COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chie f Judge Fitzpatr ick, Judges Fr ank and Clements Argued at Alex andria, Virginia

NOEL J. ALBERT v. Record Nos. 1439 -01-4 and OPINION BY 1987-01-4 JUDGE RO BERT P. FRANK MAY 21, 2002 CYNTHIA G. ALBERT

FROM THE CIRCUIT COUR T OF FAIRFAX COUNTY R. Terrence Ney, Judge Ted Kavrukov (Kav rukov & DiJo seph, on briefs), for appellant. No brief or argument for appellee.

In this consolidated appeal, No el J. Albert (f ather) appeals the trial court's denial of his Mo tion to Modify Visitation and Child Support. He contends the trial court erred in (1) not modifying visi tation to reduce childcar e costs, (2) failing to impute income to Cynt hia G. Albert (mothe r), and (3) awarding attorney's fees to mo ther. Father also ap peals the tr ial court's finding that he was responsible for payment of certain medical expenses of th e minor children . For the reas ons stated, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND A. Visitation and Child Support The parties we re divorced in June 2000. Custody of the parties' three children was given to mother , and a sche dule ofvisitation with father was established. On Januar y 18, 2001, father filed a Motion to Modify Visitation and Child Su pport. The motion stated mo ther works "32 hours a week, 24 hours on weekends and 8 hours on Tuesdays from 3:00 p.m. to 11 :00 p.m." Also, mother "pays for child care while she wo rks on Tuesdays." Father proposed he care for the childr en on Tuesdays , from the end of the school day unti l the next morning, wh en he would take the children to scho ol. In the alte rnative, father suggested the parties' thirteen-yea r-old daughter provid e childcar e for the other two children on Tuesdays. Father indicated in his motion that either alternativ e would "signifi cantly diminish child care costs" and, th erefore, reduce child support. A hearing on the mo tion was set for Marc h 22, 2001. No one testified at the hearin g, despite the motion's eviden tiary nature. The hearing consis ted of a dialogue between the judge and counsel. Neither party ob jected to this procedure; therefore, we accept the dialogue as "pro ffered testimony." Howe ver, we can glean only minimal inform ation from th is dialogue. 1 At the beginning of the hearing, counsel for mother indicated she could stop workin g on Tuesday, thereb y saving childcare expenses for that day. Counsel opined this change would eliminate

1 We realize many trial issues are resolved with proffered evidence, but counsel and the trial court must ensure the proffers contain all of the information necessary to resolve the issue at trial and to provide a sufficient record for appellate review.

- 2 -any interrupti on in the childr en's schedules. The children "wouldn't have to . . . go to dad's, ge t up early on Wednesday morning and be driven to school." Father's attorney re sponded that, if mother did not work on Tuesdays, her sala ry would be diminished considerab ly, and the court then must im pute that lost income to her. Father's counsel represented th at mother's total annual salary was $74,823.32, or $6,235.28 per mont h. Mother's attorney explained, however, because of a new union contract with increased wages, mother could maintain her old salary with out working on Tuesdays. Father's counsel stat ed that if mother co ntinued to work on Tuesdays, and the children spent Tuesday ni ghts with father, the reduction in childcare costs would be $616 pe r month. No other evidence, by proffer or otherwise, was elicit ed as to income or the expenses of the parties. The trial cour t ruled the chil dren would not spend Tuesday evenings with fa ther. The court further ordered, since mother would no longer work on Tuesdays, that both counsel re calculate the amount of ch ild support based on the reduction in her income and the reduction in childcare ex penses. The co urt denied the request for imputa tion of income, without stating a reason. It also awarded attorney's fees in the amount of $780 to mother. During the ensuing rece ss, the parties compromised on an amount of

