‘irkkkiekkickick‘kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk-kickkkkk

Obj. 2 Flux = 4.53E-01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 3.20E-04 KG/Sec

GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 4 (160 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tamb = 26.92 C

Time = 160. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 1.96E-+01 KW

kkkkkiekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk Twill = 31 . C ****

* * * *

Vent Flow *.... Tlayer = 44. C ... Oxygen = 22.8 % * 2.1E-01 KG/S *

*

*

* FFFFFFF * FFFFFFF * FFFFFFF * [1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 6.82 KG **

*

c ] kkkk-kkkkkkkk-kkkkkiekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk^

Obj. 2 Flux = 4.40E-01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 1.05E-03 KG/Sec

- 93-
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 5 (200 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tamb = 27.34 C

Time = 200. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 6.12E-+01 KW

kk-A-kk-kkk-k-kk-kkk-kkkJckkkkkkk-kkkickkk-k-k-k-k-k

-k

-k-k-kk-k-kkk-k-k-Jck-k-k-k T’wail = 42. C

****

::

c

Vent Flow *: : :

Hayer = 67 . C : : : Oxygen = 22.2 %

3.5E-01 KG/S

FFFFFFFFFFF *

[1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 6.74 KG **

*

I kkkkkkickkkkkkkkkkkkk'kickick'kk'kkkkkkkkkkkkickirkkkkkkk-kkkkkirkkk

Obj. 2 Flux = 4.67E-01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 3.28E-03 KG/Sec

GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 6 (220 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Heigjht = 2.44 M Tamb = 27.98 C

Tine = 220. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 1.05E+02 KW

k**kk*1ekk*k****k*****kk-kk**1ckk*k**^^ Twall = 54. C

**** 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* Vent Flow 00000 Tlayer = 88. C 000 Oxygen = 21.7 % 00000000000000000*

4.5E-01 KG/S 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

FFFFFFFFFFFFF * FFFFFFFFFFFFF * [1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 6.65 KG **

*

kkirkkkkkkkkkk

J kjckk*k-k*McMckkk*k**1ck*k*Jck4eki^ Obj. 2 Flux = 5.72E-01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 5.65E-03 KG/Sec

- 94 -
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 7 (300 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tarab = 67.50 C

Time = 300. Sec. Heat Release Rate = I . 13E+03 KW

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk Twall =302. C **** 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* Vent Flow 00000 Tlayer =462. C 000 Oxygen = 13.3 % 00000000000000000*

9.4E-01 KG/S 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF * [1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 4.90 KG *

kk'kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkiddrkkkkkkkkkkX-kkkkkkk^kkkkkkkkk-kkkk

-kkkkkk Obj. 2 Flux = 1.54E+01 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 6.04E-02 KG/Sec

GRAPHICAL DISPLAY 8 (320 SEC)

Length = 2.44 M Width = 3.66 M Height = 2.44 M Tamb =225.39 C

Time = 320. Sec. Heat Release Rate = 1.58EH03 KW

k

-kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk-k ] =555. C **** 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 0000000000000*000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* Vent Flow 00000 Tlayer =699. C 000 Oxygen = 5.9 % 00000000000000000*

1.0E+00 kg/s 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF * [1111111111111111111111111111] * FUEL = 3.35 KG **

* kkkkkkkkkkkkk

j kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk'kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk'kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk

Obj. 2 Flux = 7.30E+02 KW/M**2 Bum Rate = 8.45E-02 KG/Sec

- 95 -
7. THE DEBUG OPTION

The debugger is available for programmers or skilled users for tracking

down difficulties, should they appear. Even though the numerical technique

now in place is fairly rugged and converges some 98% of the time, there are occasions when the calculation will "hang up" . Often that difficulty can be

overcome by using one of the techniques outlined in section 8, item 11.

However, even those will not always work. This is especially true if the

program is altered in such a way as to introduce a mathematical discontinuity

in the program. In that case, the program can be rerun, with the DEBUG option

selected to cut in just before the difficulty appears. Referring again to

example 2 (in section 4.2), we see that if use of the debugger is desired, the

fourth from the last question in that series is to be answered "Yes". (In the

example, the default answer "No" was selected by using a carriage return.)

This question does not automatically appear in the menu-driven mode, on the

other hand; one has to request "changes in the output options" (choice #3)

,

in

order to invoke the "debugger". In response to "Yes", eight further questions

are asked: When should the debugger start? How often should output go to the

TTY thereafter (again, 20 sec is default)? How often to the disk? Should the

message "leaving subroutine..." appear every time the calculation leaves a subroutine? (This option is useful in bracketing the location of arithmetic

errors.) Should output be displayed after each iteration? Do you want a list

of the variables "in the system" at every rescaling? Or, do you want just

those entering or leaving "the system" upon rescaling? Finally, do you want

these questions reasked at a later time (and what time is that)?

Experience has shown that the most useful option is the one which gives

the output after each iteration; this allows the calculations to be followed

in detail and errors or difficulties can often be tracked down this way.

An interesting use of the debugger is the following: if a run "hangs

up" at some moment tc , due to a numerical instability, sometimes it is

possible to sidestep the trouble merely by invoking the debugger at a time

earlier than tc

, which was skipped over. Thus, if tc = 308 (say), and there

were calculations made at (say) t = 150 and 152 (but not at t = 151), then

96
invoking the debugger at 151 forces an extra calculation there; the resulting

numerical differences thereafter might succeed in bypassing the trouble at

308. In case of difficulty during execution of the program, DEBUG was

automatically invoked in Mark 5, permitting the (interactive) user to stop or

to proceed in a number of ways. This feature has been dropped in FIRST, in

part because that would create difficulties when running in BATCH mode.

In order to examine various arrays or other calculations which are not

displayed, such as the matrix elements of a Jacobian, it is necessary to have

recourse to the more powerful debugging and tracing options generally available via the operating system.

8. EXTENDING THE UTILITY OF THE PROGRAM

Although this program (as any program is) limited in what it can do, its

utility can be (and has been) extended by the use of a little ingenuity. We

might call these "tricks of the trade". A number of examples are given here,

but evidently the list can be extended. However, the cautionary words which

were written in the FOREWORD regarding the limitations of the model apply even

more strongly here; such "tricks" will be best used by experts. Items 5, 6,

8, and 10 below are suggestions : they have not been checked against full-scale

tests

.

1. Suppose a fire grows and spreads, but does not grow exponentially.

It can be simulated by a gas burner, rather than as a "growing

fire"; the growth is handled by varying the gas flow rate (in a prescribed manner) ; the spread can be (albeit crudely) approximated by turning on extra burners (or new burners of larger size)

as time goes on.

2. In a similar way, a moving heat source can be approximated by

turning on a gas burner; then turning it off but turning on an

adjacent burner, and so on. Alternatively, by using several

growing fires, each ignited by the previous one, as the latter

burns out

.

3. An elongated source can be approximated by simultaneously turning

on a set of small -diameter adjacent burners.

97
4 . The effect of a fire set on a gasoline spill on a carpet (by an

arsonist) has been simulated by taking about 10% of the gasoline

mass to be in the vapor phase and calling it object #1; the

remaining 90% is object #2; and the carpet is #3. Then object #1

is taken to be a growing fire, and its fire -growth parameter is

adjusted so that it is consumed in a few seconds. Object #2 is

taken to be a pool fire, and its heat of vaporization is chosen so that it is consumed at a rate comparable to that of a large liquid

pool fire (about 4 mm/min) , as Blinov and Khudiakov found [24].

