p. 1



# OAR Box 1252 Prepped by Candice Davis



## Document

Number: 

# 69 ) II-A- 2 Docket Number: 

# A-90-2 2

Printed 5/21/200811:46:01 AM

Sheet 69of 184'1

^ ^ 

# 1 Unite d State s Offic e o f Ai rQualit y Environmenta l Proiect.o- n \ Plannin g an d Standard s Agenc yResearc h Triangl e Par k 

# • • SER A 

# COMPILATIO N AI R POLLUTAN T EMISSIO N FACTOR S

Volum e I : Stationary Poin t An d Are a Source s

FOURT H EDITIO NP. 3

4. 4 TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETIN

G O F PETROLEU

M LIQUIDS 1 " 3
4.4. 1 Genera l Th e transportatio nan d marketin g o f petroleu m liquid s involve man y distinc t operations , eac ho f whic hrepresent s a potentia l sourc e o f evapo ratio nloss . Crud e oi l i s transporte d fro m productio noperation s t o a refinery

b y tankers , barges , rai l tank cars , tank truck s an d pipelines . Refine d petroleu

m product s ar e conveye d t o fue l marketin g terminal s an d petrochemica l industrie s b y thes e same modes . Fro m the fue l marketing terminals , th e fuel s ar e delivere d b y tank truck s t o servic e stations , commercia l account s an d loca l bul k storag e plants . Th e fina l destinatio n fo r gasolin e i s usuall y a moto r vehicl e gasolin e tank . Simila r distri butio npath s exis t fo r fue l oil s an d othe r petroleu

m products . A

genera l depictio no f thes e activitie s i s show ni nFigur e 4.4-1 . 4.4. 2 Emission s an d Control s Evaporativ e emission s fro m the transportatio nan d marketin g o f petroleu

m liquid s may

b e separated , b

y storag e equipmen t an d mod e o f transportatio nused , int o four categories : 1 . Rai l tank cars , tank truck s an d marin e vessels : Loading , transi t an d ballastin g losses . 2 . Servic e stations : . Bul k fue l dro p losse s an d underground tan k breathin g losses . 3 . Moto r vehicl e tanks : Refuelin g losses . 4 . Larg e storag e tanks : Breathing , workin g an d standin g storag e losses . Thes e ar e discusse d i nSectio n4.3 . Evaporativ e an

d exhaus t emission s ar e als o associate d wit hmoto r vehicl e operation , an d thes e topic s ar e discusse d i nAP-42 , Volum e II : Mobil e Sources . Rai l Tank Cars , Tan k Truck s an d Marin e Vessel s - Emission s fro m thes e source s ar e du e t o loadin g losses , ballastin g losse s an d transi t losses . Loadin g Losse s - Loadin g losse s ar e the primary sourc e o f evaporativ e emission s fro

m rai l tank car , tank truc k an d marin e vesse l operations . Loadin g losse s occu r a s organi c vapor s l n"empty " carg o tank s ar e displace d t o the atmospher e b y the liqui d being loade d int o the tanks . Thes e vapor s ar e a composit e o f (1 ) vapor s forme d i nthe empt y tank b

y evaporatio no f residua l produc t fro m previou s loads , (2 ) vapor s transferre d t o the tan

k i nvapo r balanc e system s a s produc t i s being unloaded , an d (3 ) vapor s generate d i nth e tank a s the new produc t i s bein g loaded . Th e quantit y

o f evaporativ e losse s fro m loadin g operation s is , therefore , a functio no f the followin g parameters .
9/8 5 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.4- 1

### f f i

I t o 

# i OI L FIEL D CRUD E STORAG E TANK S

CRUD E OI L PRODUCTIO N TAN KCA R 

# 1 CRUD E STORAG E TANK S

REFINER Y 

# 1 PROOUC T STORAG E TANK S

C A c n M o a s 

# 2
o C A TANKER/ B

TAN KCA R 

# 1
MARKETIN G TERMINA L STORAG E TANK S

PETROCHEMICAL S SERVIC E STAUON S 

# i

COMMERCIA L ACCOUNT

S STORAG E TANK S

AUTOMOBILES AN D OTHE R MOf O R VEHICLE S

o o Figur e 4.4-1 . Flowshee t o f petroleu m production , refining , an d distributio n systems . (Source s o f organi c evaporativ e

emission s ar e indicate d b y vertica l arrows. )

T lP. 5

O Physica l an

d chemica l characteristic s o f th e previou s cargo . O Metho d o f unloadin g the previou s cargo . O Operation s t o transpor t the empt y carrie r t o a loadin g terminal . O Metho d o f loadin g th e ne w cargo . O Physica l an

d chemica l characteristic s o f th e ne w cargo . Th e principa l method s o f carg o carrie r loadin g ar e illustrate d i n Figure s 4.4- 2 throug h4.4-4 . I nth e splas hloading method , the fil l pip e dispensin g the carg o i s lowere d onl y partway

int o th

e carg o tank . Signifi cant turbulenc e an d vapor/liqui d contac t occu r durin g the splas hloading operation , resultin g i nhighlevel s o f vapo r generatio nan d loss . I f th

e turbulenc e i s grea t enough , liqui d droplet s wil l b e entraine d i nth e vente d vapors .
A secon d metho d o f loadin g i s submerge d loading . Tw o type s ar e th