- 3 -child support of $533 per month. The pa rties did no t file any worksheets wi th the court. 2 The trial court entered an order on Ma y 10, 2001, denying the motion to modify visi tation, awarding $533 per month in child support, 3 and awarding moth er $780 in atto rney's fees. B. Medica l Expenses Mother filed a Petiti on for Rule to Show Cause agains t father on April 11, 2001, clai ming he had wi llfully failed to pay his share of the children's medical expens es as provided in the final decree of divorc e. She claimed he owed $960.92 for these bills. The final divorce decree of the pa rties prov ided, In the event that the children have extraordinary uninsured medical expenses, including but no t limited to deductibles, medicines, therapy, counseling, physical therapy, dental and/or orthodonti c expenses, [father] shall be resp onsible and pay 50% of these expenses. Paymen t for said expenses shall be made at the ti me [mother] provides [father] with ev idence of the ex pense, or at such time as a doct or or othe r medical professional requir es payment.

2 While the appendix contains worksheets, they were not offered into evidence at the hearing nor were they made part of the proffer. These documents, therefore, are not part of the record and will not be considered by this Court. Rule 5A:10, Rule 5A:25. See also John v. Im , 263 Va. 315, 320, 559 S.E.2d 694, 697 (2002) (noting the appellate court is limited to the record before it and cannot consider documents that were not submitted to the trial court).

3 The order states the support award is based upon "the agreement of the parties as to the amount of child support based upon the guidelines set forth by the court."

- 4 -The final decree furthe r ordered father to "provide health care insurance cove rage for the children." A consent order entered on July 23, 19 99 set fort h custody, visitation, and the related issu es of health, education, and "general upbringing." It required each part y "notify th e other at the time a doctor, dent al or medical appointment is made for the benefit of the children." 4 The June 29, 2001 show cause hearing also cons isted generally of a dialogue between counsel and the court. Mother testified

4 The entire paragraph B, "Health," states: 1. The parties agree to consult with each other on major health decisions, and each parent shall have access to professional consultation and records. 2. If any of the children should become sick, the parent with whom the child is not staying at the time may visit the sick child. Each parent is to notify the other if any child is sick enough to be taken to the doctor or is confined to bed for two days or more. 3. In the event that either parent should need to authorize emergency hospitalization, medical care or both for either child, that parent in whose care or presence the child is at the time shall have full authority to do so as a custodial parent. 4. The parties shall notify the other at the time a doctor, dental or medical appointment is made for the benefit of the children.

- 5 -briefly, but not under oath. 5 Mother apparent ly submitted five cancelled chec ks and three credit card receipts, showing payments totaling $1,512.84 for various do ctors' appointments. Additionally, mo ther apparently presen ted to father at the hearing, for the firs t time, another medical bill for $204.50, raising the total medical bills to $1,717.34. 6 Father's counsel argued his cl ient should not be responsible for fifty percent of these bills. He contended mother did not have "clean hands" fo r several reason s. First, contrary to the terms of the consent order, she did not no tify father of the children's appointments that gave rise to these medica l bills. Also, father never rece ived copies of the bi lls so that he could submit them to his prim ary or secondary insura nce carrier. Father further conten ded that several me dical bills were from visits to medical provid ers outside of his insurance plan. At the hearing, father co nfirmed that his counsel's representation s to the court were "the truth." Father did not testify. Both the judge and mother's counse l accepted the representation s of fact presented in father's co unsel's ar gument. Although not under oath, mother addresse d the trial court and admitted that she took the children to two health providers, Dr. Sharif and Hour Eyes , who were not on fath er's insurance plan.