Whether the rug then ignites and whether the flame propagates

depends on its ignition temperature, its size, and its thermophysical properties. Evidently the sections of rug drenched in

gasoline cannot become hotter than "the" boiling point of gasoline

until the latter has all evaporated; but adjacent sections will

get quite hot and (presumably) ignite.

5. Although there is not (yet) an algorithm inserted for ceiling

venting (i.e., for venting through a horizontal vent), it can be

reasonably well approximated by substituting a narrow (say, 1 cm

high) slit just below the ceiling, of a width such that the total

vent area is that of the desired ceiling vent.

6. Most rooms have leaks around door- and window- frames , electrical

outlets, etc. A simple way to model these leaks is via a vertical

slit in a wall. These leaks will not be noticeable except when

the doors and windows are closed.

7. The program does not yet have a wall -burning algorithm.

Nevertheless, wall fires have successfully been mimicked, using

the existing growing-fire algorithm (for horizontal slabs), as follows: The wall can be approximated as being a slab of material

located in the center of the room, whose total area is the maximum

wall area that could get involved, and at a height about a third

of the way up the door opening (so that the interface will not

fall below the level of this fictitious object, possibly starving

it of oxygen when the layer is highly vitiated) . Given an

ignition source, it is not difficult to estimate how long it takes

to ignite the wall, if the flame "attaches" itself to it (the flux

then is about 3 W/cm2

) . A first run is then made, and the

object's temperature at the time the wall would be igniting is

noted. The run is then repeated, with that temperature as the

ignition temperature of the object.

Finally, a value must be chosen for the spread- rate parameter A

(see section 3.1, note 15). Now, many wall fires spread (upward)

exponentially, just as horizontal fires do (see, for example,

Orloff et. al . [24a]):

Z = Z e<3t

p o

98
where Z

p is the pyrolysis height. It is easy to show that for the

equivalent horizontal slab, p = /3/2. 12 Thus

A = 2/3/3/c

(A is an input value (p. 9) described in note 15, p. 13). The

initial height ZQ corresponds, in this approximation to the initial radius ro in horizontal spread. For PMMA, /3 = 0.0039 sec

-1

and k = 1.5 m~ 1

. Hence A = 1.7 mm/sec for PMMA. (For other

materials, A will probably not differ from this by large factors.)

However, lateral spread is slower, and a somewhat smaller value

might be best.

Although FIRST is only a single -room model, it can sometimes be

used as a two -room model: if the fire room is adjacent to or lies

within a much larger enclosure, then the large enclosure will

respond to the fire room much as the out-of-doors would. The

progress of the fire in the initial room can be calculated

independently, therefore, and the emerging hot gases are a source

for the larger room. The hot gas emerges at the rate mu (t), and

we can take it to be a variable burner (at the appropriate

height). However, the gas enthalpy rate is Eu (t), so that the

effective heat of combustion of this "burner gas",

AHc (t) - Eu (t)/mu (t) - c

p Ta ,

is a function of time, rather than a constant. Since we must

choose a constant for it as an input value, the simplest (and

perhaps best) value to choose for it is

AHc = f Eu (t)dt/f mu (t)dt - c

p Ta

, the integrations being over the entire duration of the fire.

A good liquid-pool fire algorithm has not yet been built into the

model. One reason is the radition blocking has not been incorporated into the flame model. However, that can be approximated by

taking the fire surface to have a smaller absorption coefficient

than it really does, or equivalently, to assume that the heat of

vaporization (Hv ) is larger than it actually is. The magnitude of

the adjustment that must be made (in either quantity) can be

fairly easily found by noting that most liquid pools have similar

regression velocities (about 4 mm/min) in the asymptotic limit

(see ref. [ 24] )

.

The meaning of p is given in note (15), section 3.1.
10. A wind incident on a house will have little effect on the fluid

flows in a room, if there is only one vent open (such as the

window) because a stagnation region is immediately established.

If there is cross -ventilation, however, the wind can sweep through

the room. This is easily simulated by invoking two (extra) forced

vents, with the appropriate volumetric throughput.

11. Occasionally the calculation will fail to converge. Often the

case can be run successfully by making a trifling change in the

input - e.g., change a dimension or a position by a few millimeters; or change 7 (the air/fuel mass ratio) up or down; perhaps

increase or decrease At; often changing the convergence criterion

(up or down) will help. If the failure occurs at or soon after a steep change in V(t) (for a forced-ventilation run), or mg (t) (for

a burner run) , making the slope more gradual could easily be- the

solution to the problem.

12. As pointed out elsewhere in this report, if the walls, ceiling and

floor are made of different materials, a reasonable approximation

can be made by taking an area-weighted average of k, p, and c. On

the other hand, if they are of different thicknesses as well, then

the appropriate weighting may be more complicated (this will be so if one of them is so thin that the thermal wave will reach the

other side well before the end of the run)

.

13. As discussed earlier (see item 19, section 3.1), if there are many

flammable target objects in the room, it may be necessary to lump

a number of objects (say, numbers 2 to n) into a single effective

object. The behavior of this effective object is:

a) It must ignite at the same time as object 2 ignites:

te = t2 ( 2 )

b) The pyrolyzing area should spread approximately as the

totality spreads - i.e.,

n

Re 2 (t) — S Vet) (3)

i=2

The resulting flame and its radition will not be quite

correct; to first order, however, this may be adequate.

c) More important still, we must have the power output of the

single effective object mimic the computed behavior of the

ensemble of objects:

100
( 4 ) n

Ee (t) = 2 ^(t)

i=2

(Note that the power output of object i is zero until it

ignites at time tig (i); that is, E2 (t) = 0 for t < t ig (2) =

t2

, E3 (t) = 0 for t < t3

, etc).

d) Evidently, the initial mass of the effective object is the

sum of the (initial) masses of the component objects; that

is,

n

me = 2 “oCi)

i=2

Assuming the effective object burns as a growing fire, there

are thirteen thermophysical parameters of the effective

object that can be adjusted to yield the indicated

approximations: k, p, c, Hc , Hv, /c f , Tig , *, 7, ys , tb , and A. Of these, the first three appear as the product kpc

in the expression for the heating to ignition. This brings

the effective number of parameters to eleven.

We must begin by making a run with the initial fire

(object 1), and objects 2, 3, and 4. We note the time of

ignition of object 2; that will also be the ignition time

for the effective object, as stated by eq. (2). We then

note when object 3 ignites, and the object radii and total

heat outputs at time t3

. We do the same for the ignition of

object 4. The run is interrupted at that point, and a first

effective object made, which is a combination of objects 2

and 3, of mass m2 + m3 ; call it object e x

. A second run is

then made, with objects 1, e 1 , 4, and 5. Then e x and 4 can

be combined into e2 , as in the first run. We proceed (in

principle) in this way until all the objects have been

ignited.

The difficulty is that how the eleven parameters are

to be chosen so as to yield all the above , even in an

approximate or least-squares sense, is not clear to the

authors. The simplest (and crudest) method is to choose Ae so that eq. (4) is satisfied for a time late in the fire.

An equally simple alternative is to use the variable gas

burner option so as to satisfy the computed values of power

output, as in eq. (4), at each stage. This bypasses the

problem of what parameters to choose, but

(a) it will give incorrect values for radiation, and

101
(b) small-radius burners cannot yield high power outputs.

