NBSIR 75-974

The Demonstration of

Experimental Lead Paint Hazard

Abatement Methods in Atlanta,

Georgia

Thomas H. Boone

Harvey W. Berger

A. Philip Cramp

Herbert A. Jackson

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1975

Final

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

I

NBSIR 75-974

THE DEMONSTRATION OF

EXPERIMENTAL LEAD PAINT HAZARD

ABATEMENT METHODS IN ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

Thomas H. Boone

Harvey W. Berger

A. Philip Cramp

Herbert A. Jackson

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1975

Final

Prepared for Office of Policy Development

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary

James A. Baker, III. Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Table of Contents

Page

List o£ Tables iv

List of Figures v

SI Conversion Units vi

Abstract , vi

1 . Introduction 1

1.1 Selection of Atlanta, Georgia for the

Experimental Hazard Abatement Program 3

2. Dwelling Unit Selection 3

2.1 Housing Selection Criteria and Sampling Plan . 3

2.2 Screening and Selection Process 5 2.3 Dwelling Unit Sample Characteristics and

Conditions 8

2.3.1 Lead Paint Locations and Levels . . . . H

3. Lead Paint Hazard Abatement Processes 15

3.1 Paint Removal Methods 16

3.1.1 Solvent-based Paint Removers X6

3.1.2 Dip Tank Method 17

3.1.3 Hand Scraping 17

3.1.4 Electric Heat Gun 18

3.1.5 Infra-red Heat Device 20

3.1.6 Propane Torch 20

3.2 Replacement of Components 22

3.3 Barrier Materials 22

3.3.1 Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric 23

3.3.2 Gypsum Wallboard 24

3.3.3 Nfelamine Coated Hardboard 24

3.3.4 Gypsum Veneer Plaster 24

3.3.5 Gypsum Plaster with Metal Lath 25

3.3.6 Aggregate Filled Paint 26

3.3.7 Vinyl Coated Fabric 27

3.3.8 Plywood on Floors 27

3.3.9 Cement itious Coatings 28

3.4 Package Plans 29
Tables o£ Contents (con't.)

Abatement Method Assignment

Page

29

4.1 Specifications

Evaluation of the Abatment Processes

5.1 Implementation Characteristics

5.1.1 Implementation Characteristics Rating

Procedures

5.1.2 Discussion of Implementation Characteristics

of Abatement Processes

5. 1. 2. 1 Solvent Based Paint Removers • • • 4»

49 5. 1. 2. 2

5. 1. 2. 3 50

51 5. 1. 2. 4

5. 1. 2. 5 52

5. 1. 2. 6

5. 1. 2. 7 . .53

5. 1. 2. 8 Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric . • . .54

5. 1. 2. 9

5. 1. 2. 10 . .56

5. 1. 2. 11 . .57

5. 1. 2. 12

5. 1. 2. 13

5. 1. 2. 14

5. 1. 2. 15

5. 1. 2. 16

5.2 Hazard Abatement Effectiveness 61

5.2.1 Lead Paint Removal, 61

Recommendat ions 65

6.1 Paint Removal Methods 65

6.1.1

6.1.2

6.1.3

6.1.4

6.1.5

6.1.6

Solvent Based Paint Removers

Dip Tank (Doors only). . . . Hand Scraping § Sanding. . . Electric Heat Gun

Infra- Red Heat Device. . . . Propane Torch

65

66

66

67

67

67

ii
Table of Contents (con't.)

Page

6.2 Replacement of Components 68

6.2.1 Door Replacement 68

6.2.2 Door Trim Replacement 68

6.2.3 Window Replacement 68

6.2.4 Window Trim Pveplacement 68

6.2.5 Baseboard Replacement 69

6.3 Application of Barrier Materials 70

6.3.1 Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric 70

6.3.2 Gypsum Wallboard 70

6.3.3 Melamine Coated Hardboard, 71

6.3.4 Gypsum Veneer Plaster 71

6.3.5 Gypsum Plaster with Metal Lath 72

6.3.6 Filled Paint 72

6.3.7 Cementitious Paint 73

6.3.8 Vinyl Coated Fabric 73

6.3.9 Plywood on Floors 73

7. Acknowledgement, 75

8. References 76

9. Appendices - Specifications for Abatement Methods Used in

Atlanta, Georgia. 77

Section 0101 - General Requirements

Section 0901 - Gypsum Wallboard 82

Section 0905 - Melamine Coated Hardboard §5

Section 0906 - Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric • • • 88

Section 0908 - Vinyl Coated Fabric PO

Section 0912 - Gypsum Veneer Plaster with

Bonding Agent 92

Section 0913 - Gypsum Plaster with Metal Lath ... 96

Section 0914 - Filled Paint 100

Section 0915 - Cementitious Coating , 101

Section 0918 - Plywood 104

Section 0921 - Paint Removal - Scraping 106

Section 0922 - Solvent Based Paint Remover 107

Section 0923 - Paint Removal by Electric Heat Gun .108

Section 0924 - Paint Removal - Propane Torch . . . .109

Section 0925 - Paint Removal from Doors Using

DiT3 Tank 110

Section 0926 - Paint Removal - Infra-Red Device . .111

iii
List of Tables

Page

1. Housing Sample Selection Plan for 80

Dwelling Units 6

2. Summary of Characteristics of Dwellings

Used in Atlanta EHAP 10

3. Lead Paint Locations ^ Levels -- MultiFamily Low Rise Dwelling Units Before

Abatement 12

4. Lead Paint Locations ^ Levels -- Single

Family Detached Dwelling Units Before

Abatement 13

5. Average Lead Levels Found on Surfaces Selected

for Abatement in Atlanta, Georgia 14

6. Series I Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Requiring Abatement of Interior

Walls and Trim 30

7. Series II Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Requir5_ng Abatement of Interior

Trim only 31

8. Series III Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Requiring Abatement of Exteriors only 32

9. Series IV Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Requiring Abatement of Interior Walls

and Trim and Exteriors 33

10. Series V Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Requiring Abatement of Interior Trim

and Exteriors Only 34

11. Abatement Methods Assignments 35

12. Summary Ratings of Implementation Characteristics

Abatement Systems 45

13. Ranking of Implementation Characteristics on

Abatement Processes Demonstrated in Atlanta,

GA. and Washington, D.C 47

14. Effectiveness of Lead (Pb) Paint Removal, MFLR. .62

15. Effectiveness of Lead Paint Removal, SFA 63

iv
List of Figures

Page

1. Recording Form o£ Interior Surfaces 7

2. Scraping Lead Paint Softened by Electrical

Heat Gun 19

3. Infra -Red, Heat Device 21

4A. Implementation Characteristics Rating Sheet 39

4B. Implementation Characteristics Rating Sheet (Con't). . 40

4C. Implementation Characteristics Rating Sheet (Con't). . 41

V
SI Conversion Units

The conversion factors and units contained in this report are in

accordance with the International System of Units (abbreviated SI for

Systeme International d 'Unites). The SI was defined and given official

status by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures which met

in Paris in October 1960. For assistance in converting U.S. customary

units to SI units, see ASTM E 380, ASTM Standard Metric Practice Guide,

available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race

Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19103. The conversion factors for the units

found in this Standard are as follows:

Length

1 in = 0.025A* meter

1 ft = 0.30A8* meter

1 mil = 0.001* in

Area

1 in^ = 6.4516* x lO'^+meter^

1 ft^ = 0.9290* meter^

Volume

1 in^ = 1.638 X lO-^meter^

1 liter = 1.000* x lO'^meter^

Mass

1 grain = 6.A79 x 10~^kilogram

1 ounce-mass (avoirdupois) = 2.834 x 10 ^kilogram

1 pound-mass (avoirdupois) = 0.4535 kilogram

Pressure or Stress (Force/Area)

1 inch of mercury (60°F) = 3376 newton/meter^

1 pound-force/inch (psi) = 6894 newton/meter^

*Exactly

vi
Energy

1 inch-pound-force (in-lbf) = 0.1130 joule

Plane Angle

1 degree (angle) = 1.7A5 x 10 radian

Power

1 watt = 1.000* X 10^ erg/second

Temperature

°C = 5/9 (Temperature °F - 32)

*Exactly

vii
The Demonstration of Experimental Lead

Paint Flazard Abatement Methods in Atlanta, Georgia

Abstract

This report describes the second phase of an experimental lead

paint hazard abatement program carried out in 80 dwelling units in

Atlanta, Georgia. The first phase was conducted in V/ashington, D.C.

The entire program will ultimately involve the abatement of lead

paint hazards in a total of approximately 250 dwelling units distributed

over three or more cities.

The procedures demonstrated in this field testing program were:

paint removal using chemical sovlents; paint removal using three heat

producing devices; the replacement of components such as windows, doors,

and wood trim and the installation of flexible sheet materials, rigid

boards, plaster products and aggregate filled coatings, over existing

lead paint on walls. Also evaluated -was the covering of deteriorated,

lead paint coated floors with plywood.

The report includes procedures for inspecting and selecting dwellings

for lead paint hazard abatement, evaluations of the suitability and

implementation characteristics of the abatement methods, and recommendations for their use.

Subsequent reports will present the results of comparable programs

in additional cities and a final report will compare the cost-effectiveness of the alternative abatement methods.

Key Words: Abatement; barrier materials; building materials; children;

housing; lead-based paint; lead poisoning; paint removal.

viii
1. INTRODUCTION

Lead poisoning is recognized as a serious national health problem

viiich affects hundreds of thousands of children annually. A major

contributor to this desease is lead based paint which exists as a hazard

in most housing built before 1940. Children who suffer from pica, an

abnormal desire to eat non-food items, will develop lead poisoning if

they have access to loose or peeling lead paint on walls or on other

surfaces such as window sills, railings and door edges which are within

their reach.

The Lead Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act of 1971 [1]* was

enacted to attack the problem of lead paint poisoning of children. As

one of many responsibilities under that law, The Department of Housing

and Urban Development (HUD) was directed to carry out a research and

demonstration program on technological means for the elimination of

lead paint hazards from housing, in order to meet that obligation, HUD

developed an Experimental Hazard Abatement Program CEHAP) in which

approximately twenty lead paint hazard abatement methods would be demonstrated in 250 dwellings, distributed in a number of major cities across

the country.

The Center for Building Technology at the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) is a primary source of technical assistance to HUD in

the areas of housing research and building technology. In addition to

participating in several other research activities pertaining to the

lead poisoning problem, NBS is providing technical assistance to HUD on

'^Numbers in brackets indicate the literature reference at the end of this

paper

1
the EHAP. NBS is responsible for assisting in the design of the program

and for the evaluation of the performance and characteristics of the

abatement methods and the determination of their relative cost effectiveness. The Boeing Aerospace Company is providing field management

services for the EHAP under a contract with HIID.

This report is the second in a series of reports on the EHAP. The

first report [2] described the abatement of lead paint hazards in 30

dwellings in Washington, D.C. This report describes the abatement of

lead paint in 80 dwellings in Atlanta, Georgia and represents the completion of the first phase of the EHAP. It is anticipated that a total of

140 dwellings will be abated in one or possibly two additional cities in

the second phase of the EHAP. That work will be the subject of subsequent

reports. A final report will be prepared at the conclusion of the EHAP

which will be a summary of the technical observations and recommendations,

a presentation of cost data obtained throughout the program and an analysis

of the cost effectiveness of the abatement methods which were demonstrated.

This report is intended to provide technical guidance in the selection of abatement methods to housing and code officials and to others

who are immediately concerned with the elimination of lead paint hazards

from housing and/or the control of lead paint poisoning in children.

The reader is urged to review the first report [2] of this series

which provides additional introductory information on the roles and

responsebilities of the various participants in the EHAP and some of

the operational procedures.

2
1.1 SELECTION OF ATLANTA, GEORGIA FOR THE EHAP

The dwellings used for the demonstration of lead paint hazard

abatement in the EHAP are public housing units or properties that are

in HUD's temporary inventory because of defaults, by previous o"wners,

of HUD/FHA insured mortgages. Atlanta was selected as one of the cities

to be included in the EHAP because of the availability of a large stock

of dwellings from which appropriate units could be selected and because

the type of construction and materials usage appeared to be representative

of housing in the south-eastern region of the country.

2. DIVELLING UNIT SELECTIONS

2.1 HOUSING SELECTION CRITERIA AND SAMPLING PLAN

A series of criteria were developed to control the selection of

the housing sample in order to assure an appropriate number of housing

units with a variety of construction types, ages and extremes in the conditions which are believed to contribute to lead paint poisoning. In

addition, it was especially desirable to have units, in which abatement

would be carried out in wet areas* such as kitchens and bathrooms, as

well as in dry areas such as bedrooms, living rooms, dining rooms and

hallways

A criterion was established for the minimum amount of painted surface

area to be abated in each dwelling unit. This criterion was intended to

assure that a sufficient quantity of work was performed on each abatement

system to determine its feasibility and to provide reliable cost data

for a later final report as noted in the introduction. The factors

considered in this report are basically procedural and technical.

"Areas frequently exposed to high humidity and splashing water.

3
The criteria listed below were intended to assure that the dwelling

units selected for lead paint abatement in Atlanta were representative of

housing that is believed to contribute to lead paint poisoning and were,

in fact, hazardous by virtue of their lead paint content and deteriorated

condition.

CRITERION 1: Lead Content

The interior painted surfaces shall contain at least 2.0 milligrams

of lead per square centimeter of surface area. The surface shall be

measured as described in Section 2.2 below with a portable X-rayfluorescent (XRF) lead detector. (The characteristics and use of

such detectors are described elsewhere [3]).

CRITERION 2: Physical Conditions

The paint on wall surfaces shall be cracked, scaling, peeling or

chipping and/or if the painted trim, such as windows, window sills,

doors, door frames and molding, although tight, is within four feet

of the floor.

CRITERION 3: Surface Dimensions . v^ ,;

One or more of the following requirements must be satisfied:

(a) At least 500 square feet of interior wall surface will

require abatement. ' ;

(b) At least 500 linear feet of interior trim will require

abatement

(c) Four interior doors will require abatement.

(d) Four windows will require abatement.

In addition to meeting the CRITERIA listed above, the units in Atlanta

were selected to fulfill to the extent possible, a housing sample selection
plan (See Table 1) which specified the types and ages of dwellings units

to be used in the Program.

2.2 SCREENING AND SELECTION PROCESS

In the process of screening housing for inclusion in the Program and

in accordance with CRITERION 1, only those walls whose painted surfaces

were in a deteriorated condition were measured to determine their lead

content. If after a quick walk-through of the dwelling unit, none of the

walls were found to be in such condition, the inspectors proceeded directly

to the measurement of lead on doors, windows, and trim in each interior

room.

If the XRF measurements of lead content were below 1.0 mg/cmP- on

all surfaces, the dwelling was eliminated as a potential condidate for

the Program. If on the other hand, certain surfaces rendered single

XRF readings greater than 1.0 mg/cm^, more detailed XRF inspections were

made according to the following procedure:

Value of "Initial"

XRF Reading Number of "Additional Readings

mg/cm^ at a Single Point"

less than 1.0 None

1.0 to 3.4 2

more than 3.4 None

For each surface which indicated an average lead paint content of

2.0 mg/cm^ or above (or a single reading of 3.4 mg/cm^ or more) additional

information was recorded on its total area in square feet or length in

linear feet.

All of this information was recorded on an "Interior Surfaces" form

(Figure 1) as well as data on the types and conditions of the substrates

5
Table 1

Housing Sample Selection

Plan for 80 Dwelling

Units

Year of Construction

r 1 C 1 0:>1 - 1 041 - 1 Osl -

J- z/ ox 192u 1940 1950 l96U

MFHR-'- 0 2 6 2

MFLR^ 0 2 10 3

SFA-^ 5 25 5 5

SFD^ 2 8 4 1

-^MFHR - Multifamily High Rise - A multiple dwelling

exceeding three stories in height.

'MFLR - ^fultifamily Low Rise - A multiple dwelling

not exceeding three stories in height.

*SFA - Single Family Attached - A dwelling, one or

more stories in height, of whicn the walls

on one or more sides are party or lot line

walls.

