# Importation of Live Greenhouse

- G rown Tomato Plantlets on A pproved G rowing M edia from Mexico into the Continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

October 22 , 201 4

Ver sion 2

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing live, commercially produced

, greenhouse

- grown grafted tomato plantlets

, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), i n approved growing media from Mexico into the c ontinental United States

. The intended use of the tomato plantlets is commercial greenhouse fruit production in the United States. Based on the market access request received from Mexico

, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: tomato plantlets

are sown, grafted

, and grown inside pest exclusionary commercial

- grade greenhouses from certified seeds i n APHIS

- approved growing media. At the time of export, the tomato plantlets will be between 25 to 4 0 days old and will not have flowers or fruit

. We considered the effects of all production specifications ( double insect screening , insect sticky traps

, sealed grafting tunnels, workers entering the greenhouse through sanitation control stations

, etc. ) and processes (sowing, grafting

, and acclimating) on the likelihood that pests would be associated with the exported commodity. All processes and conditions considered during the risk assessment process become mandatory conditions for entry of the commodity.

Based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Mexico , we developed a list of all pot ential pests with actionable regulatory status for the c ontinental United States that are known to occur in Mexico and that are known to be associated with Solanum lycopersicum anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and further analyzed seven organisms that appeared to have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with live plantlets of Solanum lycopersicum

. The pests selected for further analysis were : Aleurodicus dispersus

, Bemisia tabaci (including biotypes B and Q), and Trialeurodes vaporarium (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) ; Maconellicoccus hirsutus, and Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); and Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). W e determined that all of tho se pests are not c andidates for additional risk m itigation because they received Negligible risk rating s for likelihood of introduction (i.e., entry plus establishment) into the endangered area via the import pathway

. Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 iiPest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



## Table of Contents

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Initiating event

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

.................... 2 1.4. Description of the pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 2 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ............................ 4 2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

................................ ................................ 5 2.2. Pest list

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 7 2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list

................................ ................................ ............. 16 2.4. Pests selected for further analysis

................................ ................................ ...................... 17 3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential

................................ ................................ ................................ . 18 3.1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 18 3.2. Assessment results

................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 19 4. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ... 26 5. Acknowledgements

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 27

6. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 27 7. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 44 Appendix A. Pe sts with non

- actionable regulatory status

................................ ......................... 44 Appendix B. Seed sources for tomato plantlet production in Mexico (SAGARPA, 2012b).

... 60

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 iiiPest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA

, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), to evaluate the risks associated with the importation in to the c ontinental United States of live, commercially produced

, greenhouse

grown , grafted tomato plantlets

, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) from Mexico

, grown i n APHIS

- approved growing media (AGM) from certified seed

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) o n “ Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms ” ( IPPC, 2011 ). The use of biological and phyto sanitary terms is consistent with the

“ Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms ” ( IPPC, 2012 ).

Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation ; Stage 2, Risk Assessment ; and Stage 3, Risk Management. Th is document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.

This is a qualitative risk assessment

. W e express the risk based on qualitative ratings for the likelihood and consequences of pest introduction via the import ed live, greenhouse

- grown , grafted tomato plantlets i n APHIS

- approved growing media from Mexico

. The details of the methodology and rating criteria are found in the Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities, Version 6.0 ( PPQ, 2012 ).

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken in Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not covered in this risk ass essment . R isk management will be specified in a separate document.

1.2. Initiating e vent

All plants in growing media imported into the United States must be approved by APHIS and must comply with all requirements under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Re gulations , Part 319.37

- 8 ( 7 CFR § 319.37

- 8, 2013 ). Currently, u nder this regulation, the entry of tomato plantlets from Mexico into the c ontinental United States is not authorized. This pest risk assessment was prepared in response to a request from Dr. Javier Trujillo Arriaga , Director of the Servicio Nacional de San idad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), the

n ational p lant p ro tection o rganization of Mexico

, to change the Federal Regulation to allow entry ( SAGARPA, 2010 )

.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 1Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

Weed risk assessments do not need to be conducted for plant species that are widely established (native or naturalized) or cultivated in the pest risk assessment ( PRA ) area, for commodities that

are already enterable into the PRA area from other countries, or when the plant part(s) cannot easily propagate on their own or be propagated. We determined that a weed risk assessment is not needed for the tomato plantlets because tomato, Solanum lycopersicum ( syn

. : Lycopersicon esculentum Miller ) , is widely cultivated in the United States ( USDA

- NRCS, 2013 )

.

1. 4 . Description of the p athway

The IPPC (2011) defines a pathway as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest.” In the context of commodity pest risk assessments conducted by APHIS , the pathway is the commodity to be imported, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes that m ay have an impact on pest risk. The description of the pathway f ocus es on the conditions that may affect plant pest risk , including morphological and physiologi cal characteristics of the commodity , as well processes the commodity will undergo from production in Mexico through importation and distribution in the c ontinental United States. These conditions provided the basis for creating the pest list and assessing the likelihood of introduction of the pests selected for further analysis ; therefore, all components of the pathway, as described below, should be considered mandatory conditions for importation of the commodity.

In this risk assessment, the specific pat hway of concern is the importation from Mexico into the

c ontinental United States of live, commercially produced, greenhouse

- grown, grafted tomato plantlets for planting grown from certified seed in APHIS

- approved growing media (AGM) (7 CFR § 319.37

- 8, 201 3 )

. At the time of export, the tomato plantlets will have the following plant parts : roots, stems , and leaves. They will not have flowers or fruit. Plantlets will be imported into the c ontinental United States for commercial greenhouse tomato fruit production . T he movement of this commodity provides a potential pathway for the introduction and/or spread of plant pests.

The m arket a ccess request from Mexico covers two production phases at two or more different locations in Mexico

. During the pilo t phase

, the tomato p lantlets will be grown in pest exclusionary commercial

- grade greenhouses following the production system outlined by the Mexican NPPO ( SAGARPA, 2010

, 2012a

, 2012b

, 2013 )

. Once the pilot phase is concluded and an analysis confirms the project feasibility

, tomato plantlet production will be shifted to one or

more yet

- to

- be constructed pest exclusionar y commercial

- grade greenhouse s elsewhere in Mexico. This pest r isk assessment assumes that the tomato plantlet pest exclusionary commercial

- grade greenhouses elsewhere in Mexico will have the same specifications and follow the same production procedures as outlined below ( SAGARPA, 2010

, 2012a

, 2012b

, 2013 )

.

The production specifications are as follows : 1. T omato plantlet production follows s trict sanitation protocols (SAGARPA, 2010)

– see below for detail s on growing tomato plantlets

. 2. Plantlets used as rootstock and scion are started from certified seed germinated inside the greenhouses (SAGARPA, 2010).

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 2Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### 3. W ate r used in the greenhouse is either spring or well water and is disinfected with chlorine and ultraviolet light (SAGARPA, 2010). 4. Workers enter greenhouse through sanitation stations (SAGARPA, 2010). 5. G reenhouse perimeter and all clean areas have double ins ect screening

, including ventilation ports (SAGARPA, 2010). 6. Screen openings are small enough to exclude the entrance of thrips into the area, therefore also e x cluding aphids

, whiteflies and larger Hemiptera ( SAGARPA, 2013 ). NOTE

- S creen openings that exclude some of these arthropods would be 0.2 mm in size (Berlinger et al., 1999)

. 7. G reenhouses have a utomated sprinkling s ystems (SAGARPA, 2010)

. 8. I nsect traps near entrances and throughout the greenhouse are used to monitor the presence of insects

– yellow to attract aphids and whiteflies and blue to attract th rips ( SAGARPA, 2010

, 2013 ). 9. Biological control agents are released inside the greenhouses on a bi

- weekly basis ( SAGARPA, 2013 )

. 10. Insecticides are available for pest control in the event of pest presence

– these include pyrethroids , neem extracts, insecticidal soaps, spinosad, sulphur and bacterial pesticides ( SAGARPA, 2013 )

.

The current production system is also used to propagate and grow plant let s of watermelon, pepper, melon

, and cucumber in peat moss and r ock w ool

. P roduction facilities are divided into different rooms

— separated from each other with physical barriers (plastic, insect s creening

- to isolate plant let s by species, growth stage

, and customer. If bamboo sticks are used they are treated with pasteurization to eliminate regulated pests (SAGARPA, 2010)

.

G rowing the tomato plantlets

. The plantlets are grown according to the following steps: 1. Seeds: Certified tomato seeds ( see Appendix B for seed sources) are purchased in Mexico. Seeds could be contaminated with Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis, Xanthomonas campestris versicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae

, Tobacco m osaic v irus

, or Tomato m osaic v irus , which are pathogens that can be present in tomato seed

. According to documentation received from SAGARPA, seeds will be disinfected following the protocol developed by B. N. Dhanvantari of th e Agriculture & Agri

- Food Research Centre in Harrow , Ontario, Canada ( SAGARPA , 2010 ). 2. Sowing rootstock and scion seeds : Rootstock seed for tomato plantlets is the cultivar

‘ Maxifort ’

- Lycopersicum hirsutum

. Main scion variety seeds used by EuroFresh are Komeett, Campari, Prunus, Rojito, and Torero, all of which are S. lycopers icum

. Seeds are planted in trays

, with 240 cells per tray

, on r ock wool plugs; plantlets originating from GSPP (good seed and plant practices) and non

- GSPP sources (see Appendix B ) may be grown in separate trays; once planted seeds are covered with v ermiculite and the trays

are placed on benches on top of concrete floor s and covered with plastic sheeting to avoid dehydration

. P lastic is removed after seed germination

. P lants are thinned from 240 to 80 per tray

. 3. Grafting : Grafting takes place in restri cted access area s , with controlled climatic conditions and on work tables atop concrete floors. The g rafting area is continuously washed and d isinfected; grafting usually occurs at about 17 days after sowing, but timing must account for differences in deve lopment betwe en rootstock and scion

. F or grafting,

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 3Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### scion and rootstock must be at the same developmental stage

. G rafting is done out of direct sunlight . R ootstock and scion are cut at a 45

- degree angle

. A continuously disinfected knife is used for cutting

. T he graft s are held together with clean disinfested grafting clips

. T rays of grafted plant let s are sprayed with water

. 4. Fusion : P lant let trays are placed in side grafting tunnel s made from clear plastic sheeting; tunnel s are between 30 and 50 cm high

. S hading the tunnels may be necessary

. R elative humidity in side the tunne l s is 80 percent or higher

. T unnels are closed to maintain humidity and should remain closed for at least 3 days; between days 4

- 6 tunnel s should be gradually opened and plant let vigor should be monitored

. P lant let s might require additional misting with water

. W hen plant let s are hardened/ acclimated (usually 9 days after grafting or 26 days from sowing date)

, they leave the grafting tunnels and remain inside the greenhouse until ready to ship.

Shipping and Delivery

. Plantlets are ready to ship/ deliver a pproximately 10 days after grafting ( SAGARPA, 2012b )

. P lant let trays are placed on carts , which are loaded into controlled environment trailer (s) and shipped by truck

. Once in the United States, p lantlets will be used to produce tomato fruit

.

Figure 1. The described pathway , based on information provided by the exporter, for the importation of live tomato plantlets from Mexico into the c ontinental United States.



## 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization

In this section, we identify the plant pests with actionable regulatory status for the c ontinental United States that could potentially become established in the c ontinental United States as a result of the importation of live gre enhouse

- grown tomato plantlets from Mexico , and we

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 4Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### determine which of these pests meet the criteria for further analysis. Pests are considered to be of regulatory significance if th ey are actionable at U.S. ports

- of

- entry. Actionable pests include quaranti ne pests, pests considered for or under official control, and pests that require evaluation for regulatory action.

2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. was reported to cause fruit rot in New Zealand ( Damm et al., 2012 ). C olletotrichum boninense was reported as present in the United States [Florida] ( Tarnow ski and Ploetz, 2007 ) and Mexico ( Silva

- Rojas, 2011 )

, but the pathogen was later categorized as C

. karstii ( Damm et al., 2012 ). C olletrichum ka rstii is present in the United States and Mexico ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

.

2.1.1. Pests with weak evidence for association with tomato or for presence in Mexico Aleurodicus cocois (Curtis)

. Aleurodicus cocois is present in Mexico ( Evans, 2007 ; Mound and Halsey, 1978 ) but the evidence for its association with tomato is weak ( Evans, 2007 ). Other sources indicate that prefer red hosts for A. cocois are in the families Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, and Palmae ( Mound and Halsey, 1978 ). Therefore, we did not include A. cocois on the pest list.

Paracoccus lycopersici Ezzat & Mc Connell

. Paracoccus lycopersici was described as a new species from material collected in Mexico ( Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 ) . We found one report that associates this pest with tomato in Mexico ( Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 )

. This same report is cited in many other publications without additional evidence of association . Little is known about P. lycopersici including its host range. Therefore, without stronger evidence associating the pest with the commodity we did not include P. lycopersici on the pest list.

Phytophthora mexicana Hotso n & Hartge

. Reported on tomato fruit intercepted in Seatle in 1917 and reported by Hotson in 1923 ( Hotson and Hartge, 1923 ). Since that time, no new isolations of P. mexicana have been made in Mexico ( Mchau and Coffey, 1995 ). This is the only record of the presence of this pathogen on tomato and in Mexico. Add itional reports of P. mexicana in Mexico by Oudemans ( 1991 ), Mchau ( 1995 ), and Blair ( 2008 ) were due to the use of the P. mexicana isolate P646 from American Type Culture Collection. This is not enough evidence of host

- pathogen association.

Protambulyx strigilis L

. Protambulyx strigilis is present in Mexico ( Gomez

- Nucamendi et al., 1999 ; Zhang, 1994 ) but the evidence for its association with tomato is weak ( Zhang, 1994 ). Additional sources indicate hosts are in the family Anacardiaceae ( Cary, 1951 ). Therefore, we did not include P. strigilis on the pest list.



### 2.1.2. Organisms with non

- actionab le regulatory status We found evidence of the organisms listed in Appendix A being associated with tomato and being present in Mexico ; however, because these organisms have non

- actionable regulatory status for the c ontinental United States , we did not incl ude them in Table 2 of this risk
assessment.

2.1. 3 . Organisms identified only to the genus level In commodity import risk assessments, the taxonomic unit for pests selected for evaluation beyond the pest categorization stage is usually the species ( IPPC, 2011 ) , as assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Therefore, generally, we do not assess

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 5Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### risk for organisms identified o nly to the genus level, in particular if the genus in question is reported in the import area. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the import area and, consequently, whether it has actionabl e regulatory status for the import area. On the other hand, if the genus in question is absent from the import area, any unidentified organisms in the genus can have actionable status; however, because such an organism has not been fully identified, we can not properly analyze its likelihood and consequences of introduction.

In light of these issues, we usually do not include organisms identified only to the genus level in the main pest list. Instead, we address them separately in this sub

- section. The inf ormation here can be used by risk managers to determine if measures beyond those intended to mitigate fully identified pests are warranted. Often, however, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche.

