NATIONAL ACTIVITIES

The Fiscal Year 1979 Survey of International Programs at NEL

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INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

The Fiscal Year 1979 Survey of Incertiacional Programs at NEL

March 1980

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

INTRODUCTION 1

COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY REPORTS 5

ARGENTINA 7 AUSTRALIA 9 BELGIUM 11 BRAZIL 12 CANADA •. 13 DENMARK 16 EGYPT 17 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 18 FINLAND 22 FRANCE 24 INDIA 26 ISRAEL 27 ITALY 28 JAPAN 30 KOREA 36 MEXICO 37 NETHERLANDS 38 NIGERIA 39 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA -0 PHILIPPINES 45 POLAND 40 RO^UNIA 4 8 SPAIN A 9 SWEDEN 51 SWITZERLAND 53 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 54 UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 56 UNITED KINGDOM 57
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES 67

CI3 69 Combustion Institute Meetings 71 Congress of the International Institute of Refrigeration 72 Coordinating Committee on Export Controls 73 OIN Semiconductor Materials Standards Meeting 74 Electrical and Electronic Measurement and Test Instrument Conference 75 European Conference on Optical Communication 76 Gastech '78: The International LNG/LPG Conference 77 Interface Symposium on Computer Science and Statistics 78 Interflam '79: International Conference on Flammability 79 Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization 30 International Commission on Illumination 81 International Conference on Acoustic Emission and Materials Evaluation 82

International Conference on the Metrology and Properties of Engineering

Surfaces 63 International Conference on Noise Control Engineering 84 International Conference on the Physics of Pure Semiconductors 35 International Conference on Special Equipment for the Police 36 International Cryogenic Engineering Conference 37 International Electrotechnical Commission 38 International Ergonomics Association 90 International Fire, Security, and Safety Conference 91 International Institution for Production Engineering Research 92 International Organization of Legal Metrology 93 International Seminar on Heat and Mass Transfer in Metallurgical Systems .... 94

International Solar Energy Society 95 International Symposium on Cryogenic Wind Tunnels 96 International Symposium on Energy Conservation in the 3uilt Environment .... 97 International Symposium on High-Voltage Engineering 98 International Symposium on Mathematical Programming 99 International Symposium on the Performance Concept 100 ISO 101 Microcircuit Engineering '79: Microstructure Fabrication 106 NATO Advanced Study Institute 107 RILEM • 108 Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility 109 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 110 World Congress on Shell and Spatial Structures Ill

FOREIGN GUEST WORKERS 113

acknowledgment 115

NEL STAFF INDEX 117

iv
Abbreviations Used in the Text

AFNOR

AID

ANSI ANU

API ASHRAE ASTM

BDOE

3RE

BRI

3SI

CAS

CAi-I CBC

C3T

CCPT CEBT?

CEEE

CEN CENACO CERL

CERN CFR

CI3

CISE

CISNPC

CIT CMEPT

CNET

CNRS COCOM

CRIF CRI? CSA

Association Francaise de Normalization

Agency for International Development

American National Standards Institute

Australian National University

American Petroleum Institute

American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engines

American Society for Testing and Materials

British Department of Energy

British Research Establishment

Building Research Institute (Japan)

British Standards Institute

Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Applied Mathematics (NEL)

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

Center for Building Technology (NEL) Center for Consumer Product Technology (NEL) Center for the Study of Buildings and Public Works (France) Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering (NEL) Center for Nuclear Studies (France) Centro National de Computation (Bolivia)

Central Electricity Research Laboratory (England) Center for Nuclear Research (Geneva) Center for Fire Research (NEL)

Conseil International du Batiment pour la Recherche, L 'Etude, et la Documentation

Centro Informazioni Studi Esperienze (Italy)

Comissao Instaladora do Servico National de Proteccao Civil (Portugal)

Cranfield Institute of Technology (England) Center for Mechanical Engineering and Process Technology (.NEL) National Canter for Telecommunications (France) Centre Nationaie du Recherche Scientifique (France)

Coordinating Committee on Export Controls

Research Center of the Belgian Metalworking Industry

International Institution for Production Engineering Research

Canadian Standards Association
CSIRO CSTB CUPE

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (France)

Cranfield Unit for Precision Engineering (England)

DIN FNM

DOC

DOE

Deutsches Institut fur Normen, Fachnormenausschuss Materialprufung

Department of Commerce (USA)

Department of Energy (USA)

ECEEC EER

EKG EMENEL

EOS EPA

ETSU

Danish Research Center for Applied Electronics

Electroencephalogram

Energy Efficiency Ratio

Electrocardiogram

Electromagnetic

Ente Nazional per I'Energia Electtrica (Italy)

Egyptian Organization for Standardization

Environmental Protection Agency (USA)

Energy Technology Support Unit (England)

FAA

FIRTO FLOMEKO

FRI

FRS

Federal Aviation Administration (USA)

Fire Insurers Research and Testing Organization (England)

International Flow Measurements Confederation

Fire Research Institute (Japan)

Fire Research Station (England)

GLC

oS A

GSl

Greater London Council

General Services Administration (USA)

Geographical Survey Institute (Japan)

RUD

RVAC Department of Housing and Urban Development (USA)Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

IAEA

IASS lEA

lEC IEEE

IFE IFRF HR

IMCO IMEKO

IMP INCERC

I.'iPM INTI

lOCU

IPX IREO

IRI'l ISO ISONET

International Atomic Energy Conference

International Association of Shell and Spatial Structures International Energy Agency

International Electrotechnical Commission

Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Institute of Fundamental Electronics (Poland)

International Flame Research Foundation

International Institute of Refrigeration

Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization

International Measurements Confederation

Instituto Mexicans del Petroleo

Romanian Building Research Institute

National Institute of Weights and Measures (Brazil)

Instituto Nacional de Technoiogia Industrial (Argentina)

International Organization of Consumers Unions

Institute for Technological Research (Brazil)

Institute of Research, Quebec

Institute Suisse de Recherches Menageres

International Organization for Standardization

International Standards Information Network.

Joule-Thorapson

<SRI Horean Standards Research Institute

DESL

UlA

_;;ec

_:.G LPG

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory 'NED

Laboratorie de Mecanique et d'Acoustique (France)

National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (Portugal)

Liquified .Natural Gas Liquid Petroleum Gas LRMH Historical Monument Research Laboratory (France)

VI
>IAA MELCO

MG

MIT MRG

MATO MBRI

MBRRI

MBS MBSLD

MDE MEL

MHC MIM

MML

MRC MRDC MRLM

MTF

MVLAP

OAS OECD

OEP

OES OIML

PAN PAGASA

P'MRI

RFRIBA

RIT

RRL RSRE RTH

SABS SBM

SEM

3FCP SIH

SII SPTL

SQUID

3RM

THE TUD

'JAM JBC JJMR

UK

JL

UtlAM JMESCO

URSI

VDS VLSI

Mean Apparent Altitude

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Messer Greishem (Netherlands)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Magnet ore tinogram

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

National Building Research Institute (South Africa)

Nigerian Buildings and Roads Research Institute

National Bureau of Standards

MBS Load Determination (a computer program)

Non-Destructive Evaluation

National Engineering Laboratory

National Housing Corporation (Philippines)

National Institute of Metrology (China)

National Measurement Laboratories (Australia)

National Research Council of Canada

National Research and Development Corporation (England)

National Research Laboratory for Metrology (Japan)

National Transonic Facility (NASA Langley)

National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program

Organization of American States Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Office of Energy Programs (NEL)

Office of Engineering Standards (NEL)

International Organization of Legal Metrology

Polyacrylonitrile

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Seismological Administration

Public Works Research Institute (Japan)

Radio Frequency

Royal Institute of British Architects

Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)

Radio Research Laboratories (Japan)

Royal Signals Radar Establishment (England)

Rank Taylor Hobson (England)

South African Bureau of Standards

State Bureau of Metrology (China)

Scanning Electron Microscope

Special Foreign Currency Projects

Schweizerisches Institut fur Hauswirtschaf

t

Standards Institute of Israel

Superconducting Power Transmission Lines

Supterconducting Quantum Interference Device

Standard Reference Material

Technical Help to Exporters (England)

Technical University of Denmark

Universidad Autonoma Metropolitan

University of British Columbia

U.S. /Japan Cooperative Program on Natural Resources United Kingdom

Underwriters Laboratories (USA)

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexicano

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

International Scientific Radio Union

Verband der Sachversicherer

Very Large Scale Integration (of semiconductors)

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PREFACE

The ;>Iational Engineering Laboratory (MEL), as part of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS),

is committed to international activities chat support its overall program. Fne NEL activities reported in this volume reflect that commitment. These activices have given support

to Che technical programs of the MEL Centers and Offices, have helped to gather information

on technology advances abroad and to further international agreements for cooperation, have

contributed to the exchange of technical information among nations, and have fostered a truly

international technical community. This report is limited to reporting only MEL's activities,

and not those of the ocher parts of MBS.

There are a number of means through which international activities are conducted:

formal visits by one or more MEL staffers to a foreign research organization or conference,

visits by foreign government scientists and representatives of research institutions to the MBS facilities, and exchange visits and hosting of overseas guest workers at MBS. A report

such as this cannot delve coo deeply into the details and specifics of these projects.

They can only be surveyed in an attempt to characterize the status and nature of this work.

This report is not intended to evaluate the technical programs described or their relative

merits

.

International activities within MEL are coordinated through the Office of the Associate

Director for Program Coordination. This Office serves as the focal point for interacting

with the MBS Office of the Associate Director for International Affairs, other agencies, and

Che international community.

It is hoped Chat this report will be of assistance to MBS staff members, as well as others, and will serve as a directory and reference document for all those who seek information on our international activities. Readers who would like more information should contact

Che ;iEL staff member identified with the activity.

Samuel Kramer

Associate Director for Program Coordination, MEL
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INTRODUCTION

The National Engineering Laboratory of the MBS strives for a rather diverse set of goals.

It seeks improvements in the reliability of electronics; measures the performance of consumer products; enhances the technology for the construction of homes and buildings; promotes energy conserva’tion in residences and industry; saves lives and property through

studies of fire and natural disasters; supports national programs such as the accreditation

of testing laboratories and the labeling of appliances for energy consumption; and contributes to national health and safety by measuring environmental noise or electromagnetic

radiation and by developing new technology for such commercial operations as the shipping

of liquefied natural gas.

To further these objectives, MEL supplies the nation with engineering measurements and

data and proposes the technical basis for new codes, standards, and test methods. In this

way, new engineering practices are adopted by industry, government, and academe. In brief, NEL fosters technical innovation.

International research activities are an important part of this work. As they are described in this report, covering the 1979 fiscal year, international programs are of two kinds for the most part: either individual agreements with other nations to jointly pursue common research goals, or institutional memberships and cooperation with foreign and multinational research organizations. In both kinds of arrangements, however, the object is the same: to spread the results of research to the scientific community worldwide. Beyond that,

the aim is to bring the best of foreign technology to these shores.

NEL's arrangements to cooperate with research groups in other industrialized nations is

a prudent attempt to avoid costly and time-consuming duplication of effort. It is also an admission chat no one country has a monopoly over the others in all areas of research. Some nations have active programs and expertise in certain fields, such as: England, for total energy systems; Sweden, for building rehabilitation; Israel, for solar energy; and France,

for the fabrication of large-scale magnets. MEL, in turn, has a similar catalog of expertise

that is attractive to scientists and engineers in other countries. For these reasons, it is expected that international arrangements like those described in this report will continue

to expand over the years. Likewise, tours of foreign laboratories and analysis of international technology will continue to be a source of ideas for domestic technology.

Tne National Engineering Laboratory's work is carried out in seven centers and two offices, as follows;

1
^ The Center for Applied Hachemacics conducts research in aiany fields of taathematics

and computer science. It develops taathematical cools, such as statistical models,

computational methods, mathematical tables, handbooks, and manuals.

The Center for Electronics and Electrical Energy conducts research and development

and studies new applications in the field. It also develops practical data, measurement methods, theory, and standards. Its national reference standards and engineering measurements are recognized the world over.

The Center for Mechanical Engineering and Process Technology provides competence in mechanical engineering, materials engineering, industrial engineering, metrology,

and automatic control technology. Its assistance is acknowledged by the manufacturing industries, public utilities, and government.

^ The Center for Building Technology seeks to improve the safety, economics, and

usefulness of buildings. Its laboratory and field research produces the technical

and scientific basis for new test methods, criteria, and standards.

^ The Center for Fire Research performs research in all aspects of fire, with an aye to its prevention and control. Biological, physiological, and psychological factors

related to fire and its victims are included.

° The Center for Consumer Product Technology performs research and develops the tech- nology needed to measure and evaluate the safety, energy efficiency, and other

peformance characteristics of consumer products and law enforcement equipment.

° The Center for Field Methods seeks to uncover how the race and direction of technological change is affected by government and industry.

° The Office of Engineering Standards provides domestic and international engineering

standards services, assists in the development of voluntary product standards,

assists laboratories in developing procedures for testing materials and products,

and is developing a system for accrediting testing laboratories.

The Office of Energy Programs provides overall management planning and coordination

of the MEL energy-related programs with a focus on conservation and new applications

in buildings, communities, consumer products, industry, and energy-related inventions.
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Associate Director Technical Evaluation

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COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY REPORTS

The sections chat follow present the NEL activities on a geographical basis. Within each

country, Che contributions of each NEL center are discussed in turn — in Che order they

appear on Che NEL Organization Chart (page 3). Our activities with intemacional organizations and conferences are presented separately in the next section of the report.
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Argentina

In September, Judson C. French, Director of CEEE, traveled to Buenos Aires. His original

purpose was to present an invited lecture at the Conferencia Interamericana de Metroiogia.

There were also understood to be a few associated formal visits to the Institute Nacional

de Technologia Industrial (INTI) planned for distinguished visitors. In fact, the interest

in electronics was sufficently great that numerous special visits to laboratories and with

individuals were arranged.

On the day before the Conference, about a dozen guests were taken to the INTI laboratories at Niquelete, outside Buenos Aires. There, the organization, resources, and activities of INTI were described by Cant. Leibovich , Nacional Director of Development of lOTI.

A tour of the chemistry and food technology laboratories followed. These were new buildings

(begun at 1972 and finished in 1977) with a considerable amount of U.S. equipment (as well

as equipment from other countries) and a rather small staff.

A matter of some interest was that INTI is setting up an electronics repair facility to care for U.S. equipment since such service is not otherwise available. Much equipment is defective on receipt. This is unfortunately due in part to manf acturer ' s defects and in some (undetermined) measure to handling in Argentina. Apparently it is often difficult to resolve responsibility for the defects, and the defect problem and lack of local representatives is discouraging to Che laboratory.

French also visited INTI headquarters in Buenos Aires to meet the President and Vice

President of INTI. After the conference, the delegates and special guests were taken to INTI for a more extensive tour. At chat time, he visited the Physics Laboratory (briefly

meeting a number of people who had visited and received training at NEL) and a new building

where a major effort in automated manufacturing will be undertaken. The building had one

very large bay and a number of modern offices. French was Cold the automated equipment will

be supplied by Kearney and Trecker of England. Computer services available now are a DEC

PDPll and a IBM 1130. In the spring of 1980 a DEC VAX 11-780 will be received.

Electronics is a subject of special interest in Argentina. The first of INTI's planned

tecnnical and economic studies is a major one devoted to the determination of a proper role

for Argentina in this field and Argentina's internal needs for electronics. In Capt.

Leibovich' s review of INTI, he noted chat INTI's work in electronics covers three areas; electronic components, comrauncations, and the role of Argentina.
Capt. Liebovich was Che instigator of the national effort in electronics. As the result of his efforts, and for the first time, three universities and four government

agencies are cooperating in a single program. This is now carried on under the Mational

Research Center for Electronic Components (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Componences

Eleccronicos, CENICE). CENICE was established in July 1977 and is sponsored by the Defense

Ministry (represented by Che Research Directorate and Che Inscituto de Investigaciones

Cientificas y Tecnicas de las Fuerzas Armadas, CITEFA), the Secretary of State for Science

and Technology, Che Commission N'acional Energia Acomica (CNEA), and INTI. The work, of CENICE

is on three levels: research, development, and pilot production in preparation for transfer

of technology to industry.

Research is primarily done by the universities. For example, at Rosario University

a plasma research group is now studying etching; at Santa Fe University, a group is studying

purification of gases for electronic applications; and at Euenos Aires University, a solid

state physics group is studying diffusion and epica:ty. Work on ion implantation, however,

is done by CNE.A at Che laboratory in Bariloche. Development, from basic to advanced levels,

is done at CITEFA, and pilot production will be carried out at INTI in a new building now under construction (current pilot production is at CITEFA).

In a visit to CITEFA, President Barcellandi described his organization's interests in

components and microelectronic production technology, CITEFA has a staff of 300; -*0 are military and the rest civilian. Its budget is p25M.

The first transfer of technology from CITEFA to Industry in electronic components will

be in nybrid circuits. CITEFA developed the technology and is training industrial personnel

on the CITEFA equipment while awaiting establishment of the industrial facility. The example

described was a thick-film attenuator circuit for telephone use which was developed at CITEFA,

proof-tested by Seimans in Munich, and, on approval, manufactured^ at CITEFA for use in local

telephone companies. Hybrid work began in 1978. The plan is to develop tnin-film technology

next, with multi-level metallizaticn and hermetic packages for military use. The hybrid work

is carried out by a staff of II (five are professionals) under the direction of 3r. Albizu , a physicist.

The semiconductor device fabrication facility and laboratory are headed by Sr. Sagarzazu

and operated by a staff of 30, of which 10 are professionals. Some professionals are Ph.D.'s

(one did his thesis in epitaxy in France, another in design at M.I.T.) and several have

completed some graduate study in France or the United States. The fabrication facility is rather similar to the one at NBS. Equipment is from Europe and the U.S. At present the effort at CITEFA is limited to bipolar processing of two-inch wafers (three-inch is the limit of the facility). A simple transistor is now being made (50V collector breakdown,

h.cg of lUO to 200, and frequency cutoff in 10 to 20 MHz). Masks have been obtained for a wGu to 500 MHz transistor, and drawings have been completed for a power transistor of several amperes current capacity.

8
Australia

"rom October 15 through December 28, 1979, Howard J.M. Hanley of CMEPT worked as an Honorary

Visiting Fellow at the Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National University

(ANU), Canberra. The bulk of his work was undertaken with Dr. D.J. Evans . Together, they

developed a computer procedure to simulate the behavior of a fluid mixture in nonequiiibrium

and, specifically, to calculate the viscosity coefficient. The behavior of a fluid at equilibrium was also investigated as a byproduct. In so doing, they were able to test cur- rent theories of mixtures. One especially — the conformal solution theory — is the backbone of ail mixture work in the fluid properties section of the Thermophysicai Properties

Division. It is intended to apply the approach to mixtures of complex molecules. However,

it would be unwise to extend the theories without first testing them through computer simulation.

Specific results include: the calculation of the viscosity of a fluid whose molecules

interact with an 11-6-8 intermolecular potential (these studies supplement previous work

carried out at ANU on the thermodynamic properties of this fluid); calculation of the viscosity of a mixture of soft spheres; calculation of the thermodynamic properties of tnis mixture; evaluation of the so-called Van der Waals one-fluid theory for mixtures and extension

of this theory to viscosity; and extension of the computer program to simulate fluid mixtures

whose molecules interact with a realistic potential, such as the 1 1-0-8, and also to include

the interaction of polyatomic fluids.

The power and efficiency of the computer program for the simulation of a liquid should

be stressed. It can carry out calculations not previously attempted.

In September, A.F. Robertson of CFR visited the CSIRO Textile Research Laboratory at Ryde. It appears that their main concern is woolen products. Significant advances have

been made in improving the washability, decreasing the felting behavior, and improving

the permanent press of woolen goods. The laboratory for fire tests was very well equipped

to work on fabric test methods over the range from small bench tests to full-scale mannequin

burns

.

The CSIRO Division of Suilding Research in Melbourne nas a small fire research group concerned with reaction to fire test methods primarily as they relate to polymeric materials. Most of their work was prompted by special problems as they were discovered by industry and

as evidenced by fire loss experience. The fire group is a small one, only 5 or o years old,

and is currently headed by Dr. k. Martin.

9
clobercson and Daniel Gross of CFR both visited the fire laboratories of the Experimental

Building Station, Chatswood, which are under the direction of the Ministry of State for Housing and Construction. Work underway there has been followed with interest for more than

30 years now. Two large laboratory buildings are available — one for reaction to fire tests and the other for fire endurance studies. A large part of the work of this group appears to involve relatively routine testing with some test-method development.

During the organized tour, the two observed the Australian Early Fire Hazard Test and Flammability Test, as well as a fire resistance test on a full-size loaded thin brick wall. The demonstration was covered by Australian network TV; the Australian Minister of Housing

and Construction, Mr. Ray Broome , also addressed the group.

During the same month, Irwin Benjamin of CFR presentd a talk on "A Fire-Safety

Evaluation System for Health-Care Facilities" to two groups of Australian planners. He also

conferred with five researchers at CSIRO and the division of building research (on the fire exposure of steel sections and columns).

In September, James H. Winger of CFR visited Mr. G. Georges of the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, Chemical Laboratory, Lidcombe, New South Wales. He also met briefly

with Mr. R. Burg , the department director. The Chemical Laboratory is responsible for the flammability testing of brattice cloth, hydraulic fluids, paints, greases, and tape, used in underground coal mines. Later, Winger met with Mr. M.R. Lloyd , Director of the Londonderry

Centre of the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, and members of his staff. The

Londonberry Centre conducts flammability tests on electrical cable and conveyor belting used

in underground coal mines.

10
Belgium

In May, £. Clayton Teague of CMEPT toured the Mechanical Engineering Department of the Catholic University of Leuven. Professor J. Peters hosted his visit and showed him the development and analysis work, on adaptive control of a large spark-discharge machine, a high-precision robot assembly, model analysis of machines and machine tools and air

bearings. No work on surface topography measurements was currently in progress, but

Prof. Peters showed the equipment and described past projects for light-scattering measurements and for calculating the statistical characterizations used in the study of machined

surfaces

.

In Sentember, Clifford H. Spiegeiman of CAM visited the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements in Geel, to act as advisory statistician for the working meeting on the prepara

tion and certification of reference materials.

11
Brazil

In September, Judson C. French, Director of CEEE , visited the headquarters of the IIIPM (National Institute of Weights and Measures) at Duque de Caxias about 23 km from Rio de Janeiro. IMPM employs a total of about 2500 in 22 branches in 22 counties and in headquarters (where about 650 are located). The laboratory work is all done in the headquarters

building with typically a single laboratory room devoted to each measurement area such as electricity, length, pressure, etc. Elaborate and extensive facilities are being constructed, with a separate building each for mechanics, acoustics, electricity, optics, and temperature. Other functional but less striking new buildings nearby will be used for future research in instrumentation.

The impact of a law Chat will add the responsibility for industrial standards to Che weights and measures organization was discussed. The law was passed in 1973, but Che attitude of voluntary standards organizations was described as causing delays in implementation

of Che law. The director of INPM, Armenio Lobo da Cunha , was attracted by the idea of exchange workers doing joint work with MEL.

12
Canada

In September 1978, Williain E. Anderson of CEEE visited the Institude de Recherche de

i 'Hydro-yuebec (IREQ), in Varennes. He was invited by Richard Malewski , a senior

researcher, to participate in the measurement of the power loss in a shunt reactor. Shunt reactors (large inductors) are used in power transmission systems to balance out the capacitive currents to ground. Power losses in these non-ideal inductors can be significant. The

shunt reactor to be measured was rated for 110 MVA (424 kV , 250 A). The reactor's loss as guaranteed by the supplier was to be less than 220 RW (dissipation factor < 0.002). For every kilowatt over, the supplier has to pay a 31,000 penalty to IREQ. It should be noted

that similar problems are encountered by purchasers and suppliers in the United States. The 3onne’/ille Power Administration, Department of Energy, is also buying shunt reactors and

nas consulted NBS about the loss measurement problem.

In July, John A. Molino of CBT also visited IREQ to consult on planned psychoacoustic

studies of the audible noise from their UHV dc test electric transmission line. IREQ has

recently completed setting up and testing automated magnetic tape recording facilities to record Che audible noise from their test transmission line. The line can examine the various

effects of direct current transmission at 1200 kV. He inspected the instrumentation for measuring and recording audible noise and made some suggestions for modifying the equalization used. These suggestions helped to make their system more compatible with the automated

tape recording system being developed by HEL. He also auditioned live recordings made under

the active line and some recordings made previously. The system appeared to be adequate for

making psychoacouscic tapes, except chat there was excessive wind noise. He agreed to loan

them some of the large urethane windscreens used at MEL.

In October 1978, John S. Beers of C'lEPT went to Ottawa to attend a seminar on "The Measurement of length and Associated Quantities," sponsored by MRC , and Co give a calk on "Mew Trends in Gage Block Calibration at MEL." Two ocher papers presented at the seminar

were of particular value to MEL research: "Optical Computers in Metrology" and "A Mew Photoelectric Microscope," both applicale to dimensional measurement activities in CMEPT.

In December, Robert J. Hocken of CMEPT went to McMasters university (Hamilton, Ontario;

for technical discussions with Professor Tlusty concerning the role of Working Groups 1 and

2 of the Machine Tool Task Force. Hocken also visited Professor Tlusty' s lab, were he saw important work in adaptive control to prevent cutter breakage during die sinking, and experimental measurement of the dynamic cutting-force coefficient.

13
Gerald L. Howett of CBT traveled to Ottawa in November 1978 to attend a meeting of the Color Committee of the Illuminating Engineering Society (lES). As part of the committee

meeting, he visited the new lighting laboratory of the Division of Building Research of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, howett is the recent past chairman of the

lES Color Committee. The new chairman of the committee is Dr. Alan R. Robertson of NRC (Division of Physics). The meeting at Ottawa was the first under Dr. Robertson's chairmanship, and it was considered especially important for the outgoing chairman to be present,

in order to smooth the transition.

Most of the Color Committee meeting was spent on polishing the draft of the Color

chapter to be included in the upcoming sixth edition of the lES lighting handbook. Following

the break for lunch, the committee went to visit a new lighting laboratory in the Division

of Building Research, developed by Dr. Alan Levy , he had had Installed in the ceiling of a Large (double or triple) laboratory module several types of light sources, which he could

control from a master switching panel.