5 Again, father did not object to this procedure.

6 Father never questioned or objected to the amount of the medical bills. He objected only to paying some or all of them. - 6 -She indicated Dr. Sharif initially was on the plan and only after the services were rendered did she learn that Sharif had dropped the plan. She then be gan taking the children to anothe r doctor. Mother explained Hour Eyes told her that they "carry her insurance," but, apparently, they did not. The trial cour t found father was not in contempt of the consent order. The court admonish ed mother to notify father whenever the children went to a doct or, "in order to give him the opportunity to ma ke sure it's covered by the insuranc e," and to transmit medical bills in a timely fashion, since "it's better to provide it [to father] sooner as oppo sed to later. " The trial court did order that father pay $960.9 2 of the un reimbursed medical expens es, attorney's fe es of $600, and costs of $69.50.
II. ANALYSIS A. Visitation and Child Support Father first contends the tria l court erred in not modifying its earlier orde r to allow him visitation on Tuesdays. We disagree. When determining wh ether to change visi tation, a tr ial court "must apply a tw o-pronged test: (1) whether th ere has been a change in circum stances since the most recent [vis itation] award; and (2) whether a change in [visit ation] would be in the best interests of the child." Visikides v. Derr , 3 Va. App. 69, 70, 348 S.E.2d 40, 41 (198 6) (discussing this test in the context of custody determ inations). "In matters of custod y, visitation, and

- 7 -related child care issues, the cour t's paramount conc ern is always the best interests of the child." Farley v. Farley , 9 Va. App. 326, 327-28, 387 S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990). "I n matters of a child's welfare, trial courts are vested with broad discreti on in making the decisions nece ssary to guard and to foster a child's best interests." Id. at 328, 387 S.E.2d at 795. "A trial court's determination of matters within its disc retion is re versible on appeal only for an ab use of that discreti on, . . . and a trial court's decisi on will not be set aside unless plainly wrong or without eviden ce to supp ort it." Id. (citation omitted). Here, father did no t meet his burden. He did not show any change of circum stance had occurred sinc e the last order nor did he show a change in visitation would be in the children's best interests. Inst ead, his motion and argu ment only de monstrated that a change would be in his best interest. 7 His rati onale for the Tuesday visita tion was to reduce his ch ild support pa yments by saving childcare cost s. The tria l court did no t abuse its discretion in denying the moti on to change visitation. Father next conten ds, since moth er voluntaril y reduced her workweek from thirty-two to twenty -four hours by not working

7 While appellant, at oral argument, contended he argued during the hearing that a change in visitation would be in the children's best interest, we find nothing in the record to support that position.

- 8 -Tuesdays, income should be impute d to her. We ag ain must look to the "proffered testimon y" to determin e if father me t his burden. 8 The dialogue indica ted mother was "willi ng" to "stop working on Tuesdays." Th e record does no t reflect whether she did in fact stop working. We, th erefore, do no t know if sh e voluntarily reduced her income . In fact, at the time of the hearing, all indications we re mother was st ill working on Tu esdays; her work hours had not chan ged prior to the hearing. Imputation of income is used by a trial court when deciding whether "to deviate from the presumptive amount of child support, and 'any child support award must be based on circumstances existing at the time the award is made.'" Saleem v. Saleem , 26 Va. App. 384, 393, 494 S.E.2d 883, 887-88 (1998) (quoting Sargent v. Sargent , 20 Va. App. 694, 703, 460 S.E.2d 596, 600 (1995)). This Court set fort h the parameters for imputing income in Niemiec v. Dep't of Soc. Serv. , 27 Va. App. 446, 451, 499 S.E.2d 576, 579 (1998): When asked to impute income to a parent, the trial court must consider the parent's earning capacity, financial resources, education and training, ability to secure such education and training, and other factors relevant to the equities of the parents and children. See Brooks [v.

8 While father objected to the May 10, 2001 order on a number of bases, including the court's refusal to hear testimony on the visitation matter, he did not make an objection based on the court's refusal to hear testimony on imputed income

.