Table 1

. Organisms identified to the genus level that are reported on Solanum lyc o persicum in Mexico and that have actionable or undetermined regulatory status.
Pest n ame Evidence of presence

on tomato in Mexico Genus present in US ? Regulatory status 1 Plant part(s) association 2 On exported plant part(s)? 3 Remarks

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Diabrotica s p

. McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 Yes ( Arnett Jr. et al., 2002 ) U Fl ower , L eaf ( Capinera, 2001 ; King and Saunders, 1984 ) No

Epitrix sp. Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 Yes ( Arnett Jr. et al., 2002 ) U L eaf , R oot ( Saunders et al., 1983 No

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Blapstinus s p

. PestID , 2012b Yes ( Arnett Jr. et al., 2002 ) U Fr uit ( PestID
, 2012b ) No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Tetraleurodes
sp. McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 Yes ( PestID
, 2012a ) U L eaf ( Hoddle, 2006 ) Yes

Trialeurodes sp. McGuire Jr. a nd Crandall, 1967 Yes ( Capinera, 2001 ) U L eaf ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) Yes

1 A=Actionable, U=Undetermined. If the genus does not occur in the United States , the organism has actionable
status. If the genus occurs in the United States , the organism has undetermined regulatory status, because we

canno t know if the unidentified species is one that occurs in the United States

. 2 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, this is n oted.
3 “Yes” indicates the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested plant part(s).



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 6Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence

on tomato in Mexico Genus present in US ? Regulatory status 1 Plant part(s) association 2 On exported plant part(s)? 3 Remarks

Hemiptera: Miridae Halticus sp. McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 Yes ( Capinera, 2001 ) U L eaf , St em ( Capinera, 2001 ) Yes

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Manduca sp. McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 Yes ( CABI, 2012a ) U F r uit , L eaf ( Capinera, 2001 ) No

Orthoptera: Gryllidae Gryllus sp. PestID , 2012b Yes ( CABI, 2012a ) U Fr uit ( PestID
, 2012b ) No

Nematodes Trichodorus sp. CABI, 2012a Yes ( CABI, 2012a 

### ) U Root ( CABI, 2012a ) No



### 2.2. Pest l ist

In Table 2

, we list the actionable pests associated with tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) that occur in Mexico

. The list comprises those actionable pests that occur in Mexico on any host and are reported to be associated with tomato whether in Mexico or elsewhere in the world. For each pest , we indicate 1) the par t of the imported plant species with which the pest is generally associated, and 2) whether the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated , in viable form, with the exported commodity

. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Mexico

. Pests in shaded rows are pests identified for further evaluation , as we consider them rea sonably likely to be associated with the exported commodity; w e summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 3 ).

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 7Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### T able 2 . Actionable pests reported on tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) (in any country) and present in Mexico (on any host)

. Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

ARTHROPODA Insecta Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Diabrotica adelpha Harold King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1998 King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1998 Flower, Leaf ( King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1998 ) No

. Adults are 5

- 7 mm l ong ( King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1998 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Lema eremita Jacoby Maes et al., n. d.

- b Saunders et al., 1983 Leaf ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults are 4.2 mm long ( Jacoby, 1880 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.
Omophoita aequinoctialis (Linnaeus) Saunders et al., 1998 Saunders et al., 1998 Leaf ( Saunders et al., 1998 ) No. Adults are 6

- 8 mm long ( Saunders et al., 1998 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Systena basalis Duval Furth and Savini, 1998 Saunders et al., 1983 Leaf, Root ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults of the genus Systena are between 3

- 8 mm long ( Jacoby, 1880 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Systena s

- littera (Linnaeus) King and Saunders, 1984 King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1983 Leaf, Root ( King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults are 4 mm long ( King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1983 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Faustinus ovatipennis (Champion) ( = Colabismodes ovatipennis Champion ) O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982a Dias

- de

Almeida et al., 2009 ; Saun ders et al., 1983 Bud, Leaf, Stem ( Saunders et al., 1998 ) No. Adults are 4

- 5 mm long ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

4 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as from plant part associ ation on other plant species, this is noted.
5 “Yes” indicates simply that the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity ; the level of pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (low, medium, or high) is qualitatively assessed in risk element A1 as part of the likelihood of introduction assessment (section 3).



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 8Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

Faustinus rhombifer (Champion) ( = Colabismodes rhombifer Champion ) King and Saunders, 1984 ; O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982a Gallego and Velez, 1992 ; King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1983 Bud, Leaf, Stem ( Saunders et al., 1998 ) No. Adults are 4

- 5 mm long ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Faustinus subparallelus (Champion) ( = Colabismodes subparallelus ) King and Saunders, 1984 Saunders et al., 1983 Stem ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults are 4

- 5 mm long ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Phyrdenus muriceus (Germar) King and Saunders, 1984 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 King and Saunders, 1984 ; Saunders et al., 1998 Stem, Root ( King and Saunder s, 1984 ; Monte, 1944 ; O'Brien, 1961 ) No. Adults are 3.5

- 7.8 mm long ( Monte, 1944 ; O'Brien, 1961 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Present in Arizona and Florida ( O'Brien, 1961 ; O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982b )

. Trichobaris championi Barber McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ; O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982a Barber, 1935 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 Stem ( Barber, 1935 ) No. Adults are 4

- 6 mm long ( Barber, 1935 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Coleoptera: Meloidae Epicauta ocellata (Dugès) Pinto, 1980a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 Leaf, Flower ( Capinera, 2001 ) No

. Adults are 8

- 14 mm long ( Pinto, 1980b )

. Plant part affected is for the genus Epicauta

. See additional discussion below in section 2.3

. Epicauta vitticolis (Haag

Rutenberg) Adams and Selander, 1979 ; Maes et al., n. d.

- b Adams and Selander, 1979 ; Saunders et al., 1983 Flower ( Saunders et al., 1983 ), Leaf ( Adams and Selander, 1979 ) No. Adults are 20

- 22 mm long ( Adams and Selander, 1979 )

. See discu ssion in section 2.3

.

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Phyllophaga aequata (Bates) King and Saunders, 1984 Saunders et al., 1983 Root ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No See discussion in section 2.3

.
Phyllophaga dasypoda (Bates) King and Saunders, 1984 Saunders et al., 1983 Root ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No See discussion in section 2.3

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 9Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Blapstinus punctulatus DuVal ( = B

. fortis ) Maes et al., n. d.

- a Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 Root, seed s, seedlings ( Capinera, 2001 ) No. Adults of Blapstinus are 3.5

- 9.5 mm long ( Davis, 1976 )

. Present in the United States

– no states specified ( Mae s et al., n. d.

-
a )

. Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) 

### Hernández Regalado et al., 2009 ; Lopez et al., 2010 Capinera, 2001 ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; Spencer, 1973 Leaf ( Spencer, 1973 ) Yes Present in California; unknown if populations are established ( Lonsdale, 2011 ). Diptera: Tephritidae Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) MX (Chiapas ). Quarantine pest in MX ( Trujillo

Arriaga and Bech, n. d. ) Orono et al., 2006 Fruit ( Orono et al., 2006 ) No See discussion in section 2.3

.

Present in Hawaii ( CABI, 2012a )

.
Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Evans, 2007 ; SEL , N. D. Mware et al., 2010 Leaf ( CABI, 2012a ) Yes Present in Florida and Hawaii ( CABI, 2012a )

. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (including Biotypes B and Q) CABI, 2012a ; Martinez

Carrillo and Brown, 2007 CABI, 2012a ; Hodges, n. d. Leaf ( CABI, 2012a ) Yes This whitefly (both biotypes ) is present in the United States ( CABI, 2012a ; Martinez

- Carrillo and Brown, 2007 )

, but because it can
vector quarantine diseas es (see references for virus es in Table 2)

, we consider it an actionable pest in this
assessment

. Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood CABI, 2012a CABI, 20 12a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 Leaf ( CABI, 2012a ) Yes Present in the United States ( CABI, 2012a ). See regulatory note for B. tabaci

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 10Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Agallia modesta Osborn & Ball King and Saunders, 1984 ; Maes, 2004b Maes, 2004b ; Saunders et al., 1983 Leaf ( Sau nders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults are 3

- 3.75 mm long ( Oman, 1933 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Draeculacephala clypeata Osborn Maes, 2004b ; Young and Davidson, 1959 Maes, 2004b Leaf ( Peanut

Crop

Germplasm

Committee, 2003 ) No. Adul ts are 4.8

– 8.5 mm long ( Young and Davidson, 1959 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Empoasca prona Davidson & DeLong McKamey, n. d. Saunders et al., 1983 Leaf ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults are 3.5 mm long ( Davidson and DeLong, 1940 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Macunolla ventralis ( Signoret ) Maes, 2004b King and Saunders, 1984 ; Maes, 2004b Leaf ( Saunders et al., 1983 ) No. Adults of the genus Macullona are 5.8

- 6.5 mm long ( Young, 1977 )

. See discussion in section 2.3

.

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 Williams and Watson, 1988 Flower, Fruit, Leaf, Stem ( Kessing and Mau, 2007 ) No. Broadly oval shaped insect; 3.5 mm ( Williams and Watson, 1988 )

. Present in Florida ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) and Hawaii ( Ben

- Dov, 1994 )

.

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a Hoy et al., 2008 Whole Plant ( Hoy et al., 2008 ) Yes Present in California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana

, and Texas ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Walker et al., 2003 Fruit, Leaf, Stem ( Ben

Do v et al., 2012 ; Muniappan et al., 2008 ; Walker et al., 2003 ) Yes Present in Florida ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

, Hawaii ( Muniappan et al., 2008 )

, an d Illinois (glasshouse) ( Walker et al., 2003 )

. Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Marcano, 1991 Marcano, 1991 Fruit ( Marcano, 1991 ) No. See discussion in section 2.3

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 11Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) CABI, 2012a Hara et al., 2002 Fruit ( Hara et al., 2002 ) No See di scussion in section 2.3

.

Present in Florida and Hawaii ( CABI, 2012a ). Thrips palmi Karny CABI, 2012a Capinera, 2001 ; Martin and Mau, 2007 Flower, Fruit, Leaf, Stem, ( M artin and Mau, 2007 ) Yes. Present in Florida and Hawaii ( CABI, 2012a )

.

MOLLUSCA Veronicellidae Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) Naranjo

Garcia et al., 2007 Naranjo

- Garcia et al., 2007 Leaf, Stem, Root ( CABI, 2012a ) No

. Slugs are large and weigh 4

- 15
grams ( Capinera et al., 2011 )

. Present in Florida and Texas ( Capinera et al., 2011 ; Naranjo

Garcia et al., 2007 )

. BACTERIA Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. Race 3 Biovar 2 CABI, 2012a ; CABI, 1999 ; EPPO, 1997d ; EPPO, 2006 ; Meng et al., 2008 ; Milling et al., 2009 ; Xu et al., 2009 ; Sanchez

- Perez et al., 2008 ; Perea et al., 2011 CABI, 2012a ; Perea et al., 2011 Leaf, Root, Stem ( CABI, 2012a ) No This pathogen is highly unlikely to be present on the approved growing media , or i n the production system

. See discussion in section 2.3

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 12Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

FUNGI AND CHROMISTAS
Puccinia

pittieriana Henn. ( ≡ Micropuc

cinia pittieriana (Henn.) Arthur & H.S. Jacks. ) CABI, 2012a ; EPPO, 1997c ; Thurston, 1973 ; Wellman, 1977 Type 2 ( CABI, 2012a ; EPPO, 1997c ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Thurston, 1973 ; Wellman, 1977 ) Fruit, Leaf, Root, Stem ( CABI, 2012a ) No A r eport from Bra z il on tomato is not valid ( Hennen et al., 2005 ). Butiricá ( 2012 ) indicates that this pathogen occurred on t omato in Ecuador only under special conditions ( above 3,000 meters over sea level ) , and therefore is highly unlikely to be on this commodity. Thecaphora solani (Frank) Donk CABI, 2012a CABI, 2012a ; CABI, 2012b ; Andrade

- V. et al., 2012 Root ( CABI, 2012a ) No This soil

- borne pathogen is highly unlikely to be present on AGM,

or i n the production system

. NEMATODES Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens CABI, 2 012a ; CFIA, 2006 ; Ferris, 2011 ; Nuñ ez

Sanchez et al., 2003 ; Rueda

Puente et al., 2006 ; Sosa

Moss, 1987 CABI, 2012a R oot ( CABI, 2012a ) No See discussion in section 2.3.

This pest is under official co ntrol in the Un i ted States ( CABI, 2012a )

.

Nacobbus aberrans potato Pathotype (Thorne) Thorne & Allen CABI, 2012a ; EPPO, 1997b ; Cristobal

Alej o et al., 2006 ; Inserra et al., nd CABI, 2012a ; EPPO, 1997b ; Cristobal

- Alejo et al., 2006 R oot ( CABI, 2012a ; EPPO, 1997b ) No See discussion in section 2.3

.

Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne CABI, 2012a CABI, 2012a R oot ( CABI, 2012a ) No See discussion in section 2.3.

Present in the United States ( CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 13Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

VIRUSES Chino del tomate begomovirus (CdTV) ( Syn: Tomato l eaf crumple virus (TLCrV) Pringle, 1998 ) Brown and Nelson, 1988 ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; Paplomatas et al., 1994 ; Garzón

Tiznado et a l., 2002 ; SAGARPA, 2010 Brown and Nelson, 1988 ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; SAGARPA, 2010 W hole P lant ( Brown and Nelson, 1988 ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ) No CdTV is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and is not seed transmitted ( Brown and Nelson, 1988 )

.

Tomato chino La Paz begomovirus ( ToChLPV ) Mq King et al., 2011 ; Lebsky et al., 2011a ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006a Mq King et al., 2011 ; Holguín

Peña et al., 2006a W hole P lant ( Mq King et al., 2011 ; Lebsky et al., 2011a ) No ToChLP V is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and is not seed transmitted ( Brown and Nelson, 1988 ). Tomato leaf curl begomovirus (TLCV) SAGARPA, 2010 SAGARPA, 2010 ; Brunt et al., 1996 W hole P lant ( Brunt et al., 1996 ) No TLCV is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and is not seed
t ransmitted ( DAFF, 2011 ).
Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa begomovirus (TLCSV) ( = Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus (STLCV) ( Green and Kalloo, 1994 ) ) Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; Brown et al., 1993 ; Idris and Brown, 1998 Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; Idris and Brown, 1998 W hole P lant ( Holguín

Peña et al., 2006c ; Idris and Brown, 1998 ) No TLCSV is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and is not seed transmitted ( Brown and Nelson, 1988 ).