Both those difficulties can be reduced by using two (or

three) variable burners, of increasing size.

The final difficulty is that if the number of objects

is large, a large number of runs will be (apparently)

necessary. In fact, however, after a relatively modest

number of objects have ignited, a pattern will probably

become clear, enabling the user to generalize the simulation

without having to make a great many runs

.

14. Furniture items have fairly typical rate-of -heat-release curves

(ref. [25]), so that reasonable results for the progress of a fire

can be approximated by specifying such a curve ( via the variable

gas burner) . Such curves are generally found for burning in the

open, however; the model may modify this output due to the effects

of ventilation limitation, oxygen starvation, and radiative

feedback from the enclosure. Alternatively, a furniture item may

be modeled as several interacting objects, as in ref. [26, 27].

15. A wood crib can be approximated reasonably well as follows: the

total surface area of the sticks, As , is calculated. If we subtract the area where the sticks overlap, that leaves about 80%

exposed. Then take the "maximum radius" of the object to be such

that

<.* - °- 8 As For the spread-rate parameter, use A — 0.032 m/s. Finally, use

the point- source plume. One caution: any flammable target item

must be placed sufficiently distant from the crib, that the

program will not find it (spuriously) to be ignited by contact

with the flame, when the fire radius reaches R^^. .

16.

A vent can be opened at a predetermined time or temperature. See

Appendix B

.

9 . NOTATION

9 . 1 The Method

It is usual practice to use FORTRAN symbols in ways suggesting common

names and then to supply a dictionary of the symbols actually used. However,

a fire in a large building has a large number of geometric, compositional, and

physical properties. To avoid arbitrary selection of symbols for closely

102
related things (e.g., the x coordinate of many objects) we have selected a naming system which uses the first six characters for preassigned purposes.

This results in labels which are not euphonious , nor universally

satisfactory: not every variable we want to use can be described according to

our scheme. This is principally due to the limitation to only six alphanumeric characters for a name; nevertheless, it has served reasonably well...

The FORTRAN name of any quantity will be selected as follows

:

1 2 3 4 5 ( 6 )

(1) Position 1 is used for derivatives, with respect to:

Z nothing

T time

X,Y,W space

A area

V volume a

3 -—-——, ()

' '

' per unit volume

dxdydz

F area and time —I CO"

ataxay’ v ' i . e .

,

a flux

S space and time CO''' dtdxdydz ’ i . e .

,

a source

D difference A; exact definition to be specified by the user

103
(2) Position 2 is used for a physical quantity:

A area

B width

C specific heat

D diffusion coefficient

E energy

F view factor

G thermal diffusivity

H height

I radiant intensity

J thermal conductivity

K temperature

L length

M mass

N thickness

0 heat transfer coefficient

P pressure

Q heat transferred

R emissivity

S coordinate

T time

U absorptivity

V volume

W z- coordinate

X mole fraction (or x coordinate)

Y mass fraction (or y coordinate)

Z nothing (or z coordinate)

(3) Position 3 specifies an object, place, or direction

A ambient

C cool (lower) layer

D down (as in "below")

F fuel

104
L hot (upper) layer

0 object (will include all objects, distinguished by subscripts)

P plume

R room

U upper (as in "above”)

V vent

W z-direction, or wall

Y y-direction

Z nothing

(4) Position 4 specifies a composition variable:

B charring plastic

C cellulose

D carbon dioxide

E soot

G combustible gas (usually reported as "hydrocarbon")

H hydrogen

1 inert ingredients

J char

M carbon monoxide

N nitrogen

0 oxygen

P plastic

S smoke

W water (or H2 0 vapor)

Z none

(5) Position 5 specifies special conditions:

A ambient

B boundary condition

C critical condition (user defined)

D convection

E outside

105
F final condition

I initial condition

M maximum value

N minimum value

R radition

S iium

Z none

(6) Position 6 is normally left blank. However, it is also used as a suffix for numerical handling:

0 (zero) or P: value at previous timestep

1 value on output from the current physical subroutine

Examples

:

ZKLZZ: Temperature of the upper layer.

TKLZZ: Time rate of change of the upper layer temperature (not

explicitly used in the model, so far).

Exceptions

This notation has performed well except for one purpose:

the transfer of heat or mass, in which it is desirable to

indicate both the source and destination of the indicated

quantity. Since most of these quantities are computed

initially as fluxes we have made an exception to the above

rules as follows:

If the first character is F (flux: F, in position 1) then

the character in position 3 is the source of the indicated

quantity while the character in position 4 is the destination of the indicated quantity.

106
Examples

:

FQLWD(2,1): Flux of heat from the upper layer to the inside of

(upper) wall #2, via convection.

FMLDZ: Flux of mass from the upper layer to the lower layer

(not used in this program, but see TMIXUM)

For constants of nature (e.g., g)

,

mathematical constants (e.g., ^r)

and other universal quantities, the common symbol will be used

(G,PI).

There are a number of input parameters (not variables) for which the

naming convection has not been used (or used only in part)

,

such as ZKOPY, the temperature at which pyrolysis begins, or ZKOIG, the

temperature of ignition (for an object).

While all of the above rules have been carried over from Mark 5 , a few

new terms appear in FIRST (mostly related to the lower layer) which do not

quite conform to this naming convention. These are all included in section

9.2.

The dictionary which follows will illustrate these rules and will

present all quantities used in FIRST. The dictionary also shows the subscript

character (if any)

.

9.2 Dictionary of Symbols

FORTRAN Symbol Description

AFIRE (KO) = A Spread rate (or fire growth) parameter for

object KO (see section 3.1, esp. note 15)

ALPHA = a Plume entrainment coefficient (taken to be

0 . 1 )

107
ANGH(KO) = 9 e Angle which (plane) surface of object KO

makes with the horizontal (in degrees) . At present, if this angle is input as 90°

-- i.e., a vertical object; if < 45°, it

is taken to be 0

° -- i.e., a horizontal

obj ect

.

ANGV(KO) = 7 Angle which vertical surface of object KO

makes with the plane xz , i.e., the wall

running along the x-axis (in degrees)

.

AQDW Convective energy transferred to unit area

of floor or lower part of wall (areas

adjacent to the lower layer).

AQUW Same as AQDW, but corresponding to the

ceiling and upper wall, adjacent to the

hot (upper) layer. In W/m2

. BETA = p A convenient combination of parameters

TMP001: p = 1/JnpcK

CD = cd Vent flow coefficient (we use 0.68).

CHI(KO) - x Fraction of combustion energy Hc actually

released in open-air burning.

CP = c

p Specific heat of air at STP (1004.0

Joules/kg°C)

.

DT = At Size of current timestep. This increment

is in seconds.

DTINIT = At0 Initial step size in seconds. This will

remain the maximum step size in the

calculation.

EB(KO) = eb Emissivity/absorptivity of surface of

object KO (unless otherwise specified, we

take eb = 0.98).

ECEIL Emissivity of extended ceiling; taken to

be 0.82 in BLOCK DATA; no provision has

yet been made to have it an input

parameter

.

EFLOR Emissivity of extended floor; remarks on

its value are identical to the remarks

made for ECEIL.

108
FCO(KO) = ££ 0

FC02 (KO) = fc 02

FH20(K0) = f^ 20

Mass fraction of (combustible part of)

object KO evolved as CO, when it burns in

the open.

