IR 84-2950

NATL INST. OF STAND & TECH R.I.C.

A 1 1 1 4 DVbSflE

Innovative Office Building Structures

and Enclosures:

A Survey of Experts

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84-2950

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lal Engineering Laboratory

lal Bureau of Standards

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December 1984

Public Buildings Service

General Services Administration

Washington, DC 20405

National s up.eau

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NBSIR 84-2950 CjrC,

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INNOVATIVE OFFICE BUILDING STRUCTURES

AND ENCLOSURES:

A SURVEY OF EXPERTS

George Turner

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Stephen T. Margulis

Michael Brill

Buffalo Organization for Social and

Technological Innovation, Inc.

Catherine Coburn

State University of New York at Buffalo

November 1984

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director

ABSTRACT

This report presents the results of a study undertaken to identify probable trends

affecting the form/design, materials and construction technologies of future office

buildings. A literature review was conducted that addressed emerging technologies

for structural systems and exterior enclosures of office buildings. Issues identified

in the review were used to develop questionnaires for surveying expert opinions

about technological innovations. Experts estimated the availability and importance

of various structural and enclosure innovations, and provided their perceptions of

the benefits and constraints of up to 10 innovations of their choosing.

Keywords: Buildings; construction; design; enclosures; materials; structural engineering.

iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report describes the methodology employed and the results obtained from a study

to identify probable trends affecting the form/design, materials and construction

technologies of future office buildings. On the basis of a literature review,

questionnaires were developed to elicit expert opinion on technological innovations

related to structural systems and exterior enclosures. Experts estimated the

availability and importance of various structural and enclosure innovations, and the

benefits and constraints associated with selected innovations. Structural and

enclosure innovations not included in the survey questionnaires, but considered by

the experts to be of significance in assessing probable trends, were also identified.

A total of 131 innovations (48 structural and 83 enclosure) were addressed and 86

experts participated in the survey. The experts identified an additional 31 innovations, some of which are variations of those innovations contained in the questionnaires.

More than one third of the respondents believe that 35 of the 48 structural innovations identified in the questionnaires are available or will become available by 1985.

® Tubular structures and the ® reduction or accommodation of wind and seismic forces

emerge as structural innovations of major importance . The use of ® lightweight , highstrength, reinforced concrete and the ® design of composite structures of steel and

reinforced concrete construction are also viewed as important structural innovations . In the general area of industrialization/prefabrication , ® large scale prefabricatedprefinished structural elements, ® large scale facade elements, ® composite steel/precast concrete structural systems, and ® innovative applications of post tensioning

are considered to be of major importance . Each of these innovations is considered

by a significant number of respondents to be available no later than 1985.

Structural innovations believed to be of major or moderate importance and requiring

additional research and development over the next 5 to 10 years include: ® computeraided construction; ® megaframes to provide vertical flexibility; ® y-shape box columns

in seismic design; and ® structural damping augmented by means of damping friction at

bolted connections .

Innovations considered to be of major importance to the design and construction of

enclosures and currently available include: ® minimizing rainwater penetration by

reducing the number of joints in exterior enclosures; ® prefab mass walls using precast wall components; ® passive methods such as improved building geometry to minimize

heating, cooling and lighting; ® active sensor systems to automatically relate the

interior environment to outside conditions and thus conserve operational energy; ® sun control using improved roof overhangs; ® improved prefabricated insulating decks; and

the use of single-ply continuous roofing membranes .

Other enclosure innovations believed to be of major importance but requiring additional

research and development before they can be considered available and dependable include

® thermal modeling in design and ® photovoltaic cells for conserving operational energy.

Benefits most commonly associated with the selected structural innovations were cost

savings, enhanced structural integrity and improved design. The constraints most

frequently mentioned were added costs and the need for specially trained personnel .

iv
Benefits most commonly associated with the selected enclosure innovations were cost

savings, enhanced structural integrity and enhanced energy conservation. The

constraint most frequently mentioned was a reduction in design options *

v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to express gratitude to Erma Striner, the Project Monitor,

Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration for her assistance,

insights, and patience during the conduct of the project. John L. Gross, R. D.

Marshall and Noel Raufaste provided critical reviews of the drafts. Finally, the

authors wish to thank the staff of the CBT Word Processing Center.

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

EXECUTIVE SUNNARY iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi

1 . INTRODUCTION 1

1 . 1 BACKGROUND 1

1.2

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY 2

2.1 NETHODOLOGY 2 2.2 PARTICIPANTS 3

3. EXPERT RESPONSES 4

3.1 NUNBER OF RESPONDENTS 4

3.2 ANALYSES OF RESPONSES 4

3.2.1 Order of Completion 4

3.2.2 Innovations - Selection for Discussion 4

4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 6

4.1 AVAILABILITY AND INPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS 6

4.2 AVAILABILITY AND INPORTANCE OF ENCLOSURE INNOVATIONS 7 4.3 BENEFITS AND CONSTRAINTS OF SELECTED INNOVATIONS 9

5. IMPLICATIONS FOR GSA/PBS 10

5.1 STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS 10

5.2 ENCLOSURE INNOVATIONS 10

6. REFERENCES 12

APPENDIX A. Questionnaires A-l

APPENDIX B. Basic Data B-l

APPENDIX C. Coding Nanual C-l

vii

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Advances or changes in design and analysis methods, materials, and/or construction

techniques can have a significant effect on building design and construction. The

consequences of advances or changes in building technology can be pervasive and both

favorable and unfavorable. In some cases, by the time they have been translated

into plans for action or policy positions, the advances or changes may have little

effect. Therefore, building operators and developers need information about potential

developments in order to accommodate the long lead-time required for evaluation and

implementation of programs or policy. The survey of technical experts reported

herein was undertaken to help provide the needed information.

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Under a memorandum of understanding with the General Services Administration (GSA),

the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Center for Building Technology (CBT), has

undertaken a study to identify probable trends affecting the form/design, materials

and construction technologies of future office buildings. The study focuses on trends

specifically associated with building structural systems and enclosure (exterior

wall and roof) systems. The results of the study will be used by the Public Buildings

Service (PBS) of GSA as reference-information input to its building design programming,

building design evaluation, and research planning processes.

The primary objectives of the study were:

1. To generate a list of categories for which there is evidence of current or near-term technological innovation;

2. To assess, using the opinions and judgement of experts, when these innovations

might occur;

3. To determine what benefits might accrue from the technological innovations;

and

4. To determine what constraints the innovations might operate within.

1
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

2.1 METHODOLOGY

A literature review was conducted that addressed emerging technologies in the areas

of materials, design and construction for structural systems and exterior enclosures

of office buildings. New, changing, emerging and proposed innovations were addressed

with emphasis given to proposed innovations that were considered likely to be achieved

over the short term (5 to 15 years).

The literature review focused on archival sources but also included computer searches

of bibliographic databases and discussions with peers. The review resulted in a compilation of technological innovations and associated issues. At the request of

the GSA/PBS , the literature review was published and has been widely disseminated

[ 1 ].

The issues identified in the review were used to develop questionnaires for exploring

expert opinions about technological innovations. Two questionnaires were developed,

suitable for self-administration. They covered structural innovations and exterior

enclosure innovations, respectively. Appendix A contains both questionnaires.

There were 14 categories of structural innovations covering 48 innovations and 28

categories of exterior enclosure innovations covering 83 innovations.

Respondents could add innovations to the list and these were subsequently evaluated

to determine if they should be Included in this study or not. Respondents were

asked when, in their opinion, each innovation would probably occur in a sufficient

number of projects to be treated as an available and dependable technology. The six

response options were: already available and dependable; available and dependable by

1985; by 1990; by 1995; later than 1995; never. A 15-year future time limit was chosen

because, as Schon [2] has argued, the probability of a correct forecast, other factors

being equal, is inversely related to the time span of the forecast.

Respondents were also asked to evaluate each innovation for its importance, the

evaluation varying from "it is of minor importance" to "it is of the greatest importance"

in terms of the benefits the innovation would confer, its impact and its ability to

solve pressing problems.

Last, each respondent was asked to select up to ten innovations rated as most important

and discuss for each the likely major benefits resulting from its use and the

likely major constraints to early or widespread acceptance. The respondents were mailed the questionnaires and a return envelope along with instructions for completing

the questionnaires.

Approximately two months after the initial mailing (in July, 1983), respondents who

had not returned a questionnaire were sent letters reminding them of their agreeing

to participate in the study and asking them again to complete the questionnaires

they had been sent.

Approximately three months after the letter (in October, 1983), all experts whose

questionnaires had still not been returned were phoned and were asked to complete

2
the questionnaires or, if they wished, ask another expert to complete the

questionnaires for them.

2.2 PARTICIPANTS

Over 200 architectural engineers, civil engineers and structural engineers in private

architectural/engineering (A/E) firms and universities were identified as potential

respondents. The individuals selected were heads of structural engineering departments

in private firms having billings of $1 million or more during 1981, heads of civil

engineering programs at universities that also have architectural programs, or heads

of university architectural engineering programs.

Individuals from large firms were selected as potential respondents because it was assumed that the large firms offered managers greater opportunities for obtaining

extensive and diversified experiences with state-of-the-art technologies. Civil

engineering program heads at universities having architectural programs were selected

because it was assumed that there would be a greater likelihood of structural engineering courses related to buildings and a potential interest in buildings within those

civil engineering programs. Other individuals identified as leading innovators in

architecture and engineering by the NBS, GSA and BOSTI staffs were included.

The individuals selected were mailed a letter describing the study and requesting

their participation. There were 86 individuals who responded with 25 agreeing to

complete the stuctural innovations questionnaire, 6 agreeing to complete the enclosure

system innovations questionnaire, and 55 agreeing to complete both questionnaires.

3
3. EXPERT RESPONSES

3.1 NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

The reponse rate was 51 percent. This is considered to be good for a mail survey but

less than was expected given the expressed willingness of the experts to participate.

There were 14 individuals who responded to the structural innovations questionnaires,

3 individuals who responded to the enclosure innovations questionnaires, and 27

individuals who responded to both questionnaires.

3.2

ANALYSES OF RESPONSES

The responses to the questionnaires are presented in tables A1 through A9 of Appendix

B. Tables A1 and A2 present results of respondents’ estimates of the availability

and importance of structural innovations. Estimates of the availability and importance of enclosure innovations are presented in tables A3 and A4

Tables A5 and A6 of Appendix B present results of respondents’ opinions regarding

the benefits and constraints associated with structural innovations. Corresponding

results for enclosure innovations are presented in tables A7 and A8 of Appendix B.

Only those innovations to which at least five experts responded with benefits are included. Because constraints tended to be mentioned less frequently than benefits

and in order to maintain some symmetry to the analysis, "constraints" results were

examined only for those innovations included in the "benefits" group. As a result

of this decision rule, there are some innovations in the "constraints" group for

which fewer than five respondents gave constraints. Coding categories and definitions

of these categories used to assemble tables A5 through A8 can be found in the coding

manual which is included as Appendix C.

In addition to those innovations listed in the questionnaires, respondents were encouraged to add their own innovations. None of the added innovations was mentioned

by sufficient numbers of respondents to justify including them in any of the analyses

of responses. These added innovations are listed in table A9 of Appendix B.

3.2.1 Order of Completion

Respondents' estimates of availability and importance (tables A1 through A4

,

Appendix B) were examined to determine whether or not the order of questionnaire

completion influenced the results. No statistical tests were carried out, but cursory

inspection of responses indicated no dramatic effect of order of completion.

3.2.2 Innovations - Selection for Discussion

A comparison was made of the importance assigned by respondents who did versus those

who did not choose a specific innovation for discussion of its benefits and constraints.

Since the importance of an innovation was a condition for its selection for discussion

(see questionnaire), this comparison served as a validity check; that is, a check on whether or not the instruction was being followed.

4
The comparison was limited to selected structural innovations because more respondent

completed the structure questionnaires. The following structural innovations were

used in the validity check.

Frame-truss combination; Outrigger truss; "Tie-down" truss

Tubular structures

Aerodynamically stable building forms

Lightweight, high-strength reinforced concrete

Lightweight alloys

All ratings of the importance of these five structural innovations were merged for

all of the respondents who selected one or more of them for discussion. Thus, the

sample was boosted to 46 ratings of the importance of these five innovations, each

rating representing a case in which the specific innovation had been selected for

the discussion of benefits and constraints.

To create a control group, respondents who did not choose any of the five structural

innovations listed above for discussion of benefits and constraints were selected.

There were 19 of these respondents. Table 1 summarizes how many ratings were

assigned, by innovation, to each level on the importance scale for those who did

select an innovation for discussion (Group 1) and for those who did not select any

of the five (Group 2).

It can be seen from table 1 that almost 90 percent of the ratings assigned by Group 1 fall into the two highest positions on the importance scale. This compares with

approximately 40 percent of the ratings assigned by Group 2. Therefore, it appears

that the respondents’ discussion of benefits and constraints is in large part directed

at innovations that are considered to be of major importance.

5
4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

In order to simplify interpretation of the survey results with regard to

availability and importance, the data presented in tables A1 through A4 of Appendix B are summarized in tables 2 and 3 of the text. The procedure used was to

adopt three classes of availability as follows:

° Available by 1985

° Available within 5 to 10 years

o Available over the long-term or never.

Importance was classified as being major, moderate or minor with these classes

encompassing the following segments of an importance scale contained in the

questionnaires

o Major - 9 to 8 o Moderate - 7 to 5 o Minor - 4 to 0

The percentage of responses falling within each of the classes was then determined and, for clarity of presentation, only the most significant percentages

for each innovation have been listed in tables 2 (structural) and 3 (enclosure).

For those cases in which two classes are of equal or approximately equal significance, both percentages have been tabulated.

4.1 AVAILABILITY AND IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS

The availability and importance of structural innovations are summarized in

table 2. With regard to availability, more than one third (and in most cases substantially more than one third) of the respondents believe that 35 of the 48

structural innovations identified in the questionnaires are available or will

become available by 1985. Only two innovations (flexible sliding foundations

and plastics for mass reduction and increased ductility) are considered

by a significant number of respondents to become available only over the long

term or to never become available.

With regard to importance of structural innovations, it is apparent from table

2 that those innovations considered to be of greater importance tend to be

considered as available by 1985. Structural innovations that are considered

by more than half of the respondents to be of major importance include the

following :

Tubular structures

Lightweight, high-strength reinforced concrete

Steel and reinforced concrete construction

Post tensioning

Computer-aided construction

6
Of these five innovations, only computer-aided construction is seen as becoming

available and dependable at some time beyond 1985.

Structural innovations that are considered by a significant number (but less

than half) of the respondents to be of major importance are :

Hollow tubular buildings

Aerodynamically stable building forms

For very large bldgs, ensure appropriate dimensions or seismic subdiv.

Ensure vertical continuity or seismic separation at setbacks

Large scale pref abricated-pref inished structural elements

Large scale facade elements

Industrialized systems

Composite steel/precast concrete structural systems

Each of these innovations is considered by a significant percentage of the

respondents to be available now or to become available by 1985.

Structural innovations that are considered by at least half of the respondents

to be of moderate importance include the following :

Frame-truss combination; Outrigger truss; "Tie-down" truss

Megaframes

Exterior shafts

Y-shape box columns

Damping friction at bolted connections

Reinforced earth

Steel plate cladding bonded to concrete members

Fabric structures (Re relocatable buildings)

Tension structures

Interstitial space

Exterior shafts, ducts

Prefab space modules

Fabric structures (Re prefabrication/industrialization)

Of these 13 structural innovations 10 are considered to be available now or will become available by 1985. Three innovations (megaframes, y-shape box

columns, and damping friction at bolted connections) are expected to become

available within 5 to 10 years.

4.2 AVAILABILITY AND IMPORTANCE OF ENCLOSURE INNOVATIONS

The availability and importance of enclosure innovations are summarized in table

3. As is the case for structural innovations, a high percentage (57 out of

83 or 69 percent) of the enclosure innovations are considered by a significant

number of respondents to be available now or will become available by 1985.

Only one enclosure innovation, super-envelope over a group of buildings,

is considered likely to become available over the long term or will never

become available. This view is shared by 68 percent of the respondents.

7
With regard to importance of enclosure innovations, 9 are considered by more than

half of the respondents to be of major importance. These innovations are as follows

Water tighten joints

Precast concrete wall component

Sandwich panel systems

Building geometry

Sensors to automatically relate interior envir. to outside cond.

Improve overhangs

Increase air tightness

Improved prefabricated insulating decks

Single-ply continuous membranes

More than half of the respondents share the opinion that each of these innovations

will be available and dependable no later than 1985.

Enclosure innovations that are considered by a significant number (but less

than half) of the respondents to be of major importance are:

Thermal modeling in design

Wind resistant design

Reduce joints (Minimize rainwater penetration)

External insulation

Integrated wall panel construction systems

Absorbers/heat pump

Solar collectors

Photovoltaic cells

Reduce total length of joints

Improve glazing area (double panes w/krypton gas, heated mirror film)

Operable windows

With the exception of thermal modeling in design and photovoltaic cells, all

of these innovations are considered likely to become available and reliable no later than 1985. A 5 to 10 year development period is considered likely for

these two innovations. As with structural innovations, enclosure innovations

considered to be of greater importance tend to be considered as available no later than 1985.

Enclosure innovations that are considered by at least two thirds of the

respondents to be of moderate importance include the following:

Design using solar envelopes

Interchangeable components and access to building's exterior

Surface coated porous fire clay

Insulating ceramic tiles

Surface impregnated cellular concrete

Introduce dynamic insulation devices ( " Beadwall , " blinds, roll-up shades)

Increase thermal storage capacity in edge zones (phase-change panels)

8
In the opinion of a significant number of respondents (more than one third),

each of these enclosure innovations will require 5 to 10 years to become

available and dependable.

4 .3 BENEFITS AND CONSTRAINTS OF SELECTED INNOVATIONS

Structural innovations in the following categories met the criteria for analysis

of benefits and constraints (see section 3.2 and tables A5 and A6 of Appendix B)

STIFFNESS IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS

HIND RESISTANT DESIGN

SEISMIC DESIGN

MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT

FOUNDATIONS

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

FIRE PROTECTION

MASS REDUCTION AND INCREASED DUCTILITY

PREFABRICATION/ INDUSTRIALIZATION

The benefits most commonly associated with the selected innovations were cost

savings, enhanced structural integrity and improved design. The constraints

most frequently mentioned were added costs and the need for specially trained

personnel. The major area of discussion and point of disagreement concerning

the structural innovations was whether or not the benefit of cost savings was sufficient to offset the constraint of added costs.

Enclosure innovations in the following categories met the criteria for analysis

of benefits and constraints (see tables A7 and A8 of Appendix B).

SOPHISTICATED DESIGN/EVALUATION PROCEDURES

REDUCE HIGH-WIND EFFECTS

MINIMIZE RAINWATER PENETRATION THROUGH JOINTS

USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

USE OF PREFAB MASS WALLS

USE OF MINIMUM MASS SKIN COMPONENTS

PASSIVE METHODS FOR MINIMIZING HEATING/ COOLING/ LIGHTING

CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY ACTIVE SYSTEMS

The benefits most commonly associated with the selected innovations were cost

savings, enhanced structural integrity and enhanced energy conservation. The

constraint most frequently mentioned was constraint of design options.

In general, cost savings was most frequently mentioned as the benefit to be

derived from the selected structural and enclosure innovations. However,

there was no commonly shared constraint between the two types of innovations.

9
5. IMPLICATIONS FOR GSA/PBS

This survey of experts has identified a number of structural and enclosure

innovations that are considered to be of major importance in office building

construction. Most of these innovations are considered to be available and

reliable now (at time of survey, 1983) or are considered likely to become so by 1985. The survey also identified innovations not included in the questionnaires, but that are believed by some of the experts to be of importance in

current construction or to merit further research and development.

The following sections summarize survey findings that may be helpful to

GSA/PBS in reviewing its current practice and strategy for the planning and

construction of office buildings. Included are innovations that are viewed by

the experts to be of major importance and to be available and dependable at

the present time, innovations that will require additional research and development, and selected innovations that were identified but not evaluated during

this survey. These innovations are consolidated in table 4.

5 . 1 STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS

With regard to primary structural systems, tubular structures and the reduction

or accommodation of wind and seismic forces emerge as innovations of major

importance. The use of lightweight, high-strength, reinforced concrete and the

design of composite structures of steel and reinforced concrete construction

are also seen as important structural innovations. Important innovations in

the general area of industrialization/prefabrication include: large scale

prefabricated-pref inished structural elements; large scale facade elements;

composite steel/precast concrete structural systems; and post tensioning . All

of these innovations are viewed as being available and dependable no later than

1985.

Structural innovations considered to be of major or moderate importance and

requiring additional research and development over the next 5 to 10 years

include: computer-aided construction ; megaframes to provide for vertical

flexibility ; y-shape box columns in seismic design ; and structural damping

augmented by means of damping friction at bolted connections .

Additional structural innovations identified by the respondents during the

survey include: bundled tube structures ; concrete admixtures to eliminate

shrinkage ; seismic base isolation using lead-rubber bearings ; and preassembled

floor segments.

5.2 ENCLOSURE INNOVATIONS

Innovations considered to be of major importance to the design and construction

of enclosures include: minimizing rainwater penetration by reducing the number

of joints in the enclosure; prefab mass walls using precast wall components;

passive methods such as improved building geometry to minimize heating, cooling

and lighting; active sensor systems to automatically relate the interior environment to outside conditions and thus conserve operational energy; sun control

using improved roof overhangs; control of air infiltration/exfiltration through

10
Increased air tightness; Improved prefabricated insulating decks; and the use

of single-ply continous roofing membranes . All of these innovations are considered to become available and dependable no later than 1985.

Other enclosure innovations believed to be of major importance but requiring

additional research and development before they can be considered available and

dependable include: thermal modeling in design ; and photovoltaic cells for

conserving operational energy .

Selected enclosure innovations identified by the survey but not include in the

survey questionnaires are inverted roof membrane assemblie s; completely

prefabricated insulating deck with roof membrane and built-in vapor barrier ; and reduced solar load with steep sloping or folded plate self-shading roofs . As with structural innovations, the enclosure innovations identified by the

respondents during the survey may more closely match the current interests and concerns of GSA/PBS.

11
6. REFERENCES

1. Schmitz G. and Scizmadia, T. D., Office Structures and Enclosures:

Directions in Innovative Technology . NBS-GCR-83-434, National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 July 1983.

2. Schon, D. A., "Forecasting and Technological Forecasting". Daedalus , 1967,

69(3), (759-770).

12
Table 1 . Number of Ratings Assigned to Each Scale Position for Each

of Five Structural Innovations for Two Respondent Groups

t

( Innovation

CROUP 1 selected for discussion)

GROUP 2 (Innovation not selected for discussion)

IMPORTANCE

SCALE

POSITIONS la Id

INNOVATION

3a 6a 12a TOTAL la

INNOVATION

Id 3a 6a 12a TOTAL

0 3 2 1 1 7 ( 7.4%)

1 1 2 3 ( 3.2%)

2 1 1 ( 1.1%)

3 1 1 2 ( 2.1%)

4 1 2 1 2 6 ( 6.3%)

5 1 1 ( 2.2%) 5 2 3 2 2 14 (14.7%)

6 1 2 4 2 4 13 (13.7%)

7 3 1 1 5 (10.9%) 4 3 3 1 1 12 (12.6%)

8 1 2 1 2 2 8 (17.4%) 1 1 4 4 2 12 (12.6%)

9 2 11 7 6 6 32 (69.5%) 2 7 3 9 4 25 (26.3%)

46 (100%) 95 (100%)

Note: la

Id

3a

6a

12a

Frame-truss combination; Outrigger truss; "Tie-down" truss

Tubular structures

Aerodynamically stable building forms

Lightweight, high-strength reinforced concrete

Lightweight alloys

13
Table 2. Summary of Availability and Importance of Structural Innovations

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

1 STIFFNESS IN HIGHRISE

BUILDINGS

a Frame-truss combination;

Outrigger truss; "Tiedown" truss

b Exterior steel plate shear

walls

c Inclined or pyramid-shaped

frame

d Tubular structures

2 VERTICAL FLEXIBILITY

a Megaframes

b Hollow tubular buildings

c Exterior shafts

d Vertically curved or folded plate walls as support

3 WIND RESISTANT DESIGN

a Aerodynamically stable

building forms

b Drag reduction

4 SEISMIC DESIGN

a Y-shape box columns

b Eliminate "soft storey"

c Shear walls graduated by

height

76

46

67

90

50

53

44

63

79

42

40

38

50

54

37

49

59

46

53

36

51

49

56

46

46

51

51

14
Table 2. Summary of Availability and Importance of Structural Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

d For very large bldgs, ensure appropriate dimensions or seismic subdiv. 69 49

e Ensure vertical continuity

or seismic separation at

setbacks 58 44 44

f Eccentric braced frames 66 49

g Flexible sliding foundation 45 44

5 STRUCTURAL DAMPING

a Active damping 41 39

b Visco-elastic damping 49 46

c Damping friction at bolted

connections 39 51

6 MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

a Light-weight, highstrength, reinforced con- crete 55 73

7 FOUNDATIONS

a Mixed-in-place stabilizers 60 46

b Pre consolidation 84 42

c Reinforced earth 64 51

8 COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

a concrete exterior, steel

interior frame 82 46

b Steel plate cladding bonded

to concrete members 42 61

15
Table 2. Summary of Availability and Importance of Structural Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

c Steel and reinforced con- crete construction 95 71

9 EXTERIOR FINISH

a Controlled rust steel or stainless steel 66 49

10 FIRE PROTECTION

a Water cooled structural

membranes 45 54

b Fire resisting paint 42 73

11 RELOCATABLE BUILDINGS

a Unit construction or modular space frame 54 49

b Plastic "umbrella" 51 54

c Suspension cable structure 69 39

d Fabric structure 69 51

12 MASS REDUCTION AND

INCREASED DUCTILITY

a Lightweight alloys 45 44

b Plastics 51 42

c Tension structures 58 59

13 FLEXIBLE SERVICES

a Interstitial space 74 51

b Exterior shafts, ducts 65 54

16
Table 2. Summary of Availability and Importance of Structural Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Maj or Moderate Minor

14 PREFABRICATION/ INDUSTRIALIZATION

a Large scale prefabricated-pre finished

structural elements 54 49

b Large scale facade

elements 76 46 44

c Industrialized systems 72 46 44

d Prefab space modules 62 56

e Post tensioning 93 54

f Composite steel/precast concrete structural systems 83 46 44

g Robotics 53 46

h Computer-aided con- struction 46 58

i Fabric structures 56 51

17
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

1 INTER-BUILDING CIRCULATION AND CLIMATIC

BUFFER ZONES

a Pedestrian bridges (skyways) and clip-on cor- ridors 82 41

b Enclosing space between

buildings 68 45

c Solaria (designed in or clip-on) 50 45

d Super-envelope over a group of buildings 68 48

2 NEW MATERIALS WHICH ALTER

ENCLOSURE FORMS

a Modern "permanent” fabric

structures (cable re- strain, air support, etc.) 52 59

3 SOPHISTICATED DESIGN/

EVALUATION PROCEDURES

a Computer generated

facades 44 44 48

b Design using solar

envelopes 48 69

c Thermographic cameras

to detect leaks 59 45

d Thermal modeling in

design 54 48

18
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Maj or Moderate Minor

REDUCE HIGH-WIND EFFECTS

a Wind resistant design

b "Roughen" perimeter surface with protrusions,

setbacks, etc.

61

42

45

48

5 MINIMIZE RAINWATER

PENETRATION THROUGH

JOINTS

a Reduce joints

b Water tighten joints

c Use rainscreen/decompression chamber/drained

joint

6 FACILITATE FUTURE FACADE

CHANGES

63

61

a Interchangeable com- ponents and access to

building's exterior

7 USE OF HOMOGENOUS, INORGANIC CELLULAR

MATERIALS

52

50

41

73

41

59

66

a Cellular or foamed glass 61

b Cellular or aerated con- crete 74

c Foamed ceramic bricks

8 USE OF THERMAL INSULATION

MATERIALS FOR EXTREME

OUTSIDE OF EXTERIOR WALL

81

55

55

62

a External insulation 52 41

19
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Maj or Moderate Minor

b Surface coated porous

fire clay 67 66

c Insulating ceramic tiles 63 66

9 USE OF COMPOSITE

MATERIALS

a Surface impregnated

cellular concrete 68 69

b Glass fiber reinforced

concrete cladding 52 52

c Integrated wall panel

construction systems 81 45

10 USE OF PREFAB MASS WALLS

a Prefab brick wall com- ponent 82 45

b Precast concrete wall

component 100 52

11 USE OF MINIMUM MASS

SKIN COMPONENTS

a Sandwich panel systems 89 55

b Ultra-thin sandwich

material 58 41

c Tinted, heat-absorbing,

reflective glass wall 78 62

d Firestop glazing 57 55

20
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

5-10

By 1985 years

Long-term

or never Ma.j or Moderate Minor

12 USE OF BUTT JOINT GLASS

PANES (for continuous

fenestration)

a Silicone glazing sealants

13 CONSERVE OPERATIONAL

ENERGY BY PASSIVE

METHODS FOR MINIMIZING

HEAT' G/COOL’ G/LICHT'

G

a Building geometry

b Glazed area in wall

c Heat loss through

j oints

d Operable windows

e Air-to-air heat

exchangers

f Thermal mass for

natural cooling

g Trombe walls, solaria,

atria, 2nd envelope

14 CONSERVE OPERATIONAL

ENERGY BY ACTIVE

SYSTEMS

a Absorbers/heat pump

b Solar collectors

c Photovoltaic cells

Sensors to automatically relate interior

envir. to outside cond.

for optimal energy

management

65

79

68

67

79

67

56

81

57

54

52

54

66

45

48

45

66

52

55

52

48

55

48

55

45

45

21
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

15 SUN CONTROL WITH EXTERIOR SHADING DEVICES

a Improve overhangs 83 52

b Use of vines and

plants 78 38

c Use lightweight sun screen 75 48

d Operable exterior

Venetian blinds 58 42

e Adjustable exterior

louvers 65 52

f Fabric shades , awnings 93 42

g Solar shutters(panels

or rolling) 46 55

16 SUN CONTROL WITH

INTERIOR SHADING

DEVICE

a Improved curtain material 73 45

b Rollshades (tightly

sealing) 63 55

c Vinyl-coated fabric

( semi-transparent

or translucent) 56 62

d Reflective synthetic

films 71 52

e Adjustable louvers,

blinds 93 52

22
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Maj or Moderate Minor

17 SUN CONTROL IN WINDOW

PLANE

a Venetian blinds or shades between glass 67 65

b Coated, absorbing,

tinted glass 85 45

c Spectrally selective

glass 67 45

d Optical shutter of

thermally "opacif iable"

glass 90 48

e Photochromic glass 68 52

f Solar control films

with adhesive backing 64 45

g Tilted window 80 41

18 REFLECTION DEVICES TO

BEAM DAYLIGHT INTO

WORK ENVIRONMENT

a Light shelves 58 45

b Paired reflectors with

tilted window 43 48

c Adjustable horizontal

blinds 74 52

19 CONTROL AIR INFILTRATION/

EXFILTRATION

a Increase air tightness 81 59

b Reduce total length of

j oints 61 48 |

23
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

20 IMPROVE INSULATION

VALUE OF WINDOWS

a Two parallel identical

windows 72 38

b Improve frame (thermal

breaks, rigid vinyl) 81 52

c Improv glazing area (double panes w/Krypton

gas, heated mirror film) 50 42

d Introduce dynamic insulation devices

( "Beadwall” , blinds,

roll-up shades) 56 72

21 NATURAL VENTILATION

a Operable windows 93 48

b Ventilation through

window frame 60 41

22 COUNTERACT UNCOMFORTABLE MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE (near window)

a Increase thermal

storage capacity

in edge zones.