Tomato marchitez torradovirus (ToMarV) ( = Tomato apex necrosis virus ( ToANV ) ( Mq King et al., 2011 ) ) 

### Verbeek et al., 2007 Verbeek et al., 2007 ; Verbeek et al., 2008 ; Turina et al., 2007 ; Batuman et al., 2010 W hole P lant ( Verbeek et al., 2007 ; Verbeek et al., 2008 ; Turina et al., 2007 ) No ToMarV is close ly related to ToTV
, which is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci ( Falk et al., 2009 ) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum ( EPPO, 2012 )

. It is un know n if ToTV can be seed transmitted ( EPPO, 2012 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 14Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest n ame Evidence of presence in Mexico Pest association with S. lycopersicum Plant part(s) association 4 On exported plant ? 5 Remarks

Tomato severe leaf curl begomovirus (ToSLCV) Mauricio

Castillo et al., 2006 ; SAGARPA, 2010 Mauricio

Castillo et al., 2006 ; Mq King et al., 2011 ; SAGARPA, 2010 ; Fauquet et al., 2003 W hole P lant ( Mauricio

Castillo et al., 2006 ; Mq King et al., 2011 ) No ToSLCV is transmitted by B

. tabaci

. It is not known to be

s eed transmitted ( USDA

- APHIS, 2009 ). Tomato torrado torradovirus (ToTV) A mari et al., 2008 ; Batuman et al., 2010 ; SAGARPA, 2010 Amari et al., 2008 ; Batuman et al., 2010 ; SAGARPA, 2010 W hole P lant ( Amari et al., 2008 ; Batuman et al., 2010 ) No ToTV is transmitted by B

. tabaci and T

. vaporariorum ( Pospieszny et al., 2007 ; Amari et al., 2008 ). T ransmission to tomato plants for export via B. tabaci and D. vaporarium is highly un likely (See discussion below in 2.3)

. VIROIDS Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) ( = Mexican papita viroid (MPVd) ( Verhoeven et al., 2011 )) Galindo A. et al., 1982 ; Ling and Zhang, 2009; Martinez

Soriano et al., 1996 ; Verhoeven et al., 2011 Galindo A. et al., 1982 W hole P lant ( Galindo A. et al., 1982 ; Ling and Bledsoe, 2009 ) No Seed transmission has not been demonstrated ( Matthews

- Berry, 2010 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 15Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### 2. 3

. N otes on p ests i dentified in the p est l ist and other risk mitigation factors

2.3.1. Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 T his pest could only be introduced into the production system area via cont am inat ion of either growing media, plant sources, irrigation water, or materials brought by workers. Co ntamination is highly unlikely to happen for the following reasons. G rowing media. Soil is not an approved growing media for this purpose. The production protocol indicates that the media and pots used for the production of these plants will be new inert material. Unused media is highly unlikely to be a source of inoculum for R. solanacearum R3B2 ( or any soil

- borne pathogen )

. Pl ant sources. In this production system, tomato plants will be produced from seed inside greenhouse s

. To date we have no evidence that R. s olanacerum R3B2 is seed transmitted

, therefore t he tomato plants for export are highly unlikely to be source s of inoculum. I rrigation water. Water sources described by the NPPO of Mexico meet the conditions for the prot ocol for plants in growing media , and are therefore highly unlikely to be contaminated with R. solanacerum R3B2

. Worker

- introduced materials. The production system for tomato plantlets includes a series of sanitation procedures for tools and other impleme nts that greatly reduce the likelihood of contamination by R. solanacearum R3B2

.

2.3.2. Tomato torrado torradovirus (ToTV) A preliminary study indicated that seed transmission in tomato was possible (Pos pieszny, et al., 2013). We reviewed the evidence, and consulted several experts, and concluded that insufficient evidence exists to conclude that ToTV is seed transmitted.

2.3.3. C omments on exported commodity As indicated in section 1.4

, the live t omato plantlets will be grown from certified seed (see A ppendix B ) , planted i n approved growing media

, and grafted and hardened/ acclimated inside a pest exclusionary commercial

- grade greenhouse ( SAGARPA, 2012a ). At the time of export, tomato plantlets will not have flowers or fruit , and because the plants are grown in approved growing media , root pests should not be present

. Pests in that category include root

- feeding insects

— Scarabaeid ae ( Phyllophaga aequata and P. dasypoda ) and root nematodes ( Globodera rostochiensis

, Nacobbus aberrans potato p athotype and Radopholus similis )

— and fruit

- feeding Diptera ( Ceratitis capitata ; Tephritidae) and Lepidoptera ( Neoleucinodes elegantalis ; Pyralidae). These pests should not be associated with the exported commodity due to the production practices outlined above (Section 1.4) and will not be analyzed further.

2.3.4. Greenh ouse screen s Greenhouse screens protect cr ops from insects and are typically manufactured from woven plastic yarns that leave openings both in the screen’s warp and weft. In commercial settings,

screen openings are required to be smaller than the (smallest) in sect body size (about 0.2 mm for whiteflies) but must allow air and light transmission ( Berlinger et al., 1999 )

. Bethke and Pain e ( 1991 ) state that glasshouse screens designe d to exclude Bemisia tabaci also exclude most larger insects such as moths (Lepidoptera) , beetles (Coleoptera) , leafminers (Agromyzidae) , aphids (Aphididae)

, and leafhoppers (Cicadellidae)

.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 16Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### The technical information p rovided through the Mexican NPPO ( SAGARPA, 2013 ) indicates that the screens in the commerci al

- grade greenho uses are or will be “small enough to exclude the entrance of thrips into the growing area, therefore also excluding the larger Hemiptera insects

– aphids and whiteflies”. As such, we assume that the commercial

- grade greenhouses in Mexico (Michoac á n and Sonora) use or will use screens with openings that are 0.2 mm or smaller

.

W e collected evidence on the size (length and sometimes width ) and body shape of the dispersing stage (mostly flying adults) for arthropod pests listed in Table 2 and

, based on this information

, eliminate d a number of actionable pests from the pathway

. Additional information for each group is found in Table 2 and also below.

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

. We found no evidence that Chrysomelidae are pests of greenhouse

- grown plants ( Berlinger et al., 1988 ; Brodsgaard and Albajes, 1999 ). According to Crenshaw ( 2006 )

, s creening can exclude flea beetles ( Chrysomeli d ae )

. Furthermore, adults of the five species listed in Table 2 are ovoid in shape ( Capinera, 2001 ) and t oo large to get through conventional greenhouse screen mesh openings ( Berlinger et al., 1999 ; Bethke and Paine, 1991 ).

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

. A dults of the five species listed in Table 2 are ovoid in shape ( Capinera, 2001 ) and too large to get through conventional greenhouse screen gaps ( Berlinger et al., 1999 ; Bethke and Paine, 1991 ). Coleoptera: Meloidae

. Adults of the two species of blister beetles listed in Table 2 are ovoid in shape ( Capinera, 2001 ) and too large to get through conventional greenhouse screen gaps ( Adams and Selander, 1979 ; Pinto, 1980b ).

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

. Adults of Agallia are too large and wide ( Capinera, 2001 ) to g et through conventional

- sized screen gaps ( Berlinger et al., 1999 ; Bethke and Paine, 1991 ).

Conclusions. We conclude that the Chrysolemidae, Curculionidae, Meloidae

, and Cicadellidae listed in Table 2 are highly unlikely to be associated w ith the exported commodity and consequently we will not analyze them further.

2. 4

. P ests selected for further analysis

As stated in section 2. 3

, the technical information provided through the Mexican NPPO ( SAGARPA, 2013 ) indicates that the screens in the commercial

- grade greenhouses are or will be “small enough to exclude the entrance of thrips into the growing area, therefore also excluding the larger He miptera insects

– aphids and whiteflies”. For the purposes of analysis we assume that screens used in the exclusionary commercial

- grade greenhouses in Mexico have or will have openings that are 0.2 mm or smaller

. Based on the size (length and sometimes width) and body shape of the dispersing stage we eliminate d a number of actionable arthropod pests from the pathway. Specifically, those arthropods whose size (length and sometimes width) was larger than 3.0 mm were not analyzed further. We did, however, more carefully examine arthropods whose dispersing stage is much smaller than 3.0 mm. Using this criteria, w e identif ied seven pests for further analysis (Table 3 ).

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 17Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Table 3

. Pests selected for further analysis

. Pest t ype Taxonomy Scientific n ame Arthropod Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurodicus dispersus Bemisia tabaci (including b iotypes B and Q) Trialeurodes vaporarium Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus Paracoccus marginatus Thysanoptera: Thripidae Thrips palmi



## 3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential

3.1

. Introduction

For each pest selected for further analysis, we estimate its overall pest risk potential. Risk is described by the likelihood of an adverse event

, the magnitude of the consequences , and uncertainty

. In this risk assessment, we first determine for each pest if there is an endangered area within the import area. The endangered area is defined as the port ion of the import area where ecological factors favor the establishment of the pest and where the presence of the pest will result in economically important losses. Once an endangered area has been determined, the overall risk of each pest is then determin ed by two separate components: 1) the likelihood of its introduction into the endangered area on the imported commodity (i.e., the likelihood of an adverse event), and 2) the consequences of its introduction (i.e., the magnitude of the consequences). In ge neral, we assess both of these components for each pest. However, if we determine that the risk of either of these components is negligible, it is not necessary to assess the other, as the overall pest risk potential would be negligible regardless of the r esult of the second component. In other words, if we determine that the introduction of a pest is unlikely to have unacceptable consequences, we do not assess its likelihood of being introduced. Likewise, if we determine there is negligible likelihood of a pest being introduced, we do not assess its consequences of introduction.

The likelihood and consequences of introduction are assessed using different approaches. For the consequences of introduction, we determine if the pest meets the threshold (Yes/No) of likely causing unacceptable consequences of introduction. This determination is based on estimating the potential consequences of introduction in terms of physical losses (rather than monetary losses). The threshold is based on a proportion of damage r ather than an absolute value or amount. Pests that are like ly to impact at least 10 percent of the production of one or more hosts are deemed “threshold pests.”

For likelihood of introduction, which is based on the likelihoods of entry and establishment, we qualitatively assess risk using the ratings Negligible, Low, Medium, and High. The risk factors comprising the model for likelihood of introduction are interdependent and, therefore, the model is multiplicative rather than additive. Thus, if any one ri sk factor is rated as Negligible, then the overall likelihood will be Negligible. For the overall likelihood of introduction risk rating, we define the different categories as follows:

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 18Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### High: Pest introduction is highly likely to occur. Medium: Pest introduction is possible, but for that to happen, the exact combination of required events needs to occur. Low: Pest introduction is unlikely to occur because one or more of the required events are unlikely to happen, or the full combination of required ev ents is unlikely to align properly in time and space. Negligible: Pest introduction is highly unlikely to occur given the exact combination of events required for successful introduction.

3.2. Assessment r esults

3.2. 1. Aleurodicus dispersus We determine d the overall likelihood of introduction of A. dispersus to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible , we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Aleurodicus dispersus into the endangered

area via the importation of greenhouse

- grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation o f uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on exported commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Negligible MC We considered the effects of all greenhouse specifications described in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of A. dispersus with the exported commodity. We conclude that the specialized exclusionary structures and plantlet production systems (including insect traps used to detect insects after entry ) make it highly unlikely that A. dispersus , a lthough quite small [ 1

- 1.25 mm ( Russell, 19 65 ) ] , would be able to enter and infest the commodity

. As such, we rated this element Negligible. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N /A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage condit ions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 19Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation o f uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A

Risk Element B: Combi ned likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2.2

. Bemisia tabaci including b iotype B and Q

, and Trialeurodes vaporarium We determined the overall likelihood s of introduction of Bemisia tabaci, B. tabaci ( b iotype B)

, B. tabac i (Biotype Q)

, and Trialeurodes vaporarium to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible , we did not analyze the consequences of introduction

.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Bemisia tabaci, B. tabaci ( b iotype B) , B. tabac i ( b iotype Q) , and Trialeurodes vaporarium into the endangered area via the importation of greenhouse

- grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on exported commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Negligible MC We considered the effects of all greenhouse specifications described in Section 1.4. We concluded that the screen size ( Bethke and Paine, 1991 ), exclusionary structures

, and plantlet production systems (including insect traps used to detect insects after entry ) make it highly unlikely that these
vectors would be able to enter and infest the commodity. Thus , we rated this element Negligible.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 20Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N /A N /A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage condit ions of the consignment N/A N /A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N /A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N /A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N /A

Risk Element B: Combi ned likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 3

. Liriomyza huidobrensis We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of L. huidobrensis to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible , we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Liriomyza huidobrensis into the endangered

area via the importation of greenhouse

- grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on exported commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Negligible MC We considered the effects of all greenhouse specifications described in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of L. huidobrensis on the exported commodity. We conclude that t he specialized

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 21Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) exclusionary structures and plantlet production system s make it highly unlikely that L. huidobrensis

, although quite small [ a dults measure 1.7

- 2.1 mm in length and wing length is 1.7

- 2.25 mm ( Capinera , 2001 ) ]
, would be able to enter and infest the commodity

. Therefore , we rated this element Negligible. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N /A N /A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage condit ions of the consignment N/A N /A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N /A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N /A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N /A

Risk Element B: Combi ned likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 4

. Maconellicoccus hirsutus We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of M. hirsutus to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the li kelihood of introduction is Negligible , we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 22Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Maconellicoccus hirsutus into the endangered area via the importation of greenhouse

- grown live tomato plantlets fr om Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on exported commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Negligible MC First instar nymphs, the dispersing stage, are 0.3 mm ( EPPO, 20 05 ); females are 2.0

- 3.0 mm long and 0.9

- 2.0 mm wide, and males, which have one pair of wings, are smaller than females ( Capinera, 2001 ).

We considered the effects of all greenhouse specifications described in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of M. hirsutus on the exported commodity. We concluded that the specialized exclusionary structures and plantlet production systems make it highly unlikely that M. hirsutus would be able to enter and infest the commodity. As such, we rated this element Negligible. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of s urviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N /A N /A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage condit ions of the consignment N/A N /A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N /A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N /A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N /A

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 23Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element B: Combi ned likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 5

. Paracoccus marginatus We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of P. marginatus to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible , we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Paracoccus marginatus into the endangered

area via the importation of greenhouse

- grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on exported commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Negligible MC We considered the effects of all greenhouse specifications described in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of P. marginatus on the exported commodity. We concluded that the specialized exclusionary structures and plantlet production systems make it highly unlikely that P. marginatus
, a lthough quite small [ adults are 2.2 mm long ( Walker et al., 200 3 ) ]
, would be able to enter the exclusionary structure and infect the commodity. As such, we rated this element Negligible. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N /A N /A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage condit ions of the consignment N/A N /A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N /A

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 24Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N /A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N /A

Risk Element B: Combi ned likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 6

. Thrips palmi We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of T. palmi to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible , we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Thrips palmi into the endangered area via the importation of greenhouse

- grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on exported commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Negligible MC We considered the effects of all greenhouse specifications described in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of T. palmi on the exported commodity. We concluded that the specialized exclusionary structures and plantlet production systems (including insect traps used to detect insects after entry ) make it highly unlikely that T. palmi

, although quite small [ 0.87

- 1.1 mm in length and 0.11

- 0.14 mm in wid th ( Murai and Toda, n.d. ) ] , would be able to enter and infest the commodity. As such, we give this risk element a rating of Negligible and the

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 25Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) analysis stops at this point. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N /A N /A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage condit ions of the consignment N/A N /A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N /A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N /A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N /A

Risk Element B: Combi ned likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment N egligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



## 4. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment

Of the organisms associated with tomato worldwide and reported in Mexico , we identified organisms that are actionable pests for the c ontinental United States and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity. We further evaluated these organisms for their l ikelihood of i ntroduction (i.e., entry plus establishment) and their potential c onsequences of i ntroduction. Pests that meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and receive an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negligible are candidates for risk management. The results of this risk assessment represent a baseline estimate of the risks associated with the import commodity pathway as described in section 1. 4

. The imported commodity in this risk assessment are live tomato plantlets that are grown from certified seed , planted i n APHIS approved growing media , grafted and hardened/acclimated inside a highly sophisticated exclusionary commercial

- grade greenhouse s ( SAGARPA, 2012b

, SAGARPA, 2013 )

. At the time of export the tomato plantlets will be between 25

- 40 days old and will not have flowers or fruit.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 26Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Of the pests selected for analysis, we determined that those identified in Table 4 are not candidates for further risk management (beyond those practices described in the pathway and contained in 319.37

- 8) because they received a Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction into the endangered area via the import pathway. We summarize the results for each pest in Table 4

.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

Table 4

. Summary for pests selected for further evaluation and determined not to be candida tes for risk management

. Pest Reason the pest is not a candidate for risk management Uncertainty statement (optional) a 

### Aleurodicus dispersus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Bemisia tabaci including Biotype s B and Q

, and Trialeurodes vaporarium Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

Liriomyza huidobrensis Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Maconellicoccus hirsutus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Paraccocus marginatus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Thrips palmi Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

a The uncertainty statement , if includ ed, identifies the most important source ( s ) of uncertainty

.



