NBSIR 74-529

Project Plans

Fiscal Year 1974

Law Enforcement Standards laboratory

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1973

Final

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

NBSIR 74-529

PROJECT PLANS

FISCAL YEAR 1974

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1973

Final

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts, Director

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The project plans were prepared by the Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards under the direction of

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of LESL. The plans were prepared by the

following LESL Program Managers: Marshall J. Treado, Communications

Systems; Marshall A. Isler and Lawrence K. Eliason, Security Systems;

Robert Mills, Investigative Aids; Ronald C. Dobbyn, Protective Equipment and Weapons; and Avery T. Norton, Emergency Equipment and Clothing.

This program is sponsored by the NILECJ Office of Research Programs,

Geoffrey M. Alprin, Director; Advanced Technology Division, Joseph T.

Kochanski, Director; Lester D. Shubin, Program Manager for Standards.

TABLE Of nONTEriTS

Security Systens

Autonatic Intrusion Detection Sensors

Physical Security Systens for Doers and V/indows

Police Alarn 'system Annunciators

Guides for Burglary Alarm Systens

Video Tope Recording Systens for Courtroom Use

Communications Systens

[3asc Stations, Transceivers and Accessory Equipment. , . Voice Scrambling Equipment

Mobile [)igital Communications

Communications Equipment Used in Undercover Operations . Audio Tape Recorders for Courtroom Use

I nvest i gat i ve Aids

Trace Vapor Detectors

Handheld f'eta I V/eapon Detectors

Gunshot Residue Detection

Analytical Techniques in Forensic Science

Directory of Testing Laboratories

Protective Equipment

Bullet and Impact Protective Equipment . . . . Standard Sizing of Police Body Armor

Emergency Equipment

Guideline for Lights and Sirens

Anthropometric Study of Law Enforcement Officers . . . .

FOREWORD

Following a Congressional mandate* to develop new and improved

techniques, systems, and equipment to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice, the National Institute of Law Enforcement and

Criminal Justice (NILECJ) has established the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National Bureau of Standards. LESL's

function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and

criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality

equ i pment.

In response to priorities established by NILECJ, LESL is (I)

subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several

series of documents, including national voluntary equipment standards,

user guidel ines, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

A I 1st of the documents already completed under the Law Enforcement Standards Program will be found on the inside back cover of this

document.

The 1974 Project Plans for the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

outline the approved research objectives and plans for the fiscal year

starting July I, 1973. The program of testing and evaluation described

in the Project Plans has significant value for law enforcement and

criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality

equipment. This document is intended to present detailed information

concerning this program so that all concerned agencies are aware of

the ongoing research.

Comments and suggestions concerning these plans and future efforts

in this area are invited from all interested parties. They should be

addressed to the Program Manager for Standards, National Institute of

Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20530

^Section 402(b) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

of 1968, as amended.

v

A u t oma t i c Project

I nt r u s ion

Plan for

Detection S e n s o rs Marsha I I s I er , Security

Prog ram

Systems

a n a ger

SCOPt

Automatic intrusion detection sensors are sensors used in an

intrusion alarm system and are designed to detect a specific

stimulus generated by an intruder into a protected site.

Tfiey may be designed to detect infrared energy, motion,

noises and vibrations characteristic of a physical attack,

the opening of a door or window, etc. They may be used in

conjunction with an audible alarm (bell on the premise), a silent alarm to a local guard, or be linked to a police

station either directly or indirectly through a commercial

central station service.

bACKGRQUND

intrusion alarm systems provide a useful tool for law

enforcement agencies in apprehending burglars. However, the

increasing popularity of alarm systems is causing an

increasing frequency of false alarms, resulting in a significant drain of police resources. The false alarm rate

is as high as 90 to 95 percent throughout the country as

determined oy several studies (Crime Against Sma I I bus i ness--SBA ; False Alarm Study by the Alarm Industry

Committee for Combating Crime; Cedar Rapids Report on Test

and Lvaluation of burglar Alarms) and confirmed by direct

contact with several police departments (District of

Columbia; flontgomery County, fid.; boston, N'ass.; and

others). The causes of these false alarms run the gamut

from procedure or operator error to system (equipment)

performance. The sensor is the weakest link in the

equipment performance; therefore, the objective of this

project is to develop a standard for each category of

sensor, addressing reliability with primary emphasis on

false alarm susceptibility. Tnese standards can then be

used by the consumer for procuring reliable systems and by

local municipalities for regulating the quality of alarm

systems in their jurisdiction, when such quality affects

their police resources.

1
There are standards in this area produced by the

Underwriters' Laboratories, General Services Administration,

Department of Defense, and the Atomic Energy Commission,

Generally, these equipment standards are concerned with

hardware reliability and ability to detect the intruder, and

not with false alarm susceptibility. In addition, these

standards do not provide trie quantitative performance test

methods required of a IJILECJ standard. However, an attempt

will be made to utilize the data in, and where possible not

to conflict with these existing standards.

PROPOSED PLAN

In general, the development of these standards consists of

identifying performance attributes that relate to

reliability ana false alarm susceptibility, establishing

minimum performance levels, and designing test methods and

procedures for measuring performance. The pertinent

attributes are determined from manufacturers'

specifications, user requirements and laboratory tests,

ilinimum performance levels are based on existing equipment

capability as determined by laboratory evaluation of

representative commercial equipment and on user

requirements. Test methods and procedures are developed in

the laboratory based on, as much as possible, standard

engineering measurement practices and test equipment.

There are a great many sensors aval lable on the market that

sense many different phenomena associated with an intruder.

Any combination may be used to protect a particular site,

depending upon the nature of tfie item being protected and

the operating environment. Since the optimum array will be

unique for a given environment, and since the environment

cannot be standardized, the approach will be to develop for

each category of sensor a performance standard which will

include characterization of those environmental factors

which tend to degrade performance.

The types of sensors addressed in FY-73 were (1) magnetic

switches, (2) mecnanical switches, (3) mercury switches, (4)

contact vibration sensors, (i;) window foil, (6) audio

sensors, (7) microphone vibratior, sensors, (8) hold-up

devices, (9) ultrasonic motion detectors, and (10) microwave

motion detectors. The standards development process for

i,terns (3) through (10) will be continued in FY-74. In

addition, standards for capacitance proximity sensors,

pliotoelectronic sensors, and passive infrared sensors will

beinitiated. For each of these sensors the standard will

(generally establish minimum performance levels and test

procedures for the followingo
1. sensitivity range

2. sensitivity stability

3. false alarm modes and sensitivity

4. hardware failure detection

t) . tamper detection

6. reliability

During the development of each sensor standard, LESL will

maintain close liaison with industry, the Underwriters'

Laboratories, and government laboratories working in this

area. An Industry Review Committee has been established to

assist in the review phase of the standards development

process. This committee represents the National Burglar and

Fire Alarm Association, the Security Equipment Industry

Association, and the Alarm Industry Committee for Combating

Crime. Also included in this review phase is a group of

users government agencies, American bankers Association,

the Jewelers Alliance Association, and a major insurance

company.

ObJ ECT I VES

The fol lowing standards were promulgated in FY-73.

Standard for Magnetic Switches

Standard for f Mechanically Actuated Switches

The following standards will be completed in FY-74

Standard for Contact Vibration Sensors

Standard for f-'ercury Switches

Standard for Viindow Foil

Standard for Audio Sensors

Standard for Microphone Vibration Sensors

Standard for Hold-up Devices

Standard for Ultrasonic Motion Detectors

Standard for Microwave Iloticn Detectors

The following standards will be initiated in FY-74.