e submerge d fil l pip e method an d the botto

m loadin g method . I nthe submerge d fil l pip e method , th e fil l pip e extend s almos t t o the botto m o f th e carg o tank . I nthe botto m loadin g method , a permanen t fil l pip e i s attache d t o the carg o tank bottom . During mos t o f bot hmethod s o f submerge d loading , the fil l pip e openin g i s belo w th e liqui d surfac e level . Liqui d turbulenc e i s controlle d significantl y durin g submerge d loading , resultin g i nmuc h lowe r vapo r generatio ntha nencountere d durin g splas hloading . The recen t loadin g history o f a carg o carrie r i s jus t a s importan t a . facto r i nloadin g losse s a s th e metho d o f loading . I f th e carrie r ha s carrie d a nonvolatil e liqui d suc ha s fue l oil , o r ha s jus t bee ncleaned , i t wil l contai nvapo r fre e air . I f i t ha s jus t carrie d gasolin e an d ha s no t bee nvented , the ai r i n th e carrie r tank wil l contai nvolatil e organi c vapors , whic har e expelle d durin g the loadin g operatio nalon g wit hnewl y generate d vapors . Carg o carrier s ar e sometime s designate d t o transpor t onl y one product , an d i nsuc hcase s ar e practicin g "dedicate d service" . Dedicate d gasolin e cargo , tank s retur nt o a loadin g termina l containing ai r full y o r partiall y saturate d wit hvapo r fro m th e previou s load . Carg o tank s ma y als o b

e "switc hloaded " wit hvariou s products , s o tha t a nonvolatil e produc t being loade d may

expe l the vapor s remainin g fro m a previou s loa d o f a volatil e produc t suc ha s gasoline . Thes e circumstance s var y wit hth

e typ e o f carg o tank an d wit hth

e ownershi p o f th e carrier , the petroleu m liquid s bein

g transported , geographi c location , an d seaso no f th

e year . On e contro l measur e fo r gasolin e tank truck s i s calle d "vapo r balanc e service" , i nwhic hthe carg o tank retrieve s th e vapor s displace d durin g produc t unloadin g a t bul k plant s o r servic e station s an d transport s the vapor s bac k t o the loadin g terminal . Figur e 4.4- 5 show s a tan k truc k i n vapo r balanc e servic e filling a servic e statio nunderground tank an d taking ondisplace d gasolin e vapor s fo r retur nt o the terminal . A carg o tan

k i nvapo r balanc e servic e normall y i s saturate d wit horgani c vapors , an d the presenc e o f thes e vapor s a t the star t o f submerge d loadin g result s i n greate r loadin g losse s tha nencountere d during nonvapo r balance , o r "normal" , service . Vapo r balanc e servic e i s usuall y no t practice d wit h

9/8 5 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 

### 4.4- 3

•MVUMIM U 

### uH HP. 6



### •FIL L w e HATC H COVE R

| * CARG O TAN K


### Figur e 4.4-2

. Splas h loadin g method

.

FIL L W E HATC H COVE R

CARG O TAN

K


### Figur e 4.4-3

. Submerged fil l pipe

.

mm® VEO

T

TAKJ K


### Figur e 4.4-4

. Botto m loading

. FILL PIPS


### 4.4= 4 EMISSIO N FACTOR

S 9/8 5

tmmmmumlmlmumiattumP. 7

marin e vessels , althoug hsom e vessel s practic e emissio ncontro l b y mean s o f vapo r transfe r withi nthei r ow ncarg o tank s durin g ballastin g operation s (se e pag e 4.4-10) .

MANIFOL D FO RRETURNIN

G VAPOR S 

# fl VAPO RVENT LIN

E

UNDERGROUN D STORAG E TAN

K

Figur e 4.4-5 . Tank truc k unloadin g int o a servic e statio n underground storag e tan k an d practicin g "vapo r balance " for m o f emissio ncontrol .
Emission s fro

m loadin g petroleu

m liqui d ca

nbe estimate d (wit ha probabl e erro r o f ±3 0 percent) 4 usin g the followin g expression :

L L = 12.4 6 SP M 

# ( D

where : L ^ =

> Loadin g loss , lb/10 3 ga l o f liqui d loade d M = • Molecula r weigh t o f vapors , lb/lb-mol e (se e Tabl e 4.3-2 ) P = Tru e vapo r pressur e o f liqui d loaded , psl a (se e Figure s

4.3- 5 an

d 4.3- 6 an

d Tabl e 4.3-2 ) T = « Temperatur e o f bul k liqui d loaded , ° R(° F + 460 ) S s A saturatio nfacto r (se e Tabl e 4.4-1 )

9/8 5 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.4- 5

U M? I P. 8



### Th e saturatio

nfactor , S , represent s th e expelle

d vapor' s fractiona l to saturation , an

d i t account s fo

r th e variation s observe d i n emissio

n fro m th e differen t unloadin g an d loadin

g methods o Tabl e 4o4= l Use s saturatio

nfactors• >

TABL E 4.4-1 . SATURATIO N (S ) FACTOR S FO

R CALCULATIN

G PETROLEU

M LIQUI D LOADIN

G LOSSE S
Carg o carrier Mode o f operatio n S facto r
Tan k truck s an d rai l tan k

car s Submerge dloadin g o f aclea n carg o tan k 0.5 0 Submerge dloading : dedicate d norma l servic e 0.6 0 Submerge

d loading : dedicate d vapor balanc e servic e Splashloadin

g o f a clea

n carg o tan k Splashloading : dedicate d norma l servic e 1.0 0

1.4 5

1-4 5

Marine vessels 3 

### Splashloading : dedicate d vapor balanc e servic e Submerge

d loading : ships Submerge

d loading : barge s IcO O 0. 2 0. 5

a 

### Fo r product s other tha ngasoline an

d crud e oil . Us e factor s fro m Tabl e 4.4- 2 fo

r marin e loadin

g o f gasoline . Us e Equation s 2 an d 3 an d Tabl e 4<>4- 3 fo

r marine loadin

g of crud

e oil .
Emission s fro

m controlle

d loadin

g operation s ca

n b e calculate

d b y multi plyin g th e uncontrolle

d emissio

nrat e calculate

d i n Equatio

n1 b y th e contro l efficiency

term :