^SFD - Single Family Detached - A dwelling, one or

more stories in height, which is completely

surrounded by permanent open spaces.
^ 2; trt <

^ Z ->

Q. >

- = D

>)(S) I- U DO Q.

I- O

3 ^

a. <J

C/5 O

< o

z u

3 < O o <

X Ll_

o

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I I-

_J X

<UUm

3

COo

• H

u

<u

1—

(

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•H o

C

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7
and surfaces in each room. In addition, other potentially important

information was noted on the general conditions of each dwelling unit

including, major structural defects, roof and plumbing leaks, and the

nature and condition of electrical wiring, heating and plumbing systems.

2.3 DWELLING UNIT SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS

The Public Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta maintains

responsibility for approximately 10,800 public housing units. The files

on this housing stock were reviewed briefly in order to select specific

properties for preliminary inspections and ultimate selection for the

EHAP in accordance with the Housing Sample Selection Plan (Table 1)

Of the approximately 80 public housing units that were inspected by

Housing Authority teams, 48 were finally selected for the EHAP from the

public housing stock. All of the units, which had been built between

1936 and 1940, were occupied and were located at three sites in the inner

part of the city: Techwood Homes, University Homes, and John Hope Homes.

All of the units were of masonry construction with brick exterior

facing. The two story buildings, at University Homes and John Hope Homes,

had private entrances for each dwelling unit and balconies with wrought

iron railings on the second floors. The three story buildings, at Techwood

Homes, had public or common entrances but did not have balconies.

In spite of their age, the conditions of the exteriors and interiors

were surprisingly good. The exterior brick, concrete stoops and steps,

railings and entrance doors were in sound condition. There were no major

repairs required for walls or ceilings and there were no weak or unsafe

floors. In fact, with the exception of minor gouges and small puncture

holes, the interior plaster walls were sound.

8
However, peeling paint was prevalent and about one -third o£ the

original steel casement windows were inoperative because of corrosion

and wear.

During the time of the housing selection process - (October through

November 1975) the Atlanta HUD Area Office was in possession of an inventory of about 600 housing units acquired by default of HUD insured mortgages. Thirty-t^^ro of these acquired properties were finally selected

for inclusion in the EHAP.

All of these properties were unoccupied single family detached

houses. Their styles ranged from Cape Cod or bungalow type to tivostory colonials with front and rear porches. The majority were of frame

construction with "V\'ood clapboard exterior siding. Four of these houses

were built before 1920, twenty- three were built betxveen 1920 and 1940

and five were built between 1940 and 1950.

All of the 32 acquired properties had plaster interior walls and

wood double-hung imidows that were sound and in working condition. The

majority had four or six panel colonial interior doors with ornate wood

trim. Several of the units had walls and ceilings with falling plaster

and some of the wood porch decks were weak and unsafe. However, none

of these conditions of deterioration were found in areas vs'here lead

paint was present and therefore no prior repair work was required for

the implementation of the lead hazard abatement m.ethods.

A brief summary of the characteristics of the 80 dwelling units used

in Atlanta is given in Table 2 . A comparison of the types and ages of

the dwellings with the original sampling plan, shoisn in Table 1, indicates

differences between the planned and actual samples. These differences

9
Table 2

Summary of Characteristics of Dwellings Used in Atlanta EHAP

Type of Unit

Total number of units

Year of Construction:

before 1920

1920-40

1940-50

Construction Type

Materials Used:

Walls

Windows

Doors

Trim

Acquired

Properties

SFA

32

4

23

5

Frame

Plaster

Wood Double Hung

Wood 4-6 panel

Wood - ornate

Public Housing

MFLR

48

0

40

8

Masonry

Plaster

Steel Casement

Wood - Flush

Metal - Plain

10
in the mixture of ages and types of dwellings were simply due to the

absence of many of the desired categories of housing in the Atlanta

public housing and acquired properties inventory. All of the types of

housing identified in Table 1 exist in the City of Atlanta but they are

not represented in the publicly owned property stock.

The unavailability of several housing types and the consistently

sound condition of the surfaces, which were abated, constituted some

limitation with regard to the program objectives. A number of the

abatement methods which were to be applied to surfaces with major

damages could not be implemented under those circumstances. The nature

and costs of preparation and repair work could not be determined because

of the generally sound condition of the 80 units.

2.3.1 LEAD PAINT LOCATIONS AND LEVELS

The locations of lead paint in the dwelling units and the measured

quantity of lead at or above 2.0 mg/cm^, for each location, are presented

in Tables 3 and 4. Only five of the 47 multi-family dwelling unit listed

in Table 3 contained interior walls in dry areas, which were above 2.0mg/cm2.

These were all located in the stairwells. With the exceptions of units

268, 269, and 271, the doors; door frames; windows; window frames and

baseboards all had measured lead levels above 2.0 mg/cm^.

In Atlanta, areas which were considered to be accessible to children

(such as front and rear porches or stoops) and having painted surfaces

measuring 2.0 m.g/cm^ or above, as shown in Table 4, were abated.

The average lead levels found in the dwelling units are shown in

Table 5. As in Washington, D.C., the hazardous areas were primarily found

within the dwelling units, on the walls in wet areas (kitchens and bathrooms) , on windows and doors and on most trim (door and window frames

11
Table 3

L i; A D PAINT LOCATIONS L F. V T'. I, S

OIULTI-FAMILY LOW RISE DV/ELLING WITS)

2 Lead Content mg/cm before abatement

W A L L S DTORS DOOR

IVINDOIVS

1',' FMTYll'f IViiNU ) 1 R/VSEBOARDS !JNIT NO.

Kitclicns Bathrooms Staircase

FRA^11-,S FRA^IES

203 7.0 5.0 3.5 3.5 4.0

204 7.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 S.O

205 4.0 5.5 7.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 206 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.5 3.0 4.0

207 4.0 3.5 5.0 3.0 208 5.0 7.5 5.3 3.5 209 13. 5 16.0 20.5 3.5 3.0 210 16. 5 12.0 6.0 6.0 5.5

211 11.0 11.0 5.5

212 15.0 10.0 6.0 9.0 4.5

213 7.0 9.0 4.5 5.0

217 8.0 7.0 2.4 111 3. 5 3.0

:?3 3. 5 6.0

111 4.0 6.0

231 5.5 8.0 232 3. 5 5. 5 233 5. 5 8. 5 238 2.5 240 7.0 6.0 2. 5 2.5 3. 0 242 5. 5 7.0 4. 0 5.0 4.0 243 5.5 7.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 244 3.

5.5 3. 5 3.0 3. 5 246 7.0 4.0 3.0 3. 0 3. 0 247 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 3.0

248 3.5 4.0 8.0 7.0 3.0

249 19.0 14.0 9.0 11.0 3.0

250 15.0 18.

8.0 8.0 3. 0 251 10.0 10.0 8.0 7.0

252 13.0 19.0 8.0 4.5

253 8. 5 11.0 8.0 6.0 254 19.0 14.0 7.5 7.0 255 10. 5 12.5 5.3 11 .

256 3.0 7.0 5.0 3. 0

..—_ ..

257 12.

8.0 6. 0 4. 0 258 9.0 9.0 4.0 5. 0 263 12.

8.0 3. 0 8 .

——

264 13.17.0 6. 0 7 .

265 11.12.0 3. 0 4.0

266 10. 0 9.0 4.0

ibl 0 n

0. 0 14.0 b.U b . U

A C

268 9.0 13.0

269 9.0 13.0 6.0

270 9.0 12.5 6.2 6.3

271 12.0 14.0

273 15.5 11.5 6.0 6.5

274 13.5 17.0 4.5 6.1

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10.0 1

1

10. ol 1

27.0 1

j

10.0 1

11.0 o 115.0 o 'o

\o o

CO

22.5 28.0 LO

fNJ

27.0

o o 1

10.0 1

spjBoqasBg o

00 Or- 1

13.0 o o

cn o

LO o

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13.0 O

1

14.0 O

to

LO

C50

SMoput;,! o

r-- o LO

to 1

13.0 o 1

15.0 o

to

LO

sautBJj j.ooa

LO oLO oLO o

r- 1

11-0 o

LO o

to o

cn o

SJOOQ

LO

LO o o

LO o 13.0 o 15.0 o r-- CO o

WALLS

uiooj:ip.Ba LO

13.0 10.0 LOCO o

LO o

LO

12.0 LO

rOto

rgoto1

I oI to

i1

LOoto

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i

rg

to to

r-H to org

to

1

to

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ro to to

oo

CM

to to oto

to

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to

1

\0

to

to

to

to

CO

to

to

cn

to

to

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to

to to

OO

1 13
Table 5

AVERAGE LEAD LEVELS FOUND ON SURFACES SELECTED

FOR ABATE^CNT IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA

Average Leaa Content Levels

(mg/cm^)

Hazardous

Areas SFD MFLR

Wall (Kitchen) 7.0 10.0

Wall (Bathroom) , 10.0 14.0

Wall (Stairway) 8.0

Doors 9.0 5.0

Door Frames 6.0 6.0

Windows 7.0 6.0

Vi/indow Frames 5.0 3.0

Baseboards 7.0 4.5

Cabinets 8.0

Exterior Surfaces

12.0

11.0

8.0

11.0

11.0

13.0

14.5

14.0

12.0

17.0

13.5

15.0

14.0

7.0

8.0

Wall (front)

Wall (rear)

Doors (front)

Doors (rear)

Door Frames (front)

Door Frames (rear)

Windows (front)

Window Frames (front)

Window Frames (rear)

Porch Railings (front)

Porch Railings (rear)

Porch Columns (front)

Porch Columns (rear)

Porch Decks (front)

Porch Decks (rear)

14
and base moldings) . The average lead levels found on the exterior surfaces are also shown in Table 5.

3. LEAD PAINT HAZARD ABATEMENT PROCESSES

The materials and techniques which were selected for demonstration

in Atlanta, were chosen in part on the basis of the results of an

extensive laboratory testing program carried out by NBS in which the

performance and properties of seventeen potential lead paint hazard

abatement methods were determined. The results of that work were

reported in NBS Technical Note 808 entitled Potential Systems for Lead

Hazard Elimination: Evaluations and Recommendations for Use [4]

The procedures and materials used in Atlanta are described below

and include: six techniques for removing paint; the process of removing

and replacing interior components such as doors, windows and trim; and

nine barrier materials for application to walls or planar surfaces. Detailed material and installation specifications of the processes used in

Atlanta are presented in Appendix 1.

Eight of the 16 lead paint hazard abatement methods demonstrated

in Atlanta were previously demonstrated in the Washington, D.C. phase

of the EHAP. A number of the 16 methods will be demonstrated again in

the subsequent stages of the Program. The reason for this repetition

is the need for determining variations in costs, quality of workmanship

and applicability resulting from variations in housing conditions and

types, local labor availability, different contractors for the work,

labor rates and other unpredictable factors.

The descriptions of the repeated abatement processes (in both Sections

3 and 5) are included in this report for completeness. Differences in

observations, conclusions or recommendations between the Washington and

15
Atlanta stages of the Program are noted where appropriate.

3.1 PAINT REMOVAL METHODS

The safety of workmen and dwelling occupants was a primary consideration in the implementation of paint removal methods. The general

intention was to avoid any procedures which might result in lead poisoning

due to the inhalation or absorption of lead fumes or dust. In addition

there was concern for the potential fire hazard associated with the use

of open flame paint removal techniques.

3.1.1 SOLVENT-EASED PAINT REMOVERS

A number of "industrial grade" paint removers were used to remove

lead paint from windows, doors and other wood trim and components. The

normally viscous liquids were applied to both horizontal and vertical

surfaces by brush, allowed to react with the lead paint coatings and

then removed along with the softened paint using various metal scrapers.

Paint removers are extremely variable in their ability to penetrate

and react with multiple layers of dried paint. The effectiveness of the

remover depends not only on its own composition but also on the nature

of the multi -layered coating to which it is applied. Most removers

will react with only 2 to 4 layers of paint at a time. In such cases,

where more than that number of layers of paint is present, the removerpaint agglomeration must be removed and fresh remover applied as often

as necessary to achieve complete removal . Of the nine commercial paint

removers used in Atlanta, only one satisfactorily removed more than a

few layers of dried paint in a single application. The composition and

characteristics of that product are being investigated.

Generally, the reaction time for paint removers is about one-half hour.

The remover -paint waste, which is scraped from the treated surfaces, is

16
collected on polyethylene drop cloths and discarded. Prior to ligut

sanding and repainting, the surface was wiped with a water -saturated

rag in order to remove any residue of remover -paint mixture.

Proper precautions regarding open flames , adequate ventilation and

avoidance of contact with skin is necessary to assure the safe use of

this class of products.

3.1.Z DIP TANK METHOD

Commercial furniture stripping plants have facilities for removing

old paint and varnish by totally immersing the object of interest in

large tanks containing heated alkaline solvents in an aqueous medium.

Doors which were stripped by this process required two and three

hours of treatment during which time they were alternately soaked and

scrubbed with neavy bristle brushes. The total stripping time is

dependent on the type of paint, the number of paint layers and

the temperature and strength of the solvent bath. Doors can be

stripped with hinges and other hardware still attached . After

the paint is completely removed the doors are washed with water, allowed

to air dry and then returned to the dwelling from which they were

taken where they are reinstalled and repainted.

3.1.3 HAND SCRAPING

Simple hand tools such as paint scrapers and putty knives were used

to remove loose and flaking paint. In tne experiment at Atlanta, these

tools were used for removing the paint on exterior walls, wood porch

railings and columns, exterior wood doors and windows and their trames,

and interior wood doors and -windows and their frames.

Electrical sanders were used to achieve the complete removal of

17
paint that was too tighty adhered to those surfaces for hand scraping.

3.1.4 ELECTRICAL HEAT GUN

When paint is heated sufficiently, it softens, swells and usually

blisters so that it can be removed easily from its substrate with metal

scrapers. Several techniques are available for removing paint from

doors, windows and other wood surfaces, by means of heat generation.

One such technique, a portable flameless electric hot air blowing

device was selected for this Program because of its effectiveness in

removing paint from wood substrates as demonstrated in laboratory tests

and its apparent low risk of fire and injury to the operator and bystanders .

This commercially manufactured device consists essentially of an

air blower attached to a reinforced flexible plastic hose, with a

cylindrical electric heater at the outlet. The heater is heavily

insulated, so that it can be hand held while in operation. This apparatus (shown in Figure 2) is mounted on a stand which is quite mobile.

It is capable of producing a strong stream of hot air at temperatures

of between 175° and 540°C (350° and 1000°F) . The working end of the

device is very light in weight and a single workman can perform the

continous operations of heating the paint to its softening point and

scraping it off with metal tools. Electrical circuits or portable

generators supplying 20 ampere currents at 110-120 volts are required

for operation of the hot air blower.

In Atlanta, this device was used exclusively for the removal of

lead paint from doors and other wood components and trim. It was not

used on walls or other large planar surfaces.

18
Figure 2 - Scraping lead paint softened byElectrical Heat Gun

19
3.1.5 INFRA-RED HEAT DEVICE

The infra-red heat device used in Atlanta consists o£ a propane

torch whose flame is recessed in a metal reflector covered with a metal

grid. When the flame is lit, the grid is heated. The device is held

near the surface that is to be stripped and the heat radiating from

the grid softens the paint so that it can be scraped off with metal tools.

This device (shown in Figure 3) is somewhat less hazardous than

a propane torch because the open flame is recessed. It is completely

portable, uses one pound disposable propane cylinders or a 25 pound

refillable propane tank and the process of heating and scraping can be

carried out by a single workman. Two retlector sizes are available: one

with a 3 -inch (7.5 cm) diameter opening is intended for use on wood trim,

windows, and trames; the other with an 8 -inch {20 cm) square opening is

available for walls and large planar surfaces. Only wood components

were stripped using this device in the Atlanta EHAP.

3.1.6 PROPANE TORCH

The open flame produced by a propane torch can be used to directly

heat paint to tne softening point so that it can be scraped off with

metal tools. ihe process is easily carries out by a single workman

using a one pound propane bottle.