Mass fraction of object KO evolved as C02 , when it burns

.

Mass fraction of object evolved as H2 0,

when it burns

.

FS (KO) = f^

FQDFD(KR)

FQLOR(KO) = q*’ 0 = <j> LQ

FQLWD ( KW , J S IDE ) =

^LWD > ^AWD ° r ^LWD > ^AWD

FQLWR(KW,J) = 0LWR , ^AWR

FQPOR(KO) = qp 0

FQPP = *ff

FQPP(K01 ,K02) = <f> 12

FQPWR(KW,J) = 2 ^FW

f

FQWOR(KO) - q^' 0

G

Mass fraction of object KO evolved as smoke (C and condensed hydrocarbons) , when

it burns

.

Convective heat flux from the lower layer

to the floor (W/m2

)

.

Radiative flux to surface of object KO

,

from the hot layer in the enclosure

(W/m2

)

.

Convective heat flux to side JSIDE of wall

KW, from the hot layer (in W/m2 ). Thus,

FQLWD(KW,1) is the flux from the inside of

the room to the interior surface of the

wall/ceiling. FQLWD (KW, 2) is the flux

(from outside) to the exterior surface of

the extended ceiling.

Radiative flux to side J of wall KW, from

the hot layer (W/m2

)

.

Radiative flux to surface of object KO,

from the flame (s) (W/m2 ).

Flux from flame -flame interaction. Nonzero only if target is also burning.

When objects KOI and K02 are both flaming,

this is the flux impinging on the base of

K02 due to absorption by its flame, of

radition for KOl's flame.

Radiative flux to side JSIDE of wall KW,

from the flame (s) (W/m2 ).

Radiative flux to surface of object KO,

from the hot walls and ceiling (Watts/m2 ).

Acceleration due to gravity (9.8066

m/sec2

)

.

109
Td M

II 3 7T = 3.141592 . . . QF(KO) = Hc Heat of combustion of material making up

object KO (in Joules/kg).

QVAP(KO) = Hv Heat of vaporization (or pyrolysis) of KO

(in Joules/kg)

.

R Gas constant (8.314 J/mol °C)

.

SIGMA = a Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant

(5.67 x 10' 8 W/m2 deg4 ).

T = ZKFZZ Preselected temperature of flaming gases

(1260 °K).

TBURN(KO) = tb Burnout parameter (see section 3.1, item

12).

TECZZ(KR) Rate of change of energy of the lower

("Cool'') layer, in watts.

TEDZZ(KV) Rate of outflow of enthalpy from the lower

layer, via vent KV (in watts).

TELZD(KR) = Eld Rate of increase of energy of the hot

layer by convection in room KR (in watts)

-- generally negative.

TELZR(KR) = Q Rate of change of energy of the hot layer

in room KR, by radiation (watts)

.

TELZZ(KR) = El Net rate of change of the energy of the

hot layer in room KR (in watts).

TEOZZ(KO) = Ef (Negative of) chemical energy output rate

(in watts) of object KO, when it is

burning.

TEPZR(KO) = EpR Radiative power loss from flame above

(burning) object KO (in watts).

TEPZZ(KO) = Ep Energy flow out the top of plume KO (in

watts)

.

TEUZZ(KO) = Eu Energy convected out the upper part of

vent KV (in watts).

TMBZZ(KO) Mass burning rate of vapors from object KO

( in kg/sec)

.

110
TMCZZ(KR) Rate of change of mass of the lower (cool)

layer (kg/sec)

.

TMDZZ(KV) = md Mass outflow in the lower part of vent KV.

(A negative value means inflow.) In

kg/sec

.

TMFGZ(KO) = mg Gas flow rate, when object KO is a gas

burner (in kg/sec).

TMIXM(KV) Mass flow rate from upper layer to lower

layer at vent KV (kg/sec)

.

TMIXUM Total mass flow from upper layer to lower

layer in the room. This is the integral

of FMLDZ over the surface area (see

Examples)

.

TMLZZ(KR) = mL Rate of increase of mass of the hot layer

in room KR. In kg/sec.

TMOZZ(KO) = mf Rate of change of mass of object KO

(kg/sec) -- generally negative, of course.

TMPLU(KO) = Rate of entrainment of layer gases by the

upper part of plume KO (kg/sec) -- i.e.,

the part in the hot layer. In CFC V, nig

was taken to be zero. TMPZZ(KO) - mp Mass flow out the top of the plume over

object KO (into layer) -- in kg/sec.

TMRZZ(KR) = m Net mass (out-) flow rate from room KR.

TMUZZ(KV) = mu Mass flow out the upper part of vent KV

(kg/sec)

.

PSI(KO) = 0 Semiapex angle of cone modeling the flame

over burning object KO (in degrees).

TPSI(KO) = tan 0 Tangent of 0; actually, 0 is not carried

as a variable -- only TPSI.

VMAZZ = p a Density of ambient air (1.177 kg/m3 at

300°K)

.

VMLZZ(KR) = p L Density of hot layer in room KR (in

kg/m3

)

.

VMOZZ(KO) = p L Density of object KO (in kg/m3 ).

Ill
VMWZZ(KW) = pw Density of wall KW (in kg/m3 ).

XLAMDA = A Radiation mean free path (in m)

.

XGAMMA(KO) = 7 Air/fuel mass ratio during open-air

burning

.

XGAMAS(KO) = 7S Stiochiometric air/fuel mass ratio. 9.85

for PU foam.

ZBVZZ(KV) = B Width of vent (in meters).

ZCAZZ - c

p Specific heat of ambient air (1004 J/kg

deg) . ZCFZZ(KO) = Cg Specific heat of pyrolysis gases ‘ from

object KO, when it's burning (in Joules/kg

deg C)

.

ZCOZZ(KO) = Specific heat of object KO (J/kg deg)

ZCWZZ(KW) - cw Specific heat of wall KW (in J/kg deg)

ZECZZ(KR) (Thermal) energy of lower (Cool) layer.

ZELZZ(KR) = El Energy of the hot layer in room KR (in

Joules)

.

ZGOZZ(KO) = a Thermal diffusivity of object KO (in

m

2 /sec)

.

ZGWZZ(KW) = aw Thermal diffusivity of wall KW (m2 /sec)

.

ZHBZZ(KV) = hb Height of vent sill above floor (in

meters)

.

ZHFZZ(KO) = Hf , Zf Height of flame (in meters).

ZHLZZ(KR) = hL Depth of the hot layer in room KR (in m)

.

ZHOZZ(KO) = hQ , hf Height of surface of object KO above floor

(in meters)

.

ZHPZZ(KR) = h

p Height of plume KO (between hot surface

and layer interface; in meters).

ZHRZZ(KR) = hR Height of room KR (in m)

.

ZHTZZ(KR) = ht Distance of top of vent KV below ceiling

-- i.e., transom height (in m)

.

ZHVZZ(KV) = \ Height of vent KV (m)

.

112
ZJOZZ(KO) = k Thermal conductivity of object KO (W/m deg

K) . ZJWZZ(KW) = kyj Thermal conductivity of wall KW (W/m deg

K) . ZKAZZ = Ta Temperature of ambient air (in degrees

Kelvin; default value is 300 °K)

.

ZKDZZ Temperature of the lower layer (in degrees

K).

ZKFLO Temperature of the floor and lower part of

the walls

.