In June, Jim L. Heldenbrand of C3T visited laboratories of the Division of Building

Research, National Research Council of Canada, in Ottawa. There, he discussed verbal com- ments and questions on NRC publications on energy conservation in new buildings and obtained

information on status of Measures for Energy Conservation . Canada is ahead of the U.3. in

promulgation of energy conservation criteria at the federal level, but is behind the U.S.

in implementation at the local level, he also discussed the status of the energy-budget

approach to building energy conservation criteria. Ken Latta of NRC has a concept in mind

for development of numbers, but there is no consensus in Canada for an approach to implementation. The prospect is for publication of energy budgets for information only.

In September, Andrew J. Fowell and Robert A. Wise of CCPT visited the Canadian Standards

Association (in Toronto) to see the energy test facility for refrigerators and freezers, and

to witness safety and performance testing of other consumer products. They also attended a meeting of the CSA Committee on the Performance of Major Electrical Appliances to determine

the program status and experiences gained from the development of energy and performance

standards for major appliances in Canada, and to advise CSA to the status of the U.S. Appliance Energy Labeling and Minimum Standards Program.

On arrival at the CSA Laboratories, they then met with Mr. Allen Sherrard, CSA Project

Administrator, and Mr. Robin Haighton , who is in charge of the appliance labeling test program. They briefly discussed the status of appliance energy labeling programs in Canada and

the USA. (CSA is under contract to the Canadian Government to establish and run the labeling

program, including the development of test methods, product testing, the issuance of Labels

and associated literature.) They later toured the CSA Laboratory with CSA engineers,

James Smith and Ron Pouge . They examined and discussed the instrumentation of the test facility, a temperature (but not humidity) controlled chamber with ten test stations. CSA uses

a Hewlett-Packard mini-computer with their own tape-loaded program to initiate a test, record

temperature data, perform some data reduction, and print out this information in the form of

a report. The energy consumption data must be manually recorded and refrigerators and freezer tests cannot be controlled simultaneously by the program.

In January, William J. Parker of CFR attended a Toronto meeting at the Underwriters'

Laooratories of Canada (ULC) on flame spread classification methods. The focus of the meeting was on the flammability rating for polystyrene insulation. Although it is required

by the building code to be covered by a fire barrier, there is still a flammability requirement for the material. It must have a flame-spread classification (FSC) of no greater than

73. In the standard tunnel test a typical polystyrene foam may have a low FSC (10) due to the melting and failing of the material from the ceiling of the tunnel. ULC has chosen to

test thermoplastic materials on the floor of the tunnel. In this location the same material

may typically get a 300 rating and thus not be acceptable even though there is no record of

1 fire proolem with protected foam in Canada. 'That followed at the meeting was a four-way

discussion among industry, the testing agency, building officials, and fire reseachers.
The Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Ottawa, was visited by

James H. VVingerof CFS. in February to observe and discuss flammability tests on conveyor

belts for use in underground coal mines. A number of conveyor belts were tested on the drum

friction test according to the Canadian standard procedure. Coated belts were tested with

both polyester and nylon/cotton carcasses. All the belts met the Canadian requirement that

the drum temperature not exceed 300*C.
Denmark

la May, Preston E. McNall of CST visited Dr. Faager at the Technical University of Denmark,. The insulation laboratory, the furnace and heating lab, and their zero-energy house were

visited. In addition, he met ?Jiel Jonassen , a radiation physicist, who has done extensive

work on radon measurement in buildings, and arranged for him to speak at a later CBT seminar

on radon. McNall then presented a seminar for one hour to 20 students and faculty members

on CBT work, concentrating on the Building Energy Conservation Criteria Program and heat

pump seasonal efficiency program.

16
Egypt

In November of 1973, Dennis A. Swyt gf CMEPT visited Cairo in connection with his role as a monitor of several SFCP projects. At Cairo University, he visited research facilities, gave

a 90-minute lecture on light and optical physics applied to measurements of microscopic

objects, discussed problems and solutions in physics and procedural matters. Although the institution suffers a severe lack of equipment, supplies, and journal literature, dedicated

and talented laboratory researchers, particularly Prof. iChashan , the group leader of this

project, give evidence for success in project objectives. One major problem is acquisition

of fully operating, maintainable equipment with local currency. Another problem is the establishment of steady supply of current scientific and technical literature.

At the National Institute of Standards, Swyt reviewed the contract agreements for three

projects — on ultrasound, volume/ flow, and temperature. In discussions with Dr. Mongy , several major obstacles to the ultrasonics project surfaced. For example, researchers have

been crying to obtain X and Y cut quartz transducers for two years, but have been deterred

by obstacles due to distance, finances, or bureaucracy.

AC the Academy of Science and Technology, Swyt met with Che president.

Dr. Hassan H . Ismail . his main concern is improving the quality of Sgj/pcain building materials and standards. Last, Swyt met with the acting head of the Egyptian National Research

Center, Dr. M. Stehaca Faraq Can x-ray cryscallographer). His interest focuses on spectroscopy and wavelength calibration over Che complete range from ultraviolet through infrared.

17
Federal Republic of Germany

Jeffrey T. Fong of cam traveled to Stuttgart, Berlin, and Munich in August. Initially, he was invited to be a speaker and panelist on the relationship between engineering data and reliability nodeling for nuclear reactor safety at an international conference in Berlin.

But he also spoke at a joint seminar of the German Society of liaterials Science and the Technical University of Munich (Department of Metallurgy and Metal Science) on a new concept

of estimating uncertainties in weld-defect dimensioning. Re also accepted an invitation to discuss new mathematical methods and applications for modeling fatigue and crystal growth at the Institute for Theoretical and Applied Physics, University of Stuttgart.

Later, Fong visited several laboratories in Germany to assess the state of research on basic mechanisms of fatigue in his capacity as Chairman of ASTM Subcommittee E9.01 (Fatigue

Research). Re was likewise able to conduct in-depth discussions with participants in the International Conference on Reactor Technology on the need to standardize in-service and

failure data reporting to make the pooling of data for safety analysis more dependable.

At the Technical University of Munich, in ;-lay , Motohisa Kanda of CEEE visited

Prof. F.M. Landstorfer and his colleagues at the Institute for Righ Frequency Techniques.

Ris work on antenna design using a topological approach was very interesting. Considering

tne phase reversal within the current distribution of a long-wire antenna, it is well known

that radiation normal to the dipole is very poor. For this reason, dipoles considerably

longer than one wavelength are scarcely used. Re has done considerable work to determine

optimum shape so that long dipoles can be made into very efficient radiators. Re also

applied some ideas to 'fagi-Uda arrays and log-periodic antennas for the purpose of increased bandwidth and gain. Prof. R. Groll and his colleagues at the Institute for Microwave Techniques have been engaged in microwave measurements including the conventional

automatic network analyzer, 6-port, scrip lines, microscrip lines, and active and passive

semiconductor device applications.

In April, Harold E. Taggart of CEEE visited the laboratories of Schwarzbeck in

Aiteneudorf, and Rohde and Schwarz in Munich. The purpose of the Schwarzbeck visit was

to aetermine how their precision dipole antennas, designed to operate from 30 to 1000 MRz

,

are calibrated. Re met with Mr. G. Schwarzbeck , owner and manager of the company. Re explained the basic design of his antennas and how he calibrated them. Re clarified a 10-dB liscrepancy that N'EL nad encountered using his antennas.
Rohde and Schwarz are probably Che West German leaders in automated EMI measurements.

They have just completed the development of a computer-controlled test system that operates

from 25 to 1000 MHz.

In September, Robert I. Scace of CEEE toured the Philips Semiconductor Plant (VALVO) in

Hamburg. He was visited by Dr. G. Raabe , a member of DIN 221, to discuss their methods for silicon measurement and their process control techniques.

The mercury probe technique for making capacitance-voltage measurements on silicon

slices to determine the charge-carrier concentration was devised by Philips, and there is now a fourth-generation probe fixture in use. The repeatability of the technique is now

such that they believe they are able to measure to a precision of better than 2 percent such

carrier distributions. The test is nondestructive. Depending on the level of interest.

Philips may be willing to consider the release of the drawings for the test head to NEL.

Another interesting note: The German government, to support innovation in its

semiconductor industry, will grant up to 50 percent of the cost of any development, whether

it be a new factory, a new product, or a processing technique, if it meets certain criteria

of risk. Two examples were shown. One was a technique for computer-controlled growth of epitaxial layers on silicon, and the other was a new manufacturing facility of about iOOO

m*" area for microprocessors. The cost was several million dollars, judging from the equipment already in place.

In May, John Arol Simpson Director of CMEPT, visited Tubingen to renew a long standing

scientific relationship between MEL and the Institut fur Angrwandte Physik under

Professor G. Mollenstedt . The Institute, in splendid new quarters, continues to work in electron interferometry, characteristic energy loss, and various facets of electron

microscopy.

While in Tubingen, he was able to talk with Prof. MollSnstedt ' s son.

Dr. Ulrich Mollenstedt , a partner in Social Data of Munich, a consultant to the Ministr/ of Industry. He notes chat Che question of industrial automation is being rethought in view of increasing difficulty in maintaining full employment. However, there is concern chat shift

work causes social and health problems, so they are proposing a system of one manned shift

and one or two unmanned shifts. This concept is being extended even to health ser’/ice

installations. This mixed mode operation should be watched.

In Stuttgart, Simpson was a guest of Dr. E. Schultz and K. Melchior of the Institut fur Produktianstechnik und Automatisierung. This institute is part of the Fraunhofer Geselischafc, the engineering /industrial counterpart of the Max Plank Institutes in sciences. It is associated with Che University of Stuttgart. It provides graduate training in engineering while providing consulting and R&D services Co industry. It is unique among such

institutes in Chat it covers not only automation and control technology, but also ergonomics,

work organization, material handling, accounting, and scheduling. It is also pursuing the problems of automated metrology although from a limited metrology base.

In April, E. Clayton Teague of CMEPT toured the Physikalisch Technische Sundesanstalt,

Braunschweig, and conferred with Dr. W . Hillmann , head of the Surface Laboratory. The laboratory has a staff of ten people, four devoted to SEM stereology, two to computer aspects of measurement and characterization, two to calibration services, and one general assistant for graphics preparations, assistance in manuscript preparation, etc. Teague was shown their

Cambridge stereoscan electron microscope and viewed a large number of high-resolution

stereo images with polarized glasses.

Their main interest in stereology is to compare profiles obtained by manual stereo techniques with those obtained from various radii stylus tips and profiles obtained from

projections of SEM contamination lines written on a specimen surface; they expect this work

to continue over the next two to three years. They hope chat this work will be the first to definitively show limitations of stylus measurements that result from unexpectedly large

slopes of surfaces. Their preliminary work shows slopes as large as 60 degrees, whereas it was previously believed that 15° to 20° was Che more typical maximum value.

1 Q
He also discussed with Mr . Kranz his work co measure stylus tip radii with stereology

and his work Co relace stylus frictional forces co surface-slope.

Ac the Hannover facilities of Mahr-Perthen, Teague met with Mr. Christoph Fahl , Director

of Research and Production. He also visited with Mr. Horst Grove , Mr. Karl-Heinz Sommer , and Mr. Heinz-Jurgen Sohm. Bohm was responsible for all calibration specimen measurements

and final checkout of stylus instruments. Messrs. Grove and Sommer were responsible for

new instrument development, with emphasis on new micro-processor instrumentation.

During the last several years, they have developed a digital zero-phase-shift filter

for incorporation into their instruments. By using two cascaded applications of a rectangular weighting function, they have achieved very fast calculation of the zero-p'nase-shif

C

filter and plan co offer it as an option within the next year. They feel a major effort

will be needed to educate industry, ttiat Che new filter is beneficial, and that it conforms

to all national standards. Benefits are Chat the geometry of a filtered signal is maintained

relative co the original signal and that a true waviness profile is then produced. Conventional filters greatly distort the roughness and waviness geometries.

In September, John G. O'Neill of CFR visited the sprinkler laboratories of Verband der

Sachversicherer (VDS) in Cologne and met with Mr. D. Lay , Head of VDS, as well as with

Mr. W. Klein , Project Engineer in charge of all sprinkler component tests. The purpose of the visit was to obtain information on their spray measurement methodology as well as to discuss pertinent issues now under discussion within Che ISO sprinkler standard development.

The VDS serves as a testing and approval laboratory for fire protection and security hardware. The organization is primarily insurance sponsored. However, the VDS tests and criteria for sprinkler system components as well as sprinkler system installations serve as the primary criteria throughout West Germany. In addition, these approvals and equipment

lists as well as installation rules are often used in neighboring countries of Scandinavia

as well as in Switzerland.

Mr. O'Neill also visited Che Walther i Cie Sprinkler Company, Cologne, and met with

Mr. S. Landsberg , Head of Engineering, and Dr. R. Manz , Head of Research and Development,

walther and Cie is one of Che largest sprinkler system equipment manufacturers and system

installers in Western Europe. The company manufactures various fire suppression equipment

including sprinklers, alarm valves, CO 9 systems, nozzles and manual extinguishers. A tour

of the R&D laboratory included various large and small-scale test facilities far evaluating

suppression media for both general fire hazards and specific fire hazards including a device

to measure Che explosion suppression capabilities of extinguishing agents on coal dust.

While in Aachen in April co attend Che meeting of the RILEM Advisory Group,

Geoffrey Frohnsdorff of G3T visited two internationally known institutes of the Technical

university. These were Che Institute for Rock ;iining Science (Inst, fur Gescainshueccenkunde)

and the Institute for Building Research (Inst, fur Bauforschung)

.

The Institute for Rock Mining Science has about 30 staff members and 90 students. Its Director is Professor Reynen . Pour of the staff members and 15 of the students are in a Cementing Materials (Bindemateriel) Group, and the rest work on ocher ceramic materials such

as clay brick and refractories. The Institute is moderately well-equipped, though very little of the equipment is of recent vintage. The head of the Cementing Materials Group is Dr. Eudwig . The Group's work includes studies of methods for forming cricaicium silicate

and alite, alkali-aggregate reactions in concrete, the effects of admixtures, particularly

cnlorides, on the creep of plaster, swelling pressures in plaster, classification schemes for calcium sulphate and its hydrates as an aid to industry, and hydrothermal reactions in sandiime tricks. The Group does a fair amount of work for individual industrial companies, as well as doing research funded by the Federal government and trade organizations, sucn as tne German Cement Industry Association.

The Institute for Building Research is best described as a materials and structures

laDorator/. The Institute, whose Director is Dr. R. Wesche , has 50 permanent mempers of staff divided into four working groups (divisions). The Institute accepts 500 freshmen

each year. Its budget is 1.9 million DM for salaries and about 0.2 million DM for capital

investments. Operating supplies are provided free by the university. About 25 percent of the tecnnical work of the Institute is research and the other 75 percent is described as

20
"scientific test development." The four working groups are cement and aiasonry, aggregates

and concretes, plastics and steel, and metrology and data processing. Examples of research

activities are studies of the rheology of fresh mortars and concretes, structural behavior

of masonry walls, friction in bearings, creep and mechanical properties of concrete, polymer concrete and polymer-modified concretes, and development of tests and standards for fly

ashes for use in concrete. There is considerable interest in the use of image analysis

techniques for characterization of concretes and other materials.

:i
Finland

The Low Temperature Laboratory of the Helsinki Technical University (TKK) was visited for

two weeks in January byJamesE. Zimmerman of CEEE. The Laboratory was established and

operates under the direction of Prof. Olli Lounasmaa . Although the Laboratory was esta- blished 3ore than 15 years ago, the present facilities are new. The building itself was occupied during the past two years, and all of the experiments, cr^/ostats and all, were reconstructed or are being built from the ground up.

An attractive feature of the Low-Temperature Laboratory is a continuing stream of short- and long-term foreign guest workers, both old and well-known and young and less-known

like Victor Vvidenski and Pradeep Kumar . Kumar is an Indian theorist on a one-year Scandinavian fellowship. Recently they had a young Chinese Peoples Republican. It was said that

he was very good at winding miniature 2000-turn coils for the toroidal SQUID (Superconducting

Quantum Interference Device). Vvidenski is from Peshkov' s Laboratory in Moscow and is working on a biomedical gradiometer with Rantala, Ilmoniemi, and other associates of Ehnholm.

Heikki Collan , who is working on magnetic separation of impurities or minerals from wood

pulp and such things using superconducting magnets with large field gradients, has a commercial cryocooler which maintains about 7 K with two stages at no heat load and 10 K and 5 'J. A notable operating characteristics is that when heat is added to Che second (cold) stage,

che first stage reac.hes lower temperature, and vice versa . In other words, when one stage

get warmer, che other stage gets colder, like a Vuilleumier machine. The cryocooler is guaranteed to maintain only 10 K with no heat load. Collan will use it to reduce the helium

evaporation rate from che magnetic separation cryostat by a factor of seven or so. He also speaks of adding a small JT ( Joule-Thomson) heat exchanger and valve to produce and maintain

the helium at a constant level. The JT compressor will be a 4-bar twin-diaphragm unit manufactured commercially. Although 4-bar compression would be too much for helium because of

che heat, the compressor can be operated two-stage. It also has double diaphragms for safety. The required cooling power at 4.2 X would be approximately 20 mW.

Gosta Ihnholm is second in command of the Low-Temperature Laboratory. Ehnholm is perhaps best known for his analysis of rf-biased SQUID input impedance and how it may have

a negative real component at the signal frequency even when che SQUID is operated in the lossy (hyscerecic) regime. However, he is primarily occupied with experimental work. In the past he has developed a chin-film version of che fractional-turn SQUID invented by Zimmerman

several years ago. Although chin-film SQUIDS are perfectly suitable for most applications,

Ehnnoim has recently reverted to development of a Mb SQUID using a point-contact junction.
Che lacter being also a Zimmerman invention. The purpose here is to make a single- junction

SQUID biased at several GHz, using a cooled GaAs FET preamplifier. The essential feature,

as perceived by Ehnholm, of the point contact is its low capacitance, and his aim is to make

a reliable permanently adjusted contact. The purpose of the rf-biased SQUID is co. make a more-sensitive magnetometer for studying magnetic fields of che human brain. For this and

similar purposes the laboratory has designed and is building a triply mu-metal shielded

enclosure 2 by 2 by 2 meters inside dimensions, which certainly promises co be che best or one of the best in the world when completed. A related development is a second-derivation

gradiometer for measuring lung contamination in welders, among other things. A curious

statement, by Ehnholm, chat certain individuals are unusually prone to contamination leads

to che idea chat early detection of contamination could prevent later complications by

shunting chose individuals into other occupations before high levels of contamination build

up.

M. loubeau , of che liquid-helium washbasin ( "cryorama'' ) fame, said chat he has greatly

extended che hold time of a liquid-helium-cryostac, in che case where heat input co Che Liquid is Che primary heat input, by running a JT loop from a compressor at room temperature.

The cooling capacity of Che vapor is used co cool che compressed gas below che JT inversion

temperature. He believes this is a mechanism for putting co good use che cooling capacity

of the vapor which might otherwise be wasted, and Chat che evaporation of che liquid cannot

be reduced co zero, or reversed, by this technique. In principle, however, a very large

reduction in evaporation race is possible.

Roubeau made an excellent suggestion for eliminating shuttle heat loss in a twin-piston

Stirling refrigeration machine — a bellows is used in place of the cold (expansion) piston

and cylinder. Since gas pressure would tend co expand the bellows, Che lacter could be actuated from room temperature by members in tension only, the most favorable configuration

from the point view of low heat leak. The most attractive feature of che configuration,

however, is that there is no shuttle heat loss, so chat with low-conductivity materials,

Che whole machine can be made relatively short and compact.

Roubeau has a wealth of ideas for refrigeration. He suggests (1) thermal compression

by capacitor-discharge in a chin-film resistance inside Che compression chamber, (2) multiplying Che effect by a succession of successively larger hoc heat exchanges in che flow path,

(3) a double-diaphragm or bellows compressor liquid-filled between diaphragms, with a strong

diaphragm to transmit the compression force, and a weak diaphragm designed for small dead

volume, (4) what looks like a magnetic Stirling machine, (5) a method of making helium-gas

regenerators which avoids Che problem of helium shifting around when heat is transferred,

and (6) numerous concepts for efficiently supplying che small amount of work needed to get

helium past the JT inversion temperature so as to make a miniature liquefier or cryocooler.

T. Ratila with several students is measuring biomagnetic signals such as the magneto recinogram (MRG). The HRG is a ver;^ weak pulse, observed with a magnetometer at che temple near the eye, in response to a light pulse. The associated electrical signal peaks are designated A, 3, C, etc., with the A peak having shortest latency. A and 3 have opposite

polarity and different functions of intensity, such chat 3 is seen at low intensity, and

A predominates at higher intensity. A gratifying result for us is that they have confirmed

our results on magnetic auditory-evoked response in all details, quantitatively. Their

results are better than ours. This is partly because their sensitivity is a little better

than N’EL's, and they also have a cleaver signal averaging system in which individual

responses are looked at and are discarded if there are any clearly non-random events,

several times the rms value of Che rest of che signal.

In discussing biomagnetic measurements on current point sources close to Che surface

(i.e. , the cerebral cortex), Ehnholm suggested that an off-diagonal (figure 3 or double-hole

SQUID, for example) gradiometer lying flat on the surface over che source might be the most efficient (i.e., sensitive) measurement cevice. Cohen (MIT) in fact has used exactly that device configuration to map the n-rhythm or dc currents around the back of the head. However, these are extended sources for wnich a small figure-8 would not be most sensitive.
France

In March, Jay W. Bauer of CBT went to France to help the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (C3TB) in designing and planning psychoacoustic experiments to test the adequacy of French noise isolation criteria for buildings. This research is part of the joint U.S.- French Cooperative Program in Building Technology, and the reports will be co-authored by CBT and CSTB.

The acoustical research facilities of CSTB are in Grenoble. There, working closely with

Monsieur Vian , Bauer designed an experiment on the response of people to aisic intruding into

a room. The basic plan is to have subjects exposed to different samples of music electronically filtered to represent different room partitions, and then have the subjects scale the annoyance or other subjective quality of the music.

Other sound laboratories at Grenoble include a facility to test the transmission loss

of partitions, the effects of infrasonic sounds on materials, and facilities to study sound

propagation through ducts.

At the Laboratorie de Mecanique et d'Acoustique (LMA) in Marseille, Bauer visited

Dr. Mataya from Japan who was working on the technique of anti-noise for reducing noise

levels. The concept behind this technique is that identical sound waves completely out of phase with one another can cancel each ocher out. Work at LMA and at CSTB have obtained

from 10 to 10 dB attentuation of sound levels in a room using this technique. The technique

is limited primarily to stationary noise sources, and probably would not be acceptable on aesthetic considerations in homes and offices. But it might be usable for quieting

ventilating systems in large buildings.

At Che InsciCuC de Recherche des Transports, Centre d' Evaluation et de Recherche des Muisances, Lyon, Bauer's contacts were Monsieur Vallet and Madame Verne

. The work there covers the effects of train and highway noise on sleep behavior. These studies are con- ducted in situ with people living near railways and highways. They are also conducting

research on the effects of noise on Che physiological attributes of sleen. This includes

both laboratory and field investigations. Although Monsieur Vallet and the staff have been

working on these problems for several years, they are just now making headway. This work

snouid provide important input into determining human response criteria for noise isolation

provided by building shells and building elements.

24
In October 1978, Merritt M. Birky of CFR visited with Drs. Boudene and Jouany of the University of South Paris. They are working on the toxicological assessment of the largescale fire tests at CSTB. They demonstrated the exposure of an instrumented rabbit just as

it would be for the large scale experiments. The rabbit is instrumented for SKG, EEC, and

respiratory rate. The signal is transmitted by telemetry to tape recorders and scrip chart

recorders

.

In the large-scale studies at CSTB they are using a combination of the instrumented

rabbits, rats in the rotating wheel, and a variation of Che rotor-rod. The latter involves

training the rat Co jump on an elevated platform when given a signal (light or sound). The

rat is given a shock if he fails Co respond appropriately within a specified time.

Dr. Jouany stated Chat the rotating wheel is the most sensitive, i.e., they see Che affects of combustion products on Che animals in the wheel first. However, they have been

unable to see Che animals adequately during some of Che Casts. The results from the instiumented rabbits show chat respiratory and cardiac functions are the first to be affected by Che combustion products. The affects on cardiac function appear to be the result of respiratory distress. These measurements tend to support the work of Alarie.

To date, approximately 40 large-scale tests have been carried out at CSTB, but little

of the toxicity data has been analzyed in any detail. They are also burning an airplane

fuselage in the South of France and adding animals to these experiments.

25
India

In Decemoer, Richard O. Marshall of C3T went Co New Delhi Co parcicipate in Che Indo-U.S.

Workshop on NaCural Disascer MiCigaCion Research. The purpose of Che workshop was Co explore Copies in earchquake and wind engineering Chat tnighc form Che basis for collaboracive work of anicual inceresc and benefic Co Che Uniced SCates and India.

The second day of Che workshop was spenc visicing che School of Earchquake Engineering

and Che Deparcmenc of Civil Engineering at Che UniversiCy of Roorkee. Since Roorkee is expecced Co play a major role in collaborative work that might evolve from Che workshop, it was important Chat Che U.S. delegation have an accurate picture of che staff and laboratory

capabilities at Roorkee. The school of Earthquake Engineering has a very competent staff

and new laboratories with facilities for studying soil and structural dynamics. Shake platforms and a facility for application of shock loadings have recently been commissioned.

The Department of Civil Engineering is also very well staffed with emphasis on structures and hydraulics. Structural research is currently centered around cable-supported

structures and masonry construction. The structures laboratory is equipped with a large

reaction frame and hydraulic rams, which are suitable only for Che application of static

loads. The hydraulics laboratory is primarily involved with movable-bed open channels,

although considerable work is also done on gates, valves, spillways, etc. Three wind tunnels

are available for the study of boundary layers and aerodynamic forces.

16
Israel

In September, Paul R. Aclienbach of C3T traveled to Tel Aviv and Haifa to discuss research

programs and standards on energy and water conservation in buildings at the Standards

Institution of Israel (SII) and at Technion. The Building Division of SII concentrates on cement, aggregate, and concrete research, and they have a soils laboratory. All concrete

for buildings in Israel is tested through testing stations and field laboratories. SII is interested in learning who in the U.S. is doing research on reinforced lightweight concrete,

durabilitv of lightweight concrete, deterioration (corrosion) of reinforcing bars in lightweight concrete, and fiber reinforcement of concrete.

