NBSIR 73-212

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972

Volume III: Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights

p. Klaus and E. Bunten

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Final July 1971 - September 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration |LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530
REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY ;

The present report is one in a series of reports produced

from data gathered by the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972.

Listed below are the seven reports of that survey.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-212 (The present

report). LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972,

Volume III: Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights,

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-210. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards — Priorities for Police

Equipment

•

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-211. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume II:

Communications Equipment and Supplies

.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-213. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume IV:

Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and

Surveillance Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-214. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume V:

Handguns and Handgun Ammunition.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-215. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VI:

Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-216. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII:

Patrolcars.
NBSIR 73-212

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

VOLUME III: SIRENS AND EMERGENCY

WARNING LIGHTS

P. Klaus and E. Bunten

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Final July 1971- September 1973

Prepared for National institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the 437 police departments throughout the United

States who contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible.

Special thanks go to the more than 40 police departments whose officers and

administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and testing

phases of the work. In addition, we thank Avery Horton, Program Manager of

the Law Enforcements Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of

Standards and E. Thomas Pierce and Kenneth L. Kelly of the Sensory Environment Section, Building Environment Division of the Center for Building

Technology.

Although there are only two authors for this report, the work could not

have been accomplished without the capable and conscientious efforts of

many members of the Technical Analysis Division. Their help in the sometimes

boring, sometimes stressful, always demanding tasks that were required to pro

duce this document, are sincerely and gratefully acknowledged:

William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection

and for helping design and programming interactive record-keeping

system; Robert J. Cunitz, for his help in editing and reviewing

the report; Jenny L. Eldreth for helping design and for maintaining

the computerized record-keeping system; Sandra J. Mxomford for supervising the coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog,

for her advice, support, and help with initial interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many typings of the various versions of the questionnaires

Suellen Helpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman, and Dwight F. Doxey,

for editing and coding data and for making follow-up telephone calls;

Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson,

Cassandra Streeter, and Janice Davis, summer employees, for their help

with questionnaire coding and record-keeping; and Mary Hawkins for

typing the report.

Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying out

the computerized edit and tabulation of the data.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vii

EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY xii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Sample Design 2

1.3 Questionnaire Actainistration 6

1.4 Development and Design of the Sirens & Lights DQ . . . 8

1.5 Characteristics of Subs ample Groups ... 10

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION 14

2.1 Advice to the Reader 14

2.2 Discussion 17

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents 17

2.2.2 Use of Emergency Warning Equipment

On Patrolcars 20

2.2.2.1 Sound Sources on Patrolcars .... 20

2.2.2.2 Light Sources on Patrolcars .... 22

2.2.3 Characteristics of Electronic and

Electro-Mechanical Sirens 26

2.2.4 Emergency Warning Lights 45

2.2.5 Activities for Which Emergency Warning

Equipment Is Used 58

2.2.6 Purchasing and Testing Emergency Warning

Equipment 63

2.2.7 Training Officers to Use Emergency

Warning Equipment 66

2.2.8 Availability of Traffic Control Signals

for Helping Emergency Vehicles 68

2.2.9 Suggestions for Improving Emergency

Warning Equipment 69

APPENDIX A: Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights Questionnaire

APPENDIX B: Data Tables

V

LIST OF TABLES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Table Number Page

1.2-1 Stratification Categories 3

1.2-2 Number of Police Departments by Region and Type . . 4

1.2- 3 Niomber of Departments Selected to Receive the

Sirens & Lights Detailed Questionnaire 7

1.3- 1 Nxanbers of Sample of Departments Returning

Acceptable Detailed Questionnaire: Sirens & Lights 9

1.5-1 Activities Handled by Departments 11

1.5-2 Descriptive Data by Department Type 13

1.5-3 Descriptive Data by LEAA Region 13

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

Table Number Page

i Title/Rank of Primary Respondent for the

Sirens and Lights Questionnaire . 18

ii Years of Experience in Law Enforcement of

Primary Respondent 19

34 Departments Having Specified Nxambers of

Patrolcars 20

1-1 Departments Reporting Use of Electronic

Sirens and Mechanical or Electro-Mechanical

Sirens 21

1-2 Departments Having Public Address Systems

and Special Loud Horns on Their Patrolcars. ..... 22

24-1 Departments Having Flashing Roof Lights

Grille Lights, and Spotlights, by the

Department Type 23

vii
Table Number Page

24-2

24-3

6/15-1

6/15-2

7/16-1

7/16-2

7/16-3

8/17-1

8/17-2

9/18-1

9/18-2

Departments Having Special Turn Lights,

Automatic Headlight Flashers, and

Special Reflectors, by Department Type

Departments Using Each Light Source

on Patrolcars

Of the Departments Using Electronic Sirens , Percentages Citing Specified Brand as Most

Commonly Used 27

Of the Departments Using Electro-Mechanical

Sirens , Percentages Citing Specified Breind as Most Commonly Used . 28

Of the Departments in Each Department Type

Using Electronic and Electro-Mechanical

Sirens , Percentages Mounting Them On a Utility Bar or Right On the Roof of the

Patrolcar 30

Of the Departments in Each Department Type

Using Electronic and Electro-Mechanical

Sirens , Percentages Which Mounted Them Behind

the Grille or In the Engine Compartment 30

Of the Departments Using Electronic and

Electro-Mechanical Sirens, Percentages Mounting

Them In Specified Location 31

Of the Departments Using Electronic and ElectroMechanical Sirens, Percentages Reporting "No

Problems," No Answer 32

Of the Departments Citing Problems With Their

Electronic or Electro-Mechanical Sirens,

Percentages Citing Specified Problem 33

Of the Departments Using Electronic and ElectroMechaincal Sirens, Percentages Citing Each

Repair Category 34

Of the Departments Using Electronic and ElectroMechanical Sirens, the Percentages Which Had

Never Had to Repair Their Most Commonly Used

Siren 35

viii
Table Number Page

9/18-3 Of the Departments Whose Most Commonly Used

Sirens Had Never Needed Repair, Length of

Time Those Sirens Had Been in Use 35

10/19 & Of the Departments Using Electronic and Electro9/18 Mechanical Sirens, the Percentages Reporting

"Never Needed to Repair," and Giving No Answer

or Reporting "No Problems" 37

10 Of the Electronic Siren Users That Cited a Cause of Failure, Percentages Citing Specified

Component 37

19 Of the Electro-Mechanical Siren Users That

Cited a Cause of Failure, Percentages Citing

Specified Component 38

11/20-1 Of Those Departments Using Electronic and ElectroMechanical Sirens, Percentages Citing Each Length

of Time to Replacement 40

11/20-2 Of the Departments Which Had Replaced (Rebuilt)

Their Electronic or Electro-Mechanical Sirens,

Percentages Citing Each Length of Time to

Replacement 41

11/20-3 Of the Departments That Had Not Replaced (Rebuilt)

Their Electronic or Electro-Mechanical Sirens,

Percentages Citing Each "Time In Use" Category . . 41

12 Of the Departments Using Electronic Sirens and

Suggesting Improvements for Those Sirens,

Percentages Suggesting Specified Improvement ... 43

21 Of the Departments Using Electro-Mechanical

Sirens and Suggesting Improvements for Those

Sirens, Percentages Suggesting Specified

Improvement 44

27A/27B/ Percentages of Departments Whose "Most Common"

27G/27H Emergency Warning Beacons/Flashing Lights Were

Made By Each Manufacturer, Where These Lights Were

Mounted, and Percentages of Patrolcars Equipped

With Each Brand of Light 47

27C Percentages of Departments Using Specified

Number of Lights Per Unit in Their "Most Common"

Beacons/Flashing Lights 48

ix
Table Number Page

27D Departments Using Specified Nxomber

of Units Per Vehicle 49

27E-1 Departments Using Red or Blue Warning

Signals in Their "Most Common" Beacons/

^ Flashers 50

27E-2 Departments Using Clear or Yellow

Warning Signals in Their "Most Common"

Beacons/Flashers 51

27F Departments Using Specified Color of

Dome With Their "Most Common" Beacons/

Flashing Lights 52

28 Departments Reporting Specified Length

of Time Before Repair for Their "Most

Common" Beacons/Flashing Lights 53

29 Departments Reporting Specified Common

Cause of Breakdown or Malfunction for

Their "Most Common" Beacons/Flashers 54

28/30 Departments Which Had Never Needed

to Repair or Never Needed to Replace

Their "Most Comition" Beacons/Flashing Lights 55

30 Departments Which Cited Specified Time

to Replacement Interval For Their "Most

Common" Beacons/Flashing Lights 56

30 _ Of the Departments Suggesting Improvements for

Their "Most Common" Emergency Warning Lights,

Percentages Citing Specified Improvement 58

2/3-1 Departments Using Specified Emergency

Warning Devices to Signal Motorists

to Pull Over During the Daytime and at Night 59

2/3-2 Departments Using Specified Emergency Warning

Devices to Signal Motorists to Pull Over During

The Daytime 60

4/5 Departments Using Specified Emergency Warning

Devices for Daytime and Nighttime Emergency

Runs 61

X
Table Number Page

25-26 Departments Which Used Emergency

Warning Lights Routinely for

Specified Activity During the Daytime and

at Night 62

37 Departments in Which The Person/Group

Responsible for Choosing Emergency Warning

Equipment Held Specified Position 64

38 Departments Having Specified Testing

Policy for New Emergency Warning Equipment 66

36 Departments Using Specified Method of

Training Officers to Use Emergency , Warning Equipment 67

35A Departments Capable of Controlling Traffic

Signals Diiring an Emergency 68

35B Of the Departments Able to Control Traffic

Signals, Percentages Controlling in Specified

Manner 69

xi
EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY: *

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background (pp. 1-2)

• Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established

in 1970 and became part of the NILECJ Equipment Systems

^- Improvement Program (ESIP)

.

• NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National

Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure

to get information from the users of law enforcement equipment.

• "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities

for LESL programs and would provide some detailed information so that research to develop standards could begin.

• In addition, gathering information from the users would

help to make police agencies aware of LESL and ESIP.

• A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best

procedure to collect user information.

• An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six

Detailed Questionnaires (DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of these

seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires (p. 10)

• Questionnaires were developed in conjxjnction with NILECJ,

LESL, and cooperating police departments. Questionnaires

were pretested at various times with approximately 45

police departments.

• The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority

needs for standards for various types of equipment.

• In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of fulland part-time officers, activities performed in the department,

budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

• The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment;

Communications Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition; Sirens and Lights ; Body Armor and Confisc5Lted

Weapons; and Patrolcars) were each developed separately.

* Explanation of terminology used in report is explained in section 2.1,

pages 14-17.

xii
• The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use,

problems with existing equipment, suggestions for improving

equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc.

Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of

specific items of equipment.

Sample (pp. 2-6)

• The population sampled was made up of all police departments

listed in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the

LEAA Statistical Service.

• Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special

police agencies, etc., were excluded.

• The sample was stratified by LEAA Geographic Region (10

Regions) and by Department Type (7 Department Types: State

Police; County Police and Sheriffs; City Departments with

1-9 officers; City Departments with 10-49 officers; City

Departments with 50 or more officers, excluding the Fifty

Largest Cities; the Fifty Largest U.S. Cities by population;

and Township Departments)

.

• Overall, approximately 10% of the 12,836 departments in the

population were selected as respondents (see Table 1.2-2)

.

• The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample

department (1386) . Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to all

States, to all of the Fifty Largest Cities, and to a randomly

selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ)

.

• Thus, States and the Fifty Largest Cities were asked to fill

in all seven questionnaires. Each of the remaining 1186 departments were asked to fill in the EPQ and two of the DQs,

• The sample for the Handguns and Handgun Ammunition DQ consisted

of 528 departments (see Table 1.2-3).

Questionnaire Administration (pp. 6-9)

• Stringent control of administration was required.

• Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking

cooperati on.

• On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

• In July 1972, follow-up by self-return postcard was begun.

xiii
• In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments

which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also,

calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the returned questionnaires. About 1300 calls were made. About 70% of the

sample departments were called at least once.

• Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team

to ensure consistency; the questionnaires were then keypunched

and tabulated.

• Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through

January 7, 1973.

Rates of Return (pp. 8-9)

• 83% of the 1386 departments returned usable EPQs

.

• 84% of the 528 departments returned usable Handguns DQs

.

• 81-85% of the other DQ subsamples returned usable questionnaires.

• Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from States, the Fifty

Largest Cities, and Cities with 50 or more officers.

• Lowest rates of return were from Counties and Townships (less

than 75%)

.

Characteristics of Responding Departments (pp. 11-15)

• The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents

(to the EPQ) were Serving Traffic and Criminal Warrants (88%)

,

Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%) , and Intra-departmental

Communications (87%)

.

• All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said they provided

In-House Training and Criminal Investigations . This compared

to 68% and 86%, respectively, of all responding departments.

• Only 13% of all respondents had Crime Laboratories. 73% of the

Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had Crime Laboratories.

• About three-fifths of the departments in all Department Types

were providing Emergency Aid and Rescue, ranging from 60% of the

Cities with 50 or More Officers to 67% of the Counties.

• Overall, the reported Equipment Budgets represented somewhat

over 10% of the Total Budgets reported.

xiv
• Among Department Types there was a wide range of total

equipment expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for

Cities with 1-9 Officers to a mean of almost $2.6 million

for the Fifty Largest Cities.

• One of the Fifty Largest Cities reported an Equipment Budget

of $40 million.