ZKFZZ = T Preselected temperature of flaming gases

(1260 K).

ZKLZZ(KR) = Tl Temperature of the hot (upper) layer in

room KR (°K)

.

ZKOZZ(KO) = Ts Temperature of the surface of object KO

(°K).

ZKOIG(KO) = Tig Temperature of ignition of object KO (°K).

ZKOPY(KO) = T

p Temperature at which object KO begins to

pyrolyze (°K).

ZKVZZ(KV) Mean temperature of gases moving through

vent KV (only use in forced vent routine)

.

ZKWZZ(KW, JSIDE) Temperature of side JSIDE of wall KW (in

°K) . ZLAMDA(KO) = A Radiation mean free path of photons in

flame gases (i.e., absorption length -- in

m) . This is just the reciprocal of k = ZUFZZ

.

ZLRZX(KR) = 1^ Dimension of room KR in x- direction (in

m) . ZLRZY(KR) = Ly Dimension of room KR in y-direction (in

m) . ZMCZZ(KR) Mass of lower (cool) layer (kg)

.

ZMLZZ(KR) = mL Mass of hot layer in room KR (in kg).

ZMOZO(KO) = m0 Original mass of pyrolyzable part of

material in object KO (kg).

113
ZMOZZ(KO) = mf

ZNOZZ(KO) = 0 ZNWZZ(KW) = r ZOAZN = he

ZOAZZ = h

ZOLZZ(KR) = hL

ZOLZM = a

ZOLZN = b

ZPAZZ = p a s 0

ZPRZZ(KR) = p f

ZRFZI(KO) = R.

ZRFZM(KO) = R^

ZRFZO(KO) = R0

ZRFZZ(KO) = R

ZTIG(KO) = t ig

Mass of object KO as a function of time

(kg) -- i.e., the remaining mass. Thickness of object KO (meters).

Thickness of wall KW (m)

.

Minimum heat transfer coefficient of

(quiescent, ambient) air. The default

value is 5 W/m2 deg K, but it can be

user-chosen.

Heat transfer coefficient of non- quiescent air. The default value is

10 W/m2 deg C, but it can be userchosen.

Heat transfer coefficient of hot layer

gases (to ceiling/walls) in room KR (in

W/m2 K)

.

Maximum heat transfer coefficient of hot

layer gases (in W/m2 °C). The default

value is 50 W/m2 °K, but it can be any

value greater than that taken for ZOLZN.

Minimum heat transfer coefficient of hot

layer gases. The default value is the

same as ZOAZN, i.e., 5 W/m2 °K, but it can

be user-chosen.

Ambient air pressure; it is used as the

reference pressure (in meters of air; 1

atm. = 8780 m)

.

Pressure at center of floor of room KR,

referred to p a (in meters of air

equivalent)

.

Radius of object KO, in meters (see

description of Ro in subroutine RNPO)

.

Augmented radius of object KO -- i.e.,

maximum equivalent possible radius of

fire, in m (see note (7), pp . 8-9).

Initial radius of fire on object KO, in m

(default value is 0.037 m)

.

Radius of fire on object KO (in m)

.

Time of ignition of object KO (in sec).

114
ZTPYR(KO) = t

py

Time of start of pyrolysis of object KO

(in sec)

.

ZTZZZ = t Time from ignition (in sec).

ZUFZZ = /c f Absorption coefficient of flame gases

(default value is 1.28 m" 1

, for PU foam).

ZULZZ(KR) = k Absorption coefficient of hot layer (in

m' 1

) . ZXOZZ(KO) = xQ X coordinate of object KO, with respect to

the local coordinate system of the room it

is in (in meters).

ZYCD

ZYCM

ZYCO

ZYCW

ZYCW

Mass fractions of C02

, CO, 02 , smoke, and

H2 0 (respectively), in the lower layer.

Analogous to ZYLiZ for the upper layer (in

kg/kg)

.

ZYLDZ(KR) = YC02 Mass fraction of C02 in hot layer in room

KR (in kg/kg)

.

ZYLHC - Yhc Mass fraction of hydrocarbons in the hot

layer (kg/kg)

.

ZYLMZ(KR) = Yco Mass fraction of CO in hot layer in room

KR (in kg/kg).

ZYLOZ(KR) = Y0 Oxygen mass fraction in layer in room KR.

ZYLSZ(KR) = Ys Concentration (by mass) of smoke

(particulates, mainly C, and condensed

hydrocarbons) in the hot layer in room KR.

ZYLWZ(KR) = Y Mass fraction of H2 0 in the hot layer in

room KR.

ZYOZZ(KO) = yo Y coordinate of object KO (in room KR) , in

meters

.

115
Appendix -- Subscripts

Subscript

Present

Purpose Range

J, or JSIDE Identifies the side of the wall under

consideration:

1. inside room

2. outside of room (open air)

KO Identifies the object 4

KR Identifies the room (KR = 1 only)

KV Identifies the vent 5 KW Identifies the wall/ceiling (as with 1

the room, there is only one in FIRST,

though it has been DIMENSIONED to 5)

116
10 . REFERENCES 13

[1] H.W. Emmons, H.E. Mitler, and L.N. Trefethen, "Computer Fire Code III",

HFPTR No. 25, Harvard University (1978).

[2] H.E. Mitler and H.W. Emmons, "Documentation for CFC V, The Fifth Harvard

Computer Fire Code", HFPTR No. 45, Harvard University (1981) and

National Bureau of Standards GCR 81-344.

[3] H.E. Mitler, "The Harvard Fire Model", Fire Safety Journal £, (1985) 7.

[4] W.G. Berl, Editor, International Symposium on the Use of Models in Fire

Research, Publication 786, National Academy of Sciences/National

Research Council, Washington, DC (1961).

[5] L.Y. Cooper, J.A. Rockett, H.E. Mitler, and D.W. Stroup, "A Program for

the Development of a Benchmark Compartment Fire Model Computer Code",

NBSR 85-3252 (1985) . Also to appear in the Proceedings of the

International Symposium on Mathematical Modeling of Fires and Related

Fire Test Methods, to be held in New Orleans, Dec. 1986.

[6] H.W. Emmons, C.D. MacArthur, and R. Pape, "The Status of Fire Modeling

in the U.S.", paper presented at US-Japan Panel on Fire Research (1979).

[7] W.T. Hathaway, "Survey on Fire Modeling Efforts with Application to

Transportation Vehicles", Report #D0T-TSC-0ST- 81-4 , for the Department

of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA (1981).

[8] R. Friedman, "Status of Mathematical Modeling of Fires", Factory Mutual

Research Corporation, FMRC Report RC 81-BT-5 (1981)

.

[9] J.S. Parikh et al . "Survey of the state of the Art of Mathematical Fire

Modeling", Underwriters Laboratories Report, File NC 554 (1983).

[10] H.E. Mitler, "Comparison of Several Compartment Fire Models: An Interim

Report", NBSIR 85-3233 (1985).

[11] H.E. Mitler, "Zone Modeling of Forced Ventilation Fires", Comb. Science

& Technology 39 (1984) 83.

[12] A.T. Modak and R.L. Alpert, "Influence of Enclosures on Fire Growth,

Vol . 1: Guide to Test Data", FMRC, Norwood, MA; RC77-BT-14 (1977).