\ 10 0 / •
Measure s t o reduc e loadin g emission s includ e selectio n o f alternat e loadin g method s an dapplicatio n o f vapo r recover y equipment

. The latte r capture s organi c vapor s displace ddurin g loadin g operation s an drecover s
4.4- 6 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 5

imnmim M yS JP. 9

the vapor s b

y the us e o f refrigeration , absorption , adsorptio nand/o r com pression . Th e recovere d produc t i s pipe d bac k t o storage . Vapor s ca nals o b e controlle d throug hcombustio ni na therma l oxidatio nunit , wit hn o produc t recovery . Figur e 4,4- 6 demonstrate s the recover y o f gasolin e vapor s fro m tank truck s durin g loadin g operation s at bul k terminals . Contro l efficiencie s o f moder nunit s rang e fro m 9 0 t o ove r 9 9 percent , dependin g on the natur e o f the vapor s an d the typ e o f contro l equipmen t used. 5 " 6

VAPO R RETUR N LIN E — - VAPOR-FRE E AI R VENTE D T O ATMOSPHER E

PROOUC TFRO M LOADIN G TERMINA L STORAG E TAN K 

### Figur e 4.4-6

. Tan

k truc k loadin g wit hvapo r

recovery . Sampl e Calculatio n - Loadin g losse s (LL ) fro magasolin e tan k truc k i n dedicate dvapo r

balanc e servic e an dpracticin g vapo r recover y woul db e calcu

late da s follows , usin g Equatio n 1 : Desig n basi s - Carg o tan k

volum e i s 8,00 0 gallon s Gasolin e RV

P i s 9 psi a Produc t temperatur e i s 80° F Vapo r recover y efficienc y i s 95% Loadin g los s equatio n - 12.4 6

where : S ° Saturatio nfacto r (se e Tabl e 4.4-1 ) <= > 1.0 0 P = Tru e vapo r pressur e o f gasolin e (se e Figur e 4.3-6 ) ° 6. 6 psi a M *- Molecula r weigh t o f gasolin e vapor s (se e Tabl e 4.3-2 ) = 6 6 T » Temperatur e o f gasolin e » 540° R ef f ° Contro l efficienc y s 95 %

9/8 5 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.4- 7

y^JjJUJP.1 0

L 

### o 12.4 6 (1.00)(6.6)(66 ) L 54 0 \ 100 /

° 0.5 0 lb/10 3 

### ga l Tota l loadin g losse s are :

(0.5 0 lb/10 3 

### gal)(8. 0 x IO 3 

### gal ) ° 4. 0 l b

Measurement s o

f gasolin

e loadin

g losse s fro

m ship s an

d barge s hav

e le d t o th e developmen t of emissio nfactor s fo

r thes e specifi c loadin g operaeionso 7 

### Thes e factor s ar e presente d inTabl e 4.4- 2 and , fo r gasolin e loadin

g oper ation s a

t marine terminals , shoul d b e use d instea

d o f Equation1 . Inaddicio

n to Equatio

n1 , whic hestimaCe s emission s fro m th e loadin

g o f petroleu

m liquids , Equatio

n2 ha s beendevelope d specificall y

fo r esti matin g th e emission s fro

m th e loadin

g o f crud

e oi l inc o ship s an d ocea n barges : ~
C 

### L ° C 

### A * C G 

## (2 )

where : C L ° ToCa l loadin g loss , lb/10 3 

### ga l o f crud e oi l loade

d C ^ ° Arriva l emissio nfactor , contribute d b y vapor s i

nth e empt y Can k compartmen

t prio r t

o loading , lb/10 3 

### ga l loade d (see Note ) C Q ° Generate

d emissio

nfactor , contribute d b y evaporatio

n durin g loading , lb/10 3 

### ga l loade d Thi s equatio

nwa s develope

d empiricall y

base d o ntes e measurement s o f severa l vesse l — 

### Equatio n3 : compartments< / Th e quantiC

y C Q ca nb e calculate

d usin g

C Q 

### " 1.8 4 (0.4 4 P - 0.42 ) MJ J T 

## (3 )

where : P *

> True vapor pressur e o f loade d crud e oil , psi a (se

e Figur e 4.3- 5 an

d Tabl e 4„3-2 ) M ° Molecula r weight o f vapors , lb/lb-mol e (see Tabl e 4.3-2 ) G = Vapo r growthfactor ° 1.0 2 (dimensionless ) T ° Temperatur e of vapors , ° R(° F + 460 )
Not e - Value s o f C ^ fo r variou s cargo Can k condition s ar e liste d in Tabl e 4.4-3 . Emissio nfacCor s derive

d fro m Equatio

n3 an d Tabl e 4 c 

### 4- 3 represen t tota l organi c compounds . Nonmethane-noneChane volatil e organi c compoun d (VOC ) emissio

nfactor s fo

r crud e oi l vapor s hav

e bee nfoun d C o rang e fro m approximatel y

5 5 t o 10 0 weight percen t o f Ches e tota l organi c factors . Whe nspecifi c vapo r compositio ninformatio

ni s noe available , eh e VO C emissio nfacto r ca nb e estimate

d b y takin g 8 5 percen

c o f Ch

e tota l organi c factor. 3



### 4.4- 8 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 5



## 5 Hp.1 1



### TABL E 4.4-2 . VOLATIL E ORGANI C COMPOUN D EMISSIO N FACTOR S FO R GASOLINE LOADINGOPERATION S A T MARIN E TERMINALS 3