Solar water heating is mandatory in Israeli public buildings, and is widely used in

housing of all types. Electricity is used as supplementary energy source for water heating.

Very little work is being done on solar space heating. Portable oil heaters are used for space heating on a "when and where needed" basis. Oil is used for central heating in large

buildings from 8 a.m to 4 p.m. and also in some apartment buildings. Energy conservation

in housing is a minimal activity. An energy unit was formed last year and a fire research

unit is just being formed.

Research at Technion is ancillary to teaching and its directions are largely determined

by the interests of the professors. Cement and concrete are favorite research subjects

because nearly all buildings in Israel are made of masonry or reinforced concrete. There

are very few steel-frame structures and almost no wood is available. The principal wall

construction in Israel is comprised of 2 to 3 cm. of polystyrene board attached to the inside of concrete. The lowest temperature is slightly below freezing; snow falls

occasionally in the mountains.

The principal problem in Israeli housing is condensation on the interior of the concrete walls during the winter. Condensation is aggravated by the use of unvented oil

heaters and indoor drying of laundry. Walls become moldy in the corners. Apparently, they

are unwilling to ventilate sufficiently or to provide flues for the oil heaters. They axnect that 2 to 3 cm. of interior insulation will alleviate the condensation problem in part
Italy

In May, Mvron L. Crawford of CEEE went to Naples to visit the Instituto Universitaria Navaie

and the University of Naples. The purpose of the visit was to discuss plans for Professor Corona's visit to NEL during the summer of 1979 and to see their reverberation

chamber measurement system. Dr. d'Ambrosio , with the assistance of G. Ferrara , demonstrated

the reverberation chamber and discussed the technique in some detail. A similar system will

be constructed at NEL this summer with the assistance of Dr. Corona. Dr. d'Ambrosio then described some of his work in bioeffects on insects exposed to EM radiation. The University

of Mapoles is performing experiments funded by the Italian government to evaluate the effects

of EM energy on insect embryo.

In September, Lloyd A. Weber of CMEPT visited the Turin laboratories of the Instituto

Di Metrologia, the Italian equivalent of NBS. His special interest was the Sezione Termometrica, which is primarily concerned with fixed points and temperature scale work. There,

Drs. F. Payese and C. Barbero have published papers on the triple points of methane, ethane,

oxygen, argon and now neon. In addition they are engaged in research on the temperature

scale with emphasis on its practical realization in a general research laboratory. They

have developed a sealed calibration cell filled with pure methane, neon, etc., with provision for a platinum thermometer, which can be used in a cryostat to check the calibration

of a thermometer. A series of such cells could be used for a complete calibration. They

have made an arrangement with Lakeshore Cryogenics for the commercial marketing of these

cells. A complete cell, filled and tested, will probably cost around $1500. Current work

includes a determination of the triple point of COt, and research on the possibility of using nuclear quadrapole resonance as a means of determining temperature and also development of transducers for measuring temperature and pressure on the rotor blades of a helium

turoine.

In September, R. Radebaugh of CMEPT visited the Milan headquarters of Centro Informazioni Studi Esperienze CCISE). His principal contact there was Dr. A. Ricca wno invited him to visit and give a lecture on measurement techniques for AC losses. The AC

loss group from the Inst, risica in Genova also came to CISE for the talk. CISE is a private company that receives much of its money from the government body ENEL (Ente Nazional

per I'Energia Electtrica). CISE works mostly on energy-related problems, especially nuclear

reactors and electrical energy. They have about bOO people in several divisions with about

30 in the physics division. Work in the physics division is in such areas as nuclear stuuies

using a tanuem Van de Graff accelerator, cryogenic materials, and thermal iiffusivity in

non-horaogeneous solids and anisotropic solids (mostly concrete).

23
In September, in connection with a visit to Italy to attend technical committee meetings

in Venice and Milan, Frank J. Powell of OEP Calked with Professor Francesco 3e Pontl in his

laboratory at the University of Padua.

The laboratory is used as a teaching facility, for graduate research work, and for testing of materials. Several guarded hoc place and heat flow transducer devices are operated with a capability to accommodate specimens of about 30-cm sauare and thickness up to about 15 cm. One very large hot place Chat covered a temperature range from the boiling

point of liquid nitrogen to the melting point of metals used an air cooling system for Che side plates. Very precise absolute data on several insulation materials have been gathered.

This laboratory will participate in Che ISO 163 round robin.

to

29
Japan

In October and November 1979, Russeil A. Kirscfa of CAM traveled to Kyoto and Tokyo to visit

researchers in industry and government and to attend the QS-Japan Seminar on Real-Time

Parallel-Image Processing, the IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Society, and the 4th Inter- national Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition. His first stop was with Professor Onoe

of the University of Tokyo to discuss the research being done in image processing in Japan.

He received an initial impression from this discussion chat hardware developments are more extensively emphasized than software developments in this part of Che image processing field.

Next, he went to the headquarters of Fuji Xerox to meet with William English and

Joseph Becker who are developing the ALTO system for word processing to introduce into

Japanese offices. He received considerable insight into the nature of the Japanese Computing

Industry from them and saw Che ALTO system.

With Dr. Masa Kidode , Xirsch reviewed the work being done under the Pattern Information

Processing program at Toshiba in Kawasaki City. He saw the parallel picture processing system called Tospics and met with Che head of Che Information Sciences Division,

Dr. Hiroshi Genchi . The parallel image processing work there seems Co be competently exe- cuted and very definitely emphasizes homogeneous parallel processing and consequent hardware

developments rather chan software and language developments.

At Che Electro Technical laboratory of Toshiba, Kirsch briefed Dr. Mishino and his

staff on the work at NEL. Afterward, Che questioning showed great interest and understanding

of the kinds of work we were doing. In particular. Dr. Shirai challenged some of Kirsch 's suggestions about software developments, which led him Co Che conclusion that these questions have already received some serious consideration. Also, Dr. Nishino noted Chat Toshiba has announced a commercial word processing system for office automation. Kirsch

saw a developmental stage of such a system for handling Japanese katakana characters with

24 characters per line and 16 lines of display on a raster type of cathode ray Cube. The

individual characters were produced with 24 x 24 pixel matrices. The quality appeared

acceptaole alchougn the tradition of beautiful writing might lead Che Japanese Co reject

such understandable but inelegant displays.

In October 1973, Philip S. Klebanoff of CMEPT went to a number of Japanses cities to exchange information on the latest trends in fluid mechanics, which in Japan is an active

research endeavor covering a wide range of problems and staffed by very capable investigators. The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics, which was established in 1963 and is similar

10
in character to the Division of Fluid Dynamics of the American Physical Society, has more

than 500 members either engaged in active research or interested in applications of fluid

mechanics. The Society is interested in Che promotion of international cooperation in the field of fluid mechanics, and has established a committee for this purpose with

Professor H. Saco of the Institute of Space Aeronautical Science (University of Tok.yo) as

its chairman.

The laboratories visited, as a whole, have all manner of facilities ranging from small

special purpose wind and water facilities to conventional wind tunnels. However, laboratory

space, as in U.S. universities, appears to be at a premium. The laboratories are wellequipped and make extensive use of hot-wire anemometry, laser velocimetry, and flow visualization instrumentation. Boundai^r layer and turbulence research are particulary active in Japan. Considerable attention is being given to the nature of the large-scale coherent

structures in turbulent boundary layers, and to problems associated with boundary layer

stability and transition.

Comprehensive investigations on the nature of large-scale coherent structures in turbulent boundary types are in progress at the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science,

Gifu University, Mihon University, and Hokkaido University. Although their approaches to the problem are different, they have as their central purpose the identification of the geo- metric configuration of the large-scale structure. MEL, in a collaborative paper published

in 1973, presented a speculative model for the geometric configuration of the large-scale

structure in the turbulent boundary layer and had planneS to conduct an investigation as part

of its program on turbulence control to assess its validity. However, in view of the progress being made in Japan on this subject, it is felt that this research need not oe carried

out and that a change in direction is warranted.

The visit to the University of Osaka Prefecture was for the sole purpose of discussing

the research being conducted by Dr. Mishioka. MEL had earlier demonstrated the importance

of the three-dimensional nonlinear nature of boundary layer stability and the presence of a secondary instability in the boundary layer transition process. Dr. Mishioka had adopted

the approach used by MEL's investigation of boundary layer stability to the study of the stability of poiseuille channel flow, and in particular was evaluating the validity of the concept of secondary instability. The results he has obtained to date tend to confirm the applicability of the MEL results to this different flow configuration.

Another investigation on that subject is in progress at Hokkaido University under

Professor Kobashi . He is studying the transition mechanism of an oscillating boundain/ layer

by using controlled disturbances synchronized to the flow oscillation. The oscillating

boundary layer is obtained by oscillating a plate with a crank; the controlled disturbances

are generated by a loudspeaker through a row of holes in the plate. It is interesting to note that such an investigation can be readily performed to advantage in the MEL unsteady

wind tunnel in which the flow can be oscillated rather than the plate. It will be of interest to see to what extent the !iEL results obtained for a steady boundary layer find

applicability in the unsteady case.

G.E. Mattingly of CMEPT, whose special interest is water flow measurements, traveled

to Japan in October 1978 — in connection with meetings on the subject sponsored by OIML

and ISO — to conduct a number of technical discussions.

At the invitation of Mr. Toshio Satori , Senior Engineer with the Hokushin Electric

Morks, in Hisai City, he toured the magnetic flow meter plant and testing facility in Mie

Prefecture. This new (1973) plant was designed and built for cost-effective production of magnetic flow meters. Hokushin is one of Japan's leading manufacturers of industrial

instruments.

The new plant was arranged for '‘batch processing" of mag flow meters. Haw materials

arrive at one and of the elongated 'ixiilding and finished batches of tested mag meters emerge from the ocher and. In between, closely coordinated teams of workers perform their operations to move the product through to the finished end of the 'ouilcing. These teams were comprised of young workers (CD's to 30' s) who were trained to perform multiple tasks such

as machining and welding or plastic coating (a critical part of a magnetic flow meter).

As such, the workers would accompany the product through more than one operation.
A cour of facilities was arranged by Dr . Michio Kawaca of the flow taeasurement facilities of the National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM) in Tokyo. This laboratory

is one of sixteen laboratories that are in the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology,

which is part of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. NRLM, under the direction of Dr. T. Sakurai , is organized into four technical divisions, having about thirtyfive staff members in each. The divisions are divided into 2 or 3 sections each and deal in

Engineering Metrology, Thermodynaniics , Fluid Metrology, and Type Testing and Legal Inspection

Topics. NRLM also has branches in Osaka, Fukuoka, and Nagoya. Mattingly toured a wide range

of flow facilities used for flow research and calibration in air, water, and hydrocarbon

fluids

.

In September, Gary T. Yonemura of CBT traveled widely in Japan to discuss the latest

developments in lighting research. One stop on his tour was to the large lamp department

of the Toshiba Science Institute. Toshiba, like all the large lamp manufacturers in the U.3., is concentrating its research efforts on energy-saving lamps, i.e., lamps using less connected watts, but emitting the same amount of light. An interesting statement was Che observation Chat in Japan high-pressure sodium lamps are seen as "exotic", a positive

attitude, as opposed to Che U.S. where Che attitude is a negative one, involving Che poor color rendition of the lamps.

Prof. M. Akita was his host at the Psychological Laboratories, Kyoto Institute of Technology. The chief study being conducted there is Che affect of chromatic adaptation on unique hues. They feel they have a Cool to investigate chromatic adaptation effects by the use of shifting unique hues, e.g., unique yellow, blue, green and red, as a function of adaptation to monochromatic light.

Prof. S. Nishimura of the Department of Architecture, Kyoto Institute of Technology, had

several scale models of residences on display. He is interested in Che design of homes for energy conservation, but stated that siting and utilization of daylight for energy conservation was difficult in Japan due Co the crowded conditions. His department is also concerned

with the functional and esthetic aspects of furniture used in homes, and have full scale

mock-ups of furnished residential rooms.

Yonemura 's host at Kyoto University was Prof. Y. Ejima , who received his doctorate in electrical engineering, and became interested in psychophysics. He is currently studying

Che contrast sensitivity of Che human eye with grating patterns produced electronically,

i.e., displayed on a cathode-ray-tube. He finds the contrast sensitivity, within the experimental limits he investigated, increases with the height of the gracing pattern used.

He has a prototype of an instrument that can present two colored targets of different

chromaticity , size, and location on a background of a third chromaticity , electronically.

The saturation of the targets appear to be satisfactorily high enough to duplicate most

levels encountered in the real world.

At Che Lighting Research Laboratory, Matsushita Electric, Yonemura was shown several

special laboratories. Studies currently being conducted in the color-rendering laboratory

indicate that the color temperature of sources have little effect on perceived brightness

of faces, but color rendition indices appear to be highly correlated positively with brightness perception of faces. In the visual performance laboratory, they were investigating the effects of non-uniform luminous environments relative to a uniform one. They had on display

a super high-pressure sodium lamp, which gave a highly flattering color rendition relative

CO most other sources. This, when compared to the poor color rendition of normal highpressure sodium lamps, would be highly desirable, but the price paid in lamp efficacy was significant. The efficiency of the super lamp is about 20 Im/W compared to the regular lamp

with about 105 Im/W . They had scale models of approaches to tunnel entrances which will be used to investigate adaptation luminance of a driver's eye when approaching tunnel entrances.

In December 1973, H.S. Lew of CBT traveled to Tokyo to attend the third planning—group meeting of the U.S. -Japan Cooperative Research Program. The U.S. -Japan Cooperative Research

Program in Earthquake Engineering was formed in 1975 to study the three-dimensional behavior

of full-size structures under controlled seismic forces utilizing large-scale testing

facilities of Jaoanese government laboratories. During the past decade, U.S. researchers

have concentrated primarily on analytical techniques and small-scale tests to predict the anticipated behavior of structures subjected to actual seismic forces. However, the
validity of these techniques have not been fully substantiated by experimental data. Recognizing this weakness, the U.S. researchers have welcomed the opportunity to undertake

the joint test program.

In September, H.S. Lew and E.O. Pfrang of CBT went to Tokyo to lead a (J.S. delegation

consisting of representatives from eight U.S. agencies to the Eleventh Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects. In connection with the meetings, the group visited

the Mational Research Center for Disaster Prevention of the Science and Technology Agency.

Mr. Xaruto Ohlra , Director of the Center, received the delegation. The delegation was briefed by the Director and his staff about their major activities. The Center collects

earthquake and rain- and snow-fall data and makes them available to other national and

international organizations.

The Center monitors seismic events occurring throughout Japan. It also carries out earthquake prediction programs. The Center's research facilities include a large-scale

earthquake simulator and rainfall simulator. The earthquake simulator is 15m x 15m. For horizontal motion, it can support 500 tons and can subject the test model to 0.55 g. For vertical motion, it can support 200 tons and can subject the test model to 1.0 g. The rainfall simulator is housed in a structure which measures 50m x 75m in plan and 23m in height.

The structure is supported on a track so that it can be moved over four independent outdoor

test sites. The rainfall simulator has a feature to vary the diameter of raindrops and the intensity of rainfall, whicff can be varied from 15 mm/hr to 200 mm/hr. The simulator is used to study slope stability of soil, surface runoff, etc.

In the afternoon, the delegation visited the Building Research Institute (BRI) and was received by Dr. Kiyoshi Makano , Director General. BRI undertakes research programs on pre- vention of disaster, improvement of living environment, rationalization of building production and development of new techniques, and affective use of energy and resources. The

total floor area of BRI is about 48,500 m^ used by a staff of 180. The Large Size Structure Laboratory can accommodate a full-scale test structure of eight stories. This facility will

be used to carry out a joint U.S. -Japan Cooperative test program on large scale structures.

On the U.S. side, the program is supported by the National Science Foundation. The program

will be coordinated and implemented by the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects.

The group then visited the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI). GSI carries out geodetic, cartographic, and geographical work. This agency produces the fundamental map of Japan on the scales of 1 : 2500 to 1 : 3,000,000. It also publishes these inaps and aerial

photographs. In addition to the activities of map-making, the GSI develops instruments for cartography, geodesy, geography, photogrammetry, and geophysics. The GSI is primarily

responsible for conducting surveys on floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, landslides,

snow avalanches, ground subsidence, etc., to clarify the relation between the damage and

land conditions after disasters.

The delegation also visited the research facilities of the Public Works Research

Institute (PWRI), which occupies an area of 134 ha. The delegation was greeted by

Mr. Yoshijior Sakagami , Director General, and Dr. Tadayoshi Okubo , Assistant DirectorGeneral and other staff of PI7RI. The total number of staff at PWRI is about 500. The

PWRI has a complex of extensive research facilities of geotechnical and hydraulic

engineering. It also maintains a large structures laboratory and boundary layer wind

tunnel. Most of the equipment that we saw was new and recently installed.

In February, the fourth session of the UJNR panel on fire research was held in Tokyo.

Attending from CFR, were Frederic B. Clarke, Irwin A. Benjamin. Takashi Kashiwagi. The

meeting was held under the auspictes or tne Building Research institute (BRi; ana the Fire

Research Institute (FRI). The former is under the Ministry of Construction, with responsibility for regulating materials that are part of the make-up of the building property. The

Fire Research Institute, part of the Fire Defense Agency, is responsible for control of furnishings and protection systems especially designed for building fires such as smoke

removal and detection.

The proceedings will be published by the Japanese in the near future. U.S. contributions included prepared papers by Professor Quarantelli on Panic Behavior;

Professor Bryan on Fire Investigation Techniques; M.r Benjamin on Stairwell Pressurization

33
Systems and Fire Safety Evaluation; and Mr . Clarke on Flame and Smoke Retardance. Progress

reports were presented by Professor Emmons on Fire Modeling; Dr. Friedman on Smoke Detection

and Dr. 3erl on Fire Gas Toxicity.

There were several points of particular interest in the Japanese presentation.

Experiments on human behavior in smoke-filled environments, conducted by Jin of the FRI,

extend earlier work done by this investigator. Stress-testing techniques were used to determine how increasing smoke density inhibits performance of a simple task. The ability

of subjects to perform the test falls off as smoke density increases. Jin tried to show

that a disproportionate fall-off occurred at the smoke density they have previously identified as incapacitating, but more analyses of these data should be made. In general, the Japanese do a superb job of modeling stress situations related to fire. Papers by Watanabe

on evacuation and Murozaki on blood pressure in stress situations are excellent examples of innovative work going on in Japan.

Both the U.S. and Japan have a limited effort in the fundamentals of fire and smoke

retardance. Clarke's presentation on fire and smoke retardance dealt primarily with the underlying conceptual problems, while the three Japanese contributions concentrated more

on applications. Professor Akita in an overview of the fire retardance area confirmed this

view and made a plea for a more closely coordinated effort in Japan. The Japanese problems

are similar to our own in that much of the work being done is in industry and is proprietary,

so chat information exchange is inhibited.

The Japanese presented a progress report on fire modeling as did the U.S* It seems clear Chat the emphasis of the two countries remains different in this area. The Japanese concentrate more heavily on modeling fire flow through compartments, while the U.S has centered more upon modeling fire growth in individual compartments.

Benjamin's paper on Stairwell Pressurization Systems was an acknowledgment chat the use

of such systems has grown in the U.S. over Che past few years. However, there are no accepted design procedures for the systems. The paper discussed several of the designs now being used in Che U.S., with some of the assumptions used for design. Single and multiple

injection systems were discussed, as was a report on field tests.

In a series of side crips, Kashiwagi visited Professor K. Akita's laboratory at the Reaction Kinetics Department of Tokyo University. His group is currently working on ignition of polymers, flame spread moving along a polymer rod, effects of flame retardants on polymer pyrolysis and explosion with the species concentration gradient field. He also

visited Professor Tsuji's laboratory at Che Aerospace Institute Laboratory of Tokyo University. He discussed with Professors Tsuji and Takeno two of their current studies — the mechanism of flammability limit for counter diffusion flame and turbulent flame.

Kashawagi visited Professor Isshiki's laboratory at the Mechanical Engineering

Department of Che Tokyo Institute of Technology to view three studies directly related to fire: ignition of a laminated board by a high-intensity lamp, flame spread underneath a paper sheet and along a paper cylinder, and flame spread along two paper sheets separated

by various distances. The ignition study is similar to Che MEL study but does not account

for Che interaction of external radiation with decomposition gases. They did modify the HEL theoretical work including reradiation from the surface and the in-depth absorption of Che external radiation. They observed a very interesting phenomenon in downward flame

spread from the top of a thin paper cylinder chat was plugged to prevent any air entrainment

from the surroundings. In the middle of flame spread, a loud whoosh sound was heard and a disk shape flame traveled rapidly downward inside the cylinder. However, it appeared that

this did not affect flame spread outside the cylinder.

In connection with a CIB Fire Symposium held in Tsukuba in September, Daniel Gross of CFR conferred with Dr. T. Wakamatsu , Head of Che Smoke Control Division of 3RI . They discussed their new facility for measuring and controlling smoke. This consists of a cwostor;- section containing rooms with a conventional interior corridor and a special exterior

corridor that can be pressurized to simulate wind-pressure conditions, and a seven-story

section containing elevators, stairwells, and vestibules. Although they have only made

leaxage measurements up Co now, they are eauipped to make both cold-smoke (using smoke

candles and SF^} and hoc-smoke measurements, using any of il available fire rooms. The

34
smoke spread facility is part of a 52.5 by 35.5 meter building also used for a variety of large-scale fire tests: fire resistance of building structures, fire plume studies, fires

in compartments, furniture bums, and fire spread on the exterior of wood houses.

At the Fire Research Institute, Gross spoke with the Director, Dr. Y. Kumano , with

Mr. A. Watanabe , Head of the Third Research Division, and with Dr. T. Jin , the expert in smoke measurement and its affect on humans. He saw the following examples of work in

progress: heat- and fire-resistant apparel for fireman, oil tank corrosion and fatigue

testing, dispersion of liquids and gases from tanks, air inflow into liquid-fuel fires,

field testing of a "fireball" resulting from liquid-fuel fires, attenuation of fire

radiation by smoke, and a rope-throwing gun developed for use by firemen.

He also spent some time obtaining details on the July 1979 fire in the Hihonzaka

Tunnel of the Tomei Expressway. This was a very severe fire caused by a multiple vehicle

collision which could not be controlled by the installed water sprinkler system since

several tank trucks containing up to 10 tons of organic materials were involved.
Korea

Under a Memorandum of Understanding between NBS , AID, and the Government of the Reoublic of Korea, Phil Chen of CBT traveled to the Korean Standards Research Institute in March and April to survey their facility for delivery of a 112,000-lb. Emery dead-weight machine,

which was being given to KSRI by >JEL. Structural and electrical needs, as well as construction drawings and plans for shipment, were reviewed in detail. Chen remained on-site during

the entire installation and debugging phases.

36
% Mexico

G.C. Straty of CHEPT vlsiced Che Utiiversidad ^•Jacionai AuConoma de Mexicano (UNAM), Che I'niversidad AuConoma Mecropolicana (UAM), and che Inscicuco Mexicano del Pecroieo (.HIP), ail

of Mexico Cicy, in connecCion wich properties of fluids and gases, during March of 1979.

Ac Che IMP, Scracy conferred wich che scaff on problems of mucuai inceresc concerning

measuremenc and correiacion of fluid propercies and gave a calk, on fluid propercies .neasure- mencs. Experimental accivicies at Che IMP are also racher excensive, being concerned wich

pecrochemical processes and pecroleum recovery. Accivicies mosc closely reiaced co MEL

incerescs are experiments on vapor~liquid equilibrium directed by Dr. Monforc and excess volume studies directed by Dr. Leyva. Straty visited both of these laboratories .and goc cne impression chat only che simplest and most basic experiments (room temperature, low pressures,

etc.) were being carried out.

Scracy presented a calk on PVT and dielectric constant measuremencs on pure fluids to che physics faculty and students at JAM. This group is particularly interested in PVT and

dielectric constant measuremencs on che freons.

Experimental accivicies ac Che universities appear co be minimal due co lack of inscrumencs and experimental apparatus. Recently emphasis has only been placed on experimental theoretical work. Attempts co develop experimental capabilities seem co be severely

hindered by difficulties in purchasing or importing che necessary inscrumencs.

AC UMAM, Straty sac on Che examining commictee for Che thesis presentation of Jr. Richardo Tsumura . Richardo performed his dissertation research for che Ph.D. under

Scracy' 3 direction at MBS in Boulder.

All prof essionals chat Scracy calked wich were eager co inceracc more strongly with

J.3. universities and researcn inscicucions incluaing MBS, Mew fluid propercies measuremenc facilities capable of standard quality work are planned for Che IMP and JAM. The work chat

Dr. Tsumura did while at MBS was part of a long-range program co determine reference data

and calculation methods for natural gas. These institutions in ^lexico will be charged wich

similar responsibilities for Mexico since J.S. has a large existing and proposea trade vita

Mexico in petroleum and natural gas; Che benefits of close collaboration are excensive.

37
Netherlands

In Sepcamber, Clifford H. Spiegelman of CAM visited the Mecherlands Nuclear facility at Petten, to explore the possibility of a cooperative effort for producing statistical

techniques. The European nations have done a lot of work in this area. The NEL effort

will have the benefit of basing its investigation on the current developments over there.

Also in September, Gordon W. Day of CEEE visited the Philips Research Laboratories,

Eindhoven, the largest of several Philips Research Laboratories, employing about 2000 professionals, of whom about 35 work on problems related to optical communications. He spent

most of his 'visit with the fiber development group discussing their work with

Dr. P.J. Severin . He also visited the transmitter/conductor development group, which has

an elaborate system for characterizing sources, and the source development group, a large

group working on several types of semiconductor sources.

In May, Motohisa Kanda of CEEE visited the Eindhoven University of Technology, 'where Prof. M.E.J. Jenken and his colleagues have done extensive 'work on feed horns for paraboloid

reflector antennas. Particularly, their 'work on a dual-frequency, dual-polarized feed using

corr’jgated coaxial feed systems is very interesting. They also have done extensive work on

the compact range, which, they claim, works better than similar ranges elsewhere. Randa

also visited the Philips Laboratories in Eindhoven to speak with Dr. J.J. Goedbloed about

the electromagnetic Interference and compatibility testing of Philips products.