## 5. Acknowledgements

Authors Walter Gutierrez, Plant Pathologist, Risk Analyst a 

### Stephanie Bloem

, Entomologist , Risk Analyst a



### Reviewers Cynthia Landry, Risk Analyst a 

### Betsy Randall

- Schadel, Risk Analyst a

a 

### Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ



## 6. Literature Cited

7 CFR § 319.37

- 8. 2013. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:Foreign Quarantine Notices, Subpart

— Plants for Planting

- growing media.59. Abdullah, N. M. M. 2007. Life history of the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in controlled environment agriculture in Arizona. African Journa l of Agricultural Research 3(1):60

- 67. Adams, C. L., and R. B. Selander. 1979. The biology of blister beetles of the vittata group of the
genus Epicauta (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History 162(Article 4):137

- 266.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 27Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Ahoo nmanesh, A., and T. A. Shalla. 1981. Feasibility of cross

- protection for control of tomato mosaic virus in fresh market field

- grown tomatoes. Plant Disease. Plant Disease 65:56

- 58. Al

- Matrooshi, A. M. 2003. Witches' broom disease of lime. Sulatnate of Oman . Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. International Relations Department. Alhudaib, K., and A. Razq. 2011. First report of witches' broom disease of tomato associated with phytoplasmas in Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Insectology, 64(Suppl.), S237

- S238. Retri eved January 13, 2012, from http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol64

- 2011

- S237

- S238alhudaib.pdf

. Alvarez

- Ruis, P., C. Gámez

- Jimenez, N. E. Leyva

- López, and J. Méndez

- Lozano. 2006. First report of Tomato chlorosis virus infecting tomato crops in Sinaloa, Mexico. New Disease Reports 14:40. Alvarez, M. G. 1976. Primer catalogo de enfermedades de plantas Mexicanas. Fitofolio 71:1

- 169. Amari, K., D. Go nzalez

- Ibeas, P. Gómez, R. N. Sempere, M. A. Sanchez

- Pina, M. A. Aranda, J. A. Diaz

- Pendon, J. Navas

- Castillo, M. E., J. Blanca, M. D. Hernandez

- Gallardo, and G. Anastasio. 2008. Tomato torrado virus is Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and Infects Pepper and Eggplant in Addition to Tomato. Plant Disease 92(7):1139. Andrade

- V., O., R. Galdames

- G., and G. Muñoz

- V. 2012. Identificacion de hospederos de Tecaphora solani en Chile. in O. Andrade

- V., (ed.). Enfermedaddes en cultivos de la zona sur de Chile: Carbon de la papa. Universidad catoloca de Temuco, Temuco, Chile. Arnett Jr., R. H. 2000. American Insects: A handbook of the insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Arnett Jr., R. H., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley, and J. H. Frank. 2002. American Beetles. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 861
pp. Barber, H. S. 1935. The tobacco and Solanum weevils of the gen us Trichobaris . Pages 28 in U. S. d. o. Agriculture, ed., Washington, D. C. Batuman, o., Y.

- W. Kuo, M. Palmieri, M. R. Rojas, and R. L. Gilberston. 2010. Tomato chocolate spot virus , a member of a new torradovirus species that causes a necrosis

associated disease of tomato in Guatemala. Archives of Virology 155:857

- 869. Ben

- Dov, Y. 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) : with data on geographical distribution, host plants, bio logy and economic importance. Intercept Ltd, Andover, UK. 686 pp. Ben

- Dov, Y., Y. Gottlieb, and T. Sando. 2005. First record of Phenacoccus parvus Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) from the Palearctic Region. Phytoparasitica 33(4):325

- 326. Be n

- Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2012. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm . (Archived at PERAL). (Archived at PERAL). Berlinger, M. J., R. Dahan, and S . Mordechi. 1988. Integrated pest management of organically grown greenhouse tomatoes in Israel. Applied Agricultural research 3(5):233

- 238. Berlinger, M. J., W. R. Jarvis, T. J. Jewett, and S. Lebiush

- Mordechi. 1999. Managing the greenhouse, crop and crop environment. Pages 97

- 123 in R. Albajes, M. Lodovica

Gullino, J. C. VanLenteren, and Y. Elad, (eds.). Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 28Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Bethke, J. A., and T. D. Paine. 1991. Screen hole size and barries for exclusion of insect pests of glasshouse crops. Journal of Entomological Research 26:169

- 177. Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and Information Guide (2nd). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England. 466 pp. Blair, J. E., M. D. Coffey, S. Y. Park, D. M. Geiser, and S. Kang. 2008. A multi

- locus phylogeny for Phytophthora utilizing markers derived from complete genome sequences. Fungal Genetics and Biology 45:266

- 277. Bl ancard, D. 2012. A color handbook: Tomato Diseases: Identification, Biology and Control (Second Edition). Manson Publishing Ltd, Barcelona, Spain. 688 pp. Bolland, H. R., J. Gutierrez, and C. H. W. Fletchman. 1998. World catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill, Leiden

- Boston

- Koln. 392 pp. Brailovsky, H. 2009. Revision of the Phthia generic complex with a description of four new genera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Leptoscelini). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 49(1):59

- 74. Brodsgaard, H. F., and R. Albajes. 1999. Insect and Mite Pests. Pages 48

- 60 in R. Albajes, M. Lodovica

- Gullino, J. C. vanLenteren, and Y. Elad, (eds.). Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Brou Jr., V. A. 1994. The occurence of the noctuid Agrotis repleta Walker in Louisiana. Southern Lepidoptera News 16:26. Brown, J. K. 1989. A Whitefly

- Transmitted Geminivirus from Peppers with Tigré Disease. Plant Disease 73:610. Brown, J. K. 1990. Serrano Golden Mosaic Viru s: A Newly Identified Whitefly

- Transmitted Gem inivirus of Pepper and Tomato in the United States and Mexico. Plant Disease 74:720. Brown, J. K., A. M. Idris, and D. C. Fletcher. 1993. Sinaloa Tomato Leaf Curl Virus , a Newly Described Geminivirus of Tomato and Pepper in West Coastal Mexico. Plant Disea se 77:1262. Brown, J. K., and M. R. Nelson. 1988. Transmission, Host Range, and Virus

- Vector Relationships of Chino del Tomate Virus , a Whitefly

- Transmitted Geminivirus from Sinaloa, Mexico. Plant Disease 72:866

- 869. Brunt, A. A., K. Crabtree, M. J. Dallwi tz, A. J. Gibbs, L. Watson, and E. J. Zurcher (eds.). 1996. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20th August 1996..) http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vi de/ Buss, E. S. n. d. Thrips on ornamental palnts. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG32700.pdf

. Buss, L. J., S. E. Halbert, and S. J. Johnson. n. d. Pest Alert

- Leptoglossus zonatus

- a new leaffooted bug in Florida (Hemiptera: Coreidae). http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/pest

- alerts/leptoglossus

- zonatus.html

. Butiricá, P. 2012. Roya de la Papa. Personal communication. Personal communication to W. A. Gutierrez on October 01, 2012 3:09 PM, from CABI. 1981. Distribution maps of plant pests: Epitrix fasciata . Pages 2. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. CABI. 1999. Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 [D istribution map] (Map 785). (1999, April). Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases (1st ed.). CAB International. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://217.154.120.6/PLANTDISEASES/show

- arti cle.nsp?

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 29Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### CABI. 2012a. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI). http://www.cabi.org/cpc/ . (Archived at PERAL). CABI. 2012b. Potato smut ( Thecaphora solani ) http://www.plantwise.org/?dsid=53508&loadmodule=plantwisedatasheet&page=4270&si te=234 . Last accessed March 19, 2012 Plantwise. Candresse, T., A. Maraius, X. Tassu, P. Suhard, I. Renaudin, A. Leguay, and F. Poliakoff. 2010. First Report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Tomato in France. Plant Disease 94(5):633.632. Capinera, J. L. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, Gainesville, Florida. 729
pp. Capinera, J. L. 2005. Featured creatures

- Spodoptera ornithogalli

. Last accessed 3/23/2012, http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/yellowstriped_armyworm.htm

. Capinera, J. L. 2006. Featured Creatures

- Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth). Last accessed 3/23/2012, http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/true_armyworm.htm

. Capinera, J. L . 2008. Featured Creatures: Halticus bractatus (Say) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae) Last accessed 3/14/2012, http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/

. Capinera, J. L., J. White, and G. Bernon. 2011. Featured Creatures:T errestrial Slugs of Florida. in . University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, Florida. Cárdenas

- Valenzuela, O. G., J. A. López

- Valenzuela, J. A. Garzón

- Tiznado, and C. Reyes

Moreno. 2010. Asociación de la emfermedad " Per manate del Tomate " y su transmisión por el insecto Bactrocera cockerellli Sulc. Carter, D. J. 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe with special reference to the British Isles. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. 431 pp. Cary, M. M. 1951. Distribution of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) in the Antillean

Caribbean Region. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 77(2):63

- 129. CFIA. 2006. Potato Cyst Nematode: Golden Nematode ( Globodera rostochiensis ), Pale Cyst Nematode ( Globodera pallida ). Pl ant Pests. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

, Plant Pest Surveillance Unit. Retrieved January 17, 2007, from http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/surv/data/glorose.shtm l Chellemi, D. O., S. M. Olson, J. W. Scott, D. J. Mitchell, and R. McSorley. 1993. Reduction of Phytoparasitic Nematodes on Tomato by Soil Solarization and Genotype. Supplement to Journal of Nematology 25(4S):800

- 805. Childers, C. C., J. C. V. Rodrigues, and W. C. Welbourn. 2003. Host plants of Brevipalpus californicus

, B. obovatus , and B. phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and their potential involvement in the spread of viral diseases vectored by these mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology 30:29

- 105. Cramer, R. J., J. Carpenter, and J. Rascon. 2003. Incidence of the Beet Leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Homoptera:Cicadellidae), in New Mexico Chile. Southwestern Entomologist 28(3):177

- 182. Crenshaw, W. S. 2006. Flea beetles. in E. Colorado State Univers ity, ed. Colorado State University. Cristobal

- Alejo, J., G. Mora

- Aguilera, R. H. Manzanilla

- López, N. Marbán

- Méndoza, P. Sánchez

- Garcia, I. C. Del Prado

- Vera, and K. Evans. 2006. Epidemiology and integrated control of Nacobbus aberrans on tomato in Mexico . Nematology 8(5):727

- 737.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 30Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Crozier Jr., J. A., and C. W. Boothroyd. 1959. Tomato a new suscept of Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. Plant Disease Reporter 43:446

- 447. Cuevas

- Ojeda, J., C. Sosa

- Moss, J. G. Leyva

- Mir, and S. Romer

- Cova. 1997. Distribución,
gamm a de hospedantes y determinación de las razas de of Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O’Bannon and Finley, 1980 (Nematoda: Meloidigyninae) en el Valle de Huamantla, Tlaxcala. Nematropica 27(2):107. DAFF . 2011. Tomato leaf curl virus. List of significant plant pests and diseases

. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), Queensland Government

. Damm, U., P. F. Cannon, J. H. C. Woudenberg, P. R. Johnston, B. S. Weir, Y. P. Tan, R. G. Shivas, and P. W. Crous. 2012. The Colletotrichum boninense spec ies complex. Studies of Mycology 73:1

- 36. Davidson, R. H., and D. M. DeLong. 1940. Studies of the genus Empoasca (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) part VII. Six new species of Empoasca from Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 33(4):608

- 610. Davi s, J. C. 1976. A review of the genus Blapstinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Transactions of the kentucky Academy of Sciences 37(1

- 2):35

- 40. Davis, R. E., Y. Zhao, E. L. Dally, E. M. Lee, R. Jomantiene, and S. M. Douglas. 2013. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prun i', a novel taxon associated with X

- disease of stone fruits, Prunus spp.: multilocus characterization based on 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein genes. International Journal of Systematic and Evolucionary Microbiology 63(2):766

- 776. del Prado

- Vera, J. L., A. Tovar

- Soto, and J. A. Hernández. 2001. Distribución de species de Meloidogyne in Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 19:32

- 39. deMoraes, G. J., J. A. McMurtry, and H. A. Denmark. 1986. A catalog of the mite family Phytoseiidae. EMBRAPA, Brazil . 353 pp. Dias

- de

- Almeida, G., G. Santos

- Andrade, V. Bernardo

- Vicentini, W. Faria

- Barbosa, F. Moreira

Sobreira, and D. Pratissoli. 2009. Occurrence of Faustinus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Southeastern Brazil tomato crops. Agronomia Colombiana 27(3) :417

- 419. Dixon, W. 2009. Featured Creatures: Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Last accessed 04/20/2012, http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/trees/tarnished_plant_bug.htm Duffy, S., and E. C. Holmes. 2007. Multiple Introductions of the Old World Begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus into the New World. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:7114

- 7117. EPPO. 1997a. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus

, European and Mediterranean Plant Pest Organization (EPPO) A2 List No. 51. Last accessed October 25, 2011 EPPO. 1997b. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Nacobbus ab errans , European and Mediterranean Plant Pest Organization (EPPO) A1 List No. 144. Last accessed March 10, 2010 EPPO. 1997c. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Puccinia pittieriana , European and Mediterranean Plant Pest Organization (EPPO) A1 List No. 155. Last accessed March 19, 2012 EPPO. 1997d. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Ralstonia solanacerum , European and Mediterranean Plant Pest Organization (EPPO) A2 List No. 58. Last accessed March 10, 2010

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 31Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### EPPO. 2001. Pepper Mild Tiger Virus EPPO RS 2000/046. European and Mediterranean Plant Pest Organization (EPPO)

. Panel review date 2001

- 01. EPPO. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Maconellicoccus hirsutus . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) 35:413

- 415. EPPO. 2006. Distributi on Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) . Retrieved April 9, 2007, from http://pqr.eppo.org/datas/PSDM S3/PSDMS3.pdf EPPO. 2012. Tomato torrado virus. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)

. http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/viruses/tomato_torrado_virus.htm

. (Archived at PERAL). Estañol

- Botello, E., R. Ferrera

- Cerrato, C. Sosa

- Moss, J. A. Santizo

- Rincon, and R. Quintero

Lizaola. 1999. Interacción del nematodo Meloidogyne chitwoodi con tres species de hongo Glomus spp. en la producción y distribucción de materia seca de plantas jóvenes de maíz. Terra Latinoamericana 17(01):17