Veooo l con k conditio n

Uncleane d BallooCo d Cleane d Goo-froo d An y con ditio n Gao-£rac d Typica l ovaral l olcuatlon ' .Provlou o

carg o
Volatile * Volatil e Volatil e Volatil e Nonvolatil e An y carg o
An y carg o Tota l organi c

Shlpo/ocea n bargeo 0 og/ 1 Ite rlb/10 ' ga l transferre d transferre d

31 5 20 5 18 0 8 5 8 5 e
21 5 2. 6

1. 7 1. 5 0. 7 0. 7 a
1. 8 eta

l o o Io n factor o Bargeo 0 og/llce rlb/10 1 ga l transferre d transferre d

46 5 d e e

e 245

41 0 3. 9

d e a

0 2. 0
3. 4

0 &oference o 2 , 8 . Factor s represen tnoncachane-nonQthan o VO C eoloolon o baccuo o cathan aan

d ethan e have been foun d t o constitut e a negligibl e veigh tfractio n of th e avaporatlv e eoloolon o fro agaoollno . ''Ocea n barge o (con k coopartcan tdept h abou t4 0 feet ) eshlbl teaissio n level o simila r C o cant tohlpo . Shallo w draf tbarge o (cosparccan tdept h 1 0 t o 1 2 feet ) eshlbl t highe reaiooio n levelo . Volatil e cargoe o ar e thoo e wic h a tru e vapo rpreoour e greate rtha n 1. 5 pola . ^BorgQ O ar e no tuouoll y ballooted . "^Unavailable . 'Baoo d o n obaervatlo n Cha

t41 2 o f teoto d ohl p coaparccsnc o wor e uncleaned , 11

% ballaotod , 24

% cleaned , an

d 24 % gao-froad . Porbargeo , 76 % ware uncleaned .

.'/• ' 

### TABL E 4.4-3 . AVERAG E ARRIVA L EMISSIO N FACTORS , C A 

### , FOR CRUD E OI L LOADINGEMISSIO N EQUATION S Ship/ocea n barg e tan k conditio n
Uncleane d Ballaste d Cleane do r gao-free d An y conditio n Previou s carg o
Volatile ^ Volatil e Volatil e Nonvolatil e Arriva l emissio n factor , lb/10 3 

### ga l
0.8 6 0.4 6 0.3 3 0.3 3

a 

### Arriva l emissio nfactor s (C^ ) t o b e adde d t o generate d emissio n factor s calculate d i n Equatio n3 t o produc e tota l crud e oi l loadin g loss . Thes e factor s represen t tota l organi c compounds ; nonissthane-nonethan e VO C emissio nfactor s averag e abou t 15 % lower . ^Volatil e cargoe s ar e thos e wit ha tru e vapo r pressur e greate r tha n1. 5 psia . 9/8 5 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.4- 9



## a a M n I 11 1 M MP.1 2



### Ballastin

g Losse s - Ballastin g operation s ar

e a majo r sourc e of evaporativ

e emission s associate d withCh

e unloadin

g of petroleu

m liquid s ac marine terminals . I e i s commo npracCic e C

o loa d severa l carg

o tan k compart msnc s wic hse a wate r afCer th e carg o ha s bee

nunloaded

o Thi s water , terme d "ballast 10 

### , improve s th e stabilit

y o f Ch e empt y canker durin

g Ch e subsequent voyage . Althoug

hballastin

g practice s vary , individua l cargo tank s are ballaste

d typicall y

abou t 8 0 percent , an

d Ch e total vesse l i s ballaste d 1 5 t o 4 0 percent , o f capacity . Ballastin g emission s occu

r a s vapo r lade

nai r in th e "empty " cargo tan k i s displace

d t o th e atmosphere b

y ballas t wate r bein g pumpe d int o th

e tank . Upo

narriva l a

t a loadin

g port , th

e ballas t wate r i s pumpe d fro m th e carg o tanks befor e th

e ne w carg o i s loaded . Th

e ballastin

g o f carg o tank s reduce s th

e quantit

y o f vapor s returnin g i neh e empt y Cank , Chereb y reducin

g eh e quantit

y o f vapor s emitte

d durin g subsequen t Canker loading . Regulation s administere d b y Ch e U . S . Coas t Guar

d require Chat , a t marin e terminal s locate

d inozon

e nonattainment areas , larg e canker s with crud e oi l washin

g syseem

s coneai n organi c vapor s froa ballasting. * Thi s i s accomplishe

d principall y

b y displacin

g th e vapor s durin

g ballastin

g int o a carg o Can k bein g simultaneousl y

unloaded . Marine vessel s inother area s emi t organi c vapor s directl y C o Ch e atmosphere . Equatio n4 ha s bee