• Overall, the Fifty Largest Cities reported a mean of 2491

Full-Time Sworn Officers. However, of all the Full-Time officers

reported by that Department Type, one of the Fifty Largest Cities

had 27% of such officers and another had about 12%.

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Sound Sources on Patrolcars —General (pp. 20-22)

o About twice as many of the responding departments reported

using Electronic Sirens than reported Electro-Mechanical

Sirens ; 81% and 40%, respectively.

• More than 60% of the Fifty Largest Cities, Cities (50+), i--' Cities (10-49) , and Townships had Pxjblic Address Systems

on their patrolcars. Less than half of the States and

Counties has such systems.

• Only 4% of the responding departments had Special Loud

Horns

.

B. Light Sources on Patrolcars—General (pp. 22-25)

• More than 90% of the departments in six of the seven Department Types had Revolving or Flashing Lights on the

Roofs of their patrolcars. Only 83% of Counties has such systems.

• The next most commonly used light source was Hand-Controlled

,

Non-Colored Spotlights . 69% of the responding departments

had such spotlights.

• More than one-third of the responding departments were using

Special Turn Signal Lights which sometimes may also be used

as "four-way" flashers.

• Grille Lights were used by slightly greater proportions of

Counties, States, and Cities (1-9) than by the three largest

City Department Types: 17-21% as compared to 9-11%.

XV
• Special Reflectors were used by a higher percentage of the

Fifty Largest City departments (30%) than the other Department Types (range = 7-21%)

.

• Much smaller percentages of the States (2%) and Townships

(7%) were using Alley or Ambush Lights than the other

Department Types (range = 17-20%)

.

:i • Less than 10% of the responding departments were using

Automatic Headlight Flashers (9%) , Fog or Auxiliary Driving

Lights (3%) , or Special Clearance Lights (2%)

.

C. Electronic Sirens and Electro-Mechanical Sirens (pp. 26-58)

• Higher percentages of the larger City Department Types had

Electronic Sirens (83-86%) than did Counties and Cities (1-9) , 62% and 66%, respectively.

• Slightly higher percentages of States (57%) and Counties (52%)

had Electro-Mechanical Sirens than the Townships (21%) , Cities

(10-49) (32%) and the Fifty Largest Cities (33%).

• More manufacturers of Electronic Sirens were mentioned than

were manufacturers of Electro-Mechanical Sirens

.

• Approximately four-fifths of all the sirens described by the

responding departments as their "Most Commonly Used" sirens

were made by one manufacturer,

• The most common location for Electronic Sirens was On Top of

the Patrolcar: 58% of the Electronic Siren users placed them

On a Utility Bar above the roof, and 13% placed them Right On

the Roof.*

• The most common location for Electro-Mechanical Sirens was Under the Hood of the patrolcar: 48% of the Electro-Mechanical

Siren users placed them Behind the Grille, and 43% mounted them

In the Engine Compartment.*

• Almost none of the users of either Electronic or ElectroMechanical Sirens mounted these sirens in any other location.

• When asked about problems with their sirens, 36% of the users Electronic Sirens cited at least one problem, v^^ile 60% of

the Electro-Mechanical Siren users mentioned at least one problem.

• The most common problem cited by users of both types of sirens

was "Sometimes Motorists Do Not Seem To Hear Them."

* These categories were not mutually exclusive. Departments may have been

utilizing both locations.

xvi
• The users of the two types of sirens were remarkably similar

in their reports of frequency of repair required: About one- third of the responding departments said the sirens needed

repair about once a year or more often, about one third said

repair was needed every 2-3 years, and about one-third said

their "Most CDmmonly Used" siren had never needed repair.

• However, there were striking differences among the seven Department Types in their reports of frequency of repair

required.

• Of those departments which had never needed to repair their

sirens, only 15% of the departments with never-repaired

Electronic Sirens had had those sirens more than 3 years

while 37% of the departments with never-repaired ElectroMechanical Sirens had had those sirens more than 3 years.

• The most common component/part causes of failures reported

by Electronic siren users were the Speaker and the Electronics.

• The most common compojient/part causes of failures reported

by Electro-Mechanical siren users were Brushes, Control

Switch, and Bearings.

• Much higher percentages of Electro-Mechanical Siren users than Electronic siren users had had their sirens for more

than 10 years before needing to replace or rebuild them.

• Much higher percentages of Electronic Siren users had never needed to replace or rebuild their sirens.

D. Emergency Warning Lights (Beacons or Flashing Lights ) (pp. 45-58)

• About three-fifths of the responding departments mounted

their "most commonly used" beacons/flashing lights On a Utility Bar above the roof of the patrolcar.

• About two-fifths moxanted them directly On the Roof of the

patrolcar.

• The majorities of departments in all Department Types

were using fewer than three lights per unit, but between

one-fifth and one-fourth of them were using four lights

per unit.

• About three-fourths of the responding departments were using

only one emergency warning beacon or flashing light per

patrolcar. 89% of the States had only one unit per vehicle

as compared to 68-76% of the other six Department Types.

• Three-quarters of the responding departments used Red beacons/

flashing lights (either red alone or in combination with other

colors)

.

xvii
e 56% of the responding departments were using Only Red

beacons or flashing lights.

• About one-third of the responding departments were using

Blue beacons/flashing lights (either blue alone or in

combination with other colors).

• 21% were using only Blue beacons/flashing lights.

• There were slight, but not striking differences among the seven Department Types in their use of various colors for

their "Most Commonly Used" beacons/flashing lights.

• Slightly more than half of the Fifty Largest Cities, Cities

(50+) and States said they had to repair their beacons/

flashing lights every three years or more often. Less than

one-third of the Cities (1-9) , Counties, Townships, and Cities

(10-49) said they had to repair their lights that frequently.

• 40% of the responding departments said they had never needed

to replace their "Most Commonly Used" beacons. Much lower

percentages of the Fifty Largest Cities and the States

indicated that to be so.

• About three-fourths of the departments which had never needed

to replace their beacons had had those lights in use for four

years or less.

• Only 10% of all of the responding departments said they could

use their beacons/flashing lights for more than 10 years before

replacement, but 15% of the States and 24% of the Fifty Largest

Cities could use their lights that long.

Activities for Which Emergency Warning Equipment Used (pp. 58-62)

• Almost all of the responding departments used Flashing Lights

to signal motorists to pull over; 90% during the daytime, and

99% at night.

• 64% of the departments used Sirens to signal motorists to

pull over in the daytime and 62% used Sirens at night.

• States were the only Department Type in which more departments

used the car Horn than the Siren to signal motorists to pull

over during the day.

• The use of emergency warning signals was similar among the

three largest City Department Types. States and Counties

tended to differ from Cities and from each other in their

use of this equipment.

xviii
• Over 90% of the responding departments used both Siren and

Flashing Lights for Emergency Runs during the day and at

night

.

• Very few departments said they used their emergency warning

lights for Routine Patrol. None of the Fifty Largest Cities

or Cities (50+) did so, but between 4% and 8% of the

departments in the other five Department Types did.

Purchasing and Testing Emergency Warning Equipment (pp, 63-68)

• The ChiefA^nit Head was responsible for choosing and

ordering emergency warning equipment in 90% of the Counties,

Cities (10-49), and Townships. This was also the case in

84% of the Cities (1-9) and 57% of the Cities (50+)

.

• In State departments, choice and ordering of emergency

warning equipment was the responsibility of some Administrative Staff member other than the ChiefA^nit Head.

• In the Fifty Largest Cities also, about half of the departments

reported purchase of emergency warning equipment was the

responsibility of some "other" Administrative Staff member,

and about one-fourth listed some member of the Maintenance

Staff.

• Much higher percentages of State and Fifty Largest City

departments said they Bought a Few Pieces of Equipment and

Got Officers' Opinions on their use before purchase than

did the other Department Types.

• In five of the seven Department Types, the most common method

of training officers to use emergency warning equipment was

to Have Experienced Officers Train new officers.

• In the States and Fifty Largest Cities, the most common

training method was Training Classes in the Department.

Traffic Signal Control for Helping Emergency Vehicles (pp. 68-69)

• Ability to control traffic signals was not generally

available in responding departments; about 15% of the

departments had such a capability.

• About one-fourth of the Cities (50+) were able to control

traffic signals, but only 9% of the Fifty Largest Cities

had that capability.

xix
Although 15% of the responding departments said they were

able to control traffic signals in emergencies, only 3%

said that such control could be exercised by either a Bright Light from the Patrolcar or by a Radio Signal from

the Patrolcar.

Most departments that said they could control traffic signals

in emergencies said that such control was exercised Manually

at the Signal Itself.

XX
identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional

institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police agencies

such as park police, harbor patrols or university police. The computerized directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and

maintained by LEAA's Statistical Division, provided the population from

which the sample was drawn. Care was taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the selection process

are given in Appendix B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA

geographic Region and Department Type by the mutual agreement of NBS and

NILECJ. The assignment of states to Regions and the seven Department

Types chosen for study are shown in Table 1.2-1.

Table 1.2-1. Stratification Categories

DEPARTMENT TYPES: LEAA GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

State Police 1 Conn

.

, Maine, Mass., N.H.

,

County Police & Sheriffs R.I. , VT. . City with 1-9 Officers 2 N.J. , N.Y.

City with 10-49 Officers 3 Del.

,

Md., Penn., Va. , W. Va.

,

*City with 50 or More Officers D.C.

**The 50 Largest U.S. Cities 4 Ala. , Fla. , Ga. , Ky., Miss.,

Township Departments N.C. , S.C., Tenn.

5 111. , Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis.,

Minn.

6 Ark .

,

La., N.M., Okla. , Tex.

7 Iowa, Kan . , Mo . , Neb

.

8 Colo. , Mont., N.D., S.D., Utah

Wyo.

9 Ariz

.

, Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 Alas

.

, Idaho, Ore., Wash.

* Excluding the 50 Largest U.S. Cities.

** By population, U.S. 1970 census.

The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is

exhibited in Table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no

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Townships in Regions 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Almost 63% of the departments

were city police, 43% having 1-9 full-time officers. County Departments

comprised about 24% of the population. By Region, the smallest (Region

10) contained only 3.4% of the police departments, while Region 5, the

largest, had 22.5%. The variation in the number of departments in a

cell (Region/Department Type combination) was even greater than that

across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged

from 0 to 1470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the

sampling plan discussed briefly below. All of the State departments and

the Fifty Largest City departments were included in the sample and were

asked to complete all six DQs, i.e., they were sent the entire package

of seven questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell

size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population

was to be selected from the members of each cell, a constant sampling

fraction large enough to allow a sufficient number of sample units

(police departments) in small cells would yield an unmanageably large

total sample; on the other hand, a constant sampling fraction small

enough to make the total sample manageable would yield too few sample

units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police

departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible, resulting in a different

sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of thirty departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the six

DQs. This plan resulted in sending the Sirens & Lights DQ to 528 departments .

5
The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the

total cell population, each department (other than the States and the

Fifty Largest Cities) receiving two DQs . Thus, in cells having 30

sample units, the Sirens & Lights DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells

having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Sirens &

Lights Dps. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Sirens &

Lights DQ by Region and Department Type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique

seven-digit identification number, coding Region, Department Type, and

questionnaire assignment.

1. 3 Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent

control would be required in administering the questionnaires to ensure

a high rate of response. Computer-stored daily status records were input

via a teletype terminal for each sample department. In general, the

following procedure was used:

(a) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed

by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the

department. This letter introduced the survey and requested

cooperation.

(b) About one week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(c) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month

were identified by the computer and were sent a self return

postcard requesting information as to the status of the questionnaire. Departments not receiving the questionnaire
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package were sent anot±ier; t±iose not returning the postcard

, ' were placed on a list for telephone follow-up.

(d) About a month and a half later, departments with which no

contact had been made were called by telephone.

(e) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness

and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone

call-back to supply missing data or to resolve ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and

this effort was rewarded with an 83% response for the Sirens & Lights DQ,

and between 80% and 85% for each of the other questionnaires. In the

course of the survey more than 70% of the sample departments were contacted

at least once by telephone. More than 1300 phone calls were made by the

Survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable

Sirens & Lights DQs) is exhibited in Table 1.3-1. The highest percentages

of response were from the larger Cities and States, (over 90%), while

Counties and Townships had the poorest response rates (under 75%)

.

1.4 Development and Design of the Sirens & Lights DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires)

evolved over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers,

and equipment manufacturers. In addition, the officers and administrators

of about 40 police departments served as consultants and/or as respondents

for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

8
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The Sirens & Lights DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in Appendix

A. This DQ asked respondents to describe sirens, lights, and other

emergency warning equipment used in their departments; to describe the

"most commonly used" brands of sirens and emergency warning lights in

use; to indicate procedures for choosing and testing emergency warning

equipment; and to describe problems with that equipment. The questionnaire was limited to general topics because: (1) It was not possible,

considering the scope of the present survey, to explore in a detailed

manner all of the emergency warning devices used in police departments,

and (2) It was felt that the general data gathered in the present effort

would provide important direction for research in the development of

standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey* requested data from

each department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction

served, type of jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers,

approximate total, equipment, and personnel budgets during 1971, and

activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by Department Type, of

the responses to a check list of 30 typical police activities by the

respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ respondents include, but are not limited

to, the respondents to the Sirens & Lights DQ. See Section 1.2.) The

* LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, op. cit.

10
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activities most frequently checked by all departments were; (1) Serve

Traffic and Criminal Warrants (88%) , (2) Traffic Safety and Traffic

Control (87%), and (3) Communications for Own Department (87%). The

activity ^jth the most consistent level across Department Types was that

of Emergency Aid and Rescue ; ranging from 60% (Cities with 50+ Officers)

to 67% (Counties)

.