67 69

b Radiant floor or radiant ceiling 63 52

23 WINDOWS AS COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENT

MODIFIERS

a Reversible window with

blinds on one side 48 52

24
Table 3. Summary of Availability and Importance of Enclosure Innovations (Cont.)

INNOVATIONS AVAILABILITY (%) IMPORTANCE (%)

By 1985

5-10

years

Long-term

or never Major Moderate Minor

b Multi-layer mechanized

window 52 48

c Automatic sensors and

controls with manual

overrides 64 48

24 IMPROVED PREFABRICATED

INSULATING DECKS 52 55

25 CONTINUOUS ELASTIC

ROOFING MEMBRANES

a Single-ply continuous

membranes 76 66

26 REDUCTION OF THERMAL

SHOCK ON ROOF MEMBRANE

a Through earth covering and planting 59 45

27 UTILIZE ROOF AS ENERGY

PLANT

a Self-tracking solar

concentrators 56 62

b Wind generators, etc. 42 55

28 REDUCED SOLAR LOAD ON

ROOF

a High parapets; roofmounted shading

devices 52 35

25
Table 4. Summary of Innovations Considered to be of Major to Moderate

Importance and of Significance to GSA/PBS

STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS ENCLOSURE INNOVATIONS

Innovations Available and Dependable No Later Than 1985

o Tubular structures

o Reduction or accommodation

of wind and seismic forces

o Use of lightweight, high-strength,

reinforced concrete

o Design of composite structures of

steel and reinforced concrete

construction

o Large scale pref abricated-prefinished

structural elements

o Large scale facade elements

o Composite steel/precast concrete

structural systems

° Post tensioning

Innovations Requiring Additional Research and

° Computer-aided construction

o Megaframes to provide for

vertical flexibility

o Y-shape box columns in seismic

design

o Structural damping augmented by means of damping friction at

bolted connections

o Minimizing rainwater penetration by

reducing the number of joints

in the enclosure

o Prefab mass walls using precast wall

components

o Passive methods such as improved building

geometry to minimize heating, cooling

and lighting

o Active sensor systems to automatically

relate the interior environment to

outside conditions and thus conserve operational energy

o Sun control using improved roof overhangs

o Control of air infiltration/exfiltration

through increased air tightness

o Improved prefabricated insulating decks

o Use of single-ply continuous roofing

membranes

Development Over Next 5 to 10 Years

o Thermal modeling in design

o Photovoltaic cells for conserving

operational energy

Selected Innovations Identified by Survey but not Included in Survey Questionnaires

° Bundled tube structures

° Concrete admixtures to eliminate shrinkage

° Seismic base isolation using

lead-rubber bearings

° Preassembled floor segments

o Inverted roof membrane assemblies

o Completely prefabricated insulating

deck with roof membrane and built-in

vapor barrier

o Reduced solar load with steep sloping

or folded plate self-shading roofs

26
APPENDIX A Questionnaires

A-l
0 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AN EXPLORATION OF EXPECTED INNOVATIONS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF OFFICE BUILDINGS

BACKGROUND :

Innovations in building technologies (in such areas as materials, development

of sub-systems, building design, and construction methods) become widely

available in the marketplace if they meet some or all of the following criteria:

0 They provide higher levels of performance

0 They permit uses or activities not now available or not now widespread

0 They provide economies in first costs and/or in operating costs

0 They satisfy new needs in the marketplace or regulatory requirements

We wish to explore emerging innovations in structural systems in office

buildings and to assess when they might occur, what their benefits might be

and what constraints they operate within.

The following is a list of categories for which there is some evidence of

current or near-term technological innovation related to these systems:

CATEGORIES

° Stiffness in Highrise Buildings

0 Vertical Flexibility (permitting floor height modification after a period of use)

° Wind Resistant Design

0 Seismic Design

° Structural Damping (of ultra-high buildings)

0 Material Development (where soils are weak or materials unavailable)

° Foundations

° Composite Structure

° Exterior Finish (for exposed steel which corrodes)

° Fire Protection (for exposed steel structural elements)

0 Demountabil i ty (capacity to relocate buildings)

° Mass Reduction and Increased Ductility

° Services (providing for long-term flexibility in services)

° Prefabrication and Industrialization

AWithin each of these categories there are some particular types of innovations

which have been reported in the technical journals. Some of these are listed

below:

CATEGORIES

1. Stiffness in Highrise

Buildings

2. Vertical Flexibility

(permitting floor height

modification after a period of use)

3. Wind Resistant Design

4. Seismic Design

5. Structural Damping (of

ultra-high buildings)

INNOVATIONS

la. Frame-truss combination; Outrigger truss;

Tying shear truss to exterior columns

with belt trusses ("tie-down" truss)

lb. Exterior steel plate shear walls

lc. Inclined or pyramid-shaped frame

l d. Tubular structures

2a. Megaframes (supporting "blocks" of floors

2b. Hollow tubular buildings

2c. Exterior shafts

2d. Vertically curved or folded plate

walls as supports

3a. Aerodynamically stable building forms

3b. Drag reduction (discharge air to

leeward of building)

4a. Y-shape box columns (in welded momentresisting rigid steel frames, the use

of welded Y-shaped box columns welded

to girders.)

4b. Eliminate "soft storey" through:

Widen base; add columns; add bracing;

energy dissipation

4c. Shear walls graduated by height

4d. For very large buildings, ensure appropriate dimensions, or make seismic

subdivisions

4e. At setbacks: Ensure vertical continuity

or seismic separation at setbacks

4f. Eccentric braced frames

4g. Flexible sliding foundation to reduce

seismic vibration.

5a. Active damping control (tuned mass damper)

5b. Visco-elastic damping

5c. Damping friction at bolted connections
CATEGORIES INNOVATIONS

6. Material Development

(where soils are weak or materials unavailable)

7. Foundations

8. Composite Structure

9. Exterior Finish (for

exposed steel which

corrodes)

10. Fire Protection (for

exposed steel

structural elements)

11. Relocatable Buildings

(Demountabil ity)

12. Mass Reduction and

Increased Ductility

13. Services (providing for

long-term flexibility

in services)

14. Prefabrication/

Industrialization (for

speedy construction,

accuracy, reduction

of labor)

6a. Light weight, high strength reinforced

concrete

7a. Mixed-in-place stabilizers

7b. Preconsolidation

7c. Reinforced earth

8a. Concrete exterior, steel interior frame

8b. Steel plate cladding bonded to concrete

members

8c. Steel and reinforced concrete construction

9a. Controlled rust steel or stainless steel

10a. Water cooled structural members

10b. Fire resisting paint

11a. Unit construction or modular space frame

lib. Plastic "umbrella"

11c. Suspension cable structure

lid. Fabric structure

12a. Lightweight alloys

12b. Plastics

12c. Tension Structures

13a. Interstitial space

13b. Exterior shafts, ducts

14a. Large scale prefabricated-prefinished

structural elements

14b. Large scale facade elements

14c. Industrialized systems

14d. Prefab space modules (boxes, etc.)

14e. Post tensioning

14f. Composite steel /precast concrete

structural systems

14g. Robotics

14h. Computer-aided construction

14i. Fabric structures

AIn this questionnaire, we'd like you to answer five questions about this list

of CATEGORIES and TYPES of innovation. They are:

1. What would you add to this list? ...Are there other categories and

types of innovation you believe probable and beneficial?

2. When will each type of innovation probably occur in enough built projects

so it will be treated as an available and dependable technology?

3. Which innovations do you think are most important? ...Which would confer

the greatest benefits, solve the most pressing problems or have the

greatest impact?

For up to ten of those innovations which you have rated as most important,

tell us:

4. What are likely to be the major benefits of each?

5. What are likely to be the major constraints to earlier or more widespread

acceptance of each?

THE QUESTIONS:

1. If you wish to add any categories of innovation and/or specific innovations

to this list, write a short description of each and tell us what problem

each tries to solve.

[ 8-

DESCRIPTION OF INNOVATION PROBLEM IT TRIES TO SOLVE
DESCRIPTION OF INNOVATION PROBLEM IT TRIES TO SOLVE

A6
2 . When will innovations occur? ....Below is a list of the innovations, on the left. ( Please remember to list any you've added to the bottom of this

list, on page 8.) On the right is a series of dates . Circle the number

that corresponds to the date you think each innovation will have occurred

in enough projects so it will be seen as an available and dependable

technology.

WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH....

ALREADY LATER

AVAILABLE, BY BY BY THAN

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985 1990 1995 1995 NEVER

1. STIFFNESS IN HIGHRISE BLDGS.

la. Frame-truss combination;

Outrigger truss; "Tie-down"

truss 1

lb. Exterior steel plate shear walls 1

lc. Inclined or pyramid-shaped frame 1

l d. Tubular structures 1

2. VERTICAL FLEXIBILITY

2a. Megaframes 1 2b. Hollow tubular buildings 1 2c. Exterior shafts 1 2d. Vertically curved or folded

plate walls as supports 1

3. WIND RESISTANT DESIGN

3a. Aerodynamical ly stable

building forms 1 3b. Drag reduction 1

4. SEISMIC DESIGN

4a. Y-shape box columns 1 4b. Eliminate "soft storey" 1 4c. Shear walls graduated by height 1 4d. For very large buildings,

ensure appropriate dimensions,

or make seismic subdivisions 1 4e. Ensure vertical continuity or seismic separation at setbacks 1 4f. Eccentric braced frames 1 4g. Flexible sliding foundation 1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH

INNOVATION

ALREADY

AVAILABLE,

DEPENDABLE

5. STRUCTURAL DAMPING

5a. Active damping control 1 5b. Visco-elastic damping 1 5c. Damping friction at bolted

connections 1

6. MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

6a. Light weight, high strength

reinforced concrete 1

7. FOUNDATIONS

7a. Mixed-in-place stabilizers 1 7b. Preconsolidation 1 7c. Reinforced earth 1

8. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

8a. Concrete exterior, steel

interior frame 1 8b. Steel plate cladding bonded

to concrete members 1 8c. Steel and reinforced concrete

construction 1

9. EXTERIOR FINISH

9a. Controlled rust steel or stainless steel 1

10. FIRE PROTECTION

10a. Water cooled structural

members 1 10b. Fire resisting paint 1

11. RELOCATABLE BUILDINGS

lla. Unit construction or modular

space frame 1 llb. Plastic "umbrella" 1 llc. Suspension cable structure 1 lid. Fabric structure 1

LATER

BY BY BY THAN

1985 1990 1995 1995 NEVER

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

2 3 4 5 6

2 3 4 5 6

2 3 4 5 6

2 3 4 5 6

2 3 4 5-6

2 3 4 5 6

2 3 4 5 6

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[ 66 ] [67]

[ 68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

A8
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH

ALREADY

AVAILABLE, BY BY

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985 1990

12. MASS REDUCTION AND INCREASED

DUCTILITY

12a. Lightweight alloys

12b. Plastics

12c. Tension Structures

13. FLEXIBLE SERVICES

13a. Interstitial space

13b. Exterior shafts, ducts

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

14. PREFABRICATION/INDUSTRIALIZATION

14a. Large scale prefabricatedprefinis hed structural 1 elements

14b. Large scale facade elements * 14c. Industrialized systems 1 14d. Prefab space modules 1 14e. Post tensioning 1 14f. Composite steel/precast

concrete structural systems 1 14g. Robotics 1 14h. Computer-aided construction 1 14i. Fabric structures 1

15. OTHER ADDED INNOVATIONS

15a. 1 15b. 1 15c. 1 15d. 1 15e. 1 15f . 1 15g. 1 15h. 1 15 i

. 1 15j . 1

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

LATER

BY THAN

1995 1995 NEVER

4 5 6 [72] 456 [73]

4 5 6 [74]

4 5 6 [75] 456 [76]

[1-2]

4 5 6 [3]

4 5 6 [4]

4 5 6 [5]

4 5 6 [6]

4 5 6 [7]

4 5 6 [8]

4 5 6 [9] 456 [ 10 ] 456 [ 11 ] 456 [ 12 ]

4 5 6 [13] 456 [14] 456 [15]

[16] 45 6 [17] 456 [18] 456 [19] 456 [ 20 ] 456 [ 21 ]

A9
3. Which innovations are likely to be the most important? Not all of these

solve problems of equal importance. Tell us which you think will be the

most important overall. ..that is, which would have the greatest benefit,

solve important problems, or have substantial impact. [Some innovations

probably won't happen early, but may still be very important. Don't let

"when it will occur" affect your assessment of "importance".] Next to

the list below, there is a scale of 0-9 for importance, with 9 being "it

is of the greatest importance" and 0 being "it is of minor importance".

Circle the numbers that best represent your assessment of overall importance. [Please remember to add your add-ons from page 8 to the bottom

of this list on page 12.]

INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE IT IS

GREATEST OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

1. STIFFNESS IN HIGHRISE BLDGS.

la. Frame-truss combination;

Outrigger truss; "Tie-down"

truss

lb. Exterior steel plate shear walls

lc. Inclined or pyramid-shaped frame

l d. Tubular structures

2. VERTICAL FLEXIBILITY

2a. Megaframes

2b. Hollow tubular buildings

2c. Exterior shafts

2d. Vertically curved or folded

plate walls as supports

3. WIND RESISTANT DESIGN

3a. Aerodynamically stable

building forms

3b. Drag reduction

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

[ 22 ]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

A-10
IT IS OF THE IT IS

GREATEST OF MINOR

INNOVATION IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

4. SEISMIC DESIGN

4a. Y-shape box columns 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4b. Eliminate "soft storey" 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4c. Shear walls graduated by height 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4d. For very large buildings, ensure appropriate dimensions, or make seismic subdivisions 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4e. Ensure vertical continuity or

seismic separation at setbacks 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4f

Eccentric braced frames 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4g. Flexible sliding foundation 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5. STRUCTURAL DAMPING

5a. Active damping control 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5b. Visco-elastic damping 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5c. Damping friction at bolted

connections 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

6. MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

6a. Light weight, high strength

reinforced concrete 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7. FOUNDATIONS

7a. Mixed-in-place stabilizers 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7b. Preconsol idation 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7c. Reinforced earth 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

8a. Concrete exterior, steel

interior frame 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8b. Steel plate cladding bonded

to concrete members 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8c. Steel and reinforced concrete

construction 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

A-ll
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE

GREATEST

IMPORTANCE

IT IS

OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE

9. EXTERIOR FINISH

9a. Controlled rust steel or stainless steel

10. FIRE PROTECTION

10a. Water cooled structural

members

10b. Fire resisting paint

11. RELOCATABLE BUILDINGS

11a. Unit construction or modular

space frame

lib. Plastic "umbrella"

11c. Suspension cable structure

lid. Fabric structure

12. MASS REDUCTION AND INCREASED

DUCTILITY

12a. Lightweight alloys

12b. Plastics

12c. Tension Structures

13. FLEXIBLE SERVICES

13a. Interstitial space

13b. Exterior shafts, ducts

14. PREFABRICATION/INDUSTRIALIZATION

14a. Large scale prefabricatedprefinished structural

elements

14b. Large scale facade elements

14c. Industrialized systems

14d. Prefab space modules

14e. Post tensioning

14f. Composite steel/precast

concrete structural systems

14g. Robotics

14h. Computer-aided construction

14i. Fabric structures

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 [49]

9876543210 [50] 9876543210 [51]

9876543210 [52] 9876543210 [53] 9876543210 [54]

[55]

9876543210 [56] 9876543210 [57] 9876543210 [58]

9876543210 [59]

[60]

9876543210 [61]

9876543210 [62] 9876543210 [63]

9876543210 [64] 9876543210 [65]

9876543210 [66] 9876543210 [67] 9876543210 [68] 9876543210 [69]

A-12
IT IS OF THE IT IS

GREATEST OF MINOR

INNOVATION IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

15. OTHER ADDED INNOVATIONS

15a. 9876543210 [70]

15b. 9876543210 [71]

15c. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 [72]

15d. 9876543210 [73]

15e. 9876543210 [74]

15f . 9876543210 [75]

15g. 9876543210 [76]

15h. 9876543210 [77]

15 i

. 9876543210 [78]

15j. 9876543210 [79]

A- 13
4. What are the benefits ? For up to ten innovations you regard as the most

Important, tell us what you think the major benefits would be of using

them in office buildings. Since GSA is a major office builder, describe

any benefits you see accruing to a volume builder as well. Please list

innovations by the numbers which Identify them... For example, 2b refers

to "hollow tubular buildings".

INNOVATION MAJOR BENEFITS

CARDS

3,4,5
INNOVATION MAJOR BENEFITS

A- 15
5 . For those innovations whose benefits you just described, what are the major

constraints on those innovations? There are some innovations which would

be more beneficial and/or would happen earlier if a major constraint were

removed. Tell us which innovations these are, and for each what its con- straints are. Please list each innovation by the number which identifies

it... For example, 2b_ refers to "hollow tubular buildings".

CARDS

6 , 7,8

INNOVATION MAJOR CONSTRAINTS
INNOVATION MAJOR CONSTRAINTS

A-17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AN EXPLORATION OF EXPECTED INNOVATIONS IN EXTERIOR WALL AND ROOF SYSTEMS

OF OFFICE BUILDINGS

BACKGROUND:

Innovations in building technologies (in such areas as materials, development

of sub-systems, building design, and construction methods) become widely

available in the marketplace if they meet some or all of the following criteria

° They provide higher levels of performance

° They permit uses or activities not now available or not now widespread

0 They provide economies in first costs and/or in operating costs

° They satisfy new needs in the marketplace or regulatory requirements

In exploring emerging innovations in exterior wall and roof system in office

buildings we wish to assess when they might occur, what their benefits might

be and what constraints they operate within.

The following is a list of categories for which there is some evidence of

current or near-term technological innovation related to these systems:

CATEGORIES

0 INTER-BUILDING CIRCULATION AND CLIMATIC BUFFER ZONES

0 NEW MATERIALS WHICH ALTER ENCLOSURE FORMS

° SOPHISTICATED DESIGN/EVALUATION PROCEDURES

° REDUCE HIGH-WIND EFFECTS

° MINIMIZE RAINWATER PENETRATION THROUGH JOINTS

° FACILITATE FUTURE FACADE CHANGES

0 USE OF HOMOGENOUS, INORGANIC CELLULAR MATERIALS

° USE OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS FOR EXTREME OUTSIDE OF EXTERIOR WALL

° USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

A- 18
° USE OF PREFAB MASS WALLS

° USE OF MINIMUM MASS SKIN COMPONENTS

° USE OF BUTT JOINT GLASS PANES ..

° CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY PASSIVE METHODS FOR MINIMIZING

HEATING/COOLING/LIGHTING LOADS

° CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY ACTIVE SYSTEMS

° SUN CONTROL WITH EXTERIOR SHADING DEVICES

° SUN CONTROL WITH INTERIOR SHADING DEVICES

° SUN CONTROL IN WINDOW PLANE

0 REFLECTION DEVICES TO BEAM DAYLIGHT INTO WORK ENVIRONMENT

° CONTROL AIR INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION

0 IMPROVE INSULATION VALUE OF WINDOWS

0 NATURAL VENTILATION

0 COUNTERACT UNCOMFORTABLE MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE

0 WINDOWS AS COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENT MODIFIERS

° IMPROVED PREFABRICATED INSULATING DECKS

0 CONTINUOUS ELASTIC ROOFING MEMBRANE

0 REDUCTION OF THERMAL SHOCK ON ROOF MEMBRANE

0 UTILIZE ROOF AS FULL ENERGY PLANT

0 REDUCED SOLAR LOAD ON ROOF

Within each of these categories there are some particular types or examples of

innovations which have been reported in the technical journals. These are

listed next to the categories they're in, starting on the next page.

A- 19
CATEGORIES INNOVATIONS

ABOUT OVERALL EXTERIOR ENCLOSURE:

1. INTER-BUILDING CIRCULATION la.

AND CLIMATIC BUFFER ZONES

lb.

lc.

l d.

2. NEW MATERIALS WHICH ALTER 2a.

ENCLOSURE FORMS

3. SOPHISTICATED DESIGN/ 3a.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES

3b

3c.

3d.

EXTERIOR WALL

4. REDUCE HIGH-WIND EFFECTS 4a.

4b.

5. MINIMIZE RAINWATER 5a.

PENETRATION THROUGH CK

JOINTS bD * 5c.

6.

FACILITATE FUTURE 6a.

FACADE CHANGES

7.

USE OF HOMOGENOUS, INORGANIC 7a.

CELLULAR MATERIALS ?b

7c.

8. USE OF THERMAL INSULATION 8a.

MATERIALS FOR EXTREME 0K

OUTSIDE OF EXTERIOR WALL

ttD * 8c.

Pedestrian bridges (skyways) and clip-on

corridors

Enclosing space between buildings

Solaria (designed in or clip-on)

Super-envelope over a group of buildings

Modern, "permanent" fabric structures

(cable restrained, air supported

structures and tensioned fabric

structures)

Computer generated facades

Design using solar envelopes

Thermographic cameras to detect leaks

Thermal modelling in design

Wind resistant design

"Roughen" perimeter surface with

protrusions, setbacks, etc.

Reduce joints

Water tighten joints

Use rainscreen/decompression chamber/

drained joint

Interchangeable components and access

to building's exterior

Cellular or foamed glass

Celullar or aerated concrete

Foamed ceramic bricks

External insulation

Surface coated porous fired clay

Insulating ceramic tiles

A- 20
CATEGORIES INNOVATIONS

9. USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 9a. Surface impregnated cellular concrete

9b. Glass fiber reinforced concrete

cladding

9c. Integrated wall panel construction

systems

10. USE OF PREFAB MASS WALLS 10a. Prefab brick wall component

10b. Precast concrete wall component

11. USE OF MINIMUM MASS

SKIN COMPONENTS

11a. Sandwich panel systems

lib. Ultra-thin sandwich material

11c. Tinted, heat-absorbing, reflective

glass wall

lid. Fi restop glazing

12. USE OF BUTT JOINT GLASS

PANES (for continuous

fenestration)

12a. Silicone glazing sealants

13. CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY

BY PASSIVE METHODS FOR

METHODS FOR MINIMIZING

HEATING/ COOLING/LIGHTING

LOADS

13a. Building geometry

13b. Glazed area in wall

13c. Heat loss through joints

13d. Operable windows

13e. Air-to-air heat exchangers

13f. Thermal mass for natural cooling

13g. Trombe walls, solaria, atria,

2nd envelope

14. CONSERVE OPERATIONAL

ENERGY BY ACTIVE SYSTEMS

14a. Absorbers/heat pump

14b. Solar col lectors

14c. Photovoltaic cells

14d. Sensors to automatically relate

interior environmental control systems

to outside conditions for optimal

energy management

A-21
CATEGORIES INNOVATIONS

15. SUN CONTROL WITH 15a.

EXTERIOR SHADING

DEVICES

190 m 15c.

15d.

15e.

15f

15g.

Improved overhangs

Use of vines and plants

Use lightweight sun screen Operable exterior Venetian blinds

Adjustable exterior louvers

Fabric shades, awnings

Solar shutters (panels or rolling)

16. SUN CONTROL WITH INTERIOR

SHADING DEVICES

16a. Improved curtain material

16b. Roll shades (tightly sealing)

16c. Vinyl -coated fabric (semi-transparent

or translucent)

16d. Reflective synthetic films

16e. Adjustable louvers, blinds

17. SUN CONTROL IN WINDOW

PLANE

17a. Venetian blinds or shades between glass

17b. Coated, absorbing, tinted glass

17c. Spectrally selective glass

17d. Optical shutter of thermally "opacifiable"

glass

17e. Photochromic glass

17f. Solar control films with adhesive

backing

17g. Tilted window

18. REFLECTION DEVICES TO

BEAM DAYLIGHT INTO

WORK ENVIRONMENT

18a. Light shelves

18b. Paired reflectors with tilted window

18c. Adjustable horizontal blinds

19. CONTROL AIR INFILTRATION/

EXFILTRATION

19a. Increase air tightness

19b. Reduce total length of joints

A-22
CATEGORIES INNOVATIONS

20. IMPROVE INSULATION VALUE 20a.

OF WINDOWS

20c.

20d.

21. NATURAL VENTILATION 21a

21b

22. COUNTERACT UNCOMFORTABLE

MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE

(near window)

22a

22b

23. WINDOWS AS COMPREHENSIVE

ENVIRONMENT MODIFIERS

23a

23b

23c

ABOUT ROOFS AND ROOFING

24. IMPROVED PREFABRICATED

INSULATING DECKS

25. IMPROVED ROOFING MEMBRANE 25a

26. REDUCTION OF THERMAL

SHOCK ON ROOF MEMBRANE

26a

27. UTILIZE ROOF AS

ENERGY PLANT

27a

27b

28. REDUCED SOLAR LOAD ON

ROOF

28a

Two parallel identical windows

Improved frame (thermal breaks,

rigid vinyl)

Improved glazing area (sealed double

panes with Krypton gas, heat mirror

film)

Introduce dynamic insulation devices

("Beadwall", nighttime closures,

blinds, interior insulating roll-up

shades)

Operable windows

Ventilation through window frame

Increase thermal storage capacity in

edge zones (mass floor, panels or ceiling tiles with phase-change core)

Radiant floor or radiant ceiling

Reversible window with blinds on one side

Multi-layer mechanized window

Automatic sensors and controls with

manual overrides

Single-ply continuous membranes

Through earth covering and planting

Self-tracking solar concentrators

Wind generators, etc.

High parapets; roof-mounted shading

devices

A- 2 3
In this questionnaire, we'd like you to answer five questions about this list

of CATEGORIES and TYPES or EXAMPLES of innovation. They are:

1. What would you add to this list? ...Are there other categories and

types of innovation you believe probable and beneficial?

2. When will each type of innovation probably occur in enough built projects

so it will be treated as an available and dependable technology?

3. Which innovations do you think are most important? ...Which would confer

the greatest benefits, solve the most pressing problems or have the

greatest impact?

For up to ten of those innovations which you have rated as most important,

tell us:

4. What are likely to be the major benefits of each?

5. What are likely to be the major constraints to earlier or more widespread

acceptance of each?

THE QUESTIONS:

1. If you wish to add any categories of innovation and/or specific innovations

to this list, write a short description of each and tell us what problem

each tries to solve.

[8-37]

DESCRIPTION OF INNOVATION PROBLEM IT TRIES TO SOLVE

A-24
DESCRIPTION OF INNOVATION PROBLEM IT TRIES TO SOLVE

A-25
2. When will innovations occur? ....Below is a list of the innovations, on

the left. ( Please remember to list any you've added to the bottom of this

list, on page 15.) On the right is a series of dates . Circle the number

that corresponds to the date you think each innovation will have occurred

in enough projects so it will be seen as an available and dependable

technology.

WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH,. .. ALREADY LATER

AVAILABLE, BY BY BY THAN

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985 1990 1995 1995 NEVER

ABOUT OVERALL EXTERIOR ENCLOSURE:

1. INTER-BUILDING CIRCULATION

AND CLIMATIC BUFFER ZONES

la. Pedestrian bridges (skyways)

and clip-on corridors 1

lb. Enclosing space between

buildings 1 lc. Solaria (designed in or clip-on) 1

l d. Super-envelope over a group

of buildings 1

2. NEW MATERIALS WHICH ALTER

ENCLOSURE FORMS

2a. Modern, "permanent" fabric

structures (cable restrained,

air supported structures and

tensioned fabric structures) 1

3. SOPHISTICATED DESIGN/

EVALUATION PROCEDURES

3a. Computer generated facades 1 3b. Design using solar envelopes 1 3c. Thermographic cameras to

detect leaks 1 3d. Thermal modelling in design 1

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

2 3 4 5 6 [42]

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

6 [43]

6 [44]

2 3 4 5 6 [45]

2 3 4 5 6 [46]

A- 2 6
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH

ALREADY LATER

AVAILABLE, BY BY BY THAN

DEPENDABLE 1985 1990 1995 1995 NEVER

EXTERIOR WALL

4. REDUCE HIGH-WIND EFFECTS

4a. Wind resistant design 1

4b. "Roughen" perimeter surface

with protrusions, setbacks,

etc. 1

5. MINIMIZE RAINWATER PENETRATION

THROUGH JOINTS

5a. Reduce joints 1

5b. Water tighten joints 1

5c. Use rainscreen/decompression

chamber/drained joint 1

6. FACILITATE FUTURE FACADE CHANGES

6a. Interchangeable components and access to building's exterior 1

7. USE OF HOMOGENOUS, INORGANIC

CELLULAR MATERIALS

7a. Cellular or foamed glass 1

7b. Cellular or aerated concrete 1

7c. Foamed ceramic bricks 1

8. USE OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS

FOR EXTREME OUTSIDE OF EXTERIOR WALL

8a. External insulation 1

8b. Surface coated porous

fired clay 1

8c. Insulating ceramic tiles 1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

A-27
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH. . .