ndevelope

d fro m tes t dat a t

o calculat e th

e ballastin

g emission s fro

m crud e oi l ship s an

d ocea nbarges 7 

### : L B 

### o 0.3 1 + 0.2 0 P -t- 0.0 1 PUA 

### (4 ) where : L

g ° Ballastin

g emissio

nfactor , lb/10 3 

### ga l o f ballas t wate r P ° True vapo

r pressur e o f discharge d crud e oil , psi a (se

e Figure 4.3- 5 an

d Tabl e 4„3=2 ) U A 

### ° Arriva l carg

o tru e ullage , prior C

o dockside discharge , msasure d fro m eh e deck , feee . Th

e ter m "ullage " refer s to eh e distanc e betwee

nth e carg o surfac e leve l an

d th e deck leve l Tabl e 4.4- 4 list s average tota l organi c emissio nfactor s fo

r ballastin

g int o uncleane

d crud e oi l carg

o compartmentst . Th e firs t categor

y applie s e

o "full " compartment s wherei neh e crud e oi l tru

e ullage jus t prior e o carg o discharg e i s les s Cha n5 feec . Th

e secon d categor

y applie s eo lightered , or shore-loaded , compartment s (par t o f carg

o previousl y

discharge

d o r origina l loa d a partia l fill) , witha narriva l tru

e ullage greate r Cha n5 feet . I

c shoul d b

e remembere

d Cha C Ches e tabulate

d emissio

nfactor s ar e example s only , base

d o naverag e conditions , C o b e use d whencrud

e oi l vapo

r pressure i s unknown . Equation4 shoul d b e use d whe ninformacio

nabou t crud

e oi l vapo r pressur e an

d carg o compartmen

t conditio

ni s available . Th e sampl e calculatio

n illustrate s th

e us e o f Equation4 . Sampl e Calculatio

n - Ballastin

g emission s fro

m a crud e oi l carg

o shi p woul d b

e calculate

d a s follows , usin

g Equatio

n4 : Desig nbasi s - Vesse l an

d cargo description : 80,00 0 dead-weight-to ntanker , crude oi l capacit y 500,00 0 barrels ; 2 0 percent o f th

e carg o capacity

i s fille

d wit hballas t wate r after

4.4-1 0 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 5P.1 3

TABL E 4.4-4 . TOTAL ORGANI C EMISSION FACTOR S FORCRUD E OI L BALLASTING *

Averag e emissio nfactor s B y category Typica l overall b Compartmen t mg/lite r lb/10 3 ga l mg/lite r lb/10 3 ga l conditio nbefor e ballas t ballas t ballas t ballas t carg o discharg e wate r wate r wate r wate r

Full y loaded c Lightere d o r previousl y shor e -loaded* * 

### 11 1

171 0. 9

1. 4 12 9 1. 1

&AssuES S crud e oi l temperatur e o f 60° F an d RVP o f 5 psia . Nonmethane nonethan e VO C emissio nfactor s averag e abou t 85 % o f thes e tota l organi c factors . t>Base d o nobservatio ntha t 70 % o f teste d compartment s had bee nfull y loade d befor e ballasting . Ma y no t represen t averag e vesse l practices . CAssuEe d typica l arriva l ullag e o f 2 ft . ^Assume d typica l arriva l ullag e o f 2 0 ft . a carg o discharge . Th e crud e oi l ha s a nRVP o f 6 psi a an d i s discharge d a t 75°F . Compartmen t conditions : 7 0 percen t o f the ballas t wate r i s loade d int o compartment s tha t had bee nfull y

loade d t o 2 fee t ullage , an d 3 0 percen c i s loade d int o compartment s tha t had bee nlightere d t o 1 5 fee t ullag e befor e arriva l a e dockside . Ballastin g emissio nequatio n- L B o 0.3 1 + 0.2 0 P •! • 0.0 1 PU A where : P ° Tru e vapo r pressur e o f crud e oi l (se e Figur e 4.3-5 )

° 4. 6 psi a U A <= > Tru e carg o ullag e fo r th e ful l compartment s ° 2 feet , an d tru e carg o ullag e fo r th e lightere d compartment s ° 1 5 fee t
L B ° 0.7 0 [0.3 1 + (0.20)(4.6 ) + (0.01)(4.6)(2) ] + 0.3 0 [0.3 1 + (0.20)(4.6 ) •« • (0.01)(4 o 6)(15) ]

° 1. 5 lb/10 3 ga l
ToCa l ballastin g eoission s are :

(1. 5 lb/10 3 gal)(0.20)(500,00 0 bbl)(4 2 gal/bbl ) ° 6,30 0 l b SIQC GVO C emission ®averag e abou t 85 % o f thes e tota l organi c eoissions , eoiQQiea o o f VO C ar e about : (0.85)(6,30 0 lb ) <= > 5,36 0 l b 9/8 5 Bvaporaeio n Los s SourCS G 4.4-1 1

umiP. M



### Transi t Losse s - Inadditio nt o loadin

g an d ballastin

g losses , losse s occu r whil e Ch

e carg o i s intransit . Transi t losse s ar e simila r l nman y way s t o breachin

g losse s associate

d wit hpetroleu

m storag e (se

e Sectio

n4.3) . Experimenta l test s o nship s an

d barge s hav

e indicate

d Cha c transi t losse s ca nb e calculate

d usin g Equatio

n5 4 

### : L T 

### = » 0. 1 P W 

## (5 ) where : 

## L

x P 

# w Transi t los s fro m ship s an

d barges , lb/week-10 3 

### ga l transporte d True vapo

r pressur e o f th

e transporte

d liquid , psi a (see Figure s 4.3- 5 an d 4.3- 6 an

d Tabl e 4.3-2 ) Densit y o f th e condense

d vapors , lb/ga l (see Tabl e 4.3-2 ) Emission s fro

m gasolin

e truck carg

o tank s durin

g transi t hav

e bee nstudie

d b y a combinatio

no f theoretica l an

d experimenta l techniques , an d typica l emissio nvalue s ar e presente d inTabl e 4.4- 5 10- n 