13 Abbreviations used in this list are:

FRMC = Factory Mutual Research Corporation

NBSIR = National Bureau of Standards Internal Report (available - contact NBS)

HFPTR = Home Fire Project Technical Report

TR = Technical Report

117
[13] A.T. Modak, "Influence of Enclosures on Fire Growth, Vol. II:

Analysis", FMRC, Norwood, MA; RC78-BT-24 (1978).

[14] H.E. Mi tier, "Comparison Between Theory and Experiment for a Burning

Room", HFPTR 46, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (1981).

[15] H.E. Mitler and J.A. Rockett, "How Accurate is Mathematical Fire

Modeling?", Paper presented at the US-USSR Joint Seminar on Mathematical

Modeling of Fires, Tbilisi, USSR. Published in the Georgian Academy of

Sciences Journal (1981). NBSIR 86-3459 (1986).

[16] H.W. Emmons, "The Prediction of Fires in Buildings", 17th International

Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1979)

1101 .

[17] H.E. Mitler, "The Physical Basis for the Harvard Computer Fire Code",

HFPTR No. 34, Harvard University (1978).

[18] E.E. Zukoski, T. Kubota, and B. Cetegen, "Entrainment of Fire Plumes",

Fire Safety Journal 3 (1980/81) 107.

[19] B.M. Cetegen, E.E. Zukoski, and T. Kubota, "Entrainment and Flame

Geometry of Fire Plumes", National Bureau of Standards GCR 82-402 (1982)

Chapter 4.

[20] B.J. McCaffrey, "Purely Buoyant Diffusion Flames: Some Experimental

Results", NBSIR 79-1910 (1979).

[21] T. Tokunaga, T. Sakai, K. Kawagoe, T. Tanaka, and Y. Hasemi, "Mass FLow

Rate Formula for the Upward Current Above Diffusion Flames", Fire

Science and Technology 2,, No. 2 (1982) 117.

[22] M.A. Delichatsios , "Air Entrainment Into Buoyant Diffusion Jet Flames

and Open Pool Fires", to be published in Combustion and Flame (1986).

[22a] J.A. Rockett, "A Comparison of Plume Models", to be published.

[23] G.H. Markstein, "Radiative Properties of Plastics Fires", in 17th

International Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute,

Pittsburgh, PA (1978) 1053.

[24] V.I. Blinov and G.N. Khudiakov, "Certain Laws Governing Diffusive

Burning of Liquids", Doklady Academia Nauk, SSSR 113 (1957) 1094.

[24a] L. Orloff, J. DeRis, and G.H. Markstein, "Upward Turbulent Fire Spread

and Burning of Fuel Surface", in 15th International Symposium on

Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1974) 183.

[25] V. Babrauskas, "Upholstered Furniture Room Fires - Measurements,

Comparison with Furniture Calorimeter Data, and Flashover Predictions",

J. of Fire Sciences 2 (1984) 5.

118
[26] J.A. Rockett, "Modeling of NBS Mattress Tests with the Harvard Mark V

Fire Simulation", Fire and Materials 6, No. 2 (1982) 80.

[27] J.A. Rockett, "Park Service Room Fire Test Simulations Using the Harvard

Level 5.2 Computer Fire Model", Fire Science & Technology 4, No. 2 (1984) 135.

[28] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th Ed., Chemical Rubber

Publishing Co. (1979).

[29] A.M. Kanury, "Introduction to Combustion Phenomena", Gordon and Breach

(1975).

[30] A. Tewarson, "Physico-Chemical and Combustion/Pyrolysis Properties of

Polymeric Materials", FMRC TR 0E0N6.RC (1980). Also see NBS GCR 809-

295.

[31] C.C. Ndubizu, D.E. Ramaker, P.A. Tatum, and F.W. Williams, "A Model of

Freely Burning Pool Fires", Comb. Science and Technology 31 (1983) 233.

[32] A. Tewarson, "Quantification of Fire Properties of Fuels and Interaction

with Fire Environment", National Bureau of Standards GCR 82-395 (1982).

[33] A. Tewarson, J.L. Lee, and R.F. Pion, "The Influence of Oxygen

Concentration on Fuel Parameters for Fire Modeling" , 18th International

Symposium on Combustion (1981) 563.

[34] D.D. Cline, W.A. von Riesemann, and J.M. Chavez, "Investigation of

Twenty-Foot Separation Distance as a Fire Protection Method as Specified

in 10 CFR 50, Appendix R", NUREG/CR- 3192 , Sandia National Labs (1983).

[35] J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, eds . ; Polymer Handbook, 2nd ed. , J. Wiley

(1975).

[36] D. Gross, "Data Sources for Parameters Used in Predictive Modeling of

Fire Growth and Smoke Spread", NBSIR 85-3223 (1985).

[37] L. Orloff, A.T. Modak, and R.L. Alpert, "Burning of Large-Scale Vertical

Surfaces", in 17th International Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion

Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1978) 1345.

[38] F. Tamanini , "A Numerical Model for the Prediction of RadiationControlled Turbulent Wall Fires", in 17th International Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1978) 1075.

[39] A. Tewarson, "Experimental Evaluation of Flammability Parameters of

Polymeric Materials", FMRC, J.I. 1AGR1 , Final Report for PRC (1979).

[40] A. Tewarson, private communication.

[41] J.A. Rockett, "Data for Room Fire Models", Comb. Sci. & Technology 40

(1984) 137.

119
Appendix A. Derivation of Values Used for Heptane in Table I

We assume that the heptane burns in the open according to 1A

C7 Hi g + ^CO + C ^7^16 e^2 ^ (A-l)

Then species balance yields

C: a+b+d=7 ( 1 - c) (A- 2)

H: e = 8 (1 - c) (A- 3)

and n is given by

0 : 2 a + b + e = 2n (A-4)

We have here assumed

volatile hydrocarbons escapt

of CO and of C, we can write

that soot is as raw fuel.essentially carbon, and that the

Then from the heats of combustion

X = 1 - c - 0.0639 b - 0.0911 d (A- 5)

Recently G. Mulholland and coworkers have made measurements on the openair burning of a 50-cm diameter pool of heptane. They found1

5

that the soot

fraction is

fs = 0.013

(grams of soot per gram of evaporated heptane) . Since

fs 12

100

d,

1A A similar approach is used in ref. [41].

15 Private communication.

120
1 3

d = — = 0.108

12

Their measurements also indicate that the product CO is related to C02 according to

b = (6 ± 1.5) x 10' 3 a (A-6)

A carbon balance shows that all the carbon is accounted for in the soot (C) , CO, and C02 , within one or two percent - i.e., the hydrocarbon fraction is

very low. Finally, they found that the energy output is 41.9 ± 0.5 kJ/g of

evaporated fuel. 16 Since the theoretical heat release rate is 44.54 kJ/g,

XA = 0.94 ± .03 (A- 7)

Tewarson et al found that Xa = 0-83 (see ref. [33]), but the burning probably

took place under under-ventilated conditions. Taking the central value from

eq. (6), eqs

.

(2) and (5) then become

1.006a = 7(1 - c) - 0.108 (A-8)

and

XA = 0.9875 - 0.9973 c (A-9)

If we take the upper bound for the estimated error in the carbon

balance, we can have c = 0.02, corresponding to a = 6.712 and Xa = 0.9675.

This last result lies just within the upper error bound on Xa from eq. (7).

It then follows from eq. (6) that b = 0.040, and from eq. (3) that e = 7.840.