- 25. Evans, G. E. 2007. Host plant list of the Whiteflies fo the World. in

. Falk, B., M. Turina, and G. Craig. 200 9. Biological Properties of Tomato apex necrosis virus (ToANV). Presentation IFAS, University of florida Farr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. 2012. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from http://nt.ars

grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

. Fauquet, C. M., D. M. Bisaro, R. W. Briddon, J. K. Brown, B. D. Harrison, E. P. Rybicki, D. C. Stenger, and J. Stanley. 2003. Revision of taxonomic criteria for sp ecies demarcation in the family Geminiviridae, and an updated list of begomovirus species. Archives of Virology 148:405

- 421. Ferris, H. 2011. Globodera rostochiensis . Nemaplex: Nematode Plant Expert Information System. Retrieved from http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G053s2.htm

. Forsyth, J. 1966. Agricultural Insects of Ghana. Ghana Universities Press, Accra, Ghana. Furth, D. G. 2009. Flea beetle diversity of the Sierra T arahumara, Copper Canyon, Mexico (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Pages 131

- 151 in M. S. P. Jolivet, and J. Santiago

- Blay, (ed.). Research on Chrysomelidae. Koninklijke, Brill, Leiden. Furth, D. G., and V. Savini. 1998. Corrections, clarifications, and addition s to the 1996 checklist of the Alticinae of Central America, including Mexico (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insecta Mundi 12(1 & 2):133

- 138. Galindo A., J., D. R. Smith, and T. O. Diener. 1982. Etiology of Planta Macho , a viroid disease of tomato. Phytopath ology 72:49

- 54. Gallego, F., and R. Velez. 1992. Lista de los insectos que afectan los principales cultivos, plantas forestales, animales domesticos y al hombre en Colombia. Universidad nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Medellin, Colombia. 142 pp

. Garcia

- Martell, C. 1974. Primer Catalogo de Insectos Fitofagos de Mexico. Pages 176 in

. Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal, Mexico. Garcia

- Paris, M., D. Buckley, and G. Parra

- Olea. 2007. Catálogo taxonómico

- geográfico de los coleopteros de la familia Meloidae de Mexico. Graellsia 63(2):165

- 258. Garzón

- Tiznado, J. A., G. Acosta

- Gaecía, I. Torres

- Pacheco, M. González

- Chavira, F. Rivera

Bustamante, V. Maya

- Hernández, and R. G. HGuevara

- Gonzales. 2002. Presencia de los Geminivirus, Huasteco del Chile (PHV), Texano del Chile variante Tamaulipas (TPV

- T)

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 32Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### y Chino del tomate (VCdT), en los Estados de Guanajuato, Jalisco y San Luis de Potosí. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 20(1):45

- 52. Garzón

- Tiznado, J. A ., O. G. Cárdenas

- Valenzuela, R. Bujanos

- Muñiz, A. Marín

- Jarillo, A. Becerra

- Flora, S. Velarde

- Felix, C. Reyes

- Moreno, M. González

- Chavira, and J. L. Martínez

- Carrillo. 2009. Asociación de hemiptera:Triozidae con la enfermedad

‘ permanente del tomate ’ en Me xico. Agricultua Técnica en Mexico 35(1):61

- 72. Garzón

- Tiznado, J. A., I. Torres

- Pacheco, J. T. Ascencio

- Ibañez, L. Herrera

- Estrella, and F. Rivera

- Bustamante. 1993. Inoculation of Peppers with Infectious Clones of a New Geminivirus by a Biolistic Procedur e. Phytopathology 83:514

- 521. GBIF. 2012. Lema daturaphila distribution. Last accessed 3/14/2012, http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/994875

. Gemini

- Biosci. 2005. Pepper mild tigre virus

- (PepMTV). Gemini Detective. http://gemini.biosci.arizona.edu/viruses/pepmtv/index.htm 11/7/2005. Gimpel, W. F., D. R. Miller, and J. A. Davidson. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales,
genus Ceroplastes , in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 85 pp. Gome z

- Nucamendi, O. L., R. W. Jones, and A. Moron

- Rios. 1999. The Sphingidae (Heterocera) of the "El Ocote" Reserve, Chiapas, m=Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 53(4):153

- 158. Green, S. K., and G. Kalloo. 1994. Leaf curl and yellowing viruses of pepper and tomato:an overview. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Technical Bulletin No. 21, 51 p. Groot, A. T., R. G. Santangelo, E. Ricci, C. Brownie, F. Gould, and C. Schal. 2007. Differential attraction of Heliothis subflexa males to synt hetic pheromone lures in Eastern US and Western Mexico. Journal of Chemical Ecology 33(353

- 368). Guzman

- Plazola, R. A., J. d. D. Jaraba

- Navas, E. Caswell

- Chen, E. Zavaleta

- Mejia, and I. C. del Prado

- Vera. 2006. Spatial distribution of Meloidogyne species a nd races in the tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) producing region of Morelos, Mexico. Nematropica 36:215

- 229. Hara, A. H., R. F. L. Mau, R. Heu, C. Jacobsen, and R. Niino

- DuPonte. 2002. Banana Rust Thrips damage to banana and ornamentals in Hawaii. Pages 1

- 4 in C. o. T. A. a. H. R. Cooperative Extension Service, ed. Insect Pests. University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii. Hennen, J. F., M. B. Figueiredo, A. A. de Carvalho Jr., and P. G. H ennen. 2005. Catalogue of the species of plant rust fungi (Uredinales) of Brazil. Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Purdue University and the Arthur Herbarium, and The Botanical Research Institute o f Texas. Hernández Regalado, E., J. Vera Graziano, G. Ramírez Valverde, S. Pérez Elizalde, J. López Collado, N. Bautista Martínez, and V. M. Pinto. 2009. Pronóstico de la fluctuacioón poblacional del minador de la hoja del crisantemo Liriomyza hudobrensis Blanchard (Diptera:Agromoizidae) mediante modelos de series de tiempo. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 25(1):21

- 32. 

### Hoddle, M. S. 2006. Phenology, life tables, and reproductive biology of Tetraleurodes perseae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on California avocadoes. Anna ls of the Entomological Society of America 99(3):553

- 559. Hoddle, M. S., C. D. Stosic, and L. A. Mound. 2006. Populations of North American bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae) not detected in Australi a. Australian Journal of Entomology 45:122

- 129.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 33Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Hodges, G. n. d. Pest Alert

- Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype "Q"): A potential new biotype for Florida's vegetable and ornamental crops (Hemipetra: Aleyrodidae). Holguín

- Peña, R. J., G. R. Arguello

- Asto rga, J. K. Brown, and R. F. Rivera

- Bustamante. 2006a. A New Strain of Tomato chino La Paz virus Associated with a Leaf Curl Disease of Tomato in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Plant Disease 90(7):973

- 973. Holguín

- Peña, R. J., R. C. Vásquez

- Juárez, and J. P. Martínez

- Soriano. 2007. First Report of a 16SrI

- B Group Phytoplasma Associated with a Yellows

- Type Disease Affecting Tomato Plants in the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico. Plant Disease 91(3):328. Hol guín

- Peña, R. J., R. C. Vásquez

- Juárez, and E. O. Rueda

- Puente. 2006b. Bacterial Canker Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on Tomato in the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico. Plant Disease 90(12):1550. Holguín

- Peña, R. J., R. Vázque z

- Juárez, H. Mejía

- Ruíz, J. A. Garzón

- Tiznado, and F. Rivera

Bustamante. 2006c. Geminivirus en tomate ( Lycoperiscon sculentum Mill)y rango de hospedantes en Baja California. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 22(1):107

- 116. Hotson, J. W., and L. Hartge. 192 3. A disease of tomato caused by Phytophthora mexicana , sp. nov. Phytopathology 13:520

- 531. Hoy, M., A. Hamon, and R. Nguyen. 2008. Pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). in . University of Floridia, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sci ence, Gainesville, Florida. Idris, A. M., and J. K. Brown. 1998. Sinaloa tomato leaf curl geminivirus : Biological and molecular evidence for a new subgroup III virus. Phytopathology 88:648

- 657. Ilingworth, J. F. 1929. Engytatus geniculatus Reuter

- an impo rtan pest of tomatoes in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 7(2):247

- 254. Inserra, R. N., J. J. chitambar, D. J. Chitwood, and Z. Hando. nd. The Potato Pathotype of the False

- Root Knot Nematode, Nacobbus aberrans. Working Group of th e SON Exotic Nematode Plant Pest List. IPPC. 2011. International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, Publication No. 11: Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Rome, Italy. 30 pp. IPPC. 2012. International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, Publication No. 5: Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. Food and Agric ulture Organization of the United Nations, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Rome, Italy. 38 pp. Jacob, D., D. Rav David, A. Sztjenberg, and Y. Elad. 2008. Conditions for development of powdery mildew of tomato caused by Oidium neolycopersici . Plant Disease 98:270

- 281. Jacoby, M. 1880. Family Crioceridae. Biologia Centrali

- Americana, Insecta. Coleoptera. 6(1):37. Johnson, H. G. 1930. Dicyphus minimus Uhler, a pest on tomatoes (Hemiptera: Miridae). Journal of Economic Entom ology 23(3):642. Jones, D. R. 2003. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109:195

- 219. Kakkar, G. K., D. R. Seal, and V. K. Gha. 2010. Common blossom thrips

- Frankliniella schultzei Trybom (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Kamenova, I., S. Adkins, and D. Achor. 2006. Identification of T omato Mosaic Virus infection in jasmine. Acta horticulturae 722:277

- 283. Kessing, J. L., and R. F. L. Mau. 2007. Crop knowledge master

- Dysmiococcu s brevipes

. Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 34Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### King, A. B. S., and J. L. Saunders. 1984. The invertebrate pests of annual food crops in Central America. Tropical Development and Research Institute. Overseas Development Administration, London, Englan. Kiss, L., S. Takamatsu, and J. H. Cunnington. 2005. Molecular identification of Oidium neolycopersici as the causal agent of the recent tomato powdery mildew epidemics in North America. Plant Disease 89:491

- 496. Knodel, J. J ., L. D. Charlet, and J. Gavloski. 2010. Integrated pest management of sunflower insect pests in the Northern Great Plains. Pages 20 in . North Dakota State University Extension Service, Fargo, North Dakota. Koch, C. K., and D. F. Waterhouse. 2000. The Dist ribution and Importance of Arthropods Associated with Agriculture and Forestry in Chile. ACIAR, Canberra. 234 pp. Lebsky, B., J. Hernández

- González, G. Arguello

- Asdtorga, Y. Cárdenas

- Cornejo, and A. Poghosyan. 2011a. Detection of phytoplasmas in mixed infe ction with begomoviruses: a case study of tomato and pepper in Mexico. Bulletin of Insectology 64 (Supplement):S55

- S56. Lebsky, V., J. Hernández

- González, G. Arguello

- Astorga, Y. Cárdenas

- Conejo, and A. Poghhosyan. 2011b. Detection of phytoplasmas in mixed infection with begomoviruses: a case study of tomato and pepper in Mexico Bulletin of Insectology 64 (supplement): s55

- s56. Lee, I.

- M., K. D. Bottner, E. L. Dally, and R. E. Davis. 2008. First report of purple coneflower phyllody associated with a 16SrI

- B phytoplasma in Maryland. Plant Disease 92:654. Lee, I.

- M., M. Martini, K. D. Bottner, R. A. Dane, M. C. Black, and N. Troxclair. 2003. Ecological implications from a molecular analysis of phytoplasmas involved in an aster yellows epidemic in various crops in Texas. Phytopathology 93:1368

- 1377. Lin, K. S., and W. Zhang. 2011. First report of Pepino mosaic virus infecting tomato in Mexico. Plant Disease 95(8):1035

- 1036. Lindquist, E. E., M. W. Sabelis, and J. Bruin. 1996. Eriophyoid Mites Their Biology, Natu ral Enemies and Control. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. Ling, K. S., and M. E. Bledsoe. 2009. First Report of Mexican papita viroid Infecting Greenhouse Tomato in Canada. Plant Disease (93):8. Ling, K. S., J. T. J. Verhoeven, R. P. Singh, and J. K. Brown. 20 09. First Report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Greenhouse Tomatoes in Arizona. Plant Disease 93(10):1075. Lonsdale, O. 2011. The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of California. Zootaxa 2850:1

- 123. 

### Lopez, R., D. Carmona, A. M. Vincini, G. Monterubbianesi, and D. Caldiz. 2010. Population Dynamics and Damage Caused by the Leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), on Seven Potato Processing Varieties Grown in Temperate Environment. Neotropical Entomology 39(1):108

- 114

. MacGregor, R., and O. Gutierrez. 1983. Guia de Insectos Nocivos Para la Agriculutra en Mexico. Editorial Alhambra Mexicana S. A., Mexico. 166 pp. Maes, J. M. 2004a. Catalogo de insectos y artropodos terrestres de Nicaragua. Insectario Virtual. Maes, J. M. 2004b. Insectos associados a algunos cultivos tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64(Suplamento 1):75. Maes, J. M., O. Merkl, J. M. Campbell, and J. Ferrer. n. d.

- a. Familia Tenebrionidae. in

. Maes, J. M., C. L. Staines, E. G. Riley, and R. W. Flowers. n. d.