Standard for Capacitance Proximity Sensors

Standard for Photoelectric Sensors

Standard for F^assive Infrarec Sensors

The projected milestones are given in the attached table.
LEVLL OF LFFORT

FY-73 FY-74 FY-75

Standard for Contact Vibration

Switches 5,000

Standard for [-lercury Switches 5,300

Standard for Window Foil 16,40 0

Standard for Audio Sensors 26,200 6,300

Standard for Microphone Vibration

Sensors 12,000 12,600

Standard for Hold-up Devices 5,100 25,100

Standard for Ultrasonic Motion

Detectors 15,000 33,000

Standard for Microwave Motion

Detectors 15,000 33,800

Standard for Capacitance Proximity

Sensors 18,800 19,800

Standard for Photoelectric Sensors 18,800 19,800

Standard for Passive Infrared

Sensors 3 1 , 400

100,000 100,600 39,600
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F' h y s i c a I Se c u r Project Plan for

ty Systems for Doors and Vi i n d o w s

Mo rs ha I I s I er

,

Secu r I ty

r o g r a m Systems

Ma n agar

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to develop security

performance standards, a component selection guide and

glossary of terms and definitions for door and window

systems. The standards will define minimum performance

levels for a given threat level, and include test procedures

for measuring performance. The standard will address each

component of the system, since the integrity of the system

is no greater than that of its weakest link. For example,

when addressing a door system, the standard will consider

the type of door (material, construction, operation, etc.),

the frame construction, the hinges, and the locking device.

The standards wil I address the performance of doors and

windows used in residences and small businesses with respect

to the common threats.

Two standards are being developed, one for doors and another

for windows. tach standard will define performance criteria

for each type of system and component against a defined

threat, and a test procedure for evaluating each type. The

selection guide will present evaluation data in a manner to

enable the user to select a mix of components to meet an

assumed threat level. This provision for the user to select

components to meet his particular needs in terms of threat

level is critical to the flexibility and utility of the

standards, since the threat level and resources of the user

will vary considerably. Some of the potential users and

areas of application of the standards include: single

homes, multiple dwellings, small businesses, public

buildings, city ordinances, building codes. Federal agencies

(HUD, FIA), and insurance companies.

bACKGROUND

The number of reported

reported in the 1970 U

increase of H percent

i nc

n i f o ove

i dents o rm Crime

r 19 69.

f burglary in 1970 as

F^xeport was 2 , 1 69 , 300--a n The associated losses
totaled i672 million, of which S4 0 7 million were from

residences and $265 million nonresidences. With respect to

nonresidential losses, the impact to the losses is a direct

function of the size of the business. The percent of the

nonresidential losses for business with receipts under

$100,000 was 3.2 times the average and 35 times that of

businesses with receipts over $5 million. These statistics

illustrate the magnitude of the burglary problem, and the

fact that the major burden of the losses are borne by

residences and small businesses. Two of the reasons why

these establishments are vulnerable are: (1) home owners

and small businessmen do not liave the technical expertise to

optimize their security to meet the anticipated threat, and

(2) building codes do not specify security requirements.

Therefore, the original security fixtures of the structure

are often inadequate. The LESL effort will provide a means

to correct these deficiencies, and thereby decrease burglary

vulnerability.

PROPOSED PLAN

The following tasks are being conducted in the development

of the standards, guide and glossary. The development of

the standard for windows and the standard for doors are

parallel efforts. The attached flow chart illustrates the

relationships among the tasks.

Task 1 Categorize types of door and window systems. For

example, a door may be categorized by its

operation, i.e., fixed swing, sliding, or rolling,

single or split.

Task 2 Categorize components of each type. This would

include a delineation of the materials and

construction for both door/window and frame, and

' . the hardware (hinges, locks, etc.) associated with

each t ype

.

Task 3 Develop test methods. This w'll consist of

selecting the pertinent security performance

characteristics of the system and components, and

selecting existing test methods or developing new

methods for measuring the characteristics.

8 .
TdSk 4 Define threats. The threats will be determined as

a function of the sophistication level of the

attacker, the kinds of tools used, and the time to

defeat. Some forms of attacks that will be

considered are brute force (pressure against the

door distributed among al I components; glass

breaking), tool attacks against the door (drilling;

sawing), surreptitious attacks against locks

(picking), tool attacks against door knob, attacks

against locking bolt (hacksaw; hammer-bar), and

attacks against door frame (knifing; wedging).

This tas.k will rely heavily on data from existing

related NILECJ studies.

Task 5 Define security levels. Three levels will be

defined that wi I I cover the spectrum of threats

defined in Task 4. Again, maximum utilization will

be made of existing rJILECJ studies.

Task 6 Estab I ish minimum performance levels for each

component of the system consistent with the defined

security level. For example, the components of a door system are the door, penetration resistant

glass or grills (if used), frame, hinges, and

locking device. f-linimum performance levels for the

system will be established in a manner to enable

the user to select combinations of components to

meet a particular security level.

Task 7 Perform tests on sample systems and components.

These tests will be conducted for the purpose of

validating test methods, determining state-of-theart with respect to performance of existing

equipment, and rating types of components for the

selectionguide.

Task 8 Prepare the standards for review by t^iBS and

extern a 1 sou r ce s , an d to r s u b m i s s i c:> n to N 1 LECJ . Assess r i s k to t y p i c a 1 e stab 1 i s h me n t s based on

s t at i s t i ca 1 data. T h i s task will ass ess the

bu rg 1 a ry r i s k to typ i c a 1 res i dent i a 1 an(j commercia

estab 1 i s h me n ts will be a s s es s ed as a function of

type ( a s def i ne d by the Depa rtment of Commerce and

several iNILECJ studies), location, and burglary

patterns. The sources of data to be used will

include the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, Crime

Against Small Business, UL's Field Service Record

of Certificated Burglar Alarms, several books on

security, and the NILE'. J studies referred to in

9.
Task 10 Relate security levels to typical establishments.

The appropriate security levels as defined in Task

5 will be selected for the typical establishments

as a function of the risks defined in Task 9. This

will assist the user of the guides in selecting the

most appropriate choice of security level for his

particular establishment.

Tosk 11 Prepare security selection guide for doors and

windows. The guide will present the recommended

security levels for typical establishments, and

associated matrices of systems and types of

components that can meet tne particular security

level.

Task 12 Collect and collate material for a glossary of

terms and definitions. This will consist

literature search of existing definitions, with

additions and modifications as appropriate.

Task 13 Prepare glossary of terms and definitions. This

includes drafting the document, coordinating an NBS

external review, modifying as appropriate, and

submitting recommended document to N I Lt^CJ .

In FY-75, LESL completed tasks 1, 2, 4, and 5, and initiated

tasks 3 and 7. The interim standards will address the most

common types of window and door systems and the lower two of

the three levels of security defined in task 5. These

levels involve the most common threats to residences and

small businesses. Following these interim standards, the

remaining common types of window and door systems and

components will be evaluated and performance levels will be

established for- the remaining security level. The security

selection guide for doors and windows and the glossary of

terms and definitions will also be developed in FY-74,
LLVtL OF EFFORT

FY-73 FY-74 FY-75

Interim Standard for the Security

of Doors 60,0C0 20,000 0

Interim Standard for the Security

of Windows 60,000 20,000 0

Standard for the Security of Doors 0 80,000 10,000

Standard for the Security of Windows 0 80,000 10,000

Guide for the Security of Doors

and Windows 0 40,000 0

Glossary of Terms and Definitions 0 10, 000 0

120,000 250,000 20,000

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13.
Project r ' I J n for

Police I a r m S y s t o rr, Annunciators

I ' arshall Isler, f^rogram f^anagor

Security Systems

l^COPE

Tfie police alarm system annunciator is an indicator and

display module used in a police station to receive burglary

and robbery alarms from remote sites. General ly, it

consists of a set of indicator lights that display the

status of the system at each protected site: secure or

access mode, and alarm or trouble condition. The initial

alarm indication is provided by a bell or buzzer.

bACKGRQUND

The rising rates of burglary and robbery and the

corresponding demands of insurance companies have

significantly increased the popularity of burglary and

holdup alarms. In most areas of the country these alarms

may be received directly by an annunciator located in the

police station. because of the various secure

communications schemes used to transmit the alarm signal,

and marketing pressures for new features, some

manufacturers' models of protected-site equip nient

necessitate the use of their particular annunciators in the

police station. In addition, annunciators may vary

significantly in functions and displays due to the absence

of an accepted standard design. As a result, there exists

today a proliferation of different annunciators with

variety of functions and displays; various sizes, wh

i

incompatible with each other; and various communicati

schemes and sensor control panels. This situation ad

affects the performance of the police in operating an maintaining such systems, and in many cases may limit

number of annunciators a depart mj.-nt can install.