ALREADY

AVAILABLE, BY

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985

9. USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

9a. Surface impregnated cellular

concrete 1 2

9b. Glass fiber reinforced

concrete cladding 1 2

9c. Integrated wall panel

construction systems 1 2

10. USE OF PREFAB MASS WALLS

10a. Prefab brick wall component 1 2

10b. Precast concrete wall

component 1 2

11. USE OF MINIMUM MASS SKIN COMPONENTS

11a. Sandwich panel systems 1 2

lib. Ultra-thin sandwich material 1 2

11c. Tinted, heat-absorbing,

reflective glass wall 1 2

lid. Firestop glazing 1 2

12. USE OF BUTT JOINT GLASS PANES

(for continuous fenestration)

12a. Silicone glazing sealants 1 2

13. CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY

PASSIVE METHODS FOR METHODS FOR

MINIMIZING HEATING/COOLING/LIGHTING

LOADS

13a. Building geometry 1 2

13b. Glazed area in wall 1 2

13c. Heat loss through joints 1 2

13d. Operable windows 1 2

13e. Air-to-air heat exchangers 1 2

13f. Thermal mass for natural

cooling 1 2

13g. Trombe walls, solaria, atria,

2nd envelope 1 2

BY

1990

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

BY

1995

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

LATER

THAN

1995 NEVER

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 6

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[ 66 ] [67]

[ 68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

A-28
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH

ALREADY • LATER

AVAILABLE, BY BY BY THAN

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985 1990 1995 1995

14. CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY

ACTIVE SYSTEMS

14a. Absorbers/heat pump 1 14b. Solar collectors 1 14c. Photovoltaic cells 1 14d. Sensors to automatically relate

interior environmental control

systems to outside conditions

for optimal energy management 1

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

15. SUN CONTROL WITH EXTERIOR SHADING

DEVICES

15a. Improved overhangs 1 15b. Use of vines and plants 1 15c. Use lightweight sun screen 1 15d. Operable exterior Venetian

blinds 1 15e. Adjustable exterior louvers 1 15f. Fabric shades, awnings 1 15g. Solar shutters (panels or rolling) 1

16. SUN CONTROL WITH INTERIOR

SHADING DEVICES

16a. Improved curtain material 1 16b. Rollshades (tightly sealing) 1 16c. Vinyl-coated fabric (semitransparent or translucent) 1 16d. Reflective synthetic films 1 16e. Adjustable louvers, blinds 1

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

NEVER

6 [76]

6 [77]

6 [78]

6 [79]

[1-2]

6 [3]

6 [4]

6 [5]

6 [ 6 ] 6 [7]

6 [ 8]

6 [9]

6 [ 10]

6 [ 11 ]

6 [ 12 ]

6 [13]

6 [14]

A-29
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH...

ALREADY

AVAILABLE

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE

17. SUN CONTROL IN WINDOW PLANE

17a. Venetian blinds or shades

between glass 1

17b.. Coated, absorbing, tinted

glass 1 17c. Spectrally selective glass 1 17d. Optical shutter of thermally

"opacifiable" glass 1 17e. Photochromic glass 1 17f. Solar control films with

adhesive backing 1 17g. Tilted window 1

18. REFLECTION DEVICES TO BEAM

DAYLIGHT INTO WORK ENVIRONMENT

18a. Light shelves 1 18b. Paired reflectors with

tilted window 1 18c. Adjustable horizontal blinds 1

BY

1985

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

19. CONTROL AIR INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION

19a. Increase air tightness 1 2

19b. Reduce total length of joints 1 2

BY

1990

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

LATER

BY THAN

1995 1995

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

NEVER

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[ 20 ]

[ 21 ]

[ 22 ]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

20. IMPROVE INSULATION VALUE OF WINDOWS

20a. Two parallel identical windows 1 20b. Improved frame (thermal breaks,

rigid vinyl) 1 20c. Improved glazing area (sealed

double panes with Krypton gas,

heat mirror film) 1 20d. Introduce dynamic insulation

devices ("Beadwall", nighttime closures, blinds,

interior insulating roll-up

shades) 1

2 3 4

2 3 4

5 6 [27]

5 6 [28]

2 3 4 5 6 [29]

2 3 4 5 6 [30]

A- 30
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH.,..

ALREADY LATER

AVAILABLE, BY BY BY THAN

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985 1990 1995 1995 NEVER

21. NATURAL VENTILATION

21a. Operable windows

21b. Ventilation through

window frame

22. COUNTERACT UNCOMFORTABLE MEAN

RADIANT TEMPERATURE (near window)

22a. Increase thermal storage

capacity in edge zones (mass

floor, panel or ceiling tiles

with phase-change core) 1 23456 [33]

22b. Radiant floor or radiant

ceiling 1 23456 [34]

23. WINDOWS AS COMPREHENSIVE

ENVIRONMENT MODIFIERS

23a. Reversible window with blinds

on one side

23b. Multi-layer mechanized window

23c. Automatic sensors and controls

with manual overrides

ABOUT ROOFS AND ROOFING

24. IMPROVED PREFABRICATED INSULATING

DECKS

25. CONTINUOUS ELASTIC ROOFING

MEMBRANE

25a. Single-ply continuous

membranes

26.

REDUCTION OF THERMAL SHOCK ON

ROOF MEMBRANE

26a. Through earth covering

and planting 1 23456 [40]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [38]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [39]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [35]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [36]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [37]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [31]

1 2 3 4 5 6 [32]

A- 31
WHEN AVAILABLE AND DEPENDABLE ENOUGH....

ALREADY LATER

AVAILABLE, BY BY BY THAN

INNOVATION DEPENDABLE 1985 1990 1995 1995 NEVER

27. UTILIZE ROOF AS ENERGY PLANT

27a. Self-tracking solar

concentrators 1 27b. Wind generators, etc. 1

28. REDUCED SOLAR LOAD ON ROOF

28a. High parapets; roof-mounted

shading devices 1

29. OTHER ADDED INNOVATIONS

29a. 1 29b. 1 29c. 1 29d. 1 29e. 1 29f . 1 29g. 1 29h. 1 29 i

. 1 29 j. 1

2 3 4 5 6 [41]

2 3 4 5 6 [42]

23456 [43]

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

456 [44]

4 5 6 [45] 456 [46]

[47] 456 [48]

4 5 6 [49] 456 [50]

4 5 6 [51] 456 [52]

4 5 6 [53]

A- 32
3 . Which innovations are likely to be the most important? Not all of these

solve problems of equal importance. Tell us which you think will be the

most important overall .. .that is, which would have the greatest benefit,

solve important problems, or have substantial impact. [Some innovations

probably won't happen early, but may still be very important. Don't let

"when it will occur" affect your assessment of "importance".] Next to

the list below, there is a scale of 0-9 for importance, with 9 being "it

is of the greatest importance" and 0 being "it is of minor importance".

Circle the numbers that best represent your assessment of overall importance. [Please remember to add your add-ons from page 15 to the bottom

of this list, on page 21.]

INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE IT IS

GREATEST OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

ABOUT OVERALL EXTERIOR ENCLOSURE :

1. INTER-BUILDING CIRCULATION

AND CLIMATIC BUFFER ZONES

la. Pedestrian bridges (skyways)

and clip-on corridors

lb. Enclosing space between

buildings

lc. Solaria (designed in or clip-on)

l d. Super-envelope over a group

of buildings

2. NEW MATERIALS WHICH ALTER

ENCLOSURE FORMS

2a. Modern, "permanent" fabric

structures (cable restrained,

air supported structures and

tensioned fabric structures)

3. SOPHISTICATED DESIGN/

EVALUATION PROCEDURES

3a. Computer generated facades

3b. Design using solar envelopes

3c. Thermographic cameras to

detect leaks

3d. Thermal modelling in design

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

9 8 7 6 5

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

A- 33
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE IT IS

GREATEST OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

EXTERIOR WALL

4. REDUCE HIGH-WIND EFFECTS

4a. Wind resistant design

4b. "Roughen" perimeter surface

with protrusions, setbacks, etc.

9876543210

9876543210

5. MINIMIZE RAINWATER PENETRATION

THROUGH JOINTS

5a. Reduce joints

5b. Water tighten joints

5c. Use rainscreen/decompression

chamber/drained joint

9 8

9 8

9 8

7 6

7 6

7 6

5 4

5 4

5 4

3 2

3 2

3 2

1 0

1 0

1 0

6. FACILITATE FUTURE FACADE CHANGES

6a. Interchangeable components and access to building's exterior 9876543210

7. USE OF HOMOGENOUS, INORGANIC

CELLULAR MATERIALS

7a. Cellular or foamed glass 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7b. Cellular or aerated concrete 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7c. Foamed ceramic bricks 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8. USE OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS

FOR

8a.

EXTREME OUTSIDE OF EXTERIOR WALL

External insulation 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8b. Surface coated porous fired

clay 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8c. Insulating ceramic tiles 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

[63]

[64]

[65]

[ 66]

[67]

[ 68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

A-34
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE

GREATEST

IMPORTANCE

IT IS

OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE

9. USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

9a. Surface impregnated cellular

concrete

9b. Glass fiber reinforced

concrete cladding

9c. Integrated wall panel

construction systems

10. USE OF PREFAB MASS WALLS

10a. Prefab brick wall

component

10b. Precast concrete wall

component

11. USE OF MINIMUM MASS

SKIN COMPONENTS

11a. Sandwich panel systems

lib. Ultra-thin sandwich material

11c. Tinted, heat-absorbing,

reflective glass wall

lid. Fires top glazing

12. USE OF BUTT JOINT GLASS PANES

(for continuous fenestration)

12a. Silicone glazing sealants

9876543210

9876543210

9876543210

[75]

[76]

[77]

9876543210

9876543210

[78]

[79]

[ 1 - 2 ]

9876543210

9876543210

9876543210

[3]

[4]

[5]

[ 6 ]

9876543210 [7]

A- 35
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE IT IS

GREATEST OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

13. CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY

PASSIVE METHODS FOR METHODS FOR

MINIMIZING HEATING/ COOLING/LIGHTING

LOADS

13a. Building geometry

13b. Glazed area in wall

9876543210

9876543210

13c. Heat loss through joints

13d. Operable windows

13e. Air-to-air heat exchangers

13f. Thermal mass for natural cooling

13g. Trombe walls, solaria, atria,

2nd envelope

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9876543210

9876543210

9876543210

9876543210

14. CONSERVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY BY

ACTIVE SYSTEMS

14a. Absorbers/heat pump 9876543210

14b. Solar collectors 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

14c. Photovoltaic cells

14d. Sensors to automatically relate

interior environmental control

systems to outside conditions

for optimal energy management

9876543210

9876543210

15. SUN CONTROL WITH EXTERIOR SHADING

DEVICES

15a. Improved overhangs

15b. Use of vines and plants

15c. Use lightweight sun screen

15d. Operable exterior Venetian

bl inds

15e. Adjustable exterior louvers

15f. Fabric shades, awnings

15g. Solar shutters (panels or

rol ling)

9876543210

9876543210

9876543210

9876543210

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

9876543210

9876543210

L8]

[9]

[ 10]

[ 11 ]

[ 12 ]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[ 20]

[ 21 ]

[ 22 ] [23]

[24]

[25]

A- 36
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE

GREATEST

IMPORTANCE

IT IS

OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE

16. SUN CONTROL WITH INTERIOR

SHADING DEVICES

16a. Improved curtain material 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

16b. Rollshades (tightly sealing) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

16c. Vinyl-coated fabric (semitransparent or translucent)

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

16d. Reflective synthetic films 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

16e. Adjustable louvers, blinds 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17. SUN CONTROL IN WINDOW PLANE

17a. Venetian blinds or shades

between glass 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17b. Coated, absorbing, tinted

glass 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17c. Spectrally selective glass 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17d. Optical shutter of thermally

"opacif iable" glass 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17e. Photochromic glass 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17 f. Solar control films with

adhesive backing 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

17g. Tilted window 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

18. REFLECTION DEVICES TO BEAM

DAYLIGHT INTO WORK ENVIRONMENT

18a. Light shelves 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

18b. Paired reflectors with

tilted window 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

18c. Adjustable horizontal blinds 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

19. CONTROL AIR INFILTRATION/ EX FILTRATION

19a. Increase air tightness 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

19b. Reduce total length of joints 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

A- 37
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE

GREATEST

IMPORTANCE

IT IS

OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE 20.

IMPROVE INSULATION VALUE OF WINDOWS

20a. Two parallel identical windows

20b. Improved frame (thermal breaks,

rigid vinyl)

20c. Improved glazing area (sealed

double panes with Krypton gas,

heat mirror film)

20d. Introduce dynamic insulation

devices ("Beadwall", nighttime closures, blinds,

interior insulating roll-up

shades)

21.

NATURAL VENTILATION

21a. Operable windows

21b. Ventilation through

window frame

9876543210 [43]

9876543210 [44]

9876543210 [45]

9876543210 [46]

9876543210 [47]

9876543210 [48]

22. COUNTERACT UNCOMFORTABLE MEAN

RADIANT TEMPERATURE (near window)

22a. Increase thermal storage

capacity in edge zones (mass

floor, panel or ceiling tiles

with phase-change core)

22b. Radiant floor or radiant

ceiling

23. WINDOWS AS COMPREHENSIVE

ENVIRONMENT MODIFIERS

23a. Reversible window with blinds

on one side

23b. Multi-layer mechanized window

23c. Automatic sensors and controls

with manual overrides

9876543210 [49]

9876543210 [50]

9876543210 [51]

9876543210 [52]

9876543210 [53]

A- 38
INNOVATION

IT IS OF THE

GREATEST

IMPORTANCE

IT IS

OF MINOR

IMPORTANCE

ABOUT ROOFS AND ROOFING

24. IMPROVED PREFABRICATED INSULATING

DECKS

25. CONTINUOUS ELASTIC ROOFING MEMBRANE

25a. Singly-ply continiuous

membranes

26. REDUCTION OF THERMAL SHOCK ON

ROOF MEMBRANE

26a. Through earth covering

and planting

27. UTILIZE ROOF AS ENERGY PLANT

27a. Self-tracking solar

concentrators

27b. Wind generators, etc.

28. REDUCED SOLAR LOAD ON ROOF

28a. High parapets; roof-mounted

shading devices

29. OTHER ADDED INNOVATIONS

29a.

29b.

29c.

29d.

29e.

29f.

29g.

29h.

29 i

. 29j.

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

9 8

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

7 6

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

[ 54 ]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[ 66 ] [67]

[ 68 ] [69]

A- 39
4. What are the benefits ? For up to ten (10) innovations you rated as most important, tell us what you think the major benefits would be of using them in

office buildings. Since 6SA is a major office builder, describe any

benefits you see accruing to a volume builder as well. Please list

innovation by the numbers which identify them... for example, 3c refers

to "thermographic cameras".

CARDS

4,5,6

INNOVATION MAJOR BENEFITS
INNOVATION MAJOR BENEFITS

A-Al
5. For those innovations whose benefits you just described, what are the major

constraints on those innovations? There are some innovations which would

be more beneficial and/or would happen earlier if a major constraint was removed. Tell us which innovations these are and for each, what its

constraints are. Please list each innovation by the number which identifies it... for example, 3c refers to “thermographic cameras."

CARDS

7,8,9

INNOVATION MAJOR CONSTRAINTS

A-42
APPENDIX B Basic Data

B-l
Table

Al.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Structural

Innovations 8 i I i

»« if «• •• i •• ••

M •• •• •• i M IIM 1IIM •• I••1** ••

H ••

I'

•• •*

V

*• •• *• i i*

** ” r 1 « — 1 11 co iii iii ii 81 11 88 cn 11 11 11 ii 118 i81 Cd M t 1 • 8 i i CD 8 ID 1 8 9 1 1 9 8 8 at i i > CJ 1 1 8 * a i • 8 • 8 8 I a 1 m i 8 * i 1 w o* i i pH 8 8^ 8 t CM 8 CM i 8 rH 1 *3 8 rH i 8 CM i 1 Z —' 111 iii iii iii iii iii iii iii 111 iii iii iii iii iii 11 05 Z if) ~ 1 1111 iiii iiii •818 © iii1 CM 8888 iii1 o 1111 m 1811 iiii ID iiii iiii 8888 Cd < 9> EH 1 i © 8 i i • 8 • 8 © 8 9 1 9 i • i • 1 r* i 8 Eh a 9> O 1 • i • 8 * 8 i in 8 rn 8 * 8 © ! at i in 8 m 8 9 i 8 «£ Eh <h a, 1 in I CO i r* i i CM 8 rH 1 © 8 CM 1 rH 1 pH i rH 8 &n i i 4 — i11 iii iii iii iii iii iii iii 111 181 iii iii iii iii 111 m ^ i iiii 8888 co iiii 1iii rH iiii m iiil ve 8888 <n 1111 \& iiii © iiii m i888 iiii iiii X 9. Eh | i fi • i © i o 6 * 1 9 1 9 i 9 i • 8 © 1 © 8 SH51U 1 • i • 8 O i • 8 «H 1 © 8 © 1 <*5? 1 i © i CM 8 9 1 9 8 *-H 0. 1 CN 8 m 8 «H i m i rH t rH 8 CM 8 *H 1 rH i CO i eH 8 © 1 CM i 11 iii iii iii iii iii iii iii 111 iii iii iii iii iii 111 © —» 1 CM iiii r* 8818 iiii iiii © 1iiI r- iiit CO iiil r* 1111 rH iiii iiii in 8188 O i•i1 9) iiii |hw h i • i • i r* i © i • 1 9 8 • 8 • 1 • i i • | • | • i as«u i © i m i • i • i © 8 CO 8 ( © 1 i • i 8 © i r* i -I Oh 1 rH ! CM » r* i m i co 1 CM 8 #H 8 CM 1 rH • i co 8 CM 8 rH 8 1 11 ii ii 88 11 ii ii 11 81 88 88 18 ii 1 •• •• • • •• ••1 1••1 81 ii •• M ii ii ii ii 8••i

•• •• M •« ii 899 99 1 88 i•• •• •• i i•«i 1 m —* i CM 11 18 ii m ii rH ii 18 ID 18 ^ ii CM ii at 11 ID 88 O 88 at ii » CD EH 1 • I 8 * i • i • 8 O) 1 9 t * i • i • 1 • I • I 9 i ea w u i © 1 • 8 in i CM i rH | • fi © i rH f CM 1 r* 1 m 8 © 8 P- i r-H Oh 1 rH l in 8 rH i rH 6 rH 8 r*> 8 CM 8 rH i rH i rH 1 rH 8 CM i H i 11 111 iii iii iii iii iii iii iii iii 111 iii iii iii *W 1 1 i t i t i i i 1 1 i i i U J 1 1 i i i i 8 i i i 1 i i i X J S3 1 8 8 i i i i i i i 1 i i i Q CQ < 1 I o » co i in 1 H* 1 rH 1 1 CO i r* i © 8 © t at 8 in i < < O Eh I • i • 8 * i • i • | • 8 • | • i • i • i • S 9 i * i M J Z U I o> 8 o 8 rH 1 i Ot 8 CM 8 CM 8 i rH i CM 8 © 8 CM 8 rH t Z H Cd Oh 1 m i 8 m i r* i rH 8 ^ 1 CO 1 rH i CO 8 rH i rH 8 M1 8 © i J < Oh — 1 i i i i i i i 1 1 i i i i < > Cd f i 1 8 i i i i 1 i 1 i i i < a i i i i 8 i i i i i i i i i 11 P ii 18 88 1 0) i o> 8 i i O' © 0* i •P t 1 i CO O' rH B 8 A3 8 o> 1 jj i e> •H IS i rH i c 1 A 1 z P ns P i Oh i iH i O' 8 M -P » »P 8 I -3 1 •H i Q 3 i X) 1 rH 8 41 1 o P TJ i 01 i •H 8 A i M to i HO i 3 i 1 O to Oh i CQ rH 8 .Q i X t m C CO jCJ « 8 cn o i i c A i O CQ to A 1 c IP 8 01 8 >i i Cd *H 3 CQ 1 •H i z rH 8 0) 13 i CO •P P to 8 1 T3 P i o X) 1 P 0) 1 H CO -U •P 13 1 Eh rH o 1 M as 8 (Q o P

1! 05 c <0 **H CQ 8 M •H I co •p 1 C .P 3 8 X •H 8 rH B to 1 3 TS 8 (d CQ 8 g CQ 3 1 o 9 c Oh <0 p 8 *H XI to 4J 8 a i 3 -o 1 HH B » P 3 i CQ to > p i >H 8 rH .P 3 8 a O O rH >< •P 8 M M .P P o 8 EH rH c 1 z o IP P i O 'D oi Oh o 1 X S3 4H 3 a 1 z rH o 1 o u o O' i z 8 <u 3 1 Cd rH <0 O A 1 < <0 •rH 1 M CQ

11

M CO 0) •P

pp 1 J 3 jC 3 1 Eh o .P i to

H 8 a i CQ -H CQ o 4-» 1 Oh CQ XI CO >i to i o 1 (d o rH i co 3 Eh m 1 <0 3 rH i M s 3 i a XI 01 rH i CO P 8 P •o 1 <-3 B .P p rH (0 i to <0 o 8 XI «

Cd jj o 0!

u 1 «S <0 o S3 « i w c 01 1 o 03 S3 » Z 1 Z 8 •H c <8 1 u p > tH O i s >H p 8 M a a O 1 Gu 0) (0 P *H rH 4 M MH 0 P -H OJ » H3 CO 1 s S3 H P M f Oh G co 03 rH 3 1 fc « rH 01 •P rH i a O G cn 1 CO X3 s <s Eh t w CO 3 4J u .a 1 05 v> rH .P P rH i z P P <8 8 M CO •H 03 < a Eh u p H c 3 ( Cd 01 o H Cl S3 i M Q» O P 1 Cd 1 pH A > t CO Dh 4J U M V i X n U ^ * i X < <u o 1 CO X u CO § ! a i o •o 1 a JQ o o 1 a XI 8 a JQ u

SB

A rH rH rH rH rH 1 CM CM CM CM CM i CO CO CO 8 <«•

M 1 I i i

B-2
Table

Al.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Structural

Innovations

(Cont. 111 X 1 1111 O 1111 iIII lII1 CO iiii iiii IIil 1111 CM 1111 U H 1 <0 VO 1 vo I ^ l • t in os i i © 1 • 1 > EJ t • • 1 o 1 • i • I © • • • i j • 1 CO 1 Ed Q, 1 (N m 1 CM 1 CM i m 1 pH i CM CM i 1 CM 1 1-1 1 Z — 111 111 111 Iii iii iii IIi iii 111 111 111 a; z m i 1111 o 1111 OS iiIl © 111I os iiii o iiii iiii 1111 © 111 Ed < ai E-> i <y> co CO 1 • 1 • I • 1 • i • OS i 1 © © 1 • l H X <7> U 1 • • • i in 1 1 o I r* i © • i j • • 1 m 1 < 6-* ph o- i CO m 1 CM 1 pH 1 pH 1 pH i pH CM i 1 CM in 1 pH \ J — Il ll 11 11 11 ii ii ii 11 11 il il 11 ii i1 ii iI ii 11 11 l m ^ i p* ll o 11 CO 11 CM 1I CO Iii CO ii 11 11 11 1 O' • CO 1 • | • 1 • i m • 1 pH | • m 1 • 1 cn cr> u i • VO • 1 o 1 © 1 © 1 © i • | • 1 Os • 1 © 1 rH a. i r» rH in 1 CM 1 pH 1 pH 1 PH i CM pH 1 © 1 pH CM 1 pH 1 11 I11 111 iii iii iii iii iii 111 111 111 O 1 CM pH 1111 m 1II1 CM 1111 1111 CM iiii O o 1111 iii1 i-H © 1111 in 1111 iHSlt* 1 * • • i • 1 a | a i • • 1 pH | • • 1 • 1 co os u I co pH CO 1 CM 1 © 1 CM 1 © » o © j • 1 pH © 1 © 1 ^ a, i r-i pH CM 1 CM 1 CM 1 CO 1 CM i CO CM 1 © 1 pH pH 1 pH 1 ll 111 111 I11 iii iii iii iii 111 111 1l1 in — i h pH 00 1111 O 1111 © iii1 CN iii1 O' iiii o pH iiii iii1 O' 1111 CO 1111 XO H 1 • • • | • 1 • | • 1 • i • • 1 ^ | • © 1 • 1 OOlU 1 rt rH m 1 o 1 CM 1 © 1 r* i o r* | • 1 CO • 1 © 1 H Oi 1 M pH pH » pH 1 pH 1 pH 1 pH i pH pH i m 1 pH in 1 CM 1 1 11 11 ii ii ii ii 11 11 11 1 *U I i 1 i i I Ii t 1 1 Ed J | i » i i i i 1 1 1 >H J Cp 1 i 1 i i i i 1 1 1 Q & <— i CM O 1 1 CM 1 OS 1 ^ i o OS i ^ 1 © in 1 © 1 <<QH i • • • 1 m l • | • | • i • • i • | • • 1 • 1 u J z u i f~ o i • 1 © 1 © 1 m i m CM i © t © 1 m 1 KhUA 1 >» in 1 CM 1 CM 1 pH 1 pH i i r* i in 1 pH 1 j < a, — i i 1 i i i i i 1 1 < > U 1 i 1 i i • i i 1 1 < a i i 1 i i i i i 1 1 ii i > 11 ii 1 O -H 1 i 1 u TJ 1 i lM i a.a 1 • o i a o 1 i •pH 1 <0 CQ CQ 1 i u o 1 1 i 4J 1 41 U o y 1 i * 4J | IM -pH c 1 i A c •o i s e o 1 ’U i 4J CQ •pH <D 1 (A CQ 4-> 4J •H 1 y i O' u X) 1 C -H •pH 0) 4J » 4J i c y pH C 1 01 01 3 CQ CQ « 1 pH i y N 4) o 1 CQ c V 'O 1 pH o i U •pH V A •H 4J a c 1 o O' A i 4J pH 4J 1 CQ U 4J 3 <9 3 1 U c i H CQ •H CQ O' 1 O' o c u 0 l 4J •H 4J i z i y A 1 w c 1 TJ o c VM <4H 1 U c a 0 i Ed A 4J 0 l as •k •pH 1 pH CQ y o 1 z o a i X o' y 4J 1 3 U T3 1 A C **H xj O' 1 w y 0 c i a •H U CQ c A 1 Eh o v CQ 1 O pH 4J y c i a -O o i o A y o 4J 1 U •pH u 1 01 -H 0 <0 y •H 1 5 O' H i j c y •pH U 1 3 U f—i 4/ i O' a y Ul « XJ i < c y U i Ed •> o y 4J 0 1 as 4) U 3 1 W c **H <0 U •H 1 Q •pH •H y i > w u 0 0 4) 1 Eh 4J 1 i 0 0* 4J a pH 1 a 4J •H CQ i Ed A EQ pH T3 1 W K 4) 4; 1 <-» S U 0) CQ 1 J a CQ u c i Q U"o Z a H T3 o XJ e 1 *H 01 CQ y 1 5 0 0 VU o i *p« 41 o pH 4) 1 u «3 1 EXi'O > •H y i a -o pH •pH i J y y HH c o O 1 Eh 4/ pH 4» 1 H y U pH i => y O' U i < > -> Eh •H CQ u 1 PH 4-» a^j Z 1 Oltl V •H 4J A 1 6* y i c y i M 1 o < i c o 1 C/3 4J 4 O 1 >*J U s c •pH 1 V > o •H « i as 4J VM a •o o MM 1 o u 4> pH M m i a 3 CQ y N 1 3 H y a c i Ed A C z y y c i a U a 4; u

fr< 1 W -H 03 •H

y

y 1 05 4J CO

a c i Eh CT'-pH 3 H

y •H i ac c c 4> c <10 1-1 c y y pH I H y •H 0 o i < —i y o •H U y 1 o o M 4M o > 1 ft* Q* W 03 Ed b 1 CQ < > Q U • X A U a X a as ! V u Mm EQ u Z 1 -o 0) VH O' 1 a A y i 0 «3 A o z i •* 1 m m m in i © r* 1 © © © M 1 •