Until recently, the use of propane torches nas been quite widespread for this purpose but, they are falling into disfavor because of

the extreme fire hazard of an open flame (especially in occupied and

furnished dwellings) and the danger of over-heating paints to the point

of vaporization of the lead pigm.ents. As a safety precaution its use in

the Atlanta EHAP was restricted to the stripping of exterior wood trim,

surfaces. 20
Figure 3
3.2 REPLACBIENT UF COMPONENTS

Removal of doors, windows, trim, and other lead painted components

and replacement with new materials is an accepted technique o£ lead

paint hazard abatement. It is an especially logical choice o£ techniques when the subject components are deteriorated beyond the point ot

functionality and the cost of abatement by other means is unjustifiable

in light of their poor condition.

in Atlanta, windows and doors were replaced if they were found to do

deteriorated or damaged to the extent that they could no longer function.

Interior doors were replaced with new plywood veneer hollow core type

doors which were reinstalled on existing frames. Carpentry skills were

necessary for rehanging, fitting and remounting hardware. Custom

carpentry was required tor replacing wooden sash windows and frames in

single family units.

3.3 BAKRIER MATERIALS

The complete stripping of lead paint trom surfaces or the removal

and replacement of building components which are coated with lead paint

can unequivocally be defined as hazard elimination methods. The effectiveness of such methods is essentially total. However, the application

of those methods to large wall surfaces appear to be both impractical and

prohibitively expensive. The application of materials, which are intended

to act as barriers is, in most cases, the only reasonable approach to

lead paint hazard abatement of wall surfaces. The effectiveness of

these barrier materials is a function of the degree to which they

prevent access to the existing lead paint which they cover. The material's strength, durability and permanence are the primary characteris22
tics that establish its effectiveness in lead paint nazard abatement.

The nine barrier materials, which were demonstrated in Atlanta,

are representative of only a small fraction of the commercially manufactured products which could be applicable to tnis purpose. Nevertheless, they do represent a wide range of physical properties and include

rigid board-like panels, flexible sheet goods and semi-licpjiid applied

coatings. Their characteristics are discussed below.

3.3.1 GYPSUM IMPREGNATED JUTE FABRIC

This wall covering product consists of jute fabric which is impregnated with uncrystallized gypsum (^hydrated calcium sulfate) . It is

applied to walls, in the same manner as wallpaper, with a water base

adhesive which is recommended by the manufacturer of the fabric. As

the gypsum absorbs moisture from the air, it hydrates, hardens and

becomes a fairly rigia and penetration-resistant material.

There are no safety hazards associated with application of tne material and it can be used in occupied and unoccupied dwellings if adequate

space is available in which to lay it out, cut it to length and apply

the adhesive.

A clean substrate, in good repair, is necessary for adequate adhesion. The covering will, however, bridge minor voids and mask minor substrate imperfections.

The product is supplied in 120 cm (48 inches) wide rolls wrapped

in polyethylene bags to prevent premature hydration of the gypsum. The

product is available in several pastel colors and may also be painted.

A protective coating can be applied if the material is to be used in

wet areas.

23
3.3.2 GYPSUM WALLBOARD

Gypsum wallboard is a product which is comprised of a thick layer

of gypsum to which paper or other materials are bonded to provide a

finished or finishable surface. It is intended for use on walls, ceilings, or partitions and can be applied directly to existing surfaces or

to wood or metal furring strips.

Gypsum wallboard has been used extensively as a barrier material

for lead paint hazard abatement in cities throughout the country, its

advantages are: low materials cost; familiarity of the product among

contractors; and particularly, its low flammability. The product used

in Atlanta was regular, tapered edge, 3/8 -inch thick (9.5 mm) available

in 4 by 8 feet (1.2 x 2.4 m) sheets. It was applied directly to existing

walls with adhesives and nails. The installed wallboard was prepared

for painting by finishing the joints between the sheets with joint tape

and compound. Nail heads were also covered with compound and both areas

were sanded to a smooth finish.

3.3.3 MELAMINE COATED HARDBOARD

This product is a 1/4 -inch (6.4 mm) thick tempered hardboard to

which a 1-1/2 mil (.038 mm) thick melamine film has been laminated to

provide a serviceable, decorative finish. The material is supplied in

4x8 feet panels (1.2 x 2.4 m) and is applied to existing walls with

an adhesive. Pre-formed strips are used to cover verticle butted seams

and as a molding at the ceiling line. Baseboards are applied over the

paneling along the floor line.

3.3.4 GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER

The gypsum plaster used in the Program was a one-component pre24
packaged material which becomes plastic when mixed with water so that

it can be trowel applied to form a highly polished finish or can be

worked to achieve a textured finish. It was applied to solid plaster

walls which were first treated with a vinyl polymer bonding compound

to improve adhesion to the existing painted surfaces. The finished

thickness of the plaster was approximately 1/8-inch (3.2 mm) thick.

Skilled workmen are required for the satisfactory application of this

product

3.3.5 GYPSUM PLASTER WITH METAL LATH

Gypsum plaster is applied to a metal lath which serves as a support

for the plaster and a means of adhesion to the surface being treated.

The lath is a netting of 20 gauge galvanized steel which is fastened to

a surface with nails, staples or screws. The lath and plaster is readily obtainable in building supply outlets. The metal lath used in

Atlanta came in sheets of 27 x 96 inches (65 x 250 cm) . Pre-mixed plaster, needing only water, came in 80 lbs (36 kg) bags and unmixed plaster,

needing sand and water, came in 100 lbs (45 kg) bags. Both plasters

can be mixed by hand but a better product, of more uniform consistency,

is obtained by machine mixing.

The plaster is usually applied in two stages resulting in a final

thickness of 1/2-inch (1.3 cm). In the first application, wood fiber is

added to the gypsum plaster to improve its working characteristics by

making it easier to apply and to increase its adhesion to the metal lath.

This first coat is applied by trowel to a uniform thickness of about

3/8 -inch (1 cm). The plaster sets up (hardens) rapidly and must be

aDDlied quickly. Highly calcined gypsum plaster is used for the second

25
or top-coat. This plaster contains a retarder which delays hardening so

that the desired finish (smooth or textured) can be achieved. The final

coat is about 1/8 -inch (0.3 cm) thick. The finished dried surface is

usually painted.

The application of plaster to lath should be done by skilled vrorkmen. The temperature of the work area and surface should be above 50°F

and adequate ventilation (for proper drying of the plaster) should be

provided.

3.3.6 AGGREGATE FILLED PAINT

This coating, also known as "filled paint", is a latex based product which contains sand or other mineral aggregate which provides a

thick finish comparable in texture to sand finished plaster.

The generic product is manufactured by many firms. It is usually

available only in white but may be tinted to any pastel color and can

be purchased in one or five gallon (3.8 or 19 liter) cans and in 30

or 55 gallon (114 or 209 liter) drums from paint stores or building

materials supply outlets respectively.

Filled paint is viscous. . The product used was formulated for

application by airless spray equipment but it, and most other

formulations, can be applied using a brush or roller. It requires no

mixing or thinning and it can be applied to any surface which is free

of dirt, oil or grease. Primers are not required for use on previously

painted surfaces and thicknesses as high as 20 mils (0.02 inch or 0.05 cm)

can be obtained with one coat. The finish texture, ranging from smooth

to coarse, depends upon the aggregate quantity and particle size.

26
3.3.7 VINYL COATED FABRIC

Vinyl coated fabric is basically similar to wallpaper or vinyl

clad paper. Its strength and durability exceeds that of the other two

.materials because of its combination of vinyl surface and textile fabric

backing

Vinyl -coated fabrics vary in size and weight depending upon the

thickness of the vinyl used and are manufactured in light, medium,

and heavy weights. The light weight, which was used in Atlanta,

has an average weight of 9 oz. per square yard (315 g. per m^) . It

has all the advantages of the medium and heavy weight vinyl wallcovering

with the exception of its somewhat greater vulnerability to abrasion

and abuse. It is available in rolls 27 -inch wide (68 cm) x 5 to 6 yards

(4.5 to 5.5 m) long.

Vinyl-coated fabric may be installed on any wall surface that is

free of dirt, grease, oil and moisture. The method used for hanging

vinyl-coated fabric is the same as used for hanging wallpaper. The

adhesive used depends upon the weight of the vinyl -coated fabric.

These fabrics normally resist soiling and staining even by objects such

as crayon, lipstick, ink, etc. A mild detergent and a sponge usually

will remove most soils and stains. They conform to the bends and

contours of most surfaces and are installed readily by workmen who are

familiar with wallpaper installation using ordinary hand tools and

equipment

3.3.8 PLYWOOD ON FLOORS

Plywood is used to cover-up lead painted exterior wood decks on

porches. Warped and rotted boards are replaced with new or sound ones

27
and a 15 lb. (6.8 kg) roofing felt is put do\vn as an imderlayment before

installing the plywood.

The felt is available at most building supply outlets and comes in

rolls 3 ft. (0.9 m) wide with 432 square feet (39 m ) per roll. It

is easily cut with a linoleum knife and is stapled in place over the

entire porch deck. '

• "" '

Four by 8 foot (1.2 x 2.4 m) sheets of 3/8 -inch (9.5 mm) A-B grade,

exterior or marine plywood is used. All edges are treated with wood

preservative and the sheets are nailed or screwed to the existing deck

with its A grade surface up. All exposed edges are covered with wood

trim and the new surface is painted with one coat of primer and two coats

of exterior paint.

Skilled workmen are required to install plywood on existing porch

decks with satisfactory workmanship. Although the job can be done with

hand tools it can be accomplished much more easily with ordinary power

tools such as electric drills and saws.

3.3.9 CEMENTITIOUS COATING

The cementitious coating consists of portland cement, sand, and

acrylic resin to which water is added to make a slurry. It can be

tinted to desire colors by the addition of pigments recommended by the

manufacturer

The cementitious coating is viscous and it has a rough texture.

It can be applied by brush or roller or any other equipment designed to

apply viscous filled coatings. It can be obtained in 5 gallon (19 liter)

containers

The surface to be coated must be clean and free from, loose particles.

28
Glossy surfaces must be roughened with an abrasive and chaulky surfaces

sealed with a sealer as recommended by the manufacturer to ensure good

adhesion. The applied coating has a final thickness of 1/16- inch (about

2 . 1 mm)

3.4 PACKAGE PLANS

The abatement methods being demonstrated in this Program were

grouped in a manner to assure that specific combinations of techniques

would be carried out in assigned dwelling units. The groupings or

"package plans" shown in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 indicate which

abatement techniques were carried out after selection of the dwelling

units according to the housing selection criteria previously discussed

in Section 2. This approach simplified decision making concerning the

manner in which the hazard in each unit was to be abated, and ensured

that each method was tested in a variety of housing units.

A few substitutions were made, for various abatement methods

specified in the individual package plans, in order to adjust to specific

dwelling unit and job conditions.

4. ABATEMENT METHOD ASSIGNMENTS

Of the 80 housing units to be abated in the Atlanta Program., 25 were

intended for use in demonstrating Package Plan Series I and II, on

interior surfaces, as shown in Table 6 and 7. The remaining 55 were to

be used for demonstrating Package Plan Series III, TV, and V, on interior

and exterior surfaces, as shown in Tables 8, 9, and 10.

Only 33 units meeting the criterion for exterior abatement (Package Plan

Series III, IV, and V) could be found during the time alloted for housing selection and, therefore, the 25 units under Package Plan Series I

29
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32
Table 9

Series IV Package Plans for Dwelling Units Requiring

Abatement of Interior Walls and Trim and Exteriors

Package

Plan Combination of

I--A + III -F

I--B + III -F

IVC

I--D + III -F

IV-E I--C + III -B

IV

I--E + III -A

IV-G I--F + III -C

33
Table 10

Series V Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Requiring Abatement of Interior Trim and Exteriors Only

Package

Plan

V-A

V-B

V-C

V-D

V-E

V-F

V-G

Combination of

II-A + III-F

II-B + III-F

II-C + III-B

II-D + III-G

II-E + III-C

II-F + III-D

II-G + III-E

.'34
Table 11

Abatement Method Assignment s

Package No. of Units Package No. o£ ITnits

Plans Planned Actual Plan Planned Actual

I-A 4 9

I-B 4 8

I-C 4 6

I-D - 4

I-E 1 5

I-F - 3

I-H

i-I 1

11

1

II-B 3 6

II-C 6 3

II-E 3 3

II-F 1 1

TOTAL "T5 47

III-B 1 6

T T T T~* III-F 10

III-G 1 6

IV-A 5

W-B 4

IV'-C 4

IV-E 4 2

IV-F 4

n^-G 4 1

V-A 5

V-B 5

V-C 5

V-D 5

V-E 5 5

V-F 1 1

V-G 2 2

33

35
and II was increased to 47 so that the total units abated in Atlanta

would total 80. The number of units finally assigned to each package

plan are shown in Table 11.

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS

The materials and installation specifications for all of the

abatement methods (as presented in the Appendix) include the following:

Specification Title Specification No.

General Requirements 0101 ' ''^

' ^ Gypsum Wallboard 0901 ^ Melamine Coated Hardboard 0905^

Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric 0906^

Vinyl Coated Fabric 0908^

Gypsum Veneer Plaster with

Bonding Agent 0912 2 Gypsum Plaster with Lath 0913^

Filled Paint 0914^

Cementitious Coating 0915^

Plywood :i 0918 ^ Scrape 0921 ^'^ Solvent Based Paint Remover 0922

Electric Head Gun 0923 ^'^ Propane Torch 0924 ^ Dip Tank Stripping of Doors 0925 ^'^ Infra -Red Device 0926 ^'^

Ten contract packages, each containing work scopes and specifications for one to sixteen dwelling units, were prepared (by Boeing) for the

80 dwellings. The completed documents were reviewed by RJD and N'BS before

the abatement contracts were advertised for competitive bids. The

contract packages were awarded to eight contractors: two contractors

abating 16 units each, two contractors abating 22 units each (the low

bidders on two contract packages containing 11 units each) and four

Y. Window, door, and trim replacement are covered in part five of this

specifications

2. Used for abatement on the interior surfaces of the dwelling units.

3. Used for abatement on the exterior surfaces of the dwelling units.

36
contractors with one unit each.

5. EVALUATION OF THE ABATEMENT PROCESSES.

This section o£ the report is a critique and commentary on the

effectiveness of the materials and systems used for lead paint hazard

abatement in the Atlanta Program. It contains discussions of the

implementation characteristics and effectiveness of the lead paint

abatement techniques.

5.1 IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS

One of the major objectives of the field demonstration of lead

paint hazard abatement methods is the evaluation of the technical

feasibility and operational characteristics associated with the implementation of each method.

Implementation characteristics pertain to the working aspects of

lead paint hazard abatement. The field engineer or evaluator is primarily concerned with functions such as: materials availability; the

transporation of materials and equipment to the work-site; the process

of preparing and of applying materials or techniques to surfaces which

require abatement; waste disposal; safety; finished appearance and other

issues

Implementation data and information were obtained for each abatement method demonstrated in the Atlanta Program by on-the-job observations both during and after the completion of the work in each dwelling

unit. The final ratings were based on the observations and conclusions

of NBS and HUD technical personnel , and also on information and

opinions acquired as a result of debriefings of the contractor's workmen, their supervisors and representatives of the Atlanta housing

authorities and HUD area offices.

37
5.1.1 IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS RATING PROCEDURES

A rating procedure was developed, based on the Matrix Priority

Rating System described by Dunford [5] , in order to evaluate the

performance of field demonstrated lead paint hazard abatement methods.

The basic attributes by which the characteristics of a lead paint

hazard abatement method can be defined are: safety; cost; appearance;

physical properties and the effectiveness of abatement. Of these

attributes only the first three (safety, cost and appearance) relate

specifically to the work aspects or implementation of the abatement.

The implementation factors shown in Figures 4A, 4B, and 4C

are derived from the three broad attribute categories of safety, cost

and appearance. For example, preparation work, material supply, and

ease of installation will clearly impact the cost of hazard abatement.

The factors for safety and appearance are self evident.