- 9 -Rogers ], 18 Va. App. [585, 592, 445 S.E.2d 725, 729 (1994)] (citing Code § 20-108.1(B)). The burden is on the party seeking the imputation to prove that the other parent was voluntarily foregoing more gainful employment, either by producing evidence of a higher-paying former job or by showing that more lucrative work was currently available. See Brody [v. Brody ], 16 Va. App. [647, 651, 432 S.E.2d 20, 22 (1993)]; Hur v. Virginia Dept. of Social Services Div. of Child Support Enforcement ex rel. Klopp , 13 Va. App. 54, 61, 409 S.E.2d 454, 459 (1991); see also Antonelli v. Antonelli , 242 Va. 152, 154, 409 S.E.2d 117, 119 (1991). The evidence must be sufficient to "enable the trial judge reasonably to project what amount could be anticipated." Hur , 13 Va. App. at 61, 409 S.E.2d at 459. The trial court's decision here, refusing to impute income to mother, will be upheld on appeal unless "'plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.'" Sargent , 20 Va. App. at 703, 460 S.E.2d at 600 (quoting Calvert v. Calvert , 18 Va. App. 781, 784, 447 S.E.2d 875, 876 (1994)). In the dialogue, father's counsel indicated that mother's annual salary was $74,823.32, or $6,235.28 a month, and that prior to the hearing, mother worked thirty-two hours per week. If she did not work on Tuesdays, her workweek would be twenty-four hours. Mother's counsel responded that her income would not be "diminished" due to a better union contract, "because she works weekends, and because she works late nights, she gets a better deal. Essentially, she works fewer hours and receives money." Mother's counsel further represented that she

- 10 -would be able to earn the salary "she had before, without working Tuesdays." This proffer was not opposed by father. The trial court instructed both counsel to prepare an order for change of child support payments, "based upon the change of the salary and day care elements." After a recess, counsel returned with a figure of $533 per month, but they did not submit any worksheets or explanation of the elements included in the calculation of that number. 9 We do not know if the $533 figure reflected a change in income or in day care, nor do we know the amount of change attributable to each. The informality of the procedure leaves a woefully poor record. While father's counsel continued to argue that income should be imputed to mother, and the trial court indicated it would reconsider the issue, the final order used the $533 figure. From the above, it is not clear that wife has actually suffered a loss of income. We, therefore, affirm the trial court's decision not to impute income to mother. Father had the burden to prove imputation was appropriate, see Niemiec , 27 Va. App. at 451, 499 S.E.2d at 579, and he failed to do so. Finally, father contends the trial court erred in assessing attorney's fees against him as his motion was meritorious. He argues the court failed to consider his ability to pay versus

9 The record does indicate this figure was reached after some negotiation between the parties.

- 11 -mother's ability to pay. He also argues the fees were unreasonable. "An award of attorney's fees is a matter submitted to the trial court's sound discretion and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion." Graves v. Graves , 4 Va. App. 326, 333, 357 S.E.2d 554, 558 (1987). The "key to a proper award of counsel fees" is "reasonableness under all of the circumstances." McGinnis v. McGinnis , 1 Va. App. 272, 277, 338 S.E.2d 159, 162 (1985). To promote this determination, "evidence in the record [must] explain or justify the amount of the award." Westbrook v. Westbrook , 5 Va. App. 446, 458, 364 S.E.2d 523, 530 (1988). "Where the trial judge finds that a fee award is justified, evidence of time expended and services rendered is a proper basis upon which to fix an award." Id. Although no affidavit was presented to the trial court, mother's counsel represented to the court without objection that her hourly fee was $200. She then set forth the time expended for two court appearances, telephone calls, drafting documents, etc., for a bill totaling $780. Further, the trial court found father's motion for modification was not meritorious. Under these circumstances, we hold that the award of counsel fees was reasonable. B. Medical Expenses Father contends he should not have to reimburse mother for the children's medical bills because she did not notify him of