B-3
Table

Al.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Structural

Innovations

(Cont. 111 x —» i 1111 iiii o i i i i i i i i iiii 1I11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tiii i i i i i i i i 1111 U Eh 1 1 1 • 1 CO I i 1 VO 1 VO 1 vo 1 ^ I m i 1 > U 1 1 • | o 1 • I i | • I s a • | • j 1 w 0. 1 1 P" 1 rH l in i l 1 CN 1 CN 1 CN i m 1 CN i 1 Z — 11 11 ii i i i i ii ii i i i i ii i i i i aa 1 11 i1 i i i i ii i1 i i 1 i ii i i 1 1 ai 1 a i 11 ii in a i 1 CN 1 li 11 i i i i CO i1 9v 1 1 1 O 1 ii M < O' EH 1 1 P" 1 • i • j j • I rH 1 vo 1 * a *}• Eh X Oi (J 1 1 • | CN 1 co I o t CN | • 1 * 1 VO I m 1 O i i • < Eh pH X 1 1 r* l r4 1 rH | 1 CN t m 1 CN 1 CN i ^ 1 iH 1 a in a — ii 11 ii i i i i 11 ii i i i i il 1 1 1 1 aa »i 1i ii i i i i i1 Il i i i i ti 1 1 1 1 ai i m i 1i l GO 1 O 1 1 1 GO 1 rH 11 Ch ii 1 1 l in i rH l1 GO 1 1 1 O 1 ia X O' Eh 1 v© i • • | • l r* | • i • 1 H x o' u i CM 1 o l in i CO 1 CN 1 O 1 rH 1 o i in i • | • -h x i CN | rH | rH 1 rH | CN 1 CN i r* 1 *H I CN 1 rH 1 rH | r* a co 11 ii 1 1 1 1 11 ii i i i i ii i i i i ii 1i 11 i1 i i i i ii li i i i i i1 i i 1 i ia 1 O ^ 1 11 11 m 1 1 1 CO I N1 11 VO lI ^ 1 1 1 00 1 II 9v 1 1 1 O 1 9i ia vo X O' Eh 1 VO I rH | • 1 • j • 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 * 1 • i • O O' U 1 • 1 • | CN i VO 1 m i 03 » in I m i CO 1 GO i m : 1 rH rH Cl* | CN I m i CN 1 CN 1 rH 1 CN 1 rH 1 rH | CN 1 rH 1 rH | rH 1 CN ii 111 iii i i i i i i iit 111 i i i i i i iii i i i t i i iii I11 m ^ i 1111 iiI co i O i i i i i i 1 X 1 1111 1111 i i i i i i i i 111l m i i i i i i i i iiii X ® Eh 1 rH 1 • 1 * 1 rH 1 VO 1 vo i 9V 1 9l 1 • 1 O 1 rH a ^ X O' U 1 • | CN | o i m i • 1 • 1 • | • | • l co i * i • i • pH X 1 m i rH | rH 1 rH | m 1 CD 1 CN 1 P* 1 1 rH I m i m i m 1 Ii ii i i i i 11 11 i i i i ii i i i i •• -U 1 Ii 11 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 11 a i i a ii U J 1 i l i i i 1 i i 1 i i i X J X 1 i i i i i i i i i • i i Q X < -' 1 r* i GO 1 O i r- i 1 rH i r* 1 m i «*• i a m i CN a m < <, Q Eh 1 • j • | • i * l • i • i • i * i t 1 ^ I * i • a • U J Z U 1 9> I CO 1 m 1 CO | CO I r* 1 vo 1 O 1 GO { • 1 CN i 9V a 9i X H 63 ft 1 GO 1 in i CO 1 CN 1 1 rH 1 vo 1 vo 1 rH 1 in I m a vo a m J < X -H 1 i i i i i 1 i i i i i i < > W 1 i l 1 1 i 1 i i i i i i < Q 1 i i i i i 1 i i i i i » 1 i CO i1 1 i CO 1 1 i V 1 1 i rH 1 CO a i c a u i a i **H a o> a 4J i <0 i jQ i i) i 4J a IS i U i 03 i QJ a o i i e i c i U a i o i O a rH i u i a *0 a i rH i u a o i 0) a 3 a 4) i <y a 4J a o i 4J a u a u i CO a 3 i o i i u i «u i X 4J a z 44 i s i CO (0 a o CO a •»H i PH s a PH i 0) c i z u i EH *u i u O i PH a o (D i •H i X 'O i u rH a •O 4J i 01 a Eh O a c u i X •H a 5 o a <0 3 i o rH a X u z i U i PH o i X o i pH U i X M rH i u M a v a i U U 4> i u V

Eha

a c i Eh

G 0>aX 44 < i v o i X O 44 i PH (0 > a x u 1 ii u1 u1 CO ai X X

V_J z ia 1u 1i 1 1<0 •i 1 110 z i GO i 9i 91 i o o

PH

a i i pH rH

aa

O'cxI .ao woz

PH9

B-4

luc
Table

Al.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Structural

Innovations

(Cont. 1 1 1 1 i i t i i 1 11 I1 ii 111 ii ii iii 111 ii i1 U E- i i 1 1 VO 1 ^ i 1 vO 1 SO 1 i > u 1 1 1 | 0 i i 0 l 0 i U Cu 1 1 i 1 CN 1 CN i i CN 1 CN 1 CN 1 Z ~ 111 iii iii iii iii iii iii iii iii iii K 2U1^ 1111 ro 1111 1111 co iii1 so iiii 1ii1 111i 111I co iiii iiii U < £7l E-i 1 • 1 | • 1 • i i m 1 0 1 0 1 CO i HI9>U 1 o 1 • 1 o 1 CN i i a t CO 1 o 1 0 i < f a. 1 pH 1 m 1 pH 1 pH 1 1 CN 1 CN 1 PH i r* t J — 111 111 111 iii iii iii iit iii iii iii

in ^ 1111 GO 1111 1111 co 1111 co iiii iiii iiii 11II Ill1 so iiii >< <* h 1 • i 1 • 1 0 i i 1 0 | 0 1 0 i 03 <* U 1 CN i • 1 o 1 o 1 i i CO l m 1 ^ i ph a. 1 pH 1 in \ pH 1 PH 1 i i pH 1 pH 1 PH 1 'w' 11 11 11 11 ii ii ii ii 11 ii i1 1i i1 11 ii ii ii i1 11 11 o — 11 pH 11 in i1 I1 CO 11 I1 o ii CN Ii co 1I in 1i 1 • i • i r* 1 • 1 OS 1 0 1 0 l 0 i o«u 1 ro 1 ro 1 CN | • I m i 1 o 1 9\ 1 ph a* I CN i pH I 1 pH 1 1 pH i CO I co 1 pH 1 111 iii iii iii tii «ii 111 iii iii iii

in 1111 111I CD iiIi 11i1 CO 1111 i1l1 o iiii CN iii1 9i 1111 CN »iii X CO Eh 1 VO i • i r- 1 1 1 0^ | 0 i 0 j 0 j 0 1 ffi as U 1 • * © } • 1 CN 1 o i CO I r* 1 CN 1 pH Oi i CM 1 pH I r* 1 pH 1 ^ 1 pH i pH 1 pH 1 pH 1 w 11 11 ii 11 ii 1 I1 11 11 ii

tt ,, it i i I i 1 i i i 1 1 1 1 I i i 1 i i 1 1 U J 1 i i i i i i i 1 1 x j a 1 1 • i i i i 1 i 1 Q CQ < -» 1 m i OV 1 pH 1 r* 1 co i m 1 1 pH l os i < < Q 6h 1 • t • I • | t l 0 1 VO | 0 | 0 i a J z u i pH I 1 1 co 1 1 CN i 0 1 CO I r-> 1 03 p-h u 0. i in i VO I vo l 1 CO l r* i CN 1 CN 1 ^ i J < a. >— 1 i l i 1 i i 1 i 1 < > u 1 1 i i 1 I I i i i < Q i i i i 1 i 1 i i 1 11 11 iii z 01 111 1 o 4J 1 1 M l 03 1 i &H 03 U i 1 < u CQ u 1 » s a jj CQ s c 1 I HH 1 c 4J 0 0 1 1 -3 T3 03 c o *H 1 i < 01 a 03 4J 1 1 M 4J 03 £ u u i I os S3 -H 03 CQ CQ 3 1 1 6-1 U 01 pH £ S3 u 1 1 C/3 -H 41 01 CQ y 4J 1 1 © U pH 4J 03 01 CQ 1 i a & «0 03 03 pH U 03 c 1 1 z e u 'O >H 3 a £ o CQ 1 1 M 44 3 18 CQ T3 \ 0) u 03 1 1 4> .u U 0 CT» pH 4J U 1 i z u y CQ 'O £ c 03 a TJ 3 1 i o a s 44 03 H 01 >, 01 U i I M U N 0> c 4J CQ 'O U 1 i E* 0) 4J 0) *H u o CQ H 3 1 i < pH CQ pH pH (Q H pH »3 u 1 i u (0 CQ a a S3 03 S3 1 .U 1 i M C3 'O o •H CQ c -u u CQ u CQ 1 1 X a oi CQ U 01 •H 3 u 01 1 z i CQ JS 4J A 4J CQ .*J **H .U O 1 o 1 < 4> CQ 01 CQ « 0 u 4J 3 1 M 1 Ch 0"l *H o> 3 44 4J as o a U 1 fcH i u H C W -c 01 CQ a u 43 £ 43 1 < 1 OS « *H a c U o 0 44 O O c 1 > 1 0. J 04 j M 0

Oh

u

a OS

u bn 1 z i <0 43 u "O 03 44 O' A •H 1 z i 1 W i pH pH pH pH pH H pH pH pH pH 1

B-5
Table

A2.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Structural

Innovations » u o o £ Eh

OSo

fa 8 11 CM •H 8

11 •i CM CM CM

H 1 CO 00 CO Ot 1 CO CO e • 8 ON i • • o © y i a • • • 1 • • CM 8 • • i CM CM CM

r* o» £ 1 ON

t-H rH 3 © • o 8 CM <5? CM i8 CM VO 8 ON • • CM 8 • CM 8 H rH 1 .. .. .. .. 8 VO 8 • 69

CO 8 ® e 881

CMH ON 8i8 ON 00 C©

<5C 0 • • • 8 ON ON t1 o CM © 1 • » in i CM CM CM iI CM H CM ii CM VO i • 00 • VO 1 CM • Il H ON rH ll CM 8 • • 69 r* 1 CM • 1 CM H ON 81 • •• •• 1 W | CO ON ON

<J CO 1 • • • Eh Z 1 t"* W < 1 Cd Eh 1 • • •• H •• •• •• •• Eh OS 1 < O — 1 CM W fa Eh t • CO ON « £ © v i CM • • O M 0* 1 rH ON

•• •• •© .. .. 8 CM 8 V© 8 i © © OS • 8 ^ • > ON l • e • CM 8 • I o • • 8 ON ON On H 8 CM rH t CM CM

.. .. . •• ••

m

r<>

c&

on

co

r*

CM

CM

v© ^ • © rH CM

CM

CM

VO• CO

rH r*

00

ON 8 rH | in in l VO i VO

© 11 CM rH • i • CO • • | • • 1 • • r* 8 ON • ON 1 CM i CM

rH | H rH rH | rH CM 8 rH rH 11 vo l8 rH

••M 1t

*•M *• •*

in

CO | © • CO ON f • ON 1 CO • • 1 • • * 1 • l • ON r* I ON H i rH «=<* l rH i CO 1 O Ii in t1

•• **M •• •• •• rH • i o» • CO sp i • • 1 • VO 1 • CM • • j rH ON 1 • mp I8 CM ON CM 11 CO rH 11 CM rH 1 08 i 41 1 1 1 ON CQ a» i 44 1 1 8 co ON rH e i « 1 O' 1 8 u **H rH IQ i •H 1 c 1 1 z U <0 u i a i hH 1 8 M -P * 44 i i 13 1 8 a 3 i O 1 rH 1 1 j o U •o i 41 1 •H 1 8 M (0 41 i -O 1 3 1 8 s •fa 4) a i CO rH | 43 1 1 CQ C to 10 i ON O 1 1 8 8 O CO CO 43 i c 44 1 41 1 >1 1 M •H 3 CO i •H 1 Z rH 1 08 8 CO 4-> U 08 1 1 X IH 1 C3 43 1 U 1 H <0 4J 4J "D 1 Eh rH O 1 M « 1 ffl O 8 « c •H CO 1 M •H 1 co 44 1 3 A 8 S3 *H 8 rH S 08 1 >J 3 13 1 u a 1 a CQ 8 15 A G cu a U 1 M A 41 44 1 Q 1 3 8 M a * IH 3 1 X (0 > u | X 1 rH 4-8 1 X o o rH X hU 1 1-4 u 4J u O 1 Eh rH c 1 z o HH 1 O T5 08 a O 1 X <9 4H 3 a i Z rH o 1 (5 o O 1 z 1 08 3 1 M rH <0 o a i 2 a **H 1 M 03 8 M co a> 4J M M 1 >J 3 X3 3 1 Eh o 44 1 CO M • 8 (0 *H to O 4i 1 fa u jQ CO >il 1 co hH U 1 M o 8 CO 3 IH CO 1 « 3 r4 1 M § 3 1 Q £ 08 1 CO U 8 u T3 1 X i

4Ju r4 00 1 CO <3

O 1 4J 1 H O 41 u 1 H s o a <o i c 41 1 U V <0 Z 8 z 8 •H C 19 i 0 14 * •H O 1 S X 44 1 M a c O 1 fa 08 CO M hH H 1 M 44 O 14 hH CQ 1 13 04 1 £ a •H M 1 fa | a 08 rH 3 1 & a rH 08 44 rH 1 Q o a O' 1 CO 43 B

fin t M 3 3 4J

O £) 1 K O' rH 4J

U rH 1 z 44 14 « 1 M 04 •H < 8 Eh M tH M c 3 1 U V O M 4) a i M 41 O 44 1 w 1 rH > 8 W1 fc. +8 Ui M V 1 >1 I X1 B U > > i X1 < 44 | Q• 1 CO 1 1 X WI Z 1

II l<0 i -Q 1u TJ t 1 1 1<9 JQ iu 'O 1 1 3 1 A 1 1 1<9 1 jQ Z 1 rH rH rH rH rH 1 CM CM CM CM ©4 1 CO CO CO 1 H»

CM• 00 CM ® rH ON

VO rH • •

COrco

CM

00ON

B-6

4c-Sbear

walls

graduated

by

height :

9.8:

24.4 i

17.1 :

17.1 :

12.2 :

4.9
Table

A2.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Structural

Innovations

(Cont. o u z z < H < X H

06O

CUuU 00

H Z

0} < U Eh

Eh « 5 2

06

X i O M 11 Il 1 9l ov CO GO 1 a GO co as 9i 9» I *p u | • • • • » • • • • • i • cu 1 ^ r* CP 1 «9 a\ r- **? ^P •9 i CM 1 I 1 I

GO »1 as 9 co Ii as • s • • • » i • os 1 9 CM CM I i (

•• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• .. .. .. ••

H •• •• »* .. .. .. i

•* *• *• 11 <9 9 <«P M1 9v Il as • • i • • • • 0 • • i • • CN CM 11 CN CM CM CM CM CM H* Ii CM "9

CN 11 Ii CM 1 m as • 1 co GO CO OS I • | • • • CM 1 • • • • • i • CM i r- CM rH 11 r* 91 CN ii CM •H I1 in CM Il CO GO 1 • 9 GO 9i • 00 CO i 00 00 • • • 1 as • • • CN • • i • • CN ov 1 rl CM 9> rH 91 as i as as l •• •• •• •• .. •• •« •• •• »« •• •• •• •• •• .. •• *• •• •• •• •• M •• •• — — .. 

— — —

—

— o in 1 VO O o i CO 1 9v 00 • • 1 GO • • 9» CO GO • i 00 • 1 • • CM as 1 • 9 CM • • • CN i • vo 1 <9 91 CM H 11 Os r4 CM o\ CM »I as CN 1 VO VO CM 11 O vo CM CN lI »H l • CO • • 1 CO • CO CO • • • i CO • 1 *9 • ^P CM 1 • CN • • 4P CM CM i • r- I ri rH i-4 1» CM H r4 rH ii 91 »H i in GO CM »1 o m ^4 ll GO rH i • • • CO 1 CO GO • CO • • • i • • 1 9V vo CN • 1 • e CM • as » VO r* 1 H CM H as 11 Os CM CM rH H II CN rH 1 CN vo rH 11 in CO VO CN ll in | • • • CO 1 • GO 00 • • • • I • as 1 CN <9 r^* • 1 os • • 91 ** CM i as • 1 H p4 r4 11

r-4 91 91 CM ^4 CN rH il rH ^p ( VO co VO 11 rH rH CM 9» VO CN lI in

Eh | • • • CO 1 • • • • 00 • • I • U 1 VO as 9 • 1 r- F- CN CO • CM i as

06 1 CO CN rH 1 r4 f-4 (-4 <*P 9» rH rH i rH ' 1 I 1 1 > 1l li 1 O ~H 1 I 1 h 'O 1 i U 1 CU.Q 1 I o i a s 1 i H 1 <S CQ 03 1 i U o U J* 1 i (1) 44 1 01 o o u » i 44 I U *H 03 c i jC i c 'U 1 3 E >1.0 o 1 'O 44 03 i -H <D t (0 (0 44 44 •H 1 41 O' U i 'O 1 C -H *H 4) 4J 1 44 c a> i *H c 1 0) 0) 3 03 03 m 1 r4 a> N i o 1 CO c a> T3 1 o u •H i 4) A 1

«*• •H 4J s c 1 o O' 44 r4 i 44 1] CO u 44 03 <s 3 1 U c < & CO •H i CO CP 1 O' o C U O 1 44 *» 1 z 1 41 A 1 M c 1 TJ o c u-i vw 1 o c a £9 1 u A 4J «J i as * •H I rH CO o o 1 z o E 1 X O' 41 44 1 z> Wl •a 1 XI c •H -a CP 1 w o (8 c 1 cu **4 M CO c •C 1 H O *3 U3 1 o •H 44 c 1 CU T3 o 1 Q J= u o 4J 1 U -H C u i a> *h a m u *H 1 X O' •H i 2 c a» -H U 1 3 U rH 1 CP CO O u 0 T3 1 < c u 44 1 u - o o 44 «3 i as 41 o X 1 u C •»H a H •H i a •H •H u 1 > *J u a «3 41 1 fH 44 i a v jj CU o c4 i CU 44 03 1 u J= 1 W rH 'a 1 C/3 M a* a/ 1 HH g u 0) Q i j E CO u C i a 0>T3 1 z a H T3 1 41 aJ E 1 *H 4> m o > 3 a « <44 O hH 41 1 o i rH a> 1 u c 1 Sh-O > •H a* i 3 o r4 •*4 1 X V O 1 M c o o 1 Eh a; •H 4> 1 u u M r4 1 Ol 44 0>4J i < ^ u. 1 Fh •H 03 U 1 »H 44 CU z 1 0) V a> *h o 1 Eh 41 1 c u 1 M 1 o 1 < 1 c o 1 C/3 0/ o o 1 > u> 6i S e *H 1 U > O •H 0) i a 44 144 -a o V44 l o u 0/ *H U W 1 <0 3 63 41 X 1 3 •H O Qa C 1 w J= C 1 Z 41 o c 1 cu o E 4> O

Eh 1 U *H CO *H

O o i as 44 CO S C 1 (H av-H 1 3 M 0)

H 1 X c «J 4)

C < 1 O I- c & U r4 1 Eh o « o 1 ^ •W 41 1 O *H U 41 l o o w u O > i tu a w a U Cu 1 w < > a o 1 X 3 u 1 Cu X cu cc 1 u u W4 C/3 O Z 1 -o a> 44 O' 1 <6 n o a a A u 1 *3 13 z 1 <9 <9 <9 <9 l m in in m 1 VO VO I r- r- 1 CD 00 GO M 1 1

B-7
Table

A2.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Structural

Innovations

(Cont. o u 55 °' 2uU 00

Eh z

CA < U Eh

Eh

K 3 2 a s i e> ih

(PCT) ii!111

ON• ittii

26.8 iiiiii

<0a CN

X• 9i

2.4 2.4 iiiiii4.9 ON• iiiiii • CN

<**« CN 1l 11 ii CN ii ii ii 1 1 i « 63 i ON Ol at i ON On i HP 1 1 8 CN 0 8 0 • • • 1 • • • i 9 i1 11 ii rH On 88 CN ii CN ii CN 11 11 16 rH i1 CN 88 ii i 1 ro i co • 1 *C • CO i HP ro HP i 1 8 • i c r* 8 • CN • • i • • o i i1 11 r- 11 rH 18 CN rH CN ii CN CN 88 l1 81 ii rH 81 1i 18 l Ch 1 ON e • ao 1 *c e en CO i CO On 8 H? O 6 • 1 • i r*> • 1 • • • i • 0 • 8 • 0 81 h? 11 HP ii rH ON 11 CN CN r- r* !1 CN ON 18 CN H? 16 11 VO ii rH 18 88 ii i h? 1 • i • 00 8 CO Ov 00 CO 8 ON CO o* 8 On 00 l • 1 Hp j r* • 8 • • • • 1 • c • i O • 1 CN i rH 8 rH On 1 r* Ol 8 HP 1 ON - - •• •• •• *« •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• .. .. .. .. .. •• • • M •• ~ 1 1 1 VC 1 CN © CN rH 1 rH VO o 1 CN m i 1 00 1 • co i • • • • 1 a • • 1 • • 1 i « i • i CN CN CN i r* CN 1 CN o» l1 11 ON ii rH 11 rH CN rH rH 81 rH rH CN 11 •H rH 11 «H 11 m ii 18 VO VO VC ii rH CN VO 11 VO i • 1 • i GO CO i • 00 • • i • • • 1 • 1 P^ i ON 1 • • i • <• i r- CN Hp 1 <** • 1l rH 11 rH 11 ON ii rH ON rH rH ii rH rH rH 11 rH ON 11 ii m ii CN 18 O CN m 11 VO O 11 H? 1 o\ i • l « ON i • 00 e • 1 00 • • 1 0 » 1 • 1 ON i CN * i CN • CN ON i • HP CN 1 H? H? ii Hp 11 H ii rH N1 11 CN ON rH rH ii Ol rH CN 11 CN CN 11 00 11 8l 11 rH in VC 11 11 CN CN 1 • i CO 1 o. i r o • i CD HP CO 1 • « 1 VO l • i e • 8 r- ON i • • • 1 CN CN 18 CN 11 r* 1l CN ii r^ CN rH rH 88 On CN 81 rH rH 1 ON 11 CN 18 1 V£ 18 CC O m ii CO VO

Eh 1 • i • l ON On 8 • a CC i • • • i • • LI 1 CO 1 CN 1 • • 1 o • • 1 VD CN ON 1 VO HP

fa 1 HP 1 rH 1 Hp 8 rH CN On ON i CN CN rH i CN rH 1 1 1 8 * 8 111 111 CQ iii 888 a 111 iii l 1 CQ 1 8 u 1 8 \ 1 O 1 I 4 8 i 1 I rH i cc i fa i 8 1 1 c l u 1 cc 1 1 1 HI 1 •H i at 1 8 i 1 4J \ i £ i u i Q 8 l 4> i 4J » e 1 4 1 w 8 l u 1 CO t a> 1 rH a> 1 CO i 1 o i 1 £ i 3 u 1 < i 1 c i U * 1 'C 3 1 w i 1 o 1 o t rH 6 o 4J 1 fa 8 I u 1 8 «3 8 a o 1 u 6 CD 1 1 rH i u 1 W 3 1 z i 44 1 'D 8 QJ t 3 44 1 o U W) 8 *-H 8 O i 4’ t 4> t 44 c I z o 4J 1 i 3 1 O 1 44 1 U •»H l HH B CO i a a. CQ i at •o 1 U t CO 8 3 <C 1 R c 1 z >i a> 1 CO o t o l 1 U a 1 o rH a a. i < o U I C«3 to t 44 1 X 44 I z 44 8 M •Tv rH rH u 1 rH 3 1 V fa CO 6 c 8 CO CO i o CO C7» 1 3 at X- 2- 1 z rH 44 1 M CQ 4J S •rH 8 H 3 8 M c i a o U) a 4J 1 o <C o t > vw i at e i z M 8 E-t 'C *H i 9 Xi © 4 i M s i k rH tc 8 P O i W t u at 4J 1 u a 3 1 Eh -P IH 1 u « x; i •H i &. TJ i u rH CO i J 4J 3 c U 1 U £ p 1 CO H CD k rQ *J i 01 i £ o *H 1 CO CO o 44 t 3 x ©1 CD 1 XI i C O i a rH i O o CO i < c •H CO i a Eh -h CD 1 M •H U l € 9 8 o rH i fa o 0) 1 H © U (0 i « IH C> © c 1 J 44 o Z t M i W o i fa U © •H c u i fa J » H o 1 ffi CO •rH O t rH 44 i « M rH i U i y a* 4J a> •H 1 M 44 44 •H 1 M M M

»-H

k 0) ta i w P 0) * U

V

© 1 Q 4»*

a CO fa

u t CO Eh J=

a CC 1 X at at Eh l at c 1 H c at i fa 4J M 1 M •rl « bj X

i co CJ O' c 1 U 44 44 < 1 •P o i X O 4J i W <c •H 1 y H rH 9 « 3 -rt rH at 1 ,-3 c X > l W o i u u w i fa X Cm i « s 44 fa (0 fa 1 £ a ij fa Eh 1 fa M u 2 : o i a i <0 XJ i C* i « i3 O i « X) Z 1, CD 8 ON ON i o © o 1 rH ri rH rn rH 8 CN CN CN CN 8 CO CO CO M 8 i i rH rH rH 8 rH rH r« rH 8 rH rH rH rH 1 fH rH rH

B-8
Table

A2.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Structural

Innovations

(Cont. 1 a w — i 11 CM ii O U HI 1 ** • 09 i z z o u i i • • • • e • CM • i M < 04 1 1 CM CM CM CM CN CM rH ON i X H • 1 i 2 ! X 1 111 iii *-H | 1 • i i i CM i 1 • 1 1

.. .. .. .. .. ~ •• •• •• •• •• •• .. .. •• ii 11 11 ON ii (N 1 1 • • • 1 11 11 CM CM 11 11 11 CM ii i 1 00 On on CO <<§> • » CO 1 i • • • • • • CM » 1 1 <71 ** CM CM rH 1 11 1

•• •• •• •• M - •• *• - *• ~ •• ii 11 11 ON CO ON ON **3* ON ii <* 1 i • • • • • • • • i 11 ii CM CM CM 11 11 11 CM CM o ii 1 1 ON 00 00 00 CO • • CO • i m i i • • • • • CM CM • CM i 11 11 ON ON ON rH •H CM 11 ii 11 cm rH CM O no CM m rH ii 1 1 • • • • • • • CO • i i£> 1 1 04 CM CM CM ON • i i i rH rH rH CM •H rH rH rH 1 1 •• i I 11 H rH o l£> in rH CM 1 1 1 • • • • • • • • • 1 i i r* CM *3* ON ** CM 1 l1 11 rH rH CM CM rH rH rH rH rH 11 1l 11 ** HJ* CO rH CO CM rH CO VO ii « l 1 • • • • • • • • • i tj CO 1 i ON On CM On 1 H Z 1 1 CM CM CM rH CM rH rH CM rH i co < i i i U Eh 1 1 H a i i i < O ~ 1 1 O rH <5? rH VO CO V£> i u a, hi i • • • CO • • • • • i KZ»U 1 i CM r* • ON i UM 04 1 i CM CM rH r* CM CO rH CM rH i 1 1i iii 1111 ii1 z 0) 1111 1 l o 44 i 1 1 M i v 1 1 1 H Q) U i 1 1 < u co o I 1 1 N Qt-U CO c c 1 1 1 W 1 C 44 o o 1 1 i j TJ d> c o *H 1 1 i < <u s 01 44 i 1 1 M 44 e 44 o i 1 i os <0 rH 01 CO CO 3 i 1 1 H O 0) *H £ <0 u i 1 1 W •rH 0) 0) CO o 44 1 1 1 => U r-l 44 0) 0) CO 1 1 i a .0 IS 0) CO rH u CO c 1 1 1 z <0 u TJ >i 3 a b o CO i 1 i M 44 3 <0 CO TJ \ 01 u 01 i 1 i \ 0) 4J o O O' rH 44 1-4 i 1 1 z H O m TJ B c a» CO TJ 3 i 1 1 O a s VH 0) *H 01 >i OJ 44 i 1 1 M U N 0) c 44 CQ TJ o i 1 1 H 0) JJ 01 •H O o a *H 3 i 1 1 «£ rH CS rH rH eg *H rH <0 u » 1 l O « « n a CO 0) « i 44 1 1 1 w y TJ o *H CO c 44 U CO U CO i 1 1 K ® 0) CO Ul 01 •H 3 o 0) i Z 1 1 ffl J= 44 n 44 CO 44 H 44 u i O 1 1 < 01 CO o> CO <0 o o 44 3 **H i M | 1 Oh CT> 3 44 44 04 3 o a U i H 1 i oa M C u •O 0) m s u a n i < 1 i « (Q *H e C U o O U o o «j 1 > 1 1 04 M <44 J M 04 04 u CO K u Ob i Z 1 i <0 jQ o 13 0) *44 O' J= •rH 1 Z 1 1 Hf l W 1 1 «H r-l rH rH rl rH rH rH rH rH i

B-9
Table

A3.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Enclosure

Innovations 1 i 1 i i 1 i i i i i i i 1 as — 1 ii 11 i co i 1 CO | ii ii ii ii i i i i tIi a eh i © i vo 1 I • 1 • j 4 i l r* 1 © i VO l r* 1 4 1 pH > u i • 1 1 4 1 © 1 • i i • i

r> t * I • | •

Es3 & 1 m 1 CO 1 1 pH 1 pH | i I CO l co 1 CO i r*» i l r* Z — 11 11 (1 i i i i 11 ii \I 1l 11 i i i i i 1i 11 11 i i i i 1i i1 ii ii ii i i i 1 iI i os Z in i 11 1l 1 1 1 vo 1 1 CO I li © lI © 1l 11 1 1 1 m i ii H<S«H 1 VO 1 I r* i • j • i i • j • i i ©

E-i S O'

U 1 • 1 1 co i O 1 • l ^ i 4 l 1 © 1 pH 1 • i • < E-> i-t a, i m 1 i r- l m I pH 1 CO 1 pH 1 pH l 1 pH 1 pH l i co — iI 11 ll I l I I ii ii 11 11 ii i i i i ii 11 11 t1 i i i i 11 i1 i1 ii i1 i i i i il 1 in p-* i 11 lI i 1 l r* l ii 11 in 11 1I 4 11 I 1 1 CM 1 ii xwh ! vo 1 VO 1 co I * 1 1 SF i r* i • *5? t © o»u 1 • { • 1 © 1 i • l © i • i m 1 © 1 a\ | • l •

<-t

b i co 1 CO f CO 1 pH | i r* 1 pH l co 1 «H 1 pH 1 pH 1 1 co i 11 11 1 1 1 1 11 11 1l ii ii i i i i 11 ii 11 11 i i 1 i ii ii 1i ii ii i i 1 i 11 1 O ^ I 1I o 1l in 1 1 1 Cv 1 11 VO 1 © 1l vo ll in 1l m ii CO 1 1 1 CM 1 © 11 ©