### Emission s depen

d o n th e extent o f ventin

g fro m th e carg o tan k durin g transit , whic hi ntur ndepend s o nth e vapor tightnes s o f th e tank , th

e pressure relie f valv e settings , th

e pressur e inth

e tan k a t th e star t o f th

e trip , th

e vapo r pressur e of th e fue l bein

g transported , an

d th e degre e of fuel vapo r saturatio

no f Ch e spac e inth

e tank . Th

e emission s ar e no

t directly

proportiona l t

o th e tim e spen t intransit . I f th e vapor leakag e rat e o f th e tan k increases , emission s increas e u

p to a point , an

d the nth e rat e change s a s othe r determinin g factor s tak

e over . Truc

k tank s indedicate d vapo r balanc e servic e usuall y contai nsaturate

d vapors , an

d thi s lead s t

o lowe r emission s durin g transit , becaus e n

o additiona l fue l evaporate s to rais e eh e pressur e ineh

e Can k C o caus e venting . Tabl e 4.4- 5 list s "typical " value s fo r transi t emission s an d "extreme " value s tha t could occu

r inth e unlikel y

even t ehae al l determinin g factor s combine

d e o caus e maximu

m emissions . Ineh e absenc e o

f specifi c input s for Equation s 1 throug h5 , eh e Cypica l evaporativ

e emissio

nfactor s presente

d i nTable s 4.4- 5 an

d 4.4- 6 shoul d b

e used . It shoul d b e note d that , althoug

hth e crud e oi l use

d to calculat e th

e emissio

nvalue s presente

d inthes e table s ha s a nRV P o f 5 , th e RV P o f crud e oil s ca

nrange fro

m les s tha

n1 u p t o 10 . Similarly , th e RV P o f gasoline s ha s a rang e o f approximatel y

7 t o 13 . Inarea s where loadin g an d transportatio

nsource s ar e major factor s affectin g ai r quality , l t i s advisabl e t o obtai nth e necessar

y parameter s an

d calculat e emissio n estimate s usin

g Equation s 1 throug h5 . Servic e Station s - Anothe r majo r sourc e o f evaporativ e emission s i s Ch

e fillin g o f undergroun

d gasoline storag e tank s a t servic e stations . Gaso lin e i s usuall y

delivere

d e o servic e station s inlarge (8,00 0 gallon ) tan k truck s o

r smalle r account trucks . Emission s ar e generate d whengasolin

e vapor s inCh

e undergroun

d storage tan

k ar e displace

d t o th e atmosphere b

y th e gasoline bein

g loade d int o th

e tank . A

s wichocher loadin g losses , Ch

e quantity

o f eh e servic e statio

ntan k fillin

g los s depend s o

nsevera l vari ables , includin

g th e metho d an d rat e o f filling , th e tan k configuracion , an d th e gasoline temperature , vapor pressur e an d composition . Usin g Equa tio n(1) , a

naverag e emissio

nrat e fo r submerge d fillin

g i s 88 0 milligram

s pe r lite r of transferre d gasoline , an

d th e rat e fo

r splas hfillin

g i s 1,38 0 milligram

s pe r lite r o

f transferre

d gasoline (se

e Tabl e 4.4-7). s



### 4.4-1 2 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 5

### TABL E 4.4- 5 TOTA L ORGANI C EMISSIO NFACTOR S FO R PETROLEU M LIQUI D RAI L TAN K CAR S AN D TAN K TRUCK S P.1 5

Eaiooio n oourc o Gaoollna 0 Crud o oil 0 Jo tDiOtillOt O OOOi^BQ l naphth aJo toi l oi l (JP-4 ) Uorcoon aBo . 2 Ga. 6
Loadin g oparatlono x Subarge d loadin g - dedicate d norca l oorvlco d ng/llto rtranofarro d lb/10 3 ga l tranofarro d Subcorgo d loadin g - vopo rba l a

n co oarvico " •g/1 1 tar . tranofarro d lb/10 3 ga l tranoferro d Splao h loadin g - dedlcato d norca l oorvic a ag/HCo rcranaforro d lb/10 3 ga l tranofarro d Splao h loadin g - vopo rbalanc e oorvic a ng/llto rtranofarro d lb/10 3 ga l tranofarro d Tranai t1oooo o Loado d ult h produc t ng/llto rtran o po rte d typica l aaerotr ) lb/10 3 ga l tronoportc d cypica l astrat n Roturn wit h vapo r cs/lita rtronoportc d typica l entrai n lb/10 3 oa l tronoportc d typica l estrpt n 59 0 5