- 12 -their appointments. Essentially, he maintains notification is a condition of reimbursement. The trial court disagreed, stating, "I do not find . . . the language of the order or the agreement to result in a default on the right of . . . reimbursement for the expenses incurred for these medical and dental visits." We agree with the trial court. "It is the firmly established law of this Commonwealth that a trial court speaks only through its written orders." Davis v. Mullins , 251 Va. 141, 148, 466 S.E.2d 90, 94 (1996). Additionally, "trial courts have the authority to interpret their own orders." Fredericksburg Constr. Co. v. J.W. Wyne Excavating, Inc. , 260 Va. 137, 144, 530 S.E.2d 148, 152 (2000). See also Rusty's Welding Serv., Inc. v. Gibson , 29 Va. App. 119, 129, 510 S.E.2d 255, 260 (1999) ( en banc ). "Furthermore, when construing a lower court's order, a reviewing court should give deference to the interpretation adopted by the lower court." Id. In this case, no notification language is contained in the final decree's provisions for health care coverage and reimbursement. Instead, notification language is found in the consent decree, under the title, "Health." This "Health" provision requires the parties consult one another as to "major health decisions" and requires notification of illnesses and medical appointments. Similarly, under the provisions entitled, "Education," the parties are required to share information

- 13 -concerning the children's education, grades, and activities. In the context of the consent decree, the trial court ordered the parties to cooperate and share information concerning the children's welfare and best interests. Based on this record, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in its interpretation of its own decree. We, therefore, hold the notification requirement was not a condition precedent for father's obligation to reimburse mother for the medical expenses. Father also argues he should be released from any obligation to pay some of these medical bills because the appointments were not with doctors listed by his insurance provider. However, the trial court accepted mother's explanation of why she took the children to these particular health care providers, and we will not disturb that finding. "'[T]he finding of the judge, upon the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their evidence, stands on the same footing as the verdict of a jury, and unless that finding is plainly wrong, or without evidence to support it, it cannot be disturbed.'" Yates v. Commonwealth , 4 Va. App. 140, 143, 355 S.E.2d 14, 16 (1987) (quoting Lane v. Commonwealth , 184 Va. 603, 611, 35 S.E.2d 749, 753 (1945)). We cannot say the

- 14 -trial court was "plainly wrong" in accepting mother's explanations. 10 Father also argues mother should not be reimbursed because she did not "timely" send the medical bills to him. However, he does not argue that he suffered any prejudice from the untimely receipt of the bills. Nothing before the trial court indicated father's insurance carrier would decline to pay the bills of providers covered by the plan if the bills were not submitted in a "timely" fashion. Father also asks that we apply the doctrine of "unclean hands" to this case. He argues mother's actions were improper and, therefore, she should not benefit from her "wrongful" behavior. Assuming, without deciding, that the unclean hands doctrine applies to these circumstances, we do not conclude that mother lacked "clean hands." "[H]e who asks equity must do equity, and he who comes into equity must come with clean hands." Walker v. Henderson , 151 Va. 913, 927-28, 145 S.E. 311, 315 (1928). The withholding of equitable relief to punish a wrongdoer has been approved in other cases involving issues of family law

10 While we do not condone a trial court accepting testimony from unsworn witnesses, father did not object to this procedure. As the appellant in this case, he had the responsibility to protect the parts of the record that would support his arguments on appeal. See Davis v. Commonwealth , 35 Va. App. 533, 537, 546 S.E.2d 252, 254 (2001) ("[Appellant] has the burden to preserve an adequate record on appeal to allow us to consider the propriety of the trial court's actions.").

- 15 -but not where the rights of children were prejudiced by the result. See Davis v. Davis , 206 Va. 381, 387, 143 S.E.2d 835, 839 (1965); Gloth v. Gloth , 154 Va. 511, 555, 153 S.E. 879, 893 (1930). Brown v. Kittle , 225 Va. 451, 457, 303 S.E.2d 864, 867 (1983). The trial court accepted mother's explanation for her behavior. We will not disturb this factual finding. See Yates , 4 Va. App. at 143, 355 S.E.2d at 16. Because the court found mother was not a "wrongdoer," implicitly, she has "clean hands." Father also argues he should not be responsible for three of the bills, totaling $50, since they are not "extraordinary" bills under Code § 20-108.2(D), 11 the child support guidelines statute. The trial court rejected this argument, interpreting its own order as including such expenses. The court opined that the word "extraordinary" in the order referred to "charges that are not insured, and I think they're properly recoverable." Again, we defer to the trial court's interpretation of its own order. See Fredericksburg Constr. Co. , 260 Va. at 144, 530

11 Code § 20-108.2(D) states: Any extraordinary medical and dental expenses for treatment of the child or children shall be added to the basic child support obligation. For purposes of this section, extraordinary medical and dental expenses are uninsured expenses in excess of $100 for a single illness or condition and shall include but not be limited to eyeglasses, prescription medication, prostheses, and mental health services whether provided by a social worker, psychologist, psychiatrist, or counselor.