Jh O' Eh 1 pH 1 • 1 • • I • 1 • I • i • 1 * 1 • I * 1 • 1 m 1 CO l r* i r* i l as i © I © i 4 I as i 4 1 in

pH £U 1 1 <N » CO 1 pH | cm i co 1 <N 1 pH I co i pH 1 pH 1 pH 1 CM i ll 11 i i i i ll 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 ii i1 1l 11 i i i i ii 11 1i li i1 i i i i ii 1 if) l ii 1i m i i i ( II 1l as 1I in 1I vo ii 1 1 1 CM ( lI >h 05 Eh 1 VO 1 pH ( • i t *5* | • j • I • | • i VO 1 * 1 1 pH

eo

w (j i • l *-» i i • | o i m l © » 4 i • 1 Os i e | •

r*t 0. 1 CO I r- 1 i i CO 1 1 CM

J rH 1 CO i CO 1 pH 1 f r- 1 ii 11 i i i i 11 11 11 11 11 i i i i ii 1 ! i i i 1 i i i i i i i -M 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 1 1 i j t W J I 1 i i i 1 1 1 1 i i i i iM Jffl 1 1 1 i i 1 i i 1 i i i i Q CO < «— 1 VO i r* i m i i CO | 1 pH i r* 1 i pH 1 pH | © i © < < Q Eh 1 • i • i • ; vo i • 1 r* | • i • l r- i • 1 * 1 • i * W J Z U 1 CO 1 o 1 GO 1 * ! © 1 • l pH 1 o l • i r* 1 CO 1 in l co

as

wu

b i f VO I co 1 CO 1 4 1 co I p* I 4 I r* 1 in 1 CM 1 m i m j < a. ^ i 1 i t i 1 i i i 1 i i i < > W ! 1 i i i 1 i i i i i i i < a i 1 i i i 1 i i i i i i i 1111 a iiii

CO 1 0* 1 >H | 3 ~ 1 llll 1 'O O' i 4J • 1 1 3 l c c C i o o t z l 3 1 a 4 **H o IM i 3 V 1 o O J fH z 1 s T3 1 o i u 01 1 HI 4) l » o 1 < i-H 04 i 4J * | Eh GO 4* 1 M l a H •H a i CO *i 1 < 0> 4» c 1 01 . Eh 1 z >i 3 pH 3 i u I 3 co a 'T3 O' 1 o u < 1 o 4 3 o o i as o o i 3 4) o •H 1 <0 3 b 1 M > u i U nil < rH O 10 ; co OH 43 Eh I Eh & C u O' i Eh u a 1 > id « 4J 4) 1 Eh u W 1 < j* w o i J 3 3 1 U o > 'O 1 V 3 - z 1 J CO (0 V so i < « 10 1 \ 0 c CO 1 U c to to H 1 3 U * c i MH | z VM 01 4 c 1 Cu OS JC b 1 U z *> **H u i OB U 1 C3 u •H 1 Cu •pH u O 1 as o CQ V 01 i U -H 1 M u 4) 1 « 00 01 19 OS 1 M N a> to A T3 > i rH HO « 1 CO Q> e e OS 1 4 3 3 u 1 y cn u O o i a c » i u 4J rH 4 c | Q T3 01 3 Eh 1 os o 4) c i 3 co 0> C 1 Q <d o O •H 1 Z e oi < 1 o w *H T3 O CJ* 01 i JE C -H i u to pH 1 HH 4J •H to X CO 1 z b U **H a •H a i co 2 « <o i a 4> a pH 1 X c H 2 E; to 1 M b -Q u a, CO o ( JO E u 1 u C O' •H 4> 1 1 4 01 - Z 3 1 Q 3 M a Q) rH i < b U 4-1 1 Eh Q) c 3 »o 1 33 4J a to < HI c 1 a C O 3

01 i HI 0> to 1 < W O' t|

a

O 1 © CO c « O •W 1 M a o O' > to i OS 03 a 41 1 u u CO 03 B 1 w «H o •3 o 1 3 y **H c C O' i U OS « u I hi a u 3 u i a CO C -rH u •n 1 a hi u C •H id 0) c i f 3 1 Eh 3 « O' pH i 4 01 CO N n z 1 i EH V o to •H 1 **H i < to C 01 1 co a 3 C o 4 1 u U 3 3 M o 01 o 1 as < CO 1 o U u 'O i JE Q IH rH 1 HI U 3 O' e to B 1 u O' H X 3 o

HI 1 H

X 0) CU rH

m 01 rH i a oi 3 i B0 (J

a

H

U

M

M 1 © 3 3 HI

O 3 M l M 'O u pH a-H i * U t5 «J 1 b a a to oi a 4) 1 Q c O O z « TJ < 1 Z •J 4> PH c o 3 3 i U Z O U 1 o « 3 0) XI 1 y H 05 u M X 0> § 1 M1 y 04 V 1 u1 CO1 co aI i Z U X 1 1 1 1 CO b U • • a Eh rH H 1 Si i X a 1 X1 Eh OS1 i 1 1« 1 43 1u 1 *0 ti 1 1 1 0 1 « 14 1 n VO • »o i i 1 14 1 D 1 a z 1 rH pH pH pH pH i CM CM 1 CO co CO co I 4* 4 in i

U4

4J4XI jQ

in

B-10

tighten
Table

A3.

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of

Availability

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont. 1 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 a — 111 111 ii as 11 ii 11 li 11 ii 11 11 11 U H 1 1 O i • 1 i 1 CO i r- 1 CO 1 CM 1 1 i > y 1 1 • i r- l i 1 • i • 1 • | • 1 1 • • i « £ 1 1 <r i r-

1 i l co i co 1 CO 1 ^ 1 1 co co i 2 — 111 111 iii 111 iii 111 iii 111 iii 111 111 iii

CS 1111 1111 iiii O 1111 iiii 1111 ^ iiii 1111 r* iii1 o 1111 1111 (iii U < cr. El 1 1 o i • 1 • i r* 1 • i 1 • 1 • 1 © I i E-> 2 CJ 1 1 • i in 1 o i • I m i • 1 VO 1 m 1 • 1 i < E-> H a » i «* i CM 1 rH 1 CO 1 rH i CO 1 rH 1 CM 1 M* 1 i 3 — 11 11 iI 11 11 11 ii 11 ii 11 !1 11 11 ii ii 11 ii 11 iI 11 ii 11 11 i1 m 11 11 o ii CO 11 a\ li in 11 rH ii CO 11 © 11 m 11 © 11 <30 1» >1 <* E-l 1 1 • i • 1 • i • i • 1 • i • 1 • 1 e I CO Os U 1 i 00 i 1 r- 1 00 1 CO i OE? 1 m 1 CM 1 © 1 1 *-h a. i i CM i » rH 1 rH 1 CM • rH 1 CM 1 rH 1 CM 1 rH i 'w' 11 11 ii 11 il ii i 11 ii 11 11 ii ~ ~ 11 11 ii 11 ii ii ii 11 ii 1i 11 1i o ^ 11 11 o ii r* 11 Os I1 vo 11 ii O) 11 11 © ii © 11 VO CO 11 Os X cri Eh 1 i i • 1 • i • • 9 1 • | • i • t • 9 i 9 2 on U 1 1 i in 1 CM i m i r* i in 1 rH 1 © i CO 1 0\ 1 a a. 1 1 CM i CO 1 i m I m i CM 1 l in i 1 CM rH 1 rH iii 111 iii 111 iii iii iii 111 iii iii 111 iii m — 1111 iiii o iiii 1111 r* iiii iiii iiii CM 1111 iiii iiii © 1111 VO rH 1111 r- H i 1 • i VO 1 • i i i • 1 CO l co i • 1 • • i •

ffl <*

U i i o i • 1 © I • i i CM 1 • l • i 1 a\ rH 1 o r-

a. 1 i CM i CO 1 rH I r* i i CM 1 00 I co i CM 1 CM rH i rH 11 11 ii 11 ii i ii 11 11 i I1 11 * « 1 1 i 1 i i i 1 1 1 1 1 w J 1 i i 1 i i i 1 1 i 1 i XJOQ 1 1 i 1 i i i 1 1 i 1 i Q CQ < ~ 1 1 O i 1 Os J CO l i VO 1 1 i 1 CM 1 < < a Eh 1 i • i VO 1 • l • i i • 1 1 i © 1 • • 1 • a 3 2 U 1 i o i • 1 6 i i a\ l 1 i • 1 CM O i rH a a a a 1 i CM i CO 1 rH 1 rH i CM 1 1 i ** 1 CM 1 a < a 1 i i 1 i i i 1 1 1 » 1 < > a i i i 1 i i i 1 1 i 1 i < Q i i I 1 i i i 1 1 i 1 1 1 I 1 i 3 i 1 1 i 1 i CO .d i 1 1 i 1 i id < i c 1 1 i 1 I < 2 i o i 1 i a 1 i M 1 •p i 1 i Ed 1 I a a >1 i 0) p i 1 i O u 1 I Ed o S3 i P y i i i 2 C W 1 • Eh M rH i 0 3 1 i c i < 0 o 1 o 01 i < a u i u u P i i o i a •H 1 M P i £ Ed i 0 u P 1 p i *H i u CQ P 1 2 0) i Eh 01 i co rH c CQ t c 1 CO i XI 4, 1 P i 2 X U i a 3 o c i 0 1 CQ i Ed C xl 1 O 0 o i O Ed **H CQ i < rH o o i a c i 0 i Q 01 X 1 a 0 e i W *4H 0) 1 M rH o 1 a o i P i < C 01 1 O 0 o i Eh a rH i a 0 T3 1 a 04 i OiXl i U o 1 2 I-H y CO i < O CQ •H I a u 0 rH 1 < a i e c i < Qi CO 1 W CT> i 3 3 HP 1 Eh o V 1 2 o i O -H i Ex e - 1 T3 y i 3 a c o -o u c 1 u i y o i O O' 1 H Ed T3 01 *»H i CO Q o U o 1 2 0) o c 1 a i V m i Ed y a 1 CO J 01 P W 2 W •H o •n 1 p 4H a 1 CO rH i T3 i a 1 3 < e 0 ja i M CO XI & a i a 03 c 1 < rH i \TJ i 3 01 -o 1 O M 0 P i Eh 0 0 1 Eh c *P rH 1 £ <0 i c a> i Eh rH rH 1 2 « O 01 o i d 3 rH -O U 1 HH cr V rH 1 » i 0 c i 3 JO a 1 Ed Ed OH 0 *H i o 3 0 0 i a 0 u <3 1 m i 0) *H i Ex 0 3 1 V eh a i JC CQ •U u 1 o u X i < i u a i 01 A 1 O < u P <0 i K a c CO i a 04 u 1 a u i y u i w CT> 1 £ £ O o u i Ed £ tH o O' 1 £ a 0> T3 1 a H i CQ -O i Eh C O 1 o 01 i a a o c l o •H X) 41 1 a P i cs i < ft P 1 S « M U u i Eh « rH •H 1 o 0 •H O' P 1 a X) i •H P i Eh JS 1 < 0 0 i Eh 0 4) •P 1 0 XI V4H c «3 CO 1 2 i « at i w U CQ 1 Em d H rH i a X c o 0 i a U 4> •H u e i Cu A O i U jQ i id P CQ 1 0 3 3 3 a i o a U 0 rH l o 0 w CQ T3 av 4) i o a M i e i t-H 0 01 l J rH rH s i 4> Vi-I 3 i MH o CQ T3 a> P 1 *p

Eh i 4) 0 i EJ 4JU ! Ed id rH rH 0 i Ed

K 4J

M

a 1 u

U c 0 «3

p CO 1 U i < i a jC i < C U 1 CO Ed 01 01 o i co o X 3 c i a 3 o rH rH c >1 1 CO p > i 3 o i 6m M C 1 3 0 0 o Cm i 31 a a a W 1 3 a o ¥ u H CD 1 © Oo z 1 o I 0 1 0 -Q U i 0 n o i «3 A y 1 2 i in i VO VO 1 r* r- i CO CO CO CO 1 <7v 0\ (TV CTx 1 o o M i i 1 I 1 1 rH rH

B-ll
Table

A3.

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of

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of

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Innovations

(Cont 1I

CS

— 0 iiii iii• iiti !1( t i i e i i e i 111 iiii iiii •iii i0ii iiii W Eh 8 t i i 0 t ® i 0 ! i i t i p n j i i i 0 * £ e 1: B 8 i i i i m 1 i 8 8 e 1 CO 8 i i i i i i Z — 1I ii !1 «1 ii i t i e ii i( ! ii ! ii t It •• •• •• ft* 1 i « t t 8•• ft* •• 8 1

fi «i 0 t • « •• •• •• Oft 90 t 1 •ft •• 90 •• i

•ft ••M 1 i•ft Oft •• 1 i

•ft ••H 1 i•• ti •• 8 iI S M It i• » M .. 1 1 as z m — « ii 80 m 88 ii 1 i 0 t 111 818 11 i0 i0 11 ta o% g-) b 8 8 s in 8 e© 8 8 8 0 i 8 HP © l Eh 3 O' O 1 8 0 8 8 ° 8 ® f i 0 1 i 8 • ft 8 < Eh «H 0* ! 8 8 rH 8 1 o% 0 CO1 t i i 8 i 8 r* H8> 8 •J — )!I iii !1! i00 iii 1 1 0 0 1 ( ii0 868 iii iii iii iii 111 m a 886i 8I88 CM !«1I i818 GO i ! I f 1 1 0 0 i881 01i 181i ]188 0•1i G Iiii XBiEh | i v© 1

ft 8 r** 0 • E 1 l rH 8 r** 8 rH 8 H? 8 HP • i I 8 0 8 G\ f; o ( m 0 ! e 8 • 8 * t e 8 * VO i rH ft. 1 i co 8 pH 8 rs 8 CM t 1 CO 8 0 CO 8 8 r- § F- pH i i 08 it 08 88 8 8 t 8 88 ii ii 88 88 tl «i it !1 i8 8i i i i i iI ii 01 08 18 £i A O ^ A 11 68 in 88 in 88 (O 8 8 8 Os I CM 88 © 88 vo 18 co 88 OS 81 VO © 88 X o* Eh 1 8 rH 8 * 8 • 0 o • 8 * 0 ® | • 1 • • i SilMU 1 i • 8 GO 8 GO 8 CO l Vd £ 8 in i OS 1 HP 8 m 8 0% %£> £ i-t a. t 8 r* 8 CO 8 rH 8 CO 8 CM l rH 8 CM 8 CM 8 pH 8 CM 8 CM CO 81 iii iii iii iii 1 1 1 1 1 1 iii iii iii iii tii 80 i88 m ^ t 1iii 8t11 CM 1188 in

..iii <*> 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 CO iiii iii1 S3 1818 iii1 CM iii0 CO

© i01i X 00 Eh ( 8 6N VO i * 8 • 8 ® 8 r* 8 • 8 id 8 * 1 rH 8 * j

ft ft 8 a#u i | • • 8 OS 1 GO 8 os? o 8 8 * i CM 8 H? © i rH 0. 1 8 \B> co 8 pH 1 rH 8 rH 8 r- i rH 1 CO 6 rH 9 8 CM 0 rH CM i 11 iii iii iii iii i i i i i i 111 iii iii ii0 iii iii hu i 8 8 8 1 I i 8 8 1 8 8 t U J 1 i 8 1 8 t ( 1 8 8 8 i £ x j ea ! ! t i i i i i 0 i i i i Q (0 < 1 1 rH r* i in 8 cn 8 CO i r- i © 8 CO 1 Os 1 HP 8 H? i r- © i *£ < P Eh t 8 • • i • 8 * 8 * 0 « | • 0 * i • 8 9 0 • i • s i hjSui 8 m in 1 pH 0 OS 8 HP t r* i OS 8 8 pH 8 rH * Hj» i © H? i 0? M M 0. 1 l es GO 8 rH 8 in 8 rH a in i VO t t m 6 r- 8 Hj° 0 HP CM i 3 «( ft. — i i i l 1 8 ! 8 i i i i i «S > H 1 i i i i i i i i i s i i < a i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 M i 1 z i 1 62 01 i 1 w i 0 z > i 1 E i 1 w •r4 i 1 OS i 4J 1 z 44 i 1 OS C i c 1 o o i 0 o •H 0 4) 0 cu ft 0 CO — 1 Du CJ rH *» i C 1 £ rH 1—) 0 w c o (0 i o 1 o CO 04 1 z o 1 CO Eh o •H i Q< i a fH ft 1 < -T4 1 O 3 CQ o U 0 B i U U 1 0. 44 (0 1 O O U 4J i O 1 z 08 1 «S 44 i m m cn 08 rH CO 0 O 0 M * 1 COUC 1 Eh .4 44 0> (0 i 1 K CO 10 O' 0 CO 44 « 1 W \ c C U e» i H 1 to a 6 c 1 < CO rH 1 S O •H CO 9 CO i r—i 0 «• -H 1 J ft 10 o A 4-1 •pH i ns 0 CO 44 4= 43 1 O C ft 1 OS J pH n O <8 U i » i co CO u u I ft CO 0 O O rH X C m i < *S X •n O 1 Eh 04 1 b O X 10 43 08 rH i ft 0 2 CO > CO O' 1 Z O' 1 U u £ O' CO u o i jj i »D 43 c 1 M CO C 1 C0\4J 3 > 4J O CO i ft 0 E rH G a -rH 1 O 3-H 1 Q CJ ft c O o <0 OH i u 0 03 V CO i N i n o n 1 O - B u "O 08 «* 0 O 1 C c (0 44 « 1 3 « 1 3 Eh O 43 c A OQ ft 08 i c • M <0 « H 1 Eh C rH 1 Eh < ft CO -U •H (0 rH CXi 0 o 1 z Q. c ft r-i O' 1 Eh -1 O' 1 U U O' a> » u 10 rH O i u 0 M •H 43 <-i 1 S 44 1 E 3 u a •rl & CO rH i 1 E 43 A a 0. i a c ft 1 O' co a ft CO » 08 0 44 t U 4-> - * © 1 o c 1 uuc o rH 1 rH > Z t 10 [< fc> -rH 8 >0 44 1 (u C4 O 1 > Z-H •V rH 43 o CO 0) G O 0 a 0 O » cO ft co a i O u 1 HHT3 01 a 4J s •9 ® M 1 o 0 -o u 44 a « 1 U -rH 1 CO N H K 44 u | u Is

frt 1 » f u e 44 e a

u I DO

O rH 1 C/1 HH CO

a « U 08

O TJ < 0 U 1 co <0 rH -rH r-H •H 1 CO 04 -H 1 < E 3 rH ft £< •H A H G > I CO1 t D1 | 10 D E-. O' Du| I D —CO II 1 1 0h m 3 1 1 1 ? 3| 9 < Eh § 1 1 ja 1 1 8 1*3 i A 1V 1 *o 1 1 I i n 1 1 1 1 US n 1u •o a* OH Os Z 0 o f rH pH rH rH rH i co co 1 tn co CO CO CO CO CO n M 1 H 8 rH rH pH pH rH 1 rH rH 1 H fH pH pH rH pH rH pH

B-l 2

14

-CONSERVE

OPERATIONAL

ENERGY

BY

ACTIVE

SYSTEMS
Table

A3.

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of

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of

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Innovations

(Cont.

-••••- •• *• •* i i i r

•• •*M

M i i rMHH 1.. i i 1 • • »»M 4 i

••

a:— i ii ii i i i i ii ii il m 11 1t i i i i 11 44 44 Ed H 1 i 1 00 i i 1 rH i l • 1 1 i I i r** 1 1 > U 1 i | • i i | • i 1 CN 1 1 i * i i • i 4 u a, i I 1 m i i I r** i 1 rH 1 1 » r*» i 1 co 1 4 Z 1 iii iii i i i i i i iii iii iii 111 111 i i i i i i iii iii 144 « z m 1 iii IlI1 rH i i i i i i i i iiii iiii iiii i111 1111 i i • i i i i i iiii 1444 4141 u<a\H i GO l vo | • i r* i 1 vo i 1 CN 1 © 1 i © i t i © 4 rH

Eh

B av

U 1 • 1 t 1 m i • i I • i 1 ° { • 1 i * i l 1 • 4 • < Cr> a. 1 fO 1 ro 1 CN i r* I l CO i I I co 1 1 CO 1 I 1 © i r>- 3 i ii ii i i i i l1 ii it 11 11 1 I 1 1 11 14 44 ii iI i i 1 i 1i ii i1 11 11 1 1 i i ii 41 i1

in ^ i ii l1 rH 1 1 l ^ | ii ii ii 11 11 i i i i lI ii 14 Eh <n EH 1 1 r-4 | • 1 * 1 i 1 vo i 1 © 1 1 © I © i r* 1 O 1 VO UsiU 1 • » CO i in i i | • i 1 • 1 | • | • j • | • 1 • *h a. i r* I r* 1 CN 1 rH I i 1 co i I co 1 1 CO 1 CO l co 1 *r 1 CO iii iii i i i i i i iii t11 iii 111 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 l1l iii 414 o I 1111 fH iii1 CO i i i i i i 1 rH 1 CN iii1 r~ 1111 ** ii»l © 1111 o\ 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 rH iii1 vo 4411 o 1444 as l | • 1 • • | • 1 • 1 • I as 1 • 1 • 1 • i • OeiU 1 • 1 CN 1 o 1 CO I 1 © 1 rH I in 1 vo 1 CN 4 CO I as 4 CN 1 r-l Oi 1 r- 1 ro I co 1 CN 1 rH 1 «H 1 CN » CN 1 CN 1 vo 1 | CN 1 CN 4 CO 1 rH iii l1l i i i i i i iii iii iii 111 iii i i i i i i iii 414 111 m i II11 iiii i i i i i i 1 CO 1 111I r* 1111 © iii1 o 1111 © iiii i i i i i i 1 CM 1 © iii1 vo 4111 O 1414 r-

>1 00

H l • 1 rH 1 GO i • | • | • 1 • 4 ^ | • | • 1 • go as u i in | • 1 © 1 • I © 1 m i m 1 © | • 1 Os 1 © i as 1 O 4 m

rH 0. | H I r- 1 co 1 CO I CO 1 rH 1 CN 1 CN 1 co 1 CO 1 rH | CO 1 CN 4 CN 4 co W 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 ii ii ii 11 11 i i i i ll ii 11

ft tf (# 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 1 i i l 1 4 - U | 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 1 1 1 I * 1 Ed J 1 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 1 i i i 1 1 X J O 1 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 I i i i 4 i q oq < —- i 1 o 1 1 rH | CO I as l © l co 1 vo I 1 rH | CO 1 co 1 © 1 r- < «S a Eh | H JZU 1 in 1 o l in 1 CO 1 as I r- l © 1 CO 1 ^ 1 Os 1 CO I CN 1 CO 1 vo 1 m

a.

hu

a i S£> I in 1 rH 1 CN 1 r*^ 1 vo i in I co 1 CO 1 © 1 CN 1 1 CO 4 CO 4 co 3 < o. — i I i i i i i i 1 i i i 1 i i < > Ed 1 i i i i l i 1 1 i i i 1 1 4 < Q 1 l i i i i i 1 1 i i i 1 i 1 i e> CO O' 1 o i • z T3 c 1 z i 01 'O HI C *H 1 M i -u c a *tH rH > Q i «J o < rH rH i < i 4-1 O s ,Q o i a i 0) CO CO IH 1 w i u 01 c G U i i 73 « 01 C0 03 IH 1 os rH i >i-H o 01 •H > O 1 o <0 i .-1 CO IH CO IH 4J 3 1 H4 •H i 4—4 *J as u u 03 O CQ GO 1 05 M • as 3 Ed c a c rH O' rH 1 Ed 03 i o o Eh (0 03 C 03 1 b 4-3 i 04 —4 X r-4 c > U •H c 1 z CO i e a u o Ed CLt 3 O c CO 1 M s i 3 r-4 10 JJ CD co u •H * a 1 i 04 a H a B O' 73 O IH CO 1 X G i u 01 o • Eh C c U •*H 03 1 Eh H i -H o o 4J U hi C a A U 4-1 * 00 1 HI <0 i <0 4J 3 -H X A O' 03 X (0 iH 1 X 44 i 01 o u a > u CO •H 4J 03 03 03 1 IH i JS 41 •H C 3 01 0) 01 H 44 1 J 3 i N H a o 0> O > c > 03 03 CO 4J 1 o O i a r—t +j 4J » o —4 4J rH A 3 1 05 i U o r-4 u Eh > A 03 A 00 JG > £ T3

0) o o CO o Ss co oi O' rH CO GO 1 Z 43 Z 1 a > U —4 O Ed > cu •H A A u 1 O Ed > O 1 U u o O u U O O O rH C0 GO **H IH 1 U U O

HI 1 o a JJ

a oi HI Ul

u 3 IH CO 1 HI IH t* 1 (0 iH o C 4J Z > Oi 41 03 03 •n A rH 1 Z > a < 1 A o J= 4) C O Ed S CO CO a C0 o 1 E3 Ed B > 1 CO 1 <1 w1 041 U -H 1 CO Q M 3 D• <? < fiu CO I co a H U 1 Z 1 110 1 A 1u 1'o 1 1CO 1 JQ iO 'O 03 1V+4 1O' 1 1 1 1CO Z 1 in m in in in m in m 1 VO VO M 1 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1 4-1 rH

cnc

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Table

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of

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of

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Innovations

(Cont 11 i i i i Ii 1i ii i* ti ii ii 01 !*• ii ii ii ii

II 3 5 0 1 1 fl | | G fl 0 1 0 fl 0 OS ^ l i t i i i i i i fl 0 CO 0 i i I EJ H j i : r* e i i i i 6 © i CM i i i 0 CO i > u t 0 l • i)

fl 1 i 0 fl • II • 0 0 0 fl * 0 M CM 1 i i co 8 i i i i fl i MT 0 fl i fl co 1 Z — 11 i i i i ii ii »i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii i1 0 0 I

*’ * 1 b • 0 •• •• *t ••0 t •• ••••••• i i•o ••

n i •1* «• ii i ii i•• •« •• i

fl

fl i99 99 99 1 i99 99

A 0 i99 9 0•• •• •• i99 99 1 i •• 990 1 K z m ~ i 1 8 1 8 11 ii ii

fl

fl r- 10 111 G10

fl10 011 I0( 000fl10 M < E* I 8 VO 0 r** a 0 CM 0 © A • i 1 © 0 CM 0 i co 1 1 CO 0 Eh S U i 0 ® 0 9 (J 6 o 0 * fl CM i 8 • i • fl a 0 0 < &H rH ft. | 1 co i CO fl fl 0 in 0 CM i 0 i fl CO 0 ^ l 0 co i *4 ^ l1 1 6 1 1 11 00 ii ii »

fl il 00 01 1

fl 00 00 81 1I 0 C 1 i 10 ii ii iJ ii ii ii 11 ti ii ii ii 1 U0 ^ | 0 1 1 £ 11 B§0 in 1i © 18 m 11 © ii ii 0

fl 10 0fl 11 ii 1 i t r- j 9 * l • fl * 0 * t © ( CM fl i i r*> l i ffl s' o i 0 0 • a 0 CM 8 in a m 0 © 6 ° 0 • 0 i i • i l-H 04 1 0 ( co fl 8 rH 6 co 6 ^ 1 CM fl CO s 1 i i fl r* 0 1 0 fl 0 1 ii 11 ii 00 01 11 fi 01 00 01

fl0 00 t1 0 0 i i ii 01 i• ii ii 1i ii 1I ii ii ii ii 1 © r-* i 0 0 0 0 0 CM 0 1 CO 1 CM 08 © 0i 11 © 11 ii 00 rH 0i ii m a0 i-4 00 i 0 VO 0 • fl • fl • i * i • 1 9 fl © fl • 1 • t ° i • j • i au>u i CM fl 0 MS' 8 m 0 CM fl vo 0 9 i Oi t ev fl i-4 0 rH 0 CO i -h a, t fl co i CM 0 rH | in g in 0 CM fl r-1 fl *3* i CM i co fl CM i rH 0 CM i ii i i i i i i iii !11 iii iii iii iii iii iii iii tii iii iii

in 1 1 CO rH i 1 ©

© CO 1 P' r*> CM 0 i >4 co Eh 1 | • • I 9 1 © i in | • • c fl • • • | • i ffl CM CJ 1 fl rH • fl VO | • fl • i vo VO o 0 rH c-H <M i in t r-4 Bu 111 i «-• iii

r-4 i" 1 rH * m fl Hf 1 i-l 111rH CM 1 CM 111

CM rH 1 rH ii!1 »u i ! l’ i 1 U J i 0 1 i 1 xjq i 1 1 i 1 a a < «-*» 0 fl vo vo CO fl m 1 © © in j r- CM m l CM 1 < < a H 1 1 » • • 1 9 t m 1 9 • a i « <* • | • 1 U JZ U 1 i © in t- fl CM fl * 1 CO r- 1 rH CM rH fl vo 1 « M W CM ! fl r* in r- 1 rH ! ^ fl *s» vo CO 0 CM m VO i ^jp 1 J < CM i 1 i 1 <>U 1 i 1 i 1 < a 1 i 1 i 1 1111 G 0) i b 1 (9 u 1111 1 01 > fl M i a 1 1 0) CQ •H i j 1 Eh 1 1 » CO 03 i & 1 i4 1 1 4J © 0! i < 'O 1 w CQ 1 1 0! rH >i A i a 01 CQ 1 Cm 44 1 0 1 h XI cn rH -o 44 'O 1 X c 1 1 co 1 z (0 rH <0 i sc rH c 1 fcd •H 1 1 T3 8 *£ ca t> CO 0 1 •H fH 1 \ o 1 ! C fl bJ O' o 0 E3 43 f b3 44 rH 1 Z TO l 1 •H » CM *0 rH u 4J 1 to 43 1 O 0

fl rH cO c Cl 0) •H 43 1 M CQ 4-1 * 1 43 1 3 43 •H A * 1 O 4J rH 1 Eh CQ o » 1 l o to 4J o u t Z *r4 « 1 08 1 1 1 Q > CQ CQ w 3 44 1 « c 43 fl

fl to i Z u l» •H 4H CQ CQ

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4J 4J fl I u 8 HH o crt o « CQ rH 1 u z CQ o 1 A X3 U> i

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fl 3 t Z T3 XI rH 01 Oi i > M 1 z XI «—

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B rH 3* 1 M > OJ o o 0 M l 6 rH •HI o CQ 4J O u o O i a Z Q> «) 43 M rH 0 0 i j rH CD 3 rH •H U O Cs3 > rH 1 K •rH © 0 1 4> i o A A >1 A A e c 1 z rH VM 01 0 M « 4-1 0

fl rH s « <0 rH ca

a o C

H 1 o btf 08 <u rH 1 < o 0

fl

A 1 fe! c rH *H

U o * 1 M

B 43

U xo o> 4J fl » <u l z 0 <3 rH VM A O O' 1 H O <0 <0 i iJ CQ 1 Z 1 •M 1 o •H 'O u 0 -H O c T3 1 U 3 TJ > 1 2 <e 08 fl O 1 m 1 u 4J CO 01 u u o o Ui -H 01 1 U 0) o CQ i a 01 y i W ( 3 0) CQ o -t ® « JS 4J 1 A O 43 u no 3 1 IS z UI 3 1 fH t to 1 z c <3 a 01 x* 0. o ri y rH 1 Cl. Eh O' •*H c TO 1 z o o T3 fl < 1 T3 1 3 O rM o p< cu o A O 15 •H 1 w Z *«H « hH -a 0 O H c 01 fl > 1 < i w > CP o o « CM CO 43 E-t 1 « M m3 a. > < 1 o Eh m oc fl o * 1 8 6 1 ! 1 1 I T 1 1 i i i T i 1 i Z 1 V <3 XJ O -u 0) 4H CM 0 43 u « XI i Z 1 vo f P- r* P^ p^ r* 1 CO © CO © 1 ch © 1 M 1 rH fl rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1 rH rH rH rH 1 rH rH rH 0

B-14
Table

A3.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont.