A numerical value called a "criterion weight" is assigned to each

implementation factpr. These values were based on engineering judgement

of the relative importance of each criterion in obtaining a total rating

for each system. Ranking answers were assigned to each implementation

factor and numerical "ranking rates" to each rank.

The total point value, for the criteria, is 1000. The distribution

of points is as follows:

Safety - 200

Cost - 700 (labor-450, materials -150, and equipment -100)

Appearance - 100

The allocation of these criteria weights was, of necessity, based

on engineering judgement and an intuitive feeling for those factors

which are more significant in evaluating and judging alternative and

38
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varied abatement methods. The evaluation system for implementation

characteristics is flexible and criteria weights can be changed as

experience demands.

The implementation characteristics are grouped into eight categories

(A through H as defined below)

A. Preparation of substrate prior to application - Includes surface

and substrate pre -treatment, and relocation or modification of

fixtures, utilities or heat outlets (if necessary) prior to application

of the abatement technique, system, or material. Barrier and replacement systems and paint removal techniques generally require relocation

or modification of fixtures, utilities or heat outlets.

B. Materials Supply - Deals with the relative availablility of the

materials in the quantities required and the sources of supply (local or

not)

C. Materials and Equipment handling and transportation - Refers to the

ease of transportation of materials and equipment to the job sites and

the relative resistance of materials to damage, during transportation to,

and handling at, the job site.

D. Relative ease of installation - Covers such characteristics as:

ease of cutting or shaping materials; ease of application of materials

generally; ease of application to contoured surfaces; impairment or

destruction of areas adjacent to those being abated; amount of finishing

work required; need for non-standard fabrication of parts or components

and familiarity (of the contractor) with, or adaptability to, the

deleading system being evaluated.

*

E. Special equipment requirement - Considers the need for both ordinary

42
and special power tools and equipment. The scores for this category

grade from a maximum for those systems requiring no power tools of any

kind to a minimum for those which require special power tools or power

sources for installation.

F. Finished appearance - For brevity, the lead paint hazard removal

techniques or systems being evaluated in this project are named to describe only the hazard removal part of the procedures (e.g., paint removal: solvent method; replacement of doors, windows, etc.) with no

reference to any finishing procedures necessary to complete the task.

However, for most systems, finishing work is required. Consequently

the term "finished appearance" means the appearance of the completed

job after the finishing work, such as painting, has been done.

G. Waste Disposal and Clean-up - Consists of the following factors:

amount of waste; ease of waste removal; and disposal; ease of cleanup

after job completion. This category is particularly important insofar

as it affects labor costs and the possible need for special containers

for handling the waste accumlated from an abatement methods.

If... Safety - This important category includes consideration of the following factors: potential danger of materials and equipment used for

the job; need for safety equipment at the job site; need for special

handling of toxic waste disposal; discomfort of workmen caused by materials or equipment. A potential danger of injury, from the use of

hazardous equipment or materials required for implem.entation of a lead

paint hazard abatement method is a major consideration in obtaining

an overall rating for the method. The safety of not only the workmen

but also the tenants (especially children) is extremely important. The

43
need for a great deal of caution on the job, including special safety

equipment, and special handling of waste, can cause very expensive job

delays.

In using the rating sheet to evaluate a system, a ranking rate is

first decided upon for each implementation factor. A score is obtained by

multiplying the criterion weight by the value of the ranking rate. The

scores for each implementation factor are totalled for each of the eight

categories in the form, (i.e.. Preparation, Materials, Supply,

Etc.), and these, in turn are added together to obtain the total ranking for the system. The higher the score obtained, the better are its

implementation characteristics. A space is given on the right hand

side of the form for pertinent remarks, if any, which might assist

in increasing the accuracy of the appraisal of a system.

Some abatement methods require no cutting or shaping (paint

removal is an obvious example) . For these m.ethods the maximum available

score is given for this characteristic. Where ease of application of

materials to contoured surfaces does not apply for a system ( for

example, in replacement of doors, windows and trim) the maximum score

possible is also given.

5.1.2 DISCUSSION OF IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISITCS OF ABATEMENT METHODS

The summary ratings of the sixteen lead paint hazard abatement

methods in each of eight implementation characteristics categories are

presented in Table 12. ,

The first nine items in the table are barrier materials. The next

item is replacement (of doors, windows, and trim) and the remaining six

are paint removal techniques. Of the paint removal methods, solvent

44
Table 12 SUMMARY RATINGS OF IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS

ABATEMENT SYSTEMS

^faximum Possible Score (1000)

ABATEMENT

METHODS Preparation

(200)

Material

Supply

(100)

Materials § iquip. Handling

§ Transportation

(501

Relative Ease of Instal- lation

(200)

Special

Equipnent

Required

(100)

Finished

Appearance

(100)

Waste

Disposal { Clean-up

(50)

Safety

(200)

Total

1000

tfarrier

Materials

Gypsum Impregna- ted Jute Fabric 155 80 45 186 100 80 42 200 888

Melamine Coated

Hardboard 170 100 35 117 80 100 35 186 823 Gypsum

• Wallboard

170 100 21 109 100 80 30 192 802

Gypsum Veneer

Plaster with

Bonding Agent

Tin iiU inn iUU Dl iU J onCSU DU its ZUU oy z

Plaster with

170 100 29 93 70 60 15 190 727 Vtnyl Coated

Fabric 155 100 45 186 100 100 42 200 928 Plywood on

Floors

125 100 34 136 85 60 35 186 761

Filled Paint 155 100 46 195 100 90 38 200 924

Cement itious Coating 155 80 41 141 70 80 33 180 780

•4-> sg

y

f-l

Trim, Door § Window Frames 170 100 43 161 90 80 32 168 844

Door 160 100 41 165 90 80 32 168 836

Window 140 100 34 141 90 80 32 138 755

Rrmoyal

Methods

Scraping 200 100 50 97 85 20 20 r88 660

Solvent

(a) Interior

(b) Exterior

200

200

100

100

50

50

111

111

100

100

60

60

10

12

70

97

701

725

Propane Torch 200 100 45 152 40 40 30 68 675

Infra-Red Heatei 200 100 44 155 40 60 30 78 707 Electric Heat

Blower 200 80 44 173 40 60 30 135 763

Dip Tank 170 100 37 179 40 60 42 82 710

45
removal and the infra-red heater were the only methods applied to both

interior and exterior paint removal. Scraping and the propane torch

were used for exterior paint stripping only. The electrical heat

blower was used only on interior doors, windows and trim. The dip tank

removal method was applied to interior doors only.

The abatement methods are ranked in their categories as shown in

Table 13.

Eight of the sixteen abatement methods evaluated in Atlanta had

also been evaluated in the Washington demonstration [2] . These methods

were: gypsum impregnated jute fabric, melamine coated hardboard,

gypsum wallboard, gypsum veneer plaster with bonding agent, replacement

of doors, windows and trim, solvent stripping (interior surfaces), the

electric heat blower, and the dip tank. The total point values for

those methods obtained as a result of the Washington Phase of the

experiment are also listed in Table 13.

The higher total implementation characteristics value for melamine

coated hardboard, in Atlanta, resulted from a higher value in the "finished

appearance" category only. In this category the applications received an

"excellent" rating compared with only "very good" in Washington. The

proper level of skilled carpentry employed in Atlanta for the installation of this product was the sole cause of this difference.

The higher total im.pl ementat ion characteristics value for gypsum

wallboard in Atlanta was due to higher values in the "finished appearance"

and "waste disposal and clean-up" categories. Again, superior workmanship in Atlanta was responsible for these differences.

The higher total implementation characteristics values for the dip

46
Table 13

RANKING OF IMPLE^4EN^ATI0N CHARACTERISTICS ON ABATBIENT

PROCESSES DBCNSTRATED IN ATLANTA, GA. AND WASHINGTON, D.C.

Atlanta— WashingtonBarrier Materials

1. Vinyl Coated Fabric 928

2. Filled Paint 924 *

3. Gypsum Jute Fabric 888 888

4. Melamine Coated Hardboard 823 803

5. Gypsum Wallboard 802 780

6. Cementitious Coating 780 *

7. Plywood on Floors 761 *

8. Gypsum Plaster with Lath 727 *

9. Gypsum Veneer Plaster 692 692

Replacement

1. Trim, Door § Window Frames 844 844

2. Doors 836 836/

3. Windows 755 670

Paint Removal

1. Electric Heat Blower 763 763

2. Solvent, Exterior 725 *

3. Dip Tank 710 674

4. Infra-red Device 707 *

5. Solvent, Interior 701 701

6. Propane Torch, Exterior 675 *

7. Scraping/Sanding 660 *

1/ Total scores from Table 12 of this report.

7/ Total scores from Washington Report, see reference [2].

3/ ^Processes not demonstrated in Washington, D.C.

47
tank method in Atlanta than in Washington was caused by higher values

in the "materials supply" (more appropriately, time required for treatment and return) and "relative ease of application" (reinstallation of

the stripped doors) categories. In Atlanta the time required to remove,

treat doors, and deliver them back to the unit was about 24 hours, whereas

in Washington this required about one week. Also, in Washington the

dipping operation frequently warped the doors making reinstallation

difficult and time consuming. The warping was believed to be caused by

the much longer dip period.

Window replacement in Atlanta had a much higher total implementation

characteristic value than in Washington because of higher categorical

values for "materials supply", waste disposal" and clean-up". In

Washington the supply of windows (steel frame) was inadequate and nonlocal, requiring an excessive delivery time. In Atlanta this type of window

was easily obatined from a local supplier. Again, the workmanship in

Washington resulted in more trash (especially broken glass) than in

Atlanta.

The following is a general discussion of the implementation characteristics of the abatement methods evaluated in Atlanta and the significance of particular ratings.

5.1.2.1 SOLVENT BASED PAINT RENDVERS

Viscous paint removers are applied to vertical and horizontal painted

wood surfaces with a brush. After about one-half hour the softened paint

is scraped with a variety of metal tools and the solvent -paint mixture

is collected on polyethylene drop cloths.

ADVANTAGES - Paint removal using solvent based strippers is a commonly

48
used procedure which is very familiar to redecoration and renovation

Markers. It is easily done by a single unskilled laborer and no special

tools or equipment are required. Solvents are readily available at

local wholesale and retail building materials supply outlets.

DISADVANTAGES - Solvent based strippers used in the Washington,

D.C, Phase o£ EHAP were not capable o£ removing multiple layers o£ paint

at a single application. The general experience was that the cycle (of

solvent application, reaction time and scraping) had to be repeated 3 to

4 times on typical multi-layer painted surfaces. This was not totally

the case in the Atlanta Phase. One solvent based stripper (a heavystrength marine industrial type) did remove multiple layers of paint at

a single application.

The solvent-paint combination is gummy and somewhat difficult to

handle and dispose of. The waste accumulated on the drop cloth does

not dry hard and tends to be tracked throughout the dwelling unit unless

extra care is exercised.

Significant safety precautions must be followed in order to control

the hazards inherent in the use of solvents. Adequate ventilation is necessary, smoking and the use of open flames must be avoided as well as direct

skin contact with either the solvent or solvent paint combination.

In general, extensive stripping of paint surfaces with solvents was

a cause of discomfort and displeasure to the workmen. This lack of acceptance by the workmen could have been the cause of poorer workmanship and

less efficiency as compared with the use of the heat gun techniques.

5.1.2.2 DIP TANK METHOD

Selected doors were removed from their locations and taken to a local

49
furniture stripping firm where they were immersed in large solvent filled

tanks in order to remove the lead paint. Door knobs were taken off Kit

hinges were allowed to remain on the doors. The stripped doors were dried,

returned to the dwelling units, and rehung in their original locations.

ADVANTAGES - Except for the fact that the removal and disposal of lead

paint occurs at a location away from the dwelling unit, no significant

advantage was gained from the use of the off-site commercial paint stripping procedure in Atlanta. However, it should be noted that the dip tank

technique removed lead paint from the entire door while other stripping

techniques were applied only to door stiles four feet above the floor.

The turn-around time, from removal to replacement, was as short as one

day, whereas in the Washington Phase it ran as long as one week.

DISADVANTAGES - Although the dip tank method is extremely effective in

stripping paint, doors must be removed, transported to the stripping

firm, returned to the job site and re- installed; all of which add to the

time and cost for accomplishing the process.

5.1.2.3 HAND SCRAPING •

In the Atlanta EHAP, handscraping was investigated as a method for

removing lead paint. Tools such as scrapers and putty knives were used

for this purpose, and paint was removed from both interior and exterior

areas of the houses. Interior substrates from which paint was scraped

included wood door stiles and door frames, window, and window frames;

all to a level of four feet above the floor. Fjcterior wood doors,

windows and frames and wood porch railings and columns were also scraped.

ADVANTAGES - Hand scraping does not require skilled labor and does not

present a fire hazard. Paint can be hand scraped from areas which are

50
inaccessible to heat removal systems. Clean-up and waste removal is

fairly easy.

DISADVANTAGES - Scraping tends to mar and gouge substrates, especially

wood. Hand scraping is hard, tedious and very time consuming. The

large physical effort required, for hand scraping, and the paint chips

and dust which result causes considerable discomfort to the worlanen.

The paint chips and dust are also a health hazard and, in fact, worlanen

were advised to wear goggles and face masks in Atlanta. It is essential

that cooking and eating utensils near the scraping operations be covered

while the work is in progress, and that occupants, especially children,

be restricted from the work area.

5.1.2.4 ELECTRIC HEAT GUN

The electric heat gun delivers forced hot air at temperatures which

are high enough to soften paint so that it can be scraped and removed

from wood substrates with a variety of metal tools.

ADVANTAGES - Very thick layers of paint, consisting of multiple coats,

can be stripped from wood surfaces at a single pass. In fact, it was

generally observed that the ease of stripping increased with increasing

paint thickness, probably because of the greater absorption and retention

of heat and the greater entrapment of solvents in the old coatings.

The device is portable and is easily operated by a single unskilled

laborer. The nozzle from which the heated air emanates is held in one

hand, and the other hand is used for scraping the paint immediately after

it is softened.

Aside from the danger of being injured by misdirected hot

air the entire procedure is relatively free of hazards. The paint scrap51
ings are hazards by virtue of their lead content but they are dry and

hard almost immediately after removal from the substrate and they are

easily collected and disposed of. There is no significant fire hazard.

In general the device is easily controlled, there are minimum discomforts to the operators, and target areas can be stripped quickly and

neatly without damage to the substrate or adjacent areas.

DISADVANTAGES - In addition to the overall disadvantages inherent in all

paint removal methods (need for refinishing, waste disposal, etc.) the

use of the heat gun requires auxiliary electrical power. The device

requires a 20 ampere circuit, at 110-120 volts, which most of the older

dwellings that require lead paint hazard abatement do not have. Portable

generators and sufficient electrical cable is required to reach rooms in

multiple story buildings.

5.1.2.5 INFRA-RED HEAT DEVICE

This hand held device is similar to the propane torch, except that

the flame is recessed and the heat radiates from a wire grill. There is

no direct flame on the painted surfaces. The softened paint is scraped

and removed from the substrate with a variety of hand tools.

ADVANTAGES - The infra-red heat device can be used on interior as well as

exterior surfaces. Multiple layers of paint can be softened and scraped

from the substrate in one operation. The paint scrapings are dry and

therefore easily collected from the floor. The device may be used near

glass windows without breakage.

DISADVANTAGES - In addition to the overall disadvantages inherent in all

paint removal methods (need for refinishing, waste disposal, etc.) the

use of the infra-red heat device requires propane fuel and the effective

release of this propane gas from the tanks is greatly dependent on

52
temperature. With the presently available reflector bonnets the device

cannot be used in tight places and is not effective on ornate trim.

Although the flame is recessed, it is open.

5.1.2.6 PROPANE TORCH

Direct heating and scraping of old paint using hand held propane

torches "was limited in this Program to exterior surfaces only.

ADVANTAGES - Equipment and propane fuel tanks are readily available.

DI SADVANTAGES - Because of the high temperatures generated at the painted

surfaces by the direct open flame there is high risk of fire and toxic

smoke. Unless extreme care is taken the substrate may be damaged by

scorching. Glass window panes are easily broken when the propane torch

is used to remove paint from window frames.