Higher percentages of State and Fifty Largest City departments were

handling certain of these activities. For example, all of the 45 Fifty

Largest City departments responding and 98% of the State departments

said that their departments provided Police Training for Own Department.

These compare to 68% for all responding departments. All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said that they handled Criminal Investigation in

their own departments. This compares to 86% of the total sample of

departments. Although only 13% of the departments overall had Crime

Laboratories, 73% of the Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had

them.

Counties appeared to be the only Department Type with significant

responsibilities for c^istody and Detention for More Than 1 Week. Seventyeight percent of those departments had Custody/Detention - Up to 1 Year,

as compared with 22% of all responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by

Department Type and LEAA Region, respectively. As can be seen from the

column for Annual Equipment Budget (Table 1.5-2) , there was a wide range

of expenditures among different Department Types: From a mean of about

10 thousand dollars for Cities (1-9) to almost 2.5 million dollars for the

Fifty Largest Cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat

over 10% of the T^nual Total Budgets.

12
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13
The mean Number of Part-time Officers was based on those respondents

having part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding

from the Fifty Largest Cities, only six had part-time officers, including

one city which had nearly 6000. Thus, the mean value of 1115 for this

Department Type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the

category Part-time Officers included officers described as auxiliary,

volunteer, reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special

agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications

were counted in the Part-time Officer category since it has different

meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA Region (Table 1.5-3)

were considerably smaller than variations by Department Type. Regions 1

and 8 had smaller budgets than the others, primarily because each had

only one of the Fifty Largest Cities.

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2 . 1 Advice to the Reader

In reading Section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(a) THIS REPORT IS NOT m EVALUATION OF ANY OF THE EQUIPMENT

DESCRIBED OR DISCUSSED WITHIN IT. IT IS_ A PRESENTATION

OF INFORMATION AND OPINIONS OF A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE

OF POLICE DEPARTMENTS GIVEN IN RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC SET

OF QUESTIONS. IT DOES NOT, IN ANY WAY, REFLECT OBJECTIVE

TESTING OF ANY EQUIPMENT BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

(b) The report reflects only what police departments were

willing and able to say in response to a specific set of

14
questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify

the accuracy of the information given or the level of

sophistication of the respondent.

Each discussion begins with the presentation of the

question that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most

cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in a box.

However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with

the questionnaire sent to sample departments (see Appendix

A) and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact questions

asked.

The text tables that appear in Section 2 are almost never

the complete tables that were tabulated for that question.

Data categories for text tables may have been collapsed

from the full table, or certain categories of interest may

have been singled out for fuller discussion. Appendix B

contains the complete tables from which the text tables

were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the

question number (e.g., the text tables for Question 6A.

would be niambered 6A-1, 6A-2/ etc. Text tables which presented data from Question 1 and Question 6A would be

numbered 1/6A-1, 1/6A-2, 1/6A-3, etc.) The tables in

Appendix B are also numbered after the question niomber,

in the same manner. In some cases, tables that appear in

Appendix B will not have been discussed at all in the text.

Data in the text of this report are usually presented by

nearest whole percent of the group under consideration.

In some cases because of rounding by the computer percentage

totals do not equal exactly 100%.

15
In Appendix B, the data are usually presented by number

of respondents and percent. Because of statistical

limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this

study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5%

when percentages are based on the total respondents, and

to percentages differences of less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a

particular Department Type or Region) . No statistical

tests of significance are reported.

Data were always tabulated by each of the choices

supplied, if any, in the questionnaire. Any "other"

choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the nijmbers of

respondents giving a specific "other" response do not

reflect the numbers of respondents who would have

marked that choice if it had been one of those provided.

Therefore, in most cases, this report lists or gives

examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents of departments giving that response.

For those questions for which choices were not provided

in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed

after approximately one-fourth of the questionnaires had

been returned.

The subsample groups (Department Types and Regions) are

capitalized when they are discussed in the text. In

16
addition, the four Department Types which are composed

of city departments are at times discussed as a group.

In those cases, the word "city" is also capitalized.

The following convention has been adopted in the report

to designate the four City Department Types

:

City with 1-9 Officers = City (1-9)

City with 10-49 Officers = City (10-49)

City with 50 or More Officers = City (50+)*

The Fifty Largest Cities = Fifty Largest**

In table headings this same convention has been used

except that the parentheses have been removed, and the

Fifty Largest Cities are designated "50 Largest".

The reader should keep in mind that when these subsample groups are discussed, (e.g., "Counties said..."

or "Cities (1-9) said...") the reference is to that

particular subsample group as selected in the sample.

2 . 2 Discussion

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents

RANK OF RESPONDENT

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were sent

to the Chief or highest official of the department with a request that the

questionnaires be directed to the person or persons within the department who

were best qualified to answer the questions.

* Excluding the 50 largest U.S. cities

** By population, 1970 U.S. Census.

17
The Sirens and Lights Questionnaire was usually filled in by the

Chief/Unit Head in smaller departments and by officers with the ranks of

Captain, Lieutenant or Sergeant in the larger departments. In State

departments and in the Fifty Largest Cities about one-fifth of the respondents had civilian titles. In County departments the questionnaire

was usually filled in by the Sheriff or one of his deputies.

Table i. Title/Rank of Primary Respondent for the Sirens and Lights

Questionnaire, by Department Type.

RANK: ,„ , DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% All % City % City % City % 50 Q, % TownDepts

.

1-9 10-49 50+ Largest State County ship

(n=437) (n=77) (n=84) (n=83) (n=46) {n=47) (n=71) {n=29)

Chief 32 78 60 20 2 0 3 38

Captain 13 1 6 27 11 38 7 3

Lieutenant 10 3 5 19 24 13 4 10

Sergeant 9 6 12 6 13 13 6 17

Sheriff 7 0 0 0 0 0 44 0

Deputy 3 1 0 0 0 0 20 0

"Non-Rank" Title 8 4 5 - 6 22 19 3 3

NUMBER OF YEARS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE

The Sirens and Lights Questionnaire was usually filled in by experienced

officers. More than 80% of the questionnaires from States and larger City

departments (Fifty Largest and 50+) were completed by officers with More

Than 10 Years of law enforcement experience. Forty percent or more of the

primary respondents in these Department Types had More Than 20 Years of law

enforcement experience. About half of the officers who filled in the County,

City (1-9) , and Township questionnaires had More Than 10 Years of law enforcement experience.

18
Table ii. Years of Experience in Law Enforcement of Primary

Respondent, by Departme nt Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT:

% % %

More Than More Than More Than

10 Years 20 Years 25 Years

State 85 50 22

50 Largest 84 45 15

City (50+) 83 40 15

City (10-49) 70 36 18

Township 55 13 10

County 50 20 12

City (1-9) 48 18 4

34. How many standard patrolcars does your department have?

(NUMBER)

Question 34 was included in order to have a reference point for other

questions concerning numbers of patrolcars equipped with various lights

and sirens. The report of the Patrolcars Questionnaire* of this survey

presents more detailed information about numbers and kinds of patrolcars

in use in each Department Type.

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII: Patrolcars.

19
Table 34. Percentages of Departments in Each

Specified Numbers of Patrolcars.

Department Type Having

DEPARTMENT TYPE: NUMBER OF PATROLCARS

:

% Less % % More

Than 5 5-50 51-500 Than 500

State ' <!r 0 2 53 45

50 Largest 0 2 87 11

City (50+) 4 88 5 0

County 56 32 3 0

City (10-49) 82 14 0 0

Township • 83 17 0 0

City (1-9) 90 4 0 0

All Departments 47 27 17 6

2.2.2 Use of Emergency Warning Equipment on Patro: cars

2.2.2.1 Sound Sources on Patrolcars

_

1. Which of the following sound sources do your patrolcars

have in addition to, or instead of, what is found on an ordinary passenger car? (MARK BY EACH ITEM THAT YOUR

CARS HAVE.) ... - . - ,

:, Special loud horn

Electronic siren and speaker

Public address system

Mechanical or electro-mechanical siren

Other source of sound (describe briefly)

Over three-fourths (82%) of the 437 responding departments had

Electronic Sirens on at least some of their patrolcars, and 41% had

Mechanical or Electro-Mechanical Sirens so represented. Smaller percentages of County and City (1-9) departments had Electronic Sirens than did

larger Cities. In every Department Type a higher percentage of departments

were using Electronic Sirens than were using Mechanical or E le c tro-Mechani c a

1

Sirens . States and Counties were using Mechanical or Electro-Mechanical

Sirens more than the other Department Types.

20
Tlssuming that nearly all departments had sirens of one kind or the

other, about one-fourth of the responding departments were using both

Electronic and Mechanical or Electro-Mechanical Sirens within the same

department; and a slightly greater proportion of States and of the Fifty

Largest Cities had both types represented.

Table 1-1. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type Reporting

Use of Electronic Sirens and Mechanical or Electro-Mechanical

Sirens

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% Depts. Having % Depts. Having Mechanical/

Electronic Sirens Electro-Mechanical

50 Largest 96 41

City (50+) 92 42

City (10-49) 83 33

Townships 83 24

State 81 57

County 75 51

City (1-9) 73 36

All Departments 82 41

* The Categories are not mutually exclusive. Departments may have been

using both types of sirens.

Fifty-nine percent of the responding departments had a Public Address

System as part of their patrolcars ' emergency warning system. More Townships and larger City departments (City (50+) , City (10-49) , and Fifty

Largest) had PA Systems than did States and Counties. About half (53%) of

the City (1-9) departments had PA Systems in comparison to about two- thirds

(61%-72%) of the larger City departments.

Special Loud Horns were used by only about 4% of the responding departments .

21
Table 1-2. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type

Having Public Address Systems and Special Loud Horns

On Their Patrolcars.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% Depts. Having

PA System

% Depts . Having

Loud Horn

City (50+)

City (10-49)

Township

50 Largest

City (1-9)

State

County

72

68

66

61

53

47 - 41

4

6

0

0

5

4

4

All Departments 59 4

2.2.2.2 Light Sources on Patrolcars

I 24. What lights or reflectors do your patrolcars usually have

in addition to, or instead of, those found on an ordinary

passenger car? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES.)

Special reflectors or areas of reflectorizing material

Special turn signal lights (sometim.es may also be used

as "four-way" flashers)

Special clearance or marker light (like those on trucks)

Hand controlled spotlights (not colored)

Fog lights or auxiliary driving lights

Alley or ambush lights (spotlights or floodlights mounted

so they aim to the side; not colored)

Automatic flasher that can flash the headlights alternately

Colored flashing or steady burning lights in grille (other j than standard parking lamps or turn signals)

| Revolving or flashing lights on roof or roof-bar ("Gumball," "bubble," or "strobe" lights

Any other warning lights showing to the front? (Describe)

Any other warning lights showing to the rear? (Describe)

J

It was expected that almost all aepartments would have flashing lights

of some sort on top of their patrolcars, and this was the case in every

Department Type except Counties. More than 90% of the responding departments

in all other Department Types had Revolving or Flashing Lights On the Roof;

only 83% of Counties had such lights.

22
Grille Lights were used by slightly greater proportions of Counties

(21%), States (19%), and Cities (1-9) (17%) than by the other three City

Department Types (9-11%) . Grille Lights may have been the emergency warning light source for those departments that were not using Revolving Or

Flashing Lights On the Roof.

Sixty-nine percent of the responding departments were using HandControlled (non-colored) Spotlights on their patrolcars. Higher percentages

of the Fifty Largest Cities, Townships, and Cities (50+) were using HandControlled Spotlights and lower percentages of States and Counties were

using them.

Table 24-1. Percentages* of Departments Having Flashing Roof Lights,

Grille Lights, and Spotlights, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% Depts. Using % Depts. Using

Revolving Or Hand-Controlled

Flashing Lights % Depts. Using Non-Colored

On Roof Grille Lights Spotlights

50 Largest 98 9 80

Townships 97 14 79

City (50+) 95 11 75

City (10-49) 95 11 69

State 94 19 60

City (1-9) 91 17 66

County 83 21 61

All Departments 93 14 69

* Categories were not mutually exclusive. Any department may have been

using any or all of these light sources on its patrolcars.

In addition to the more commonly expected light sources, (Flashing

Lights On Roof, Grille Lights, Hand-Controlled Spotlights) , Question 24

solicited responses concerning a number of other emergency warning light

23
sources on patrolcars. The most frequently reported of these additional

light sources are presented in Table 24-2. Special Turn Signal Lights

(which sometimes may be used as "four-way" flashers) were being used by

more departments (36%) than the Other additional light sources (16%)

.

Taible 24-2. Percentages* of Departments Having Special Turn Signal

Lights, Automatic Headlight Flashers, and Special

Reflectors, by Department Type.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% Depts. Having % Depts . Having % Depts. Having

Special Turn Alley or Special

Signals Ambush Lights Reflectors

Township 59 7 7

City (1-9) : ' 40 17 12

City (10-49) 39 21 11

County 34 17 15

City (50+) 33 20 18

50 Largest 33 17 30

State 26 2 21

All Departments 36 16 16

* Categories were not mutually exclusive.

Within the seven Department Types, the use of Special Turn Signals was

fairly even except for Townships, where almost three-fifths of the departments reported using this light source. Special Reflectors were used by a

higher percentage of the Fifty Largest Cities (30%) than the other Department

Types. Only 7% of Townships were using Special Reflectors. Very few States

(2%) and Townships (7%) were using Alley or Ambush Lights, but nearly equal

percentages (17%-21%) of the other five Department Types were using them.