\Iyron L. Crawford of CEEE also attended this meeting.

38
Nigeria

Following che bilaterial calks between President Carter and Che Head of the Nigerian

Government, Mr. Obasanjo, a U.S. Government team was sent to lagos to discuss Nigerian needs

for a research program related to building and roads, with che emphasis on the use of native

materials. The team also met with che Nigerian Highway Department on their highway maintenance program, and with members of the Nigerian National Capital Planning Board on Planning,

Design, and Construction of a new Nigerian national capital.

James G. Gross of C3T was a member of a 3-man team Chat traveled to Lagos in July.

Consultation with che Nigerian Buildings and Roads Research Institute (N3RRI) was the prime reason for che crip. This Institute is one of many under che National Science and Technology Development Agency, headed by Dr. Oragwu . Since the NBRRI now has only a Director

( Dr. Madedor ) and a Secretary, with a new unfinished building, they stand in need of much

organizational and technical support. During meetings with the task force. Dr. Madedor

identified six areas of needed expertise chat were of immediate concern. It was agreed

chat it would be best to start with a technology transfer program. It was proposed that

two people be sent to Lagos to assist in che work.

39
People's Republic of China

In April and May, Edward L. Brady, Associate Director of NBS for International Affairs,

traveled to Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Manjtng as part of an advance team to negotiate

two agreements of cooperation to be signed during a later visit by the Secretary of Commerce. Harry H.Ku of cam accompanied him. The team negotiated agreements for cooperation in the rialds of metrology and standards, in the management of industrial science and technology,

and in the exchange of technical information.

A second major assignment was to make an assessment of the range and scientific quality

of the work done at the metrology laboratories of the Chinese State Bureau of Metrology (SBM)

and at the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The State Bureau of Metrology served as host and made all arrangements for visits to the two National Institutes of Metrology (Beijing and Chengdu), to the Shanghai Administration of Metrology, and the Sichuan

Provincial Bureau of Metrology. However, only one CAS institute was visited — the Institute

of Physics in Beijing. Thus, while a clear picture was obtained of metrological laboratories

and services, only a small beginning was made in gaining familiarity with the research work

of the Academy.

By their own admission, the Chinese feel their metrology labs lag far behind such labs

in the West. However, their current capabilities seem to be quite well tuned to the needs

of industry, and services of the range and sophistication of those of NBS might well be unnecessarily expensive for the immediate future. Services provided are largely manufacture

and calibration of equipment used by industry and other institutions. Despite declarations

that "research" is an important element of their program, the "research" being done seems

to be adoption of techniques already developed in other countries. Scientific and technological research, as carried out by NBS, was not observed at any of the metrology

laboratories.

Because the laboratories have not been able to rely upon the Chinese instrumentation

Industry ana have been able to purchase only a few instruments from the more advanced

countries, an instrument design and manufacturing shop has been developed at each laboratory/. Most of the equipment for classical metrological calibrations has been mane in these shops;

externally the workmanship seems to be of high o_uality and tne design to be traditional,

pre-microprocessor in style.
Computers are not yet being used for laboratory automation but are being used for batch

computation of results. Even though Che Chinese computer industry is in its infancy at present, the laboratory directors claim confidently chat Chinese-built computers will be extensively used in the near future.

The staffs of the laboratories visited appeared to be eager and enthusiastic and entirely competent for the tasks they were assigned. As mentioned, "research" in their

understanding seemed to be activities Co develop Che capability to make measurements as well

as anyone else anywhere, rather chan the kind of research carried on at MBS. Few of the staff members who explained their work to the MBS team had sufficient English to be able to work at ^BS, although a short course of intensive training might well be adequate to bring

several of them to Che necessary proficiency. Reading ability was much better and many appeared to be quite familiar with the English language scientific literature, especially

that written by NBS people.

These conclusions nusc be modified for the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy

of Sciences, the only Academy institute visited. This laboratory was clearly working at higher level of sophistication than the metrology laboratories. Good research programs were

being carried on; Che staff was obviously scientifically competent and spoke good English;

and some of them had been educated in Che tT.S., including the Director, who had received

a Ph.D. degree in Physics at Yale around 1934.

AC Che initial meeting Che first order of business was briefing statements by each side

to acquaint the ocher side with the nature of the institutions in each country. Separate

Governmental institutions in China have responsibility for metrology and standards: Che State Bureau of Metrology and Che State Bureau of Standards. Each of these organizations

reports directly to the State Council of Ministers and each is headed by a man with ministerial rank. These two state bureaus had been a single organization until last summer, when

they were split, and Che relationships between the two were said to be still very close.

The State Bureau of Metrology has responsibility for ensuring chat standards, calibrations,

and ocher services are available to enable scientists and engineers to make needed measurements throughout Che entire economy. Three laboratory organizations are under the direct

oversight of the State Bureau of Metrology; Che Macional Institute of Metrology (MIM) in Beijing, the National Institute of Metrology in Chengdu, Sichuan, and the Shanghai Administration of Metrology in Shanghai. Each of Che 29 provinces of China has its own provincial

Bureau of Metrology and receives its basic- standards and technical leadership from Che two National Institutes of Metrology. The provincial bureaus have responsibility for the administration of all legal metrology in the country; they report technically to the State Bureau of Metrology but their funding apparently is provided from local sources.

The objective of Che State Bureau of Standards is to develop and promulgate Chose

standards chat will promote efficient production in industry. Industrial production is under Che leadership of the State Economic Commission, and therefore the policies of this

commission to a large extent shape Che activities of the State Bureau of Standards.

Laboratory Visits; NIM Beijing

MIM Beijing is housed in a series of buildings in a residential neighborhood about 20 minutes from downtown Beijing. Several new laboratories (e.g., analytical chemistry) are under construction to house the expanded program planned for the institute.

The staff of MIM numbers approximately 1,600 in total, of whom 830 were said to be

experts in metrology. Approximately 15,000 calibrations per year are said to be carried

out by this laboratory. The institute is organized into II laboratories:

(1) length . Realization of Che meter, calibration of gage blocks, measurement of gears, and related metrology.

(2) Temperature . Realization of the IPTS 1968. Improvement of ability to measure

both low and high temperatures.

(3) First Laboratory of Mechanics . Measurements of mass, pressure, vacuum, volume,

aensity, and gas and liquid flow.

1
(4) Second Laboratory of Mechanics . Force, vibration, hardness, acoustics, and

related quantities.

(5) Electrical and Magnetic Laboratory . Primary electric standards, magnetic

standards, and methods for the precise measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities.

(6) Optics . Photometry, color, energy and power of lasers, and related measurements

and standards.

(7) Quantum Metrology . Development of a laser wavelength as a new primary standard, measurements and standards based on the iodine-stabilized laser and the methane-stabilized

laser, and apparently for historical reasons, measurement of Che acceleration of gravity.

(8) Radiation . Radioactivity measurements and standards, dosimetry, neutron measurements and standards and related quantities.

(9) Time and Frequency . Basic standards of time and frequency for Che country using

Che cesium clock, as a basic for measurements. Experiments are being carried out on Che dissemination of time signals by T.V. and satellite.

(10) Microwave Measurements . Measurements and standards in the microwave and radio

frequency regions. Quantities measured are attenuation, phase, noise, high-frequency

voltage, and related quantities.

(11) Chemistry . Analytical chemistry; development and dissemination of gas standards,

particularly for environmental purposes; calibration of pH meters; calibration of viscometers

and measurement of viscosity for petroleum laboratories; and related activities.

A major activity in addition Co these laboratory functions is a workshop in which most

of Che equipment used in the laboratories is made. This workshop employs about 400 people

and seems to have Che expertise to design and make almost any type of instrument used in the laboratory. A workshop of this type is a feature of ail Che laboratories visited; since the instrumentation industry of China is in its infancy, the laboratories must rely upon their own capabilities to build the equipment they need.

MIH Chengdu

The city of Chengdu is the largest city (population approximately 2 million) in the province

of Sichuan, the largest province (population approximately 100 million) in China. It lies

approximately 1600 km southwest of Che city of Beijing.

The MIM laboratory in Chengdu was established in 1970 with a nucleus of people

transferred from Beijing. The reasons for establishing a second MIM in Chengdu were apparently CO ensure a metrological capability for defense purposes and also presumably to contribute to Che basic plan to disperse technological industry throughout the country. Since

its establishment, MIM/Chengdu has grown to its present size of approximately oOO staff

members, of whom 240 are regarded as scientific researchers. Senior scientists and engineers, said to be capable of independent research, number more than 100. The institute is divided into 8 laboratories: (1) length and precision measurement, (2) optics and lasers,

(3) temperature, (4) electromagnetics, (5) first mechanics, (6) second mechanics, (7) radioactivity, and (3) cr/ogenics.. It also has a workshop with approximately 140 workers. The

principal casks of the laboratory are to maintain primary and reference standards, to do research on standards, and to transfer standards to local authorities, such as provincial

bureaus of metrology and industrial ministries. The Director, Mr. Ma Lin , was not at the laboratory during the visit, but Later met with Che group in Beijing.

Provincial Bureau of Metrology, Sichuan

The Sichuan Bureau of Metrology provides metrological services to the entire province of Sichuan, a vast area which is primarily agricultural in nature and contains little industry.

It is probably typical of most of the provincial bureaus of metrology throughout China.

According to the laboratory officials, Che lab has three major assignments: to transfer

standards of measurement to industry and others who need them, to make precise measurements

42
in its own laboratories, and to do research In metrology. The laboratory was established in

1962, initially focusing on length, temperature, mecbianical properties, and electromagnetics.

In the years since Chen, 5 additional laboratory areas have been added: radioactivity, time

and frequency, ionizing radiation, optics, and chemistry. A total of 130 people are employed

in these laboratories on approximately 80 programs. Much of the activity in this laboratory

seems to be carr;/ing out calibrations of instruments used in the industrial plants of the area. A small fee is charged for calibrations, which is retained by the laboratory for its own use. Only 2 to 3 percent of the income of the laboratory was derived from such fees. Examples of activities observed in the laboratory are the following: calibration of visco- meters for use by the petroleum industry, calibration of ammeters, calibration of pressure

gages, testing of transformers, measuring hardness of steel samples, calibration of standard

cells, gage blocks, and potentiometers, and certification of weights for use by weights and measures inspectors.

Shanghai Administration of Metrology

The Shanghai Administration of Metrology is one of the 3 laboratories supervised by the State Bureau of Metrology, the others being the two JJational Institutes of Metrology in

Beijing and Chengdu. However, it was also stated that the Shanghai laboratory was a body of the municipality of Shanghai and was funded largely by the local authorities. Its organizational relationship with the State Bureau of Metrology was not clarified.

This laboratory possessed most of the same capabilities as the two HIM's visited, but there were also some interesting differences. First, the laboratory seemed to nave more modern equipment, including U.S. equipment, chan the ocher laboratories visited. Instru- ments made by Fluke, by Ueinschell Engineering, and by ocher U.S. manufacturers were seen

in several laboratories. Second, Che time and frequency laboratory used a hydrogen-maser

atomic clock, rather chan the cesium clock used in the ocher laboratories. Six separate

hydrogen-maser clocks were in operation in this laboratory, four of which have been constructed since 1975. This clock provides the time standards for Che Shanghai area. Within

Che previous several weeks, experiments had begun with dissemination of time signals by both

T.V. and satellites. These experiments apparently were going quite well. Third, the chemical laboratory contained in a secondary ion emission mass spectrometer, said to be Che only

one in China. Parcs of this system seem to be of Chinese manufacture, while others were

purchased. A similar system in Che U.S. would undoubtedly cost 3200-300,000. This equipment was being used for studies of the ion-implantation depth in integrated circuits. The

system was said to be similar to equipment used by IBM for the same purpose. The spectrometer was also being used for Che analysis of metal, particularly for the presence of trace elements. This laboratory itself was not guiding the research being done with semiconductors

and metals, but was performing Che analysis as a service to industry, to the Institute of Metallurgy in Shanghai, and to the Institute of Semiconductors in Beijing.

Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Visits had also been requested to either the Institute of Chemistry or the Institute of Computers, but the Chinese officials said chat these institutes were fully occupied with

Che visits of ocher foreign officials chat had already been scheduled. It is easy to understand why Che Chinese laboratories can accommodate only one group of "distinguished foreign

visitors" at a time; so much personal attention is paid to the visitors by the laboratory

director and ocher cop officials for the entire duration of the visit chat the visit of a second group simultaneously could not be accommodated at the same level of attention and

hospitality.

The Institute of Physics is located along with several ocher institutes of the Academy

of Sciences on a large plot of ground about a half-hour taxi ride from the center of Beijing.

As is usual, living quarters for the scientists are located adjacent to the laboratories.

About lU institutes are located in this complex, which was started aoouc 1954. Among the institutes are those for Computer Sciences, about the same size as the Physics Institute,

for Chemistr;/, which is a little smaller, and for llathematics , Biophysics, and Automation.

The laboratory work in Che Institute of Physics seemed to be at a significantly higher

level of sophistication chan that in the laboratories of the State Bureau of Metrology.

43
High-level research seemed co be carried on, led by competenc, energetic young scientists,

most of whom spoke at least some English and many of whom spoke excellent English. Approximately 500 people work in the Institute of Physics, one-fourth of whom are women. Several

individuals received education up to the Ph.D. degree in the United States.

This institute was established in 1950 "with support from the party and the Government,

and has developed rapidly since chat time. Some areas of research begun in that institute

have subsequently been transferred to other newly established institutes — for example,

work on semiconductors, solid state luminescence, and infrared phenomena.

The laboratory apparently places strong emphasis on theoretical work. Each scientist

is expected, in addition co performing experiments, to do some work on basic theory. In addition, the laboratory has a special group for theoretical research; the only field of activity mentioned was quantum statistical mechanics.
Philippines

In December, Richard O. Marshall of CBT went to Manila to hold discussions with members of the staff of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Seismological Administration

(PAGASA) concerning progress on the measurement of wind loads on low-rise buildings and the development of revised wind-speed maps for use in Che Philippine Mational Building Code.

With support from Che National Science Development Board, PAGASA is conducting a pilot program to determine natural frequencies of certain highrise buildings in the Manila metropolitan area. Utlimately, a strong-motion instrument array is to be installed in the Manila

area with UN funding. This effort is in accord with recommendations developed at the 1977 Symposium on Engineering for Natural Hazards Protection. The work is under the direction

of Mr. Teodoro Macalincag , Chief, Earthquake Engineering Division.

At the National Housing Corporation (NHC), Marshall met with Col. A. Kabiling and

discussed Che load criteria developed during Che CBT extreme-wind study and its application

to NHC projects. These criteria have been used since 1976 without significant increases in cost of construction above and beyond annual inflation. Experience gained during the typhoon

of October 1978, indicates that housing constructed using these criteria performed satisfactorily in areas northeast of Manila where peak gusts of 150 km/hr were recorded. In summary, the NTiC experience with Che new wind load criteria has been entirely satisfactory.

45
Poland

In June 1979, Kenneth G. Kreider of CMEPT visited the Institute of Fundamental Electronics

(IFE) of the Warsaw Technical University to discuss cooperative programs in humidity sensors.

Besides presenting an Institute Seminar on research activities in the MEL Thermal Pro- cesses Division, Kreider's principal business was to develop specific plans for a project

Chat will develop new solid-state humidity sensors on SiO, substrates, which may be useful

at high f'v 300C) temperatures or in electronic packages.

~ Dr. Richard Jachowicz is the principal ‘investigator at IFE and Kreider spent most of the visit with him and the Director

of the Institute, Dr. Andre j Filipkowski . Kreider also met with Che Institute of Heat Engineering's Director, Bogumil Staniszewski .

In September, Simone Y. Yaniv of C3T visited Che Committee on Acoustics of the Polish

Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. The Committee comprises 44 members and provides both control

over and leadership to Che Polish Acoustical Community. All theoretical and aoplied

research in the areas of acoustics, noise, and vibration control performed in Poland originates with Che Committee. The Committee supervises also Che training of personnel involved

in such research through its inputs in the formulation of curricula for various universities

and technical academies. The Committee is also Che major force behind the Polish Acoustical

Society, which itself comprises roughly 500 acousticians.

At the Building Research Institute, Warsaw, roughly twenty people are engaged in building acoustic research, under Che leadership of Dr. Sadowski . Although the group is purported

to be a research group, many of its activities are regulatory in nature. The group is involved in the development of regulatory noise standards for buildings and sites, enforcement, assessment of Che effectiveness of regulations through ''demonscration programs,” and routine testing of the acoustical properties of building materials (i.e., sound transmission

loss, impact noise transmission, sound absorption). Thus, the group performs many of the services normally provided in the United States by the socalled commercial testing

laboratories in addition to its regulatory duties.

The acoustical laboratory facilities of the Institute are good. These include a large

reverberation room dedicated to sound-absorption measurements, a small anechoic chamber

modeled after Che .'TEL chamber, and two full-scale transmission loss facilities — one dedicated CO testing of floor-ceiling assemblies and the second to testing walls, doors, and

windows. A mobile laboratory is also available for field testing. It is used in the Institute enforcement program and in demonstration projects.
In August, John V. Fechter of CCPT traveled to Lotz to tour the Institute of Industrial

Medicine. There, researchers are studying: the effects of niicrcwave and other alectroroagnetic radiation on animal and human health and psychological state; how to screen out workers who are more susceptible than others to specific toxins or pollutants or psychological

stressors; a radon-gas exposure meter for wearing on the hard hats of underground miners;

and psychological indices of brain damage from exposure to industrial chemicals and processes. These psychological indices often suggest physiological damage that will occur if the worker

is not removed from the environment in which he/she is suffering ill effects.
Romania

In July, Randolph Williams of CBT traveled to Bucharest to confer with representatives of

the Government of Romania in developing a list of earthquake engineering equipment to be supplied by the U.S. Government. About $2 million of S20 million in assistance has been

provided to purchase strong-motion instruments and earthquake engineering equipment for

earthquake monitoring and research. The Rehabilitation Program is being managed by the

'J.S. Geological Survey under the direction of the Agency for International Development.

The Romanian Building Research Institute (INCERC) is involved in designing a seismic

simulation and test station for experimental research on full-scale structures, full-scale

structural members, and large-scale structural models (scale 1:2 ... 1:8). The test sta- tion is expected to be a national center consisting of a number of data-acquisition systems,

two shaking tables, and a system of 50 portable servohydraulic actuators for vibration

testing. This station will be among the best, if not the best, in the world. The assistance program also includes the installation of an earthquake-monitoring network throughout

Romania and, primarily, around the city of Bucharest. The network will consist of strongmotion instruments that will telemeter ground-motion activity to a central data center within Romania. Data will be shared with U.S. researchers.

J8
Spain

In September, Edward O. Pfrang of CBX traveled to Madrid to coordinate ongoing research with

the Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construccion (LCEMC).

The maip purpose for the consultations was to keep the MEL commitment to exchange visits

at roughly six-month intervals and to discuss progress on a collaborative project. In addition, he discussed the prospects for an expansion of the current project along with the possibilities of beginning new activities in the area of ,NT)E. In meetings with 3rs . del ?ozo , del Campo , Castro , and Clemente , he discussed the progress of the efforts to data. Vnile

the Spanish have been concentrating on the obtaining of field data and laboratory tests on prestressing steel, C3T has been concentrating its efforts on information related to cements

and concrete — particularly, the influence of the introduction of waste materials such as fly ash and metallurgical slags into the concrete mix.

It now appears that the expansion into the area of blended cements incorporating waste

materials will be approved by both governments. He also discussed plans for a new cooperative effort in the area of NDE related to concrete. Although both sides have the competence

to work in this area and feel that it would be extremely valuable work, some question arises

as to whether funds will be available.

Earlier, in March, Geoffrey Frohnsdorff of C3T went to LCEMC to review the progress of the collaborative projects and to tour a number of their laboratories. The first of these

was the Metallographic and Corrosion Testing Laboratory (Head, Or. Clemente ), where most of the work on the joint project will be carried out. Accelerated tests for stress corrosion

cracking are carried out in an NH^CNS solution in a nitrogen environment, usually at 30°C. A water- jacketed container is used to maintain the temperature.

The Microscope Laboratory (Head, Dr. Barba ), has three main instruments — a Reichart

metallograph, a Mikon profileometer, and equipment for macro-photography. An aajacent electron microscopy lab has an old Philips transmission electron microscope and a new ISI SuperIll SEM with a microprobe and Kevex analyzer. The SEM has been used extensively for studies

of pastes of portland cement and blended cements containing fly ashes and slags. Dr. 3aroa

said that fly ashes there are very uniform and always have less than 5 percent carbon. He also said chat his microprofae work suggests that ash does not vary much from particle to particle.

L9
In the Dams and Jlodels Laboratory, Mr. Gelinda mentioned that model studies of several

structures, including some large dams, have been carried out. The form for a 1:150 scale

model of a dam was on show in the lab. The actual model had been constructed from gypsum

plaster but ndcro-concretes are used for most models. Data had been collected with a very old data collection system using a tape printer. (Equipment funds which are now being

requested from the US/Spain Advisory Commission would be used to upgrade their data collection capability.)

The Structures Laboratory is under the direction of Mr. de la Pena. The laboratory has

a variety of old test machines and it has just acquired some MTS equipment for dynamic

testing. Creep studies on prestressing wires loaded to 80 percent UTS (ultimate tensile

strength) are being carried out and the ten—year results will be obtained this year. De la

Peiia wants to start a new series of creep tests that would be accelerated by increasing the percent UTS to about 90 percent and raising the temperature to about 40 °C. The Structures

lab is also carrying out a study on curing compounds for concrete.

The Inorganic Materials Laboratory (Head, Dr. Blanco ) is mostly concerned with chemical

analyses it carries out for government and industry. The equipment includes an atomic

absorption spectrophotometer and an induction furnace for hydrogen analysis of steels.

The Head of the Organic Materials Laboratory is Dr. J.J. Ortega . The laboratory deals

with the analysis and physical testing of a wide range of organic materials including coatings, elastomeric roofing materials, building joint sealants, rubber and plastics. The

laboratory has been outstandingly successful in getting work from industry and, as a result,

it has received a large share of new equipment funds. The equipment includes a 1000 k.g Instron tester, an extrusion rheometer, an automatic Vicat tester for the setting and hardening of cement paste and rubber, and Shore hardness testers for rubber.

50
Sweden

In May, Victor Nedzelnitsky of CMEPT went co Stockholm, in connection with his duties as a delegate to the International Electrotechnical Commission, and visited the Royal Institute

of Technology (specifically, the laboratory of Johansson), which is well-known internationally for its work on characteristics of hearing aids, hearing protectors, and problems

related to industrial noise exposure and hearing damage. He also visited the laboratory

of £. 3org at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. Borg is known for his research on

the acoustic reflect and mechanisms by which industrial, military, or other intense sounds

induce hearing damage.

RIT has spent considerable time in automating their measurement procedures as much as possible, with particular interest in computer-aided analysis and design of hearing aids.

Discussions with Johansson and Prykholm confirmed the belief that measurement of saturationrecovery characteristics of moderate-to-high-gain hearing aids in response to Impulsive

sounds should be performed in the O.S. to determine the potential significance of these

characteristics to the user.

Johansson also described as yet unpublished work in which his audiometric studies over

a time period of decades on a stable population of industrial workers indicated that aae- quacy of Che acoustic reflex (middle-ear muscle contraction in respone to intense sounds)

is a good correlate of an individual's susceptibility to noise-induced hearing damage. This

suggestion chat an individual with a weak (inadequate) reflex is very likely to suffer

hearing damage has important consequences for industrial hearing-conservation programs, for

it suggests a screening orocedure co identify high-risk individuals. Such identification is very important because in establishing permissible maximum noise exposures, a continuum of individual sensitivity to damage is involved, and setting permissible noise-exposure levels

to be so low chat virtually no individuals can suffer damage may well be prohibitively

expensive for industry: only a 5-dB difference in permissible continuous noise exposure for American workers (35 dBA vs. 90 dBA) might cost 20 to 30 billion dollars; Che figures for

75 dBA could be expecced Co be much greater.

Johansson's tentative conclusion is supported by the only experimental study in mammals

performed by new techniques suitable for high sound pressures (Nedzelnitsky, 1979), which

showed chat stanedius miscle contraction can reduce transmission of sound Co Che inner ear

by a much as 35 dB. This number is large enough to provide considerable protective effect,

parcicuiarly for repetitive impulsive sounds (impact tools, paint chipping, forging, etc).

51
Since aiddle-ear suscle contraction affects the acoustic impedance of the eardrum, measurements of the acoustic impedance of the ear may offer a convenient, non-invasive procedure

for measuring the adequacy of the acoustic reflex.

At Che iCarolinska Institute, Borg's work has examined acoustic reflex activity using

acoustic impedance measurement and loudness balancing techniques and also includes studies

of mechanisms of noise-induced hearing damage. The most interesting aspect is Chat his

experimental animal and human data, while not as direct or extensive at high levels and frequencies as Che ocher animal results cited above, are at least consistent with chose

results, showing Chat Che muscles are capable of producing large attenuations.

52
Switzerland

In May, John Arol Simpson. Director of CDiEPT, visited the Center for Nuclear Research ("CERN),

Geneva, to see the two most highly developed CAM systems now in use and the central computing

facility. The CAM facilities, one by Hewlett Packard set up for finite element analysis,

the other by Quest (UK) for circuit board design, were not particularly advanced in concept

or realization. The central computing facility on the other hand is overwhelming in size

and power.

In December 1978, William C. Haight of CMEPT traveled to Heerbrugg, Switzerland, to visit the Wild Company, a Swiss instrument manufacturer. The Heerbrugg plant has a staff of 2500 out of Wild's 4000 worldwide employees, and staff members are active in development of high-precision photogrammetric equipment, geodetic measuring instruments, and £DM. Tec.hni- cai discussions were held with U. Frey and A. Rohrbach on photogrammetry and ?. Mignavai on laser/ theodolite systems.

Of particular interest to NEL is the Wild TCI, a theodolite/laser system with digital

readout for horizontal and vertical angles, a cassette tape system for automatic data

acquisition, and laser pointing capability for two-station triangulation. Accuracy is ±3 arc seconds horizontally and ^6 seconds vertically, making it ideally suited for triangulation of 30-m diameter spheres under construction for LNG transportation in the U.S.