98 0 8

1,43 0 1 2

98 0 8

0 - 1. 0 0 - 9. 0
0 - 0.0 1 0 - 0.0 8

0 - 13. 0 0 - 44. 0
0 - 0.1 1 0 - 0.3 7 24 0

2

40 0 3

58 0 5

40 0 3

2 2
2 2

2 2
2 f 18 0

1. 3

30 0 2. 5

43 0 4

30 0 2. 3

£ £
2 2

2 f
f f 1. 9

0.1 6

0
0

5 0.0 4

0
0

2 2
2 2

2 2
i 2 1. 7

0.01 6

0
0

6 0.0 3

0
0

t 2
2 £

2 2
£ £ 0.0 1

0.000 1

0
0

0.0 3 0.000 3

0
0

£ 2
£ £

2 2
2 2
Q ttoferenc o 2 . Gaoolln afactor o roprooan tooloolon o o f nonnthano-noaothaB o VOC , oSnc o caehaa a an d ethan e conotltut e anagllQlbl o wigh tfractio n o f th o ovoporativ o oaiooiou o 2rc aQOOOHCO . Th aesanpl o gaoolln aha o a n RV Po f 1 0 polo . °Th o oaanpl e crud o oi l hao a n HV Po f 3 polo . hoodin g oaiooio n factor o or o caleuiata d uoin g Equatio n 1 fo radioponoc d produc e eazjaroeiMt o of 60 o P . ^Raforenc o 2 . ^ o t norcall y

uood . 'Unavailable . 

### 9/8 5 Evaporatio n LOGS 

### Sourco o 4o4>=1 3P.1 6

TABL E 4.4-6 . TOTA

L ORGANI

C EMISSIO N FACTOR S FO RPETROLEU

M MARIN E VESSE L SOURCES 3

Eaiooio n sourc e Gasoline 0 Crude oil c Je t

naphth a (JP-4 ) Je t

harooen e Distillat e

oi l Ho . 2 tteoldual

oi l Ho . 6
Loadin g operation s Ships/ocea n barge s og/llte rcransferre d lb/10 3 ga l cransferre d Barge o •g/1Ite rtransferre d lb/10 3 ga l cransferre d Tanke rballastin g og/llte rballas tHate r lb/10 3 ga l ballas twate r Transi t ng/week-11te rtransporte d lb/week-10 3 ga l transporte d d d

d d

10 0 0. 8

32 0 2. 7 73

0.6 1

12 0 1. 0

e e

IS O 1. 3 6 0

0.5 0

150 1. 2

f f

8 4 0. 7 0.6 3

0.00 5

1.6 0 0.01 3

f f

0.6 0 0.00 5 0.5 5

0.00 5

1.4 0 0.01 2

f f

0.5 4 0.00 5 0.00 4

0.0000 4

0.01 1 0.0000 9

f f

0.00 3 3 s 10" 5
"Eaissio n factor s ar e calculate d fo radispense d produc tteaperatur e o f 60°? . ^Factor s ahow

n fo rgasolin e represen tnoncsthane-nonethan e VO C emissions . Th

e esaspl e gaoolln e ha s a

n RV Po f 1 0 pole , ^loncathane-nonethan e VO C eaiooio n factor o fo ratypica l crud e oi l ar e 152 lo»e rtha n th e tota l organi c factor o ohoun . Th e eaaapl e crud e oi l ha aa n RV Po f 5 pola . d Se e Tabl e 4.4- 2 fo rthes e eaiooio n factoro . e Se e Tabl e 4.4- 4 fo rthes e eoissio n factors . f , Unavailable .


### Emission s fro

m undergroun

d tan k fillin

g operation s a

t servic e station s ca nb e reduce

d b y Ch e us e of a vapor balanc e sysce m suc ha s i nFigure 4.4- 5 (terme d Stage I vapo r control) . Th e vapo r balanc e syste m employ s a hos e tha t return s gasolin

e vapor s displace

d fro m Ch e undergroun

d Cank . eo Ch

e tan k cruc k carg o compartment s bein g emptied . Th

e contro l efficienc y of Ch e balanc e sysce

m range s fro

m 9 3 C o 10 0 percent . Organi c emission s fro m undergroun

d Can k fillin g operation s a

t a servic e statio

nemployin

g a vapor balanc e syste m an d submerge

d fillin

g ar e no

t expecte

d to exceed 4 0 milligram s pe r lite r o

f transferre

d gasoline . A secon d sourc e o f vapor emission s fro m servic e station s i s under groun d tan k breathing . Breachin g losse s occur dail y an d ar e attributabl e C o gasoline evaporatio nan d barometri c pressur e changes . Th e frequenc

y wit hHhichgasoline i s withdraw nfro m Ch e Cank , allowin

g fres hai r C

o enter t o enhanc e evaporation , als o ha s a majo r effec t o neh e quantit

y of thes e emissions . A naverag

e breathin

g emissionrac e i s 12 0 milligram s pe r lite r of throughput .