Three additional specific light sources (Automatic Headlight -Flasher

,

Fog or Auxiliary Driving Lights, and Special Clearance Lights) were listed

in the questionnaire for check-off. None of these was being used by as many

as 10% of the responding departments.

24
Table 24-3. Percentages* of Responding Departments Using Each

Light Source on Patrolcars.

EMERGENCY WARNING

LIGHT SOURCE: % All Respondents

(n = 437)

Flashing Lights on Roof 93

Hand-Controlled Spotlight 69

Special Turn Signal Lights 36

Alley or Ambush Lights 16

Special Reflectors 16

Colored Li£hts_in Grill^e 14

Automatic Headlight Flasher 9

Fog or Auxiliary Driving Lights 3

Speci_al_ £lear^ance_ Light _ 2 Other Rear Flashing Lights 18

Other Front Flashing Lights 14

No Answer 1

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

Fourteen percent of the responding departments cited Other Warning

Lights Showing to the Front . These were most often described as steady

red lights mounted on the roof (as opposed to revolving or flashn.g lights

on the roof) or red spotlights (as opposed to non-colored spotlic ts) . The

18% which described Other Warning Lights Showing to the Rear most commonly

reported flashing or deck lights in the rear window.

25
2.2.3 Characteristics of Electronic and Electro-Mechanical Sirens

INSTRUCTION: Answer questions #6-14 for the ELECTRONIC siren MOST

COMMONLY USED in your department. If you are not

certain whether your most commonly used siren is

electronic or electro-mechanical, put an X in the box

below and fill in the questions for electronic sirens

I. on pages 4 to 7 . Electro-mechanical sirens are asked

about beginning on page 7.

I am uncertain what type my most commonly

used siren is.

INSTRUCTION: Answer questions #15-23 for the ELECTROMECHANICAL siren MOST COMMONLY USED in your

department.

If your department does not use electromechanical sirens, skip to question #24,

page 11.

6. The most commonly used electronic siren in your

department is:

15. The most commonly used electro-mechanical siren in

your department is:

a. Model or Trade Name

b. Manufacturer > FOR BOTH OUESTIONS

c. Number of Patrolcars Having It

The questionnaire was designed so that the answers to the questions

could be referenced to a particular type of siren. This method of questioning was necessary because pretest interviews revealed that most departments

had several different sirens in use at the same time. Section 2.2.3

discusses the reported characteristics of these "most commonly used"

electronic and electro-mechanical sirens together; i.e.. Questions 6 and

15 are discussed, then Questions 7 and 16, and so on, through Questions 14

and 23.

26
A greater variety of different manufacturers was cited for electronic

sirens than for electro-mechanical sirens. The majority of both of these

types of sirens was made by Federal Sign and Signal Corp. Of the 18,911

electronic sirens reported to be "most commonly used" in the departments,

84% were made by Federal. Of the 20,278 "most commonly used" electromechanical sirens, 79% were made by Federal and 14% were made by Sireno.

No other specific manufacturer made as many as 5% of the reported sirens

of either type.

Models are not reported since this information was obtained only to

facilitate coding manufacturer and type of siren.

Table 6/15-1. Of the 360 Departments Using Electronic Sirens, Percentages

Citing Specified Brand as Most Commonly Used; and

Percentages of All "Most Commonly Used" Sirens of Each

Specified Brand.

MANUFACTURER: % Depts

.

Naming

Brand As Most

Coinmonly Used

% All "Most

Commonly Used"

Sirens Reported

(n = 360)

(n = 18,911)

Federal 84

Motorola

General Electric

Stephenson/Smith & Wesson

Sominator (now Stephenson)

Dun-Bar Nunn (Unitrol)

Artisan Electronics

Sireno

Dietz

Denelcor

Other

No Manufacturer Given

64

5

4

4

4

3

3

2

2

3

7 1

4

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

*

*

* Less than 1%

27
Table 6/15-2. Of the 180 Departments Using Electro-Mechanical Sirens , Percentages Citing Specified Brand as Most Commonly Used;

and Percentages of All "Most Commonly Used" Sirens of

Each Specified Brand.

MANUFACTURER: % Depts. Naming

Brand as Most

Commonly Used

% All "Most

Commonly Used"

Sirens Reported

(n = 180) (n = 20,278)

Federal

Sireno

B & M Siren Co.

Other

No Manufacturer Given

61

11

3

5

2a

79

14

1

5

*

* Less than 1%

Note that the 180 departments using electro-mechanical sirens, (42%

of all respondents) , reported slightly more "Most Commonly Used" ElectroMechanical sirens than did the 360 (81% of all respondents) departments

using electronic sirens. There are two possible reasons for this finding:

(1) Many departments reported during follow-up telephone calls that their

departments now purchased electronic sirens as replacements when their

electro-mechanical sirens failed. If this was a relatively recent change

in purchasing decisions, it is possible that the majority of a department's

sirens were still electro-mechanical, even though they were using some

electronic sirens. (2) More than half of the State departments and about

one-third of the Fifty Largest Cities were using at least some electromechanical sirens. Both of these Department Types have, on the average,

large fleets of patrolcars, and could have contributed disproportionately

to the total numbers of sirens reported.

28
7. and 16. Where is this type electronic/electro-mechanxcal

siren usually located?

On a utility bar above the roof

Right on the roof

On the right front fender

On the left front fender

Under the hood, right behind the grille & free from obstructions

Under the hood, in the engine compartment

Other (Specify)

The most common location for electronic sirens was on top of the

patrolcar; 58% of the users of electronic sirens placea at least some of

their sirens On a Utility Bar Above the Roof, and 13% placed at least some

of them Right On the Roof. The larger City Department Types [Fifty

Largest, Cities (50+), and Cities (10-49)] were most likely to pl^ce the

electronic sirens On a Utility Bar. States were more likely than other

Department Types to mount electronic sirens Under the Hood, Behind the

Grille.

Electro-mechanical sirens were most often placed under the hood of

the patrolcar; 48% of the users of electro-mechanical sirens placed at

least some of those sirens Under the Hood, Behind the Grille; and 43%

mounted at lease some Under the Hood, In the Engine Compartment. More of

the Cities (10-49) and Cities (50+) mounted their electro-mechanical sirens

In the Engine Compartment than Behind the Grille, Other Department Types

were using these two locations in almost equal proportions. Only 14% of

the users of electro-mechanical sirens mounted any of these sirens On the

Utility Bar and only 6% of the 203 departments mounted them Right On the

Roof.

29
Table 7/16-1. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Using

Electronic and Electro-Mechanical Sirens, Percentages*

Mounting Them On a Utility Bar or Right On the Roof of

the Patrolcar.

UtiPAKTMENT TYPE

:

ON UTILITY BAR: RIGHT ON ROOF:

« rjXeciiro— % % ElectroC Electronic mechanical mecnanxcax

50 Largest 61 16 30 5

City (50+) 74 14 16 11

City (10-49) 71 29 4 4

City (1-9) 52 18 12 0

Township 54 ** 4 ** State 37 0 16 7

County 38 11 6

All Departments 58 14 13 6

* Categories are not mutually exclusive. Departments may have utilized

both locations.

** Fewer than 10 Township departments used electro-mechanical sirens.

Table 7/16-2. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Using

Electronic and Electro-Mechanical Sirens, Percentages*

Which Mounted Them Behind the Grille or In the Engine

Compartment.

DEPARTMENT TYPE : BEHIND THE GRILLE : IN ENGINE COMPARTMENT :

% % Electro- % % ElectroElectronic mechanical Electronic mechanical

50 Largest 25 42 5 42

- City (50+) 24 54 5 23

City (10-49) 28 46 4 46

City (1-9) 39 57 4 29

Townships 33 ** 17 ** State 45 48 18 59

County .58 39 11 58

All Departments 35 48 8 43

* Categories are not mutually exclusive.

** Fewer than 10 Township departments used electro-mechanical sirens.

Almost none of the departments mounted either of these two types of

sirens in any other location.

30
Table 8/17-2. Of the Departments Citing Problems With Their Electronic

or Electro-Mechanical Sirens, the Percentages* Citing

Specified Problem.

PROBLEM: ELECTRONIC SIRENS: ELECTRO-MECHANICAL:

% Depts. % Depts.

With Problem With Problem

(n = 129) (n = 106)

Sometimes motorists do not seem

to hear them 64 88

Freeze up in winter 19 37

Relay or switch problems 19 25

Wiring problems 19 12

Officer cannot hear radio 14 8

Too loud for some uses 9 2

Delay from time siren turned on until it sounds 5 11

Other 30 27

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Percentages in text table differ from tables in appendix since text

table is based only on respondents with problems, while tables in appendix

include: All Respondents.

"Other" problems cited with electronic sirens included transistor

problems, speaker failures, and equipment not durable enough. "Other"

problems associated with electro-mechanical sirens included mounting problems, siren drains the battery, and siren takes too long to cease output

when it is turned off.

9. and 18. Please rate the performance of this type electronic/

electro-mechanical siren in terms of how often it must

be repaired:

Needs repair more often than every six months

Needs repair every 6-12 months

Needs repair about once a year

Needs repair about once every 2 to 3 years

Needs repair less often than every 3 years

Never needed repair; have had for months

(no.

)

33
Electronic sirens and electro-mechanical sirens appeared to have

similar frequencies of repair. About one-third of the users of each of

these two types of sirens said their Most Commonly Used electronic/electromechanical sirens needed repair once a year or more often, about one-third

said their Most Commonly Used Siren had never needed repair. These answers

were probably best estimates rather than data from records.

Table 9/18-1. Of the Departments Usi-.g Electronic and Electro-Mechanical

Sirens, Percentages Citing Each Repair Category.

FREQUENCY OF REPAIR: % Depts . Using % Depts . Using

Electronic Sirens Electro-Mechanical

(n = 360) (n = 160)

More Than Every 6 Months 3 r~ 1

Every 6-12 Months 7 8

Once_a_Ye^a£ _18 12

Once Every 2 or 3 Years 21 22

Less_Th^an Ey£r^ 3^ X^^B. 1.'° Never Needed Repair 34 35

No Answer ' 1 3

There were striking differences among the seven Department Types in

their answers to this question. More than half (55%) of the Cities (1-9)

which used electronic sirens said they had never had to repair them, and

64% of the Cities (1-9) which used electro-mechanical sirens had never had

to repair them. This compares with 11% of the Fifty Largest City departments

with electronic sirens, and 16% of 'che Fifty Largest City departments with

electro-mechanical sirens.

34
Table 9/18-2. Of the Departments in Each Department Type Using Electronic

and Electro-Mechanical Sirens, the Percentages Which Had

Never Had to Repair Their Most Commonly Used Siren.

DEPARTMENT TYPE ELECTRONIC: ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

:

% Depts . Never

Having to Repair

% Depts . Never

Having to Repair

50 Largest 11 16

City (50+) 22 20

State 29 15

Township 37 * County 38 50

City (10-49) 42 36

City (1-9) 55 64

All Departments 34 35

* Fewer than 10 Townships were using electro-mechanical sirens.

Departments which had never needed to repair their sirens were asked

to indicate how long they had had those sirens. It appears that the electronic

sirens which had never needed repair were considerably newer than the neverrepaired electro-mechanical sirens. Only 15% of the departments with neverrepaired electronic sirens had had those sirens in use more than 3 years.

But, 37% of the departments with never-repaired electro-mechanical sirens

had had them in use more than 3 years.

Table 9/18-3. Of the Departments Whose Most Commonly Used Sirens Had Never

Needed Repair, Length of Time Those Sirens Had Been in Use.*

TIME IN USE ELECTRONIC SIRENS: 3LECTR0-MECHANICAL

:

1 Year or Less

13 Months - 2 Years

25 Months - 3 Years

37 Months - 4 Years

More_Than £ _

No Answer

% Depts. Never Having % Depts. Never Having

Had to Repair (n=122) Had to Repair (n=63)

38

26

18

6

_ 9

' 3

24

17

13

10

-27. 10

* Percentages in text table differ from tables in appendix since text

table is based only on respondents never needing repair while tables in

appendix include all respondents.

35
10. and 19. What part or component is the most common cause of

breakdowns in this type electronic/electro-mechanical

siren?

(CHOICES SUPPLIED FOR ELECTRONIC SIREN)

Speaker fails

Electronics fail

Control Switch

Other (specify)

Other (specify)

(CHOICES SUPPLIED FOR ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SIREN)

Brushes

Bearings

Windings

'

' \ Control Switch

Other (specify)

Other (specify)

As a result of pretest interviews with police departments and consultations with experts in this area, it was determined that the answer choices

supplied for this question could not be identical for electronic and electromechanical sirens. Therefore, only the proportions of users of these two

types that gave No Answer or said "No Failures" may be compared.

The percentages of departments which gave No Answer or said No Failures

to this question were approximately equal for electronic and electro-mechanical

siren users. In addition. No Answer/No Failure percentages for this question

tended to parallel the "Never Needed Repair" percentages from Questions 9 and

18 (except for the electro-mechanical siren users in the Fifty Largest Cities)

.

36
Table 10/19 and 9/18,

DEPARTMENT TYPE;

50 Largest

City (50+)

State

Township

County

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

All Departments

Of the Departments in Each Department Type Using

Electronic and Electro-Mechanical Sirens, the Percentages Reporting "Never Needed to Repair" to Qs

.

9 and 18, and Giving "No Answer" or Reporting "No

Problems" to Qs. 10 and 19.