In September, R. Radebaugh of CMEPT visited the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule

(ETH) in Zurich and met with K. Kwasnitza . Kwasnitza is studying AC losses in various super- conductors, with particular interest in A15 materials such as Nb^Sn and V^Ga. He has been

looking at the influence of heat treatment conditions on grain size and superconducting

layer thickness. The AC losses with these different conditions are then studied. Measurements are done either calorimetrically or with a magnetization technique in an AC field.

Both cannot be done simultaneously. They have looked at the variation of AC losses with the angle between the conductor and the AC field direction and get results they cannot explain.

The calorimetric and magnetization measurements do not always agree in angular dependence.

Later, Radebaugh went with Dr. Kwasnitza to Brown Boveri (where he also works part

time). There be makes AC-loss measurements on large conductors ( 10,100 amperes size).

They have a magnet of approximately 5-inch bore chat can be cycled to about 1.5 T. Boon

they will get a large dipole magnet for measurements on long straight samples in a oerpendic-

'liar field.

53
Union of South Africa

In May, Jack E. Snell , Director of the Office of Energy Programs, took, part in a Workshop on Building Energy Conservation held in Cape Town. He also presented a keynote paper on energy conservation at the Fourth South African Building Research Congress and held extensive disr

cussions with managers at the National Building Research Institute. NBRI has been directed

by Dr. Pluto Webb for 20 years. He has two deputies, Japp Van Straaten and Spencer Richards . In that time they have become a major force in the South African building community. The

NBRI is an applied research laboratory which establishes standard test methods for materials

and construction practices used in South Africa. It has an annual budget of approximately

$4 million and a staff of approximately 250.

The programs of NBRI and CBT reflect parallel emphasis on health and safety, utility

and economy in buildings, and energy conservation. NBRI has perhaps gone further than CBT

in bringing the behavorial sciences into their programs. For example, the Environmental

Engineering Division is carrying out a landmark study of the effects of the thermal environment on the productivity of industrial factory workers. It is their intention to follow this

up by analyzing the effects of sound (noise) and other factors on worker productivity. Also,

workers in the Architectural Division are working closely with community-level leadership In developing meaningful approaches to providing for the technological needs of low-income com- munities (an effort somewhat analogous to the CBT work with the Community Services

Administration)

.

In the area of energy, NBRI has been active in solar energy for some 15 years. They

have developed a very low-cost (approximately S250 to S300) solar hot water system for lowincome families. With a climate much more mild than ours, the South African researchers are

intent on making maximum use of "natural” effects for illumination, ventilation, and heating

and cooling of buildings.

Snell's tour through the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) was led by

Dr. I.J. Van Zyl , Director of the Civil Engineering Division. Virtually all product testing

and certification in South Africa are done by their Bureau of Standards. It is, in essence,

a national standard testing laboratory. The Civil Engineering Division tests construction

materials Df all .<inds and also all types of packaging.

Van 2yl was very interested in the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program.

His interest stems from a desire on the part of the SABS central laboratories to assess the proficiency and effectiveness of their district laboratories.
At Che Department of Environmental Planning and Energy, Snell spoke with

Mr. E..3. Silberberg and Dr. A.J. Meethling . The South African government has established

an interagency coordinating group to deal with energy, the staff work for which is carried

out in the Department of Environmental Planning and Energy. Studies of energy demand and use in South Africa are being forwarded through NBRI . The principal interests were in macro- modeling of energy demand and use. South Africa is basing its national energy system on coal and coal-based gaseous and liquid products through its multi-billion dollar investment

in plants going up at Sasoburg.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

In June and July, Ramon C. Baird of CEEE traveled to Moscow, Leningrad, Yerevan, and Irkutsk,

to attend the Fourth Meeting of the US-USSR Joint Working Group for Metrolo^gy under the US- USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology. He also visited a number of laboratories to become familiar with the scope of Russian metrology and areas of interest to MEL researchers.

Vincent D. Arp of CMEPT went to Moscow and Leningrad in September to attend a committee

meeting overseeing progress within the US-USSR Energy Agreement on Superconducting Power Transmission Lines (SPTL). The Mosenergo Laboratory, Moscow, is the site of their 100-meter

SPTL tests. A rigid SPTL has been installed and tested at pressure, but never cooled down, even though two 150-watt refrigerators are on site. The reseachers there say they need to assemble more instrumentation and a computer facility; they should be ready for tests early

next year. Arp also visited the Direct Current Research Institute, Leningrad (Director:

Prof . Machenkov ) , the All-Union Research Institute for Electrical Machine Engineering,

(^Director: Academician I. A. Glebov ), and Electrosilia (Deputy Director; Xorovoritz ) , a large company, with 20,000 employees and its own research institute of 2500 people. They

make large turbo generators for hydroelectric plants, plus items as small as vacuum cleaners

and electric samovars. Included are some superconducting generators, which they design,

build, and test. Arp toured their large production facilities, saw test stands for generators

as large as 1000 Ml'?, and watched 2-MW superconducting generators being tested.

56
United Kingdom

Motohisa Kanda of CSEE visited Professor J. R. James and his colleagues at Queen Mary College

(London) in May to discuss their considerable work on mcrostrip antennas. Particularly

Impressive are their broadband circularly polarized iiicrostrip antennas. Results indicate

chat good circular polarization cha;^acteristics were achieved with up to 40 percent bandwidth

and 50 percent efficiency at X band‘d. (Note that a conventional microstrip antenna has a typical bandwidth of 2-5 percent.)

Arthur D. Yaghjian of CEEE traveled through England in July and August to confer with

researchers in near-field antenna measurement. At Queen Mary College, London, A.D. Giver

discussed their compact range and probe computation programs. Their use of a serrated

absorber to reduce diffraction-produced non-uniformities in the near field is of current interest Co Che millimeter radar cross-section compact-range program of MEL.

At Che Marconi Research Laboratories (Chelmsford), John Brain . Peter J. Wood , and

Yaghjian exchanged information on nonplanar scanning. Of special interest was che probecorrection cecnnique used by Wood in his spherical-surface, antenna-measurement scheme.

His published papers remain obscure on this important aspect of spherical scanning. Put after a lively in-depth discussion his probe correction technique was clarified. They were,

in turn, anxious Co learn of cylindrical near-field scanning at MEL since chey are planning

a large, portable cower as a probe transport mechanism co perform cylindrical measurements

on large antennas situ .

A.P. Anderson , of the University of Sheffield, and his small but prolific university

staff have many years of experience applying ''computer holographies", i.e., planewave spec- trum techniques, co such inverse scattering problems as detection of ouried objects and che determination of near fields of large antennas from very limited far-field data. Their color

displays of microwave fields are highly informative and impressive. Ac che Ferranti Laboratories, Robin W. Forrestor and Javid Griffiths have many years of expertise in designing and fabricating microwave antennas. They nave built a small horizontal, planar near—field scanning system to measure in che very near-field of slotted phased-array antennas. T’neir unpublished studies and graphs af evanescent-mode pnenomena within a wavelength or so of the array elements critically confirms the precominant role of the reactive field in che mutual

coupling of the array elements.

In September, Gordon W. Day of CEEE visited Southampton I'niversicy . Southampton is one

of the few universities in the world that have strong programs in optical communications.
This program began early (v 1968) and has grown continuously Co the present fourteen staff

members. The work is largely experimental and much of it is on the characterization of fibers. For example, recent efforts include spectral backscacter attenuation measurements

with an improved electronics package, spectral group velocity measurements, and index profile measurements on preforms. Having a complete fabrication facility greatly increases the effectiveness of their characterization work because they are able to examine a large number of fibers with carefully chosen variations in important parameters, such as composition and size.

In April, Nelson H. Hsu of CMEPT visited researchers at the MDE testing center. Atomic

Energy Research Establishment, Harwell. The Center was created in 1965 to expand the nuclear

fuel-element inspection activity to nondestructive evaluation quality control in general.

The Center now offers NDE services with a team of technicians and backed by more than twenty

research scientists. Current research includes infrared radiography, image analysis, laser

interferometer, surface activation analysis, concrete analysis by microwave and low frequency

ultrasonic testing, positron annihilation, neutron attenuation, magnetography, eddy current,

ultrasonics, and acoustic emission.

Hsu's visit started with a general discussion with Drs. Scruby and Widley ; both are working on AE signal analysis problems. Later during the day, the discussion was joined by

3r. Sinclair of their applied mathematics group. They were particularly interested in NEL progress on the inversion computation of signals with maximum delay.

One interesting and old technique the Harwell group is very actively pursuing is the acoustic impact analysis of manufactured parts of arbitrary geometric shapes for quality control. The technique consists of waveform and spectral analysis of the sound caused by a hammer hitting the parts and detected by wide-band transducers. With recent advances in digital

signal processing techniques, it appears that the old technique may have a new approach

that is different from merely empirical correlations. However, success depends on specific < applications

.

In April, E. Clayton Teague of CMEPT visited the Cranfield Unit for Precision Engineering

(CUPE) and Cranfield Institute of Technology (CIT), Bedford. Professor Pat McKeown , Director

of CUPE and Head of the Department for the Design of Machine Systems, hosted his visits. CIT

was created by Royal Charter in 1969 as a post-graduate institution as part of the British

government's effort to bridge the gap that existed between traditional university studies and research and that needed by industry and public services. One of the most impressive parts

of a student's training in the Department for the Design of Machine Systems was a group project lasting for one year in which the student team assumed overall responsibility for the project, negotiations with a company, design, manufacture, testing, and final presentation

for a specified machine. Teague talked with a student group working on a machine to auto- matically load large rolls of aluminum foil or mylar into machines for packaging cigarettes,

candy, etc.

CUPE, while a unit of CIT, operates on a commercial basis obtaining all its income from

industrial contracts. With a staff of about 40 engineers and designers, CUPE typically has

30 projects in various stages of completion. The work at CUPE covers all phases of manufacturing snecialized machines and prototype equipment. Professor McKeown stressed that a dominant philosophy of CUPE ' s work was to develop and standardize modular units for building

into increasingly larger systems. Examples of this philosophy were a Moire-fringe encoding

moaule which was in turn built into direct-current servo-motor drive modules. Their patented

electronic gear-box is then created by properly combining two or more of the encoder-servomotor modules. Professor McKeown showed a large gear-hobbing machine in which the mechanical

gear chain was being replaced with their electronic gear-box to give the machine greater

gearing ratio versatility, reduce noise, and, in production, reduce machine cost. Teague

also saw precision rotary tables for testing laser gyroscopes which used the encoder-dc

motor module and a grinding machine for producing complex contoured cams for diesel engines.

At the laboratories of Rank-Taylor-Hobson (RTH) Teague visited with Mr. Robert C. Bpragg , Director of Research and Development at RTH; Mr . Dave Elwood , Leader of Computer Systems

Division; Mr. Peter Wright , Marketing Manager for Military Optics in the Optics Group of RTH; and Dr. H.E. Reason.

53
Mr. Spragg and Mr. Elwood directed his tour through RTH production facilities for all

metrology equipment and Chen through their quality control area for surface metrology instruments and systems. Order intake for all of R.TH for the last several years has increased at 30 percent per year. As a result, they are building a new facility on a seven-acre site near their present location. Expected completion of the new facility is early 1980. They

design, build, and automatically test all printed circuit boards used in their instruments.

They make all their computer interfaces to motors and transducers and have standardized ail

computerized systems on Data General Computers. In stylus instrument systems, 32 thousand

byte memories with 10-bit analog-to-digical conversion is standard. Profiles are acquired

as a data set of 1000 to 2000 points.

Mr. Wright directed the tour through their facilities for diamond-turning optical components. Teague was accompained by two representatives from the Agfa Corporation who where

prospective customers for a diamond turning machine. RTH has been involved in diamond turning since 1940 when they had to assume responsibility during the early part of World War II for making military optical components. They constructed a second-generation machine in 1956 that was capable of producing aspheric components with a surface finish of 1.5 microinch

Rg. Teague saw one of these machines; it was located in a basement shop with no temperature

control other than that provided by usual building heating and air conditioning and used

conventional slides, ways, and spindle bearings. .A third-generation machine will use air

bearings for both axes for tool motion and for spindle support; it will also be placed in

a room temperature-controlled to ±1®C. They hope to produce aspheric optical components

with a surface finish of 0.5 microinch R^ using this machine design.

With Dr. Reason , Teague discussed the MEL program for making and distributing as SRMs sinusoidal profile precision roughness specimens. Dr. Reason is one of the men most responsible for the development of stylus instruments and surface roughness characterization'

since 1940. He remains active on the ISO Commitee for surface texture and wanted to make

recommendations about the particular wavelengths that would be used and about the future

developments of specimens for checking stylus tip radius. His recommendations will be followed if economics of fabrication permit.

At the National Engineering Laboratory, Glasgow, Teague reviewed the development of standard 3-D ball structures made of carbon-fiber rods and steel balls to calibrate 3-D measuring machines and general machine tools, and development of a two-frequency optical profile

meter. This optical profilometer looks very promising and work on the instrument was viewed

very favorably by other people in the UK. The lab expects to receive in 1980 a large CNC-3D

measuring machine from RTH, the Talycheck 3

.

At Teeside Polytechnic, Middlesbrough, Teague talked with Professor T. Thomas in the Mechanical Engineering Department. In collaboration with Dr. Williamson , he has performed

the most extensive investigations in the world to utilize contour mappings of surface topography. Teague saw their work to determine the relationship between hull surface texture

and hull drag.

In April, Theordore V. Vorburger of CMEPT traveled to several English laboratories to study developments in optical techniques for surface roughness measurement, surface defect

defection, and particle sizing. An early visit was with Dr. David ^Jhitehouse and

Derek Chetvynd at the University of Warwick. Whitehouse discussed some work he had done

in collaboration with John Webster at the University of Birmingham. They had set up an experiment to test the rotating-sytlus technique for in-process surface roughness measurement. Although the original claims for the technique by Dutschke were overstated, Whitehouse

felt that the technique could be used for some in-process measurement of spinning parts.

In the afternoon, Vorburger accompanied Derek Chetwynd to the Mechanical Engineering

Department, University of Birmingham to visit Henry Kaliszer's laboratory. He saw a journalbearing test facility, an optical test facility for examining the waviness of ground surfaces

and parts of the rotating stylus apparatus. With E. Clayton Teague from CMEPT, Vorburger met

Bob West and Jeff Dunn at the Sira Institute, a research association chat specializes in the development of optical scanning systems for surface inspection of defects in manufactured

parts. The group has expertise in optical design, computer interfacing, and data analysis

and has developed instruments for a wide range of applications. Among these are an opticalsurface gauge for automatic classification of scratches in optical components, a unit for

59
scanning brake-cylinder bores, an infrared unit co inspect light-sensitive naterials, and

instrunents that use pattern recognition to characterize the dimensions of parts and map their surface defects. They are also doing some research using a software technique known

as feature space analysis in an effort to classify automatically defects such as dents,

welds, stains, and scratches.

They also showed some results on optical measurements of surface gloss using several

approaches. The results, as usual, were less than spectacular. It seems that clear optical

testing of surface defects has advanced more than optical testing of surface finish.

Ten Tanner . Department of Mec'nanical Engineering, Brighton Polytechnic, showed his light

scattering apparatus. He also showed a clever apparatus for measuring flow in a manner analogous to a Wheatstone bridge. He was using it to measure the flow race over a rough surface

in the laminar regime, and his results correlated quite well with surface rougnness. There

is also ongoing work in the department to study the controlled rake length of tools used in facing and turning processes. Their work showed chat proper control of the rake length

reducea the instabilities in cutting, reduced tool wear, and cut down on the power requirements of the machine.

"orourger visited Adrian Janssen in Venables' electron microscope group in the Physics

Department of the University of Sussex. He showed their recent work on socse strking growth

phenomena on high-index planes of tungsten and called attention to Bethge '

s

recent 5EM observations of Au-decorated surface steps. Another interesting aspect of the university was a closed circuit cyrogenic facility and capability for conserving helium. Helium is delivered

to the labs in the normal way out the exhaust gas flows back to the central facility through

flowmeters in each laboratory. The facility monitors the amount of helium delivered and the amount flowing back and cnarges Che researchers only for the helium that is wasted.

Vorburger's '/isit to the National Physical Laboracorq/ (NPL) included a tour of the optical laboratories in an effort to contact researchers doing work similar to that in N"EL. Thera he saw a high-precision ref tactometer ( H. Debenham ), work an diffracting optical components (Richard Stevens ), the standards laboratory ( K.G. Birch ), a profilometer for measuring

x-ray components ( M. Steriman ), and the optical shop (A. 3. Penfold).

In September, Vincent D. Arp of ClIEPT Visiced the Cryogenic Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, Oxfora University, as a guest of Dr. Brian Hands . Their project for studying bubble growth dynamics in nitrogen (transient heat transfer) has been enlarged to argon-nitrogen mixtures. They have a computerized system for calculating bubble sizes, and

following them as a function of time, from a series of photograpns. Hands invited N'EL to use this system for heat transfer work in the future.

Their rotating heat transfer cryostat nas been moved to a new location where it does not snaxe the ouilding so oadly. Similar work is ongoing at Southhampton University, under

Scurlock . Results should be valuable for superconducting motors and generators.

Dr. Hands is continuing nis measurements on flow system stability. Some of his results

nay be applicable to C. Sindt's packed bed heat transfer. Hr. Bill Bald , a coworker with

Hanns, discussed their interest in transient heat transfer in biological tissue, i.e. cryosurgical problems. They are doing no measurements, but are doing careful computer modeling based on available data.

In September, Lloyd A. Weber of CMEPT visiced the Thermodynamic Taoles Project Centre,

locatea in the Chemical Engineering Department of Imperical College. As correlators of ther- nopnysical property data, they have many interests in common with l.'EL. He met with

Barrie Armstrong and Marjorie de Heuctc . They are working on properties correlations tor cniorine ana propylene. In aadicion, de Reuck has succeeded in programming '..’agner's fitting

technique. They also snowed tneir first printed copy of the report on nitrogen, wnich snouic

oe availaole from the printer soon. They also mentioned tne existence of a thesis done at

tr.e Institute for Marine Engineering in Odessa containing saturated liquid specific neat

data tor et.nylene.

In October 1973, Belinda L. Collins of C3T traveled to London to meet with researchers

anc government officials in Engianc to discuss research on symools, safety, day lighting, ana

60
energy conservation. Her first stop was with Hark Radclif f e-Genge of the British Standards

Institute. He indicated a desire to limit the number of symbols, suggesting that there is only a small number that people can use affectively. He suggested the need to determine

first the concepts to be symbolized before developing an array of symbols. He also discussed some of the safety research standards for skateboards and for consumer product

labeling

.

A further trip was to St. Helen's, near Liverpool, where Pilkington Brothers is located.

They are the major manufacturers of glass products in the U.K. , and have been active in the fields of daylighting and window performance evaluation. She met with Peter Owen and

Keith Jackson . They showed Collins their labs, demonstrated the Pilkington-Pepper Pot technique for predicting amounts of daylight illumination, and showed a task-lighting/daylighting

arrangement for a large open-plan office. The energy- balance predictions made by Pilkington

indicate chat Che window has little or no negative influence upon energy consumption in buildings, and can have positive benefits in air-conditioning buildings where daylight is substituted for electric lighting.

In March, Geoffrey Frohnsdorff of CBT visited the Building Research Station, Carscon,

and had a series of meetings with members of the Organic and Inorganic Materials Division.

Among ocher topics, he noted chat glass-fiber reinforcement for concrete is still an important research activity at 8RS and that alkali-resistant glass fibers are now being

used commercially in concrete panels and filament wound pipes. In ocher work on fiberreinforced concrete, 3RS has published a paper showing promising results with Kevlar fiber

reinforcement. BRS is active in the BSI committee on pulverized fuel ash (fly ash).

Attempts are being made to improve the BSI 3892 standard on PFA for use in concrete. The

main concern is with durability. The work on preservatives for building stone has shown

certain alkoxy siloxanes to be most promising. A patent has been applied for a 3-component

mix which maintains a low visocity for 3-5 hours, then gels in a few minutes. The material

has been used in the preservation of stone statues at Weils Cathedral.

In a visit to Che Princes Risbo rough Laboratory of BRE, Frohnsdorff learned that a new type of product being evaluated is a cement-bonded particle board developed in Switzerland and now being manufactured in Hungary. The board is attractive from the points of view

of durability, fire resistance, and dimensional stability. It could be useful for claading

and interior partitions. Outside exposure tests carried out over nine months have given

encouraging results. The material can be nailed, glued, and clipped.

Studies are being made to relate the temperature and humidity in rooms, particularly

in schools. The moisture content is measured in the space above Che ceiling. Kitchens pro- vide the biggest problem. Most moisture problems in buildings are caused by moisture from

within rather chan leakage from outside.

In April, John S. Stroik of CBT met with BRE researchers concerned with building

security. For example, John T. Smith is now working on a project to alleviate vandalism in lifts by preparing a demonstration chat will include innovative systems including electronic

locks and visitor-screening devices. Derek J. Humphries and Dr. Robyn ?. Thorogood , at the Princess Risborough Laboratory at Aylesbury, were also visited. Dr. Thorogood, head of cne Wall Component Group, authored an Appraisal of Assessment Procedures for Impact Resistance

of Vertical Surfaces in 1978 at the Laboratory and is currently engaged in the development

of inipacc tests. An interesting impact test is that developed by N'llsson for the Swedish

Council for Building Research, 1976, which is similar to chat developed by NBS in 1976. The BRE relies on using an impactor filled with glass spheres instead of sana for soft-body

impacts and the universal method of dropping steel balls for hard-body impacts. It is thought that we will mutually benefit by sharing future test developments.

Mr. Humphries, head of the N’on-Scructural Components Group, is worxing on a selection

strategy for replacement windows and is particularly concerned witn vandalism of windows and

doors. Last year in Great Britain 3200m was spent on replacement windows while 31-.M was spent on new windows. PVC is being used in the majority of installations due to the poor

61
performance record of wood and aluminum windows. Hardware design has been bearing the blunt

of the blame for both door and window performance failures. (It is interesting to note that European hardware is far superior to U.S. hardware, in general.)

In July, CBT's James G. Gross presented a paper and took part in a Colloquium on Codes

of Practice; Reform or Decline ? sponsored by the British Group of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering.

The Colloquium was planned in response to expressed disquiet over codes of practice of engineers. There are many reasons for this concern, including growing complexity of codes

themselves, the use of codes in legislation, and inadequate methods of production. In response to these concerns, the British Group decided to devote its annual Colloquium to a discussion of these problems. The Colloquium intent was to develop positive suggestions for

the content, production, and use of future codes.

Gross' paper provided background information on the development and use by the 'Jnited States building community of "Recommended Practice Standards" (U.S. counterpart to the British "Codes of Practice"). The use of such standards for regulatory purposes and building

design was discussed. Standard generation methods, with particular emphasis on the "consensus process," were outlined and compared. Potential new Recommended Practice Standards resulting

from technical advancements and changing societal needs were identified. Federal Government,

building connminity, legal, and consumer concerns for changing developmental processes were

discussed. Five possible major changes in approach were suggested.

In September, CBT's Porter Driscoll went to London to confer with managers of technical

information programs, with an eye to improving technical communicatons back at CBT. For

example, the Building Research Establishment (BRE) spends approximately one quarter of its resources on activities to foster and promote the use of research results. The activities

Include publications for special audiences, the provision of a comprehensive advisory ser- vice to the building community, participation in the programs of building community organizations and participation in the development of British standards.

Research publications include (1) BRE Reports (the traditional research report primarily

intended for other researchers), (2) BRE Current Papers (initially reprints from scientific

journals, but now reports not requiring the full treatment of the BRE Report), (3) the newly

established BRE Information Papers (summaries for the building community of current papers),

and (4) the BRE Hews , which includes summaries of research reports as well as announcements

of other BRE publications and films. In addition, state-of-the-art technical information,

generated at BRE and elsewhere, is reported in the BRE Digest .

The BRE Digest is regarded as an affective link with the building community —

simultaneously providing useful technical information and the idea that BRE is a valuable

resource. The BRE has some problems sustaining a flow of monthly digest publications. The

Editor, Dr. Graver , writes the majority of the Digest articles himself deriving his information from the divisions. BRE procedures require the Divisions to provide draft material,

but often the material is incomplete and this requires rather extensive interaction with

the individual researchers. A partial explanation for this is that Digest articles do not count quite as highly in the scheme of things as do research publications.

Each researcher at BRE is responsible for delivering his research to his peers in the research community and for application in the building community. The comiainications and services staff supplement the researcher's activities in presenting research findings in the best format and media. Extensive use is made of audio-visual materials, particularly where

images are an important part of the information.

It should be noted that the BRE has high standards for the design of all its publications, particularly chose for the architectural profession. In addition Co the editorial

work involved in some 200 publications per year, the publications group prepares audiovisual materials. It is estimated that Che BRE audio-visuals are seen by approximately

75,000 people per year.

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), like its counterpart, the AIA, is an extensive generator and distributor of technical information. Unlike the AIA, Che RIBA

62
produces Product Data Sheets based on technical information supplied by the manufacturers

to RIBA. At present there are a total of 1,150 data sheets from some 580 firms. Five

additional periodic publications on technical information are prepared by RIBA and include

Construction , a series of abstracts on building failures and new techniques: Legislation , a record and review of government policy affecting buildings and their design; Practice , a guide to the dos and don'ts of practice as well as a growing series of case histories on

claims against architects; Assessed Product , a series providing a brief detail of products

newly approved by the Greater London Council and the Agreement Board; and Bibliographies , a guide to each product identifying official publications and giving the names and address of trade associations and other organizations. In addition, the RIBA prepares National Building Specifications (similar to PSAE for AIA) and offers a discount on indemnity insurance

for architects who use the system and the RIBA Building Handbook.

The Department of the Environment is engaged with the Post Office Department in the development of CONTEL, an information system to be available to the construction community

by means of telephone links and cathode ray cube displays in each subscribing office. This

effort is just starting and is quite expensive now. Bernard Anker of Che National Building

Agency is under contract to bring the construction industry material into a useful and

manageable format.