PROPOSE 0 PL Mi

Tiie objective of this project is to develop a functional

design standard for the annunciator panel tnat will
emphasize commonality of displays and functions, and

modularization of displays to allow an increase of

capability through a " b u i I d i n g- b I oc k" approach. Since the

project initiation in FY-73, LESL has requested and received

design data from manufacturers. These data have been

reviewed in order to identify the distribution of functional

features and electromechanical interface requirements. Some

of these existing features, along with others which are

deemed appropriate, will serve as the basis for establishing

the standard. LESL will also purchase a selected sample of

these devices for examination and evaluation in the

laboratory as part of its standard development process.

UBJ ECT I VE

The objective of this project is a standard for police

annunciators. The projected milestones are given in the

attached table.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

FY-75 FY-74

Police /\nnunciator Standard 4 0,000 9,4 00

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16.
Project f'lan for

Guides for burglary Alarm Systems

Marshall Isler, Program Manager

Security Systems

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to develop a series of

documents directed toward the consumer that will assist him

in selecting burglar alarm systems and components for his

particular application. The two types of documents being

prepared are selection guides for burglar alarm components

and systems and a glossary of burglar alarm terms and

definitions.

BACKGROUND

Alarm systems have played a major role in the deterrence of

burglary and the apprehension of burglars. The present

rising burglary rate has significantly increased the demand

for such systems. Consequently, the market is flooded with

devices and systems covering a wide spectrum of

sophistication and quality, all claiming to be the ultimate

in protection. General ly, the consumer is not informed

enough to determine which devices or systems are most

appropriate for his needs, nor can he afford an independent

consultant for professional advice. Therefore, there is a need for tutorial documents that wi I I assist the consumer i making rational decisions,

PROPOSED PLAN

The glossary of terms and definitions will consist primaril

of existing terms and definitions accepted by industry,

written in a form useful to the consumer. The approach wil

be to survey existing documents, extract applicable data,

modify those data as appropriate, develop new definitions

where necessary, and coordinate a review by industry,

potential users, and other interested parties. The first

draft of this document was completed in FY-73,

17.
The burglar alarm selection guides will be a series of

documents which will provide rationale and trade-off factors

for selecting alarm devices for a particular environment.

The three documents that have been either initiated or

planned will address the commercial, the residential and the

outdoor institutional environments respectively. Each guide

will assist the user in making decisions in the following

areas :

1. The need for alarm systems with respect to the

th rea t level.

2. The type of coverage and area to be protected.

3. The appropriate sensor or array of sensors.

4. The appropriate type of system (local or silent).

b. If silent, the appropriate type of service.

The following considerations will be addressed with respect

to the above decision areas and the particular environment:

1. Availability of equipment or service.

2. Resistance to defeat.

3 . Installation.

4. hffect on normal operating procedures.

b. False alarm susceptibility.

b . Cos t

.

Development of the guides for commercial establishments and

for residences was initiated In FY-73. Development of the

guide for institutions (outdoor) will be initiated in FY-74.

ObJ LCT I VLS

See the attached table for a list of the objectives and for

theprojected milestones.

LtVtL OF EFFORT

FY-73 FY-74

Glossary of burglar Alarm System

Terms and Definitions 10,000 6,300

Guide for the Selection of Commercial

A I a rm Systems 15,000 50, 000

Guide for the Selection of Residential

Alarm Systems 5,000 32,000

Guide for the Selection of Outdoor

Institutional Alarm Systems 0 25, 1 00

30,000 113,400

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19.
Proj ect Plan for

Video Tape Recording Systems for Courtroom Use

Marshall Isler, Program Manager

Security Systems

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to develop a guideline

written for the consumer that will assist him in

understanding video tape recording (VTR) systems and to

develop performance standards for VTR systems applicable to

courtroom use. The guideline will help the consumer to

understand the usefulness and the limitations of VTR systems

and to negotiate intelligently with the seller. It will

deal with VTR equipment that could be used for col lecting

and presenting investigative evidence, depositions, and

testimonial evidence, and for the video recording of court

proceedings for record purposes. Courtroom use of closed

circuit TV will also be considered.

BACKGROUND

Under the sponsorship of fJILtCJ, the NBS Technical Analysis

Division recently completed a study of the potential uses of

court related video recording. One conclusion was that

recording may be used in several ways to provide limited,

immediate help in reducing the congestion in court calendars

and in improving the "quality of justice." The present use

of VTR in television broadcasting, as well as tlie

potentially huge market in home recording, has propelled

many manufacturers into the field with the result that the

manufacturers' literature is simply ove rwh o I m i ng . Some

features of VTR systems are more useful than others and some

guidance through this technical maze is necessary. The

above mentioned study also concluded that performance

requirements should be developed for court-oriented video

systems. As a result of these conclusions and related

iJ I LECJ experience, NILECJ has included in its adjudication

program a project to develop voluntary standards for video

tape systems for courtroom use, and identified the ES I

P

Standards Group to perform the task.

20.
PROPOSED PLAN

It is proposed tnat this project consist of two phases.

P'hase one will identify equipment performance

characteristics and design features pertinent to courtroom

operation, and phase two will determine minimum requirements

for those identified characteristics and will develop or

identify existing applicable test methods. The outputs of

these two phases wi I I constitute the primary inputs to

preparing the standards.

Phase one will be_ initiated by reviewing the equipment

recommendations presented in the aforementioned NBS study,

and then updating the operational requirements through

visits to courtrooms where such systems are Instal led on an experimental basis and through discussions with related

NILECJ grantees. The equipment characteristics pertinent to

the operational requirements will then be identified. The

pertinent performance and design characteristics will be

identified for the field equipment used to collect evidence

and witness depositions, and for the fixed equipment used In

the courtroom. The design characteristics addressed will be

based on interface requirements among tl>e system components,

including those between field and courtroom equipment. The

results of this phase will be used In preparing the

guideline, and will form the basis for developing the

standard

.

Phase two will determine minimum performance levels and

required design features based on the outputs of phase one

and the capability of existing commercial equipment. The

latter will be determined by evaluating manufacturers'

literature and selected sample equipment. There are certain

desired design features already Identified in the NBS study

which are not now commercially available. These features

wll I be considered for incorporation into the standards

based on technical feasibility, cost, and operational

importance. If any such features are considered

inappropriate for the standards at the present time, they

will be recommended as items for future development within

the tS I P program. Test methods for measuring all identified

performance characteristics will be developed. The outputs

of this phase will be draft standards for the courtroom

systems, and for the related field equipment.

21 .
ObJ ECT I VES

Guide for Selection of Courtroom Video Equipment

Standards for Courtroom Video Tape Recorder Systems

LEVEL OF EFFORT

FY-75 FY-74 FY-75

Phase one 23,000

Phase two 75,000 25,000

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23.
Project Plan for

base Stations, Transceivers and Accessory Equipment

Marshall J. Treado, Program Manager

Communications Systems

SCOPE

Ttie items of equipment involved in this project include the

transmitters, receivers and antennas which are components of

base stations and transceivers as well as fixed repeaters.

bACKGRQUriD

As society in general and the police in particular have

become more mobile, the demand for more and better

communications equipment has increased. Many agencies now

require that all officers on duty be in constant

communication with the dispatcher. As their requirements

have increased, these agencies have purchased new and more

sophisticated communications equipment. Recent

technological advances in electronics, meanwhile, have

resulted in many Improvements, notably in miniaturization

and packaging. These advances have not only improved the

capability of this equipment, but have made it lighter,

smaller, more reliable in the field and easier to maintain,

without significantly changing its cost. In many cases this

equipment now operates with increased power capability,

significantly more channels and for longer periods of time.

This added sophistication, coupled with the requirement to

comply with Federal Communications Commission regulations as to power, frequency usage and electromagnetic interference

have made this particular area an important one for the

development of standards and guidelines. Standards are

needed for fixed and base station transmitters, mobile

transmitters, pe rso na I / po rt ab I e transmitters, fixed and base

station antennas, mobile antennas, fixed and base station

receivers, mobile receivers and persona I /portab I e receivers,

and fixed repeaters.