ELECTRONIC SIRENS ELECTRO-MECHANICAL:

% Depts. No

Answer/No

Failure (Q. 10)

7

22

29

45

40

37

50

33

% Depts . % Depts . No % Depts

.

"Never Answer/No "Never

Repair" (Q.9) Failure (Q.19) Repair" (Q.18)

11

22

29

37

38

42

55

34

0

20

7

* 47

36

61

31

16

20

15

* 50

36

64

35

Fewer than 10 Townships used electro-mechanical sirens.

The most common component/part cause of failures reported by the 243

electronic siren users that cited any failure were Speaker (39%) and Electronics (35%)

.

Table 10. Of the 243 Electronic Siren Users That Cited a Cause of Failure,

Percentages* Citing Specified Component.**

COMPONENT: % Electronic Siren Users

That Cited Any Cause of

Failure

(n = 243)

Speaker

Electronics

Control Switch

Other

39

35

21

21

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Percentages in text table differ from tables in appendix since text

table is based only on respondents citing failure while tables in

appendix include all electronic siren owners.

37
The 123 departments using electro-mechanical sirens that cited any

component/part cause of failure most often said that failure was associated

with the Brushes (38%) , Control Switch (36%) , or Bearings (31%)

.

Table 19. Of the 123 Electro-Mechanical Siren Users That Cited a Cause

of Failure, Percentages Citing Specified Component. *

COMPONENT

:

Brushes

Control Switch

Bearings

Windings

Other

* Percentage in text table differ from those appendix since text table

percentages are based only on respondents who cited failure.

For both siren types, the "Other" causes of failure listed were, in

almost all cases, not specifically related to a siren component. Rather,

they were the kinds of problems mentioned in Questions 8 and 18: Motorists

don't seem to hear siren, siren freezes in winter, equipment no durable

etc. For electronic sirens, transistors were mentioned most frequently in

the category "Other".

% Electro-Mechanical

Users That Cited Any

Cause of Failure

(n = 123)

38

36

31

6

19

38
11. About how long do you use most of your sirens of this type

before the electronic package or speaker must be replaced?

THE ELECTRONICS: THE SPEAKER:

Less than one year

1-3 years 4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace:

Less than one year

1-3 years 4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace:

have had for months. have had for months.

20. About how long do you use most electro-mechanical sirens of

this type before they are replaced or rebuilt?

Less than one year 1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace: have had for months.

Although these two questions were slightly c: fferent, it is possible to

make some limited comparisons of the lengths of time to replacement for

electronic and electro-mechanical sirens. The most interesting aspect of

these data is that a much higher percentage of electro-mechanical siren users

had had their sirens in use for More Than 10 Years before needing to replace

or rebuild them. And, much higher percentages of electronic siren users had

Never Had to Replace the electronics or the speakers of their sirens.

39
Table 11/20-1. Of Those Departments Using Electronic and Electro-Mechanical

Sirens, Percentages Citing Each Length of Time to Replacement.

LENGTH OF TIME ELECTRONIC SIRENS: ELECTRO-MECHANICAL:

TO REPLACEMENT:

SPEAKER: ELECTRONICS:

% All % All % All

Depts

.

Using Depts

.

Using Depts. Usi

€ (n = 360) * (n = 360) * (n = 180) *

Less Than 1 Year 2 2 1 1 0 0

1-3 Years 19 21 12 13 11 11

4-6 Years 16 37 17 30 18 29

7-10 Years 9 46 12 42 21 50

More Than 10 Years • 5 5 20

Never Replaced/Rebuilt 42 49 26

No Answer 7 5 4

* * * Cumulative percentages

.

Since it is known that electro-mechanical sirens have been commonly

available to police departments longer than electronic sirens, these data

were broken down in two additional ways: (1) All users who had ever replaced

or rebuilt their "Most Commonly Used" siren, and (2) All users who had never

replaced/rebuilt that type of siren.

The data from only those departments which had ever replaced/rebuilt

their sirens showed even more clearly that electro-mechanical sirens were

in use longer before replacement than electronic sirens. Almost 60% of the

electro-mechanical siren users (that had replaced sirens) had used the sirens

at least 7 years before they had to be replaced or rebuilt. In contrast,

37% of the electronic users (that had replaced sirens) had been able to use

their speakers that long, and only 27% had been able to use the electronic

package as many as 6 years.

40
Table 11/20-2.

LENGTH OF TIME

TO REPLACEMENT:

Of the Departments Which Had Replaced (Rebuilt) Their

Electronic (Speaker or Electronics) or Electro-Mechanical

Sirens, Percentages Citing Each Length of Time to Replacement.

ELECTRONIC SIRENS:

SPEAiCER: ELECTRONICS;

% Depts . % Depts

.

Replacing Replacing

(n = 166) (n = 180)

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

% Depts.

Replacing

(n = 126)

Less Than 1 Year 2 4 0 1-3 Years 25 37 16 4-6 Years 37 32 25

7-10 Years ^ 27 17 30

More Than 10 Years 10 10 29

* Percentages differ from those in appendix table, since text table

percentages are based only on respondents who have replaced or rebuilt

sirens.

The data from only those departments which had never replaced/rebuilt

their sirens again showed that electro-mechanical sirens were in use longer

without need for replacement than electronic sirens. Twenty-six percent of

the electro-mechanical siren users that had never replaced/rebuilt them had

had those sirens in use for more than 5 years. This compares with 10% of

the electronic siren users that had not replaced their speakers and 7% of

the electronic users that had not replaced the electronics.

Table 11/20-3, Of the Departments That Had Not Replaced (Rebuilt) Their

Electronic or Electro-Mechanical Sirens, Percentages Citing

Each "Time in Use" Categoiry.

YEARS IN USE: ELECTRONIC SIREN: ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

:

SPEAKER:

% Depts . Never

Replacing

(n = 153)

ELECTRONICS

% Depts. Never

Replacing

(n = 177)

% Depts . Never

Replacing/Rebuilding

(n = 46)

1 Year or Less

More Than 1 , To 2 Yrs

.

More Than 2, To 3 Yrs.

More_Than 3_,_To 5_ Yrs_.

More Than 5, To 8 Yrs.

More_Than 8_ Years_ No Answers

27

22

20

_16

" 9

1

' 5

25

22

20

.12

6

. 1

7

22

17

11

11

15.

1^

* Percentages differ from those in appendix table, since text table percentages

are based only on respondents who have not replaced (rebuilt) sirens.

41
Although all of these data appear to support the idea that electromechanical sirens last longer than electronic sirens, it is possible that

the data are simply showing that police departments have not had any

electronic sirens in use for a long number of years. In addition, these

data do not reflect the levels of use ("on time") of these two types of

sirens, nor do they reflect the conditions (e.g., weather) under which

they may have been operated.

12. and 21. What improvements could be made in this type

electronic/electro-mechanical siren?

No choices were provided for this question. The respondents' narrative

answers were used to develop categories and then each answer was coded.

About two-thirds of the siren users left this question blank; Electronic

siren users: 67% No Answer, and Electro-mechanical siren users: 64% No

Answer.

Of the 138 users of electronic sirens that suggested improvements, 19%

said their sirens needed more power/were not loud enough, and 19% suggested

improvements for the electronic siren speaker. There were a great many miscellaneous suggestions: 15% Other. The two improvements suggested most

frequently logically follow answers to Qs. 8 and 10: The most common problem

reported for electronic sirens was that motorists seemed not to hear them,

and the component reported to be the most likely to cause electronic siren

breakdown was the speaker.

42
Table 12. Of the 138 Departments Using Electronic Sirens and Suggesting

Improvements for Those Sirens, Percentages* Suggesting

Specified Improvement. **

IMPROVEMENT: % Electronic Siren Users

Making Suggestions

(n = 138)

Need more power/siren not loud enough 19%

Speaker improvements, such as improved

voice coil, greater power capacity,

improved durability 19

Better protection for speakers against

weather ' 13

Switches/controls unsatisfactory, com- plicated, need greater flexibility 13

Need adjustable volume control (more

flexible, greater output range) 9

More durcible/better quality 9

Mounting (speaker and/or control) for

audibility and convenience 8

Other 15

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Percentages differ from those in appendix since text table percentages

are based only on respondents suggesting improvements.

For electro-me chanical siren users also, increasing the volume of the

siren was the improvement suggested most frequently (by those who made

suggestions). Almost one-fifth of those departments, however, said that

the way to improve their electro-mechanical sirens was to replace them with

electronic sirens.

Sixteen percent of the departments suggesting improvements in their

electro-mechanical sirens said that their sirens should be made smaller

and/or lighter, a suggestion rarely made by electronic siren users. In Q.

19, the components reported to be the most common cause of electro-mechanical

siren breakdown were the brushes and bearings. These components were associated with 11% of the suggested improvements.

43
Table 21. Of the 77 Departments Using Electro-Mechanical Sirens and

Suggesting Improvements for Those Sirens, Percentages*

Suggesting Specified Improvement. **

IMPROVEMENT: % Electro-Mechanical

Siren Users Making

Suggestions

Cn = 77)

Increase volume/make siren louder 33%

Replace with electronic sirens 16

Make smaller and lighter weight 16

Improve mounting 13

Improve brushes, bearings, lubrication

system 11

Better braking system/faster motor stop 8

Other 8

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Percentages differ from those in appendix tables since text tables

are based only on respondnets suggesting improvements

.

It must again be emphasized that the great majorities of electronic

and electro-mechanical siren users suggested no improvements for their

sirens. Tables 12. and 21. are based on the answers of only about one-third

of all departments using each of these two types of sirens.

13. and 22. Can you think of any other electronic/electro-mechanical

siren currently on the market that might meet your needs

better? (Please give model or trade name and manufacturer if known.)

Model:

Manufacturer:

14. and 23. What is there about this other type electronic/electromechanical siren that would make it better for your

particular needs?

44
Almost no departments answered these questions: 93% of the electronic

siren users gave No Answer, and 96% of the electro-mechanical siren users

gave No Answer. These results do not necessarily mean that departments

were satisfied with the equipment they had, they might be indicating lack

of familiarity with other available equipment.

Since so few responses were elicited, they are not discussed here.

See Tables 13, 14, 22 and 23 in Appendix B.

2.2.4 Emergency Warning Lights

INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the MOST

COMMON type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

27. a. Model No. or Trade Name

27. b. Manufacturer

27. g. Mounted:

Directly on Vehicle

On Utility Bar

27. h. Number of patrolcars having this model of emergency

warning light:'

As for the questions about sirens, the questions about emergency warning

lights (beacons or flashers) were phrased so that they could be referenced to

particular lights (Most Common) . This was done because pretests showed that

many departments had more than one kind of beacon/flasher in use, and the

questions would have been difficult to answer meaningfully for those departments which had two or more dissimilar lights in use.

45
In 61% of the responding departments, their Most Cominon beacon/flashing

lights were made by Federal Sign and Signal Corp. Ten percent of the departments said their Most Common lights were made by Dietz. No other specific

manufacturer was reported by as many as 5% of the departments for their Most

Common beacons/flashing lights. (Model number was requested only to improve

the accuracy in determining manufacturer.)

The 437 responding departments reported a total of 26,618 patrolcars

equipped with their Most Common beacons/flashing lights. The majority of

these patrolcars were equipped with either Federal (67%) or Dietz (16%)

emergency warning lights. Only 17% of the patrolcars equipped with the

departments' Most Common lights were made by manufacturers other than Federal

or Dietz.

If the niimbers of patrolcars equipped with "Most Common" electronic or

electro-mechanical sirens (Qs. 6C and 15C) are used as a minimum estimate

of the numbers of patrolcars* in the responding departments, and if it is

assumed that most of these patrolcars would be equipped with beacons/flashing

lights as well as sirens; the answers to these questions about Most Comttion

emergency warning lights probably represent no more than 68% of all the

emergency warning beacons/flashing lights in the responding departments. Any

conclusions based on these data should, therefore, explicitly recognize that

the data are based on only a portion (albeit an assumed majority) of the lights

in use in those departments.

* A different but comparable sample of departments received the Patrolcars

Questionnaire of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey. The 449 respondents

to that questionnaire reported about 46,000 patrolcars in use in their

departments

.

46
About three-fifths of the responding departments mounted their Most

Common beacons/flashing lights on a Utility Bar above the roof of the

vehicle and about two-fifths mounted them Right On the Vehicle. Only about

2% said they mounted these lights in both locations.

Table 27A./27B./27G./27H. Percentages of Departments Whose "Most Common"

Emergency Warning Beacons/Flashing Lights Were Made by

Each Manufacturer, and Where These Lights Were Mounted.

Percentages of Patrolcars Equipped With Each Brand of Light.

MANUFACTURER: % Depts. Using % Total % Depts. Using That

This Brand as Patrolcars Brand Mounting It

"Most Common" Reported

(n=437) (n=26,618) Directly on Vehicle On Utility

Federal 61 67 32 68

Dietz 10 16 48 52

Sireno 3 2 56 44

Unity 3 2 55 44

Whelen 2 3 38 63

Trippe Man. Co. 2 2 55 44

Other Manufactvirer 7 7 39 71

No Manufacturer Given 12 1 51 49

TOTAL 100 100 38 62

INSTRUCTIONS

;

Please give the following information about the MOST

COMMON type of emergency warning lights (beacons or

flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

27. c. Number of lights per unit

The majority of the responding departments were using less than three

lights per unit for their Most Common beacons/flashing lights : 18% used One

Light/Unit, 44% used Two Lights/Unit. A higher percentage of State departments

47
(34%) were using only One Light/Unit t±ian were the other Department Types,

A higher percentage of the Fifty Largest Cities (28%) were using Four Lights/

Unit.