5.1.2.7 REPLACEMENT OF COMPONENTS

Selected windows, wood doors and miscellaneous wood trim were

removed and replaced with components which were chosen or constructed

to resemble the original items as closely as possible.

ADVANTAGES - Wood trim and wood doors were removed and replaced easily

and quickly by skilled carpenters. Plain trim and doors were readily

available at local wholesale and retail building materials suppliers.

The replacement of inoperative or heavily damaged windows with a

new component enhances the safety (in terms of emergency egress) and

comfort control of a dwelling.

DISADVANTAGES - Ornate trim in older housing is very difficult to

replace with similar or comparable trim. Such replacements are often

unaesthetic and unacceptable to the dwelling occupants or owners.

Replacement doors are usually hollow core types which are not as

53
sturdy and secure as the solid hardwood doors usually found in older

dwellings.

Wood double hung windows are replaced by first ripping or prying

away the trim molding around them. The process usually entails considerable damage to the plaster walls around the window. Broken glass is

both an inconvenience and a hazard.

The storage of replacement trim, doors and windows is a problem

in occupied dwellings. There is usually insufficient work space for

custom carpentry. In cases where standard or commonly available

replacement windows are not acceptable, the procurement of special

order items can cause prolonged delays and added costs.

5.1.2.8 GYPSUM IMPREGNATED JUTE FABRIC

This wallcovering product is used to cover existing wall surfaces.

It is applied to walls in the same manner as wallpaper.

ADVANTAGES - The product is available in several pastel colors and can

be applied to most types of walls including concrete block. It can

bridge and hide minor cracks, patches, mortar joints, and other irregularities in normal surface construction. No special skills or techniques

are required for installation, and it can be installed easily in occupied

dwellings.

t This product is easy to cut and shape, and ordinary scissors may be

used for this purpose. It can be easily fitted around both flat and

single curvature surfaces.

DI SADVANTAGES - Surfaces must be adequately prepared prior to installation

in order to assure proper adhesion. Loose or cracked paint must be

scraped and large damaged areas have to be repaired, sealed or primed.

54
Dirty or grease laden surfaces require cleaning. This wall covering

product is vulnerable to moisture and it should not be installed in wet

areas such as the kitchen and bathroom unless a special finish coating

is applied. Such a coating is available through the manufacturer of the

gypsum impregnated jute fabric. It is a transparent solution which will

not detract from the texture or appearance of the substrate.

5.1.2.9 GYPSUM WALLBOARD

In the Atlanta experiment, 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) thick gypsum wallboard

was used for covering some of the wall surfaces. The 1/2 -inch product

is commonly used in the building industry and it is readily available

at building supply outlets. The other thicknesses (3/8 -inch and 5/8- inch

9.5 mm and 15.9 mm) are generally available but accessories such as "J"

molding which is used to cover the exposed edges of the product is

readily available only for the 1/2 -inch board. "J" molding for other

thicknesses, may have to be specially ordered.

ADVANTAGES - Gypsum wallboard can be installed on most wall surfaces,

even surfaces with large cracks and holes, without any preparation,

provided that the existing framing is sound. In most cases, if the installed wallboard becomes damaged due to abrasion or impact, it can easily be

repaired. Even during installation most damaged and m.iscut wallboards

can be repaired. No special skills, technique, or tools are required

for installation. It may be installed in wet and dry areas.

Gypsum wallboard is practically non -combustible and there are

no toxic hazards involved in its use.

DISADVANTAGES - Gypsum wallboard is heavy, bulky, awkward to manipulate,

and rather easily damaged. Consequently, hand carrying the wallboard

55
long distances or up stairs is difficult, tiring and time consuming.

Numerous operations are necessary to install and properly finish

gypsum \val]board. Baseboard trim must be removed prior to wallboard

installation and then replaced. Electrical switch-plates, outlet plates

and heat registers must be reset outivard to accommodate the thiclmess of

the wallboard. After the wallboard is fastened to the substrate (by

nailing or with adhesives) , nail holes, depressions and joints have to be

spackled, high or rough areas must be sanded and the entire surface finally

painted. Some debris and considerable dust results from gypsum wallboard

installation.

The large area required for the work and the long time period for

installation (up to one week) can cause considerable discomfort and annoyance for occupants.

5.1.2.10 MELAMINE COATED HARDBOARD

This rigid board product was applied to flat wall surfaces with

adhesive. Trim molding was nailed to the hardboard and through to the

walls at the ceilings, floor and wall comers and edges.

ADVANTAGES - As in the case of similar rigid board products, with high

impact resistance, this material can be applied directly over seriously

deteriorated walls, with large voids, without prior repair. The melamine finish surface is factory applied to a hardboard backing and offers

an attractive, durable finish. The product is non- toxic and presents no

significant hazard to workmen or occupants during the installation. It is

readily available at local retail and wholesale building supply outlets.

DISADVANTAGES - Melamine coated hardboard must be installed with an adhesive because the use of nails or other metal fasteners detracts from

56
its appearance. The use of adhesives necessitates a moderate amount of

surface cleaning and other preparation (scraping loose paint) to assure

proper adhesion. The product should be installed by skilled -wortonen

because errors in measurement and cutting, and damage to the melamine

surface, cannot be compensated for or repaired easily, as in the case of

gypsum wallboard.

Power tools are required to cut the hardboard. A properly finished

job includes the installation of trim molding at the floor and ceiling

and at all comers and edges.

There are difficulties in manipulating, cutting and placing large

rigid boards in the confined working space of occupied dwellings.

5.1.2.11 GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER

This product is trowel -applied to walls, to a thickness of 1/8-

inch (3.2 mm) following the application of a bonding agent which is

used to improve the adhesion between the old painted surfaces and the

plaster

ADVANTAGES - Veneer plaster can be applied to curved as well as planar

\vall surfaces. It can be used to fill cracks and other minor voids in

otherwise sound substrates. It can be applied rapidly and provides an

excellent surface for final finishes.

Because it is essentially a thin coating it can be feather-edged

into trim and other molding and there is no necessity for resetting

cover plates for electrical fixtures or heat registers. It can be

applied easily in confined work areas and around cabinets and other

fixtures in kitchens and bathrooms.

DISADVANTAGES - In addition to the application of a bonding agent, other

57
preparatory work, including scraping loose paint and repairing major

wall damage, is required prior to troweling on the plaster. A fairlylarge work area is needed to set up a work table for mixing and preparing the plaster and the work must be done by skilled workmen.

After drying, at least two coats of paint must be applied to the

plaster and the elapsed time between these operations is generally an

incovenience to occupants. A substantial amount of plaster dust and

waste results in a difficult clean-up problem.

5.1.2.12 GYPSUM PLASTER WITH LATH

Metal lath is attached to the existing wall surface and gypsum

plaster is applied to the lath.

ADVANTAGES - Plaster and lath is readily available at local building

supply outlets. It can be used to cover existing walls which have

large holes, cracks, patches, and other imperfections. Holes, cracks,

and gouges in walls can be filled with the plaster compound. It is

suitable for use in both wet and dry areas. This system can be used to

essentially rebuild walls which are otherwise beyond repair.

DISADVANTAGES - The installation of plaster with lath, like wallboard,

requires outward relocation of electrical switch plates, outlet

plates and heat registers to bring them in line with the new plaster

surfaces. Considerable space is needed for the work, and the amounts

of waste and dust are considerable and difficult to clean up. Good

ventilation and a room temperature of at least 60°F (15.5°C) is required

for curing and drying, which generally requires about 7 days under those

conditions. Plaster with lath requires finishing, which can be done

either by painting or by covering with wallpaper. Finishing cannot be

done until the plaster is air -dry.

58
5.1.2.13 AGGREGATE FILLED PAINT

Aggregate filled paint, known also as "filled paint," provides

a thick finish comparable in texture to sand finished plaster.

ADVANTAGES - Aggregate filled paint is a ready-mixed product, which

requires no mix;ing or thinning. It hides minor cracks, small holes,

and joints. It is a one coat operation that requires no special skills

for application. It can be applied quickly to most interior surfaces

by brush, roller, or airless spray equipment, and if brush or rollers

are used, it can be applied in occupied dwelling units.

DISADVANTAGES - Preparation is required prior to the application of

the product. The surface to be painted must be free of grease, dirt,

peeling paint and large holes and cracks.

This product should not be applied in occupied dwelling units with

airless spray equipment.

5.1.2.14 VINYL COATED FABRIC

Vinyl coated fabric is basically similar to wallpaper or vinyl

clad paper.

ADVANTAGES - This product is readily available at local wallpaper, paint,

and department stores. It is easy to cut and shape, and can be installed quickly and easily in the same manner as wallpaper. No special

tools or skills are required for installation, and it presents no

hazards to occupants or workmen.

Vinyl coated fabric may be used in the wet and dry areas because

it is washable and it resists moisture and stains. This material is

not as vulnerable to damage by abrasion and impact as wallpaper and

it will cover minor cracks and imperfections.
DISADVANTAGES - Some preparation is required prior to installation.

Holes and large cracks must he repaired, and the surface must he free

of grease, dirt, and peeling paint.

5.1.2.15 PLYWOOD ON FLOORS

Plywood was used to cover a wood porch deck coated with leaded

paint

ADVANTAGES - Plywood can be used to cover porch floors which are in need

of major surface refinishing or when paint removal by other m.ethods

would be difficult or more costly.

PI SADVANTAGES - Skilled workmen (carpenters) are required for the

installation. Badly rotted and warped boards or boards with holes must

be replaced prior to the installation of the plywood. The increased

floor thickness brought about by plywood covering could necessitate

re -work of doors to insure proper opening and closing.

5.1.2.16 CEMENTITIOUS COATING

The cementit ious coating which provides a thick coat with a rough

texture was applied to some wall surfaces.

ADVANTAGES - Small cracks and other imperfections can be hidden by just

painting over those imperfections. This product can be applied in

occupied dwellings if spray equipment is not used. It can be applied

by painters using brush, rollers, or spray equipment.

DISADVANTAGES - MDst holes and large cracks must be repaired. Loose and

flaking paint must be removed, glossy painted surfaces must be roughened

with an abrasive and chalky surfaces sealed with a sealer prior to

application of the cement it ious coating.

60.
5.2 HAZARD ABATEMENT EFFECTIVENESS

The effectiveness of a hazard abatement method is a function of the

extent to which lead is removed from the child's environment or of the

strength and durability of a barrier system installed to prevent his

access to lead paint.

In addition to durability and permanance, a barrier product must

adhere to the hazardous substrate for which protection is intended.

The results of physical property tests conducted in the laboratory can

be indicative of the performance of a product in acutal use. However,

the only sure way of testing the initial and long term effectiveness

of any type of hazard abatement method is to study its performance

in occupied dwellings. In such environments, human usage most likely

will present conditions and forces which are unpredictable or not

reproducible in the laboratory. Such conditions and forces may be

the cause of ultimate failure of the system.

The HUD research objectives for the Atlanta demonstration program

include long-term evaluation of all lead abatement systems being tested.

Laboratory tests data on only a few of the materials being tested in

Atlanta are available, but a general practical knowlege of the physical

properties is known for all the materials included in this program.

5.2.1 REDUCTIONS OF LEAD PAINT CONTENT BY REMOVAL METHODS

Tables 14 and 15 contain the average measurements of the lead

content of paint on specific surfaces before abatement and after paint

removal by the methods evaluated at Atlanta, namely: solvent stripping,

propane torch, infra-red heater, electric heat blower, solvent dip tank,

and hand scraping. Areas which were coated with barrier materials were

61
Table 14

EFFECT I i^iMRSS OF LR/^D (Pb) PAINTT RB10VAL, NIFLR

2 (Before and After XRF Readings mg/cni of Lead)

Dis-elling

Unit

\'o. Doors m

0 e 8 2

</> 1

C

•rH

'Vindow Frames

\-

nj0

J3

d)

t/1 rt ca

1 M 0

c y. •H

.-1 4-" as

to

1-08

0 i s B

5

c

'.Vindow Frames

203

204

( 205

3.5*

0.4

3. 5 0.0

4.0

0.4

247 3.

0.4

2 .

0.4 3.0

0.3

6.0 0.5

6.0 0.3

4.0

0.3

248 8.0

0.5

7.0

0.2 3.0

0.6

7.0

0.1 ^:o

0.2

3.0

0.1 249 11.0 0.6

3.0

0.3

206

S.O 0.7

4.

0.3

3.0 0.24.0

0.7 250

r

-8.0 0.6 3.0

0.3

207

i 208

1 209

4.9

0.9

S.O 0.7

3.5 1.3

251 7.0

0.9

- 252 4.5

0.6

253 6.0

0.8

210

211

1

1 .

6.0~

0.2

.

254 7.0

1.2

.- 255

-11.0

0.3

' 212 1

1 5.0 0.2

256 3.0 1 1.2

j

i 213

i

' 217

4.S

0.6 257 6.0

0.3 4.0 i 0.9 i 8.0

0.2

7.0 0.8i2.4

0.4

258

1

5.8 1

1

1 1 222

I

i

i

1 263 1

t 0.5 8.0 ! 0.6 I

223 L ...

3.5

0.6

6.0

0.8 264 7.0 2.6

1

i

I

227 265

0.0

i

j

231 266

. -^

4.0

0.4

j

i

232

233

238

3.5 0.6

5.5 0.7

5.5

0.8 267

1 S.O

0.8

5.0

0.9 4.5

0.3

1

1

1

1

1 8. 5 0.5 268

i

j 2.5

0.8 269

240

242

243

2.5

0.2

4.0

0.4

5.0"" 0.5

2.5 9.3 5.y

0.4

3.0

0.4

4.0 0.6

" - 1

270 6.5

1.4

271

3.0

0.0

3.0 0.3

3.0

0.1

4.0

0.2 273 6.5

1.0

7.0

0.4

244

246

3.5 0.2

3.0

0.3

_L

3.5

0.1

3.0

0.4

. 1 .. . J

274

' H

6.1 1.0

i *Example : Lo';er XRF re idin" (0.4) indicates after abatement. Upper XRF reading (3.5) indicates before abatement.
Table 15

EFFECTIVENESS OF LEAD PAINT REMOVAL, S'FA

(BEFORE AND AFTER XRF READINCIS, mg/on^ of lead) INTERIOR EXTERIOR

|l| Doors Door Frames

l.'indows 1

'indow

Prajnes u

o Cabinets

WALLS DOORS DOOR

FRAMES

'VI.NDOWS WINDOW

FRAMES PORCH

Front Rear

Front 1

Front Rear

Front Rear

Front Rear

Railings

(Front)

Railings (Rear)

Colunns (Front)

Colums (Rear) (S £

Deck (Rear)

301

5. 5* oil*

5. 5 0^2 ;.o

O.I 12.0

0.2 12.00.8 12.0

1.0

2.6

0.5

302 6.0 0,6

5.0 0.47.0

0,4

6.0

0.4

8.0

0,4

303

5.0

.0 5.00.2

4. 0 0.34.

0^2

9.

o'.o

13. 0 0.09.0

0.0 13.00.0

305

5. 5 0.3 15.0

5.6

5.0 0.83.0

0.1

S. 0 0.915. 0 3.4 6.0

0.8

15.

7.8

306

7.0 0.97.0

0.7

3. 5 0.84. 0 0.6

7.0 0.5

7.0 1.3

15.0

1.4 11.01.0 15.0

1.5

5.0

O.I

307 13.0

2.0 11.00.5 13.02.3 13.0

1.1 13.02.1

10. 0 1.318.0

1.0

21.0 0.421.0 0.416.0

0.1 11.0 0.3

308

4. 0 0.05.0 0.54.0

1.4

4. 0 1.2 14.0 3.0 13.0

0.0

12. 5 2.8

310 15.0

2.1 14.03.2

2.0

1.1 14.0

2.7 12.55.5 3.02.1

14.