The molecular weight of heptane is 100, that of CO is 28, etc. It follows

that

fs fc 0.013

16 The quoted uncertainty is statistical; the systematic error may be 2% or higher, adding an uncertainty of ± 0.8, included in eq. (7).

121
fCO

28

100 b = 0.011

44

100

a = 2.953

f

HC

“ C - °' 02

and

18

f

H2 0 = TOO

e 1.411

These are the values used in Table 1. The values found by Tewarson et al [33]

correspond to substantially less complete combustion; this is probably due (as

pointed out above) to their experiment having been carried out in underventilated conditions.

122
Table 1. Thermophysical/chemical values chosen for the materials data bank.

Entries marked "nr" are not relevant.

Ouantitv Methane HeDtane PMMA PU Foamtt

k nr 0.14 [30] 0.19 [35] 0.040 [36]

P nr 684 [30] 1180 [36] 47 [39]

S

nr 2243 [28] 1370 [35] 1700 [36]

e b nr 0.42 [31] 0.93 [37] 0.98

7 15.18 11.5 9.85

7S 17.25 15.18 [30] 8.28 9.85

X 0 . 999* 0.97** 0.94 [33] 0.65 [40]

AHC x 10“ 7 5.294 [28] 4.46 [33] 2.52 [30] 2.87 [30] x 10' 5 nr 3.62 [28] 16.11 [37,38] 25.8 [39]

T

py r o nr 269.1 [34] 636 [37] 600 [30]

f•*-0 0 2.7445* 2.953 2.1 [33] 1.51 [30]

2 ^CO .001 f 0.011 [32]** 0.011 [33] 0.013 [30]

fs .001 f 0.013** 0.025 [33] 0.24 [30]

fJ-HC

- 0.02** 0.001 [30] 0.002 [30]

fJ-H 0 2.25* 1.411** 0.719* 0.714*

2 A nr nr 0.0167 0.01372

T.

i g 905.4 [29] 371.6-bp [33] 658 [33] 770

30 30 30 30

tb nr nr 20 20

*f 0.4 to 1.0 0.85 [31] 1.5 ± 0.3 [23] 1.28 ± 0.17 [23

Starred values are calculated from stoichiometry and accepted values of f± .

f These values for methane are assumed to be the same as for methanol (see

[30]).

** See Appendix A.

If The tested foam was Tenneco #7004, also given the designation I -A at FMRC

.

It is a flexible foam, with 36-40% inert ingredients (mostly CaC03

)

.

Aside

from the inerts, its composition was measured to be CH1 91 O0 2 6 3 N0 055 -

123
Appendix B. The Opening Option

After this manuscript had been typed, yet another generalization of the

program was implemented, which is important enough to warrant inclusion here:

the option to open a new vent in the room during the fire (to simulate a breaking window, for example) . There are two choices - it can be opened at a predetermined time (specified by the user) or at a predetermined upper layer

temperature (in degrees Kelvin), likewise user-chosen. Thus, at the top of p.

33 (section 4.2), item no. 6 appears, "THIS VENT IS INITIALLY OPEN". If one does not want the vent to be open from the very beginning, this is the item to

change. In changing it, note that one must not follow the usual format

instruction (written, as usual, at the bottom of the "menu"). Instead, one must respond with three blank (spaces) and a "6", followed by another space,

followed by 0., 1., or 2.. "1." corresponds to opening the vent at a predetermined time. Upon entering 6 1., the statement "VENT SHOULD OPEN AT

TIME = " will appear on the screen. The user must then enter the time as a real number - that is, with a decimal point (F format). Similarly, typing in

" 62." elicits the response "VENT SHOULD OPEN AT HOT LAYER TEMPERATURE ="

;

the requested temperature must likewise be entered as a real number. Finally,

" 60." corresponds to the vent being initially open. This option seems

pointless on its face, since vents are always initially open, by default.

However, a vent may have been added which is initially closed : this is the way

it can be changed to being initially open.

Note that setting a vent to be initially closed, but to open at t=0 , it

is not the same as having a vent which is initially open. This is so, because

when a vent is opened , it does so gradually, rather than instantaneously.

124
o

Figure 1. Schematic of the enclosure, showing mass fluxes in and out of the

room and radiative fluxes to the target from the layer and the flame .

125
Appendix C. Summary of Improvements in FIRST, Over Harvard Mark 5

1. FIRST includes forced ventilation (into or out of a room). The physics

for this is explained in ref. [11]. Partial validation is also given

therein. See section 4.5.

2. Mixing of hot and cold flows at a vent is not included. That is,

inflowing (cold) air entrains some of the outflowing hot gases,

returning them to the room. Thus the lower layer heats up and becomes

contaminated with the product species in the upper layer. Also, oxygen

becomes somewhat depleted. Furthermore, the lower layer is no longer

transparent, because of this pollution, and absorbs radiation passing

through it. The algorithm is described in Appendix II of ref. [26]. It

has not been directly validated by experiments, although it is based on

correlations from two series of experiments.

3. Because of the existence of a cool lower layer which absorbs, the

radiative exchanges among ceiling, layers, and floor have been

reformulated.

4. The gas burner algorithm has been generalized so that the gas flow rate

can be made an arbitrary (within limits) function of time. This allows

the user to specify the fire (but only within certain bounds - if the

fire becomes oxygen starved or ventilation limited, the fire strength

will be limited, no matter how high the fuel flow rate is set) . See

section 4.4.

5. FIRST calculates the (time -dependent) concentration of an additional

species in the upper layer: total hydrocarbons.

6. Since the smoke concentration in the upper layer is calculated as a function of time, it is easy to specify when a photoelectric detector,

which has a threshold response to smoke obscuration, will react. This

has been done; see section 3.1, item 5. This algorithm also has not

126
been validated, and (indeed) it is subject to refinement, for the case

where it is immersed in the ceiling jet, rather than in the

already-mixed layer.

7. It provides for a user-specified burnout rate. See section 3.1, item

12 .

8. A vent can be opened at a specified time or at a specified upper-layer

temperature. See Appendix B.

9. FIRST provides options for five additional plume options (corresponding

to different correlations and/or theories). See section 3.3, p. 18, and

ref. [22a] . None of the plume algorithms is exact (indeed, this is why

there are several); each has a limited validity, in a given parameter

range. The best way to assess the accuracy, is to examine the scatter

in the experimental points, as given in refs. [2] and [17-22a].

10. A mass balance has been introduced into the program, to ensure global

accuracy, as well as correctness. See section 6.2, p. 83.

11. The possibility of building and accessing a materials database is

included. See sections 3.6, 4.9, and Appendix A.

12. The input has been made a more "user-friendly", partly by having a menudriven input option. It is more forgiving of syntactical errors made

during input.

13. There is now an option for running in batch mode. See section 5.

14. A PC version is available.

15. The program is more modular. The program structure is basically

unchanged form that described in great detail in ref. [2]

.

However,

there are many more subroutines , because each subroutine now calculates

127
just one variable (also see item 18, below). There is less use of

COMMON, which contributes to the modularity, as well: wherever

feasible, the variables needed in the subroutine are passed through the

argument list.

16. The use of double precision has led to the numerics being far sturdier;

that is, a run is far less likely to fail to go to completion.

17. There is greater flexibility in the use of numerical options: the user

can specify the maximum number of iterations permitted before the

program "gives up" and starts the given time step over with the time

increment halved. The user also can specify the convergence criterion

to be used for a particular calculation (see section 3.5).