PROPOSED PLAN

Tnis project was initiated witn a review of the products

already on the market. There are approximately fifty

industrial concerns making FM 2-way radios today. Some of

these companies also produce base station equipment and

repeaters. Each year, several of these organizations offer

new or improved equipment for sale. LESL plans to determine

2/
the characteristics to be used to describe the performance

of each type of equipment being addressed. Concurrently,

project personnel collect and review all existing standards

for this equipment issued by organizations such as EIA,

IE£E, ANSI, ASTM, APCO, SAE and I EC . If methods of

evaluating equipment performance either do not exist or are

not adequate, new or improved techniques wi I I be developed

and validated by trial use on representative operational

equipment. Minimum performance requirements will be

established based on these measurement techniques, the

demonstrated capabilities of existing equipment, and the

needs of the users.

For fixed repeaters, technical areas of concern are the

amount of isolation required between the receivers and

transmitters, the delays introduced into the system by the

repeater, synchronization requirements, cabinet

desens i t i zat i on problems, the level of spurious signal

suppression required when in close proximity to multiple

transmitters and the trade-offs between one and two

frequency repeater systems.

OBJ ECT I VES

The objectives of this project during FY-74 will be to

complete the development of the standards started in FY-73

and to develop the fixed repeater standard as indicated on

the attached schedule.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

All work on this project will be performed at NBS . the amount of $60,000 will be used as follows:

Funds i n

Fixed Repeater Standard 50, 000

Completion of standards drafted in

FY-73 10,000

REMARKS

The project was originally initiated in FY-72, and has been

the nucleus of the LESL Communications Program. The

standard for mobile antennas has been completed and

standards are in process for the other equipment discussed

above, except for fixed repeaters. Tests thus far have

primarily been conducted on equipment loaned by

manufacturers and have been limited to non-destructive

testing. The estimated costs for this project do not

include the purchase of major items of equipment to be

tested

.

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26.
Project Plan for

Voice Scrambling Equipment

Marshall J. Treado, Program Manager

Communications Systems

SCOPE

This project deals with voice scramblers used with law

enforcement communications equipment.

BACKGROUND

aaw

Recent increases in criminal activity have caused

corresponding increase in the need for effective I enforcement voice radio communications. However, their

effectiveness has been substantially reduced by the

proliferation of readily available inexpensive radio

receivers, which are used by criminals to intercept police

transmissions. Accordingly, many police agencies place the

attainment of more secure communications by means of voice

scrambling equipment at, or near, the top of their list of

priorities. The equipment priority survey conducted for

NILECJ by tJBS found that about 10 percent of the agencies

queried had voice scramblers and over 50 percent more wanted

them. Unfortunately, agencies that express a need can

rarely agree on the type of equipment, the operational

procedures, or the basic technical characteristics required.

They also cannot agree on the depth of sophistication

required to counter criminal actions, or the amount they are

willing to pay for such a capability. There appears to be a large trade-off between capability and cost in the equipment

being ma r keted . There are a substantial number of voice scramblers available

for law enforcement applications. However, there is

virtually no standardization among these units, nor are

there any performance standards. At present, the

prospective customer has no technical guidelines to follow

in selecting the optimum unit for his needs, nor does he

have a way of comparing the performance of one unit with

another. Even though voice scramblers have been in regular

use for about 30 years, these earlier applications have been

quite specialized and limited, and no generally recognized

performance standards have evolved.

27.
This project was initiated in FY-71 with the long range goal

of developing a performance standard for voice scramblers.

These results to date are summarized in a report now being

written. The major finding is that standards of performance

are needed in three main areas. These are privacy against

eavesdropping, intelligibility of the reconstituted signal

and compatibility with existing equipment.

PROPOSED PLAN

The proposed plan Is to test in the laboratory a representative group of commercially available voice

scramblers. Initially, use will be made of existing

measurement procedures that can be modified to fit the

special characteristics of voice scramblers. Project

personnel will utilize existing communication system

standards, including NILECJ standards when available, to

explore and define the compatibility of scramblers with

communication equipment.

Voice testing, using standardized text material and word

lists, will be used to measure Intelligibility. Tests will

also be made to determine whether alternative methods can be

used to obviate the need for voice tests. The search for an

objective means of defining and measuring voice privacy will

be CO nt I n ued

.

OBJECT I VE

The objective for FY-74 is to develop a standard for voice

scramblers. The projected milestones are indicated in the

attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

This Is estimated to be S70,000 during FY-74. The work is

to be performed at NBS.

REMARKS

This project was initiated in FY-71 when $4,000 was

committed for a preliminary study of voice scramblers.

Funding during successive years was $20,000 in FY-72 and

$30,000 in FY-73.

28.
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Pro ject Plan for

I-lob i I e Digital Communications

Marshall J, Treado, Program Manager

Communications Systems

SCOPE

The equipment involved in this project comprises the digital

terminal in the police car and the corresponding piece of

equipment at police headquarters.

BACKGROUND

The present congestion of the frequency spectrum used by FM

two way police radios mandates that means for better

utilization of this spectrum be found. One of the ways of

accomplishing this is to develop and use digital techniques

to send messages presently transmitted by voice.

Accordingly, the development of digital equipment for this

purpose and its purchase and installation has been given a high priority by many law enforcement agencies. Use of

digital techniques will not only improve the speed of

transmission, it will make more effective use of available

spectrum and provide additional security to transmissions.

Tfie use of voice cannot be eliminated completely,

particularly for calls of a non-routine nature, but digital

techniques can be used to fiandle a large majority of the

present voice traffic; i.e., those of a status nature. The

use of digital equipment also lends itself to the provision

of a permanent record, and it further provides a capability

for data transfer directly to and from state and national

data banks

.

PROPOSED PLAN

During FY-73, a study was initiated to prepare a report on

digital communications equipment used by law enforcement

agencies. One objective of this study is to determine the

suitability of typical items of digital equipment for use by

these agencies. Another is to identify the attributes that

should be addressed in a standard. Upon completion of this

study effort, a mobile digital equipment standard

development program will be initiated. based on a group of

inputs including the necessity for one or two way

transmission, predicted error rates, requirement for hard

copy printout, type of message format, and trade-offs as to

displays, keyboards and types of modulation, minimum

performance requirements with corresponding methods of test

will be postulated and validated in the laboratory to

produce the required standard.

30.
ObJ ECT I VES

The objective of this project is to develop a performance

standard for mobile digital terminals used by law

enforcement agencies. The schedule for this development is

shown on the attached milestone chart.

LEVEL CF EFFORT

The funding for this phase of the project is 83K, 8K of

which Is needed for laboratory support to be furnished by

NbS . The remaining 75K will be used to develop test

methods, determine performance requirements and write the

standard. This will probably be accomplished by an industrial concern with expertise in digital communications,

such as the company presently performing the study phase of

this project.

REMARKS

Approximately $50,000 of FY-73 funds have been al located to

defray the costs of the study phase of this project.

31
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Project Plan for

Communications Equipment Used in Undercover Operations

Marshall J. Treado, Program Manager

Communications Systems

SCOPE

The items of equipment involved in this project are the

transmitters, receivers, recorders, transcribers and other

associated equipment used in undercover operations.

BACKGROUND

The tremendous advances in transportation and communication

in the past decade have given criminals the capability of

rapid movement of people and products and almost

instantaneous contact with confederates in any part of the

country and most of the rest of the world. Technological

improvements in communications equipment have produced items

that are capable of handling large amounts of information in

a more secure manner, using miniaturized equipment that is

more reliable and less costly. In order to counter certain

of these criminal activities, law enforcement agencies must

engage in undercover operations, placing pol ice officers as members of suspected groups or on special patrol or stakeout

duty. These officers usual ly cannot be in uniform nor carry

noticeable or identifiable radio equipment. This

illustrates the need for miniature receivers, transmitters,

recorders, and other associated equipment. The project

described herein has been established to develop those

standards needed by law enforcement agencies to assist them

in their selection and procurement of this type of

communications equipment.