3.i

3.0

2.5 18.00.0

18.0

0.0

312 4.0 0.3

3.0 0.43.0 0.43.0 0.8 18.0

0.6

9.0

0.7 14.00.0

9.0

1.4 9.0 1.3

14.0

2.1 16.01.6 14.01.7 19.01.1 20.0

2.3

6.0 0.3

314 9.0

0.0 9.02.1 9.0

5.3

9.5

U.u 10.0 9.0 14.2

3.4

316 6.0

0.0

4.0 2.0

5.0 1.517.0

2.6 13.03.0

320 26. 0 hi

17.0

321 12.1 0.0

16.5 0.7 17.8

1.2

322

8.6

0.0 4.0

0.7

10.0 0.39.0

1.0

9.0

0.7 11.0

0.3

8.0

0.1

325 13.0

3.0 16.5

3.8

7.U

0.1

15.

0.2 15.00.9 15.0

0.9 11.0 0.2

326 10.6

0.8 10.0

1.5 9.0

0.0

7.0 0.6

9.0

0.0 6.5

1.0

7.0 0.0

7.0

0.0

327

6.0 1.63.5

0.0

4.0

1.8 4.0

0.9

328

6.0

0.7

5.0 0.65.0 1.34.0 0.8

329 10.0 0.1

12 .

0.4

330 10.0

0.7 16.0

0.7

331

27.0 0.818.0

1.1 22.0 0.9

29.0

0.8

332

10.

0.6

334

11.0

2.0 11.02.5 11.00.0

6.0 0.0

10.0

1.9 12.0 0.9

9.0

0.5

10.0

O.I

335 24.0

0.4

336

15. 0 1.72. 5 0.3

7. 5 0.715.0 0.515. 0 0.6 13.0

2.4

13. 0 0.4

337

2.6

0.0 4.0

0.3

3.0

0.1

338 6.0 0.8

3.S

I.I

339

341 22.5

0.4 17.5

0.0

342 28.0

2.2 23.0

2.2

347

1 27.0

2.3

i

1

348

...

14.0

0,8.

; 18.0

..1 z,(>.

18.0

...,?--..2

26.0

1.2 'Example: upper xkF Reading (5.5) indicates before abatement

Lower XRF Reading (0.1) indicates after abatement

63
not measured for lead after abatement.

The results contained in Tables 14 and 15 show that the paint

removal methods were basically very effective, but that lead content

was still higher than the maximum permissible level of 2.0 mg/cm^ in

scattered areas in 15 of the 57 dwellings in which paint stripping methods

of some kind were tested. Of the 15, the paint in unit numbers 305, 307,

310, 312, 325, and 347 was removed by solvents; in numbers 264, 308,

314, and 316 by heat devices; in 320, 334, 336, and 348 by hand scraping.

There appeared to be no real correlation between the paint removal

systems and the occurence of high lead levels of areas after abatement.

It is noteable, however, that the work on 13 of the above 15 units was

done by 2 contractors: 8 by one and 5 by the other.

Because all the areas subjected to paint removal had wood substrates,

it was quite likely that most of the high residual lead levels (more than

2.0 mg/cm^) resulted from high penetration of lead paint into the porous

wood fibers during application.

Lead pigments or compounds tightly embedded in the subsurface

fibers cannot be removed by solvents, heating methods or hand scraping

and this low level residue (less than 2.0 mg/cm^) is not likely to present

a lead poisoning hazard.

Although most of the high residual lead levels probably resulted

from high lead paint penetration into the wood substrates, there were a

few instances (such as in unit numbers 305 and 307) where the lead content

was sufficiently high after abatement to suspect that at least a considerable amount of the lead paint was not removed from the surface.

In unit 305 the lead level of an exterior wall was reduced from

64
15.2 mg/cm^ to 5.6 mg/cm^, and a rear window frame from 13.0 mg/cm^

to 10.5 mg/cm^. In unit 307 the lead level of a window frame was reduced

from 11.9 to 9.4 mg/cm^, a door frame from 8.6 to 7.7 mg/cm^, and an

exterior wall from 22.6 to 5.6 mg/cm^. The abatement system used on both

units was solvent stripping, and the work was done by the same contractor.

6 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following preliminary recommendations for the use of the abatement methods, covered by this report, are based upon the evaluation of

their implementation characteristics as demonstrated in Atlanta and also

in Washington, D.C. in those cased where the same method was demonstrated.

A long-term evaluation of the effectivess and durability of the

abatement materials and systems demonstrated in the EHAP and the determination of their costs may very well modify these recommendations in

the future.

6.1 PAINT REMOVAL METHODS

6.1.1 SOLVENT BASED PAINT REMOVERS

Recommended for use -

• on interior or exterior wood and metal doors; windows; frames

and trijn, in sound condition; of both plain and ornate design; with

paint in tight or loose condition.

• in unoccupied dwelling units

Not recommended for use -

• when ambient temperatures are below 50°F (10°C)

• on deteriorated substrates or surfaces

• on inoperable or non- functioning components

• where ventilation is not satisfactory

65
• in occupied units, (unless extreme care can he taken to protect

adjacent surfaces, and waste products can be readily removed.)

6.1.2 DIP TANK (DOORS ONLY)

Recommended for use -

• on exterior and interior wood and metal doors, of ornate or

plain design, in sound condition with loose or tight paint.

• in both unoccupied and occupied units (NOTE: Special security

measures may be required when used on exterior doors in occupied units)

Not recommended for use -

f on exterior doors during winter unless suitable temporary cover

is provided

• if doors are deteriorated or cannot be made operable with new

hardware

• for hollow or solid core laminated wood doors where delamination

may occur

• if the actual dipping process itself requires approximately two

hours time or over

6.1.3 HAND SCRAPING AND SANDING

Recommended for use -

• on plain exterior wood trim and walls in sound condition, with

loose and peeling paint

• on plain interior wood trim in sound condition with loose and

peeling paint

t in both unoccupied and occupied units

• where unskilled labor is readily available

66
Not recommended for use-

• on interior and exterior surfaces with tight paint

• on ornate interior or exterior trim

• on balusters or railings

6.1.4 ELECTRIC HEAT GUN

Recommended for use -

• on sound interior or exterior wood trim, of plain or ornate

design with tight or loose paint under a wide variety of ambient

temperatures

• on wood trim or wood adjacent to glass surfaces

• in both unoccupied and occupied units

Not recommended for use -

• on metal doors and windows

• if 20 amp/110-120 volt electrical power circuits are not available

in the dwelling unit or from portable generators

6.1.5 INFRA-RED HEAT DEVICE

Recommended for use -

• on sound interior or exterior wood trim, of plain or ornate

design, with tight or loose paint, under wide ambient temperature

variations

• on wood trim or wood adjacent to glass surfaces

• in both unoccupied and occupied units

Not recommended for use -

• if ambient temperatures are below 40°F (4.4°C)

• on metal doors and windows

6.1.6 PROPANE TORCH

Not recommended for use under any circumstances

67
6.2 REPLACEMENT OF COMPONENTS

6.2.1 DOOR REPLACEMFOT

Should be replaced -

'

• if door is inoperable or in a seriously deteriorated condition

Should not be replaced -

• if door is operable and in sound condition

t if removal of an exterior door endangers the security of the

unit and the cost of providing adequate security measures is excessive

6.2.2 DOOR TRIM REPLACEMENT

Should be replaced -

• if trim is in a seriously deteriorated condition

Should not be replaced -

• if trim is in sound condition

• if major damage may occur to adjacent areas during removal of

old trim

6.2.3 WINDOW REPLACEMENT

Should be replaced -

• if window is inoperable or in a seriously deteriorated condition

Should not be replaced -

• if window is operable and in sound condition

• if removal of a window endangers the security of the unit and

the cost of providing adequate security measures is excessive

6.2.4 WINDOW TRIM REPLACEMENT

Should be replaced -

t if trim is in a seriously deteriorated condition

68
Should not be replaced -

• if trim is in sound condition

• if major damage may occur to adjacent areas during removal of

old trim

6.2.5 BASEBOARD REPLACEMENT

Should be replaced -

• if baseboard is in a seriously deteriorated condition

Should not be replaced -

• if baseboard is in sound condition

• if major damage may occur to adjacent areas during removal of

old baseboard

69
6.3 APPLICATION OF BARRIER MATERIALS

6.3.1 GYPSUM IMPREGNATED JUTE FABRIC

Recommended for use -

• on sound and clean interior wall surfaces with tight paint, or

where loose paint has been removed

• in dry areas or away from direct water contact in wet areas

• over wall surfaces in rooms which contain arches and other curved

areas (except double curvature surfaces)

• in both unoccupied and occupied units

Not recommended for use - , •

• on unsound substrates requiring major repairs

• on deteriorating surfaces

• on exterior surfaces

• on trim other than plain base molding

6.3.2 GYPSUM WALLBOARD

Recommended for use -

• directly over unsound or damaged flat substrates where supporting

lath or studs are sound

• directly over deteriorating flat wall surfaces with loose paint

• in dry areas, or in wet areas if a water resistant coating is

applied for finishing

• in unoccupied units

Not recommended for use -

• in rooms with curA^'ed surfaces

• on walls with exposed pipes and exposed electrical conduits

70
9 on exterior surfaces

• on occupied units

6.3.3 MELAMINE COATED HARDBOARD

Reconimended for use -

9 directly over unsound substrates where the structural supports

are sound

• directly over deteriorating wall surfaces with loose paint

• in wet or dry areas

• in both unoccupied and occupied units

Not recommended for use -

• on exterior surfaces

9 if skilled carpenters are not available

6.3.4 GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER

Recommended for use -

• on sound interior walls , or those needing only minor repair

from which all loose paint, dirt or grease have been removed

• in dry areas, or in wet areas if a water resistant protective

finish coating is applied

• in unoccupied units

Not recommended for use

• over deteriorated walls or walls requiring considerable repair

• on exterior surfaces

• if skilled plasterers are not available

9 in occupied units

71
6.3.5 GYPSUM PLASTER WITH METAL LATH

Recommended for use -

• on flat or curved wall surfaces which are in disrepair but which

have sound supporting structural members

• in dry areas, or in wet areas if a water resistant protective

finish coating is applied

• in unoccupied units

Not recommended for use -

• on exterior surfaces

• if skilled plasterers are not available

• in occupied units

6.3.6 FILLED PAINT

Recommended for use -

• on sound interior walls, or walls needing only minor repair

from which all loose paint, dirt or grease have been removed

• in both dry and wet areas

• in unoccupied units

Not recommended for use -

• over deteriorating walls or where considerable patching or

repairs are needed

• in occupied units

• on exterior surfaces

72
6.3.7 'CEMENTITIOUS PAINT

Reconmended for use -

• on sound interior walls, or walls needing only minor repairs

from which all loose paint, dirt and grease have been removed

o in both dry and wet areas

0 in unoccupied units

• on interior surfaces

Not recommended for use -

• over deteriorated walls or where extensive repair is needed

6.3.8 VINYL COATED FABRIC

Recommended for use -

o on sound and clean interior flat wall surfaces with tight paint,

or where loose paint has been removed

o in wet and dry areas

o over wall surfaces in rooms which contain arches or other curved

surfaces

o in both unoccupied and occupied units

Not recommended for use -

o on dirty surfaces

• on deteriorated substrates requiring major repair or patching

o on exterior surfaces

6.3.9 PLYWOOD ON FLOORS

Recommended for use -

0 over exterior painted wood decks where the wood has deteriorated

but the structural supports are sound

73
Not recommended for use -

o over sound wood surfaces or concrete decks (for these remove

lead paint by another method and repaint)

74
7. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

The authors express their sincere appreciation to Messrs. Benjamin

Brown, Architect, and William P. Schmieder, Field Engineer, of the

Boeing Aerospace Company for their valuable assistance and cooperation

in collecting field data related to the lead paint hazard abatement

program in Atlanta.

75
REFERENCES

"Lead -Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act", Public Law 91-695,

91st Congress, H.R. 19172, January 13, 1971, Amended November 9, 1973.

Boone, T.H., Berger, H.W., Cramp, A. P., and Jackson, H.A. , "The

Demonstration of Experimental Lead Paint Hazard Abatement Methods

in Washington, D.C.", National Bureau o£ Standards Report,

NBSIR-75-761, (June 1975). (NTIS Access No. Com. 75-11377)

Spurgeon, J.C., "Response Characteristics of a Portable X-Ray

Fluroescence Lead Detector: Detection of Lead in Paint," National

Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR 73-231, (June 1973).

Waksman, D., Ferguson, J.B., Godette, M., and Reichard, T. "Potential

Systems for Lead Hazard Elimination: Evaluations and Recommendations

for Use", National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 808, (December

1973)

Dunford, R.R., "Decisions, Decisions," Industrial Research, p. 27,

(July 1974)

76
9 • Appendix

Specifications for Abatement Methods Used in

Atlanta, Georgia

77
SECTION 0101

Part 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

Part 2

2.1

General Requirements

General

Work Included in This Section:

Work included under this section of these specifications include providing all utilities, security, safety services, and

waste disposal required to complete work covered in statement

of work and not specifically eliminated in this section of

these specifications.

Workmanship

All work performed under this contract shall be accomplished

by qualified craftsman for each task performed and shall be

in accordance with good workmanship.

Codes

All work shall be accomplished in accordance with all applicable national and local codes.

Permits

The contractor shall obtain and pay cost of all required

building permits.

Safety:

The contractor shall take all necessary precautions to assure

all work is accomplished in a safe manner and that all materials

are used and stored in accordance with the manufacturer's recom- mendation.

No poisonous or harmful material or dangerous equipment shall be

left accessible to tenant of occupied units. All such material

and equipment shall be removed from the site at the end of each

work day.

The contractor shall provide all required safety equipment for

his workmen to assure that the workmen are not exposed to hazards.

Utilities

Public Housing :

In public housing units which are occupied, normal potable water

and 120 volt, 15 any , single phase power (convenience outlets)

will be available for use by the contractor at no cost.

78
In public housing units which are vacant, it shall be the

responsibility of the contractor to provide all utilities

as required to accomplish work.

2.2 FHA Acquired Properties :

In acquired property units the contractor shall provide all

utilities required to accomplish all work covered under this

contract at no additional cost.

Part 3 Security

3 . 1 Public Housing :

In public housing units which are occupied, the contractor

shall take every precaution to safeguard property of the

occupant during construction. Care must be taken to assure

no door or windows are left unsecured when room is not

occupied. No window shall be left open at the end of the

shift which will expose tenant to danger of falling.

In public housing units which are not occupied, the contractor

shall have total responsibility for security during the con- struction period. It shall be his responsibility to assure

the building is secured (locked) at the end of each work day.

Boards removed from doors and windows must be replaced at the

end of each work shift. The contractor will not be responsible

for vandalism which is deemed beyond his control.

3.2 Acquired Properties :

The contractor shall have total responsibility for the security

of the dwelling during the construction period. Where units

are "boarded up" the contractor shall replace any removed boards

at the end of each work shift to prevent any unauthorized entry.

This contractor will not be responsible for any vandalism which

is deemed beyond his control.

3 . 3 Materials and Equipment :

The contractor shall be responsible for the security of all

construction equipment and materials stored on site.

Part 4. Dimensions

All dimensions shown in the Technical Scope of Work are approxmate; exact dimensions shall be verified by the contractor.

79
Part 5 Window, Door, and Trim Replacement

All windows, doors, and trim to be replaced shall be replaced

with like quality and to match existing, except where specified

otherwise in Technical Scope of Work. Where vinyl base is

specified, base shall be 4" top set cove base as manufactured

by the Burke Co. or equal. The contractor shall submit to con- struction engineer, for approval, all replacement items not specified herein.

The contractor shall remove all waste material from the work site

and dispose of it in a safe manner.

Material containing lead-based paint shall not be salvaged.

The following definitions are for clarification and shall apply

to all references herein and the Technical Scope of Work.

Window - (wood) - shall include the glass and the wood casing

holding the glass in place.

Window Frame - (wood) - shall include the head, jamb, sill, and

all associated trim of frame.

Door Frame - (wood) - shall include the jamb and head and all

associated trim of the frame.

Door Stiles - shall include the vertical edges of all doors.

- shall include edges and both faces of panel doors.

- shall include edges and minimum of 4" from edges

of flush doors.