- b. Familia Chrysomelidae. Fauna Entomologica de Nicaragua. Last accessed 3/22/2012, http://www.bio

nica.info/Ento/Coleo/ chrysomelidae.htm

.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 35Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Magallanes

- Tapia, M. A., J. L. Romero

- Romero, E. Camacho

- Beltrán, N. E. Leyva

- López, M. E. Santos

- Cervantes, R. Félix

- Gastélum, and J. Méndez

- Lozano. 2012. Tomato infectious chlorosis virus associated with tomato diseases in Baja Califo rnia, Mexico. Plant Disease "first look" http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS

- 02

- 12

- 0196

- PDN • posted 04/18/2012. Marcano, R. 1991. Ciclo biologico del perforador del fruto del tomate Neoleucinodes el egantis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), usando berengena ( Solanum melongena ) como alimento. Boletin Entomologico Venezolano N.S. 6(2):135

- 141. Martin, J. L., and R. F. L. Mau. 2007. Crop knowledge master

- Thrips palmi (Karny). Last accessed 3/15/2012, http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/t_palmi.htm

. Martinez

- Carrillo, J. L., and J. K. Brown. 2007. First record of the Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci in Southern Sonora, Mexico. Phytoparasitica 35(3):282

- 284. Martinez

- Soriano, J. P., J. Galindo

- Alonso, C. J. M. Maroon, I. YUCEL, D. R. Smith, and T. O. Diener. 1996. Mexican papita viroid: Putative ancestor of crop viroids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 93:9397

- 9401. Matthews

- Berry, S. 2010. Emerging viroid threats to UK tomato production. Plant Disease Fact Sheet. The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA). Mauricio

- Castillo, J. A., G. R. Argüello

- Astorga, A. G. Alpuche

- Solís, C. T. Monreal

- Vargas, O. Díaz

- Gómez, and R. D. L. Torre

- Almaraz. 2006. First Report of Tomato severe leaf curl virus in México. Plant Disease 90(8):116. McGuire Jr., J. U., and B. S. Crandall. 1967. Survey of insect pests and plant diseases of selected food crops of Mexico, Cen tral America and Panama. Pages 157 in U. S. D. o. A. c. w. A. f. I. Development, ed. International Agricultural Development Service, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. Mchau, G. R. A., and M. D. Coffey. 1995 Evidence for the existence of two s ubpopulations in Phytophthora capsic i and a redescription of the species. Mycological Resrach 99(89

- 102). McKamey, S. H. n. d. Checklist of leafhopper species 1758

- 1955 (Hemiptera: Membracoidea: Cicadellidae and Myserslopiidae) with synonymy and distributi on [Catalogue of the Homoptera, Fascicle 6, Abridged]. Last accessed 05/03/2012, http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/selhome/leafhoppers/PDF/checklist.pdf

. McPherson, J. E., R. J. Packauskas, R. W. Sites, S. J. Taylos, C. S. Bundy, J. D. Bradshaw, and P. Levin

- Mitchell. 2011. Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America north of Mexico with a key to species. Zootaxa 2835:30

- 40. Mead, F. W. 1999. Featured c reatures

- Leptoglossus phyllopus

. Last accessed 3/23/2012, http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/leaffooted_bug.htm

. Mendes, M. A. S., V. L. da Silva, J. C. Dianese, and et al. 1998. Fungos em Plants no Brasil. Embrapa

- SPI/Embrapa

- Cenargen, Brasilia, p 555 Méndez

- Lozano, J., R. F. Rivera

- Bustamante, C. M. Fauquet, and R. de la Torre

- Almaraz. 2001. Pepper hausteco virus and Pepper golden mosaic virus are geminiviruses affecting
t omatillo ( Physalis ixocarpa) crops in Mexico. Plant Disease 85:1291. Meng, F., A. Milling, and C. Allen. 2008. Interactions with hosts at cool temperature, not cold tolerance, explain the unique epidemiology of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 biovar 2. Poste r presented at the 2008 American Phytopathological Society Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. July 26, 28, 2008.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 36Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, and J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U.S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107(1):123

- 158. Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, and G. W. Watson. 2002. Invasive species of mealybugs (Hemiptera: pseudococcidae) and their threat to U.S. agriculture. Proceedi ngs of the Entomological Society of Washington 104(4):825

- 836. Milling, A., F. Meng, T. P. Denny, and C. Allen. 2009. Interactions with Hosts at Cool Temperatures, Not Cold Tolerance, Explain the Unique Epidemiology of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2. Phytopathology 99(10):1127

- 1134. Momol, T., and K. Pernezny. 2006. Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Tomato (PDMG

V3

- 53). 1

- 12. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Plant Pathol ogy Department. Retrieved August 7, 2008, from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PG/PG05900.pdf Monte, O. 1944. Curculionideos do tomateiro. O Biologico 10(4):103

- 108. Mound, L., and S. Hals ey. 1978. Whitefly of the World. A systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data. British Museum (Natural History) and John Wiley and Sons. 340 pp. Mq King, A., E. Lefkowitz, M. J. Adams, and E. B. Carstens (eds .). 2011. Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press. San Diego CA. 1338 pp. Muniappan, R., B. M. Shepard, G. W. Watson, G. R. Carner, D. Sartiami, A. Rauf, and M. D. Hammig. 2008. First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. Journal of Agriculture and Urban Entomology 25(1):37

- 40. Munyaneza, J. E., V. G. Sengoga, J. M. Crossling, J. A. Garzón

- Tiznado, and O. G. Cárdenas

Valenzuela. 200 9. First Report of “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” in Tomato Plants in México. Plant Disease 93(10):1076. Murai, T., and S. Toda. n.d. Variation of Thips tabaci in colour and size. Thrips and Tospoviruses

- Proceedings of the 7th International Sympo sium on Thysanoptera:377

- 378. Mware, B., F. Olybayo, R. Narla, J. Songa, R. Amata, S. Kyamanywa, and E. M. Ateka. 2010. First record of spiraling whitefly in Kenya: Emergence, host range, distribution and association with Cassava brown streak virus disease . International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12:411

- 415. Naranjo

- Garcia, E., J. W. Thome, and J. Castillejo. 2007. A review of the Veronicellidae from Mexico (Gastropoda: Soleolifera). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 78:41

- 50. Nielson, M. W. 1968. The leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) taxonomy, biology, and virus transmission. Technical Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture 1382:1

- 386. Norse, D. 1974. Plant Diseases in Barbados. . Phytopathological Pa pers 18:1

- 38. NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), The National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov. (Archived at PERAL) Nuñez

- Sanchez, Á. E., G. Carrión, M. C. Nuñez

- Camargo, and O. Rebolledo

- Domínguez. 2003. Densidad de población de quistes de Globodera rostochiensis Woll. en el Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, México. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 21:207

- 213.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 37Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### O'Brien, C. W. 1961. Phyrdenus muriceus (Germar) attacking tomatoes in Arizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Pan

- pacific Entomologist 37(3):185

- 186. O'Brien, C. W., and G. J. Wibmer. 1982a. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae

sensu lato ) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 382 pp. O'Brien, C. W., and G. J. Wibmer. 1982b. Weevils of North America. The American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor , Michigan. 382 pp. Ochoa

- Sánchez, J. C., F. I. Parra

- Cota, K. Aviña

- Padilla, J. Délano

- Frier, and J. P. Martínez

Soriano. 2009. Amaranthus spp.: a new host of " Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia". Phytoparasitica, 37:381

- 384. Oman, P. W. 1933. Agallia mo desta , pp. 32

- 33. A Classification of North American Agallian Leaf Hoppers, Technical Bulletin No. 372. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D. C. Orono, L. E., P. Albornoz

- Medina, S. Nunez

- Campero, G. A. Van Nieuwenhove, L. P. Bezdjian, C. B. Martin, P. Schliserman, and S. M. Ovruski. 2006. Update of host plant list of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata in Argentina. Pages 207

- 225 in Fruit Flies of Economic Importance: From Basic to Applied Knowledge, Salvador, Brazil. Oudemans, P ., and M. D. Coffey. 1991. A revised systematics of twelve papillate Phytophthora species based on isozyme analysis. Mycological Resrach 95(9):1025

- 1046. Paplomatas, E. J., V. P. Patel, Y.

- M. Hou, A. Nouciry, and R. L. Gilbertson. 1994. Molecular characterization of a new sap

- transmissible bipartite genome geminivirus infecting tomatoes in Mexico. Phytopathology 84:1215

- 1224. Peanut

- Crop

- Germplasm

- Committee. 2003. Report on the status of Arachis germplasm in the United States. Pages 62 in Universit y of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. Pena, J. E., J. L. Sharp, and M. Wysoki. 2002. Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators : Biology, Economic lmportance, Natural Enemies and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 430 pp. Pena, J. E., and V. Wadill. 1982. Pests of cassava in South Florida. Florida Entomologist 65(1):143

- 149. Perea, S. J. M., E. R. S. García, M. R. Allende, F. J. A. Carrillo, F. J. León, T. B. Valdez, and S. F. S. M. López. 2011. Identificación de razas y biovares de Ralstonia solanace arum aisladas de plantas de tomate. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología (29):98

- 108. Pest ID. 2012a. Pest report

- non

- reportable Insects and Mites. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspec tion Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Pest ID. 2012b. P est Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Pla nt Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Pest ID. 2013a. 2013 Ceroplastes sinensis deregulation. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Pest ID. 2013b. 2013 Ferrisia malvastra deregulation. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Ani mal and Plant Health Inspection Service,

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 38Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Pest ID. 2013c. 2013 Phenacoccus parvus deregulation. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Departmen t of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Pinto, J. D. 1980a. Behavior and taxonomy of the Epicauta maculata group (Coleoptera, Meloidae ). University of California publications in entomology 89:1

- 85. Pinto, J. D. 1980b. Behavior and taxonomy of the Epicauta maculata group (Coleptera: Meloidae). Pages 85 in H. V. Daly, J. A. Powell, J. N. Belkin, R. M. Bohart, D. P. Furman, J. D. Pinto, E. I. Schlinger, and R. W. Thorp, (eds.). University of California publications in entomology. University of California, Berkeley, California. Polston, J. E., and P. K. Ander son. 1997. The emergence of whitefly

- transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the western hemisphere. Plant Disease 81:1358

- 1369. Pospieszny, H., N. Borodynko, A. Obrępalska

- Stęplowska, and B. Hasiów. 2007. The First Report of Tomato torrado virus in Poland. Plant Disease 91(10):1634. Pospieszny, H., N. Borodynko, B. Hasiów

- Jaroszewska, and N. Rymelska 2013. Seed transmission of Tomato torrado virus in tomato. PP

- 081. Poster session. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Plant Virus Epidemiology, Arusha, Tanzania. p 82. Powell, J. A., and J. W. Brown. 1990. Concentrations of lowland sphingid and noctuid moths at high mountain passes in Eastern mexico. Biotorpica 22(3):316

- 319. PPQ. 2012. Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (Version 6.0). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Raleigh, NC. Pringle, C. R. 1998. Virus taxonomy

– San Diego. Archives of Virology 143:144 9

- 1459. Queensland

- Government. 2003. Lantana biocontrol

- Phenacoccus parvus

. in D. o. N. R. a. Mines, ed. Reitz, S. R. 2008. Comparative bionomics of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella tritici

. Florida Entomologist 91(3):474

- 476. Robinson, G. S. , P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, and L. M. Hernandez. 2001. Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the Oriental Region. Southdene Sdn Bhd & The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur & London. 744 pp. Rodriguez

- del

- Bosque, L. A. , and A. Magallanes

- Estala. 1994. Seasonal abundance of Diabrotica balteata and other diabroticine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northeastern Mexico. Environmental Entomology 23(6):1409

- 1415. Rueda

- Puente, E. O., M. A. Tarazón

- Herrera, J. L. García

- Hernández, B. Murillo

- Amador, R. J. Olguín

- Peña, A. Flores

- Hernández, P. Preciado

- Rangel, J. M. Barrón

- Hoyos, and J. García

- Camargo. 2006. Presencia del namatodo dorado Globodera rostochiensis (Wolle weber) Skarbilovich, en lotes de papa( Solanum tuberosum L) del estado de Coahuila, Mexico. Revista Méxicana de Fitotatología 24:20

- 26. Russell, L. M. 1965. A new species of Aleurodicus Douglas and two close relatives (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Flrodia Entom ologist 48(1):47

- 55. SAGARPA. 2010. Technical information for the Production of tomato transplants in Mexico. Technical information for the Production of tomato transplants in Mexico. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimnetación (SAGARPA), el

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 39Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), and the Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal (DGSV). SAGARPA. 2012a. Technical information for the Production of tomato transplants in Mexico. Secretar ía de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimnetación (SAGARPA), el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), and the Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal (DGSV). SAGARPA. 2012b. Tomato Plantlet

- August 1 2, 2013

- additional information. Personal communication to USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine

, from Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimnetación (SAGARPA)

. SAGARPA. 2013. Infor macion complementaria para la continuacion del analisis de Riesgo de Plagas para la importacion de plántulas de tomate crecidos en medio aprovado para los Estados Unidos de América. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentaci ón (SAGARPA); Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA). Pages 2 in , Mexico DF. Sanchez

- Pena, S. R. 1990. Some insect and spider pathogenic fungi from Mexico. Florida Entomologist 73(3):517

- 522. Sanchez

- Perez, A., L. Meji a, M. Fegan, and C. Allen. 2008. Diversity and distribution of Ralstonia solanacearum strains in Guatemala and rare occurrence of tomato fruit infection. Plant Pathology 57:320

- 331. Sanders, P. R., B. Sammons, W. Kanikiewsi, L. Haley, J. Layton, B. J. LaVa Hee, X. Delannay, and N. E. Turner. 1992. Field resistance of transgenic tomatoes expressing the tobacco mosaic virus or tomato mosaic virus coat protein genes. Phytopathology 82:683

- 690. Santos

- Cervantes, M. E., J. A. Chavez

- Medina, J. Mendez

- Lozano, and N. E. Leyva

- López. 2008. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Two Little Leaf Phytoplasma Strains Associated with Pepper and Tomato Diseases in Guanajuato and Sinaloa, Mexico. Plant Disease 92(7):1007

- 1011. Saunders, J. L., D. T. Coto, and A. B. S. King. 1998. Plagas invertebradas de cultivos anuales alimenticios en America Central. Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. 305 pp. Saunders, J. L., A. B. S. King, and C. V. Vargas

- S. 1983. Plagas de cultivos en America Central

- una lista de referencia. Centro Agronomica Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Schaefer, C. W., and A. R. Panizzi. 2000. Heteroptera of Economic Importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 828 pp. Sel ander, R. B., and J. M. Mathieu. 1969. Ecology, Behavior and Adult Anatomy of hte Albida Group of the Genus Epicauta (Coleoptera:Meloidae). University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 168 pp. SEL

. n

. d . Whitefly ecology database. Aleurodicus dispersus + Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL) . (Archived at PERAL). Shotwell, R. L. 1930. A Study of the lesser Migratory Grasshopper. Pages 34 in U. S. D. o. A.