Since November 1972, a study has been in progress to gather

information regarding the needs of law enforcement agencies

for various types of radio equipment in undercover

operations, and also to learn what equipment is commercial ly

avai table to meet these needs. both law enforcement

personnel and manufacturers have been consulted, and some

equipment has been laboratory tested to determine the

parameters and criteria which are critically important for

reliable and successful undercover communications. Included

in the study have been such devices as miniaturized

transmitters, receivers, tape recorders, microphones, and a variety of wired equipment of the type used to monitor

telephone communication. A report with recommendations is

scheduled for completion in September 1973.

33.
PROPOSED PLAN

The plan has been to examine the items of equipjmont now on

the market. Laboratory testing has been initiated to

determine their effectiveness in the transmission of voice

communications, their ability to transmit without revealing

their location, their range of operation, ease of

employment, and susceptibility to interference, and the

overall effectiveness of their use in covert operations.

These test results are being used to write a report which

wil I include recommendations as to the performance criteria

which should be addressed in a standard. These performance

characteristics will include such items as power output,

frequency stability, spurious emissions and sensitivity.

The next phase of this project will yield performance

standards for undercover transmitters and their accompanying

rece i ve r/ recor de rs

.

OBJECT I VES

The objectives of this project in the coning year are the

development of performance standards for undercover

transmitters and their accompanying receiver/recorders. The

projected milestones are shown on the attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

This work will be performed at NBS and will cost $45,000.

REMARKS

S40,00Q was spent on this project during FY-73.

34.
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Project P

Audio Tape Recorders

an for

for Courtroom Use

Marsha II J . Treado, I Commu n i ca t i on s

P rogram Manager

Systems

SCOPE

This project is concerned with the development of standards

for audio tape recording systems that are used to record

courtroom proceedings.

BACKGROUND

A few courts are now using audio tape recorders to record

their proceedings. This technique offers the possible

advantages of reduced costs, improved accuracy and quicker

reproduction of transcripts. Some preliminary work has been

accomplished in this area and the State of Alaska, with a scarcity of court reporters, has made the audio tape record

of a trial the official record. Most jurisdictions are

reluctant to follow this example, however, pointing to lack

of knowledge of the equipment, or concern about accuracy and

reliability the electronic components, or concern about

disruption of the trial proceedings. Thus, standards for

this equipment are needed in order that judges, attorneys

and courtroom administrators can become more familiar with

the capability of this equipment, and feel assured that the

equipment they purchase will fill their needs.

PRQF^OSED PLAN

The proposed plan comprises several tasks. One is to obtain

information through a literature survey, conversations with

court officials, and firsthand observation. A second is to

survey existing equipment available for this application and

to review and evaluate existing performance requirements and

test methods. If needed, new test methods will be

developed. Performance levels will be determined by testing

and evaluating presently used audio tape recorders. The

final step will be to draft the standard. Some of these

tasks may be accomplished concurrently. Upon completion of

the first two steps, a user guideline for this equipment

will be written. Tliis guideline will discuss tfie

operational considerations of the use of this equipment such

as the role of the court reporter, insertion of off-therecord remarks, and provision for instant playback.

Technical considerations will also be addressed in the user

guideline. Some of these will be microphone placement and

characteristics, room acoustics, equipment compatibility,

performance monitoring and minor maintenance and repair of

equ i pment

.

36.
OBJ ECT I VES

Tfie two objectives of this project are to prepare a standard

and a user guideline for audio tape recorders used in

courtrooms. The scheduled milestones for these outputs are

on the attached chart.

LEVEL OF lFFORT

$25,000 was allocated to this project during FY-73 to

initiate the program and prepare the user guideline. An

additional $100,000 is requested for FY-74 to complete the

standard. The work will be performed at NBS.

37.
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Project Plan for

Trace Vapor Detectors

i^vObert I'l i Ms, Program fiananer

Investigative Aids

SCOPl AljD bACKGRQUNU

Trace vapor detectors are devi

presence of minute concentrati

can be used to check unopened

detect traces on the hands or

recently handled explosives,

provide information about the

an explosion has occurred.

ces designed to indicate t[ie

ons of explosive vapors. They

packages or luggage, or to

clothing of persons who have

In some cases, they can

type of explosive used, after

A variety of trace vapor detectors are being developed or

are available commercially. One example is a portable gas

ch romat og ra pii with a special sampling and concentrating

valve which will detect explosive vapors in the presence of

large concentrations of other material. Another device

monitors the luminescence of light-emitting (bioluminescent)

organisms, whicii are sensitive to trace quantities of

explosives in the surrounding atmosphere. The plasma

chromatrograph is another portable ionization type detector

for wnich preliminary studies indicate an extremely high

sensitivity to explosives and contraband materials. The

explosive may be detected with iiigh selectivity and

identification capabilities by measuring the ion mobilities

in a drift tube following ion molecule reactions at

atmospneric pressure, Otfier instrumentation which is

Decerning available includes enrichment devices and

separators coupled to mass spectrometers and electron

capture detectors.

It is difficult for even knowledgeable tectinicul people to

know which of these instruments offer superior performance

in important respects such as lower limit of detection,

specificity, and response time. Test procedures which can

be used to intercompare the performances of available

instruments wi I I therefore be extremely valuable and are

needed in order for law enforcement groups to bo able to

specify performance. 1 1 anufacturers will also benefit by

knowing the minimum perfomance levels for whicn they must

design instrumentation in order to martlet a useful

i ns t ru men t

.

39.
PKOPOSLU PLAN

bue to the variety of trace vapor detector designs, a Decision will have to be made concerning the scope of tfie

standard or stanaards to be written. A single performance

standard may be possible using language general enough for

all types of detectors (e.g., gas c h roma tog ra p h s

,

uioluminescence instruments, etc.). 1-iowever, it r.ay be

necessary to write a standard having specialized sections,

or perhaps separate standards will be necessary. The

milestones listed under Oujectives assume a single standard

will be written.

The most important test procedures in tins standard will be

the determination of lower detection limit and specificity,

both qualitative and quantitative information aoout the

vapors from explosives are needed in order to devise a procedure to produce known trace concentrations of

appropriate vapors. Tliis inform. ation, plus information

concerning the performance of available trace vapor

detectors will be obtained from extensive laboratory tests

at iJtiS, from other reputable laboratories, and from

published material.

ObJ ECT I VES

The objective of this project is a standard for trace vapor

detectors. The attached chart gives tfie projected

milestonesforFY-74.

LEVEL OF LFFQRT

This is a continuing project wnich was initiated in FY-73.

i3U,00U was budgeted in FY-73; an additional S-'10,CO0 is

requested to complete this project i r; FY-74.

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Project Plan for the Laboratory Evaluation of

Handheld Metal V<'eapon Uetectors

PvObert Mills, Program flanager

Investigative Aids

SCOPL

It is planned to evaluate the performance of all models of

handheld metal weapon detectors currently available in the

United States by subjecting them to examination and testing

in the laboratory. both the passive magnetic and active

electromagnetic types will be tested.

bACKGROU(\ID

The use of weapons, particularly handguns, in connection

with such crimes as airplane hi- jacking, prison breaks,

etc., has created a widespread demand for means to detect

concealed weapons. Several devices have been developed to

meet this demand, including those known as handheld metal

weapon detectors. These detectors have

useful in detecting metal objects which

for example, on a person, in a package,

mattress. -

proven especially

have been concealed,

or in a prison

To fill the need for objective means of evaluating the

effectiveness of the devices, the Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory has been developing a group of test methods, and

a lilLECJ standard on handheld metal weapon detectors has

been drafted and is now being reviewed.

PROPOSED PLAN

Two samples of each available handheld metal weapon detector

will oe obtained. Some mo dels have already been procured

for use in the development of the standard. The remaining

models will be bought from ordinary retail dealers.

All samples will be tested in accordance with the provisions

of the draft NILECJ standard for handheld metal weapon

detectors. This standard addresses the following factors,

among others: detection ability; battery life; ambient

operating temperature; generated magnetic field; alarm

indicators and controls; operation near fixed metal walls;

and interference from a near-by second detector.

