ConceptualModelsforEnvironmentalExposurePathwaysofAntimicrobialPathwaysU.S.EPA,OfficeofPesticideProgramsAntimicrobialDivisionRiskAssessmentandScienceSupportBranchAugust4,20141Contributors•StevenWeiss,BranchChief•DonnaRandall,SeniorScientist•LauraParsons,SeniorInterdisciplinaryScientist•SiroosMostaghimi,EnvironmentalEngineer•PatriciaJennings,EnvironmentalEngineer•ZoeCavinder,Biologist•SrinivasGowda,Microbiologist•NajmShamim,Chemist•JamesBreithaupt,Agronomist2Introduction•Thisdocumentincludesconceptualmodelswhichmaybeusedtoassesspotentialroutesofenvironmentalexposuretopossibleorganismsofconcern.Everypathwayisnotapplicableforeverychemical,buteachconceptualmodeldemonstratesallroutesofdissipationthatcanoccur.Thisisalivingdocumentandmaybeupdatedasappropriate.34Diagram Pg Diagram pgAntimicrobialTreatment(Non‐paint)toExteriorSurfacessuchasSidewalks,Facades,andRoofing(AandB)9/10 BiocidesinOilandGasExtraction,Drilling Muds,Hydraulic,FrackingandRecoveryFluids(AandB)19/20Antifoulant CoatingsUsedonStructures,Boats,ShipsandEquipment11 BiocidesAddedtoOilandGasExtractionOpenPitorProducedWater(AandB)21/22VesselorOn‐shoreBallastWaterTreatment12 BiocidesAddedtoOilandGasSeparatorSystem, PipesTransportationandStorageTanks23CoolingWaterSystems(OnceThroughand/orRecirculating)(AandB)13/14 ApplicationofAntimicrobialPaintsandCoatingstoBuildings,Houses,Structures(AandB)24/25In‐ServiceUseofDisinfectantsorSanitizersonIndoorSurfaces,TextileandPlastic/RubberMaterialPreservativeUseSites15 PulpandPaperMillProcessWaterUse 26Antimicrobialsappliedtotextilefibers16 SwimmingPool,SpaUse(AandB) 27/28In‐serviceuseoftilegroutandcaulksandsealants17 Wood,treatment, post‐treatment,in‐service29MetalWorkingFluidswithAntimicrobialsUsedasaMaterialsPreservative18 ExteriorApplicationofWoodPreservative(e.g.,Decking,Siding,Fencing)30/31ConceptualModelIndexConceptualExposureModelsDevelopedforUseinPWPsAntimicrobialUsePattern OECD EmisionScenarioDocumentsthatcanbeconsultedforidentifyingsourcegroupstobeconsideredandassociatedexposurepathways,exposure modelsandscenariosAntimicrobial(Non‐Paint) treatmentofsidewalks,facades,roofs,structures(Slides9and10– AquaticandTerrestrial,respectively)Antifoulant Coatings(Slide11)http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2005)8&doclanguage=enBallastWater(Slide12)http://www.deltares.nl/en/software/1039844/mampec/1232327Cooling Towers(Slides13and14–AquaticandTerrestrial(volatilesubstance),respectively)http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)9&doclanguage=enDisinfecting, Sanitizing,CleaningandLaundryDown‐the‐Drain Products(Slide15)TextileFinishingTreatment(Slide16)•ManufacturingApplication•In‐ServiceTextileUsehttp://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)12&doclanguage=en5ConceptualExposureModelsDevelopedforUseinPWPsAntimicrobialUsePattern OECD EmisionScenarioDocumentsthatcanbeconsultedforidentifyingsourcegroupstobeconsideredandassociatedexposurepathways,exposure modelsandscenariosMaterialPreservative‐‐Adhesives,Caulks,Grouts,Sealants(In‐serviceuse)(Slide17)MaterialPreservative‐‐MetalWorkingFluids(Slide18)http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2011)18&doclanguage=enOilandGasWellDevelopment/ProductionAntimicrobials(Slides 19and20– AquaticandTerrestrial,respectively,forfluidsplaceddownwellboreholes;Slides21and22– AquaticandTerrestrial,respectively,foropenpit,evaporationponds,producedwater;Slides23– AquaticforSeparatorSystem,PipesandTransportationSystems,StorageTanks)http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)7&doclanguage=en6ConceptualExposureModelsDevelopedforUseinPWPsAntimicrobialUsePattern OECD EmisionScenarioDocumentsthatcanbeconsultedforidentifyingsourcegroupstobeconsideredandassociatedexposurepathways,exposure modelsandscenariosPaintsandCoatings(Paints,Laquers,Varnishes),Antimicrobial(Slides 24and25– AquaticandTerrestrial,respectively);Appliesalsoto“In‐ServiceUseofIn‐CanPaintorCoatingMaterialPreservative”whereantimicrobialhasalonghalf‐lifeorisstablehttp://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2009)24&doclanguage=enPulpandPaperMillUse(Slide26)SwimmingPoolandSpaUse(Slides27and28– AquaticandTerrestrial,respectively)http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)9&doclanguage=enWoodPreservativeIndustrialUse(Slide29)IndustrialApplication(Dip,Pad,Pressure)StorageIn‐UseServicehttp://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/agriculturalpesticidesandbiocides/2502747.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/agriculturalpesticidesandbiocides/2502757.pdf7ConceptualExposureModelsDevelopedforUseinPWPsAntimicrobialUsePattern OECD EmisionScenarioDocumentsthatcanbeconsultedforidentifyingsourcegroupstobeconsideredandassociatedexposurepathways,exposure modelsandscenariosWoodPreservativeProfessionalorAmateurIn‐Service Use(e.g.,Decks,Fences,Siding)(Slides30and31 –AquaticandTerrestrial,respectively)8StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)AntimicrobialTreatment(Non‐paint)toExteriorSurfacessuchasSidewalks,Facades,andRoofingLeaching/Run‐offIndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatSpray‐driftAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptakeacrossgillsorintegumentand/orsedimentingestionAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorptionbycell,roots,orleaves,RiparianplantterrestrialexposurepathwaysseeFigure(B)Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,,etc.)Ingestion(A)SurfaceWaterSediment9StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)AntimicrobialTreatment(Non‐paint)toExteriorSurfacessuchasSidewalks,Facades,andRoofingSprayDriftTerrestrialinsectsIndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninplantbiomassReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialplantsGrasses/forbs,fruit,seeds,trees,shrubsLeaching/RunoffTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsSoilIngestionIngestionDermaluptake/IngestionRootuptakeDermalcontactContact/Uptakeleaves,stemsBeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpointandplantreproductionsnotexplicitlyevaluated.(B)ExposureMedia10StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)Antifoulant CoatingsUsedonStructures,Boats,ShipsandEquipmentLeachingIndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptakeacrossgillsorintegumentand/orsedimentingestionAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorptionbycell,roots,orleaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionSurfaceWaterSediment11StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)VesselorOn‐shoreBallastWaterTreatmentDischargewater:harborsand/orshippinglanesIndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptakeacrossgillsorintegumentand/orsedimentingestionAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorptionbycell,roots,orleaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionSurfaceWaterSediment12StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)CoolingWaterSystems(OnceThroughand/orRecirculating)WWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDirectDischargeSurfaceWaterSedimentVolatilizationTerrestrialorganismsSeeFigure(B)(A)CoolingPonds/IrrigationCanalsTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X13StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)CoolingWaterSystem(OnceThroughand/orRecirculating)VolatilizationIndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsInhalation*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpoint.***Hazardassessmentforuseasirrigationwater.(B)AirExposureMediaPlantCrops***Contact/Uptakeleaves,stemsDischargetoCoolingPonds/LakesIngestionWaterDischargetoIrrigationCanalsSoilRootuptakeIrrigation14StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorptionbycells,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)WWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionWasteWaterDisposalDown‐the‐DrainSurfaceWaterSedimentIn‐ServiceUseofDisinfectantsorSanitizersonIndoorSurfaces,TextileandPlastic/RubberMaterialPreservativeUseSitesTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X15StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leavesPiscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlantAntimicrobialsappliedtotextilefibers(synthetic[suchaspolyvinylchloride(PVC),polyurethanes],animal(keratin:wool,silk),andplant)duringtextilefinishing:Exhaust,padding,orsprayapplicationtechniqueWWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionOutdoorAirSurfaceWaterSedimentFacilityDrainWasteDisposalVolatilizationWashing/LeachingIn‐ServiceUseTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X16StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)WWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionIn‐serviceuseoftilegroutandcaulksandsealantsWasteWaterfromShoweringandCleaningSurfaceWaterSedimentTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X17StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionOn‐Site/Off‐SiteWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)MetalWorkingFluidswithAntimicrobialsUsedasaMaterialsPreservativeWWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionWastewaterdisposalfromcontainerresidues,dragout losses,filtermediaandotherrecyclingwastes,andspentmetalworkingfluidTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)AirEvaporationSeeSectionX.XSeeSectionX.XRecoveryofoil,recycle,reuseSurfaceWaterSediment18StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionDeepWellInjectionBiocidesinOilandGasExtractionDrillingMuds/Fluids,Hydraulic,FrackingFluids,Primary,SecondaryandTertiary(EnhancedOil)RecoveryFluidsWWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionRecoveredWater/Fluids(FlowbackandProduced),MudsDisposalMigrationintoGroundwater(A)WasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)MigrationintoGroundwaterExposedGroundwaterfromSoilApplicationsseeFigure(B)SurfaceWaterSedimentTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X19StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsIngestion(B)IrrigationWaterRecoveredWater(FlowbackandProduced)DisposalTerrestrialplantsGrasses/forbs,fruit,seeds,trees,shrubsContact/Uptakeleaves,stemsIngestion*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpointandplantreproductionsnotexplicitlyevaluated.SoilRootuptakeSoilLeachingGroundwaterSeeFigure(A)foraquaticexposurepathwaysBiocidesinOilandGasExtractionDrillingMuds/Fluids,Hydraulic,FrackingFluids,Primary,SecondaryandTertiary(EnhancedOil)RecoveryFluidsExposureMediaOpenPitStorageorEvaporationPond20StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)BiocidesAddedtoOilandGasExtractionOpenPitorProducedWaterWWTPmicro‐organismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDisposal(A)DeepWellInjectionMigrationintoGroundwaterExposedGroundwaterfromSoilApplicationsseeFigure(B)SurfaceWaterSedimentTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X21StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsIngestionBiocidesAddedtoOilandGasExtractionOpenPitorEvaporationPondsIrrigationWaterDisposalTerrestrialplantsGrasses/forbs,fruit,seeds,trees,shrubsContact/Uptakeleaves,stemsIngestion*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpointandplantreproductionsnotexplicitlyevaluated.