The Department has just made available to the public the quarterly journal of technical

information. Construction, which was hitherto primarily for the professional and technical

staff of the Departments of Energy and Transport. This is a good professional journal overall and has an outstanding feature, "Feedback Digest," which identifies building problems, states what was done to correct them (occasionally not successful at the first attempt), and

gives the name of Che person having additional information.

The Greater London Council (GLC) has the responsibility for developing housing and

public buildings and has produced some very good work over the last three decades. It has also made its share of mistakes regarding what is built and how it is built. From these

mistakes and from their successes have come a series of very specific design guides, which

include Preferred Dwelling Plans, Good Practice Details, Standard Drawings, and the Housing

Information File. The majority of these design guides offer a number of options to the designer and often include advice as to why certain things should be provided. These are often good examples of information designed to guide architects and engineers; they are clear, concise, complete, and well illustrated.

The GLC is faced with a dwindling new-conscruction program, and at present there is great emphasis on rehabilitation of GLC residential properties including a number of highrise structures. There have been problems with the large concrete panels of some of the Bison high-rise buildings, but the major problem seems to be that high-rise apartments are

just not appropriate for families with young children.

The Director of CFR, Frederic B. Clarke visited the Fire Research Station, Borehamwood,

the Fire Services Technical College, Moreton-In-Marsh, and the University of Edinburgh, in Mav , as part of a survey and comparison of U.S. with English facilities. Among many interesting discussions, he spent several hours with E. Pigott , Chief of the Operations Research

Division, FRS, discussing hardware approaches to remote alarm and sensing procedures.

Pigott, an expert in systems work, computerization, and systems analysis, has been with FRS

for a relatively short time, and is tremendously enthusiastic about the possibilities of instrumenting multifamily dwellings for remote alarm sensing.

Cf particular concern to FRS management is the recent controversy arising out of the tragic fire in a Manchester Furniture Store, which involved polyurethane furniture. This

fire trapped and killed nine store customers, and has refocussed interest in the CX on the furnishings fire problem. The dialogue is not too different from chat going in this

country. There is, however, little apparent interest in an upholstered furniture ingition

standard for general use. The Ministry of Interior, the parent agency for FRS, has published a procurement specification for furnishings that contains provisions similar to the California upholstered-furniture standard.

Clarke also visited Cardington, which is the FRS full-scale research facility. Fullscale it is indeed; it is an abandoned air ship hanger. Aside from the fact that individual

63
test facilities are lost in the huge volume of the Cardington installation, it is Che perfect place for explosion research, and FRS undertakes a large amount of work on gas and dust explosions on a reimbursable basis, often in conjunction with industrial organizations.

Work has recently been completed on a two-story single family home, wholly contained within

Che hanger. This home does not contain wiring, nor is it insulated; however, it will be used for residential studies of the movement of smoke and moderately hot fire gases.

Clarke's first impression on visiting the Fire Services Technical College was there is

a tremendous amount to be learned about running a fire academy before the United States

has a facility comparable to the British. Commandant David Blacktop estimated that con- structing Che facility on today's market would cost approximately 120 million dollars. This

is completely believable, since the complex contains perhaps 200,000 square feet of usable

facilities, ranging from classrooms and laboratories to full-scale facilities for shipboard

fire fighting. There is a full-time teaching faculty, as well as a practical teaching faculty recruited from Che British Fire Services. Clarke spent a good deal of time with Che faculty involved in teaching physics and chemistry, including sitting in on lectures in

chemistry and hydraulics. The courses are carefully thought out and go quickly from the fundamentals to Che quantities and concepts Chat fire fighters oust use.

Clarke spent a full day with Dr. David Rasbash , Chairman of Che Fire Protection Program

at Che University of Edinburgh and his staff of two instructors. David is nearing the and

of Che five-year probationary period, after which he must demonstrate the academic viability

of his program to Che University. He seems confident that the program will pass muster, and

has a current crop of some one dozen students. Unlike Che United States, Che curriculum is divided into a series of lectures by experts in various other departments, supplemented by

lecturers from Rasbash and his staff. This is in contrast to separate courses in various

areas. Clarke gave a talk on Che MEL research program, with which the Edinburgh students

seemed very familiar. Of particular note is their use of Ben Buchbinder's decision analysis

approach to upholstered furniture as a model for decision-making in fire protection.

In June, Richard G. Bright of CFR visited the Fire Research Station (FRS) and the Fire

Insurers' Research and Testing Organization (FIRTO), Borehamwood. liajor projects underway

at FRS at Che present time are the development of a repeatable smoldering test fire for smoke detectors and Che ongoing ambient condition monitoring experiments. Researchers there

do not believe Che present smoldering test is realistic in that the hoc plate used to pyrolyze wood products imparts a much higher velocity Co Che smoke than would be the case

in a true smoldering fire. At present, FRS is experimenting with various configurations of hardwood sawdust in attempts Co develop repeatable smoke buildup curves. Bright witnessed

one such test which Cook in excess of three hours to perform. Instrumentation for these

tests include photometric smoke density light beams, optical and ionization-type smoke

detectors (Che latter with analog output), a Taguchi gas sensor (Model 812), a Royco 225 particle counter, and CO using Draeger Cubes (grab samples). The hardwood sawdust smoke

produces relatively heavy deposits of a brown-colored material, which would indicate a large concentration of condensates in the smoke, probably various types of unburnt hydrocarbons. This opinion was bolstered by Che performance Che Taguchi gas sensor, which

sounded relatively early in the test, just after the optical smoke detectors but before the ionization smoke detectors, even though the Taguchi was located only three feet from the floor.

In September, John G. O’Neill of CFR visited FIRTO and met with Mr. Roger Pickard , Head

of Che Laboratory, and Mr. Roy Young , Head of Fire Protection Systems Testing. The purpose

of the visit was to tour Che spray measurement test facilities of FIRTO. Discussions

included Che importance of various facility construction components for Che proper measurement of spray distribution, including controls over openings into the area. Also discussed

with both Mr. Pickard and Mr. Young was a project involving fire suppression technology for off-shore oil and gas platform blowout fires. FIRTO has not conducted extensive research

into these hazards but has conducted tests (under the Fire Research Station) concerning

soill fires involving failed gaskets and joints on oil gas alatforms Co evaluate the per- formance of foaming and aqueous film-forming solutions for fire suppressions.

While at Sorenamwood, Mr. O'Meill met with two members of Che Fire Research Station

concerning their experimental work in fires involving health care facilities. Mrs. Roeowski

discussed Che results of a series full-scale fire tests involving patient cubicles. The

64
purpose of the work, was to develop peformance criteria for dividers between individual

cubicles •

Mr. O'Neill also went to the Fire Research Station at Boreharawood and conferred with

C.R. Theobold , project leader for studies in fire extinguishing agents. Current research

is studying how the internal profile of a nozzle affects the characteristics of the emergent

jet of water. The resultant jet from conventional nozzles is rough in appearance due to the disruption of the surface by turbulence associated with the design of the nozzles.

This results in the production of spray droplets so that much of the discharge fails to reach the target. Prototype nozzles with differing internal profiles are being studied and

models have been developed that Improve the performance by placing up to 34 percent more of

the total water discharge at the target than with conventional nozzles. Essentially, the

jet from the prototype nozzle does not tend to break up as much as conventional nozzles.

This enables a higher concentration of large droplets to reach the base of fire plume.

Jets from the various nozzle designs are being studied by a photographic technique in which the film is moved at the same speed as the image. This technique, developed for this

project, provided detailed photographs with high resolution using relatively simple equipment.

Variations of velocity across each jet are being measured with a clever arrangement using a hypodermic needle as a pilot tube.

A second project concerns the development of small-scale tests of foaming agents. The purpose of this project is to determine if equivalent ranking orders can be achieved in terms

of performance between the small-pan fire experiments and the large-scale spill fire tests.

So far, fairly good correlation has been achieved in ranking orders. Small-scale tests may

be very useful in testing foaming agents that have been in storage.

Mr. Theobold also discussed the results of a recent project chat assessed the qualitative behavior of 38 fires in industrial buildings. A quantitative analysis was made of numerical data from 8 of these fires and they were compared with results of experimental

fires. Detailed on-site surveys were made and burning rates and fire duration were

recorded. Promising results have been achieved in comparing the actual fire cases in terms

of rate of burning vs. bulk density of fuel and known fire—test fuels such as wood 'cribs)

and kerosine pools.

In April, WUliam C. Cullen, Deputy Director of the Office of Engineering Standards,

visited the Director of Research and Development of Ruberiod Building Products Ltd., London,

to discuss Che proposed merger of the British Standards Institute with Great Britain's Agreement Board and to review research and testing of moisture isolating materials.

In September, Charles B. Phucas of OES visited the Hemel Hempstead offices of Technical

Help CO Exporters (THE). The purpose of the visit was to learn more about Che THE program, with particular emphasis on their information gathering and dissemination practices since

our Standards Information Service will be expanded as the result of the Trade Agreements Act

of 1979 and will be the focal point for Che U.S. in responding to information requests on standards and certification.

THE is one of three Divisions of Che British Standards Institute (BSI). 3SI is like

a holding corporation with divisions for Standards Writing, Certification and Testing, and Technical Help to Exporters, each managed by a Director. Mr. John £. Ware is Che Director

and Mr. Brian D. Roden is the Group Manager of THE. The staff consists of approximately

seventy people: engineers, technical information specialists, and support staff. THE is broken down into eight Sections: Administrative, Library and Information (which includesTranslations , Division Enquiry, and ISONET Liaison), Publications, General Office, Snquirv

and Assessment, Engineering and Consulting Park Street Library, and Projects and Development.

There are 1200 United Kingdom members of THE and approximately 70 U.S. members. The

initial membership fee is S40 and about S150 annually thereafter. "or standards and ser- vices there is an additional fee charged. The benefit of membership is that you receive

a 20 percent discount in the cost of publications, technical research, specialized services

and technical translations. Benefits also include immediate use of the enquiry services

(many queries are answered free of charge to members), "Technical Eztoort News” (a quarter Iv

65
publication sailed free to members containing topical features and news of developments on Che international scene), and a free publications catalogue distributed twice a year.

At Che present time THE has no economic data to show a cost-benefit ratio. However,

they say chat some time in the future they may develop this information. The total budget

of THE is two million dollars per year, with twenty-five percent of that from 3SI. THE supports itself by selling standards and by selling its consultant services on a contract

basis, which includes an engineer going into the exporter's or potential exporter's plant

and examining the product to be exported and telling the exporter what he must do to the product to have it accepted into the importing country. This of course is after the engineer has read and analyzed the particular regulations (standard) of the importing

country. As a matter of fact THE guarantees to the manufacturers chat the product will

be accepted into the importing country if the exporter does comply with what the THE engineer specifies.

66
INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES

CIB

The Counseil Incernacioaal du Bacimenc pour la Recherche 1' Etude eC la Documentation (CIB) was established in 1953 in response to recommendations made by the United Marions Economic

Commission for Europe. CIB's major objective is to encourage and stimulate international

cooperation in the gathering, refinement, and dissemination of building research information. These anatual exchanges ease the development and adoption of building standards,

which in turn provide for the sharing of building research and interchangeabiltity of pro- ducts on the international level. Fifty countries are currently members of CIB and send

delegates from building-oriented organizations to participate in various CIB activities.

In March, CBT's James G. Gross met with the Managing Director of CIB, J.R.J. Janssens , to discuss more affective cooperation between C3T and the CIB. In an all-day meeting, the activities of 27 Working Groups and 5 Standing Committees were reviewed. Particular attention was given to W24, Dimensional and Modular Coordination; W55 , Building Economics, WbU,

Performance Concept in Buildings; and W70, Maintenance and Modernization, as Che scope of each of these directly relates to the work of the Building Economics and Regulatory Technology Division. The possibility of a new Working Group on Solar Tecnnology was discussed.

In June, Preston E. McNall participated in the Copenhagen meetings of CIB Wb7 (Energy

Conservation in the Built Environment) and at the same time attenaed the Second International

CIB Symposium on Energy Conservation in the Building Environment.

In September, Simone Y. Yaniv of C3T attended the Athens meetings of Commission W51 (Building Acoustics). There, the majority of attendees felt Chat present noise isolation

criteria for dwellings are inadequate since complaints continue to occur in dwellings chat meet present requirements. Social surveys conducted in several countries (France, Selgium,

Germany, Denmark, and Poland) indicate that a large segment of the population is dissatisfied with interior acoustical environments.

Daniei Gross of CFR attended the September CIB Symposium on "Systems Approach to Fire

Safety in Buildings" and presented an invited paper on Fire Safety in Health Care Facilities.

The meetings were held at the Building ?>.esearch Institute, Tsukuba, Japan. At the symposium,

there were 12 invited talks plus 20 free contributions covering the four session topics

('Conception and Objectives; Evaluation and Planning; Active Systems; and Passive Systems).

Thera were 21 attendees from outside Japan plus ioO Japanese attendees. During the introductotr/ and concluding remarks, it was noted that the yearly direct and indirect costs of

69
fire (approximately 1000 Billion Yen) were estimated to be about equal to the entire cost of Tsukuba Science City.

In October, Lawrence S. Galowin of CBT attended the meeting of CIB W62 (Water Supply

and Drainage for Buildings). The rehabilitation and modernization of buildings in European

countries was discussed as an extension of establishing inter-relationships with CIB W70

on Maintenance and Modernization. In France special systems allowable for renovation are

not permitted under new building codes, e.g., the macerator adapter on water closets with

pressurized small-pipe waste lines. Sweden has a new rehabilitation code. Denmark is discussing a code with various levels of quality; a primary concern is the economic impact.

Germany has no differences between its rehabilitation and new-building codes.

The impact of lowered water flow discharge is evident in research on-going at several

facilities. There is now a consensus that the significant problems are those of making the assembled system function and not only the water fixture. Outstanding investigations at Brunei University in the U.K.. in long horizontal drains for solids transport show consistency in data correlation with the slope (gradient of horizontal drain) parameter E/g. The interaction effects of branches and stacks are the next-identified research needs. In Denmark new low-water-usage demonstrations, derived from laboratory work, require 5-percent

slopes, which is very difficult in building drains and external connecting lines since the vertical depth for accommodating the slope of the piping is very great (2 percent has been

an accepted higher value). The U.K. tests have not shown any statistical correlation between

slopes and blockage. Inadequacy of conventional instrumentation is often noted for blocking

and drainage studies; Che 3RE station in U.K. has a van with TV probes to insert in piping

to evaluate reported blockage.

A multinational research project of several years has shown significant accomplishments

in developing hydraulic data. This year Che combined Cub, basin, branch flow were reported

upon. Trap seal failure is always accorapained by noise of Crap "gurgle." These data ace

being used to provide common practices in the cooperating five nations; France, Germany,

Switzerland, Belgium, and Sweden.

70
Combustion Institute Meetings

The Spring technical meeting of the Canadian section of the Institute was held at Cueen's university, Kingston, Ontario, in Ilay. Richard G. Gann of CFR attended and presented a paper, "The Rate of Heat Release Measurements using Oxygen Consumption." Among the ocher

papers, Ron Braaten of Che Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources presented a survey of wood stove design and efficiency. The approach was pragmatic, but served to establish Che fact chat art, rather chan science, still dominates design. This means that

we can expect a continuous flow of new stove models, each with its own style of Eire

hazards. By contrast, Terry Adams of the Jniversicy of British Columbia presented a model

for predicting particulate emissions from a wood waste boiler. He included detailed flow

and energy considerations as well as a crude combustion model for wood particles.
Congress of the International Institute of Refrigeration

The fifteenth International Congress on Refrigeration was a joint aeeting of all the International Institute of Refrigeration (HR) Commissions, held in Venice in September.

David E. Daney of CMEPT presented the paper "Cool Down of Cryogenic Power Transmission

Lines," which was co-authored with scientists at the Krzhizhanov Power Engineering Institute and was, in part, the product of a three-week, working visit to Moscow in September

1978. That visit was associated with N^EL work on cooling superconducting power transmission lines and was sponsored by DoE as part of the 1974 'JS-'JSSR Agreement on Cooperation

in the Field of Energy.

Frank J. Powell of OEP is an official U.S. member of Commission 3-1 (Thermodynamics

and Transport Properties) of HR. Commission 3-1 presented its program in 6 sessions with

a total of 92 papers. The most popular themes were combined heat and mass transfer, calculation of thermodynamic properties, condensation, energy-saving in refrigerating engineering,

heat and vapor transfer in insulation, and insulating systems and measuring techniques. A new president of Commission B-1 was appointed. Professor J.D.F. Bougard , Belgium, replacing

Professor Glass of Germany. Powell was nominated to be vice president.

Paul R. Achenbach of C3T took part in the sessions on air conditioning, heat pumps, heat and vapor transfer in insulation, and refrigerated land transnort. And Lloyd A. Veber

of CMEPT delivered a paper on specific heat measurements in nitrogen.

R. Radebaugh of CMEPT presented two paoers: "Analysis of Regenerator Inefficiency for Stiriing-Cvcle Refrigerators with Plastic Displacers" and "A Standards Program for AC Losses

in Superconductors". The second paper included G. Fujii, D.T. Read, and A.F. Clark as coauthors. In addition, Radebaugh read a paper, "Cold Utilization from Liquefied N’atural Gas (LL'G)," by T.M. Flynn of CMEPT and R.D.Tlnmerhaus .
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls

As a aenber of the Semiconductor Advisory Committee to DoC, and also of the Interagency

Technical Task. Group responsible for establishing the technical content of the U.S. export

proposals, Robert 1. Scace of CEEE was asked by the Departments of State and Commerce to be one of the technical advisors to the negotiating team on COCOM. The meetings were held in Paris in November 1978 and June 1979, and completed work on the following items for a com- modity control list:

Semiconductor manufacturing and test equipment

Semiconductor diodes

Transistors

Thyristors

Photosensitive semiconductor devices

Integrated circuits

Surface acoustic wave devices

Certain ferrites and garnets

Semiconductor materials
DIN Semiconductor Materials Standards Meeting

The DIN FNM 221 technical conanittee on semiconductor materials testing was held in Hamburg,

.n'est Germany, in September. Robert I. Scace of CEEE's Electron Devices Division participated. Deliberations included work on definitions relating to semiconductor process teahnology and revisions to standards documents. A new subcommittee was formed to deal with

process chemicals for this Industry, with the expected chairman to be Dr. H. Harder from

E. Merck. One of the aiain topics of concern will be the determination of particulate

contamination in such fluids.

Several NEL staff members are involved in the work of ASTM F-1 on test methods for silicon, and Che work of DIN 221 is of value to them in that activity. The close coordination between Che DIN and ASTM work has made possible the creation of test methods which,

while different in language and format, have Che same technical approach and similar precision. Published methods from both bodies explicitly acknowledge this identity of approach. ASTM and DIN standards are applied to silicon regardless of where it is made.
Electrical and Electronic Measurement and Test Instrument Conference

This biennial conference, held last ;/ear in Ottawa, was sponsored jointly by the Ottawa

Section of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Instrumentacion and Measurement Society of the IEEE, and the Canadian Commission of the International Radio

Scientific Union. This conference focused on the use of microprocessors in instrumentacion.

About 500 people registered, which exceeded the expectations of the sponsors.

Donald R. Flach and Howard K. Schoenwetter of CEEE presented the paper "An Automated

Test Sec for High Resolution A/D and D/A Converters." A copy of the paper was given to Eddy So , a research engineer at N'RC; he was also interested in the NEL-constructed 20-bic

digical-to-analog converter, and integral part of the automated test sec, as was another

member of N'RC. Mr. So arranged a visit to the Power Engineering Section of MRC. Much of their work., such as an ac impedance bridge, is based on current comparators.

Two of Che technical papers presented at Che conference were of particular interest. One was titled "Microprocessors in Biomedical Instrumentation, " by ?. Forgues and M. Ooldber

which described the use of two Motorola 6800 microprocessors in parallel to increase process

ing speed. On the project under discussion, they needed to cake in 15o samples in 5 milliseconds. 3y using one to take data while the ocher one was processing data und resetcing

for the next set of 256 samples, they were able to accomplish this. A scheme of this nature could have an application in MEL, where a large number of data points need to be taken. The

second paper described a technique where the IEEE—-+88 bus lines were, interrupted and the attention line set high. This was described as being "easy" to do.
European Conference on Optical Communications

In September, Gordon W. Dayof CEEE presented a paper to this conference, held in Amsterdam.

In combination with the biennial International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical

Commnnication, this meeting was very large (950 attendees) and drew participants from almost

all parts of the world, including one paper from the People's Republic of China. There were

no dramatic breakthroughs reported, but several important trends are emerging and gaining

strength:

° A sizable fraction of the fiber technology papers concerned single-mode fibers designed

CO operate in the long wavelength region near 1.3 um or 1.55 um.

Essentially all of the source and detector papers were concerned with 1.3 or 1.55 -im devices

" There seems to be a consensus that graded-index fiber will not reach the high bandwidths

predicted because of severe tolerances on the index profile chat must be established and maintained.

Greater appreciation of the concept of "modal noise" in graded-index fibers leads to the conclusion chat lasers with Che highest degree of coherence are inferior in this application CO tulcimode lasers. High-coherence lasers will still be important for single-mode

fibers, however.

76
Gastech '78: The International LNG/LPG Conference

Dwain E. Diller of CMEPT presented an invited paper on LNG thennophysical properties data

and custody transfer measurement research, to this, the sixth conference in this series.

The sessions were held in Monte Carlo in November 1978.

The conference was attended by about 1300 people, mostly top executives, ocher managers,

and project engineers from industry. Over 50 countries were represented. There were over

120 exhibitors, mostly from the cryogenics, shipping, construction, gas processing, and

instrumentation industries.

One of the most interesting non-technical talks was the presentation on "The Puzzle of J.S. ulJG Import Policy, or the Lack of One" by W.R. Connole , of Connole and O'Connell,

Washington, D.C. He said: "There is no official U.S. policy and will likely not be any. However, on Che positive side, volumetric limitations on importing LNG have been removed";

he expects that "no unreasonable safety sandards will be Imposed; and that there will be no

fe,reat concern with the possibility of foreign embargo. On the negative side, there is no gas shortage at the moment. US importing projects will continue to be decided on a case-bycase basis. And LNG would be imported only as a last resort and as a result of demonstrated

need." The bottom line is cautious optimism. Another speaker, who had spent some years

trying to forecast world LNG trade, said that the estimated uncertainty in the US forecast

up to 1990 is about 300%.
Interface Symposium on Computer Science and Statistics

The twelfth annual symposium in this series was held in Hay at the University of Waterloo,

Canada. Seven staff members of CAM attended and presented papers to the sessions.

David Hogben and Sally T. Peavy spoke on "OMNITAB 78 Plotting Capability," and aroused a great deal of Interest in the system due to the ease of obtaining graphs, both on the online printer and CALCOMP plotter. James J. Filliben presented "ractors Affecting the Use of Statistical Graphical Software." Others attending were Ginger A. Caldwell. Janet R. Donaldson. Peter V. Tryon, Dominic F. Vecchia.

73
Interflam '79: International Conference on Flammability

In March, Memtt M. Birky of CFR attended this conference, held in Guildford, England. He presented a paper on his fire fatality work and conferred with researchers working along

sinilar lines. For example, the British Fire Research Station (Borehamwood) is studying the sublethal exposure of primates to smoke. The animal is strapped into a chair and exposed

with a face mask. As a result of this type of exposure, no behavioral effects are obtained.

Birky met with 3r. Purser , who is doing the physiological monitoring of the animals, including respiratory rata, EKG, blood chemistry, and EEG measurements. Measurement of cortical

evoked response and periphiral nerve conduction velocity have been stopped. They have looked

at the effects of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyurethane, and wood decomposition products.

They are unable to explain the effects of PAN products. The effects appear to be anesthetic

in nature, i.e., the animal wants to go to sleep. Of the materials studied so far, this seems to be the only one with surprises. However, another surprise was the finding that exposure to combustion products that include irritants, such as wood, polyurethane, and

polyacrylonitrile, result in an increase in respiratory rate rather than a decrease. This

runs counter to the results obtained by Alarie and Utah.

79
Intergovermnental Maritime Consultative Organization

In ;;ovenber 1978 and July 1979, A.F. Robertson of CF5. traveled to London to participate as

a nenber of the L’.S. delegation and as technical advisor on fire test nethods to two neetings of the IMCO Subconnnittee on Fire Protection. Among ocher natters, it was noted

that the previous draft test procedure for free-hanging slow-burning textiles had been usea by, and data reported from, seven countries. The results of this study were analyzed,

performance criteria were identified for acceptable fabrics, and some revisions to the test procedure were proposed. Final work in preparing the test method was agreed. Its adoption

will be proposed at the next meeting of Che Subcommittee.

The recent work done at NBS on the spread of flame test was reported, "orway is in process of constructing equipment of this type and incerlaboracory studies are planned when

this is completed. Jorway reported results on work involving a modification of the .'JEL smoke-test method for specimens in a horizontal position. Vork continues on this modification. Sweden reported a scudv of differences between ISO and IMCO tests for moncombustible

materials. This report proposed certain revisions to the mendacions were accepted and will be used as the basis of IMCO test procedure. The recoma new incerlaboracory study.

30
International Commission on Illumination

In November 1978, Joseph C. Richmond of CMEPT traveled to Paris to attand a meeting of Technical Committee 1.1, called to prepare a fourth edition of the International Lighting

Vocabulary. The terms in the third Edition of the Vocabulary (1970) are in twelve sections,

which indicate to some extent the scope of the work. They are: Radiation; Photometry,

Quantities and Units; Colorimetry, Fundamental Concepts and Quantities; Optical Properties of Matters; Eye and Vision, Color Rendering; Radiometric, Photometric, and Colorimetric Measurements, Physical Receptors; The Production of Light; Lamps; Components of Lamps and Auxiliary

Apparatus; Illumination, General; Lighting Fittings and their Components; Lighting for Traffic and Safety.

Since there has been mich progress in radiometry and photometry since 1970, it was felt

the time was ripe for a revised and enlarged edition. As a rough estimate, the new edition

will include some 1500 to 2500 terms, and several new sections will be added, which may include Mine Lighting, Sports Lighting, and Terms Related to Photobiology , Photochemistry,

and Phototherapy.