42 .
The proposed NILtCJ standard establishes four "security

levels" or sensitivity levels, suitable for applications

which range from screening for large weapons of people

carrying their normal pocket items to searching for any

metal item regardless of size. Each detector will be

evaluated at every security level at which it is capable of

being ope rated

.

OBJ bCT I VE

A summary report _w i I I be prepared. The milestones are given

on the attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

$40,000 is requested for this project.

F<E MARKS

Since this project involves the use of the test methods in

the proposed hILECJ standard on handheld metal weapon

detectors now under review, the project will be initiated

when it becomes apparent that no further substantive changes

in these test methods are to be expected.

43.
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P ro j ect Plan for

Gunshot Residue Detection

Robert Mills, Program Manager

I nvest i ga t i ve Aids

SCOPE

This project is for the develop rr.ent of a method for the

detection of gunshot residues using neutron activation

analysis, together with data on its reliability under a variety of circumstances.

BACKGROUND

Modern cartridge primers contain barium (Ba) and antimony

(Sb) salts. Upon detonation of a cartridge, traces of tiiese

elements are deposited on the shooter's hand

.

Jvio techniques are currently used to remove the ba and Sb

residues from the suspect's hand. One technique involves

the application to the hand of melted paraffin in layers

reinforced with gauze. The second technique involves the

use of cotton swabs moistened with dilute nitric acid (HfJO^)

to remove the residue. A third technique, not now in general

use, involves wiping with a dry cotton ball after first

moistening the hand with a spray of dilute h'JO^.

iJeutron activation analysis has proven to be a valuable

method for measuring the amount of gunshot residue. Any ba

and Sb removed from the shooter's hand is made radioactive

through the use of neutrons from a nuclear reactor. The

gamma radiation emitted by this radioactive Ba and Sb salts

is then determined by comparing it with the radiation from

Ba and Sb standards. Concentrations of Ba and Sb

significantly above background levels provide evidence that

the suspect has fired a weapon in the recent past.

There are, of course, limits to the circumstances under

which the collection and analysis of gunshot residues can be

expected to give reliable results. For example, the amount

of residue which remains on a suspect's hands is reduced if

he showers, washes his hands or just sleeps in a bed. There

have Deen cases where gunshot residue tests have been made

even though it was known that the suspect had washed his

nands several times after finger printing. The resulting

questionable results have cast undeserved discredit on the

entire technique. There is a need for a recommended

procedure giving detailed instructions for gunshot residue

collection and analysis which will give results of known

reliability. There is also a need to carefully investigate

the effect on the reliability when the test is conducted

under less than optimum circumstances.

45 .
PROPOSED PLAN

This in an ongoing project. During the first nine months of

the project, the following tasks have been conp I eted (a)

optimization of the procedure for analysis of the residue at

the reactor, (b) perfection of the cotton bail technique for

residue collection, (c) comparison of the relative

efficiency and convenience of the three residue collection

techniques mentioned above, and (d) measurement of the

stability of residues on hands as a function of time .after

firing. In FY-74, measurements v/ i II be made of barium and

antimony background levels on the hands of the general

population. Finally, a statistically significant number of

weapons and law enforcement investigators will be used to

obtain data on method reliability under various operational

con d i t i on s

.

ObJ EOT I VhS

Trie outputs of this project arc (a) a recommended procedure

for the analysis of gunshot residues using neutron

activation analysis and (b) a recommended procedure for the

collection of gunshot residues for analysis by neutron

activation analysis. The attached table shows the projected

ffi i I e s t o n e s .

LEVEL OF EFFORT

$45,000 was budgeted for FY-73. An additional $30,000 is

requested for FY-74 to complete the project.

46 .
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Project Plan for

Analytical Techniques in Forensic Science

Robert Mills, Program Manager

I nvest I ga 1 1 ve Aids

SCOPE

This project comprises the development of standard methods for the examination

and characterization of physical evidence, and for the preparation of

standard reference materials of interest to the forensic sciences.

BACKGROUND

Forensic scientists characterize evidence in one of two ways. "Classification"

is the process by which they identify the evidence as belonging to a particular subclass (e.g., a glass fragment as being auto headlight glass, or perhaps from an auto headlight made by G.E.). "Individualization", on the other hand, is accomplished when the unique identity of evidential

material is established (e.g., a glass fragment as coming from the right

headlight of a specific car).

Measurements made for forensic purposes must be made by precise and accurate

methods to ensure that any observed variations are due to the characteristics

of the material and not to the measurement process. Standard reference

materials are needed by forensic laboratories for the calibration of their

laboratory instruments, for the validation of their procedures, or for the

confirmation of a classification by a direct comparison with the evidence.

In FY-73, LESL conducted a survey of the state-of-the-art of standard

reference collections of forensic materials. The report of the survey

findings constitutes an important part of the groundwork on which this project

is based. The report is now being finalized and will be completed during

FY-74.

PROPOSED PLAN

Glass and paint are the two materials of forensic interest to be addressed

in FY-74 under this project; initial emphasis will be placed on automobile

headlight glass and automobile paint. In general outline, the plan is to

select the material characteristics most likely to be useful for forensic

purposes, to adapt or develop the methods needed to measure these material

characteristics with suitable precision, and to generate an exhaustive body

of data on the actual characteristics of all available subclasses of the

mater i a I s

.

For automobile headlight glass, the relevant characteristics are expected to

include refractive index, dispersion, and trace element profile. An

extremely precise and accurate research method as well as one or more routine

methods for the measurement of refractive index and dispersion will be

48 .
validated and used to measure these properties on all available varieties

of automobile headlight glass. Neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption

spectroscopy, and untraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy will be investigated

and the most suitable method or methods used to determine the minor element

compositions of these same glass varieties. These data will be codified and

published, as will the methods used in their determination. As deemed

appropriate, based on the data obtained, standard reference materials will

be developed and issued. It is planned to issue standard samples of both

glasses and immersion liquids for use in refractive index measurements.

The attribute of automobile paint deemed of the greatest forensic interest

is color. The visual-, tristimulus, and spectrophotometric methods will be

investigated, and the most suitable one used to characterize the large

number of paints now in use on operational cars and trucks. The resulting

data will be codified and made available to forensic scientists. A decision

wi I I be made later as to whether or not standard reference materials or collections should be developed and issued.

OBJ ECTIVES

The objectives of this project are 1) standard samples of refractive index

glasses, 2) standard samples of refractive index liquids, 3) a compendium of

the refractive indices and trace element profiles of automobile headlight

glasses, 4) a similar compendium on window glasses, 5) a recommended method

for glass refractive index measurement and 6) a compendium of automobile

paint colors.

The project milestones are shown in the attached chart.

LEVEL OF FUNDING

A total of 220K is requested for this project for FY-74. An additional I60K

will be requested for FY-75 to complete the listed objectives. The approximate

allocation of these funds will be as follows:

FY-74 FY-75

Glass

Refractive Indices 60K 60K

Trace Elements 90K 60K

Auto Paint 70K 40

K

220K 160K

REMARKS

This project is a continuation of the FY-73 project entitled "Standard

Reference Collections of Forensic Materials," which was budgeted at 30K.

49.
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50.
Project Plan for

Directory of Testing Laboratories

Robert Mills, Program Manager

SCOPH

Tnis project will (a) locate and inventory testing

laboratories which have indicated their capability for

evB'luating law enforcement equipment in accordance with test

procedures outlined in N I LECJ standards, (b) establish

criteria for evaluating the qualifications of testing

laboratories, and (c) begin a systematic appraisal of the

qualifications of the inventoried testing laboratories.

This will be an open ended project since the process of

updating the directory and evaluating the laboratories will

be a continuing one.

oACKGHOUND

The utility to law enforcement officials of the performance

standards promulgated by fJlLLCJ will be greatly increased

if ready means are established for identifying equipment

which complies with the requirements of these standards.