Part 6 Disposal of Waste Material

Part 7 Definitions

80
SECTION 0901

Gypsum Wallboard

Part 1 GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope o£ work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to install gypsum wallboard complete as called out in these specifications.

Part 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 Gypsum Wallboard :

Wallboard shall be in accordance with ASW c36-70 or Federal

Specification SS-L-30C, Type III, Grade R, Class 1, and shall

be 3/8 -inch thick (directly on walls) and 1/2 -inch (when furred

attachment is used.)

2 . 2 Molding : Comer bead shall be U.S. Gypsum No. 101 Dura-bead or equal.

Casing bead shall be U.S. Gypsum No. 200A metal trim or equal.

Molding shall be installed with formed mitered, tight, smooth

comers, and splices.

2.3 Furring

Furring strips shall be 1" x 2" common 2.a.iii (PS 20-70) grade.

2.4 Adhesive :

Adhesive for bonding paneling to framing or to existing surfaces

shall be as recommended by the wallboard manufacturer.

2.5 Nails :

Wallboard fastened directly to furring and framing shall be

fastened with smooth shank nails, ASTM C514-70, 1 1/4" long

in 3/8" wallboard, and 1 3/8" long in 1/2" wallboard.

81
Wallboard fastened over existing wall surfaces shall be fastened

with smooth shank nails and shall penetrate framing a minimum of

7/8".

2.6 Screws :

Screws shall be self-tapping, bugle head for use with power

driven tool.

Type S - 1" long, shall be used to fasten wallboard to sheetmetal.

Type W - 1 1/4" long, shall be used to fasten wallboard to wood.

Type G - 1 1/2" long, shall be used to fasten wallboard to wallboard.

Type G shall be used to fasten wallboard to an existing plaster wall;

minimum penetration into framing shall be 5/8".

2.7 Joint Treatm.ent Materials :

Perforated joint tape or tape in accordance with ASTM C475-70 or

FS SS-J-570A, Type 11 shall be used.

Joint compound shall be in accordance with ASTM C475 or FS SS-J570, Type I, or equal.

2.8 Laminating Adhesive :

Laminating adhesive shall be in accordance with wallboard manufacturer's recommendation or ASTM C557-67.

Part 3 EXECUTION

3 . 1 Surface Preparation :

Remove foreign material, loose plaster, and loose paint.

Where plaster has been removed, install shims [by fastening to

framing) of the same thickness as the removed plaster to provide

a level surface.

Frame around utility piping obstructing panel installation.

Wallboard shall be conditioned prior to application by storing

in the room in which wallboard is to be applied.

Panels shall be stored vertically and separated with furring

strips.

3.2 Installation Method:

Direct Adhesive Attachment: (Preferred Method)

This method is to be used when surface level and areas of loose

surface materials do not prevent positive bonding of contact adhesive.

82
Test for soundness o£ paint bond where condition is questionable:

Apply 3/8" wide x 3" long bead of adhesive to 8" square of

gypsum wallboardand press wallboard square onto wall surface. Allow setting time per adhesive manufacturer's instructions. Pull square away from wall. Paint bond is

acceptable if paper surface of wallboard sqaure is separated

from wallboard square. Repeat procedure whereever wall sur- face is questionable.

Attachment to Furring: (Alternate Method)

Install furring horizontally over existing wall surface. Space

furring 16" on center. Use wooden shims to plumb furring strips.

Furring fasteners shall penetrate at least 3/4" into existing

framing members, with two nails at each framing member intersection.

Install 2" X 3" or 2" x 4" vertical studs flat where surface

cannot be levelled and plumbed with shims. Studs shall be

16" O.C., and nailed to top and bottom wall plates.

3.3 Wallboard Installation:

General

Wallboards of maximum lengths shall be used to minimize end

joints.

End joints shall be staggered and located as far as possible

from center of wall or ceiling.

Secure all ends and edges of wallboards panels.

Direct Adhesive Attachment (Preferred Method)

Each sheet of wallboard shall be fitted before applying adhesive.

The adhesive bead shall be 3/8" diameter and installed 16" o.c. or on all framing.

One bead shall be installed at each abutting edge.

Press wallboard firmly into contact with adhesive. Nail top and

bottom edges 8" o.c.

83
Nail Attachment (Alternate Method)

Nail wallboard directly to studs with 1-3/8" smooth shank nails.

Spacing of nailing shall be 8" o.c. top and bottom and 12" o.c. elsewhere along framing.

Wallboard attached to furring shall be with 1 3/8" smooth shank

nails. Spacing of nailing shall be 8" o.c. top and bottom and

Wallboard installed over existing wall surface, nails shall be

sized to penetrate a minimum of 7/8" into existing framing.

Spacing of nails shall be 8" o.c. along edges and 16" o.c. elsewhere along framing.

Screw Attachment (Alternate Method)

Screw spacings shall be as specified above for nailed attachment.

Joint System:

"V" grooves formed by abutting rounded edges of wallboard shall

be filled with prefilled joint compound.

Prefill joint compound shall be permitted to harden prior to

application of tape.

Compound shall be applied to all joints and angles to be reinforced in a thin uniform layer and reinforcing tape applied

immediately.

Skim coat shall be applied immediately following tape embedment.

Dry embedding coat shall be applied prior to application of fill

coat.

Fastener depressions shall be raised level with the surface by

three separate applications of joint compound.

Two finish fill coats shall be applied and adequate time shall

be allowed for drying between coats.

All joint compound surfaces shall be sanded to provide flat sur- faces ready for decoration.

84
SECTION 0905

Melamine Coated Hardboard

General

Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of

all labor, materials, and equipment required t install Melamine paneling over existing interior walls as called out

in these specifications.

Samples : The sub -contractors shall submit to the construction engineer

for approval prior to start of work the manufacturer's descriptive literature, a 12" x 12" sample of paneling and a 6"

long sample of molding.

Products

Melamine paneling shall be 1/8" thick, tempered hardboard

with thermosetting synthetic resin finish of not less than

1 1/2" mils. The paneling shall be "Marlite" as manufactured

by the Masonite Corporation or approved equal.

Finish:

The paneling finish and color shall be selected by the con- struction engineer. Nails shall be finish type, color to

match paneling. Putty stick color shall match paneling.

Molding:

Molding shall be as recommended by the manufacturer and shall

match the approved paneling sample.

Furring

Furring strips shall be 1" x 2", common 2.a.iii (PS-20-70)

grade

Adhesive:

Adhesive for bonding paneling to framing or existing surface

shall be as recommended by the paneling manufacturer.

85
2.6 Nails

Paneling attached directly to furring and framing shall be

fastened with 3d finish nails. If one end of the panel must

be nailed, do not nail other end. Panels must be free for

expansion.

Part 3 Execution

3.1 Surface Preparation :

Remove foreign material, loose plaster and, if Direct Adhesive

Attachment is used, loose paint.

Where plaster has been removed, install shims of same thickness as removed plaster to provide a level surface.

Fit paneling around existing utility piping and install

escutcheon plates.

Paneling shall be stored in the room to receive paneling application for a period of 24 hours minimum. The paneling

shall be stored in a vertical position. Separate each panel

with furring strips.

3.2 Installation Methods :

Direct Adhesive Attachment (Preferred Method)

This method is to be used when surface level and areas of

loose surface materials do not prevent positive bonding of

contact adhesives.

Test for soundness of paint bond where condition is questionable:

Apply a 3/8" wide x 3" long bead of adhesive to a 8" x 8"

square of gypsum wallboard, press wallboard square onto

wall surface. Allow setting time per adhesive manufacturer's instructions.

Pull square away from wall. Paint bond is acceptable

if paper surface of the wallboard square is separated

from wallboard square. This procedure shall be re- peated wherever wall surface is questionable.

Attachment to Furring (Alternative Method)

Install furring horizontally over existing wall surface.

Space furring 16" o.c. Use wooden shims to plumb furring

strips

86
Furring fasteners shall penetrate at least 3/4" into framing

members, attached with two nails at each framing member

intersection.

3.3 Panel Installation:

General

Panel clearance shall be 1/8" top or bottom. Clearance gap

shall be covered with molding or base as appropriate.

Panel shall be aligned such that vertical edges are over

framing or existing studs.

Direct Adhesive Attachment (preferred Method)

Each panel shall be fitted before apply adhesive. Adhesive

application shall be as recommended by the manufacturer.

The adhesive bead shall be 3/8" diameter and installed 16"

o.c. or on all furring, where applicable.

One bead shall be installed at each abutting edge but not

within 1" of edge.

Press firmly into contact with adhesive.

3.4 Molding:

Molding shall be installed with formed mitered, tight, smooth

comers and splices.

87
SECTION 0906

Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric

General

Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section:

Work inlcuded under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to apply gypsum- jute

fabric complete as called out in these specifications.

Storage and Handling :

Material shall be stored and handled in accordance with manufacturer's specification.

Environmental Conditioning :

Provide heat to maintain a minimum surface timperature of 40°F

for a period of 12 hours before and after application of gypsumimpregnated fabric wall covering.

Maintenance Instructions :

The owner shall be furnished a copy of the fabric manufacturer's

maintenance instructions containing the fabric manufacturer's

recommended cleaning materials and application methods including

precautions in the use of cleaning materials which may be detrimental to the surface if improperly applied.

Products

Materials :

Gypsum-Jute Fabric shall conform to the following:

Color: selected by construction engineer.

Total wall covering weight: 21 oz/sq. yd.

Fabric Backing (count) : 9x9 1/2

Fabric Backing: Stainless Jute

Fabric Backing Weight: 7.5 oz/sq. yd.

Coating Weight: 13.5 oz/sq. yd.

88
Fire Hazard Classification: As tested by ASTM E84-61 as applied

with manufacturer's approved adhesive in accordance with application instructions provided with the adhesvie.

A. Flame Spread: 15 (Class 1)

B. Fuel Contributed: 0

C. Smoke Development: 0

Adhesive shall be as recommended by wall covering manufacturer.

Gypsum-jute shall be as manufactured by Flexi-Wall Systems

Division of Wall and Floor Treatment, Inc., Greenville, S.C.

Adhesive shall be recommended by the wall covering manufacturer.

Part 3. Execution

3.1 Surface Preparation :

Loose paint or scale, and any abnormal surface protrusions and

water sensitive materials or pigments that bleed in water or oil

shall be removed. Enamel or gloss paint surfaces shall be dulled

and rinsed with clear water. Complete all other trade work that

penetrates the substrate before beginning fabric installation.

Starting work shall indicate acceptance of a suitable substrate

surface

3.2 Installation :

Fabric shall be installed in accordance with the recommendations

of the manufacturer.

89
SECTION 0908

Vinyl Coated Fabric

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope o£ work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1. 2 Work Covered Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of

all labor, materials, and equipment required to apply vinylcoated fabric on existing walls complete as called out in

these specifications.

1. 3 Environmental Conditioning :

Vinyl coated fabric shall be installed only when normal temperature and humidity conditions approximate the same conditions

that will exist when building is occupied. Area to receive fabric

covering shall be at a constant temperature averaging 70°F

measured at base elevation. Temperature shall be maintained

for 48 hours before application, during application and 48 hours

after the application. Remove the vinyl -coated fabric from its

packaging and allow to acclimatize to the area of installation

24 hours before application.

1.4 Maintenance Instructions :

The owner shall be furnished a copy of the vinyl-coated fabric

manurfacture ' s maintenance instructions containing the vinylcoated fabric manufacturer's recoimended cleaning materials and

application methods including precautions in the use of cleaning

materials which mat be detrimental to the surface if improperly

applied.

Part 2. PRODUCTS

2.1 Materials

Vinyl -coated fabric:

Pattern and color shall be selected by the construction engineer.

Fabric shall be Type II, Class 2 in conformance with Federal Specification CCC-lV-408, or "Textural" as manufactured by the E.C. Bondy

Co. , or "Fashion" as manufactured by the Central Tire Co. , or equal.

Weight of vinyl coating less backing shall be 7 ounces per square

yard.

90
Fabric shall meet Taber abrasion resistance, tensile break

strength, tear strength and adliesion of backing properties

of Federal Specification CCC-T-19 lb.

Fabric shall meet the standards of stain resistance established

in ASIM D1308-57.

Heavy bodied water soluble paste manufactured expressly for use

shall be used with the vinyl-coated fabric furnished for installation.

Adhesive shall contain a mildew inhibitor.

Part 3. EXECUTION

3.1 Surface Preparation :

Surface shall be free of loose paint, scale, and water sensitive

materials or pigments that bleed in water or oil; glossy paint

surfaces shall be dulled and rinsed with water.

Substrate surfaces shall be examined and defects corrected before

beginning work.

3.2 Installation of Vinyl- coated Fabric :

Installation shall be accomplished in the best standards of workmanship and in strict conformance to manufacturer's recommendations.

All material shall be installed with smooth surface, free of wrinkles

and projections and all edges neatly cut and trimmed. Miere vinyl

covering is applied to gypsum wallboard, the joints shall be butted. - Lapping sheets and cutting joints shall not be acceptable.

Hardware, accessories, plates and similar items shall be removed

to allov/ fabric to be installed, and then replaced.

91
SECTION U912

Gypsum Veneer Plaster with Bonding Agent

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to apply a plaster

veneer coat complete as called out in these specifications.

Plaster and other cementitious materials shall be kept dry until

ready to be used, and wet or deteriorated materials shall be re- moved from project sites.

Temperature: Gypsum plaster shall not be applied unless a minimum

temperature of 55°F has been and continues to be maintained in

building for a minimum of two days prior to plaster application,

during plastering, and a minimum of seven days after plaster is dry.

Ventilation: In glazed buildings, windows shall be kept open

approximately 2 in. top and bottom and 4 in. for side pivoted

or sliding windows.

Enclosed areas and during freezing weather, ventilation shall

be provided by mechanical means.

In unglazed buildings subject to hot, dry winds or temperature

differentials of 20°F or more, openings shall be screened with

plastic film.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section:

1.3 Product Storage, and Handling:

1.4 Job Conditions:

1.5 Gypsum Plaster :

Materials installed over radiant heating systems shall withstand tenperatures of 115 degrees F.

92
Section 0912

PRODUCTS

Materials :

Guaging Plaster shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 28-68.

Normal Finishing Hydrated Lime shall conform to the requirements

of ASTM C b-49, Type N.

Veneer Plaster shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 587-68.

Bonding Agent shall conform to the following:

Must be an aqueous phase, film forming, non-oxidizing, non- deteriorating, ready-to-use composition suitable for spary,

brush, or roller application.

Must re-emulsify when touch dry (approx. 40 min. after applying) and anytime up to 10 days following application.

Must demonstrate a tw-hour fire rating in an assembly tested

according to ASTM E 119.

Film must remain flexible indefinitely and be free from tendency

to harden or craze crack.

Mist be capable of 5 cycles treeze (-10°F) and thaw with no

effect on bonding performance.

Must be tested in bond from -35°F to +310°F without failure.

Must be unaffected by alkalinity of cement and of resistants

to mild acids.

Must have tensile strength of 600 psi, AST^f C 190.

Must have shear strength of 400 psi, ASTM C 109.

Must have flexural strength of 600 psi, ASTM C 78.

Must be color tinted for identification.

Mixing

General

Batches shall be sized for complete use within a maximum of

one hour after mixing and to set within a maximum of four hours.

Partially set plaster shall not be retempered or used.

93
Section 0912

Frozen, caked, or lumpy material shall be removed from job

site immediately.

Factory-prepared plaster shall be mixed in accordance with

manufacturer's witten instructions for type ot surface to

which applied.

Mechanical mixing

Mixer shall be cleaned of set or hardened materials before

loading materials for new batch.

Mixer shall be maintained in continuous operation while

adding and mixing materials.

Hand Mixing

Hand mixing shall be prohibited unless authorized by the

construction engineer.

Mix Proportions

Veneer Plaster: Factory manufactured veneer plaster specified be manufacturer.

White Skim Coat (Alternate material to veneer plaster) shall

be mixed using 80 lbs. dry line and 60 lbs. gauging plaster,

and sufficient water to apply.

Bonding agent shall be mixed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

EXECUTION

Surface Preparation :

All foreign material shall be removed including dirt, dust, oil

grease, wax, efflorescence, loose paint, plaster, casein, other

water soluable paint, glue, size, and wallpaper.