4.4-1 4 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 5P.1 7

TABL E 4.4-7 . EVAPORATIVE EMISSION S FRO M GASOLIN E SERVIC E STATION

OPERATION S

Emissio nsourc e Fillin g underground tank Submerge d filling 3 Splas hfilling 3 Balance d submerge d filling Underground tank breathin g an d emptying' 5 Vehicl e refuelin g operaeion s Displacemen t losse s (uncontrolled ) Displacemen t losse s (controlled ) Spillag e Emissio nrat e mg/lite r throughou t


### 88 0 1,38 0 

### 4 0
12 0

1,32 0 

### 13 2 8 0 lb/10 3 ga l

throughpu t


### 7. 3 11. 5 

### 0. 3
1. 0

11. 0 

### 1. 1 0. 7

a Thes e factor s ar e calculate d usin g Equatio n1 fo r a gasolin e temperatur e o f 60° F an d RV P of 1 0 psia . ^Include s an

y vapo r los s betwee nunderground tank an d ga s pump . Moto r Vehicl e Refuelin g - Servic e statio nvehicl e refuelin g activit y als o produce s evaporativ e emissions . Vehicl e refuelin g emission s com e fro m vapor s displace d fro

m the automobil e tank b y dispense d gasolin e an d fro m spillage . Th e quantit y

o f displace d vapor s depend s ongasolin e temperature , aut o tank temperature , gasolin e RVP an d dispensin g rate . I t i s estimate d tha t the uncontrolle d emission s fro m vapor s displace d durin g vehicl e refuelin g averag e 1,32 0 milligram s pe r lite r o f dispense d gasoline. 5 ' " Spillag e los s i s mad e u p o f contribution s fro m prefil l an

d postfil l nozzl e dri p an

d fro m spit-bac k an

d overflow

fro m the vehicle' s fue l tan k fille r pip e durin g filling . Th e amoun t o f spillag e los s candepen d onsevera l variables , includin g servic e statio nbusines s characteristics , tan k configur ation , an

d operato r techniques . A naverag e spillag e los s i s 8 0 milligram s pe r lite r o f dispense d gasoline. 5 ' Contro l method s fo r vehicl e refuelin g emission s ar e base d onconveyin g the vapor s displace d fro m th e vehicl e fue l tank t o the underground storag e tank vapo r spac e throughthe us e o f a specia l hos e an d nozzle , a s depicte d i nFigur e 4.4- 7 (terme d Stag e I I vapo r control) . I n"balance " vapo r contro l systems , the vapor s ar e conveye d b y natura l pressur e differential s establishe d durin g refueling . I n"vacuu m assist " systems , th e conveyanc e o f vapor s fro m the aut o fue l tank t o the underground storag e tan k i s assiste d b

y a vacuu

m pump . Althoug hvapo r contro l system s fo r vehicl e refuelin g activit y ar e no t currentl y

i nwidesprea d operatio na t servic e stations , test s o na fe w system s hav e indicate d overal l syste m contro l efficiencie s i nth e rang e o f 8 8 t o 9 2 percent. 5 '

9/8 5 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.4-1 5

i,tAJH IP.1 8



# r\

SEHVie S STAT10C 3



### Figur e 4.4-7 . Automobil e refuelin g vapo r recover

y system .

Reference s fo

r Sectio

n4. 4 1 . C . E . Burkll nan d R . L . Honercamp , Revisio no f Evaporativ

e Hydrocarbo

n Emissio nFactors , EPA-450/3-76-039 , U . S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , ResearchTriangl e Park , NC , Augus t 1976 . 2 . G . A . LaFlam , S . Osbournan d R . L . Norton , Revisio no f Tan

k Truc k Loadin g Hydrocarbo

nEmissio

nFaceors , Pacifi c Environmenta l Services , Inc. , Durham , NC , Ma y 1982 . 3 . G . A . LaFlam , Revisio nof Marine Vesse l Evaporativ e Emissio

nFactors , Pacifi c Environmenta l Services , Inc. , Durham , NC , November 1984 . 4 . Evaporatio

nLos s fro

m Tan k Cars , Tan

k Truck s an

d Marine Vessels , Bulleti nNo . 2514 , America nPetroleu

m Institute , Washington , DC , 1959 . 5 . C . E . Burklln , e t al. , A Stud y o f Vapor Contro l Method s fo r Gasoline Marketin

g Operations , EPA-450/3-75-046 A an d -046B , U . S . Environmenta l Protectio

nAgency , ResearchTriangl e Park , NC , Ma y 1975 . 6 . Bul k Gasoline Terminal s - Backgroun d Informatio

n fo r Promulgate

d Standards , EPA-450/3-80-038b , U . So Environmenta l Proeectio nAgency , Researc hTriangl e Park , NC , Augus t 1983 . 7 . Atmospheri c HydrocarbonEmission s fro m Marin e Vesse l Transfe r Opera tions , Publicatio

n2514A , America

nPetroleu

m InseieuCe , Washingeon , DC , 1981 .

4.4-1 6 EMISSIO N FACTOR

S 9/8 5

iiii i

## 8 . C. E . Burklln , e tal. , Backgroun d Informatio n o

n Hydrocarbo

n Baission s fro aMarin

e Termina

l Operations . EPA-450/3-76-038 aan d -038b . U

. S . Environmenta

l Proteetio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

, Novembe r1976 . 9 . Rules fo rth e Protectio n of th e Marin

e Environmen

tRelatin g t o Tan

k Vessel s Carrying Oil if l Bulk , 4 5 F R43705 , Jun

e 30 , 1980 . 10 . R . A . Nichols , Analytica l Calculatio n o f Fue l Transi tBreathin g Loss , Chevro n USA , Inc. , Sa

n Francisco , CA

, Marc h 21 , 1977 . 11 . R . A . Nichols , Tan

k Truc kLeakag e Measurements , Chevro

n USA , Inc. , Sa n Francisco , CA

, June 7 , 1977 . 12 . Investigatio n o f

Payaaage

rCa rRefuelin g Losses : Fina l Report , 2n d Yea rProgfam, APtP-1453 , U . S . Envlronaental Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park, NC

, Septeabe r1972 .

9/8 5 Evaporatio nLoa a Source s 4.4-1 7