In August 1979, the Nineteenth Quadrennial Session of the Commission was held in Kyoto,

Japan. Joseph C. Richmond of CMEPT and Gary Yonemura of C3T attended for >rEL.
International Conference on Acoustic Emission and Materials Evaluation

Nelson H. Hsu of CMEPT attended and presented a paper to this conference, held in London

in April. The conference was organized by Che Institute of Acoustics with Che support of Che British Acoustic Emission Working Group. The Conference organizer was Professor R.B.W. Stephens . Approximately 50 people from Denmark, Canada, Germany, France,

Italy, Japan, England, and the United States attended a total of 20 lectures in 5 sessions.

Although no significant breakthrough was reported, Che general acoustic emission research

activity, both in terms of practical application and laboratory materials research, is growing. The following are leading indications. Acoustic emission applied to new materials:

ferroelectric and ferroelastic crystals (University of Bath), woven composites (Georgia Tech),

and frost-damaged concrete (Technical University of Denmark).

Acoustic emission applied to new structures: offshore oil drilling platforms, and

Danish salt domes as gas storage structures (Technical University of Denmark). New commercial equipment manufacturer; B&K, the world-renowned acoustic instrument manufacturer

exhibited, for the first time, their AE Pulse Analyzer and sensors at Che Conference. The

Analyzer, a result of three years' intensive research, has many unique features and is capable of both single-channel pulse energy analysis and four-channel time-difference detection

for source location. Their broadband sensor has a patented design of incorporating Che pre- amnlifier inside Che sensor housing. No price or delivery date has been sec yet.

32
International Conference on the Metrology and Properties of

Engineering Surfaces

In April, Theodore V. Vorburger of CliEPT attended this conference and presented the paper

''Measurements of Stylus Radii," coauthored by E. Clayton Teague , F.E. Scire , and

F.S. Rosberry . The most important developments presented at the conference were in the application of stylus techniques to engineering problems rather than in the development of new techniques or methods of analysis. Some of the important applications were in the mea- surement of highway roughness, in the problem of automobile braking, surface contact, and

gas flow through cracks.

S3
International Conference on Noise Control Engineering

In September, Simone L. Yaniv of CBT attended this conference, the eighth of a series, held

in Warsaw. Among the more than fifty papers presented were the following:

An Experimental Study on the Relation Between Long-Term Annoyance and Instantaneous

Judgment of Level-Fluctuating Sounds, by Namba and Kuwano, Japan.

Low-Frequency Traffic Noise and Building Vibration, by Martin, England.

° Active Attenuation of Noise: Dipole and Monopole Systems, by Leventhall and Eghtesadi,

England.

° Propagation of Vibrations and Noise from New York. Subway Tunnels into Nearby Buildings,

by Ungar, Wittig, and Paoiillo, U.3.A.

° Computer Systems for Noise Control Engineering, by Lang and Maiing, 'J.S.A.

“ Measurement of Long-Distance Noise Propagation Over Ground, by Konishi and Aoki, Japan.

” Instrumentation and Procedures in the Measurement and Statistical Analysis of A.ttitudinal

Response of People to Audible Noise from High-Voltage Transmission Lines, by Foreman,

Canada.
International Conference on the Physics of Pure Semiconductors

This conference, held in Stockholm in September, dealt with chemical defects and impurities

at low concentrations in semiconductor materials, lattice defects induced by both chemical

defects and impurities, crystal growing and device preparation processes, and analytical

techniques for the study of materials properties.

Santos Mayo of CEEE was invited to represent MEL. Subjects such as hydrogen, carbon,

and oxygen impurities in silicon and the formation of complex precipitates were discussed,

the goal being impurity identification and control. H.G. Grlmmeiss , in an introductory

calk, reviewed the field of both shallow- and deep-level impurities, emphasizing the lack of general theory to explain the complex nature of impurity centers in semiconductor materials.

Ample reference was made to the so-called x-level in indium-doped silicon.

S. Slrtl reviewed the field of crystal growth and uniform doping in silicon, including

economical considerations to limit silicon wafer size to 4- or 5-inch diameters. There is no great advantage in yield and there is a tremendous cost increase when this size limit is pushed up. The origin of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in silicon was traced to silicon

preparation and purification from raw quartz sand; complete elimination of carbon is therefore very difficult and expensive even in vacuum float-zone refined silicon where the impurity level can be as low as one atom in The origin of iron impurity was mentioned

as an example of unknown ionic contamination in silicon requiring more sensitive analytical

techniques. The present iron detection limit is lO'^^ atoms/cm^, by neutron activation

analysis

J. Schneider reviewed EPR studies of defects and defect-interactions in semiconductors

with emphasis on donor-acceptor pairs in silicon, deep-level impurities in general, and the *^^Tn-^'Fe interaction in silicon as a possible interpretation of the x-level. Discussions

were held on energy changes of deep levels due to environmental changes in the matrix,

lattice stress and distortion, and local non-uniform doping leading to an artificial

x-level.

The Conference was effective in stinmlating informal discussions and contacts, and the reaction of the participants was sufficiently enthusiastic that plans were tentatively

developed to hold future meetings at three-year intervals.

85
International Conference on Special Equipment for the Police

The Chief of Che Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL), Lawrence K. Eliason. vent to Canberra, Australia, in October to address this, the fourth such conference in this series. He presented an overview of the LESL and discussed the results of the Equipment Testing

Program. About half of Chose in attendence were familiar with LESL. He also chaired the second session of the conference, which was devoted to papers that described advanced equip" ment development in the United ICingdom, Australia, and West Germany.

86
International Cryogenic Engineering Conference

In September, David E. Danev of GMEPT met in Genoa with members of the International

Cryogenic Engineering Committee, the governing organization of the International Cryogenic

Engineering Conference (ICEC), which is held biannually. Discussion of preparations for the next meeting, which will be held in Genoa in June 1980, was the major business conducted. A proposal by B.W. Birmingham to hold in the 1982 meeting in Japan in conjunction with the Cryogenic Materials Conference met with general approval.

37
International Electrotechnical Commission

In May, Victor Nedzelnitsky of CMEPT was a delegate to the Stock.holm meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC), Technical Committee 29 (Electroacoustics) /Subcommittee 29c (Measuring Devices)/WG-2 (Free-field Calibration of One-Inch Standard Microphones)

and WG-12 (Half-Inch Standard Microphones). He also took part in the inter laboratory comparison calibrations and technical discussions (especially with the Japanese) necessary to development of new and updated technical standards for microphone calibration. Other topics

of interest to his MEL work were electroacoustic testing of hearing aids, acoustic simulators

of the ear for calibration and testing of insert and circumaural earphones, and acoustic

simulators used in the calibration, evaluation, and testing of hearing aids and industrial

noise dosimeters.

The recent work of WG-2 in comparing and evaluating data from various laboratories for

the differences between free-field and pressure sensitivity levels for "one-inch" standard

condenser microphones has culminated in lEC Publication o55. Correction for Free-Field

Response of Microphones (1979). This publication tabulates the values of these differences

at normal and grazing free-field incidences for each of several "one-inch" laboratory microphones in widespread use, including some very popular types manufactured in Denmark and used

in the U.S. It offers an excellent example of how collaboration among the various national

standards laboratories can, at minimal cost to each member nation, provide a relatively large

data base from which a reliable document of great practical value results.

The Stockholm session was the first official meeting of WG-12; consequently, it considered the nature of the documents to be prepared. It appears that issuing two supplements to the Publications 327 and 486, dealing with pressure and free-field calibration, respectively,

of one-inch microphones, will provide the most rapid and economical means of defining and

documentating calibration procedures for the half-inch microphones. Various couplers,

including a Japanese standard and a Danish manufacturer's proposal, and adaptors for pressure calibration of half-inch microphones, were presented to the members.

Raymond S. Turgel of CEEE attended the Sofia, Bulgaria, meeting of lEC subcommittee 13 b

(E lectrical Measuring Instruments) in November 1978. The meeting was attended by 23 delegates from 14 countries and two observers from OIML and from IMEKO. Under discussion was

the draft document concerned with the revision of EEC Publication 51. While this publication

nominally deals with direct-acting indicating meters, its significance goes beyond the immediate subject, because it has traditionally contained the philosophy of accuracy determination used by SC13B for other standards.

38
In November 1978, Ramon L. Jesch of CEEE was a delegate to the lEC meetings held in London, regarding working group 4 of Subcommittee 46D (Connectors for RF Cables). The

meeting was called to agree on the general framework of generic, sectional and detail

specification documents, document numbering, and quality assurance arrangements for coaxial

connectors. Jesch had earlier attended the Subcommittee 460 meetings held in Ottawa.

In September, Gordon W. Day of CEEE attended a meeting of Joint Working Group "0” of lEC and the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, held in Amsterdam.

This group was established to develop a common glossary of terms and definitions related to optical communications for the use in developing standards.

In September, Robert J. Klein of CCPT served as the secretary for several lEC meetings

held in Ottawa. The sessions covered Technical Committee 46 (Cables, Wires and Waveguides

for Telecommunication Equipment), Subcommittee 46B (Waveguides and their Accessories), Subcommittee 46C (L.F. Cables and Wires), and Subcommittee 46E (Fiber Optics).

Such work is necessary, according to Klein, because of the critical role of communications among police departments, unfortunately, the intelligence carried by radio or wire

transmission paths is vulnerable to ingression by unauthorized persons. Coaxial and metal

cables present other problems such as weight, bulk, cost, and frequency-carrier limitations.

To considerably reduce the problems and yet increase the information-handling capacity of the frequency carrier, fiber optic networks should be considered by police departments when

installing new systems.

39
International Ergonomics Association

Ihe seventh Congress of this association was held in Warsaw in August. John V. Fechter of CCPT attended. Generally, aiuch attention at the conference was focused on problems of worker environments (pollution, lighting, noise) and safety. Ironically, some sessions were devoted to papers describing how tasks had been changed to reduce worker exertion and skill/

mental requirements yet other sessions were entirely devoted to ergonomics problems arising

from jobs that required too little exertion or promoted little worker interest due to very

low skill/mental requirements.

More than one session ended on the note that optimization of jobs must consider the short-term problems of errors, lighting, accidents, overexertion — and also consider longterm issues of boredom, general body health, and longevity associated with the other 16 - hours per day workers are not at their primary job.

90
International Fire, Security, and Safety Conference

In April, John S. Stroik of CBT attended three conference sessions, in London, on security

and one on special-risk, protection. One of the talks, "Crime Prevention in the aO's" by J.C. Alderson, Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall, reviewed some recent studies in Great Britain and made suggestions for the future. Although crime rates in Great Britain are lower

chan Che U.S.A. , they have been increasing similarly with interesting parallels in victimization and criminality. Rates of property crime have increased almost everywhere in the free

world with the rise of material affluence and a diminishing cultural authoritarianism (the

only exceptions are Switzerland, Israel, and Japan, all of which are thought to have unique

authoritarian societies and traditions). Changes in the area of private morality have

resulted in a climate of personal amoraiity for many situations Chat would be considered

immoral or illegal in public. The tremendous increase in the so-called "white collar"

crimes was cited as an example.

Other Calks described the state of the art for detection equipment selection, design,

and installation; and management planning for special-risk protection. The problems of false alarms due to inadequate installation guidelines and standards are similar to those in the L'.S. A systematic theory base for security was not evident in the papers presented.

91
International Institution for Production Engineering Research

Robert J. Hocken of- CMEPT's Mechanical Processes Division cook part in the 29th General

Assembly of the International Institution for Production Engineering Research (CIRP) in Davos, Switzerland in August. At Che sessions he was awarded the F.W. Taylor Medal for his

research work on 3-D metrology; he also presented a paper on the use of lasers in dimensional metrology. Of Che two keynote papers, the most useful was one by H.J. Ranker entitled "New Energy Sources and their Influence on Automotive engine Manufacture". Dr. Ranker

had developed a scale on which to rate Che types of proposed power plants in terms of efficiency, energy storage density, power-to-weight ratio, and other factors. The conclusion,

chat there is no really acceptable current or promising future substitute for Che internal

combustion gasoline engine, was almost preordained.

Other papers of interest included; a paper by P.H.J. Schellekins , University of Eindhoven, which reported results very similar to Hocken' s on lasers, a paper by A. Ono on

an accurate laser positioning system using a laser to position parts for micro-spot laser

welding; and a paper by R. Schultschik on the accuracy of machine tools under load.

92
International Organization of Legal Metrology

The U.S. Senate, on August 11, 1972, approved this country's membership in Che International

Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). At chp same time, the National Bureau of Standards^ was assigned responsibility for the development of U.S. positions for technical matters

arising in OIML. Raymond S. Turgel of CEEE was the OIML representative at the November 1973 meeting of lEC Subcommittee 13B held in Sofia, Bulgaria. G.E. Mattingly of CMEPT attended the October

1978 meetings held in Kyoto, Japan. The discussions there concentrated on the technical

problems of water metering. Mattingly also had the opportunity to present the ;IEL water measurement activities to an international audience.

93
International Seminar on Heat and Mass Transfer in Metallurgical Systems

Kenneth G. Kreider of CMEPT presented a paper on the use of infrared thermography in industrial heat-balance calculations (co-authored by Thomas Sheahen ) at this conference held in

Dubrovnik., Yugoslavia, during September 1979.

The computer modelling of the Blast Furnace is advancing in U.K., U.S., U.S.S.k., Japan

and Italy. Julien Szelelv's fundamentals are widely recognized but some of the Japanese

work looks more complete. Although there is little data on the core temperatures and many treatments are two-dimensional, the behavior of the core region has been found to contrast sharply with the zone next to the wails. Dynamic response (hours) has been measured by

S omitoho as a function of ore/coke ratio, increased blast volume, oil injection, blast tem- perature, and blast moisture.

Kazachov gave the background talk on heat and mass solidification. No measurement

problems are apparent and it was not clear what advances were made in the last 13-20 years. Measurements of kinetic and constitutional super cooling are probably not critical in ingots

Enthalpy of solidification of iron/ steel alloys are known only ± 20 percent until they are measured in precision calorimeters, according to the Russians.

Perhaps the most interesting area relating to Thermal Processes Division work related

to the heat treating and quenching of steel. The key papers in this session were given by

Beck, Ecole de Mine, Nancy; Michotte, Louvain Catholic University; and Moreauz, also of Ecole de Mine, Nancy. They had experimentally determined optimal heat treating of metallic

parts and although their work yielded very substantial benefits it seemed that the IR imaging technique might drastically simplify further work. The benefits are particularly important because of the strong need for minimizing energy and alloying ingredients combined with

the recently developed technology of computer-controlled spray cooling. This technique permits one to avoid the "backward" quench you get in inversion caused by the delay from film

boiling at high temperatures combined with the stress-induced rapid quench at low temperatures. The computer-controlled spray permits the reproducible production of many more high

quality parts than previously possible.

94
International Solar Energy Society

In January 1978/ John P. Jenkins of C3T went to New Delhi, I*dia, to present a paper, "Testing of Water-Heating Solar Collectors According to ASHRAE Standard 93-77", and to visit

and confer with delegates of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES).

The technical sessions covered solar heating and cooling, latent and sensible heat

storage, flat-plate collectors, selective surfaces, and solar radiation measurement. During

the course of the conference, a half-day visit was made to inspect the collector test facilities at the Indian National Physical Laboratories and to talk with Dr. V.G. Bhide concerning

testing of flat-plate collectors. The opportunity also arose to discuss procedures and problems connected with solar collector performance with Dr. Jeff Symons of CSIRO,

Dr. Wolfram Schwaigeren of Stuttgart University, and Dr. Eric Aranovltch of the European

Communities Joint Research Center.

95
International Symposium on Cryogenic Wind Tunnels

In April, Ben A. Youngiove of CMEPT presented a paper on the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen gas from sound velocity measurements at this meeting, held at Southampton University, England.

The general topics presented at the conference were wind tunnel instrumentation, magnetic levitation for wind tunnels, liquid and gas nitrogen properties, heat transfer, and

aeroelasticity. Several wind tunnel projects were discussed. Kilgore of the National Transonics Facility (OTF) at NASA Langley gave a report of their effort on the new large 2.5 meter wind tunnel. The other tunnels-, although impressive in their size and projected cost, were somewhat dwarfed by comparison to the NTF. The magnetic suspension work at MIT caused

much interest. To date this is a laboratory study but there was talk about perhaps modifying one of the NTF tunnels to use magnetic suspension. The concept of building larger wind

tunnels is not entirely an effort to reach larger Mach or Reynolds numbers; to a certain

extent it is an effort to achieve data that is more reliable. The effects of viscous drag

and vibration are very real and important to the wind tunnel designer. There is more con- cern about the reliability of test data from these affects chan the nonexpert would ordinarily assume. The suspension of the model is a highly discussed subject because of its affects on test data.

Cryogenic tunnels will use cold nitrogen gas vaporized from liquid nitrogen brought to their sites on trucks. Most tunnels of modest size use about two truckloads per day; however, Che large, 2.5-meter tunnel at Langley will use 15 truckloads per day. The cold gas nitrogen may be mixed with air before being injected into the tunnels. Considerable interest

was shown in Che thermodynamic properties of nitrogen. Most refer to Jacobson '

s

report (NBS

Technical Note 648) on nitrogen as the standard work on the substance. Albone of RAE reported on a simplified equation of state for nitrogen gas which he developed from TN648.

The CMEPT work on nitrogen virials would achieve Che same purpose and should be used in conjunction with TN648.

An interesting paper on an area related to wind tunnels was given by Professor Clausing

of Che university of Illinois on his work at high Reynolds and high Crashoff numbers for gas

at low temperatures. Although related to wind tunnel work through high Reynolds numbers, it

is directed cowards '’power-tower” work where very large amounts of solar energy will be extracted by large array reflectors that direct the energy toward a collector mounted on a cower. tie intends to model the thermodynamic process occurring there using much lower pressures.

96
International Symposium on Energy Conservation in the Built Environment

CBT's Stephen F. Weber went to Denmark in May to present a paper at this, the second such

conference, which was sponsored* jointly by CIB, SOFUS-BYG (The Danish cooperative for research, development, and service in building), and the Danish Building Research Institute.

Weber's paper, "Cost-effectiveness of Energy Conservation Investments in Mew U.S. Residences," was well received by the 200 participants from 21 countries. Another presentation

involved the use of survey data on individual buildings to assess national energy policy in Sweden. The cost-effectiveness of retrofitting external walls of existing housing was estimated and it was recommended that the order in which buildings are insulated and the amount

of added insulation be crucial factors in setting policy. Another paper was presented on

the possible conflicts in energy conservation strategy between the macro and micro points

of view. A simulation model was used to take into account the balance of payments and labormarket effects of energy conservation.

The second session was devoted to methods to Improve the Building Envelope and included

31 papers. One paper was on infra-red thermography to determine the measured heat loss from

specific wall panels. The method involved the imposition of a grid on the wall and the reading of Che wall surface temperatures at the interstices of the grid. These temperatures

would then be integrated over the entire surface to result in a single-valued weighted index

of heat loss. A paper from Norway discussed economic optimization of thermal insulation in buildings. The treatment of windows was analyzed in a number of papers in this session.

Venetian blinds and roller blinds were found to be useful in reducing the nighttime U-value

of windows; but generally blinds should remain open during the day Co permit as much solar

heat gain as possible. Eight different types of weatherstrip materials for windows and doors were evaluated in another paper. Tubular strips were found to have the greatest degree of airtightness, while angle strips performed not quite as well. Foam plastics and fiber scrips

allowed the greatest amount of air infiltration. The influence of window size, properties,

and shading on annual heat consumption and indoor temperatures was studied in another paper.

97
International Symposium on High-Voltage Engineering

This, the third in a series of such symposia, was held in Milan in August.

Robert E. Hebner, Jr. of CEEE presented a paper at the conference, which also Included a panel discussion on the future of high-voltage research and technical sessions on electric-field calculation and measurement, electrical insulation, and instrumentation and measurement.

The common themes that all of the panelists touched upon were three. First, electric

energy will be an increasing percentage of our primary energy sources. Second, transmission

of electric energy is and will remain vital to link energy resources and load centers.

Third, any environmental problems with energy transmission must be identified and solved.

Primarily because of public resistance, most nations are focusing on efficient and compact systems with no increase in transmission voltage level. Both the U.S. and 'J.S.S.S,. , however, do anticipate a significant increase in voltage level. J.J. Dougherty explained

Chat higher voltages are necessary to reduce energy losses. The U.S. is reaching, or pos- sibly has reached, Che point at which Che cost of losses at existing voltage levels exceeds

Che cost of a new, higher voltage, more efficient system.

The technical sessions on the calculation and measurement of electric fields made up about one-third of Che conference. Most of the papers on field calculations were specific

examples of calculations using one of the accepted techniques — Che finite element method,

the charge simulation method, and the Monte Carlo method. The primary thrust of the discussion, however, was that Che real problem is not the refinement of the method of calculation

but the development of efficient, user-oriented techniques to assemble the data and to present Che results of the calculation. The field measurement papers were interesting on two counts. First, foreign authors were aware of, and referenced, similar research and development at MEL. Second, there is, apparently, world-wide attention on the measurement of the electric field in the -/icinity of high-voltage transmission lines.

98
International Symposium on Mathematical Programming

This, the tenth symposium in this series, was held in Montreal in August. Several staff

members of CAM attended and presented papers. Patsy B. Saunders presented two papers, "A Methodology for Testing Mathematical Programming Softwaret" and "Performance Indicators for

Evaluating Math Programming Software,” and was appointed a full member of the Committee on* Algorithms (COAL). Several COAL meetings during the course of the symposium provided an opportunity to discuss future directions for research encouraged by COAL and to arrange

informal interagency agreements to exchange algorithms and test results useful to future

>TEL efforts.

Douglas R. Shier presented an invited half-hour paper, "A Computational Study of Floyd's Algorithm," in a session dealing with network algorithms. In addition, he was a co-author of a contributed paper presented by R.H.F. Jackson and Patsy 3. Saunders.

R.S.F. Jackson presented the paper "A Comparison of Peal-World Linear Programs and

Their Randomly Generated Analogs" and was appointed chairman of COAL for the next three years. Karla L. Hoffman presented the paper "Processing Time: An Accurate Measure of Code

Performance?" and attended the COAL meetings in her role as Newsletter editor for the group. Also attending were Saul I. Gass and Stephen J. Neupauer.
International Symposium on the Performance Concept

In March, James G. Gross of CBT visited Rotterdam to participate in the planning of an international symposium on the performance concept, with particular application to building

rehabilitation. This planned Symposium is the third such Symposium. The Symposia are cosponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), International Council

for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), and International Union of Testing

and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM).

In a full-day meeting, the planning committee developed the outline of the Third Inter- national Symposium on the Performance Concept for Buildings. The Symposium is being planned

for the fall of 1981 in Grenoble, France. Three subtitles were agreed upon:

“ Methods of Deriving Performance Requirements and Criteria,

° Method of Evaluating Performance Against Criteria, and

“ Application of the Performance Concept of Rehabilitation.

100
ISO

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is composed of the national standards bodies of some eighty tountries. The work of ISO is aimed at worJsdwide agreement on international standards for the purpose of expanding trade, improving quality, increasing

productivity, and lowering costs.

An international standard is the result of agreement between the member bodies .of ISO. A first important step coward the international standard cakes the form of a draft proposal

-- a document circulated for comment within the technical committee. But the draft must

pass through several stages before it can be accepted as an International Standard. This

proceaure is designed to ensure Chat the final result is accepted by as many countries as possible.

In December L978, William C. Haight of CMEPT represented the U.3. on behalf of ANSI at

Che initial working session of ISO TC28/SC3/WG1 (New Tank Calibration Methods for Petroleum

Products, Static Measurement). The meetings were held at the Association Suisse de Normalisation headquarters in Zurich.

A total of eight papers was submitted for review. These were in the areas of electrooptical calibration methods using theodolites, lasers and optical plummets, triangulation

methods, and photo gramme trie methods. The technique developed at NEL by Hocken and Haight

was submitted in the form of a paper titled "^lultiple Redundancy in the Measurement of Large Structures". Three additional techniques submitted are of particular interest to MEL

since they are applicable to liquified natural gas supertanker calibrations for international

custody transfers. These were:

° "Jaugeage par Theodolite et Laser des 3acs Verticaux de Spheres" (France),

° "The Calibration of Cylindrical Storage Tanks by External Photogrammetry " (Israel),

and

"Tank Calibration by Internal S tereophotogrammetry " (Israel).

In May, D.R. Flynn of CMEPT went to Stockholm co attend, as the U.3. member, meetings

of N'orking Group o (Noise Emitted by Machinery and Equipment) of Subcommittee 1 (Noise) of ISO Technical Committee a 3 (Acoustics) and then to attend, as a member of the u.S. delegation,

the olenary sessions on the same topics. At the meetings, considerable discussion arose over

101
the use of the term "surface sound pressure level" and the appropriate equation to correct

for the influence of reflected sound in ISO 3746 and other sound power standards. A com- promise wording was achieved; Flynn will undertake also to incorporate this wording in the corresponding American National Standards. It was pointed out that the allowable procedures

for obtaining the environmental correction may give very different values for test rooms where the walls are highly sound absorptive.

G.E. Mattingly of CMEPT took part in the October 1978 meetings of Technical Committee

30, Subcommittee 7 discussions on water meters held in iCyoto, Japan.

Belinda L. Collins of CBT was a delegate to the October 1973 meeting of TC 80 held at the Hague. The purpose of the meeting was to make recooimended changes and improvements to the draft international standard on Safety Colors and Safety Signs. Because this standard

has been under consideration for several years now, it was hoped that agreement could be reached as a result of modification made during the meeting at The Hague. The standard con- sists of a main body containing the overall signage system. Annex A containing the colorimetric properties of the signs, and Annex 3 containing the symbols.

Charles T. Mahaffey of CBT participated in the July 1978 Geneva meeting of the divisional consultative council of ISO, the building standards management group. He returned to Geneva in December 1978 to participate in the Seventh Meeting of Technical Division 3 (Building/Construction) as an accredited representative of ANSI, the member body for the United States.

In January 1979, Mahaffey took part in further meetings to develop a program to eliminate building regulations as an obstacle to trade. This scheme is critically dependent on

the development of an international program for the acceptance of performance data, developed by nationally accredited evaluation organizations, without requiring retesting in the importing country.

In October 1978, Merritt M. Birky and A.F. Robertson of CFR attended the Paris meetings

of Technical Committee 92, Working Group 12 (Toxic Hazards in Fires).