Table 27C. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Using

- <f- Specified Number of Lights Per Unit in Their "Most Common"

Beacons/Flashing Lights

.

DEPARTMENT % Depts

.

% Depts. % Depts. % Depts.

TYPE

:

One Light Two Lights Three Lights Four Lights % No

Per Unit Per Unit Per Unit Per Unit Answer

State 34 36 6 21 2

County 25 30 10 17 14

City (1-9) 21 40 16 12 8

50 Largest 15 46 4 28 2

City (50+) 14 52 10 20 2

City (10-49) 10 55 6 18 10

Township 7 48 7 21 17

All Departments 18 44 9 19 8

INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the MOST

COMMON type of emergency warning lights (beacons or

flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

27. d. Number of units per vehicle

About three-fourths of the responding departments reported that they

had only one of their Most Common emergency warning light units per vehicle.

Almost 9 out of 10 (89%) of State departments had only One Unit/Vehicle

compared to 68%-76% of the departments in the other six Department Types.

Thirteen percent of the departments reported Two Units/Vehicle and only

4% reported More Than Two Units/Vehicle.

48
Ta±)le 27D. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Using

Specified Number of Units Per Vehicle.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Depts. % Depts. % Depts

.

One Unit Two Units More Than Two % No

Per Vehicle Per Vehicle Units Per Vehicle Answer

State 89 6 4 0

50 Largest 76 17 4 2

City (10-49) "75 12 3 10

City (50+) 73 19 3 4

City (1-9) 69 12 9 10

Township 69 7 0 24

County 68 13 2 17

All Departments 74 13 4 g

INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the MOST

COMMON type of emergency warning lights (beacons or flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

27. e. Color(s) of warning signal:

Red & Blue

Red & Clear

Blue & Clear

Clear

Red

Blue

Yellow (Amber)

Other (specify)

27. f. Color of dome

Three-quarters of the responding departments used Red (either alone

or in combination with other colors) for their Most Common emergency warning

lights. One half (56%) used Only Red warning signals. Within each of the

seven Department Types, the greatest proportions of departments were using red

warning signals, but a slightly smaller percentage of States were using Red

than the other Department Types.

49
About one-third (34%) of the departments were using Blue warning

signals (either alone or in combination with other colors) , but only 21%

were using Only Blue warning signals. A slightly greater percentage of

State departments (34%) were using Only Blue warning signals than the other

Department Types (Range: 21% of Townships to 28% of the Fifty Largest

Cities)

.

Table 27E-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Using Red or Blue Warning Signals in Their "Most Common" Beacons/Flashers.

DEPARTMENT RED: 1 BLUE:

TYPE: 1 % Depts. % Depts

.

% Depts. % Depts

.

% Depts

.

% Depts. % Depts.

Red Red & Any 1 Red & Any Blue & Blue

Only Clear Red , Blue Blue Clear Only

City (1-9) 64 8 70 8 i 35 4 23

State 57 4 63 2

1 36 0 34

County 56 11 75 8 32 0 24

City (10-49) 54 12 77 11

' 34 2 21

City (50+) 54 10 72 1 8

• 33 2 23

50 Largest 52 13 74 9

' 39 2 28

Township 45 21 73 1 7 1 28 0 21

All Depts. 56 11 75

1

1

1 S 1 34 2 24

Very few of the responding departments were using Only Clear (6%) or

Only Yellow (7%) warning signals in their Most Common beacons/flashing

lights. However, 19% of State departments reported that they were using

Only Yellow warning signals.

50
Table 27E-2. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Using

Clear or Yellow Warning Signals In Their "Most Common"

Beacons /Flashers

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: CLEAR: YELLOW/AMBER:

% Depts. % Depts . % Depts. % Depts. % Depts

.

Clear & Clear & Any Clear Yellow

Red Blue Clear Only Only

City (1-9) 8 4 13 1 9

State 4 0 6 2 19

County 11 0 14 3 11

City (10-49) 12 2 20 6 7

City (50+) 10 2 17 5 12

50 Largest 13 2 19 4 11

Township 21 0 28 7 7

All Departments 11 2 17 4 11

Differences among Department Types in their use of various colors and

color combinations were not striking. A few slight differences are noted

above. Since developmental and pretest interviews with police departments

revealed a high degree of interest in this question, a word of caution is

warranted. These data cannot be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the

different colors/color combinations as warning signals; they simply reflect

what departments were using at the time of the survey. The Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards is conducting tests

to determine the efficacy of various colors of warning signals.

The percentages of departments jsing each color of dome for their Most

Common beacons/flashing lights were similar to those for the various colors

of warning signals: About half (51%) of the departments had red domes, onefourth had blue domes, and 14% had clear domes. The unusually high percentage

of No Answers to this question (compared to Q. 27E) can probably be attributed

to the fact that no choices were supplied for Question 27F as they were for

27E.

51
Table 27F. Percentages of Responding Departments Using Specified Color

of Dome With Their "Most Common" Beacons/Flashing Lights.

COLOR OF DOME: % Depts . Using

That Color

(n = 437)

Red

Blue

Clear

Yellow

Chrome * No Answer

51

25

14

1

1

14

* These departments probably confused the base of the dome with the dome

itself.

INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the

MOST COMMON type of emergency warning lights

(beacons or flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

Less than 1 year 1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to repair; have had for months

Thirty-eight percent of the responding departments reported that they

had to repair their beacons/flashing lights every three years or oftener.

In contrast, over half of the States (51%) , Cities 50+ (53%) , and the Fifty

Largest Cities (55%) , said they had to repair these lights every three years

or oftener. As was the case for sirens, smaller Cities and Townships were

28. About how long does this model of beacon or flashing

light work before it needs repair or service?

(other than lamp replacement)

52
much more likely than larger Cities and States to say they had Never Needed

to Repair their beacons/flashing lights. About one-third of all responding

departments said Never Needed to Repair, but 59% of Townships and 52% of

Cities (1-9) gave that answer.

Of the 149 departments that had Never Needed to Repair their beacons/

flashing lights, 30% had had them for a year or less. Only 21% had had those

lights more than three years.

Table 28. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Reporting

Specified Length of Time Before Repair for Their "Most Common"

DEPARTMENT LENGTH OF TIME BEFORE REPAIR

TYPE:

% Depts. % Depts. % Depts.

Less Than % Depts. % Depts. 7 Years Never Neec

1 Year 1-3 Years 4-6 Years Or More To Repair

State 11 40 17 19 9

City (50+) 10 43 17 6 23

50 Largest 9 46 26 11 9

City (1-9) 5 25 13 5 52

County 3 20 14 18 39

City (10-49) 2 26 23 3 44

Township 0 24 14 3 59

All Depts. 6 32 18 9 34

INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the

MOST COMMON type of emergency warning lights

(beacons or flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

29. What are the most common causes of breakdown or malfunction

in this model beacon or flasher?

Bulb failure

Mechanical failure

Failure caused by weather

I Other

53
Bulb failure was the most frequently cited cause of breakdown or malfunction of the departments ' Most Common beacons/flashing lights : Over 40%

of all responding departments chose this answer, and about one-third or

more of the departments in every Department Type chose this answer. "No

Answers," which most probably meant that the department had had no failures

(see Q. 28) , were much more common for Counties and Smaller Cities than for

States, Cities (50+), and the Fifty Largest Cities.

Table 29. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type Reporting

Specified Common Cause of Breakdown Or Malfunction for Their

II'Most Common" Beacons/Flashers

DEPARTMENT

CAUSE OF FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION:

TYPE : % Depts. % Depts.

% Depts. % Depts. Weather Other % Depts.

Bulb Mechanical Caused Cause of No Failure/

Failure Failure Failure Failure No Answer

50 Largest 61 30. 11 15 4

City (50+) 55 24 12 10 12

Township 45 14 7 7 35

State 40 40 15 15 6

County 39 17 4 1 42

City (1-9) 34 17 8 10 33

City (10-49) 32 21 5 11 37

All Depts. 43 23 8 10 26

* Percentages add to slightly more than 100% since multiple answers

allowed.

Much higher percentages of States, Cities (50+) , and the Fifty Largest

Cities answered this question. As many of the State departments cited

Mechanical Failure as the most common cause of light malfunction as cited

Bulb Failure. In contrast, about twice as many of the City (50+) and Fifty

Largest City departments cited Bulb Failure as cited Mechanical Failure.

"Other" causes of malfunction mentioned were damage caused by car wash,

domes/glass breaking, and poor grounding.

54
INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the

MOST COMMON type of emergency warning lights

(beacons or flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

30. About how long can this model of emergency warning light

be used before it must be replaced?

Less than 1 year 1-3 years 4-6 years

7-10 years

11 - 15 years

More than 15 years

Never needed to replace; have had for months

A slightly higher percentage of the responding departments said they

had Never Needed to Replace their beacons/flashing lights (40%) than said

they had Never Needed to Repair them (34%, Question 28) . As was the case

with repair, lower percentages of the Fifty Largest Cities and States had

Never Needed to Replace those lights than the other five Department Types.

Table 28/30. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Had Never Needed to Repair (Q. 28) or Never Needed to Replace

(Q. 30) Their "Most Common" Beacons/Flashing Lights.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: NEVER NEEDED TO:

REPLACE:

% Depts.

REPAIR:

% Depts,

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

County

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

Township

15

28

35

39

44

55

62

9

9

23

39

44

52

59

All Departments 40 34

55
Of the 174 departments which had Never Needed to Replace their lights,

about two-thirds had had those emergency warning lights in use for three

years or less; about three-fourths had had them in use for four years or

less. There is reason to suggest, therefore, that the States and Fifty

Largest Cities may have had different purchasing practices than the smaller

Department Types

.

The most frequent time period to replacement was between four and ten

years after purchase (35% of all responding departments) . Only 10% of all

the responding departments said they could use these beacons/flashers more

than ten years before replacing them; but 15% of States and 24% of the Fifty

Largest Cities said they could use their lights more than ten years.

Table 30. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which Cited

Specified Time to Replacement Interval For Their "Most Common"

Beacons /Flashing Lights.

DEPARTMENT TIME INTERVAL TO REPLACEMENT:

TYPE :

% Depts. % Depts. % Depts. % Depts.

0-3 Years 4-6 Years 7-10 Years 11+ Years

% Depts.

No Answer/

Never

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

County

City (10-49)

City (1-9)

Township

13

9

10

1

11

9

7

20

13

18

15

15

13

14

26

30

23

21

18

6

14

24

15

9

8

5

9

0

17

34

40

53

52

63

65

All Departments 8 16 19 10 47

56
INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the

MOST COMMON type of emergency warning lights

(beacons or flashers) used in your department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

31. What improvements can you suggest for this model of

emergency warning lights?

32. Can you think of any other emergency warning light

currently on the market that might meet your needs

better? (Please give model, manufacturer, type,

color, if known.)

Model

:

Manufacturer

:

Type

:

Color

:

33. What is there about this other light that would make

it meet your needs better?

Eighty-eight percent of the responding departments left Questions 32

and 33 blank. Those data will not be presented here. However, about onefourth of the departments did suggest improvements for their Most Common

emergency warning lights . The respondents ' narrative answers were coded

and tabulated. The most frequent improvements mentioned were Make More

Visible, Make More Weatherproof, and Improve Motor/Bearings/Gears.

57
Table 31. Of the 115 Departments Suggesting Improvements for Their "Most

Common" Emergency Warning Lights, Percentages^ Citing Specified

Improvement. * *

IMPROVEMENT: % Depts. Suggesting

Any Improvement

(n = 115)

Make lights brighter/more intense/more

visible, etc. 21

Make unit more weatherproof/sealing 19

Improve motors/bearings/gears 16

Better quality/more durable - 9

Improve mounting 8

More theftproof/vandalproof 6

Change to blue lights _ 6

Increase flash speed/turning rate 5

Improve Domes 5

* This is not the entire list of categories; see Appendix B for complete

listing.

** Percentages differ from those in appendix since text table is based on only those who cited improvements.

2.2.5 Activities for Which Emergency Warning Equipment Is Used

2. Which of the following do your officers usually use when signalling

a motorist to pull over during the daytime? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

Siren

Horn

Public Address System

Flashing Lights

3. Which of the following do your officers usually use when signalling

a motorist to pull over at night? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(Same Choices Supplied)

58
Almost all of the responding departments said they used Flashing Lights

to signal motorists to pull over: 90% for daytime signals and 99% for nighttime signals. In addition, nearly two-thirds of the departments used Sirens

to signal pull over: 54% for daytime and 52% at night. Forty-four percent

said they used their patrolcar Horns during the daytime, less than one-third

(30%) used the Horn at night. The relatively small percentages of departments

using the Public Address System to signal pull over were probably at least

partially a result of the fact that fewer departments had PA Systems (41% of

all respondents) while virtually all had Sirens, Emergency Warning Lights,

and Horns

.

Table 2/3-1. Percentages* of Departments Using Specified Emergency Warning

Devices to Signal Motorists to Pull Over During the Daytime

and at Night.

WARNING SIGNAL: % Depts . % Depts

.

Using During Using At

DAYTIME NIGHT

(n = 437) (n = 437)

Flashing lights 90 99

Siren 64 52

Horn 44 30

Public Address System 11 10

* Percentages add to more than 100% since more than one device could be

used at the same time.

The three largest City Department Types [(10-49), (50+), and 50 Largest]

were roughly similar in their use of these emergency warning signals both in

the daytime and at night, except that slightly more of the Fifty Largest

Cities were using their PA System to signal. State and County use of these

signals, however, was different from Cities and from each other. A higher

proportion of Counties used Sirens for daytime signalling, whereas a higher

59
proportion of States used the car Horn. States were the only Department

Type in which more departments reported using the car Horn than the Siren

for signalling motorists to pull over during the day.