OS

—

O iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii 1111 iiii iiii 8111 U H • 1 i CM © i i 8 © 1 i 1 1 > U CM ! * • • i 8 8 • 1 i 1 i • w a* H 1 i i 8 8 © 1 i i i CO z 111 iii iii iii iii 111 iii 811 111 11I1 iiii iiii iiii iii1 o 1111 © 1811 O 1111 1111 W < <* H 1 i CO © i i 8 o 1 • 8 © 1 H 33 U 1 1 • • i i 8 CM 1 1 CN i • 1 1111 iiii

00 iiii iiii 1 rH 111 1111

CM 1 X111 iiii 8111 m ^ 1111 iiii © iiii iiii iii1 o 1111 © 1111 O iiii 1818 O 1 00 8 CM • VO 8 © 8 CM CM | • 1 • 1 • i O 1 oa ®> u • 1 • i • V£ • 8 * • 1 CM 1 CM 1 V£> i • i • X & '•r 1111

CO iiii H CO 1 «9> 111 iiii 1 rH 181 1111

rH 1 XIiI iiii 1111

CO o — o eiii iiii co © 1111 O iii1 to CO iii1 o 1111 © 1111 o 1111 © 8811 CM

X CTL &H • i • i • • 8 • 0 ® • • 1 • 8 • i • 1 • <0 CT> U CM i in i CO © • 8 v© 8 CM CO 8 *D 1 © 1 CO 8 o 8 rr-( a. H ii•i

rH itii

CO CO l nl1i 1 © 111

CO 1 r> lll 1111 1111 iiii 8I11

rH

in

— iiii rH iii o © lll1 o e818 ©

m lll1 o 1111 O 1111 o 1111 o 1111 CO

X 00 El

O i • i • • 16 8 * 8 * • 8 • 1 • 1 • i • i • cooi u • i co i m © • 8 © 8 in CM 1 © 1 © 8 CM i © 1 CO X a. GO ii CM ii CM CM CO 1 CM 1 1 CM 1 rH 1 CM 1 11 rH 1 rH 1 11 rH 11 rH i 1 l .. .. .. i i •« .. .. i 1 •• •• i 1 i•• M *U i 1 i i 1 1 i i 1 w ,-J i i 1 i i 1 i 1 1 x J cq i i i i i 1 i 1 8 a m © i r* i © © co I © 1 © 1 o 1 1 o 8 o 8 rH < < a e-c • i • » o • • 8 * 8 CO • | • 1 © 1 ® 1 • 8 • W 3 Z U i r** I in O' 8 CM 8 * © 1 CM 1 • 1 CM i © 1 CM

os i-iu a. \o i m i CM rH© 8 CO 8 © 1 rH 1 CO 1 rH 1 CO l VO j < a. i i i i i 1 i 8 1 < > w i 8 i i i 1 i 1 1 < Q i i i i i 1 i i 1 o CO — i i I 1 0} •H 0 0 8 «r'» i Si 1 8 U a O' ce e O 0 8 CO i 4J 8 1 Z o •H « -t •n >o 1 >irH i i •H i o

£3

M

C *H > 0 0 t as jj 0 O' 1 z c * 1 z i 2 z (0 4M 0 JS a I O-H C c 1 o o i H 1 CQ CO M £0 a •O 0 m t >000 *H 1 PS CO 1 Eh 1 X a; a * m M U i z c 0 a rH 1 HH CQ s rH 1 < 8 W c o 0 O c a <4H i < •’H a *H 1 > TJ o o 1 3 1 X <0 b. t3 a rH U O 3 1 U » 0 0 0 1 Z C -o U 8 3 8 u O C 0» S3 M *H 8 * IS O O' o 1 W -H c 44 1 CO 1 o n •H M 3 *H rH o l U C 1 rH H G 1 z 1 Z e M * £t o s «0 rH O 1 W 0 0 0 4J 1 U X) » o 1 H-4 1 >-< 3 o x o C 1 3 0 oris: c 1 > u 1 1 Ou e J rH rH 3 M •H 1 (0 C 0 u 0 1 M J= T3 1 a • Q < 0 «3 0 CD » 1 < w u 1 H 1 W 0) T3 i u i 5 CO > U s flj 4J c *• 1 Eh O 0 TJ 1 Z -rt N C 1 Eh 8 OS 3

•H

U 0 0 *H CO z J3 1 OS

U 4-> 0 0 1 w > **H to 1 < 8 O Z 44 a M 0) o o O' 1 O OS 0 0 u 1 X c 1 o 1 (J 3 o c Si 0 jG o c M 3 i a 3 jc 1 w » « CO 1 »H 1 H C H 0 •H *H EH CO o 1 S EH X a u 1 03 O Si U CO 1 OS 1 H •hH •o O' - 6 *H < » U 1 O < 0 o 1 0. T3 o O 08 1 cq 8 CO 4J < c a 0 X) 3 o & i u « a 1 s w c a> CO T3 1 < c 3 0 H 10 c M 4J 1 Z CU IH 0 u i o o: hh E C x 8 Cl, i 3 o 3 H a N O' X - Eh G i 3 a 0 0 o i u w i 08 U 8 CO 1 u u

CO 0 eei « o « Z *H c 1 S JC

C o 1 H

u CO

u 1 PS 1 z rH u rH C rH u * o 1 Eh W 4-» O rH 1 Ca b. 0 a» 08 1 cu 1 CO >. M rH MH O' O 0 rH > **H 1 U Eh N «4H 1 «C rH rH X o > 8 1 3 rH « O 0 0 4J 1 <, 0 1 Q X) 0 0 -H O 1 a 1 o a £d M 0) 0 a 3 * rH 0 1 « £h q 0> 4J i 0O-H0 rH 4-» 1 CO 1 3 1 z > 0 s= > X o *o < X) rH 1 U Z 0 O' c i a S 0 H 1 <0 rH 8 > 1 Z <Xj O o Ga O X O M O 0 « 0 H 1 tH< 00 0 1 O u CO H B <o 1 O W 1 M H M * M X u « u 01 3 U 43 1 Z HH U 0 **H 1 Q Eh 0 4-» O 3 1 OS u. 1 t" CP & o & c a u ca Eh 0 c I3QO •o 1 Z Z > 0 rH •u C 1 Oh U i 5 c

«< s » e H

a "n

C

B < a 0 1 O <,

G

C 0 1 HHU 0 c 3 3 10 1 s u 1 o H & M1 H M > M £ M w Z o > 1 UKhh PS i a s ps o X < 6 1 M Q * V

(0 s <8 jQ o T) 0 x> 1 0 o 1 <G n o 1 1 c z O o o © © rH rH rH 1 CM CM CM 1 co co CO CO 1 I m m M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 1 CM CM CM 1 CM CM CM CM 1 CM 1 CM CM

B-15
Table

A3.

Estimates

of

Availability

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont. t11 « « « iiii co 1111 iiii iiii O

Baai M 6=1 (1 ! a I i 00 * • i > U I ( © 8 • 8 ® i CM 8 M & 1 i (M A CO 8 CO (1 rH B Z — iii (11 611 iii iiB 1B1 ii as 35 in « t i{68 11i1 in iii1 CO 1B11 !tB1 6a < eh i ! 1 e 8 0 1 O 1 1 8 0 i © 8 O I ® f < Eh r-B 0< t i m 1 f=fl A CO ! © 1 J —' 11 it 11 8

fi 81 81 ei ii 11 - s1 !• • H 1 ii i in t 81 r> i1 86 1t 88 >i«H 1 i • 1 <3? | • 1 i earng t i o 1 • 8 in I a >-h fti i i b—4 1 r* 8 r-i 1 i 18 iii t11 iii 1tI iii iii o — I iiii CM 1111 8111 &* 1111 O 8t68 X O' Eh ! i

«> 1 • 1 0 i smu i i 8 00 fi Vd f © B «-t 0. 1 i H 8 *0* 6 CM 1 CM B 1 ii ii ii 11 11 i 1 •• •• •• •• •• •• •• M 1 1

•• ••M ii - .. .. - ii 1• • M 1 •• ••

M 1••1 1 m ^ » ii 00 ii in 18 ** 11 G 11 X co Eh t i • i • 8 * 1 • I BffiU i « m i oo 8 m 1 © B r-4 Pk 8 i H i i rH 1 CM 1 ii iii iii iii 111 1IB t 1 1 1 1 1 U J 1 i 1 i 1 1 x -3 a i i i 8 1 1 a a us -» i 1 •» i i 1 © 1 < < Q Eh 1 i • i * r* 1 • 1 y J z y i i i • i • 1 CM 1 2 m 6a S i i i CO » r** 1 CO ! < a. — i f i i 1 1 < > W i l i i 1 1 «S Q ( i 8 i 1 1 •• ** •• •» •* *«**«• •* *• •• •• •« *• l l CP 8i 1 O' 1 1 1 6u c l I c 1 ( 1 Q •H i ca B

•*“4 1 1 i 5 4J i u i 'O B 8 ( os c i o 1 <C 8 1 8 © t 1 i 8 t Z r-1 t 10 ( i 1 i o Q. i Eh U 1 i 8 8 i Z •U 8 -O B i 1 b£ •a i < c 1 b. & 1 i 1 u c t 01 i g 4J 1 1 I o <0 i Oh u i 5 s 1 i 8 33 i c 1 os 3 1 i 1 w o' 1 X o B o 1 8 « c i O o • i Z e 1 i ( -3 •H 1 OS o 1 o B a 8 L M i ca U 4J 1 44 8 A 8 X? <u t SB 03 a> f Q o i « A Ck > t 63 r-i 1 < o B i i 6a o 8 o •» l o U B t t S3 o i CO Q C3 1 3 1 s S Eh l < 14 8 •o 8 6 t 03 t CP o l 02 CO 1 8 1 CC4 •U l Cl. C 4J | <L 8 i l o U 8 g •H as i bJ 41 8 8 1 as l o J* >4 1 o 0. 1 8 t z 0) 8 IS. o 41 1 CO 03 B i l o U i © C i u 1 8 i Z J3 8 6a u 01 1 Q (0 CO 1 25 11 * eh < CP i N U O' 1 U Q. 4) 1 o I 1 CJ « 3 8 M f B U t> 8 l-« (1 1 3 CQ O 8 6) IM •a 1 3 •C =H 1 Eh I 1 Q X u 8 M rH c i a O' > i < ( II N u .c 1 H at •H 1 y H CJ> I O ! i 2 X H 1 3 u s i 2 B 'O i § » i (0 i as aa i 05 i z B 8 id Id i r* I 09 00 i w 8 1 CM CM i CM CM CM 1 CM CM i

B-16
£X

a 1 CO CO i i GO 1 o u H 1 • • 8 i 9 64V 1 z z o U 1 • O O • 8 • i CO • • • 4 • • H < a. 1 CO rH rH VO i CO i rH co CO VO 1 co CO X £h — 1 i 4 i O 1 1 i i 04 1 CM i 4 i co X 1 • ov 8 i i 9 H rH 1 r- • i i i o • 11 rH vo 8i 44 ii rH co 11 GO 41 ii CO 41 1 •or **r • i i • a*3B i OS •a* CM 1 • • • CO i • i • CO 9 i 9 9 11 CO CO CO rH ii CO 54 CO rH CO ii vo CO

a 1 4 i i c 1 CO i CO i 4 00 Q 1 os at • i • i os i 9 OS Os c*

CO 1 9 • o i © i 9 9 8 CO 9 9 9 •H

4J 11 VO VO rH ii rH 41 CO vo ii rH vo VO VO >n 11 CO CM CM CM 84 ii CO 18 1 • • 9 • 8 O' i • <%? Os i OS 9 ** •<T u -u* 1 o r- r* 8 9 4 © 9 o 9 i 9 o 9 9 c 1 rH rH i vo 1 pH CO vo CO i VO CM CO CO M 1 i i 1

0) 11 os 00 00 CO ii os ii CM 00 ii r-

© CO 1 • • • • 1 • 8 • 9 Os i 9 9 9 ov

in 1 VO CO CO o i CO i CO 9 9 i o CO CO 9 CO 1 rH rH rH i 1 rH rH VO CO i CM rH rH vo o 1 8 i i T—1 1 •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •* •* ** •• M •• •* *• •• •• U 1 GO CO 1 CM 4 f"* rH 1 CO CO c 1 • • «<r 4 • 8 os • • 9 i 9 9 •*T u VO 1 CO o o • i 1 • © o <*«* i 9 o o 9 1 rH CM rH CO i 6=H i VO CM CM CM i CO rH r-H CO UH 1 ! 4 4 o 11 CM CO CM CM 11 vo 44 rH in CM CO 11 00 CM

CD 1 • • • • 8 • i 9 • • 9 i Os 9 9 Os

CJ 1 o r- i i r-© 1 9 CO r- 9 c 1 r-H rH rH rH i CM 4 CM CO rH rH 1 vo rH rH VO 1 1 i i SJ | A t 1 CO CO i i CM CO rH i CO o w 1 <T\ 9 • i Os i • • 9 i • Os 9 Cl CJ CO 8 • o 0 o i 9 i • r** o i CO 9 9 o £ £-i Z 1 VO rH CO rH i vo i CO rH rH CM i rH CO VO CM M CO < 1 i i i

Eh « 1 i i i M-4 < o k 1 CO CO CO i CO i CM CO rH i o CO in o 2 04 Fh 1 • • • • i • i • Os 9 9 i 9 9 9 9 SSn CJ 1 CO CO o O i © i r* 9 CO i rH © rH w O H a. 1 rH rH rH rH i rH i c”H vo rH CM i CO rH co in

cu 1 i i i 4J 1 i ca i i ss 1 i Q) i i H I i u i 4 •H 1 ca i 3 ^ i i 1 T3 a* i MJ • i 1 -C 1 C c c i u o i z 88 i 4-> 1 Q <0 ••H o VW i 3 88 i o U 1 •H z W 1 ss ti 1 o i U 04 i M 0) 1 * o 1 < rH a i i Eh ca a i H 1 ca •H a, i m 4-> i « « 4> c i 41 . H 1 z >. 3 rH 3 i u i a CO a -o cn 1 o o «£ . 1 o A3 83 O o i as o o i j 4) o •H 1 <TJ U a 1 4-H * U 1 b] *T» Qu i < •o rH o ca 1 a 44 04 H <! 1 Eh >1 C U O' 1 Eh u Oi i > (S3 04 u 4) 1 H U u 1 < Jt£ 4> o 1 *4 83 3 i a o > Tl i a 3 - z

0) 1 CO CO Of <0 1 < m

m i s f

c CO i a c co co

u 1 3 W ^ » c 1 U-4 i z <4H 41 <0 C 1 a O' a CO I CJ z 4J •H M i a U i o u •H 1 a •H ^ o 4J 1 Z O u> 0) 4» 1 CJ C *H i W o u <u i w ca 04 ca (X c Co 0 M fcM 0> CO JQ •a > 4 M 88 <0 i a 04 B> e cn i <D 88 83 CO H H 1 CJ CJ» U 41 O i a c - 1 u 4J rH <0 c i Q XI 04 44 H o 1 OS 'O o 41 G 1 2 a 41 C i a (53 o o •H 4 2 E 41 < H-l 1 o W -H »D U O' 4) 1 X C -rt i U ca rH i M 4-4 QQ 2 a 1 z C»4 U *H <0 •H Q* i a a «J <0 i a 0) u rH i 2 c U 2 Eh CO c 4 W bJ3 u a m O 1 i4 o S U i U

c O' •H 4) i I <0 04 % HH s A 04 4 a B u m m rH 1 < Su U 4J i Eh a» c 83 T3 i a -U CXi co «c H c 4-4 i j £0 C O xi 4) 4 M 04 CO i < a o> a O i o CO c 2 o H JZ i H £8 U o» > a) i a a ao> i cj a ca a a i M *«H o »3 o cr i 3 CJ -H G C O' 1 W 05 c u i M 05 U 3 M 1 X ca C -H L0 *n hH i ca MUG •H EJ 41 c 1 Eh O i Eh B 41 cn rH 1 41 0) co CM X 4J z i i Eh 88 O 00 •H 4 *H 1 S a c <u i a a 8J C O « i a u 83 3 H o 04 o i os < m I o U u 'O I X o U rH i hh a 3 O' a co E i u cr u G> o W M i a x a» a rH m «4 rH I a o> & i X CJ Q. **H U -* U 1 3 D 3 44 O 3 04 Eh i H W'O-H o rH Ql-rt 1 2 CJ 13 CO i a o e ca 4> IQ 41 t Q C o o z a T3 4-4 < i z J 4IH c o 3 3 1 U Z o o i o a o <u 83 <0 JC 1 a **H a w -S X 04 <0 > i M y ft o H CO CO 83 1 Z a X — i a a cj a Eh rH E-V 4 (X 2 04 X Eh X 2 Z i 03 83 o TO 1 « i a 83 o 1 •0 A <0 A z i rH rH rH rH rH 4 CM CM i CO CO CO CO CO 1 m m m

B-17
Table

A4.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont.

fa

W

— oo h 2 2 0 0 m < a, £ S=* — «o

fa£

CMnm

VO

ruo oo

fr> 2

CO < 2 H H fa < O 2 fa « £ U M

Eh Oi CJ

Cl, 2OM

Eh>O22

cn 1i cn cn ii ii cn ii

«• • 1 G\ o • i MF i • Ov Ov i © 1 • o © i • • 0 i © 0 0 i # H co !1 VO rH rH ii cn cn cn 18 rH © © ii cn

co 11 ii *1 ii • 1 i i i © 1 i 0 • • 1 i H 11 ii cn cn cn 18 11

co 11 ti 88 18 a s G\ i i H? 8 • © 1 e • • i & 1 • i CO rH 11 cn cn VO ii vo ii cn 88 11 ii © © 11 ii cn © ! m i Os 0 • 8 O' O' i o • 1 ® c • i • cn cn i • 0 a i o © ii cn vo cn t1 vo rH rH 18 cn © © 81 rH 11 ® CM CM ii CM © 8e !1 cn

O' I o • • i • av

® 1 O' 1 0 • • 1 cn r** r* • 0 cn 1 • ® • 1 ©

co

© 11 rH rH rH ii rH

© rH 18 cn

© cn 81 rH

rH vo 11 CM cn VO ii ©©

© 18 m ii cn • • J • • ® i • 0 ® i • # i 0 r* 1 r* © i cn rH rH i © © # i ©

CN CM 18 rH rH CM ii rH cn cn ii CM rH cn ii rH

CN co 1l CM CM© ii ©

© ii rH

© ii cn • • 8 • • • i H9* 0 ® i • # 0 i 0 © i r* r* cn i • cn cn i © Hf cn i ©

rH rH 11 rH rH rH ii cn rH rH ii CM CM rH 11 rH

CM VO 11 VO ii cn r* r* ii © CM r* ii rH • • 1 • • • i • • i 0 # • ! 0 r- i © © i © © © 8 © i H* iH CM 11 CM CM CM 11 rH CM CM 11 CM rH CM ii CM

co 11 CO ii cn ii cn cn ii • 1 • i • 8 © # • i © • i © i © i • © © 1 0 rH co 11 rH 11 rH ii © rH rH 81 cn i1 ii © 11 CM m 11 ©

OS 1 © cv i • i 0 • i # • i • • l rH 8 • i VO 1 SO VO 1 cn 1 cn rH cn 1 CM

## •• •• •• •• •« ••

MM .. •• ••u ..u .. ..M ..M .. „ „ .. .. .. • .. .. „ •« •• •• 1 i 2 i i i 1 CO 2 i i l 1 2 2 i c i 1 1 < 2 i o 8 to 1 8 w 8 **H i w i i a « >i i 41 P * o T3 1 1 « O cs 1 P y i 2 C H 1 1 H H rH i 4) 3 i c < (0 o i o 41 1 5 « u i u w u 1 o 2 *H f M P ! 2 2 1 Si y 2 1 P

•H

O CO hi 1 2 QJ i Eh 4) 1 CO rH c co 8 c

CQ P 4> i < u 1 2 X

U 1 2 3 o c i 4>

COu

C P i O COO 1 Ow •rH CO 1 < rH

y o 1 co c

4>Q 41

X 1 « CO c 1 M VH 4» 1 M rH

y i 2 $ hi C 4* i O « o 1 H fiu rH i « a> y 8 2 fa fajJ o 1 2 rH o CO C < o CO •H 1 2 y ® rH 8 < £ e c «s a, co 1 m cn jk: 1 2 3 4J 1 Fh u 4) 8 X O O *H Cu e - 1 x? o 1 2 M C o 1 < T> u c i y y o o © i -co 4) *H 1 CO a o U O 1 £ a> o (0 8 co

4> r-> 2 y c 1 CO

J 4) P hi 1 2 M *H o •H 8 p 4H fa 1 10 rH

y

a •H 1 2 < e CO 2 1 M

© .P

a e 1 W to c i < rH 's'O 2 4) T3 1 O H m hi 8 Eh CO «3 1 Eh c **H rH 8 £ <3 C 41 Eh rH rH 1 2 a o 4) o 1 2 S rH T3 u 1 M O' « rH 8 > V C 2 Si -H 1 UlilU <o •H 8 O 3 0) 41 1 w 41 U <0 i ffl 0) «H fa <3 3 i O EH E 1 3T CQ 4J O 1 & u * i < Jtf U 03 41 2 i O < M hi 63 8 H 2 C <0 1 fa a> U i fa U U H w 0> i £ £ O o H 1 u £ *H <? O' 1 £ E y cy 1 2 •H

CO T3 Eh c o 1 O 41 i a b4 o c t O *®H 2 4> i fa hi CN < ca 2 8 s as u u U 1 Eh 04 rH •H 1 o 4> •rH O' P i fa 2 •H M Eh JS i «Sj «J CO 1 Eh « a> P I 4' 2 4H C to a i (0 4C HI U CQ i Cm M H rH -o 1 fa X C y CO 1 fa y a> H h 6 8 fa 2 u, o 2 hi CO 1 0 2 3 3 4) 1 O U u « rH 1 o CO w a cy 01 4> i o <0 6 M 0) ^ 1 rH e 1 a> VM 3 1 P u a> xj 4) jj 1 4H

0» <3 o 2 U i UJH rH <3 1 u

a 2 P CQ 1 2 M

C CO « P CD i 2 41

M 2 < c y 1 CO 2 4> 41 o 8 CO o x 3 c i co 3 O rH rH

C >1 i co hi 2 O fa1 m a 1 2 0 0 O Cu 1 2 fa 2 © W 1 2 CO y U O M CO 8 2 fa u <0 1 <0 2 o 1 <0 S3 y 1 c S3 u 8 to in VO VO » r* r- f"* r- i CO © CO © i a> ov <7> o% 1 o © i 1 i i rH rH

B-18
Table

A4.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Enlosure

Innovations

(Cont. o u Z Z O a22U

(J CO

£h Z W < U H

Eh as S2

(PCT) • CO iiiiii

o>• VO

•• •• ••

CO • CO

10.3 iiiiii iiiiii • CO

•• •• » • CO

HP• CO :

10.3 : : :10.3 :

Ov© iiiiii iii *r | • 1 CO 1 Iiiiii 18 11 CO 11 ii 1 i ON ON • 1 i 1 i • • • © i • 9 l11 11 VO vo CO rH 1 CO 1 ii CO CO lll ON I11 on ii1 hT iii 0\ ON l • i • | • 1 • 9 • • • 11 © ii VO 1 CO 1 ii CO © CO CO © 11 ii CO 00 CO 11 1i CO 1 ON i • • • 11 ON 8 ON off ON • ON 1 • i • o CO © • | • • • • © • 11 VO 11 CO rH rH rH I vo 1 1 vo 8 CO CO © rH © 11 11 GO r* 11 © ii CO © rH © rH 1 ON i • on • 1 • I <5? • 0\ • e • • 1 • i CO • © 1 co j • © • CO CO 1 VO 1 rH vo CM 1 rH i CO rH VO rH CM rH CM 1 * .. .. .. .. .. •• .. •• •• •• •• •• •• M »• ** M •• t» •• •• - •• •• •• • •• ** l CO 1 CO rH 1 rH 1 co rH r** © © l • i • • 9 • | • I On • • • • ON • 1 o i o o © ** 8 | • © © CO • CO 11 rH ii CM rH CM CM 1 CM 1 1 VO 1 rH CM CM rH © rH 11 CD ii CD CM tn CO 11 © 81 CM 80 r* © CM © CM 1 1 • • • 1 • | • • • • • • 1 CO i CO r* © 1 CO I © CO r* r- r- 11 rH ii rH rH CO rH 1 rH 1 8 rH 8 CO CM rH rH CM rH 11 CO ii 00 GO 11 co i8 CM CO 00 CO CM l • 1 • • l • • • • 9 • • 1 o i CO CO • 1 © 6 9 © © CO © 1l rH ii rH rH CO 1 rH 1 8 rH 1 VO rH CM rH rH rH l ii CO CM CO 1I

*81 CO o VO CM CO

©

Eh 1 • i • • • l • | • • • • • • ON O 1 rH i rH O © 1 © 1 © rH r- r* © CO • W

0< I i ** rH rH rH 1 CM 8 CO CM rH rH rH

© 1 i i i 11 I1 CO ii i i 1 z 1 1 a i 1 w 1 1 z > 1 1 £ 1 1 w •*H i 1 O' 1 4J 1 z <u i 1 OS c 1 c 1 o o i 1 o 1 03 1 a. 0) 1 w 1 b. O rH * 8 c 1 £ rH rH 1 u c 8 ® o <0 i o 1 O <0 V*H 1 z o 1 co Ej o •H l a, 1 U -r* 0) 1 <-H i a s CO o U 1 e 1 M u i e* jj to i o o u 4J 1 o 1 z 0) i as jj 1 X M 03 0) rH K i o 1 w •P 1 W u c 1 Eh A •U cn i 1 03 C0 O' i cq jj a 1 W \ G c U i rH 1 CO e E c 1 < CO rH 1 £ O H cd 3 «3 i rH 1 03 *»H 1 J 4J (8 o a 4J •H i <0 1 w jG A 1 U C 0) 1 £S J rH •ro u <0 U i » 1 w 03 O u 1 4) CC 1 O O rH X c *3 i ' 2s >h •H o 8 £h vw 1 b. O >i a A 03 rH i 03 1 £ m » a O' 1 25 C7» 1 U w * av CQ u o i 4-> 1 -o JQ G IHIOE 1 CQ\jJ 3 2 4-» O a i & 1 £ rH G £3 "*H 1 O 3 -H 1 Q U 4) c o o <0 UH i U 1 A a» « 1 N no n 1 o - s tH U 'O Q) * i o 1 £ c CQ 4J a 1 3 « 1 SBO A c CO CO 03 i c I M as «s rH 1 Eh C rH 1 Eh < (U « u H CO a, i o 1 z a c 03 rH O' 1 tHH O' 1 W sd O' 4) » u <0 -H O i o 1 w 4S rH 1 S JJ 1 £ X u CO H B •0 rH i 1 £ A £ « a ! ffl C 4> 1 CT a GQ 4) <d X 41 i 1 O JJ > o 1 o c t w O G o rH rH > Z 1 03 1 b, nH | -a 4-> I Cl. U 0 1 > Z ~H -O rH A o «3 0) c O 1 a i O * « a> S3 CO 1 O O 1 HH’O 4» *3 4J s A 4) H | o 1 a W4 4J 03 41 | U -rH 1 CQ rH N 4J u Ul S H 1 <u 1 W c jj G (0 u 1 BOH 1 W H-H <0 «3 0) u 03 O 'D < 1 U 1 w >0 rH •H rH 1 WWH 1 < £ 3 rH a» a H jC v- C > 1 a. 1 © CO D Eh O' bj 8 D-'W 1 b H ffl X & < E-< H oj Z 1 O i <d -Q U o I <0 i n A o 'O 03 UH O' Z 1 o j rH rH rH rH rH 1 CM CM 1 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO M 1 rH 1 rH rH rH rH rH 1 rH rH 8 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

B-19

14

-CONSERVE

OPERATIONAL

ENERGY
Table

A4.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont.