18. The time integrations are now done in a separate subroutine (INTEGO) , rather than within the subroutines which given the physical processes.

The integrations are still being done by the trapezoided rule, but that

can now be changed to Simpson's rule, or still -higher- order techniques,

quite easily.

128
Appendix D. Limitations of FIRST

Some of the limitations of this program are made clear in several of the

references in the bibliography, notably [2] , [3] , and [16]

.

In the following

list, the most notable limitations of the program are described, roughly in

order of importance.

1. Wall fires are not included (but see section 8, item 7).

A fortiori . corner fires are not included either.

2. The program (i.e., the model) assumes that the fire cannot utilize

the oxygen in the upper layer, during combustion.

3. Flor heating has not yet been incorporated into the program.

4. The program will not run properly if the room has thermally thin

walls, or if a target object is thermally thin.

5. There is no extinguishment algorithm (such as a sprinkler).

6. It is a single-room model (but see section 8, item 8).

7. The walls, ceiling, and floor are assumed to all be of identical

thickness and material (see section 8, item 12).

8. A maximum of four objects can be followed.

9. The CO production rate is poorly calculated.

10. The program encounters numerical difficulties, sometimes, when the

compartment dimensions are smaller than 1 meter on a side or larger than 250 m on a side.

11. The energy balance is not correctly calculated for cases where

some of the flame extends outside the room.

129
12. Flameover is not considered - i.e., burning out of any fuel

accumulated in the upper layer

.

13. Major changes in pressure are not permitted, so that fires in airtight compartments such as in submarines or high-flying aircraft

cannot be calculated.

14. The ceiling- jet is neglected, so that transient heating effects of

the ceiling or of sprinkler links cannot be properly taken into

account

.

15. Ceiling fires have not been included.

16. Vents in floors or ceilings have not been included (but see section 8, item 5).

17 . Mixing of the incoming and in situ gases has been neglected in the

forced-venting algorithm.

There are also a number of subtler limitations. For example,

18. The very fact that this is a two-zone model means that

stratification of the layer (s) cannot be taken into account.

19. The pyrolysis model assumes a steady state; also, that the

material is thermally thick, homogeneous, and uniform; that it

behaves as a pure substance with a unique heat of vaporization;

and that it is inert.

20. The ignition criterion is the attainment of a specific surface

temperature Tig ; this is not always an adequate criterion.

Indeed, it cannot always even be implemented because of a lack of

appropriate data for some materials.

130
21. The compartment is always assumed to be a rectangular

parallelepiped.

22. Just as for fuels, the walls and ceiling and floor) must be

homogeneous and uniform, with constant thermal properties.

Laminated materials are therefore not properly treated. The

outgassing of moisture is not taken into account.

23. The spread model is not very sophisticated. Just as for

pyrolysis, it does not take melting or charring into account.

24. Radiation blocking is not taken into account, so that liquid pool

fires are not well described (but see section 8, no. 9).

25. Consonant with item 13, the compressibility of the gases has not

been taken into consideration.

131
Appendix E. Nomenclature

In the following list of symbols, the five-letter label for it is given

(if it exists), and the description can then immediately be found in section

9.2. Otherwise, a section reference is given.

Internal Found in

Symbol Equivalent Description Section:

a,b Dimensions of a rectangular 3.1

object. (Also see ZOLZM, ZOLZN)

C=ci ZCOZZ 3 .

1

C

p ZCAZZ 3 .

1

fi Mass fraction of species i 3.1

given off in combustion

g G Fig. 1

h ZOAZZ 3 .

1

he =hmin ZOAZN , ZOLZN 3.1

h „ ZOLZM 3 .

1

h

p ZHPZZ Fig. 1

ht ZHTZZ 3 .

1

k ZJOZZ 3 . m

g TMFGZ 3 .

1

mQ ZMOZO 3 .

1

mu TMUZZ 3 .

1

Mass of fuel vapors 3.1

p Parameter giving growth rate 3.1

of a fire.

tb Burnout parameter 3 .

1

A Spread-rate parameter 3.1

132
Estimated value of A for

material i. See A

3.7

% Value of A for PU foam 3.7

As Total surface area of sticks 8

in a crib

Cd C 3.1

Ef TEOZZ 3 .

1

Eu TEUZZ 3 .

1

Hc or AHC (Lower) heat of combustion 3.1

of flammable gases from object

liy. Heat of vaporization of 3.1

gasifying material

IT Number of iterations required 4.2, 6.2

to converge at a given time

step

KO Index number for object 6.3

KR Index number for room 6 .

3

(KR=1 for FIRST)

N Total number of variables 2 .

1

in the calculation

NIT Total number of iterations 4.2, 6.2

required in the calculation

up to the given time

NQ Number of objects in the room

NT Number of time steps taken in 4.2, 6.2

the calculation up to the

given time

Nv Number of vents in the room 3 .

1

R ZRFZZ 3 . R Time rate of change of the 3 .

1

fire radius

Rd ZRFZI 3 .

1

ZRFZM 3.1

133
ZRFZO 3.1

t=t£ ZKFZZ 3.1

Ta ZKAZZ 3.1

T

iS ZKOIG 3.1

T -T

p py r o ZKOPY 3.1

V Volumetric flow rate

through a vent

3.1

a ALPHA 3.1

P Parameter giving upward

spread rate of a fire. Also

see BETA (different meaning)

.

8

7 XGAMMA (Also see ANGV) 3.1

ys XGAMAS 3.1

e TOLER Maximum permitted relative

error, used in convergence

criterion

2.2

9 ZNOZZ 3.1

K ZULZZ 3.1

Kf ZUFZZ 3.1

P=P L VMOZZ 3.1

a SIGMA 3.1

T ZNWZZ 3.1

a d Radiation flux 3.1

X CHI 3.1

V> PSI (see entry above TPSI) 3.1

134
NBS-114A (rev. 2 -ac) U.S, DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See in structions)

1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report NoJ 3. Publication Date

REPORT NO.

NBSIR-87/3595 September 1987

4.

TITLE AND SUBTITLE

USERS’ GUIDE TO FIRST, A COMPREHENSIVE SINGLE-ROOM FIRE MODEL

5. AUTHOR(S)

Henri E. Mitler and John A. Rockett

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS ( Street. City, State. ZIP)

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

[ ~ 1 Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a si gnificant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This document is an instructional manual which will facilitate use of the computer

program FIRST. (The name "FIRST” is an acronym; it stands for FIRe Simulation

Technique) . This is a prototype of a "benchmark" computer model of how a fire

develops in a single compartment. Given a fire (or fires) ignited on one or more tuei

sources, FIRST describes the principal phenomena which occur, such as the movement cf

gases in and out of the compartment, the growth of the fire(s), the development of a hot layer, etc. This guide is not meant to be documentation for the model, and so detailed descriptions of the physics or of the program structure have been kept to a minimum. The principal emphasis has been on how to input the information needed to

run the program, and on the output obtained. Only a dozen pages of instructions are

needed for the input, but an extensive section has been included which gives "worked

examples" of the use of the program. There is also a section which gives suggestions

for using it to simulate fires and situations for which no explicit provision has been

made. Finally, a short table of thermophysical data appropriate for running the program

has been included.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

compartment fires; computer model ; fire models manuals

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

| X | Unlimited

1 | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS 138

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402. 15. Price

1 XI Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

$18.95

U S COMM* DC 6043-P 80