- T. B. N. 190, ed. Silva

- Rojas , H. V., Ávila

- Quesada, G. D. 2011. Phylogenetic and morphological identification of Colletotrichum boninense : a novel causal agent of anthracnose in avocado. Plant Pathology 60:899

- 908.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 40Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Simmons, E. G. 2000. Alternaria themes and variations (244

- 286). Spec ies on Solanaceae. Mycotaxon 75:1

- 115. Smith, R. C., and W. W. Franklin. 1954. The Garden Webworm

- Loxostege similalis Guen. As an Alfalfa Pest in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 27(1):27

- 38. Sosa

- Moss, C. 1985. Report on the status of M eloidogyne research in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean countries. In: Sasser J. N., and C. C. Carter (eds). An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Vol. I (pp. 327

- 346). Sosa

- Moss, C. 1987. Cyst nematodes in Mexico and Central and South America. Nem atologia Mediterranea 15:1

- 12. Spencer, K. A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Dr. W. Junk B.V., Great Britain Stathas, G. J., N. G. Kavallieratos, and P. A. Eliopoulus. 2003. Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): a two

year study from Central Greece. Australian Journal of Entomology 42:271

- 275. Steck, G. J. 2004. Featured Creatures: Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard). Last accessed 04/20/2012, http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/pea_leafminer.htm

. Stegmaier Jr., C. E. 1968. A review of recent literature on the host plant range of the genus Lyriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzida e) in the continental Unitesd States and Hawaii, excluding Alaska. Florida Entomologist 51(3):167

- 182. Stenger, D. C., J. E. Duffus, and B. Villalon. 1990. Bilogical and genomic properties of the geminivirus isolated from pepper. Phytopathology 80:704

- 709. Stewart, S., A. Thomson

- McLure, and R. Patrick. n. d. Soybean insects

- threecornered alfalfa hopper. W201. Stocks, I. C., and A. Roda. 2011. PestAlert

- The passionvine mealybug, Planococcus minor (Maskell), a new exotic mealybug in South Florida. in

. Florida Departement of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida. Tapia

- Tussell, R., A. Suaste

- Dzul, A. Cortés

- Velázquez, A. Quijano

- Ramayoa, R. Martín

- Mex, A. Nexticapan

- Garceza, I. Córdova

- Lara, L. Sáenz

- Carbonel l, and D. Pérez

- Brito. 2010. First report of a 16SrIII, X

- disease phytoplasma affecting tomato plants in Mexico. Plant Pathology 59:395. Tapia

- Tussell, R., A. Suaste

- Dzul, A. Cortes

- Velazquez, C. Torres

- Calzada, A. Quijano

Ramayo, R. Martin

- Mex, A. Nextica pan

- Garcez, and D. Perez

- Brito. 2012. Molecular characterization of Yucatan tomato phytoplasma (Group 16Sr III). African Journal of Biotechnology 11(9):2169

- 2177. Tarnowski, T. L. B., and R. C. Ploetz. 2007. First Report of Colletotrichum boninense

, C.
cap sici , and a Glomerella sp. as Causes of Postharvest Anthracnose of Passion Fruit in Florida. Plant Disease 94(6):789

- 787. Thurston, H. D. 1973. Threatening Plant Diseases. Annual Review of Phytopathology 11(27

- 52). Torres

- Pacheco, I., J. A. Garzón

- Tiznado, J. K. Brown, A. Becerra_Flora, and R. F. Rivera

Bustamante. 1996. Detection and distribution of geminiviruses in Mexico and southern United States. Phytopathology:1186

- 1192. Torres

- Pacheco, I., J. A. Garzón

- Tiznado, L. Herrera

- Estrella, and F. Rivera

- Bust amante. 1993. Complete nucleotide sequence of Pepper huasteco virus : analysis and comparison with bipartite geminiviruses. Journal of General Virology 74:2225

- 2231. Tovar

- Soto, A., I. C. del Prado

- Vera, E. Z. Zavaleta

- Mejía, M. Cadena

- Hinojosa, and A. Mart ínez

- Garza. 1997. Response of five genotypes of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) to

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 41Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### the Mexican populations of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 and M. chitwoodi race 2, under two temperature regimes. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 15(1):22

- 25. Trujillo

- Arriaga, J., and R. Bech. n. d. . Five

- year strategic plan 2008

- 2013 for fruit flies of Mexico. Pages 32 in

. Turina, M., M. D. Ricker, R. Lenzi, V. Mesenga, and m. Ciuffo. 2007. Severe Disease of tomato in the Culiacan area (Sinaloa, Mexico) is ca used by a new Picorna

- like viral species. Plant Disease 91(8):932

- 941. USDA

- APHIS. 2009. Federal Order for Tomato Torrado Virus and Tomato Severe Leaf Curl Virus. DA

- 2009

- 20. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Animal and Plant Health Inspectio n Service (APHIS). May 5, 2009. Verbeek, M., A. M. Dullemans, J. F. M. Van den Heuvel, P. C. Maris, and R. A. A. Van der Vlugt. 2007. Tomato marchitez virus , a new plant picorna

- like virus from tomato related
to tomato torrado virus . Archives of Virology 153:127

- 134. Verbeek, M., A. M. Dullemans, J. F. M. Van den Heuvel, P. C. Maris, and R. A. A. Van der Vlugt. 2008. Tomato marchitez virus , a new plant picorna

- like virus from tomato related
to Tomato torrado virus . Archives of Virology 153:127

- 134. Verhoev en, J. T. J., C. C. C. Jansen, A. W. Werkman, and J. W. Roenhorst. 2007. First Report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Petunia hybrida from the United States of America. Plant Disease 91(3):324. Verhoeven, J. T. J., J. W. Roenhorst, and R. A. Owens. 201 1. Mexican papita viroid and tomato planta macho viroid belong to a single species in the genus Pospiviroid. Archives of Virology 156:1433

- 1437. Walker, A., M. Hoy, and D. Meyerdirk. 2003. Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Will ink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). in I. o. F. a. A. S. University of Florida, ed., Gainesville, Florida. Wallace, M. W. 2011. Morphology

- based phylogenetic analysis of the treehopper tribe Smiliini (Hemiptera: membracidae: Smiliinae), with reinstat ement of the tribe Telaminini. Zootaxa 3047:1

- 42. Wellman, F. L. 1972. Tropical American Plant Disease. Scarecrow Press, Inc, Metuchen, NJ. 989 pp. Wellman, F. L. 1977. Dictionary of Tropical American Crops and their Diseases. The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen , NJ & London. 495 pp. Wickham, H. F. 1896. A list of some Coleoptera from the northern portions of New Mexico and Arizona. Pages 165 in . extracted from the Bullentin from the Laboratories of Natural History, State University of Iowa. Williams, D. J., and M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. University Press, Cambridge, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Williams, D. J., and G. W. Watson. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region: Part 2: The mealybugs (Pseudo coccidae). CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 260 pp. Williams, D. J., and G. W. Watson. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 3. The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and Other Families. CAB International Institute of Entomology, L ondon. 267 pp. Wisler, G. C., J. E. Duffus, H.

- Y. Liu, and R. H. Li. 1998. Ecology and epidemiology of whitefly

– transmitted viruses. Plant Disease 80(3):270

- 280.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 42Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Xu, J., Z. C. Pan, P. Prior, J. S. Xu, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. Q. Zhang, L. Y. He, and J. Feng. 2009. Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum strains from China. European Journal of Plant Pathology 125:641

- 653. Young, D. A. 1977. Taxonomic study of the Cicadellinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Part 2. New World Cicadellini and the genus Cicadella . The North carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC. Young, D. A., and R. H. Davidson. 1959. A review of leafhoppers of the genus Draeculacephala . Pag es 21

- 23 of 32 in A. R. S. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulleting No. 1198, (ed.). Washington, D.C. Zavaleta

- Mejia, E., and C. Sosa

- Moss. 1979. Description of a new species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) an d observations on three other spiral nematodes. Nematropica 9(1):72

- 75. Zhang, B. C. 1994. Index of economically important Lepidoptera. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 599 pp. Zhang, Z.

- Q. 2003. Mites of Greenhouses: Identification, biology and contro l. CABI Publishing. 244 pp.

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 43Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



## 7. Appendices

Appendix A

. Pests with non

- actionable regulatory status

We found some evidence of the below listed organisms being associated with tomato and being present in the Mexico ; however, because these organisms have non

- actionable regulatory status for the United States , we did not list them in Table 2 of th is risk assessment.

Below we list these organisms along with the references supporting their potential association with tomato , their potential p resence in Mexico , their presence in the United States (if applicable), and their regulatory status for the United States

. For organisms not present in the the United States , we also provide justification for their non

- actionable status.

Organism Evidence and/or other notes ARTHROPODS Acari: Eriophyidae Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; 

### Lindquist et al., 1996 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Zhang, 2003 )

. Acari: Phytoseiidae Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini & Fanzago) Present in MX and US ( deMoraes et al., 1986 ); reported on tomato ( deMoraes et al., 1986 )

. Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) Present in MX ( Pena et al., 2002 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 2001 ; Zhang, 2003 ); present in US ( CABI, 2012a ). Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus califo rnicus (Banks) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Childers et al., 2003 ). Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Childers et al., 2003 )

. Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); re ported on tomato ( Childers et al., 2003 )

. Acari: Tetranychidae Bryobia praetiosa Koch Present in MX and US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ); reported on tom ato ( Bolland et al., 1998 )

. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Zhang, 2003 )

. Tetranychus desertorum Banks Present in MX and US ( Bol land et al., 1998 ); reported on tomato ( Bolland et al., 1998 )

. Tetranychus ludeni Zacher Present in MX and US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ); reported on tomato ( Bolland et al., 1998 ; Gallego and Velez, 1992 )

. Tetranychus marianae McGregor Present in MX and US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Bolland et al., 1998 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolskii) Present in MX and US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ); reporte d on tomato ( Bolland et al., 1998 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 44Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Tetranychus urticae Koch Present in MX and US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Bolland et al., 1998 ; CABI, 2012a ; Zhang, 2003 )

. Insecta Coleoptera: Anobiidae Stegobium paniceum Linnaeus Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2 012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Acalymma trivittata (Mannerheim) Present in MX and US ( Rodriguez

- del

- Bosque and Magallanes

Estala, 1994 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saund ers et al., 1983 ). Non

- actionable in the United States ( PestID , 2012a )

. Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Cerotoma ruficornis (Olivier) Present in M X ( MacGregor and Gutie rrez, 1983 ), US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Diabrotica balteata LeConte Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 )

. Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim Present in MX ( Rodriguez

- del

- Bosque and Magallanes

- Estala, 199 ) and US ( Capinera, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Disonycha glabrata (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004a ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) Present in MX ( Furth, 2009 ) and US ( Arnett Jr., 2000 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Epitrix fasciata Blatchley Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( CABI, 1981 ); reported on tomato ( Gallego and Velez, 1992 )

. Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) Present in MX ( CABI, 2012a ) and US ( Arnett Jr., 2000 ); reported in tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Lema nigrovittata (Guérin

Méneville) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US ( Wickham, 1896 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Lema trilineata (Olivier) Present in MX ( McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( GBIF, 2012 ) ; reported on tomato ( McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 )

. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Systena blanda Melsheimer Present in MX ( McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ; 

### Knodel et al., 2010 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 )

. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Anthonomus eugenii Cano Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 45Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Phyrdenus divergens (Germar) Present in MX and US ( O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982a ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Coleoptera: Meloidae Epicauta immaculata Say Present in MX ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ) and US ( Selander and Mathieu, 1969 ); reported on tomato ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 )

. Epicauta temexa Adams & Selander Present in MX and US ( Adams and Selander, 1979 ); reported on tomato ( Adams and Selander, 1979 )

. Epicauta vittata (Fabricius) = Epicauta lemniscata (Fabricius) Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( Selander and Mathieu, 1969 ; Capinera, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Pyrota divirgata (Villada et Peñafiel) Present in MX ( McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( Garcia

Paris et al., 2007 ); reported on tomato ( Mc Guire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 )

. Coleoptera: Nitidulidae Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Bothynus gibbosus (De Geer) Present in MX and US ( Capinera, 2001 ); reported in tomato ( Capinera, 2001 )

. Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza munda Frick Present in MX ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( St egmaier Jr., 1968 ); reported on tomato ( Garcia

Mart ell, 1974 ; Stegmaier Jr., 1968 )

. Liriomyza sativae Blanchard Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Capinera, 2001 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 198 3 ; Spencer, 1973 )

. Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Sp encer, 1973 )

. Diptera: Anthomyiidae Hylemya platura (Meigen) = Delia platura (Meigen) Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Diptera: Muscidae Atherigona orientalis Schiner Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; 

### Forsyth, 1966 )

. Diptera: Otitidae Euxesta stigmatias Loew Present in MX and US ( Capin era, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 2001 )

. Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) Present in MX and US ( Evans, 2007 ); reported on tomato ( Evans, 2007 )

. Tri aleurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) Present in MX and US ( Evans, 2007 ; Mound and Halsey, 1978 ); reported on tomato ( Evans, 2007 ; Mound and Halsey, 1978 )

. Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis craccivora Koch Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 46Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Aphis fabae Scopoli Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Aphis gossypii Glover Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Aphis spiraecola Patch Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on toma to ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Bl ackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Hemiptera: Berytidae Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee Present in MX and US ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 ); reported on tomato ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 )

. Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Aceratagallia sordida Oman Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

. Agallia albidula Uhler Present in MX ( King and Saund ers, 1984 ) and US ( Nielson, 1968 ); reported on tomato ( Saund ers et al., 1983 )

. Agallia lingula Van Duzee Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( McKamey, n. d. ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Agallia nielsoni Freytag Present in MX ( Maes, 2004b ) and US ( Cramer et al., 2003 ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

. Circulifer tenellus (Baker) =

Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierr ez, 1983) and US ( Cramer et al., 2003 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Empoasca fabalis (De Long) Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

. Empoasca kraemeri (Ross & Moore) Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ; Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b ; Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Hortensia similis Walker Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

. Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Plesiommata mollicella (Fowler) Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

. Sanctanus fasciatus (Osborn) Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

. Xerophloea viridis (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Maes, 2004b )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 47Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Present in MX ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) and US ( Gimpel et al., 1974 ) ; reported on tomato ( Stathas et al., 2003 ) ; d eregulated ( PestID , 2013a )

. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) ; reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell = Pulvinaria grabhami Cockerell Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Williams and Watson, 1990 )

. Hemiptera: Coreidae Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 ); reported on tomato ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 )

. Acanthocephala femorata (Fa bricius) Present in MX and US ( McPherson et al., 2011 ); reported in tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Leptoglossus conspersus Stal Present in MX and US ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 ); reported on tomato ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 )

. Leptoglossus phyllopus (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US ( Mead, 1999 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saunders et al., 1983 ) and US ( Buss et al., n. d. ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saunders et al., 1998 )

. Phthi a picta (Drury) Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( Brailovsky, 2009 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1998 )

. Spartocera fusca Thunberg Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004b ); reported on tomato ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 )

. Hemiptera: Diaspididae Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al ., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Williams and Watson, 1988 )

. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

. Hemiptera: Membracidae Antianthe expansa (Germar) = A. humilis Fowler Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( Wallace, 2011 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saunders et al., 1998 ; Wallace, 2011 )

. Spissistilus festinus (Say) Present in MX and US ( Stewart et al., n. d. ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 48Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Hemiptera: Miridae Cyrtopeltis notatus (Distant) Present in MX and US ( G arcia

- Martell, 1974 ; King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; King and Saunders, 1984 )

. Dicyphus minimus (Uhler) = D. minimum Present in MX ( McGui re Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( Johnson, 1930 ); reported on tomato ( Johnson, 1930 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 )

. Engytatus geniculatus Reuter Present in MX ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ) and US ( Ilingworth, 1929 ); reported on tomato ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 )

. Halticus bractatus (Say) Present in MX ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( Capinera, 2008 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 2008 ; Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 19 67 )

. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) Present in MX and US ( Dixon, 2009 ); reported on tomato ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 )

. Hemiptera: Ortheziidae Insignorthezia insignis (Browne) = Orthezia insignis Browne Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Acrosternum marginatum (Palisot de Beauvois) Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor an d Gutierrez, 1983 ; Saunders et al., 1998 )

. Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer) Present in MX and US ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 ); reported on tomato ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 )

. Euschistus bifibulus (Palisot de Beauvois) Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported in tomato ( Saunders et al., 1998 )

. Euschistus servus (Say) Present in MX and US ( Capinera, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 2001 )

. Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) Present in MX and US ( Miller et al., 2002 ); reported on tomato ( Williams and Watson, 1988 ); Deregulated ( PestID , 2013b )

. Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Williams and Granara de Willink, 199 2 )

. Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Pena and Wadill, 1982 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

. Phenacoccus madeirensis Green Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Williams and Granara d e Willink, 1992 )

. Phenacoccus parvus Morrison Present in MX ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2005 ); reported on tomato ( Queensland

- Government, 2003 ); Deregulated ( PestID , 2013c )

. Phenacoccus solani Ferris Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 )

. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Williams and Granara d e Willink, 1992 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 49Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Planococcus citri (Risso) Present in MX ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) and US ( Miller et al., 2005 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 )

. Planococcus minor (Maskell) Present in MX ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) and US ( Stocks and Roda, 2011 ); repor ted on tomato ( Stocks and Roda, 2011 )

. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( 

### MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d’Herculais Present in MX and US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 )

. Hemiptera: Psyllidae Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) = Paratrioza cockerelli Sulc Present in MX and US ( Abdullah, 2007 ); reported on tomato ( Abdullah, 2007 )

. Hemiptera: Putoidea Puto lasiorum (Cockerell) Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2012 ); reported on tomato ( Ma cGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Hemiptera: Tingidae Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ; Pena and Wadill, 1982 ); reported on tomato ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

. Gargaphia solani Heidemann Present in MX and US ( Capinera, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 20 01 )

. Hymenoptera: Formicidae Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Lepidoptera: Crambidae Loxostege similalis (Guenée) Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( Smith and Franklin, 1954 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Carter, 1984 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Tildenia glochinella Zeller Present in MX and US ( Zhang, 2003 ); reported on tomato ( Zhang, 2003 )

. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 )

. Agrotis malefida Guenée Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Agrotis repleta Walker Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( Brou Jr., 1994 ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 50Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Anicla infecta (Ochsenheimer) Present in MX and US ( K ing and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Zhang, 2003 )

. Chrysodeixis includens Walker = Pseudoplusia includens (Walker ) Present in MX ( Sanchez

- Pena, 1990 ) and US ( CABI , 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Eudocima materna (Linnaeus) = Othreis materna (Linnaeus) Present in MX ( Powell and Brown, 1990 ) and US (Brou Jr.