Table 2 -2. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type Using

^ Specified Emergency Warning Device To Signal Motorists To

Pull Over During the Daytime.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: EMERGENCY WARNING DEVICE:

. , % Depts. % Depts.

Flashing % Depts. % Depts. PA

Lights Siren Horn System

Township 100 69 34 3 County 96 72 25 11

City (1-9) 91 58 34 5 City (10-49) 90 69 50 15

50 Largest 87 61 46 24

State 87 49 57 13

City (50+) 84 65 59 7

All Departments 90 64 44 **

* Percentages add to more than 100%.

** Less than 1%.

4. Which of the following do your officers usually use for

emergency runs during the daytime? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

5. Which of the following do your officers usually use for

emergency runs at night? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

Siren ' Horn

Public Address System "

'

' - '* Flashing Lights

Over 90% of the responding departments reported using both Siren and

Flashing Lights for emergency runs. Very few used the patrolcar Horn or

the Public Address System. There was almost no difference in the departments'

60
use of these devices during the day and at night. Sirens were much more

commonly used for emergency runs than for signalling motorists to pull over.

Approximately the same percentages of departments in all seven Department

Types were using these emergency warning devices for emergency runs.

Table 4/5. Percentages* of Departments Using Specified Emergency Warning

Devices for Daytime and Nighttime Emergency Runs.

EMERGENCY WARNING

DEVICE:

Flashing Lights

Siren

Horn

Public Address System

DAYTIME:

% Depts.

(n = 437)

98

94

6

2

NIGHTTIME:

% Depts.

(n = 437)

99

92

5

2

* Percentages add to more than 100%,

25. For which of the following activities do your officers

ROUTINELY use their emergency warning lights during the

daytime . (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

26. For which of the following activities do your officers

ROUTINELY use their emergency warning lights at night . (CHECK EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

Routine Patrol

Parking Off the Road

Parking On the Road

Signalling Motorists to Pull Over

Emergency Calls

Pursuing Another Car

Other (specify)

This question corroborated the data from Questions 2, 3, 4 and 5. Almost

all of the responding departments used their emergency warning lights routinely for Emergency Calls (92% during daytime and 94% at night) . Similar percentages of departments used their flashing lights for Pursuit of Vehicle and

61
signalling Motorists To Pull Over. Parking On Road was the only other

routine use for flashing lights by as many as one-third of the respondents.

There were slight differences in the percentages of departments which

reported using flashing lights for each activity in Qs. 25 and 26 and those

that reported using flashing lights in Qs. 2, 3, 4 and 5. These small

differences were partially a result of the addition of the word "routinely"

in Qs . 25 and 26, and partially a result of respondent error or inconsistency.

Very few departments used their emergency warning lights for Routine

Patrol. None of the Fifty Largest Cities or Cities (50+) used their lights

for this purpose (either during the day or at night) . Eight percent of

Counties, 6% of States, and 4% of each of the smaller City Department Types

did use their emergency warning lights for Routine Patrol.

Table 25/26. Percentages* of Departments Which Used Emergency Warning

Lights Routinely for Specified Activity During the Daytime

and at Night.

ACTIVITY

:

Emergency Calls

Pursuing Another Car

Signalling Motorists Over

Parking On_ the Road

Parking Off the Road

Routine Patrol

Other

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

"Other" activities for which emergency warning lights were routinely

used were for funeral escorts, escorts in general, blocking traffic, directing traffic, at accident sites, and at hazards in general.

DAYTIME

:

% Depts.

(n = 437)

92

91

88

67

16

3

13

NIGHT:

% Depts.

(n = 437)

94

92

94

76

26

3

12

62
2.2.6 Purchasing and Testing Emergency Warning Equipment

37. Who in your department is responsible for choosing and ordering

emergency warning equipment? (Please give title and/or position

rather than name.)

Title/Position : Title/Position:

A wide range of title/positions were elicited by this question. Coding

categories were developed to organize these responses:

• Head of Unit . Included the Chief, Assistant to Chief, Director,

Commissioner of Public Works/Safety. Assistant was included in

this category since assistants may share many of the daily responsibilities of operating a department.

• Users of the equipment . Included patrolman, trooper, patrol

division/patrol officer.

• Maintenance staff . Included maintenance division, mechanic,

garage mechanic, garage superintendent, garage foreman, communications technician, service department.

• Other . Included city official, town council, town board, staff

services division, transportation division, communications

division and officers (except technicians) , administrative

division and officers, planning and research, technical services,

logistics, supply, business officer, and operations officer.

These codes are somewhat arbitrary, and were not offered as choices

on the questionnaire.

The Chief/Unit Head was responsible for choosing and ordering emergency

warning equipment in 90% or more of the Counties, Cities (10-49) , and Townships, and in 84% of the Cities (1-9). This was also the case in more than

half (57%) of the Cities (50+) . In the two largest Department Types,

however, much smaller percentages of the departments listed the Chief/Unit

Head as responsible for choosing and ordering emergency warning equipment.

63
Every State department listed at least one person or group that was

categorized as "Other". No pattern was identified from these "Others";

almost all of the examples given in the preceding definition appeared among

the State department responses.

In the Fifty Largest City departments, as in State departments, the

emergency warning equipment purchasing decisions were most often made by

administrative personnel "Other" than the Chief/Unit Head. However, more

than one-fourth of the Fifty Largest Cities listed members of the departments' Maintenance Staff.

Only 5% of the responding departments said that Users (of emergency

warning equipment) were responsible for choosing and ordering that equipment.

Table 37. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type in Which

The Person/Group Responsible for Choosing/Ordering Emergency

Warning Equipment Held Specified Title/Position.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: TITLE/POSITION:

% Depts. % Depts. % Depts. % Depts.

Chief/ Equip. Maintenance Other

Unit Head User Staff Administrative

County 93 6 3 15

City (10-49) 93 2 1 18

Township 90 3 7 21

City (1-9) 84 1 0 31

City (50+) 57 7 19 40

50 Largest 30 11 28 50

State 13 4 11 100

All Departments 69 5 9 36

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

64
38. What test methods do you use for new emergency warning equipment?

Buy a few pieces of equipment; have some officers use them and give opinions

.

Use standard tests before buying (What tests?)

Tests after delivery but before installing on the

patrolcar (What tests?)

Test after installation on the patrolcar (What tests?)

Emergency warning equipment is not tested except in use

Other (Specify)

The data reported for this question may be misleading. The reader

should be careful in interpreting the results. Discussions with departments

during follow-up showed that many departments considered such actions as a

salesman's demonstration or turning on the equipment to see if it worked, to be

testing. It appears that many departments which made the "turn on to see

if it works" test marked several of the choices. Table 38 in Appendix B

presents the data from this question. However, text Table 38, below, presents only two of the categories. The departments' interpretations even of

these two categories might be suspect.

Much higher percentages of the States and Fifty Largest Cities said

they Bought a Few Pieces of Equipment and Had Officers Use Them than did

the other Department Types. This practice probably resulted from the fact

that these large departments make larger bulk purchases of equipment and,

therefore, spend more time and money prior to purchasing to be sure of their

investment. Only 4% of the States said they Don't Test Except in Use, but

about one-third (34%) of the Fifty Largest Cities marked this choice. More

65
than half of the Counties, Cities (1-9), and Cities (10-49) said they did

no testing of emergency warning equipment except in use.

Table 38. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Having

Specified Testing Policy for New Emergency Warning Equipment.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: TESTING POLICY:

% Depts. Buy % Depts. Don't

' Some and Get Test Except

Opinions In Use

State -

. 68 4

50 Largest 57 24

City (50+) 29 37

City (10-49) 19 52

County 15 61

Township 14 48

City (1-9) 4 55

All Departments 27 43

2.2.7 Training Officers to Use Emergency Warning Equipment

36. Officers may be trained in various ways to use emergency warning

equipment. Put a 1_ by the method used MOST OFTEN in your department and a 2_ by the method SECOND most commonly used in your

department.

Officers read training manuals (on their own, rather than

in training classes)

Use of emergency warning equipment is one part of the

regular training classes given by our own department

Experienced officers show new officers how to use equipment

Officers attend school outside the department for this

training

Other (Specify)

I

66
Although the question instructed the respondents to rank two of the

training methods, many departments apparently overlooked these instructions

and simply checked two choices. Therefore, the data were tabulated as

though each choice were equal rather than as ranked data.

In five of the seven Department Types, the most common method of

training officers to use emergency warning equipment was Experienced Officers

Train New Officers. For States and the Fifty Largest Cities, however, the

highest percentages of departments said Training Classes In_ Department was

one of the methods used. Counties, Townships, and the two smallest City

Department Types had relatively higher percentages of departments saying

Training Classes Outside Department, while no States and almost none of the

Fifty Largest Cities marked this choice. This result is consistent with the

activities described in Section 1.5: Fewer of the departments in these

Department Types carried out any training for their own departments.

Table 36. Percentages* of Departments in Each Department Type Using

Specified Method of Training Officers to Use Emergency

Warning Equipment.

DEPARTMENT

TYPE : TRAINING METHOD:

% Depts

.

% Depts. % Depts. Experienced % Depts.

Train Classes Train Classes Officers Train Officers Read

In Dept. Outside Dept. New Officers Training Manuals

State

50 Largest • . City (50+)

City (10-49)

Township

City (1-9)

County

89

85

67

42

41

25

24

0

2

16

38

28

43

41

77

76

87

82

97

74

83

4

13

7 25

24

30

23

All Departments 50 27 81 19

Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers allowed.

67
Although it appears from these data that most departments conducted

both training classes (either within the department or outside the department) and had experienced officers demonstrate equipment to newer officers;

discussions with departments led to the conclusion that many officers

received only very general instructions about emergency warning equipment

in training classes, and that on-the-job training was by far the most

common training method.

Availability of Traffic Control Signals for Helping Emergency Vehicles

35. a. Can official traffic control signals in your jurisdiction be

operated so as to help the patrolcar during an emergency?

Yes > No

b. IF YES, How are the traffic signals controlled?

By a bright light from the patrolcar?

By a radio signal from the patrolcar?

Other (Describe)

Ability to control traffic signals was not generally available in

responding police departments. About 15% of all responding departments

reported such a capability.

Table 35. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Capable of

Controlling Traffic Signals During an Emergency.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Departments

(n = 437)

City (50+)

City (1-9)

Township

City (10-49)

County

50 Largest

State

All Departments 15

24

18

14

13

13

9

4

68
Of the 64 departments that said they could control traffic signals

in their jurisdictions, only 12 departments (3% of all responding departments) said that this control could be exercised by using either a Bright

liight From Patrolcar or a Radio Signal From Patrolcar. Almost all of the

remaining 52 departments said that traffic signals could be manually controlled

by adjusting a switch at the traffic light. A few departments said that traffic

signals could be controlled from police headquarters.

Table 35B. Of the 64 Departments Able to Control Traffic Signals,

Percentages Controlling in Specified Manner.

HOW CONTROL: % Depts . Capable of

Controlling Traffic Lights

(n = 64)

Bright light from patrolcar 11

Radio signal from patrolcar 8

Manual control/Other 83

2.2.9 Suggestions for Improving Emergency Warning Equipment

39. If new emergency warning equipment were developed, how should

it be different from what you now have?

A page was provided in the questionnaire so that departments could

express opinions and ideas which might not have been covered in the questions. These narrative responses were not tabulated, but have been retained

verbatim for use in research.

Many departments mentioned a need for lights with better visibility and

for louder sirens, two subjects that were covered in the questionnaire. To

give the reader a feeling for the kinds of comments contributed, some examples

are presented below:

69
"We recommend that a light be installed in all new vehicles that

could be activated by any emergency vehicle. New cars today are

so quiet that operators cannot hear emergency sirens even though

sirens are very loud."

"Emergency equipment within police vehicles should have switch

controls readily accessible to operator of vehicles. Not all

patrols have two men."

"That an audible signal device, distinct to police only should be

developed. I also believe that a colored light distinct only to

police should be adopted nationwide."

"The current warning equipment in use in this department is generally

satisfactory, but if a directional siren can be developed, it would

be a great improvement..."

"Should be based on proven scientific research rather than opinion.

Human perception key factor. Future vehicle design should be considered. Should consider varying needs of user — example: State

vs. City."

"...Also, more usage of high intensity lights and less noise pollution

by audible alarm devices. Audible alarm devices should be phased out

of emergency vehicle usage in congested areas at the earliest possible

time .

"Sirens should be designed to be put on roof without drilling holes

or using magnets. In using crossbars, it should be conventional to

be used on cars that have rain gutters as well as cars without rain

gutters .

"New equipment should be designed with lighter weight. Due to the

constant vibration they damage the roof of the car."

"All equipment on a single control panel."

"A high beam would be added to light the sky as well as straight on. This would allow motorists to see the flashing lights in spite of the

fact that the car is over a hill."

"Most of the equipment on the market today is good. Rather than

seeing much time wasted setting standards, I would prefer to see more things developed."

"We feel it should be installed by manufacturers > therefore, being a part of the vehicle, it could be more versatile."

"Utility bar emergency lights of aerodynamic design to reduce wind

resistance and of a quality to be maintenance free for a period of

30 - 36 months."

70
"A master switch which could turn on and t\im off all emergency

equipment with one switch (master switch would override all other

switches to separate controls.)"