Recently painted surfaces shall be allowed to cure at least 60

days before application of bonding agent.

Glossy surfaces shall be dulled with an abrasive.

Sealer shall be applied over chalky paints.

Application of Bonding Agent :

Bonding agent shall be applied over the entire surface in a con

tinuous film with brush, roller or spray.

94
Section 0912

3.3 Application of one-coat plaster :

Plaster shall be applied within a week after bonding agent is

dry (no longer tack>') ; preferably iinmediately.

Veneer Plaster (preferred method)

A minimum 3/32-in. thick finish coat shall be applied.

A unifoimly thick, dense, and polished surface shall be provided.

White Skim Coat (alternate method)

A 1/16 to 3/16-in. thick coat shall be applied. A uniform, dense,

and polished surface shall be provided, or textured to match

existing wall surfaces.

95
SECTION 0913

Gypsum Plaster \\rith ^fetal Lath

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to install a two-coat

plaster system over stucco netting complete as called out in

these specifications and amplified in Attachment A. 2.

1.3 Product Storage and Handling :

Plaster and other cementitious materials shall be kept dry

until ready to be used. Wet or deteriorated materials shall

be removed from the project sites.

1.4 Job Conditions :

Gypsum plaster shall not be applied unless a minimum uniform

temperature of 55°F has been and continues to be maintained m

building for a minimum of two days prior to plaster application

during plastering, and a minimum of seven days after plaster

is dry.

Ventilation for the drying of plaster during and subsequent to

application shall be provided in glazed buildings by keeping

windows open approximately 2 inches top and bottom and 4 inches

tor side pivoted or sliding windows; for enclosed areas and

during freezing weather, provide ventilation by mechanical means.

In an unglazed building subject to hot, dry winds or day or night

temperature differentials of 20°F (10°C) or more, openings be

screened with plastic films.

1.5 Gypsum Plaster :

Materials installed over radiant heating system shall withstand

the average temperature produced by the heating system, 110°-

115°F.

96
Section 0913

Part 2. PRODUCTS

2.1 Materials

Wood Fiber Plaster shall confom to ASIM C-28; Federal Specification SS-P-402, Type W.

High Calcined Gypsum Plaster shall conform to ASTM C-28,

Veneer Plaster shall confonn to ASTM C-587

Keene Cement shall conform to ASTM C-61

Finishing Lime shall conform to ASTM C-206.

Sand Aggregate shall confom to ASTM C-35.

Stucco Neeting shall be 20 gauge, galvanized steel, or 17 gauge

1-1/2", paperbacked (conforming to Federal Specification UU-B-790)

in rolls or sheets.

Comer Bead (External Comers only) shall be 26 gauge galvanized

steel.

Nails, staples, screws shall be of sufficient length to penetrate

into existing framing of minimum of 3/4".

2.2 Mixing :

General

Batches shall be sized for complete use within a maximum of one hour after mixing and to set within a maximum of four hours.

Partially set plaster will not be retempered or used.

Frozen, caked, or lumpy material shall be removed from job

site immediately.

Factory-prepared plaster shall be mixed in accordance with

manufacturer's writter instructions for type of surface to

which applied.

Mechanical Mixing:

Mixer shall be cleaned of set or hardened materials before

loading materials for new batch.

Mixer shall be maintained in continuous operation while

adding and mixing materials.

97
Section 0913

Hand Mixing:

Hand mixing shall be prohibited unless authorized by the

Construction Engineer.

Mix Proportions shall be:

Base Coat: Wood fiber plaster and sand formulated 1:1.

Finish Coat: Veneer plaster (preferred formulation for dryareas) ; mix proportions as recommended by manufacturer.

Keene cement lime sand float finish (alternate for dry areas)

100 lbs. lime to 400 lbs. silica sand per 100 lbs. Keene Cement.

Gyspum sand float (altenante for dry areas); 100 lbs. gypsum

plaster to 200 lbs. sand.

Keene cement standard hard finish (to be used in wet areas)

100 lbs. Keene cement to 100 lbs. lime.

Part 3. EXECUTION

3.1 Preparation for Lathing :

Wood trim, projections and other items that interfere with a relatively straight plane shall be removed from surfaces to be

covered

Large voids shall be covered with a layer of paperbacked stucco

netting fastened in such a manner that it will remain in place

until attachment of the wire reinforcement used for the plastic

base.

Comer bead shall be fastened to external angles and edges.

3.2 Lathing :

20 gauge stucco netting shall be applied with nails, screws, or staples of sufficient length to penetrate at least 3/4" into

structural members.

Fastening debices shall be applied 8" o.c. on walls and 6" o.c. on ceilings, and at crossmembers of netting.

3.3 Plaster Application :

Base Coat:

A thickness of 3/8" shall be applied to all lathed surfaces

by hand or machine.

98
Section 0913

Plaster shall be applied to floor wall angle to seal against

vermin and rodent entry.

Finish Coat:

General

A thickness of 1/8" shall be applied to bring total thickness of plaster membrane to 1/2".

Finish coat shall be applied to basecoat which is set and

partially dry or to set dry basecoat which has been dampened

by application of water.

Finish coat shall be cut through full depth with trowl at

intersection of plaster walls and plaster ceilings.

Trowl Finishes

Finish coat shall be scratched in with strong trowl pressure

over basecoat, doubled back and filled out to a true, even

surface

Finish plaster shall be allowed to firm up.

Trowel Keene Cement finishes at appropriate time intervals

until finish sets.

Sand-Float Finishes:

Sand-float finishes shall be applied over basecoat with a trowl to a true, even surface, and floated to product a sur- face having a texture that is free from slick spots or other blemishes.

99
SECTION 0914

Filled Paint

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of work for providing terporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1. 2 Work Included Under This Section :

Itork included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to apply a high build

textured coating complete as called out in these specifications.

Part 2. PRODUCTS

2.1 Filled Paint : A high build medium textured coating containing a water re- ducible vinyl resin pigmented with a matrix of extender pigment

and perlite aggregate (Pittsburgh Paints, Hide-A- Spray , fine

texture or equal) shall be used. Color shall be determined by

the Construction Engineer.

Part 3. EXECUTION

3 . 1 Surface Preparation :

Foreign material including dirt, dust, oil, grease, v;ax and

efflorescence, loose paint and plaster, calcimine, casein,

other water soluble paints, glue size or wallpaper shall be removed.

Recently painted surfaces shall be allowed to cure at least 60

days before application of bonding agent.

Glossy surfaces shall be dulled with an abrasive.

Sealer shall be applied over chalky paints.

3. 2 Aipplication of Filled Paint :

Paint shall be applied in accordance with manufacturer's instructions, to a minimum thickness of 10 mils wet, and cured.

100
SECTION 0915

Cementitious Coating

Part 1. GENERA

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope o£ work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of x\raste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1. 2 I'/ork Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to apply a cementitious

coating over surfaces covered with lead based paint as called

out in these specifications.

Part 2. PRODUCTS

2.1 Material :

Cementitious Coating: A proprietary mixture including port land

cement, silical sand and acrylic resin to whidi water is added

to make a slurry. Application shall be as recommended by the

manufacturer.

Except as other\\rise specified, materials shall be equivalent

to the fines tone textured surfacing as manufactured by Finestone

Corporation or approved equal.

2.2 Colors :

As called out in the Technical Scope of V/ork.

2.3 Mixing and Tinting :

Deliver paint ready-mixed to job sites.

Use tinting colors recommended bv manufacturer.

Fungicidal agent, when applicable^ shall be incorporated into

the paint by the manufacturer.

Cleaning

Touch up and restore finish where damaged. Jlemove spilled,

splashed, or splattered paint from all surfaces. Do not

mar surface finish of trim being cleaned. Leave storage

space clean and in condition required for equivalent spaces

in project.

101
Painting Schedule:

Surfaces not to be painted:

Face brick

Pre-£inished wall , ceiling and floorcoverings

Items with factory applied final finish

Part 3. EXECUTION

3.1 Inspection :

Examine surfaces scheduled to receive finish for conditions

that will adversely affect execution, permanence or quality

of work and which cannot be put into an acceptable condition

through preparatory work as included in Article 3.2, Preparation.

3. 2 Preparation of Surfaces :

Remove foreign material including dirt, dust, oil, grease,

wax and efflorescence.

Remove loose paint and plaster.

Calcimine, casein, other water soluble paints, glue size or wallpaper must not be present.

Glossy surfaces must be dulled with an abrasive.

Apply sealer over chalky paints.

Plaster (and Gypsum Wallboard)

Fill narrow, shallow cracks and small holes with spackling

compound

Rake deep, wide cracks and deep holes. Dajii[Den with clear

water. Fill with thin layers of patching plaster. Fill

ivith thin layers of drywall joint cement.

Allow to dry. Sand smooth. Do not raise nap of paper on

wallboard.

3.3 Application :

General Requirements:

Do not apply initial coating until moisture content of surface

is within limitations recommended by paint manufacturer.

102
Apply cementitious coating with suitable brushes, (or) rollers.

Rate of application shall not exceed that as reconmended by

manufacturer for the surface involved.

Keep brushes, (and) rollers clean, dry, free from contamiinates and suitable for the finish required.

Comply with recommendation of product manufacturer for drying

time between succeeding coats.

Sand and dust between coats to remove defects visible from a distance of 5 feet.

Finish coat shall have orange peel texture, free of brush marks,

streaks, laps or pile up of paints, and skipped or missed areas.

Coating thickness shall be 1/16".

Inspection:

Leave all parts of moldings and ornaments clean and true to

details with no undue amount of paint in comers and depressions.

Make edges of paint adjoining other materials or colors clean

and sharp with no overlapping.

Change colors at locations where colors differ between adjoining

spaces or rooms and where door frames do not match wall colors.

103
SECTION 0918

Pl)avood

Part 1. GENERAL

1. 1 Work covered Under Other Sections :

The scope o£ work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to install plywood over

exterior porch floors.

Part 2. PRODUCTS

2.1 Plywood :

Plywood shall be 3/8" thick, exterior marine A-B grade. Plywood

shall bear marks indicating the grade and standard by ^^^ich it was produced, and shall confoim to standards of the American

Plywood Association.

2.2 Underlayment :

One layer of 15# roofing felt shall be laid on floor surfaces

prior to placing and nailing plywood to old painted surfaces.

2.3 Nails:

Type and spacing of nails in floor shall be as specified by the

construction engineer.

2 . 4 Screws

Flatheaded cad-plated wood screws 1-1/2" long shall be spaced

a maximum of 18" o.c. \d.thin 1-1/2" of the edge of all plywood

applied to door surfaces.

Part 3. EXECUTION

3.1 Subflooring :

As indicated by the scope of work, any boards Which are rotted

or warped to the point that a solid surface will not result with

the plywood cover shall be replaced.

104
Plv\\'ood cn Floors:

Plwood shall be placed and fitted, joints filled, and edges

and joints sanded to remove the possibility of splintering.

All edges of pl^^cood shall be treated with X^sQ coats of

"Wood-Life" preserv^ative or equal. All exposed edges of plywood shall be trinmed with a miniinuin l"x 2" fir trim or as determined by the construction engineer in the field.

105
SECTION 0921

Paint Removal - Scraping

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections

The scope o£ work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paint by scraping and sanding as called out in these specifications.

Part 2. EXECUTION

2.1 Paint shall be removed down to the substrate surface as completely

as possible using scraping and/or sanding. In some cases, pigment

may remain embedded in wood grain and similar porous materials.

2.2 Wood shall not be removed by scraping and/or sanding operation.
SECTION 0922

Part 1.

1.1

1.2

Part 2

2.1

Part 3

3.1

3.2

Part 4

4.1

Solvent Based Paint Remover

GENERAL

Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paint by scraping after the paint nas been softened with a water

wash paint remover, as called out in these specifications.

PRODUCTS

Water Wash Paint Remover :

Remover shall be Marine- Industrial grade and shall contain methylene

chloride, methyl alcohol, and an agent to cause the paint to emulsify

with water.

EXECUTION

Paint shall be allowed to blister and soften.

Softened paint shall be removed down to the substrate surface as completely as possible using scraping or brushing. In some cases,

pigment may remain embedded in wood grain and similar porous materials .

DAMAGES

The contractor shall protect adjacent areas from damages from

solvent during the course of his work.

107
SECTION 0923

Paint Removal by Electric Heat Gun

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included IJhder This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paint by scraping after heating and softening with an electrically operated heat blower gun as called out in these specifications,

Part 2. EXECUTION

2.1 Paint shall be allowed to blister and soften.

2.2 Softened paint shall be removed down to the substrate surface as completely as possible using scraping and/or brushing. In some

cases, pigment may remain embedded in wood grain and similar

porous materials.

108
SECTION 0924

Paint Removal - Propane Torch

Part 1. GENEPvAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paints by scraping after heating with a propane torch as called

out in these specifications.

Part 2. EXECUTION

2.1 Paint shall be blistered and softened using a propane torch to

apply heat.

2.2 Softened paint shall be removed dom to the substrate as com- pletely as possible using scraping or brushing. In some cases,

pigment may remain embedded in wood grain and similar porous

materials

2.3 In no case shall the propane torch be used for stripping

interior surfaces.

109
SECTION 0925

Paint Removal Prom Doors Using Din Tank

Part 1 GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove paints with a hot alkaline solution complete as called out in these specifications.

part 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 Paint Remover : A hot alkaline process shall be used.

2.2 Neutral izer :

Shall be as recommended by the paint remover manufacturer.

Part 3 EXECUTION

3.1 All metal components that could be attacked by paint remover

shall be removed or treated as recommended by the paint remover

manufacturer

3.2 Paint shall be allowed to blister and soften.

3.3 Softened paint shall be removed as completely as possible using

scraping or brushing. In some cases, pigment may remain embedded

in wood grain and similar porous materials.

iin
SECTION 0926

Paint Removal - Infra- Red Device

Part 1. GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paints by scraping after heating with infra-red device as called

out in these specifications.

part 2. EXECUTION

2.1 Paint shall be blistered and softened using infra-red device

to apply heat.

2.2 Softened paint shall be removed down to the substrate as completely as possible using scraping or brushing. In some

cases, pigment may remain embeded in wood grain and similar

porous materials.

Ill

NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. iniBLlCATION OR RI-PORT NO. NBSIR 75-974 No.

3. Recipient '.s Acces.sion No.

4. Tri LE AND SUBTITLE

The Demonstration o£ Experimental Lead Paint Hazard

Abatement Methods in Atlanta, Georgia

5. Publication Date December 1975

6. Performing Organization (.ode

7. AUTHOR(S) Thomas H. Boone, Harvey W. Berger, A. Philip Cramp

Herbert A. Jackson

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4608400

11. Contract /Grant No. IAA-H-35-75

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Compjete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Hoiasing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Interim FY' 75

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less [actual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This report describes the second stage of an experimental lead paint hazard abatement program carried out in 80 dwelling units in Atlanta, Georgia. The entire program

will ultimately involve the abatement of lead paint hazards in a total of approximately

250 dwelling units distributed over three or more cities.

The procedures demonstrated in this field testing program were: paint removal

using chemical solvents; paint removal using three heat producing devices; the replacement of components such as windows, doors, and wood trim and the installation of

flexible sheet materials, rigid boards, plaster products and aggregate filled coatings, over existing lead paint on walls. Also evaluated was the covering of deteriorated,

lead paint coated floors with plywood.

The report includes procedures for inspecting and selecting dwellings for lead

paint hazard abatement, evaluations of the suitability and implementation characteristics of the abatement methods, and recommendations for their use. Subsequent reports will present the results of comparable programs in additional

cities and a final report will compare the cost- effectiveness of the alternative

abatement methods.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Abatement; barrier materials; building materials; children; housing; lead-based paint;

lead poisoning; paint removal

18. AVAILABILITY [X] Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCL ASSIFIED

121

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing

Washington. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

Office 20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

[x^ Order From National Technical Information Service

Springfield, Virginia 22151

(NTIS)

UNCLASSIFIED

„. , $5.50

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74