John G. O'Neill of CFR attended the London meetings of Technical Committee 21, Subcommittee 5, held in November 1978. Working Group 2 is currently working on the development

of a draft installation standard for fixed CO2 systems for both local application and total

flooding systems. O'Neill was appointed to the editing committee on behalf of the J.S. delegation. The discussion during this meeting primarily addressed technical details in the design criteria of the standard, including: requirements for CO-1 supply based on room size, the hazard involved, and openings to the outside of the protected area; and size of piping

and nozzles for simple designs and calculation methods for individually designed systems.

By contrast. Working Group 1 has taken a different avenue in terms of standards development from that of WG2 and is concentrating on development of product standards for components

of automatic sprinklers and ocher types of water suppression systems. O'Neill also served on

the editing committee of WGl for this meeting. During this meeting the WGi achieved a significant milestone by completing the draft product standard for automatic sprinklers. Before

final resolution was reached there was extensive discussion on two items in particular, the test for stress corrosion cracking and Che fire test.

In November 1978, A.F. Robertson of CFR participated in the Geneva organizational meeting of Che new Coordinating Committee on Fire Tests (within ISO). The fire-test agreements

reached at the meeting could have considerable significance for fire research and standards

development in U.S..A.

Daniel Gross of CFR traveled to The Hague in February to participate in several working

group meetings of TC 92. AC the meeting of Working Group 3 (Fire Performance of Doors,

Shutters and Glazed Elements), Che principal items of discussion were the draft Proposal for Smoke Control Doors (Ambient, Medium and High Temperatures), Che preparation of a Tecnnical

Report on the use of fire doors, and consideration of the definition of integrity failure.

The ambient temperature test has been forwarded to ISO Central Secretariat for ballot as a

102
Draft International Standard. There are now 5 countries (U.K., Germany, Denmark, Finland,

Australia) that have made ambient temperature leakage measurements on fire doors or "smoke

control" doors. Several countries (Germany, Metherlands and U.K.) have made or are planning

(Belgium, Finland) to make measurements of leakage around doors at medium temperature (up

CO 300*0, but there are considerable differences in apparatus and means of heating. Under

fire conditions, the MBS-sponsored tests at U.L. and TNO tests using half-doors were described. The high-temperature test will be appended to the WG3 Chairman's report together

with information on tests carried out (Finland, U.S. and Holland) to invite preliminary com- ments at or after the Plenary Meeting. The draft Technical Report will be baaed on a document prepared originally by Malhotra to clarify the different functions of fire doors

(compartmentation) and smoke control doors (smoke-free zones), but with modifications based

on any comments received.

Ac the meeting of Working Group 11 (Fire Resistance), the items of discussion were

ultimate integrity failure, revision of ISO 834, fire resistance of suspended ceilings,

horizontal partitions, fire exposure of exterior columns and facades, and fire penetration

through walls, ceilings and joints. It was noted chat the definition of ultimate integrity

failure for nonloadbearing elements was Che most confusing (indefinite) part of ISO 834. Although many countries have adopted ISO 334 (generally only 98 to 99%), there are reported

to be appreciable differences in testing conditions and in test results as well as additional

requirements in national regulations. Thus, the results are not generally accepted from

country to country. An example was given of the variation in test results on identical loadbearing concrete-filled tubular steel columns from 5 laboratories in 3 countries. Most experts felt chat the type of boundary conditions (one end intended as a hinged connection)

was much more important than Che furnace lining, type of fuel, etc- The Draft International

Standard on Suspended Ceilings will be circulated for Member Body ballot in approximately

one month.

' At the meeting of Working Group 14 (Vetwiilacion Ducts), a section-by-section review was made of a draft test method for fire testing ventilation ducts which are not protected by

fire dampers. Since Che draft requires considerable editing, and the preparation of a Commentary, it will be circulated to Working Group members for additional review prior to the September Plenary meeting.

In March, A.F. Robertson of CFR visited the ;iinistry of Home Construction building, in

The Hague, to participate in a meeting of the ISO/TC 92/WG7, which serves as the coordinating committee for TC 92 on Fire Tests. There, plans were being developed for both the ple- nary meeting of TC 92 that Fall and continued work of the committee. At Che meeting, the

question of whether a fire test method supported by TC 92 might measure more chan one fire

property was discussed. This discussion was largely based on the work MEL had done on the spread of flame test method. The group working on the spread of flame test was making use

of findings MEL had reported at the Paris meeting last Fall. They have decided to concentrate on Che side 45* angle position for the specimen.

Merritt M. Birky of CFR chaired the two-day ISO/TC 92 Working Group 12 meetings held in

London in March. The meeting covered the test method for assessing toxicity of combustion

products. The German representatives were in favor of the DIN system as a standard test

method. The system includes the tube furnace for sample degradation and an attached animal

exposure system. This system is being used in Germany, France and Belgium. Its relevance,

particularly the method of thermal degradation of materials, has not been established in relationship to large-scale fire experiments or to the toxicity hazards. Analytical measurements done by Dr. Sands show that the CO levels are comparable to COt levels and sometimes

exceed COo concentrations.

In April, Irwin A. Benjamin of CFR took part in meetings of ISO/TC 92 related to Working

Group 2 (Test Methods) and Working Group + (Reaction to Fire Tests). In WG2 , certain details

relating to the drawings for the noncombustibility test (DIS 1182.2) were discussed, and

final drawings are expected to be ready soon. The principal discussion item was measurement

of rate of heat release. The apparatus designed by the British Timber Research and Development Association is still in the testing and modification stage. Because of the problems

with this apparatus, there was serious consideration of the Ohio State/Smith heat release

calorimeter as well as the MBS—proposed oxygen combustion techniques.

103
In WG4, Che principal discussion items were proposed tests for smoke measurement,

ignitability and flame spread. The Munich smoke box test is still undergoing revisions and

refinement, but it was decided to go ahead with a round robin involving 6 laboratories in late 1979. The proposed ignitability round robin is being held up until changes have been

made in the pilot flame to resolve existing problems. Decisions were made on the proposed

flame spread test which is now being divided into three parts according to the specimen

orientation. A round robin will be undertaken involving 12 laboratories and 7 specimens.

In Che general discussion, concurrence was achieved on the U.S. position of relating test methods to real-life scenarios and validating these methods by full-scale tests.

Richard G. Bright of CFR attended the June meeting of IS0/TC21/SC3 held in Moscow on

June 7-8, 1979. TC21 is the technical committee responsible for "Equipment for Fire Protection and Fire Fighting" and SC3 is Che subcommiccee responsible for "Fire Detection and

Alarm Systems". Bright was one of a three-man U.S. delegation to Che meeting.

Irwin Benjamin. A.F. Robertson, and Daniel Gross attended the September plenary meeting

of TC92 held in Sydney, Australia. During the meeting, agreement was reached on reorganization with three subcommittees. One of these on Toxic Hazards in Fire is Co be a successor

CO WG12. The plan is Chat the U.S. will assume the responsibility for secretariat of this

Subcommittee. During meetings of both TC92 and TC38/SC19, Gross reported on the progress

of Che IMCO ad hoc group on fire test methods. Both committees are concerned with this

development but the pressures for development of test methods in ISO and IMCO appear different. As a resialt of discussion at the meeting and with support from the U.S. delegation,

it was decided to relax the TC92 rule of only one property measurement per fire test. TC92

also decided to publish as technical reports three test methods which have as yet not been

fully validated.

In September, James H. Winger of CFR attended the ISO meetings of Technical Committee

38, Subcommittee 19 (Burning Behavior of Textiles) held in Sydney, Australia.

In September, John G. O'Neill of CFR attended the Technical Committee 21, Subcommiccee

5, Working Group 2 meeting held in Heidelberg, West Germany. At this meeting a draft installation standard for fixed CO2 systems was completed. This draft standard includes both local

application and total flooding systems. The next week, a Working Group 2 meeting was held

in Milan. The meeting centered upon completing a similar draft standard for alarm valves.

In May, C.W. Devereux of CCPT went to Pretoria, South Africa, to attend the fifth

meeting of ISO Technical Committee 133 (Sizing Systems and Designations for Clothes). The meeting was important to NEL because of its role as secretariat of Che ANSI technical advisory group concerned with standards for clothing sizes.

In May, Eric A, Vadeiund of CCPT went to Geneva to attend Che second annual meeting

of Che ISO Council Committee for Consumer Policy as a member of the ANSI International Consumer Policy Advisory Committee. The meetings showed chat efforts in Che consumer product

safety field at the international level are somewhat behind similar efforts in the United

States. Moreover, the question of consumer participation in standardization activities is just now being addressed and has not yet reached Che operational level. The institutionalization of such concepts as Consumer Sounding Boards and Che public funding of consumer participation in standardization and regulatory activities, is still on the horizon.

John V. Fechter of CCPT attended the August meetings of Technical Committee 159, Subcommittee 3 (Anthropometry and Biomechanics) held in Berlin. There, final draft of the Core

List of Anthropometric Measurements was approved. Those core measurements should be included

in any future anthropometric studies, and done according to the methods specified in the core

list. The draft was submitted to Che full ISO/TC159 for approval at the Warsaw meetings

held later chat month.

Frank J. Powell of OEP went to Milan in September to attend the ISO 163 (Thermal

Insulation) meeting as an official U.S. delegate and to participate as a member of two of its subcommittees, two working groups, and the advisory group.

104
In February, Lawrence D. Eicher, Director of the Office of Engineering Standards,

traveled to Paris to attend a meeting of the ad hoc drafting committee of the ISONET Management Board. (ISONET signifies the ISO International Standards Information Network.) The

meeting was called to redraft the document "Conditions for Participation in ISONET as a National Member."

A later ISONET meeting, in June, confirmed the revisions made at that time. In September, Eicher returned to Geneva, with Charles B. Phucas of OES, to attend the annual

plenary meeting of ISO Council Committee on Scientific and Technical Information in Standardization, as leader of U.S. delegation, and the annual ISO Council meeting, as a U.S. observer

invited by the American National Standards Institute.

105
Microcircuit Engineering ' 79: Microstructure Fabrication

This annual conference was held this year in Aachen, West Germany, at Che Institute of Semiconductor Electronics of the Technical University of Aachen. The conference covered

electron beam lithography, x-ray lithography, resist materials, pattern transfer, metrology,

and optical lithography. There were two invited papers, one on "The Physical and Electrical

Limitations to Improvement of Silicon Integrated Circuits," by V.L. Rideout and "Metrology

for Submicrometer Devices and Structures," by W, Murray Bullis of CEEE.

Several aspects of Che conference were of particular interest to NEL. First, in his

review paper, Rideout predicted Chat commercial production of 1-micrometer circuits would

not occur until 1988. On Che ocher hand, A.C. Tobey projected full production of submicro- meter circuits, requiring electron beam writing for some of Che circuit levels by 1985. He projects 0 .5-micromecer geometries by 1987 or 1988.

Second, researchers from Philips reported work on two electrical test structures, one

for making linewidth measurements and the ocher for making alignment measurements. The linewidth structure is a bar with adjacent current and voltage contacts at either end; the sheet

resistance must be determined with an independent measurement. This structure appears to be much less satisfactory Chan Che MEL cross-bridge structure.

It became clear at the conference that NEL is widely recognized for its leadership position in metrology for the semiconductor industry. A representative of Physikalish Technische

Bundesanstalt , MEL's counterpart in West Germany, attended the conference to learn more about

standards, especially linewidth measurement, at MEL. Representatives of more than half a dozen major European organizations, including the central mask-making facility for the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, the new electron beam lithography facility

at Che Rutherford Laboratory in England, and Che British Post Office Research Centre, were anxious co obtain Che linewidth measurement artifacts.

106
NATO Advanced Study Institute

This Advanced Study Institute under MATO auspices is one among about seventy organized each year on a variety of topics. The conference was held in July at the University of East

Anglia, Norwich, England. The general topic was "Theoretical Methods for Determining the Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Structures."

Arthur D. Yaghjian of CEEE was invited to talk on the singularity of the Green's function in the volume integral equation determining electric fields within biological tissue.

Although arost electromagnetic short courses include some representatives from foreign

countries, few. If any, have had the varied international cross section of delegates and

lecturers displayed by this first NATO Institute on electromagnetics. There were aumerous delegates from countries such as Poland, Turkey, and Israel, as well as from the NATO countries.

A pleasant surprise was a general awareness of the electromagnetics work at NEL. Yaghjian was asked continually about near-field measurements, electromagnetic field probes, transverse electromagnetic cells, flat-response antennas, and dyadic Green's functions.

107
RILEM

The Reunion Internationale des Laboratories de'Essais et de Recherches sur les Materiaux at les Constructions (RILERi) is an international nonprofit association governed by Swiss Law. ^ts aim is to constitute a medium of exchange and of communication of scientific experience,

especially the experience acquired by the study of materials and building elements, by

observation, by tests in Che laboratory and in~situ , and by research. The RILEM membership

list shows representatives from 72 countries. Recently RILEM has become more active in international standards organizations, particularly the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has adopted the policy whereby each technical committee must summarize its

recommendations as prospective standards and submit them through the Permanent Committee of RILEM to ISO for international standards.

James R. Wright, Deputy Director of NEL, is in his fifth year as a member of the RILEM

Rureau. The Bureau of RILEM corresponds to Che Board of Directors of an organization such

as Che ASTM in Che United States. He is also Che RILEM Delegate for the United States, and

in this capacity represents 32 U.S. RILEM members.

In April, William C. Cullen. Deputy Director of the Office of Engineering Standards,

attended the Aachen, West Germany, meetings of RILEM in his official capacity as a member of Che Coordinating Group. The Coordinating Group meets in executive session once each year to review and discuss the activities of each of the RILEM technical committees. An annual

report is prepared and submitted to the RILEM Permanent Committee on the progress of respective committees and gives its recommendations to the Adivsory Group for the demise of existing committees and Che start of new ones.

Also in Aachen, the Coordinating Group met in joint session with the RILEM Advisory

Group, of which Geoffrey Frohnsdorff of CBT is a member. This year the group approved pro- posals for the formation of new committees on resin adhesion to concrete, multi-axial testing of concrete, polymer-impregnated concrete, and the corrosion of galvanizea steel pipes.

It also recommended that RILEM cosponsor Che Second International Conference on Che Durability of Building Materials and Components which is to be held at CBT in 1981. The Advisory Group is to develop a 5-year plan as a framework for the setting up of new technical committees. Among subjects for which proposals for new committees will be sought within

the next year are corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete, fly ash for use in concrete,

methods for characterization of environments to which building materials are exposed, and

materials for solar heating and cooling systems.

108
Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility

This symposium, Che third in a series, was held in May in Rotterdam. Motohisa Kanda.

Myron L. Crawford, and Harold E. Taggart of CEEE attended and presented papers. The sym- posium had several sessions dealing with subjects normally outside the conventional EMC discipline: an electromagnetic fields session (where Kanda's paper was presented), a biological effects session, a magnetic fields session, and a nuclear electromagnetic pulse

session.

109
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

The development of a standardized system for writing building regulations in performance

terms and for the development of a widely accepted product evaluation mechanism through the use of standardized test methods are the goals of the 'JN/ECE. These goals, which include

the problems of energy conservation (the UN/ECE region accouts for 30% of the world's consumption of energy), surfacing at the same time as Che start of serious O.S. metrication planning, make it reasonable to believe that it would be useful for the U.S. to consider a collaborative role in Che UN/ECE-ISO project.

For these reasons, Charles T. MahafTey of CBT took part in the July 1978 Geneva meetings

of Che Vorking Party on the Building Industry, in support of both CBT research and the building industry of Che United States.

In December 1978, Mahaffey returned to Geneva to participate in an intersecretariat

meeting of international organizations supporting the development of the United >Jacions pro- gram on the harmonization of national building regulations. He delivered a report on the Second International Conference on Recognition of National Programs for Accrediting Test laboratories, held on October 1978 in Washington, D.C. He also cook part in a UN/ECE meeting on international standards for low—cost housing.

In January 1979, Mahaffey attended a further series of meetings in Geneva. The meetings produced agreements on 18 points related to the development of an international system

for accepting building product evaluations made at the national level. These agreements

covered ISO standards processes, the ISO CERTICO program, the referencing of standards by ICE governments, and an appropriate role of testing lab evaluations.

110
World Congress on Shell and Spatial Structures

In Sepcemoer, Edward O. Pfrang of C3T attended this Congress, in Madrid, and presented an invited paper entitled, "Criteria for Assuring Safety IXiring the Erection of Reinforced

Concrete Shell Structures."

The International Association of Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) is the premiere

iatarnationai body dealing with technology related to the design and construction of shell structures. The group, originally formed as the result of initiatives taken in Spain, has

a very heavy European flavor to it. Since its inception, IASS had had a reasonable 'J.3. contribution; however, this has been mainly from academic institutions. Latin Americans and Europeans have carried out some very daring designs using shell structures, and although

they have been used to some extent in this country, they have not been as popular here. Since the mathematics related to shell structures is very "elegant" they have received a great deal of academic attention in the United States. On the practical side, they have

not received anywhere near as taich attention. This being the 20th anniversary of IASS, the Congress was again held in Madrid. Eight themes were considered for discussion: buckling

problems; dynamic studies; special problems on cable structures; general analysis using

discretizing methods; theoretical and/or experimental investigations on shells and spatial

structures; projects and designs carried out during the last ten years; new materials and new

shapes in the construction of shells and spatial structures; future development; and repair

and reconstruction of ancient monuments.
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List of Foreign Guest Workers

Under the guest-worker plan of UEL, faculty and graduate-student scientists or engineers of recognized institutions of learning and certain other niature scientists taay be invited to undertake a project of substantial value to the Bureau, using Bureau equipment and facilities.

A guest worker is not employed by the Government and accordingly the Bureau pays no compensation or other financial benefits for his service. Guest workers have access to N'BS libraries

and computer facilities as chough they were NBS employees. The duration of the assignment

is normally from 6 months to 2 years. NBS, conversely, occasionally posts its own employees

to laboratories abroad.

During FY 1979, the following guest workers participated in NEL programs:

D . Baka s "Building Research, " in CFR

Polymer Institute

Slovak Academy of Sciences

Bratislava, Czechoslovakia

?. Barriere

"Building Performance Concept, " in CBT University of Paris

c/o Dr. Jean-Claude Ziv

Olivier Carrec

"Heat Release Rates for a large Variety of Materials," in CFR Association pour 1' Initiation a la Recherche dans la Batiment

29 Avenue d'Lena

7511o Paris

Tridib Chaudhuri

"Thermal Analysis, " in CBT

UN Fellow

Civil Engineering Department

National Test House

Aiipore, Calcutta
Pierre Conteau

'Application of Solar Technology in Towns and Cities," in C3T

Association pour 1' Initiation a la Recherche dans la Satiment

29 Avenue d'Lena

75116 Paris

Martine Gaume "Building Perfoniiance Concept," in C3T

University of Paris

c/o Dr. Jean-Claude Ziv

Rujoshi Ochifuji

"Energy Conservation Projects for Passive Energy Use Programs

, " in CBT Faculty of Engineering

HoRRaido University

Sapporo 060

Hakon Olafsson

"Performance of Pozzolans in Concrete, " in CBT Building Research Institute

Reykjavik, Iceland

Dhiraj Rumar Ray

"Metrology Studies," in CMEPT

UN Fellow

India Ministry of Supply and Rehabilitation

National Test House

Alipore, Calcutta

Gilles Renous "Application of Heat Pumps in Solar-Heated Buildings," in CBT Association pour 1' Initiation a la Recherche dans la Batiment

29 Avenue d'Lena

75116 Paris

Tomonori Saitoh

"Thermal Engineering", in CBT Ohbayashi-Gumi, Ltd

Tokyo

Ivan Spilda

"Mechanisms of Flame Retardation of Thermoplastics," in CFR Research Institute of Organic Technology

Bratislava, Czechoslovakia

Thierry J. Tixador

"Building Research" , " in CFR Association pour 1' Initiation a la Recherche dans la Batiment

39 Avenue d'Lena

75116 Paris

Jorge R. Tucaraccio

"Air Conditioning Testing," in CBT Institute National de Technologic

Libertad 1235 Buenos Aires, Argentina

114
Acknowledgment

The aacerial presented in this report was derived from the foreign trip reports submitted

by the ^^EL staff upon completion of their travel. These reports summarize the activites,

interactions with the representatives of international organizations and foreign countries,

the subjects discussed, significant technological items, and the benefits to the National

Bureau of Standards. We acknowledge the work of the NEL staff in preparing these Foreign

Trip Reports, without which this report could not have been written.

Michael Olmert reviewed the foreign trip reports, extracted data, and prepared this

text. Me gratefully acknowledge Mr. Olmert 's work in preparing this report.

115
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NEL Staff Index

william E. Anderson, IJ Vincent D. Axp,56,dO

Paul R. Achenbach, 27 ,72 Ramon C. Baird, 5£

Jay W. Bauer, 24 John S. 3eers,lJ

Irwin A. Ben jamin, JJ, lOJ, 104 Merritt M. ,25 ,79 ,102 ,103

Edward L. Brady ,11, -JO Richard G. Bright, 54 ,i04

W. Murray 3ullis,i06

Ginger A. Caldwell, 75 Phil Chen, J

6

A. F. Clark, 72 Frederic 3. Clarke, J2,5J

Belinda L. Collins, oi ,102

Myron L. Crawford, 23 ,38 ,109

william C. Cullen, 65,105

David S. Daney, 72, 57 Gordon 'J. Cay ,33 ,37 ,76 ,39

C. '1. Devereau, i04

Dwain E. Diller,77

Porter Driscoll, 62 Janet R. Donaldson, 75 Lawrence D. Eicher, 105 Lawrence K. Eliason,56 John V. Fechter ,47,50 ,104 James J. ?illiben,75

Donald R. Flach, 75

D. R. Flynn, lOi

i. M. Flynn, 72 Jeffrey T. Fong, ^5 Andrew J. Foweil,I4

Judson C. French, 7, 12 Geoffrey Frohnsdorff ,20 ,49 ,61 ,108

G. Fujii,72

Lawrence 3. Galowin, 70 Richard G. Gann, 7

I

Saul I. Gass, 59 Daniel Gross ,10 ,34 ,59 ,102 ,104 James G. Gross ,39 ,32 ,69 ,100

William C. Haight, 55, iOi

Howard J. M. Hanley ,9 Robert E. Hebner, Jr. ,55

Jim L. Heldenbrand, 14 Robert J. Hocken, 15 ,92 ,101

Karla L. Hoffman, 59 David Hog ben, 75 Gerald L . Howe 1

1

, 1

4

Melson H. Hsu, 55 ,52

R. H. F. Jackson, 99 John ?. Jenkins, 95 Ramon L. Jesch, 59 Motohisa Kanda, 15 ,55 ,57 ,109

Takashi Kashiwagi,55

Russell A. Kirsch, 50 Philip S. Klebanoff ,50

Robert J. Klein, 59 Kenneth G. Kr eider ,46,54

Harry H. Ku,40

H. s'. Lew, 52 ,55 Preston E. McNall, 16, 69 Charles T. Mahaf fey ,102 ,110

Richard D. Marshall, 26 ,45

G. E. Mattingly ,51 ,55 ,102 Santos Mayo, 55 John A. Moiino, 15 Victor Medzeinitsky ,51 ,55

Stephen J. Meupauer,99

John G. O'Neil, 20, 64, 102, 104 William J. Parker, 14 Sally T. Peavy,75

117
Edward 0. Pfrang.jJ, 49, iii Frank J. Powell, 29, 72,104

Charles B. Phucas, 66, 105

S, . Radebaugh, 26,52,72

D. T. Reed, 72 Joseph C. Richmond, 91

A. F. Robertson,9, SO, 102, 102, 104

F. E. Rosberry, S2

Patsy B. Saunders, 99 Robert I. Scace, 19,72,74

Howard K. Schoenwetter, 75

F. E. Scire, 22 Thomas Sheahen, 94 Douglas R. Sheir,99

John Arol Simpson, 19,52

Jack E. Snell, 54 Clifford F. Spiegelman, 11 ,29

G. C. Straty, 27 John S. Stroik, 61, 91 Dennis A. Swyt, 17 Harold E. Taggart, IS, 109

E. Clayton Teague, 11, 19,52,92 Peter V. Tryon, 7S Raymond S. Turgel, SS, 92

Eric A. Vadelund, 104 Dominic F. Vecchia, 7S

T. V. Vorburger, 59, S2

Lloyd A. Weber, 29,60,72

Stephen F. Weber, 97 Randolph Williams, 49 James H. Winger, 10,15,104

Robert A. Wise, 14 James R. Wright, 109 Arthur D. Yaghjian, 57, 107 Simone Y. Yaniv, 46,69,24

Gary T. Yonemura, 22,21 Ben A. Younglove, 96 James E. Zimmerman, 92

113
NBS«114A (REV. ••TB)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 80-2113

‘s'V

^f:^< o . -x^jy^pr.** ^..**

. .

-

•

. iiili i

:ip? 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

The Fiscal Year 1979 Survey of International Activities at NEL

S. Publication Date September 1980

7. AUTHOR(S)

Samuel Kramer (Michael 01 me rt- Editor)

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS ('StrMr, Citr, State. ZIP)

n/a

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

^ ^ 'i' s V

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I ! Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leae factual auxtaaary of moat aignifieant information. If document includea a significant bibliography or

literature eureey, mention it here.) This report presents a survey of a major phase of the international activities of

the National Engineering Laboratory (NEL), NBS, for the Fiscal Year 1979.

There are a number of media through which international activities are conducted.

The first of these is the formal visit by one or more NEL staffers to a foreign

research organization or conference. The second category covers visits by foreign

government scientists and research institutions to the NBS facilities. Other media

include exchange visits and the hosting of overseas guest workers at NBS. Although

this report covers only the first category and the listing of overseas guest workers

at NBS, some significant and gratifying contributions to international technical

progress are detailed here.

The report is organized by countries, international organizations and conferences.

NEL professional staff involved in these activities are readily identified. Guest

workers are listed with their research interests. The report is intended to serve

as a directory and reference document for all those who seek information on the

international activities of the National Engineering Laboratory, NBS.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first tetter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Engineering; international cooperation; international research; international

standards; National Bureau of Standards (NBS); National Engineering Laboratory (NEL);

technology transfer; guest workers.

18. AVAILABILITY iXX Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I Order From Sup. of Doc,, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-Q03-

iiT" Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,

VA. 22161

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

121

22. Price

39.00

USCOMM-OC
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