Testing of hardware to check compliance with standards is

referred to as compliance testing. Two types of compliance

tests are of interest: product acceptance tests are

performed to determine the acceptability of delivered items

which have been purchased under a contract requiring

compliance with the appropriate standard; product

qualification tests are performed in advance of and

independent of any specific procurement action for the

purpose of establishing a "complying products list."

The large amount of product qualification testing which

NILECJ may want to sponsor to develop complying products

lists, and of product acceptance testing which local

agencies need to check the quality of newly purchased

equipment necessitates the Involvement of private and public

testing laboratories other than NBS. NBS ' s role is in the

development of the standards and in the arbitration, if

needed, of any disputes which may arise concerning

compliance test results, but not in the compliance testing

per se. If uniformily high standards of performance in

compliance testing are to be maintained, laboratories must

De selected which are competent and which are not, or even

suspected of being controlled or influenced by manufacturers

or distributors.

51 .
fn<OPOSLD F-'LAi^ Criteria for systena

laboratories will be

ninimum, laboratorie

information concerni

facilities and test

Proficiency testing

practical; candidate

appropriate material

evaluated on the res

tic and objec t i ve e developed fo r each

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ng 1 aboratory perso

eq u i pment , a n d man a is also a va 1 u ab 1 e

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s or eq u i pmen t sent

u 1 ts returned

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n n e 1 , 1 a b o ra to ry

g e m o n t af f i 1 i a t i o n s , method wh e n s k e d to ma ke test s on

them

,

and a re th en

Once laboratory evaluation criteria are developed,

independent testing laboratories will be invited to make

known to LLSL their interest and qualifications for doing

compliance testing of law enforcement equipment. Contacts

with the testing laboratories will be made via advertising

in the Commerce business Daily, via communications with

testing laboratory trade associations and via contacts made

at the suggestion of the LLSL program managers. Efforts

will be focused on program areas for which fJILECJ

performance standards have been or are about to bo issued.

All responses from testing laboratories relating to

individual N I LLCJ standards will be tabulated. Groundwork

will be laid for the use of a computerized information

storage and retrieval system wtien the data base becomes

appropriately large.

Finally, the participating laboratories will be evaluated

using the developed criteria. The results of these

evaluations, together with the evaluation criteria utilized,

will ue reported to li I LLCJ .

OUJ LCT I VtS

Tlie outputs of this project are (1) a tabulation of testing

laboratories grouped by their stated interest in doing

compliance tests for each fJlLLCJ standard, and (2) a laboratory evaluation report for each group of laboratories

in (1) above, along with the criteria used in making the

evaluation. Tne attactied table shows the projectf^d

milestones for tabulation and evaluation of laboratories

interested in doing compliance testing for the first f>ilLLCJ

standard. M ilestones for subsequent standards will be set

later, based on the experience of tabulating and evaluating

the first group of laboratories.

LLVLL OF LFFORT

ibO,UOO is requested for FY-74. Since this is an open ended

project, additional funds will be requested in the future.

52 .
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53 .
Project Plan for

bul let and Impact Protective Equipment

Ronald C. Dobbyn, Acting Program Manager

Protective Equipment

SCOPE

Tiiis project involves all commercially available ballistic

and impact protection equipment.

bACKGRQUNU

A variety of bullet-protective items are now available,

including Dody armor, handheld shields, ballistic helmets,

DuMet resisting motorcycle windshields and clipboards,

transparent and opaque patrol car armor, etc. A great

variety of materials are used in these products, and their

protective ability ranges from that against small caliber

handgun bullets to armor piercing rifle fire. Often the

threat to an officer, who may or may not be wearing armor,

comes in the form of a knife or other sharp, pointed weapon

rather than a firearm. This is the situation, for example,

in iJew York City in over fifty percent of the assaults on

policemen. There is much confusion about the capabilities

of these items to counter various threats and a consequent

need for objective evaluations, unbiased information, and

deta i I ed gu i dance

.

f^vecent Increases In civil disorders have created an increased need for items such as riot helmets, shields, and

outercoats which protect against impact by clubs and thrown

missiles rather than bullets. It should be noted that

helmets used by motorcycle police and officers in highway

patrol cars are Intended mainly to protect against

accidental rather than intentional injury, yet are quite

similar to riot helmets in function.

PROPOSED PLAN

oecause of the large number of items involved, and their

I i f e-and-death importance to law enforcement officers, LESL

has established a small group which is wholly aedicated to

the needs of fjlLECJ and LESL in this product area.

Individual equipment items are addressed in the priority

order as established and modified by fJILECJ.

54.
Since there are a relatively sma I I number of brands and

models of most ballistic and inpact protective items on the

market, and since the pol ice are vital ly concerned with the

performance of each one of them, we evaluate most or a I I of

them during the testing phase that normally precedes the

drafting of each standard or guideline.

Tasks to be addressed during FY-74 are the development of a test for the resistance of body armor to penetration by

knives, the development of an improved method of mounting

armor for the ballistic penetration test, and the

incorporation into the ballistic penetration test of the use

of precision handloaded ammunition.

OBJ ECT I VES

The objectives of this project for FY-74 are standards for

impact protective helmets, bul let protective handheld

shields, bullet protective helmets and helmet face shields,

and a revised standard for police body armor. A guideline

for hearing protectors will also be completed.

Anticipated milestones are given in the attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The i110,000 requested for this project for FY-74 will

support a three-man group consisting of a project engineer,

a junior professional and a technician. Ttiis is a modest

increase over the S100,000 budgeted for FY-73.

REMARKS

Already developed under this project are standards for the

ballistic f-enetration of Police uody Armor and for hearing

Protectors for Use on Firing Ranges.

55.
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reject Plan for

Standard Sizing of Police body Armor

Ronald C. Dobbyn, Acting Program Manager

Protective Equipment

b AC KG ROUND

Pol ice body armor is one of several special '\ zed eauipment

items that requires sizing if maximum effective ntiss is to be

achieved. This is especially true of the armor designed to

be worn under the everyday uniform or street clothing of the

officer; however, it applies equal ly to the larger,

externally-worn armors. Fit is directly coupled to comfort

in that fit affects the overall weight distribution of the

armor over the wearer's body. Fit also deter nines the areas

cf the body protected. Thus, armor sizing not only affects

maneuverability but may determine whether or not the armor

willbeworn.

Une of the major projects in the LESL Protective Equipment

Program is an anthropometric study of law enforcement

officers. This project will generate the necessary data on

the torso that will permit the inclusion of meaningful

sizing requirements into a revision of the current police

body armor standard.

The use of existing anthropometric data would not be proper

since most of it has been obtained by studies on graduate

students, military personnel, the general public, or other

special populations.

PHOPQSLD PLAN

This project will oe coordinated with those phases of the

anthropometric study of law enforcement officers dealing

with the torso. The resulting data will be analyzed in the

light of the specific requirements for body armor.

UbJ ECT I VES

The goal of this project is the incorporation of necessary

sizing requirements into a revised standard on police body

armor. Projected milestones are given in the attached

chart.

LEVEL OF lFFORT

This project is budgeted for $G0,000 and will be conducted

in NBS.

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Project Plan for

Guideline for Lights and Sirens

Avery T. Norton, Program Manager

Emergency Equipment

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to prepare a document which

will present information in a practical format to purchasers

and users of emergency signaling equipment. It will stress

the need for standardization, methods of upgrading existing

equipment and guidelines for purchasing new equipment based

on the Dest state-of-the-art information available.

bACKGRQUNU

Flashing lights and sirens are the principal devices used on

emergency vehicles during emergency runs to attract

attention and provide safety to the operators of the

emergency vehicle and the citizens in its environment. The

standards for lights and sirens are procurement aids, but do

not provide sufficient Information on selection rationale to

satisfy all needs. There Is a need for a tutorial document

that will supply the user with objective Information and

assist him In making rational decisions.

PROPOSED PLAN

The guideline will cover the following topics:

1. The present situation (some facts about standardization

or its absence).

2. What can be done about the warning signal problem (how

the proposed solutions relate to existing equipment and

standards )

.

3. Are these approaches realistic in terms of timing,

costs, needs of users? What are the chances of success?