, 1994); reported on tomato ( 

### Forsyth, 1966 ; 

### Robinson et al., 2001 )

. Feltia subterranea Fabricius = Agrotis subterranea Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; Zhang, 2003 )

. Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Garcia

- Martell, 1974 ; Robinson et al., 2001 )

. Heliothis subflexa (Guenée) Present in MX and US ( Groot et al., 2007 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith) Present in MX and US ( Capinera, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 2001 )

. Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) = Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Capinera, 2006 ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Peridroma saucia (Hübner) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 )

. Pseudaletia includens (Walker) Present in MX and US ( Powell and Brown, 1990 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 )

. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 )

. Spodoptera latifascia (Walker) = Prodenia latifascia Walker Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( King and Saunder s, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

. Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) Present in MX and US ( Capinera, 2005 ; Zhang, 2003 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 ; Zhang, 2003 )

. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Gallego and Velez, 1992 )

. Trichoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) =

Agrapha oxygramma Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Xestia c

- nigrum (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Carter, 1984 )

. Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Achyra rantalis (Gueneé) Present in MX and US ( Capinera, 2001 ); reported on tomato ( Capinera, 2001 )

. Lineodes integra (Zeller) Present in MX and US ( Maes, 2004 b ); reported on tomato ( Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 )

. Pilemia periusalis (Walker) Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 51Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Zhang, 2003 ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Zhang, 2003 )

. Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Platynota stultana Walsingham Present in MX ( Shotwell, 1930 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Orthoptera: Acrididae Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) Present in MX ( Shotwell, 1930 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Orthoptera: Gryllidae Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius) =

Acheta assimilis Present in MX and US ( King and Saunders, 1984 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Thysanoptera: Thripidae Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) Present in MX and US ( Hoddle et al., 200 6 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 )

. Frankliniella schultzei Trybom = Frankl iniella insularis (Franklin) Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( Kakkar et al., 2010 ); reported on tomato ( Saunders et al., 1983 )

. Frankliniella tr itici (Fitch) Present in MX ( McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967 ) and US ( Reitz, 2008 ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. Thrips simplex (Morison) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( Buss, n. d. )

. Thrips tabaci Lindeman Present in MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported on tomato ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 )

. MOLLUSCA Helicidae Cornu aspersum (Müller) = Cantareus aspersus Muller Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. BACTERIA Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. Present in MX (CABI, 2012 a ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006b ; EPPO, 1997 a ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ; EPPO, 1997a ); r eported in tomato ( Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006b ; EPPO, 1997a )

. Erwinia rhapontici (Milla rd) Burkholder Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pectobacterium ananatis pv. ananatis Trüper and De Clari Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van Hall) Gardan et al. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 52Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp

. carotovorum (Jones) Hauben et al. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pseudomonas syringae pv . syringae van Hall (= P

. syringae van Hall) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pseudomonas syringae pv . tabaci (Wolf & Foster) Young et al. Present in MX ( King and Saunders, 1984 ) and US ( King a nd Saunders, 1984 ); reported in tomato ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

. Rhizobium radiobacter Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. (= Agrobacterium tumefaciens [Smith & Townsend] ) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.

Corynebacterium fasccians ( Tilford) Dowson Syn : Rhodococcus fascians (Tilford ) Goodfellow Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dowson [= Phytomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Bergey et al. ] Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Wellman, 1977 )

.

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keiss Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Wellman, 1977 )

. Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (= A

. macrospora [Sacc.] Sawada) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tom ato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Alternaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. Groves & Skolko Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Alternaria solani Sorauer Syn: Macrosporium solani (Ellis & Martin) Present in MX ( Alvarez, 1976 ; CABI, 2012a ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( King and Saunders, 1984 )

.
Alternaria subtropica E.G. Simmons Present in MX and US ( Simmons, 2000 ); reported in tomato ( Simmons, 2000 )

. Alternaria t omato (Cooke) Jones Present in MX and US ( Wellman, 1977 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Wellman, 1977 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

. Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Boeremia lycopersici (Cooke) Aveskamp et al. Syn: Ascochyta lycopersici (Plowr.) Brunaud]; Syn. Phoma lycopersici Cooke; Teleomorph: Didymella lycopersici Kleb. Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Wellman, 1977); reported in tomato ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Wellman, 1977)

.

Cercos pora physalidis Ellis = C

. capsici Heald & F.A. Wolf Present in MX ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr a nd Rossman, 2012 ; Alvarez, 1976 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 53Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Thielaviopsois basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris. Sinamorph: Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis Anamorph : Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedjin Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.
Cochliobolus pallescens (Tsuda & Ueyama) Sivan. [≡ Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda & Ueyama; Anamorph : Curvularia pallescens Boedijn ] Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Mendes et al., 1998 ; Norse, 1974 )

.

Colletotrichum lycopersici Chest. Present in MX ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Alvarez, 1976 )

. Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Shughes Syn : Colletotrichum phomoides (Sacc.) Chester. Present in MX ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Alvarez, 1976 )

. Colletotrichum karstii Yan L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai Present in MX ( Silva

- Rojas, 2011 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012) and US ( Damm et al., 2012 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in tomato (Damm et a l., 2012)

. Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr.Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.
Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977); reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977)

. Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. : Fr. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; CABI, 2012a ; Wellman, 1972 )

. Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch Anamorph: Geotrichum candidum Link. Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

.

Gibberella avenacea R.J. Cook Anamorph: Fusarium avenaceum (Corda: Fr.) Sacc. ) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.
Gibberella fujikuroi var. fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw. Anamorph: Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.

Gibberella zeae (S chwein. : Fr.) Petch Anamorph: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Crozier Jr. and Boothroyd, 1959 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 54Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Gloeosporium phomoides Sacc Present in MX ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ), US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Fa rr and Rossman, 2012 )

. Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk

. Syn: Gloeosporium rufomaculans (Berk.) Thüm. Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

.

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Farr and Rossman, 2 012 )

. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2 012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Mycosphaerella cruenta Latham Ana morph: Pseudocercospora
cruenta (Sacc.) Deighton [ Cercospora cruenta Sacc.] Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Wel lman, 1977 )

.

Eremothecium coryli (Peglion) Kurtzman Syn: Nematospora coryli Peglion Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Wellman, 1977 )

.
Oidium lycopersici Cooke and Mass. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Wellman, 1977 ; Mendes et al 1988; Ki ss et al., 2005 )

. Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss Present in MX ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) and US ( Jacob et al., 2008 ; Kiss et al., 2005 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Jacob et al., 2008 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Kiss et al., 2005 )

. Passalora fulva (Cooke) U. Braun & Crous. = Cladosporium fulvum Cooke Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Wellman, 1972 )

.
Passalora diffusa (Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun & Crous = Cercospora diffusa Ellis & Everh. Present in MX ( Alvarez, 1976 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

. Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Penicillium italicum Stoll Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012 a )

. Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

. Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg.) Steyaert Present in MX and US ( 

### Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in
tomato Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

. Phoma destructiva var. destructiva Plowr. [Syn: Phoma destructiva Plowr.; Diplodina destructiva (Plowr.) Petr.] Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato (Well man, 1977)

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 55Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Shear) Hennebert [≡ Ozonium omnivorum Shear; ≡ Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar] Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato (Wellman, 1977)

.

Phytophthora capsici Leonian Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) Deighton Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pythium aphanid ermatum (Edson) Fitzp. Syn: Nematosporangium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.; Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.
Pythium ar rhenomanes Drechsler Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in toma to ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pythium debaryanum Hesse Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato CABI, 2012a )

. Pythium myriotylum Drechsler Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Septoria lycopersici var. lycopersici Speg. Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

. Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh.] Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber. Teleomorph: P rillieuxina winteriana (Pazschke) G. Arnaud Present in MX and US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ); reported in tomato ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 )

.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Anamorph : Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

.

Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthold Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Verticillium dahliae Kleb Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. NEMATODES Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato CABI, 2012a )

. Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato CABI, 2012a )

. Globodera tabac um (Lownsbery & Lownsbery) Behrens Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reporte d in tomato CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 56Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Guzman

- Plazola et al., 2006 ; del Prado

- Vera et al., 2001 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Guzman

- Plazola et al., 2006 ; del Prado

- Vera et al., 2001 ; Zavaleta

- Mejia and Sosa

- Moss, 1979 )

. Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley Present in MX ( Estañol

- Botello et al., 1999 ; Cuevas

- Ojeda et al., 1997 ; Sosa

- Moss, 1985 ; Tovar

- Soto et al., 1997 ) and US ( ID, OR NV, CA, UT, CO, VA ) ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; del Prado

- Vera et al., 2001 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; del Prado

- Vera et al., 2001 )

. Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White,) Chitwood Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Guzman

- Plazola et al., 2006 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Guzman

- Plazola et al., 2006 )

. Meloidogyne javanica (Tre ub,) Chitwood Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Guzman

- Plazola et al.

, 2006 ; del Prado

- Vera et al., 2001 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Guzman

- Plazola et al., 2006 ; del Prado

- Vera et al., 2001 )

. Paratrichodorus minor Colbran) Siddiqi Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Chellemi et al., 1993 )

. Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb,) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven Present in MX and US ( CABI, 201 2a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Xiphinema americanum Cobb Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. VIRUS ES Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Arabis mosaic virus (ARMV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Brunt et al., 1996 )

. Beet curly top virus (BCTV) Present in MX and US ( Brunt et al., 1996 ; C ABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2012a )

. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Present in MX and US ( Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2012a ; SAGARPA, 2010 ); reported in tomato ( Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2012a ; SAGARPA, 2010 )

. Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Lin and Zhang, 2011 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Lin and Zhang, 2011 )

. Pepper golden mosaic virus ( PepGMV) (= Texas pepper virus (TPV); = Serrano golden mosaic virus (SGMV) ) Present in MX and US ( Brown, 1990 ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; Torres

- Pacheco et al., 1996 ; Stenger et al., 1990 ); reported in tomato ( Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; Brown, 1990 ; Stenger et al., 1990 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 57Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes Pepper huasteco virus (PHV) Present in MX ( Garzón

- Tiznado et al., 2002 ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; Torres

- Pacheco et al., 1993 ; Garzón

- Ti znado et al., 1993 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ; Méndez

- Lozano et al., 2001 ) and US (TX) ( Polston and Anderson, 1997 ; Torres

- Pacheco et al., 1996 ); reported in tomato ( Garzón

- Tiznado et al., 2002 ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c )

. Pepper mild tiger virus ( PepMTV) Present in MX and US ( Brown, 1989 ; Gemini

- Bio sci, 2005 ; EPPO, 2001 ); reported in tomato ( Gemini

- Biosci, 2005 )

. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Potato virus Y (PVY) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); rep orted in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Tobacco etch virus (TEV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Tobacco streak virus (TSV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Tomato chlorosis virus (TCV) Present in MX ( Alvarez

- Ruis et al., 2006 ; Wisler et al., 1998 ), US ( Wisler et al., 1998 ); reported in tomato ( Alvarez

- Ruis et al., 2006 )

. Toma to infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) Present in MX ( Magallanes

- Tapia et al., 2012 ; Jones, 2003 ) and US ( Wi sler et al., 1998 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ); reported in tomato ( Jones, 2003 ; Magallanes

- Tapia et al., 2012 ; Wisler et al., 1998 )

. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Present in MX ( SAGARPA, 2010 ) and US ( Kamenova et al., 2006 ); Sanders et al., 1992 ; Ahoonmanesh and Shalla, 1981 ); reported in tomato ( SAGARPA, 2010 )

. Tomato mottle virus ( ToMoV) (TMoV) Present in MX ( Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; SAGARPA, 2010 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Brunt et al., 1996 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; SAGARPA, 2010 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ; Fauquet et al., 2003 )

. Tomato ringsp ot virus ( ToRSV) Present in MX and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in toma to ( CABI, 2012a ; Br unt et al., 1996 )

. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Present in MX and US ( CAB I, 2012a ; Momol and Pernezny, 2006 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a )

. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) Present in MX ( Holguín

- Peña et al., 2006c ; SAGARPA, 2010 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ; Duffy and Hol mes, 2007 ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Duffy a nd Holmes, 2007 ; Momol and Pernezny, 2006 )

. PHYTOPLASMAS ‘Candidatus Liberibacter

psyllaurous’ Hansen et al

. (=

‘ Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Liefting et al.) Present in MX ( Munyaneza et al., 2009 ) and US ( CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( CABI, 2012a ; Munyaneza et al., 2009 )

.

‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ MX and US ( Santos

- Cervantes et al., 2008 ; CABI, 2012a ); reported in tomato ( Santos

- Cervantes et al., 2008 ; CABI, 2012a )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 58Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma

aurantifolia’ Present in MX ( Ochoa

- Sánchez et al., 2009 ), US ( Al

- Matrooshi, 2003 ); reported in tomato ( Alhudaib and Razq, 2011 ) Permanente del tomate (PT) Syn; Permanent Yellowing of Tomatoes (Group 16SrI

- B) Present in MX ( Cárdenas

- Valenz uela et al., 2010 ) and US ( Lee et al., 2003 ; Lee et al., 2008 ), reported in tomato ( Holguín

- Peña et al., 2007 ; Garzón

- Tiznado et al., 2009 ; Blancard, 2012

. Yucatan tomato phytoplasma (Group 16Sr III) Syn X

- disease phytoplasma, (Group 16SrIII) Present in MX ( Tapia

- Tussell et al., 2012 ; Tapia

- Tussell et al., 2010 ; Lebsky et al., 2011b ) and US ( Davis et al., 2013 ). R eported in tomato ( Tapia

- Tussell et al., 2012 ; Tapia

- Tussell et al., 2010 ; Lebsky et al., 2011b ; Blancard, 2012 )

.

VIROIDS Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) Present in MX ( Ling et al., 2009 ) and US (Arizona) ( Ling et al., 2009 ; Verhoeven et al., 2007 ). Reported on tomato ( Ling et al., 2009 ; Candresse et al., 2010 )

.



### Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 5 9Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse

- Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico



### Appendix B

. Seed sources for tomato plantlet production in Mexico ( SAGARPA, 2012b ).

Ver. 2 October 22 , 201 4 60