X

W 1 11 CO CO ii CO

O

U E* 1 Cl 9s 1 9 e i 91 9 **

a

a o u i • e 1 9 CO 9 9 © i 9 © 9 M < »J 1 CO VO VO 1 CO rH CO CO rH i VO rH CO X Eh — 1 1 i a i o 1 i x i 1 i X i 1 0V i M rH 1 t 9 9 i i 1 so CO 4 11

•• •• •• 9 •• 199 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 19 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 1

99 .. .. 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 11 11 M1 a< 11 CM | r 1 9 9 9 1 11 CO 41 CO VO CO 11 ii ii CO CM CO CM 11 CO i i 9 9 Os 9 9 9 ©. 1 V as 9 CO | 9 • 9 1 © 9 © C"** © • 1 9 9 © ii CO CO CO ii rH rH VO rH rH CM V© 11 CO V© rH 14 ii ce CO CO 11 CO CO i ©v i as as 9 9 9 1 9 9 ©*

**? | • • i 9 9 9 CO CO

© 1 CO© 9 ii CO so ii co VO V© rH rH rH 11 rH rH V© ii CO CO CO ii GO CO © CO CO 11 CO CM V© i • <7* • 9 i 9 9 9 9 9 ©V 1 9 9 9 m I © • © © i CO © CO CO CO 9 4 CO ii rH VO rH rH ii rH rH rH rH rH V© ii rH rH CM ll © CO ii CO CO ii CO © CM i • • 9 ©V i 9 9 9 ©I i 9 9 9 S© 1 o CO CO 9 i CO 9 © 9 © 9 9 i © CO r- 11 CM H rH so ii rH CO CM CO rH CO V© ii rH rH rH ii 00 r- ii CM CM CM V© rH ii rH CM i • • 9 ov i 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 i 9 e 9 r* i CO © © 9 i © r* r* ** rH i © 4$* f** iI H CM CM VO ii rH CM rH rH CM CM ii CM CM rH ii CM CM © ii CM CM CO © CD ii U 1 ©> • 9 9 i 9 9 9 9 9 i a> ©v ©V U 00 1 • r- f** rH i r* o CO CO 9 9 i 9 9 9 Eh Z 1 VO H rH CO i rH rH rH rH rH V© CO i V© V© V© W < 1 1 i M Eh | Eh 6S 1 i 1 < O — 1 ©v © SO m i in CO CO ® CO © i rH CO CO U O. EH 1 • • 9 9 i 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 9 9 9 Di£»>U 1 r* rH Hf i © © © CO © CO i *** © © oh a, i CO CO CM CO 4 CO rH CM rH rH rH rH i CM rH rH i i 11 11 11 1 i O (0 o> 1 o 1 9 i z T> c 1 z i 1 01 -O i PH C •H 1 M ro 1 X C i a *«H rH 1 Q c 1 «J o i < rH rH 1 <0 ! rH U 1 33 X) o 1 S % u 1 0J i CO CQ IH 1 CO cn 44 1 U 0) 1 c c U 1 c i 1 V i x 4) 10 41 u 1 X rH •H •H 1 1 o V -*H > o 1 o <c r-H E 1 rH CQ i PM 00 u 3 4 PH «J 0> 1 rH 4J i x 44 o a* o CD CQ 1 X U 05 CQ ^ 1 <T3 3 i w c CQ c rH cn rH 1 u 0) CO W-4J 1 o o i Eh <0 05 c 4J 1 fc! 44 c J a 4 X rH c > l-l •*H C 1 z <0 >1 U 4) 1 e (Q 44 O 4 u IX 3 o c <0 1 pH E rH *H U 0 3 rH to 44 t ta CQ 1-4 -*H > cu i 44 W4 3 1 a, CQ r—i E 1 30 Cn XJ o u (0 1 30 C JC X *"H I M 01 o • i Eh c c *H 0) 1 Eh •H cn «5 CQ t W X o u 44 M 4 w CO <0 M 4J % CU 1 PH CO •H 4H C 1 X 10 44 3 *H ! a A a> 0» K CQ M i a 44 44 It) 1 U (V O y a > 1 u CQ •H 4-> 05 oj OJ i u I-* 4 Eh J3 cu •hH c 1 .j 01 05 o K T3 44 1 X] 3 4) 4J 1 rH ns o « 4 o > c 3t fl> OJ to 44 ' o u CQ 44 1 ? CQ rH 44 44 4 X o •H rH A 3 t X 05 fi? H 1 CO M o rH M i EH > V CQ A 1 fc! V XI o o 1 oj u o to o 1 z W 0> D> rH <0 CQ 1 z 0J SJ t> Z 1 M .O U *H t O w > 4H H XI 4-5 u 1 o u > A 1 X O f > M Wl o O u ! U V o o rH (0 CD **H M 1 u u o CQ —H C W 4 M O « 44 to 0> » M U 1-4 3 U o 1 M rH >1 4J Eh I Eh « rH o C X 1 z > CO oj W OJ •PO XI rH 1 z a rH C SJ < ! O JQ o XI 01 c I 5 w a to w X3 o o 1 p u e o •H f0 > l < < CO W -H 1 w a m D D ? < h w 1 W O w ct > a 2 i a U -o i a XJ U X> V 4H cn (0 X) y

/St I 1 in in

m in inm

m 1 VO V© VO V©

M 1 rH rH rH rH 1 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1 A rH rH rH

B-20
Table

A4.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont

u

— 11 11 00 CM

M t*M

CO 1I co CO CO 1J

U E* 1 1 On On • • ON • • • • 1 Zoo 1 • • i • • CO o • © 1 co © © 1 < a, 1 m CO 1 VO VO rH CN rH VO rH 1 rH rH rH l H — 1 1 1 1 «O l1 1 i 1

**

CLi X 11 11 ii 11 Ml rH 1 1 • • • • 1 • 1 111 11 co CO CO CO ii CO 11 111 on 111 ON On ON tii O* 1l1 CN 1 • i • c • • • i • 11 VO 11 CO SO VO VO 1 CO 1 CO ii CO 11 CM CO 11 CO i1 co CO »» 1 • • 1 On • ON • • i On On

co 1 co 1 • • • • • CO • 1 ©

©

© i • • 11 rH rH 11 VO CO CO CO CO rH VO 1 rH 1 CN rH 11 VO VO 11 11 CO CO 11 11 1 1 ON • ON ON O' • 1 ON 1 1 i • • o • • • © • • 1 11 11 VO CO rH VO VO CO rH CO 1 VO 11 11 H CM 11 O 00 CO CN o 11 co CO CO 11 CO CO 1 1 • • • • • • 1 m i r- 1 rH CO o rH © © l <o CO CO 1 © © 11 CM rH 11 CO rH rH rH CO CM CN 1 rH 1 rH rH ii rH rH 11 m CN 11 00 r* CM co co CO 11 co CO 11 CM CN 1 • • i ON • • • • • • • ON • 1 • • © 1 o 1 • CO o © CO CO I © • CO 1 r^* 11 H rH I1 VO rH CM rH rH rH rH 1 rH 1 VO rH 1I rH rH 11 CM CM 11 VO CM 00 00 CO CO 11 VO rH 11 © 1 • • i • • • • • • ON • • 1 ON • 1 r* i P- CO CO © © • i © 1 • CO 1 rH rH 1 CM rH rH rH rH rH VO 1 CN CN CM 1 VO rH - •• •• •• • M *• .. .. •• • •• • - •• - •• •• •• H •• M •• •• ~ •• - M - .. •• i CO 1 CO CO CO 1 CO 1 CN

u i • 1 O' ON • On • • ON

g On ON • 1 • • CJ CD i • o 1 • • o • © © • | • • © 1 o r* z i m rH 1 CO VO rH VO rH rH VO VO VO rH i CN rH < 1 1 i 1 H 1 •« 1 1 i 1 o — » CM t CO o CO CO CO CO 1 CN CO g On o

a. E* 1 • • 1 • • • • On • • • ON 1 • • £ <* u 1 o 1 o rH o © • © CO i r- © • i r- rH

*-H 04 1 #-h CN 1 rH CO rH rH VO rH rH I rH rH VO 1 CO CO ' 1 1 1 i 11 11 i1 E-i 11 1 1 i as i i 1 1 c 0) i e> 1 H 1 1 0> > 1 a i 2 1 1 0) CQ **H i 3 1 H i 1 3 CQ CQ 1 X 1 J 1 1 4J C 01 1 < T3 l *H (Q 1 1 4) rH >i A i a a> CQ i a 4J 1 1 U 3 O' rH T3 i 4-» a 1 X c i CO CQ 1 z CQ rH <0 | JP rH c 1 u H 1 6 •O 1 < CQ 'U CQ <0 | 6^ •H •H 1 v. o 1 rH C 1 4 4) 01 <0 e A 1 u 4J rH 1 z •ro 1 •M **H 1 a T3 rH M 4J 1 03 3 1 o 1 CM •H 1 <0 c cn 01 **H 1 £ 1 HH CO VM 1 US 1 3. A •H A » l O E* 4J rH 1 H CQ O 1 u 1 O CQ 4J 01 4J 1 E-* Z -*H <0 1 H 4) 1 *M * 1 2 > CD CQ 1 w » -u i 2 c x: i 4-> (0 1 z M * •H SM CQ CQ B 1 CO £ c 1 Eh 4J 4J 1 <u M i M o O' 4J O <0 CQ rH 1 Ci3 Z CQ o 1 J us O' i A 01 1 3 c o rH S3 **H 1 V O M N 1 rH cn c 1 4J > 1 CQ H 0) M ON rH SM 1 ii « o *M 1 Qu H 4) i c 3 1 Z T3 3 rH 0) O' 1 > a 4J M 1 z 4H rH 1 >i o 1 M C M 0) 4-> e rH » 1 b3 > ffi o O 1 Ml i CO rH 1 rH o CO A 01 u o o 1 Q Z 01 0) us 1 M rH i i j rH CQ 3 rH •H M 'O 1 C<3 > rH 1 cc *M 10 1 HI 0) 1 o 3 A >1 £ A s 4J c 1 Z a VM 01 1 HH C 4J i > rH 1 « V rH CQ CQ o c H 1 OK V 4) r—i i < o i *M A 1 c •H M o » 1 hSs M A 1 4> 4J 1 4J a 1 z a rH IM a O O' 1 Eh O ® •0 I J CQ Z 1 o 4J 1 o M 'O M *M u c -o 1 <J X o » 4J 1 o <0 V o 1 01 CQ 1 u 4J CQ 0) 4J u o o M *H 03 1 C>3 4J 0) o CO 1 (X 4) V

Ml i rH 3 1 0) CQ 4J o •H S3 •U <0 ±Z 4J 1 J

O

A

M 'U 3 1 fc1 z M 3

Eh i CM *n 1 z c e (Q 0) 4J O, o a

O rH 1 a O' -HC TO i z o o 'U < 1 01 'O 1 3 V i-t o a 04 O US O «3 *M l U Z -1 «3 -H T3 1 O Ml c > 1 OS < 1 w > O' u CO o a CO U3 i a a J a > < 1 OEM CC Z 1 T3 0) 1 u T5 0) VM O' 1 10 A o 1 10 A z i VO VO 1 r- 1 co © CO © 1 Ov On ON M 1 rH rH 1 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1 rH rH rH rH 1 rH rH rH

W 2 in

B-21
Table

A4.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont.

KM -» 1t 11 CO CO cn

o* •» •• 11 1» cn cn cn 11 8(

•• ••

OU Eh I 1 * O' • • OV 8 • • 1 Cv 8 Z Z O U 1 8 cn • o © * 1 • *

fi o ©

© i • i M < a 1 1 H V© rH rH VO 8 vo VO 8 rH rH rH 1 vo 1 S g - 1* 1 i 1 i 8 o 1 i i i 1 1 & 1 1 8 i 1 I £ 1 1 i n* HP 1 ^ i 1 M rH 1 1 • i • 0 1 * 1 8 1 1 cn 8 cn cn 8 cn i i 1 H •• •• •• •• ea »( •• •• •• •• •• •* •• •• •• •ft M •• •0 •ft •• •• •• ( 8 CO cn CO I i 18 15 1 1 • • • J n- 8 ^ 8 1 CM 1 1 o o cn 8 • • 8 • ft • 8 1 «1 11 H rH rH 81 cn cn 8 cn 1 cn cn 18 ii 81 11 88 i1 o CM 11 88 1 i O' 1 i * • O' i i m 1 1 • • • • i 0 i r- r** • i 1 1 i VO CO CO cn 8 cn 8 CM rH vo i i 1 •« »• •• •• «• M •• •• •• •• M •* •• Oft •ft •• Oft •ft •• •• •• •ft •• •• •• •«

II 1 CO 1 8 cn cn 8 1 1 i O' O' • 1 OH 8 O' • • i O' i 8 i • • cn 8 » | • © o i

ft 1 11 i1 VO cn vo rH 81 VO VO 8 rH rH ii vo 11 11 11 CO CO CO cn I CM 1 rH 11 rH cn ii cn ii 1 i

ft • **? • • • e | • ft ft 1 • 1 iD 1 i o cn • cn o r* i © I ^ © © i © i 11 ii rH rH CO rH rH rH 81 CM CM 8 CM 8 CM rH ii rH 18 11 ii CO CM rH cn 1 CD 1 CM 00 ii CM ti ii 1 i • • • • • 9 1 • • 1 O' • • i j VO l i o o r- o cn I cn • o i • i 1I 11 rH CM rH CM rH rH 88 rH rH 1 vo 8 CM rH ii cn ii 11 ii 00 CM r* VO cn 1 jn l VO CM 11 co r*> ii CM ii 1 i • • • • • • i • * O' • 8 • 8 1 i CO o ** o O 1 r* r- 8 cn • © i r* i 11 11

r-H rH CM cn rH rH 81 CM rH 8 rH 1 VO CM ii rH ii 11 11 CM VO r- CM 1 00 1 00 ii cn ii r* 11 w 1 i • • • • • 1 <*• t 1 n1 • i • i U co 1 1 r- r- o • cn i • cn © • • © i Eh Z 1 1 r-H CM CM cn rH r-> 8 cn 8 cn cn 8 CM 1 CO < t i i i i i W Eh 1 •• •• •• •• M H •* • • •• •• M •• •• •• •• •ft •• •• • ft Oft •• •• •• Eh a 1 i 1 i i 1 < o ~ 1 i CO CO r- cn o cn i CD cn i CM i m i W ^ fc* 1 i • • 0 • • • j • » i • 1 • 1 CB £ C7> U 1 i o o o o rH o i cn © i 1 HP i O H w

Oj 1 1 rH rH CM rH cn rH 1 rH rH i rH i cn 8 1 i 8 i • i 1 i 43 CO i i i i 1 i to •rH 4> to i i 3 i i to 1 • 3 O' to e o 0> i cc i 4J i i Z 1 i O fH 41 rH •H 'O i r— >1 rH l ( fH i u 1 c£ 1 i a M C -H > 03 4> 1 * JJ 4) C3 t z c * i z i 1 1 z <6 MH 4) 3 0 1 O *r* c a 1 o o i M i a 1 1 W CO * a 43 (0 45 1 43 U S3 •H ! CU CO i E- 1 £ 1 1 3 * CO M i-i ! Z C 43 a rH I M CO » rH i < 8 to I i o 4> 0 c a <+M i <-h a •H 1 > 43 o o i 3 t £ 1 1 Qu -a 03 rH U O 3 t 3 3C <0 41 4i 1 Z C 43 U i s t 1 i O c 3 u •r» | » i C 3 O' C3 t W -n c 8 to i C3 1 i •rH Ul 3 **H 4J rH O 1 U c 8 rH fH c i z 8 Z I 1 w » 3 O 0 <0 rH 43 1 *3 <0 V <8 HJ 1 W 3 » o 8 M 1 W 1 i 3 4> rH O C 1 4 0) cn£ c * > V t i a 1 i *•4 rH rH 43 D U •H 1 a c os O S3 1 M 3 43 8 Q 1 o 1 i < <0 <0 4> CO » 1 < w »-» t fH 1 CO j-l 41 43 8 to 1 5 1 1 > u e <0 4J C - 1 H O CD X) 1 Z T4 CM C i Eh 1 « 1 1 **H U 41 <0 fH CO i z 3 1 B U 4-1 CO <0 1 w > fH CG i < 1 1 8 Z 4J CD U O "0 l o O' l OK o «$ M 1 s c 1 V 8 o 1 i o c j= <0 3 o c 8 M 3 1 B 3 3 1 M > (G ro 8 M 8 H 1 i W ai -U **H *H I H CQ O 1 E Eh rH a i « O 3 ^ n i « 1 Eh 1 i Eh 43 01 > 0 rH 1 < 3 ^ 1 3 < 43 o i a 43 o 0 41 i i w 1 i < •rC C U 3 3 i 3 O 3 i u a s 1 £ CQ C a> Cfl 'V i 3 i < 1 i 3 0) **H <0 c 8 M X! 1 Z w u CO U i o a -h b C -n 1 a i 3 1 i 3 rH § N O' >1 * 1 fc c i D 04 Cl 41 o 1 u u > 4- u i to i to 1 * CO <u 3 <0 43 « i Z **H c « £ 3 C o 1 M u E3 U i E • 1 i z rH M rH C rH 1 u > O 1 fH W 3 o rH i w a 4i 41 4) 1 a i CO 1 t w rH MH o> O 41 rH ! > •H 1 Eh N 44 1 <HH >4 t> > i i 3 1 * <0 O (0 41 +) 1 < C) 1 Q 3 41 o H O t P i o 1 i « U 0) 41 a 3 * J rH S3 1 H ta 41 3 t CO o -rH 43 rH 4J i w i © z 1 i > <a > — > K 43 43 j £ 3 rH 8 a z os tn a 1 Z £ U3 -H i C- rH i > i z o 1 i Q a. O rH O u O « 0 Pn « •H | H < 4) 43 u 1 O H CQ «H E 45 i o to i M M 1 1 a W >1 u K U OJ t D u 4J 1 SB H M 41 •ri 1 P EH 4) i-> C 3 i a m i Eh 1 i Pa o a c a *3 03 t Eh 41 C 1 3 Q u •u 1 £ Z > 41 rH 3 C 8 a u i z < 1 1 £ 6 *H b \ c ‘ s a 41 1 3<C C •1 1 HUt) C 3 5 S3 i £ U i o § 1 i w M > M > M w 1 z ? > | UKH 1 X £ « 0 £ < S i M Q i u s 1 i <0 3 o 43 J 1 a 3 1 <0 3 I <0 3 o i i Z 1 i o o o O © 8 rH rH rH b CM CM CM 1 cn cn cn cn t i in w 1 i CM CM CM CM CM 8 CM CM CN t CN CN CM 1 CM CM CM CM i CM i CM

B-22
Table

A4.

Estimates

of

Importance

of

Enclosure

Innovations

(Cont.

06 Ed o u £5' £ H

06O

fi

EdU I E-< Z co <

Ed Eh

Eh 06 < O

Ed

b

06 £ i O M ii 11 CO ii CO ii Eh i ** 1 DN • i • t o y i • i • CO i © i s l m i VD rH i rH i 1 i i i iii iii iii iii rH i i i • 1 ii ii ii CO ii 11 00 11 ii ii 1 1 • 1 «*» 1 DN i 04 | • 1 co i • i • i l co 1 rH 1 ii CO ii VD ii 11 co 11 ii ii 1 l • i O' i DN i m l • I © i • • i • i 1 CO 1 rH 1 ii CO CO ii V© ii 11 CM 11 CO ii ii 1 O' | • i ON • i DN i j • i r* i • © i • i 1 co 1 rH 1 ii ID rH ii VD 11 11 11 CO rH 11 ii 1 on i • • i i m 1 • i CO O' i • 1 t ID 1 ii rH CM ii VD 11 1 co ii ii CO co ii CO ii 1 • 1 i • • i • i vo 1 o i © CO i CO i 1 H 1 co 1 ii rH rH 11 rH ii 1 CD 1l r* ii ON CM 11 CO 11 | • 1 • • i • 1 r- 1 CO I © i r* i CO i 1 rH 1 CM 1 ii co rH ii rH ii 1 rH ii 11 ii CO ti | • 1 ON i ON <^N i • i CO 1 ^ i • • i CO i 1 04 1 VO 1 ii VD VD ii rH 11 1 ^ i1 CM 11 CO 11 CM ii Eh | • i • ON i • i <7n (J 1 rH i i CO c i r* i 04 1 O* 1 rH i rH ID i rH i 1 i i i 11 O' ii ii O' ii 1 b e i i c 1 1 O -H i ca i *H 4 1 O -P i u i T3 i 1 CO 1 06 C 1 o i CO i I d> \ <8 i -U i 43 i 1 c 1 Z rH 1 co 1 CO i 1 <0 1 O & 1 Eh U 1 1 1 H 1 1 Z 4J i -O i 1 X 1 S»6 T3 1 *$ c i b V i 1 E 1 U C 1 3 Q) i O 4J i i a> 1 O <8 i a, o i O c i l E 1 33 1 c 1 06 3 i 1 CO O' 1 » o 1 o i 1 CQ 1 c 1 o o • i Z S i 1 3 1 J -H 1 06 o 1 O 1 • 1 o | (C U I Ed U 4J i VU i 1 3 i a 4i 1 Z tO 4) i Q o 1 1 c i « > 1 Ed rH i < o i 1 *H 1 Ed O 1 o b i O U i 1 «U 1 X o 1 CO CO CO i 4 i 1 c 1 EH < < u l •h» i 1 o 1 £ 1 O' o i 06 (0 i 1 u 1 b 44 1 b c JJ i < 4J i I O P 1 O *H m i 3 4) i 1 >1 1 CS 1 O J* u i Q a. i i rH 1 Z 11 1 06 O V i CO « i i a 1 O Ed 1 (0 c i U i i i 1 M 2 £ 1 Ed u 0 i a CO CQ i z 1 4) 1 Eh < O' 1 N 4J O' i Ed a <u 1 o 1 t U « 3 1 M i i U u i HH 1 O' i x n o i j vu 'O i X jC *h i Eh 1 C I Q £ U 1 M rH c i a ON > i «e 1 «H i U U J3 1 H a> 1 b *«H 0) i > 1 co 1 06 £ EH 1 X CO £ i 2 3Q *0 i z 1 <0 1 <0 1 CO 43 i <0 i z l in 1 ID VD l r* i CO © i M a cm 1 CM CM 1 CM CM CM i CM CM i

B-23
Table

A5.

Benefits

of

Selected

Structural

Innovations

»• ••

CO

EhM

CuM

Z

u

CQ

OEhBUKI

UOZUUKXHHOZ

U Z U « o

4UUUO<H<<ZUU

UhbHUHUZUX

S U rH o 3 Eh KUQ3UUQ

03 < J w X

UOZUHKSUEhhOZ

<utm<xutiHuu

Q W CO M o Z

HZHUOECHHX

UHKQUhSKC

J

Eh M S M

- Eh CJ O CO Eh O

o.

VO i-H rH CJ

H •• ••

COro

r*

1 CD 1

i ro 1

l ro l

1

1

1 in i

i

l o • • j • | • i i • i iH 1 • ID in i r* j ro l • 1 CN 1 • | in H rH I CN | ro l i rH | r* l CN O ro i ro I ro i 1 O | ro l o • • i • t • i p* 1 • { • l • m VD 1 r* i ro l • i in i s? ! m

CN <N 1

1 CN |1 ro l1

i

i CN 1

1 rH 1

1 CN

1

1

i

i

t

i

i

i

1

1

i ro l o

cn ro l 1 i 1 1 • 1 •

• • | i i i 1 N1

| in 00 in i

i

1

1

i

i

1

1

i

1 rH 11 CN

co

i ro |1 ^ | i r* i CN

1

1

1 O 1

1 m i o • • | • | • i • 1 • I * i • ro m i in l ID f ID 1 O J rH J in ro CN 1 ro J rH 1 1 in i CN i CN H M M M M W » «t

i i 1 1 > 1 1 1

i u i 1 O -H » 1 1 i o> i 1 u "

O

1 1 1

i CT> i 1 O.J3 1 1 1

i co cn i O' 1 a s 1 1 1

i o i c 1 co a 1 1 1

i z u i •H 1 1 1 1 Of

i M 4J i TJ 1 01 u 1 * 1 1 4J

i q 3 i rH 1 U -H I A 1 l 0)

i o i **H 1 3 e 1 XI 1 1 u

i M i 3 1 a co 1 O' 1 1 V

i a *H* i X) 1 C -H I c 1 1 c

i co c u i 1 oi at 1 0> 1 J o

i O 00 i 0) 1 co 1 IH 1 1 o

i u •H 3 1 z rH 1 * 1 XI 1 1

i CO 4J U 1 o 10 1 CO u 1 Eh a 1 1 TJ p

i M (0 4J 1 M 10 1 O' O 1 Z 1 01 1 t w a> c

i K C 00 1 CO 4-) 1 -a l Cd JQ XI 1 1 tt u •H

i S3 'H * 0) 1 w 00 1 rH CO 1 Z O' 01 1 1 p u <0

i o A C H i Q 1 X) c 1 a< •H U 1 c 1 Eh O Or

i M e > 3 1 >1 1 o 1 o & O 1 o i U IH z

i m 004J | b rH 1 z 0) -H 1 3 e 1 Tt 1 D c o cn

i OTD O j Z rH 1 u O' CO 1 w * o 1 X) i tt H M c

i z i 3 1 <0 1 M u C 1 > x> o 1 co 1 Eh 4) c Eh •H

i M o 4) u 1 Eh u 1 CO «j oi 1 u JB 1 CO TJ 1 CO u o U 4J

i CO -H u 1 CO •H 1 u rH S 1 Q o' a 1 z •rl tH W CD

i CO 3 h n 1 M § 1 Q rl 1 •H 01 1 o rH ! M T5 XI Eh *H

i CO tu m 1 CO 3 1 XTS 1 J 0) o 1 M o i Eh e u O CO

i u 4J u 1 w c 1 o u 1 < 5» M 1 Eh a 1 M « 3 OS 01 z i z I - <0 1 « >1 1 H 01 01 1 M 1 O 1 < c 1 co u a< U o i s 01 00 |H 1 •o 00 1 s xi 1 « HJ IH 1 Q o 1 o rH XI w i CM. e oo 3 1 9 o s 1 CO « 1 W JQ C 1 Z p 1 tt 01 a M 0) Eh i M 3 3.0 1 z u u 1 M IH -rH 1 Eh O'-H 1 s 01 1 s 01 c « IH < i EH u u p 1 M 01 o 1 u O u 1 hH 01 1 o u 1 o u o H •H

fc i CO Cu 4J S

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s

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1to1

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B-24
Table

A5.

Benefits

of

Selected

Structural

Innovations

(Cont.

C/1 EhM

Cl. Wz

u

a

O Eh a u OS

UOZUU0S><EhmOZ

UZUKUX

<UUMO.Eh<ZOW

UhCbMOi-HUZOX

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0.

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in

in

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B-25
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M 00 t( •• •• «0 «• •• ft ••

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co i \D.KOUaQ3BU« 1 ii 11 11 11 1i © i1 in c i 1 1 1 1 e 1 9 o i 1 1 i 1 © 1 CM •H i i ! 1 1 1 CM i rH •u ZU2 i 1 1 1 l i CO 1 1 | | 1 | [ > 1 1 O l 1 © l | i m o SUUQ6IQ I i • 1 1 • 1 ! ( • G f i © i 1 © ! [ 4 CM c BUUU4KUI 1 1 in i 1 (N 1 i 1 rH M 11 1 1 1 1 f I

rH 11 11 11 11 11 11 © 11 1 1 1 ( 1 • 4 cj o 2 co e< as a cj Eh m o 2 i 1 I 1 1 l © 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 CM i JJO | | | | | | { 3 i 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 I • 1 1 1 1 i 4J <u«hsu^HU(ii 1 in i 1 1 i 1 m 1| 1| CM 1| 1| 1| 1{ 1| | aa •• •• •« •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• • • •• • • H •• »• 0# •• •• it •• 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 0) i o © i i © 1 i i 1 4J • • 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 CJ QUIOhuZ 1 © O i 1 © 1 1 1 1

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Cfl 4 l \ t t l i 4J i t i 1 i O 1 1 C

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CO l EhhZU 1l f4l 1l1 »tl ill

60. 11i i1a CO M l t t 1 4 i 4 Vh S 1 •• •• •• •• H H •• H •• •• •• «• .. M •• •• *• ” •• •• •• «• M •* •* *• • • — •• •• •• «• •0 •• M

4J

Eh l 1 l1 O l © l © 4 m

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1 4 o 4 1 3 •h* l J3 h C *H b C f l c l * CQ C 10 0 <u o> f 0> 1 I o 1 t O CO i a> l C5 l u t l u 4 4 W -H 3 1 2 rH J l 4J 1 l [ 1 CO 4J U 1 CJ jQ C CQ M l £-• OQ l l •3 1 4-5 l M ft 4-» 1 hH <Q 4 CT» O 1 2 1 01 b 1 CO 0> 1 c 1 « c CO t co 4-> TJ b u j= jj 1 i ce o 1 1 s •*H 9 01 ( u CQ (1 rH CQ 1 £ Di 0> t i a u i <0 i o -9 c u i a i J3 c t cm •*H U 1 e 1 fcr* o 1 O4 4 M a * 3 1 >. « o i O JZ CJ l o i a «4H 4 2 i X O O -m> 1 Eh r-H 1 2 l J C l fH i a c i O cn i CJ "O u 1 2 rH i e> D> CQ 1 u •» o l 4J i as •H i W e 1 2 1 3 • 2 <0 f. M W4 C 1 > JJ o l 1 P o> c i Eh •H i M CO 0» u f Eh o li CO « (1) 1 u Si 1 co 3 1 CO M o 1 O jj i Bl-HJJ Ii CO •H II u I Q D>*3 1 2 •H 1 •»H 1 OO 03 f CO 3 Eh to H M e 1 Q •H •H O 1 O rH 1 K TJ i Eh •H 1 CO U 9 i co § i >1*3 t .J 0) u 1 M o 1 Eh e u i O CQ 1 u jj U 1. w c t u 1 < > rni 1 Eh CD 1 w "B 3 l 06 01 2 I as t ** « t « >i [ M 01 Q 1 M 1 O 1 < c 1 CO U 1 cm U O i b 0* CQ rH 1) *3 a) 1 s > 4-» i ea JJ 4h 1 Q o 1 o rH jj 1 H* l Oh 6 co 3 > e O a ( CO <0 1 CO Si c i 2 CJ i cm OJ CO 1 w at Eh 1 W « 3 J3 l 2 U U 1 M U -H 1 H CJ>*H i a <y 1 X 0J c l cm u < ft H u Ud 3 II W a* o 1 u O mi < HH 01 i o u 1 o 4J o W *H

CO Oh .u

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B-26
Table

A6.