4. V/hat is the range of possible approaches? (Upgrading

current capabilities, redesigning systems based on

better data )

.

b , Insights and conclusions from LESL's on-going studies of

sirensandlights.

59.
Tliree basic sources of information will be used in the

writing of the guidelines:

1. Trie survey of studies dealing with the responses of

people to warning signals (now in preparation).

2. The experimental data obtained during the laboratory and

field tests of lights and sirens.

3. Trie findings of interviews, questionnaires, meetings,

etc., designed to determine the requirements of the

users

.

Using these data as a basis, a report will be written in

non - tech n i c a I language to serve as a guideline for users and

purchasers of warning signal equipment.

QbJECT I VE

The objective of this project is the production

guideline for emergency lights and sirens. The

milestones are given in the attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The work will entai I 4/10 of a manyear and a total estimated

cost of 20K.

REMARKS

This project is an extension of the on-going effort to

develop standards for warning lights and sirens.

of a projected

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Project Plan for

Anthropometric Study of Law Enforcement Officers

Avery T. Morton, Program Manager

Clothing

SCOPE

Ttiis project involves the design and conduction of an

anthropometric study to obtain and analyze data on a representative sample of U. S. law enforcement personnel

which can be used as a rational and scientific basis for

specifying the dimensions of certain specialized equipment

and clothing.

oACKGROUND

Tlie law enforcement officers of the United States constitut

a unique segment of the population because of the

requirement by many law enforcement agencies that personnel

conform with specified age, weight, and height criteria. T achieve maximum effectiveness in the procurement of

specialized equipment and clothing for this group, it is

necessary to have a scientific knowledge of their special

anthropometric characteristics. This information does not

currently exist, and it is the purpose of this project to

p ro V i de i t

.

PROPOSED PLAN

. ,. Phase 1 Deve 1 opmen t o f Survey Plan

Design of the detailed study pl a n , which includes

development of the desired ou tp uts , the data requirements.

the methodology for analyzing a nd presenting these data in

useful format, and the detail ed pl anning for the field

su rvey e f f ort .

1, The following anttiropomet r i c d ata will be coll ected

:

a. Torso measurements (for s i z i ng of uniforms, body armor

et c . )

b. Head measurements (for si z i of helmets, fiats, gas

masks, and other protective head and face gear)

c. Hand and finger mea s u reme n t s ( f o r sizing of gloves,

^landguns, etc.)

62.
a. Seat torso and arm reach mea s u rerne n t s (for sizing of

vehicle interiors, motorcycle and motor skooter control

arrangements, and other seating and control situations)

2. The design of a sampling plan to obtain the above data

for a representative number of the male law enforcement

officers in the various kinds and sizes of law

enforcement agencies in appropriate geographic areas of

the conterminous 48 states.

3. The design of a field survey effort to collect the

anthropometric data identified in the detailed study and

sample plans. This will include:

a. The design and validation of anthropometric data forms,

questionnaires, and measurement methodology

D. Tne selection of the law enforcement agencies from which

data will be collected in accordance with the sample

plan. Initiation and completion of arrangements with

those agencies for gathering the anthropometric data.

4. A survey of manufacturers of law enforce m.ent clothing

and selected special equipment will be conducted to

determine what anthropometric data are presently being

used and what additional data are required to produce

more effective products.

Phase ll--Conduct of Study

The actual collection of the anthropometric data will be

accomplished by a sufficient number of teams to complete the

study in a reasonable time period. These teams will consist

of trained anthropologists, supervised by a professional

analyst or psychologist.

Phase lll--Data Analysis and Report

1. A statistical analysis will be conducted of the

anthropometric measurements collected in the field.

This analysis will develop distributions, averages,

standard deviations, variances, and other appropriate

statistical measures, by kind and size of law

enforcement agency and by geographic area.

2. A final report will be prepared wfiich will summarize the

findings of the field measurement survey and the survey

of manufacturers of law enforcement clothing and

eq u i p me n t

.

63.
ObJ LCT I VtS

The output of this project will be a final report. The

milestones are shown on the attached chart.

LbVEL OF EFFORT

The total cost of this project is estimated to be 140K.

The work will be performed by the TJaval Electronics

Laboratory Center in San Diego, California, with appropriate

assistance from outside consultants.

F^E MARKS > =

Tliis project was approved and funded at the 30K level in

FY-7 3.

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PUBLICATIONS OF THE

LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS PROGRAM

Standards

NILECJ-STD-Ol 01 . 00, March 1972. Ballistic Resistance of Police

Body Armor (Stock No. 2700-0155; Price 25 cents)

NILECJ-STD-0102.00, March 1973. Hearing Protectors for Use on Firing Ranges (Stock No. 2700-00182; Price 40 cents)

NILECJ-STD-0205.00, June 1973. Mobile Antennas (in press)

NILECJ-STD-0301 .00, March 1974. Magnetic Switches for Burglar

Alarm Systems (Stock No. 2700-00238; Price 65 cents)

NILE,CJ-STD-0302. 00 , June 1 973. Mechanically Actuated Switches

for Burglar Alarm Systems (in press)

NILECJ-STD-0601 .00, June 1 973. Walk-Through Metal Detectors

for Use in Weapons Detection (in press)

Reports

LESP-RPT-0201 . 00 , May 1 972. Batteries Used with Law

Enforcement Communications Equipment: Comparison and

Performance Characteristics (Stock No. 2700-0156; Price 50

cents)

LESP-RPT-0202 . 00 , June 1 973 . Batteries used with Law

Enforcement Communications Equipment: Chargers and

Charging Techniques (Stock No. 2700-00216; Price 80 cents)

LESP-RPT-0203 . 00 , June 1 973. Technical Terms and Definitions

used with Law Enforcement Communications Equipment (Radio

Antennas, Transmitters, and Receivers) (Stock No. 2700-

00214; Price $1 .55)

LESP-RPT-0301 .00, June 1973. Survey of Image Quality Criteria

for Passive Night Vision Devices (in press)
LESP-RPT-0302.00, May 1973. Test Procedures for Night Vision

Devices (in press)

LESP-RPT-0501 . 00, May 1972. Emergency Vehicle Warning

Devi ces-- Interim Review of the Sta te-of-the-Art Relative to

Performance Standards

LESP-RPT-0701 . 00, May 1974. Life Cycle Costing Techniques

Applicable to Law Enforcement Facilities (in press)

NBS Technical Note 752, June 1973. Directory of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice Associations and Research

Centers

Guidelines

NILECJ-GUIDE-0301 . 00 , April 1974. Selection and Application

Guide to Fixed Surveillance Cameras (in press)

Please order publications for which a price is indicated by

title and stock number, and enclose remittance payable to the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,

Washington, D. C. 20402.

Single copies may be obtained from the National Criminal

Justice Reference Service, Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration, U. S. Department of Justice, Washington, D. C.

20530.
NBS-l 14A (REV. 7-73)

1 U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 3I3LI0GRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 74-529

2, Gov't .Accession No.

4. TITLE .^ND SUBTITLE

Project Plans, Fiscal Year 1974

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

5. Publication Date July X973

6. Pertorming Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S) , u 1 n- a Jacob J. Diamond 8. Performinji Organ. Report No. NBSIR 74-529

9. PERFORMLNG ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/W'ork Unit No. 40093 SO

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLE.MENTARY NOTES !

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or lesa (actual sutrmary of most significant inlormation, II document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Plans are presented for nineteen projects approved and funded for FY-74. They

include plans for the preparation of performance standards, user guidelines and

reports on law enforcement equipment in the communications, security, protective

equipment, investigative aid, emergency equipment and clothing areas.

17. KEY w'ORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper

r^arue; separated by semicolons) Anthropometry; commun i Cat lons equipment; forensic science; Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory; LESL; performance standards; project plans; protective

equipment; security equipment; standards; warning lights and sirens

13. AVAILABILITY [X Unlimited

! For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL .OSSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

72 •

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office

\tashington, D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. CM

' Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Sprin^ifielJ, Vir;;lnia 22151

20. SECURITY CLASS

tTHlS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

U3COV1M-OC 25042-P74