"Some type of warning light, possibly in dashboard or on unit head,

similar to the 'bright light' indicator for headlights. This would

alleviate the possibility of leaving warning (emergency) lights on inadvertantly .

"Standard nationwide special built police vehicle with all emergency

equipment customized and built in. Vehicle would not be sold to

general public and would incorporate all modern safety developments."

"Wind resistance is always a problem."

"Make easier to change from one vehicle to another."

"The siren as an emergency item is useless in today's traffic:..."

71

Appendix A

NBS-887

May 1972

0MB 41-F72030

Approval Elxpires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE: SIRENS AND

EMERGENCY WARNING LIGHTS

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558
INTRODUCTION : Many different sirens and emergency warning lights are sold for use by police departments. We have been told by some departments

that it is hard for them to decide which sirens and emergency warning lights

are best for their use. The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will

develop voluntary performance standards for this equipment. We need your

answers from this questionnaire to help in writing these standards.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE : The purpose of this questionnaire is to find

out how well the sirens and emergency warning lights you use now perform

and how you need them to perform in order to do your job. ALL OF THE

QUESTIONS IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE REFER TO THE SIRENS AND EMERGENCY WARNING

LIGHTS USED ON A STANDARD PATROL CAR (USUALLY A MARKED FOUR-DOOR OR TWO-DOOR

SEDAN) , NOT TO ANY USED ON UNMARKED VEHICLES.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all the

information you need "at your fingertips", please make your best

effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt

to supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be at least partially

compiled by computer. It is important that you follow directions

and answer every question legibly and in the boxes and spaces

provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of

this survey; the results will be published in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear

after some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place

it, with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in

the stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them

to:

Technology Building, AllO

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address, or call collect:

. E. Bunten, or P. Klaus

Phone (301) 921-3558

A-2
A. USE OF SIRENS AND LIGHTS

1. Which of the following sound sources do your patrol cars usually have

in addition to, or instead of, what is found on ein ordinary passenger

car? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT YOUR CARS HAVE)

* (10-14) ^Special loud horn

^Electronic siren and speaker

Public address system

Mechanical or electro-mechanical siren

Other source of sound (describe briefly)

2. Which of the following do your officers usually use when signalling a motorist to pull over during the daytime? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT

APPLIES)

(15-18) ^Siren

Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

3. Which of the following do yo\ir officers usually use when signalling a motorist to pull over at night? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(19-22) ^Siren

^Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

4. Which of the following do your officers usually use for emergency rxans during the daytime? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(23-26) ^Siren

^Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

*** Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.
5. Which of the following do yoiir officers usually use for emergency

runs at night? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(27-30) ^Siren

Horn

Public address system

Flashing lights

B. ELECTRONIC SIRENS

INSTRUCTION: Answer questions #6-14 for the ELECTRONIC siren MOST

COMMONLY USED in your department. If you are not

certain whether your most commonly used siren is

electronic or electro-mechanical, put an in the box

below and fill in the questions for electronic sirens on pages 4 to 7. Electro-mechcmical sirens are asked about

beginning on page 7.

(31)

I am uncertain what type my most commonly

used siren is.

6. The most commonly used electronic siren in your department is:

(32-33) a. Model or Trade Name

(34-35) b. Manufacturer

(36-40) c. Number of Patrolcars Having It

7. Where is this type electronic siren usually located?

(41-47) On a utility bar above the roof

Right on the roof

On the right front fender

On the left front fender

JJnder the hood, right behind the grille & free from

obstructions

Under the hood, in the engine compartment

Other (Specify)

A-4
8. What problems have you encoimtered with this type electronic siren?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(48-57) They are too loud for some uses

They sometimes freeze up in winter

Sometimes motorists do not seem to hear them

The officers cannot hear the radio

There is a delay from the time the siren is turned on until

it will actually make the sound

Wiring problems

^Relay or switch problems

We have had no problems because the equipment is new

We have had no problems even though equipment has been in use for

sometime

Other (Specify)

9. Please rate the performance of this type electronic siren in terms

of how often it must be repaired:

(58-65) Needs repair more often than every six months

Needs repair every 6 to 12 months

Needs repair about once a year

Needs repair about once every 2 or 3 years

Needs repair less often than every 3 years

Never needed repair: have had for months

(no.)

A-5
10. What part or component is the most common cause of breakdovms in

this type electronic siren?

(66-69) Speaker fails

Electronics fail

Control Switch

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

11. About how long do you use most of your sirens of this type before

the electronic package or speaker must be replaced?

The Electronics :

(70-77) Less than one year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace: have had for months

(no.

)

The Speaiker :

(10-17) Less than one year

1-3 years .

. 4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace : have had for months

(no.)

A-6
12. What iir^^rovements could be made in this type electroriic sxxen?

(18-19)

13. Can you think of any other electronic siren currently on the market

that might meet your needs better? (Please give model or -crade name and manufacturer if known)

(20-21) Model:

(22-23) Manufacturer:

14. What is there about this other type electronic siren that wo\ild make

it better for your particular needs?

(24-25)

C. ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SIRENS

INSTRUCTION: Answer questions #15-23 for the ELECTRO-MECHAlsICAL

siren MOST COMMONLY USED in your department.

If youi department does not use electro-mechanical

sirens, skip to question #24, page 11.

15. The most commonly used electro-mechanical siren in our department

is :

(26-27) Model or Trade Name

(28-29) Manufacturer

(30-34) c. Number of Patrolcars Having It

A7
16. Where is this type electro-mechanical siren usually located?

(35-41) On a utility bar above the roof

Right on the roof

On the right front fender

On the left front fender

Under the hood, right behind the grille & free from obstructions

Under the hood, in the engine department

Other (Specify)

17. What problems have you encountered with this type electro-mechanical

siren? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(42-51) They are too loud for some uses

They sometimes freeze up in winter

Sometimes motorists do not seem to hear them

The officers cannot hear the radio

There is a delay from the time the siren is turned on until

it will actually make the sound

Wiring problems

Relay or switch problems

We have had no problems because equipment is new

We have had no problems even though this equipment has been in use for some time.

Other (Specify)

A- 8
18. Please rate the performance of this type electro-mechanical sireri

in terms of how often it must be repaired:

(52-59) — Needs repair more often than every six months

Needs repair every 5 to 12 months

Needs repair about once a year

Needs repair about once every 2 or 3 years

Needs repair less often than every 3 years

Never needed repair: have had for months

(no.)

19 . What part or component is the most common cause of breakdowns in

this type electro-mechanical siren?

(60-64) Brushes

Bearings

Windings

Control switch

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

20. About how long do you use most electro-mechanical sirens of this

type before they are replaced or rebuilt?

5_72) Less than one year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to replace: have had for months

(no.)
21. What improvements ccruld be made in this type electro-mechanical

siren?

(73-74)

22. Can you think of any other electro-mechanical siren now on the

market that might meet your needs better? (Please give model

or trade name and manufacturer if known)

(75-76) Model:

(79-80)

(77-78) Manufact\irer

23. What is there about this other type electro-mechanical siren that

would make it better for your particular needs?

A- 10
D. EMERGENCY WARMING LIGHTS

24, What lights or reflectors do your patrol cars usually have in

addition to, or instead of, those found on an ordinary passenger

car? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(10-20) ^Special reflectors or areas of ref lectorizing material

^Special turn signal lights (sometimes may also be used as "four-way" flashers)

^Special clearance or marker light (like those on trucks)

Hand controlled spotlights (not colored)

Fog lights or auxiliary driving lights

Alley or ambush lights (spotlights or floodlights mounted so they aim to the side; not colored)

Automatic flasher that can flash the headlights alternately

Colored flashing or steady burning lights in grille

(other than standard parking lamps or turn signals)

Revolving or flashing lights on roof or roof-bar

("Gumball", "bubble" or "strobe" lights)

Any other warning lights showing to the front? (Describe briefly)

Any other warning lights showing to the rear? (Describe briefly)

A-11
25. For which of the following activities do your officers ROUTINELY

use their emergency warning lights during the daytime . (MARK

X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(21-27) Routine patrol

Parking off the road

Parking on the road

Signalling motorist to pull over

Emergency calls

Pursuing another car

Other (specify)

26. For which of the following activities do your officers ROUTINELY

use their emergency warning lights at night . (CHECK EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

(28-34) ^Routine patrol

Parking off the road

Parking on the road

Signalling motorist to pull over

_Emergency calls

Pursuing another car

Other (specify)

A- 12
INSTRUCTIONS: Please give the following information about the MOST

COMMON type of emergency warning lights (beacons or

flashers) used in yoiar department.

MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

(35-36) 27o a. Model No. or Trade Name

(37-38) Manufacturer

(3^) c. Number of lights per unit _

(^0) d. Number of units per vehicle

(41-48) e. Color (s) of warning signal:

Red & Blue

Red & Clear

Blue & Clear

Clear

Red

Blue

Yellow (amber)

Other (Specify)

(49-50) ^^^^^ ^Q^g

g. Mounted:

Directly on Vehicle

On Utility Bar

(53-57) h. Number of patrolcars having this model of emergency warning

light:

A- 13
MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

28. About how long does this model of beacon or flashing light work

before it needs repair or service? (Other than lamp replacement)

(58-65) Less than 1 year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

More than 10 years

Never needed to repair: have had for months

(no.)

29. What are the most common causes of breakdown or malfunction in

this model beacon or flasher?

(66-69) Bulb failure

Mechanical failure

Failure caused by weather

Other (Specify)

30. About how long can this model of emergency warning lights be used

before it must be REPLACED?

(70-78) Less than 1 year

1-3 years

4-6 years

7-10 years

11 - 15 years

More than 15 years

Never needed to replace : have had for months

(no.)

A- 14
MOST USED BEACON OR FLASHING LIGHT

31. What improvements can you suggest for this model of emergency

warning lights?

32. Can you think of any other emergency warning light currently

on the market that might meet your needs better? (Please

give model, manufacturer, type, color, if known).

Mode 1

: Manufacturer:

Type : Color :

33. What is there about this other light that would make it meet your

needs better?

E. GENERAL INFORMATION

34. How many standard patrol cars does your department have?

(NUMBER)

A- 15
35. a. Can official traffic contxol signals in yoxir jurisdiction

be operated so as to help the patrol car diiring an emergency?

(25)

(26-28)

Yes No

IF YES, how are the traffic signals controlled?

By a bright light from the patrol car?

By a radio signal from the patrol car?

Other (Describe)

36. Officers may be trained in various ways to use emergency wcurning

equipment.

(29-33)

Put a 1^ by the method used MOST OFTEN in your department and a 2^ by the method SECOND most commonly used in your department.

Officers read training manuals (on their own, rather than in

training classes)

Use of emergency warning equipment is one part of the regular

training classes given by omt own department

Experienced officers show new officers how to use eqiiipment

Officers attend school outside the department for this training

Other (Specify)

37. Who in your department is responsible for choosing and ordering

emergency warning equipment? (Please give title and/or position

rather than name)

.

(34-37) Title/Position

(38-41) Title/Position

A- 16
What test methods do you use for new emergency warning equipment?

Buy a few pieces of equipment; have some officers use them

and give opinions

Use standard tests before buying (what tests?)

Tests after delivery but before installing on the patrol car

(what tests?)

Test after installation on the patrolcar (what tests?)

Emergency warning equipment is not tested except in use

Other (specify)

A- 17
If new emergency warning equipment were developed, how should it be

different from what you now have?

A-18
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address :

Name of persons who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years escperience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title

:

Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years ej^erience in law enforcement:

Telephone Nijmber:

A- 19
NOTES

v,
APPENDIX B

DATA TABLES

B . 1 Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the

responses of a stratified random sample (see Section 1.2) of

police departments in response to a specific set of questions

(see Appendix A) . These data do not, in any way, reflect

objective testing of any of the equipment by the National

• Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become

familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in

terms of the exact questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the

tables for Question 6A. would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.)

.

The data are usually presented by number of respondents and

nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the

reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning importance to

percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type or Region).

No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the

specific sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample

was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to

the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the

respondent data presented in this report, use the following

procedure : For each Department Type , multiply the percentage of

respondents of a particular Department Type giving the answer of

interest (See B.2 Data Tables, Appendix B) by the total number of

departments of that Department Type in the population (See Table 1.2-2,

Section 1.2); add those seven subtotals, and divide the total by the

total number of police departments in the population (Table 1.2-2.

The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the percentage

of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of

interest.

B.2 Data Tables

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J-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1, miHI.K A TION OK KI'I'OK'I" NO. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET NBSIR 73-212

2. Ciov't Accession

No.

3. Rci ipicni's Accession No.

4. Ti l l.!'; AND ,sllH 1 1 I LI' LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume III: Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights

5. Publication Date

6. ^Performing Organization Code

7. AU rHOR(S)

P. Klaus and E. Bunten

0. Hcrtorming Urgan. Report Mo.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAMH AND ADDRi-SS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. HJAO 1LHJA =^1Li7

11. Contract/Grant No. LEAA-J-IAA-009-2

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Institute of Law Enforcement 6c Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final July '71- 9/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. supplementa'i^y ncJtes"

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of seven reports resulting

from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments,

the present report summarizes the answers of 437 police departments concerning their

sirens and emergency warning lights: use of sirens and lights; experience with most

commonly used electronic sirens, electromechanical sirens, and emergency warning

lights; purchasing, repair and replacement of this equipment; and training of officers

in use of this equipment. The data are presented by all responding departments and

by seven department types.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Sirens, Emergency Warning Lights, Police Equipment, Standards

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

I

' For Official Distrib ution. Do Not Release to NTIS

cm Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. CH

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

125

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74