Constraints

of

Selected

Structural

Innovations

(Cont.

1

1

1

1 O

1

i

ii © ©

Eh i i • i i • • OtiBUKU 1 1 o 1 i m ©

a. 1 1 CN 1 i CN) CN w' 1

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i 1 8

1

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i

i

1

1

1

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1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 © © © \E4U<hZhZU 1 i i i • • •

1 i i i in © © AUOSUOZZU J i

i

1

1

1

1

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1

1

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1 1 1 1 • •

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i •*

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1

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11

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1

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i

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1 1 1 • 1 QUOlHUZ i 1 i in i ©

1 i i cn 1 in

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1

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1

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1

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1 Ei E4HIU i i 1 i Z 1 i i i M » i 1 i 5

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1 i u i 1 *4 a -u a> c

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i i < i i j T3 a» c •H

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1 i OS i 1 w aj a> e o

i i u i 1 os <0 rS (l> 3

i i z i ! Eh U H H u

i i w i 1 W •H QJ 4J

i 1 i 1 3 U rH (0

i i Q at i a 1 Q XI 10 4) c

i 1 Z >i 1 w o 1 Z O KU o

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i i •H i u a i \ O AJ <J O'

i 1 Z *H 1 W CO 1 z U U <0 c T3

i i o « i > 1 o CL 3 (ai •H 0)

i i H 1 os 1 >-» u c TD

i i Eh AJ 1 (H <0 1 Eh oj -u) a> o •H

i i V SS 1 w *«H 1 < H M H <0

i i 3 * CT> 1 4J 1 O « <0 (0 1

i 1 Q Eh I u •H 1 w 0-0 0 c M

i i UH« 1 1-3 4J 1 os © 0) CO «> HI z i i OS J * 1 03 CO i m jC 4J o i i W 4J 1 M u i < a» to a> 3 M i i CO Eh JS 1 X ai 1 t

u

cn-H a* 4J o.

Eh i i W U O' 1 M 4J 1 w u c U to 6 < i i < D *H 1 J c i as <0 -H (0 o o §

1 i IQ J 1 Cb W \ os 1-3 VM 1-3 a. U

Z i i 1 «j 1 <0 XI 0) jC Z i i CN) CN) 1 co CO 1 <* N1 ^

M i i fH i-H 1 «H rH 1 rH rH rH rH rH

B-27
Table

A7.

Benefits

of

Selected

Enclosure

Innovations e8 88 18 ll o 31 81 rH 88 08 VO 80 Eh 8 i i 8 • 8 8 • i Q Eh Z Cd OS u a 8 8 1 o 8 i rHI 0 8 00

cu 8 8 8 8 CM * 1 rH 8 8 CM 8 8 8 8 i 1 8 1 i ii 00 81 18 81 t1 ii CM i8 88 00 8 UOZWHKX^HOZ i ® 1 8 8 i ! • i • 1 *

11 CM 8 8 8 8 8 1 8 CM uzutsux ii 88 88 88 !1 88 CM 68 8 ** 8 88 8i 88 i1 88 cn 8I J8 88 cn 8 J 8 3 8 8 J • COOMOh^^ZUM i 8 8 8 1 8 8 VO I «*? 88 88 81 8! 81 rH 68 18 •H 1 rH 1

MCuCum(JmWZU>« 8{8888 8I1818 081888 918818 881888 111ii8 8188t8 811111

'v

XW

M o B Eh 1t 88 81 81 86 3S {J 81 2UHUSH i 1 8 l i i 8 i KUQ3UUD 8 • 8 8 1 * 8 OD< iiilii 888811 888i11 888888 888t88 800it1 1881I8 81888*

UOZC0Eh«3OEhwOZ II8111 t88181 81l188 881881 1f8Fi1 88«311 ll1888 888881

<HWE<SUf<HUUl iiiiii 111I18 181111 181f11 81f1l1 888f88 1(188t 1I8818 11 cn 11 11 81 o 81 81 88 r- 11 1 • 1 i 1 1 1 1 8 QUIOHUZ 1 1 1 1 o i 8 8 VD 8 88 rH 11 1i 11 CM 11 11 81 rH 81 81 m 11 88 81 o 11 (1 CM 11 88 mZE-iWUIKi-(Eh>< 1 • 1 • i 1 • 1 l • 8 8 1 1 in 1 1 o i 8 CM 1 f wE-i«ao&-oes»SJ 18 rH 88 00 l1 1i

««* 11 81 CM 11 88 11 88 11 VO 11 11 VO 11 rH 81 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t<HSU 8 1 1 CO i i CD 1 rH 1 1 1 1 1 CM i 1 CM i rH i 1 co i 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 H 8 ( 1 1 8 1 1 1 6m 8 VO 1 cn ( 1 o 1 rH i i r- 1 cn w Eh 8 • 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 • 8 • 1 • z O O CO Eh O 1 CO 8 1 rH 1 o 1 n- 1 cn 1 vn 1 <5F ca 0. 8 CM 1 *H 1 r- 1 CM i in 1 cn 1 rH 1 <H m 1 8 8 1 1 i 8 1 81 18 81 11 11 81 co 1 1 1 Z l1 1 8 i 1 1 1 & 1 w 1 8 1 1 1 8 1 z 1 E 1 8 l 1 i 1 8 Cu 8 1 1 z 8 t 1 (V 1 1 z 8 X 1 8 o 1 1 z 1 1 c 1 o 1 o 1 >H 8 H-) 1 1 o 1 CJ 1 0) 1 O' 1 Cu O 1 3 1 Eh * 1 *H 1 u 1 c 1 E 1 1 «C c 1 1 Eh 1 u 1 o 1 o 1 CO Eh 1 >* 8 3 cr» 1 1 3 8 CO c 1 a 1 c_> i a x 1 o 8 J •H 1 i 2 i j o 1 6 I 1 o u 1 CC 8 < CO 1 CO 1 Eh i < u 1 CO o 1 z 1 X M 1 C

1 > cu 8 H 1 DJ 1 M 1 o [ M 1 Eh J 1 z t td -o 8 u 1 z 1 X nj 1 i-3 8 CO 1 1 Cd 8 \ i id C < (a 1 w a» 1 < rH 1 CO E 1 E CJ 1 1 z c 8 Cu C7> i a. co 1 eh o 1 S rH 1 a> 1 3 8 u •H 1 rx, •H 1 4J 1 < u 1 <3 1 CO 4J 1 X 3 1 < 1 H 1 « CO 1 K c 1 E o 8 CO i 8 CO co 1 OQ 1 Z 1 co er> 1 o> 1 w *H 1 u-i 1 CO i < >H 1 Ou O >i 1 O I « c i -D 1 Eh o i w c 1 < a> 1 E CO 1 CJ U 1 H CO 1 Q •H 8 Z 1 < r m 1 Eh •H 8 E 4J 8 1 COM d 1 eh u 1 rH 1 M -U i S CO 8 M a> 1 at 1 E rH 1 a u o 1 <(0 o 1 Q rH 8 s c 1 Z fH c 1 CO u 1 a u 8 ZJ (D 1 Or E 1 K£U 1 w <D i 8 <0 1 M Z <y l o 1 < o 1 E c i a Eh O 1 £d Cd U 1 Eh -u 1 X 4J 1 < M 4J i a, u 1 [L4 c 1 w CO 1 Eh < 0) 1 Oh Eh 41 i «£ co o 8 o CO 1 « O 43 1 5 (D 1 w o 1 z a. 1 U U cn 1 O W <-i 8 o u 6 1 J-H •H 1 1-3 cn i O 43 i K o 1 M 1 £ OB 8 1 >H rH 1 M CC i X CO 1 U •H I u •H cn i CU 1 E jG cn i a co o 1 EDH i 08 1 N B il i iw c 1 1 u : C 1 > u Z 8 CO §§ i w U 1 w O i cu •H 1 Cu CO 1 Id *H •H 1 « ()3 o 1 M 1 u 1 E 3 U 1 o U TJ 1 O rO 1 O » 1 H H CQ 1 W > u M i n u u i 3 T> 1 tj 6 0> 1 W T3 i o 1 >o 1 BN H 1 W Ht (0 Eh i a o 0) i o C 1 Z K .U 1 u rt3 a 1 u 01 1 M c 1 C0 M •H 1 Z EH rH < 1 o 4= i w •H i w a fl3 1 CO rH rH 1 CO U 8 CO 10 1 < E D 1 O U O > 1 co 0. Eh i 2 » 1 X E-* * 1 D o u 1 3 cu 1 3 co 1 Or M a 1 U < CO § 1 -O i (0 i 43 1 J3 i 43 1 <0 1 to 1 43 Z i CO CO i 1 in in ( Ot o> i o o 1 rH rH 8 cn cn | < ^1* W i 1 i 1 i rH rH 1 rH rH 8 rH rH 1 rH rH

B-28
Table

A8.

Constraints

of

Selected

Enclosure

Innovations 11 o 11 I1 11 © 11 81 11 11 H 1 • • 1 8 • 1 • 1 • 1 1 • OHSUKU 1 o 1 8 1 © 1 CO 1 CO 1 1 ro

04 1 8 8 1 in ! co 1 CO 1 1 ro 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 11 © 11 CO 11 CO 18 81 1 1 1 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 1 <UUUO<H<ZUU 1 1 i 1 m 1 CO 1 CO 8 1 11 11 11 11 CM 11 CO 88 CO 11 1I 11 11 1 r* 11 11 81 11 11 SH«<hZh213 1 1 i • 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 8 l© 1 1 1 1 8 &.UQ5WOZZUJ 11 11 1 Vd 1 11 11 11 1I 18 \ft«OOUQ3a;UM 11 11 11 i1 81 18 11 81 £<HU«m<,JW 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 Z U 3 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 11 o 11 11 11 11 CO 8I 11 11 ro z u u o u a 1 • 1 i 1 1 • 8 1 1 • 1 o 1 1 1 8 CO 1 1 1 ro KUUU<KUX 11 <N 11 11 11 11 CO 18 11 18 ro

UOZWHCSOUHmOZ 111111 111111 111111 i11111 1111I1 811111 111111 111818

<UWH£UHi-iUW 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 181818 111181 881118 11 O 11 11 ro 18 81 11 CO 11 O 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q U W 1-1 O Z 1 o 1 l co 1 1 1 CO 1 © 1 1 (N 1 1 CO 1 1 1 CO 1 © 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 rH 1 11 11 11 11 © 11 11 11 81 mZHUUCKmHX 1 1 l 8 • 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 8 1 1 WHQSOUHOQS<iJ 11 11 1l 81 CM 81 88 11 11

CO 111 111 11l 111 111 111 118 111 H H i-i £ U 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 Z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 HH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

cSH 11 o 11 O 11 11 11 11 11 81 ro

CO

H 1 • 1 • 1 1 8 8 1 8 • z UOWHU 1 o 1 © l 1 1 1 1 8 ro o a, 1 (N 1 © l 1 1 1 8 1 ro u w 1 1 rH l 1 1 1 1 8 11 11 11 11 81 18 CO 1 1 1 Z 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 *-H 1 1 1 8 8 1 1 Z 1 £ 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 Cd 1 1 1 z 1 1 1 Q) 1 4J 1 z 1 ce 1 1 o 1 1 Z 1 4J 1 c 8 0 1 O 1 >H 1 1-4 8 i o 1 D 1 0) 1 Q, 1 Cn u 1 3 1 H 1 1 HH 1 u 8 c 1 £ 1 • 1 1 < C 1 i H 1 V 1 0 8 O 1 CO H 8 >« 1 3 cn 8 1 5 1 CO c 8 Q, 1 U 1 Q 3 1 0 8 u •H 1 1 3 1 j 0 1 E 1 1 O 0 1 3 1 < co 1 CO l H 1 < 0 8 CO 0 1 z 1 3 HH 1 Cd 1 > 0) l H 1 Cd 1 HH 8 j 0 1 1 H 1 Z 1 u 13 1 U 1 z 1 K T3 8 J 8 bC CO 1 Cd \ 1 Cd 1 S 1 cd C 1 Cd 1 Cd Q) 1 < i-H 1 CO E 1 £ u 1 1 z c 1 Cl, O' i a, m 1 H O 1 2 rH 1 0) 1 1 J 1 u •H 1 Cn •H 1 4J 1 < u 1 <13 8 CO 4J 1 3 1 < 1 M 1 W co 1 a c 1 £ 0 8 CO 3t 1 CO CO 1 0 g 1 Z 1 m O' 1 Q) 1 Cd *H 1 U-l 8 CO 1 < >1 1 Cn 0 >1 1 0 1 u c I Q 13 1 H O 1 Cd C 1 < <D 1 CO 1 u 14 CO 1 a •H 1 z 1 < T1 1 H •H 1 £ 4J 1 1 CO \ 4J 1 H u 1 rH 8 t-H 4J 1 J2 CO 1 HH d> 8 a> 8 £ rH 1 Q 0 a> 1 < co 0 1 a rH 1 2 c 1 Z H C 1 in U 1 m u 1 3 <D 1 0 • t 1 2 I 1 w G> 1 1 <13 i h z a> 1 O 1 < 0 8 £ c 1 X H 0 1 Cd Cd O i &-* 13 1 3 4J 1 < M 4J 1 a, u 1 Cn c 1 H <0 1 H < a; 8 04 H 4/ 8 < m O 1 o CO i S o 1 £ <V 1 Cd 0 1 z a 1 Cd Cd co 1 0 w rH i u u fe 1 M •H i 13 cr> 1 O n 1 a 0 1 1 £ 3 1 > #H 1 m « 1 3 U3 1 U -1 1 u •H CP 8 0. 1 £ sz 1 CP 1 Cd CO O 1 H D -i 1 tv 1 N I 4J 1 iu C 1 4J 1 u 1 Cd 0 c 1 > O z 1 m a <13 1 u U 1 M U 1 Cl, •H 1 Cn w 1 Cn •H 1 > Z •*H 1 3 Cd o 1 W Cd E 1 u 1 13 u 1 O « 13 1 0 <0 • 0 s 1 —

T> 1 Cd > fc*

M 1 3 CJu 1 D 13 1 h 0 a> 8 CO 13 1 u 1 13 1 CO CM rH 1 CO •-« <13

H 1 a o <D 1 Q c 1 Z « JJ 8 Cd <0 <13 1 Cd 0) 1 Cd c 1 CO

M **H 1 Z H < 1 O « J= 1 cd •H 1 HI (0 1 CO rH rH 1 CO Ui 1 CO <13 8 < z 3 1 O O

O > 1 m a. H i a £ 1 £ H 2 1 3 0 O 1 0 cu 1 3 CO 1 04 H 3 1 U < CO Z 1 13 1 03 1 13 1 n 1 1 JQ 1 <13 1 <0 1 n s i ro r-l 1 ^ 1 in in 1 o> <T\ 1 0 0 1 H rH 1 CO CO 1 ^ •«* W 1 1 8 1 1 r-4 H 1 rH rH 1 rH rH 8 rH ^H

B-29
Table A9. Added Innovations

The following innovations were added by respondents:

1 . Non-weatherproofed steel frames

2. Bundled tube structure

3. Partial tubular structural systems

4. Core-braced steel frame

5. Steel tubular system with exterior composite columns

6. Concrete admixture to eliminate shrinkage

7. Post-tensioned concrete raft foundations

8. Normal weight high strength concrete

9. Fiber glass reinforced concrete

10. Light weight steel truss composite design with concrete over metal deck

11. Seismic base isolation using lead-rubber bearings

12. Hydraulic shock absorbers

13. Two-way Vierendeel trusses (as megaframes) for gravity and seismic resistance

of high-rise buildings

14. Interior steel plate shear walls

15. Coupled shear walls

16. Staggered trusses - where floor slabs span from top chord of one truss to

bottom chord of adjacent truss

17. Two-way ribbed metal deck

18. Raised floor systems

19. "IRMA" (inverted roof membrane assembly)

20. Completely prefabricated insulating deck with roof membrane and built-in

vapor barrier

21. Reflective surface or protected membrane

22. Reduction of thermal shock and ultraviolet deterioration with insulation on

top of roof membrane

B-30
23. Reduce solar load with steep sloping or folded plate self-shading roof

24. Integrated building systems

25. Pre-assembled floor segments

26. Skip-joist

27. Haunch girder

28. Tapered rolled beams

29. Below-grade connection of buildings

30. Inverted roofing with insulation exterior to membrane

31. Glass fiber concrete

B-31

APPENDIX C. Coding Manual

C-l
BOSTI

NBS SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS

CODING MANUAL

Catherine Coburn

Stephen T. Margulis

We wish to thank Mary R. Speth and

Andrew Gordon for assistance with the

coding, and Mike Brill, Gunter Schmitz,

and Tibor D. Scizmadia for serving

as expert consultants

January 1984

BUFFALO ORGANIZATION FOR SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION INC U79 HERTEL AVE BUFFALO N Y 14216 716-837-7120

C-2
THE CODING CATEGORIES

BOS TI coded the benefits and constraints mentioned by respondents for the innovations which they regarded as the most important. The coding categories are:

1 . Cost 8. Weight/Height

2. Time 9. Efficiency

3. Structural Integrity 10. Research Needed

4. Design 11. New Materials Needed

5. Aesthetics 12. Training Needed

6. Construction 13. Acceptance

7. Qual ity 15. Other

20. Energy Conservation

The table below presents the range of application of each coding category:

whether it applies to structural or enclosure system innovations or to both and

whether it applies to benefits or constraints or to both.

THE RANGE OR APPLICATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS' CODING CATEGORIES

STRUCTURAL AND ENCLOSURE

SYSTEMS INNOVATIONS

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

INNOVATIONS ONLY

BENEFITS AND

CONSTRAINTS

BENEFITS

ONLY

CONSTRAINTS

ONLY

BENEFITS

ONLY

CODING 1-6 7 10 20

CATEGORY 13 8 11

NUMBER 15 9 12

Coding categories that applied to both benefits and constraints were defined

somewhat differently, depending on whether benefits or constraints were being

coded. Therefore, for categories 1-6 and 13, which apply to both benefits and

constraints, two definitions are listed. Unless otherwise noted, all coding

categories apply to both the "Enclosure" and "Structure" questionnaires.

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1. Cost

2. Time

Benefits - These responses indicate that the innovation

would reduce costs. Some respondents were more specific,

citing, for example, reduced material costs and reduced

construction costs. However, there were not enough of any

of these specific comments to warrant separate categories.

It should be noted that unless we found at least ten instances

of a potential category, a new category was not formed, and

the statements were assigned to another category if possible

or coded as "Other" (Category 15). As a case in point, we originally had a category called Reduced Material Needs, but

there were very few instances (about 5) and, since almost

all had an explicit cost implication, they were assigned to

the Cost category.

Constraints - These answers indicate that the innovation

would increase costs. Again, although some respondents were specific about the nature of the cost increase, there were

not sufficient numbers of any one type to warrant separate

coding categories.

Benefits - These responses indicate that the proposed innovation would reduce the time needed for building completion.

Occasionally, respondents were specific, mentioning time

needed for construction most often, but once again, there were too few mentions of specific time-related benefits to

warrant separate categories.

Constraints - These statements indicate that the proposed

innovation would increase the time needed for building

completion. There were two classes of specific answers:

time needed for construction (most frequent) and time needed

for building code approval.

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3. Structural

Integrity

4. Design

Benefits - These answers stated that the proposed innovation

would increase the building's strength, structural integrity

or durability _or that it would decrease the building's

susceptibility to damage. For example, the following res- ponse to structural innovation 12b, Plastics, is typical of

this category: "The use (of) plastics as structural elements

could greatly increase strength and ductility...." Although

concerns about strength, structural integrity and damage

appeared in responses to both the structure and enclosure

system innovations, "strength", as an issue, predominated in

the structural system questionnaires and "damage" appeared

as an issue somewhat more frequently in the Enclosure questionnaires.

Constraints - These responses stated that the proposed

innovation would decrease the building's strength, structural

integrity or durability jjr that it would increase the

building's susceptibility to damage.

These responses more often addressed the issues of damage

and durability than strength.

Benefits - These responses stated that the innovation would

improve the design of the building. The following response,

to structural innovation 13a, Interstitial Space, is typical:

"Prevents breaking of vertical continuity of work space."

Constraints - These statements indicate that the proposed

innovation would restrict design options and/or result in a poorer design. This category also includes statements which

indicate that implementation of the innovation would pose

design problems. For example, to Structural Innovation la,

Trusses, one respondent wrote: "The architectural design

must include provisions for a clean and regular frame, truss

structural system."

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5. Aesthetics

6. Construction

7. Quality

Benefits - These responses indicate that the proposed innovation would improve the appearance of the resulting building

in some way. Responses in this category cover a fairly wide

range of issues, from the architectural compatibility of the

proposed innovation with existing buildings, to the appearance of the interior of the building to its occupants. For

example, in response to Enclosure innovation 11c, on glass

walls, the respondent wrote: "The use of glass in office

buildings is important for providing visual contact with the

outdoors, and for natural light...."

Constraints - This category includes responses which stated

that the innovation would result in a less attractive building.

As with benefits, there was a fairly wide range of responses.

However, the most frequent response in this category was the

single word "appearance."

Benefits - These responses state that the innovation would

increase the ease of construction. There was very little

variation in the responses in this category; virtually all

of them used the phrase "ease of construction." Only a few

respondents elaborated.

Constraints - These responses state that the innovation

would increase the difficulty of construction. As with the

construction benefits, there was relatively little variation

in answers.

Benefits - These responses stated, without elaboration, that

the overall quality of the resulting building would be

improved by the implementation of the proposed innovation.

Many of these responses were very brief, often consisting of

only the single word "quality." This category also included

responses which cite increased quality control as a benefit

of the proposed innovation. These responses are included

here, rather than in a separate category, because there were too few of them to warrant a separate category.

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8. Reduced Benefits - These responses indicate that the proposed

Weight/Height innovation would reduce the weight of the resulting building.

One respondent indicated that the innovation would reduce

the height of the resulting building and it is included in

this category.

9. Efficiency Benefits - These statements indicate, without elaboration,

that the proposed innovation is "efficient." As in the case

of Category 7 (Quality), the responses were usually brief

and often consisted of the single word "efficient." Answers

which specified the nature of the efficiency in some way

(e.g. "efficient means of conserving energy") were coded

according to the specifics of the answer.

10. Research Constraints - These statements indicate that further

Needed research is necessary to ensure the safety, effectiveness,

etc. of the innovation. Answers which specified the high

cost of research were coded as Cost Constraints. (See "Coding

Procedures" for a discussion of how coding categories were

appl ied.

)

11. New Material s Constraints - These statements specify the need for the

or Procedures development of new materials or procedures in order to

permit or facilitate the implementation of the innovation.

The following response is typical of this category: "Present

admixtures used to control shrinkage are not foolproof and

consistent."

12. Personnel/ Constraints - The responses in this cateqory specifically

Training address the need for specially trained personnel and/or

educational programs in order for the implementation of the

innovation to take place. There were a few answers which

mentioned the need for high quality workmanship and these were also included in this category as being illustrative of

a personnel or training issue.

C-7
13. Acceptance Benefits - These statements indicate that the oroDosed

innovation is already wel 1 -accepted by architects, owners and/or others. This category also includes statements

indicating that the innovation has already "proved itself"

(i.e., it is already in use).

Constraints - These statements indicate that the DroDosed

innovation is expected to be resisted by architects, owners,

users or others. Some respondents were more specific (e.g.

citing resistance based on cost, appearance, etc.), but

these were too infrequent to warrant separate categories.

15. Other [See end of listing.]

20. Energy

Conservation

Benefits - These responses specifically claimed that the

innovation was or would be an effective means of conserving

(Applied to

Enel osure

energy or preventing heat loss.

only)

15. Other This category uses the same definition for benefits and

constraints. It includes benefits and constraints which do

not fit into the other coding categories and which are too

infrequent to warrant the creation of separate categories.

Topics include logistics (whether or not materials are available on site), anticipated difficulties in getting

building code approval, etc.

CODING PROCEDURES

Definition of the units to be coded

For each innovation for which there were benefits or constraints, the first two

codable responses were coded, if more than one response was listed. The majority of the respondents had at least one innovation for which they gave two or more benefits or constraints.

C-8
In determining what constituted a single benefit or constraint, when more than

one was present, the coders used syntax and punctuation as guides. Single words

which were clearly not part of a sentence, and short phrases followed by periods, were treated as complete statements for coding purposes. In the case of longer

sentences, coders treated simple sentences as single statements. For complex

sentences, clauses within a sentence which contained new, codeable information

were treated as single statements.

Applying the Coding Categories

Single statements (as defined above) for a specific respondent and innovation

were never assigned to more than one coding category. In determining which

coding category to use for statements that might reasonably receive multiple

codes, the coders determined the "main point" of the statement and only the main

point was coded. For example, the phrase "research costs," in principle, could

be coded either as "Cost" or as "Research Needed." However, the main point of

the phrase is cost, with "research" serving as a modifier of "cost." To give a second example, "Architects dislike the aesthetics" could be coded as either

"Acceptance" or "Aesthetics." It would, however, be coded as Acceptance, since

the main point or emphasis of the sentence is on the dislike or resistance

rather than on what is disliked. For a specific respondent and innovation, if

two benefits or two constraints were mentioned, then the same coding category

was not assigned to the two benefits or the two constraints. So, for example,

if a person mentioned overall cost and research costs as the benefits of the same innovation, "cost" would be assigned only once.

Uncoded Statements

Whenever possible, we assigned statements made by respondents to coding categories. However, it was necessary in some cases to leave statements uncoded.

There were several reasons for this.

1. We limited the respondents to discussing 10 innovations. In some cases,

more than 10 were discussed. In these cases, the first 10 innovations were

coded and the remainder was left uncoded.

C-9
2. We coded only two Benefits or Constraints per innovation per respondent.

When more than two were listed, we again coded the first two codable ones

to occur, and left the remainder uncoded. For example, if the first several

responses were uncodable, then the first two codable ones would be sought.

3. In order to be coded, a response had to be clearly a benefit or constraint.

Repetitions of the innovation and vague, general statements (e.g. "this

innovation is important") were not coded.

4. The response had to be clearly linked to a specific innovation. Thus, if a respondent chose to comment generally on the innovations as a group, without

specifying an innovation or its identification number, the information was not coded.

5. The response had to be legible and interpretable. In a very few cases,

respondents produced illegible or uninterpretable answers. The latter

included: statements of benefits when constraints were required, and vice

versa; and answers which the coders could not interpret. As an example of

the latter, one respondent simply wrote the single word "do" as a benefit

of an innovation. This might have meant that the innovation should be

implemented, but even if we could be sure of this interpretation, this

answer would fall outside of our coding categories and still could not be

coded.

Appendix 1 of this manual lists the identification numbers of respondents who

produced uncoded information. The list is divided into three categories:

1. Uncoded information along with a coded answer (i.e. more than two codable

benefits or constraints listed for one innovation).

2. No innovation nunber and/or more than 10 innovations discussed.

3. Illegible or uninterpretable.

Tt should be noted that, with the exception of a few respondents who provided no innovation numbers, virtually all of the listed respondents produced at least

some coded information.

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Coder Familiarization, Reliability, and Coding Procedures

The coding categories for Benefits and Constraints were created by one of three

coders and were based on an intensive examination of all the responses in the

questionnaires. After all the coders reviewed the questionnaires and the initial

set of categories had been established, all three coders discussed the categories

and suggested modifications and additions. When the coding categories were established, the questionnaires were coded by the three coders, working independently. One coder covered the Structure questionnaires and the other two worked

on equal numbers of the Enclosure questionnaires.

No formal test of coder reliability was conducted. In lieu of that, two of the

coders jointly reviewed all of the questionnaires to check for errors. Differences in interpretation (between the two coders doing the review and/or between

one of the coders doing the review and the code written down for a statement)

were resolved by the two coders. During the review phase, the reviewers also

made a few minor revisions in the coding system. One category. Reduced Material

Needs, was eliminated as a separate category because there were too few responses.

These responses were recoded as "Cost" since virtually all of the answers had

cost implications. Category 6, Construction, was added at this time, and Category

13, Acceptance, which was originally used for constraints only was broadened to

include benefits as well. Finally, possible coding problems arising from the

meaning of technical terms used by the respondents were resolved with the help

of a technical expert.

Evaluating the Innovations Added by the Respondents

Respondents, as experts, were given the option of adding innovations to those

listed in each questionnaire. Two technical experts evaluated all of the added

innovations and decided which were reasonable additions and which were not. The

reasonable additions were made part of the data file.

The questionnaires with additional innovations indicate, either on the cover

sheet or on the page with the additional innovations, whether each added innovation was approved or rejected for inclusion in the data file. Appendix 3

lists the respondents who had reasonable additional innovations.

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Because there were so few added innovations, they were not assigned separate

identification codes. Therefore, all of the first listed added innovations are coded with the same identification number, and so on.

C-12
NBS-1 14A irev. 2-80

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

REPORT NO.

84-2950 January 1985

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Office Building Structures and Enclosures: A Survey of Experts

5. AUTHOR(S)

George Turner

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

Public Buildings Service

General Services Administration

Washington, DC 20405

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report presents the results of a study undertaken to identify probable trends

affecting the form/design, materials and construction technologies of future office

buildings. A literature review was conducted that addressed emerging technologies

for structural systems and exterior enclosures of office buildings. Issues identified in the review were used to develop questionnaires for surveying expert opinions

about technological innovations. Experts estimated the availability and importance

of various structural and enclosure innovations, and provided their perceptions of

the benefits and constraints of up to 10 innovations of their choosing.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by sir < -

Buildings; construction; design; enclosures; materials; structural engineer in. .

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

-jry . Uni imited For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

121

1 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C.

20402. 15. Puce

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $ 13.00

) MM•