- 16 -S.E.2d at 152. We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in that interpretation. Lastly, we address father's contention that the trial court erred in awarding counsel fees and costs to mother. Father argues the trial court had no authority to award fees and costs. Essentially, father maintains that counsel fees can only be awarded pendente lite in divorce actions, see Code § 20-103(A), in a decree in which a divorce is "instituted or pending," see Code § 20-79(B), or when a party is found in contempt, see Wilson v. Collins , 27 Va. App. 411, 426, 499 S.E.2d 560, 567 (1998). Father maintains that here, given the divorce is concluded, he must be found in contempt before the court can assess attorney's fees against him. We disagree. Father cites Carswell v. Masterson , 224 Va. 329, 295 S.E.2d 899 (1982), as limiting awards of attorney's fees to cases where contempt is found. However, Carswell involved a failure of the trial court to award fees after finding a party in contempt. Id. at 330, 295 S.E.2d at 900. The Supreme Court explained that trial courts may award attorney's fees in contempt proceedings brought to enforce support and divorce decrees and remanded the case "for such further proceedings as may be indicated." Id. at 332, 295 S.E.2d at 901. The Court did not express an opinion as to awards in other contexts. The more relevant case is Sullivan v. Sullivan , 33 Va. App. 743, 536 S.E.2d 925 (2000). In Sullivan , husband agreed in a

- 17 -property settlement to maintain life insurance, naming wife and children as beneficiaries; the settlement agreement was incorporated into a court order. Id. at 746, 536 S.E.2d at 927. Wife filed a show cause because husband failed to maintain the policy. Id. The trial court ordered husband to either purchase the required life insurance policy or post a bond to insure performance of the obligation; the court also awarded attorney's fees to wife, without finding husband in contempt of court. Id. at 747, 536 S.E.2d at 927. On appeal, husband contended, since he was not specifically found in contempt, the trial court erred in awarding attorney's fees. Id. at 752-53, 536 S.E.2d at 930. This Court upheld the award. Id. at 753, 536 S.E.2d at 930. As explained in Sullivan : Judges presiding over contempt proceedings in divorce suits have the discretion to award counsel fees. Carswell v. Masterson , 224 Va. 329, 332, 295 S.E.2d 899, 901 (1982). The trial judge's failure to use the word "contempt" in his order does not alter the effect of his ruling. As in Carswell , the wife had to resort to legal proceedings to secure compliance with a valid court order. In awarding legal fees, the trial judge found that the husband failed to perform a legal duty. Furthermore, simply because the trial judge ordered the husband to comply with the life insurance provision, the alleged impossibility of securing such a policy does not provide a basis for establishing an abuse of discretion by the trial judge in awarding attorney's fees. The husband's reliance on Wilson v. Collins , 27 Va. App. 411, 499 S.E.2d 560 (1998), does not aid his argument because in that case we held that the trial judge had incorrectly found a

- 18 -party in contempt and therefore could not order that party to pay attorney's fees. Id. The case before us is very similar to Sullivan . Mother, for example, "had to resort to legal proceedings to secure compliance with a valid court order," i.e., the order for father to pay fifty percent of the children's medical expenses. Id. Here also, the trial court found father failed to "perform a legal duty." Id. We further note that mother's counsel submitted an affidavit to the trial court, showing her time expended on this case. We, therefore, conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney's fees.
III. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court's rulings in these appeals. Affirmed.

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