(B)SoilRootuptakeLeachingGroundwaterSeeFigure(A)foraquaticexposurepathwaysSurfaceWaterExposureMedia22StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)BiocidesAddedtoOilandGasSeparatorSystem,PipesandTransportationSystems,StorageTanksWWTPmicro‐organismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDisposalofWasteFluids(A)DeepWellInjectionMigrationintoGroundwaterSurfaceWaterSedimentTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X23StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)ApplicationofAntimicrobialPaintsandCoatingstoBuildings,Houses,StructuresIndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatOversprayAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptakeacrossgillsorintegumentand/orsedimentingestionAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorptionbycell,roots,orleaves,RiparianplantterrestrialexposurepathwaysseeFigure(B)Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,,etc.)Ingestion(A)SurfaceWaterSedimentWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)WWTPmicro‐organismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDisposalofwastewaterfrompaintroller,brush,andtrayrinsateLeachingfromExteriorFacadesandStructurestoStormDrainsTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X24StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)OversprayTerrestrialinsectsIndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninplantbiomassReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialplantsGrasses/forbs,fruit,seeds,trees,shrubsTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsSoilIngestionIngestionDermaluptake/IngestionRootuptakeDermalcontactContact/Uptakeleaves,stemsBeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpointandplantreproductionsnotexplicitlyevaluated.(B)ApplicationofAntimicrobialPaintsandCoatingstoBuildings,Houses,StructuresLeaching/RunoffExposureMedia25StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionOn‐Site/Off‐SiteWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)PulpandPaperMillProcessWaterUseWWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDisposalTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)AirstrippingSeeSectionX.XTreatedwaterreuseSurfaceWaterSedimentTerrestrialbirdsandmammalsInhalationexposurepathwayseeFigure(B)Volatilization26StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)SwimmingPooland/orSpaUseWWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDisposalofWatertosanitarydrainsystemDisposalofwatertostormwaterdrain(A)SurfaceWaterSedimentSoilSeeFigure(B)DisposalofwatertogroundsurfaceTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X27StressorSourceReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)TerrestrialinsectsIndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninplantbiomassReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialplantsGrasses/forbs,fruit,seeds,trees,shrubsTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsSoilIngestionIngestionDermaluptake/IngestionRootuptakeBeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpointandplantreproductionisnotexplicitlyevaluated.(B)SwimmingPooland/orSpaUseDisposalofwatertogroundsurfaceExposureMedia28StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)IndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatSurfaceWater/SedimentAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptake/gillsorintegumentAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorption/cell,roots,leaves,Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,etc.)IngestionWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)WWTPmicroorganismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionDip,PadorPressureTreatedWoodProcessFacilityDrainPost‐TreatedWoodProductStorageLeachingandRun‐offIn‐UseServiceofWoodTreatedWoodProductsLeachingandRun‐offTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X29StressorSourcesReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)ExteriorApplicationofWoodPreservativebyProfessionalorAmateurs(e.g.,Decking,Siding,Fencing)Leaching/Run‐offIndividualorganismsReducedsurvivalReducedgrowthReducedreproductionFoodchainReductioninalgaeReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatOversprayAquaticAnimalsInvertebratesVertebratesExposureMediaIngestionIngestionUptakeacrossgillsorintegumentand/orsedimentingestionAquaticPlantsNon‐vascularVascularUptakeorsorptionbycell,roots,orleaves,RiparianplantterrestrialexposurepathwaysseeFigure(B)Piscivorous*InvertebratesVertebratesPhytoplanktivore/HerbivoreInvertebratesVertebrates*Asusedherethistermreferstoanimals(terrestrialoraquatic)thateatnotjustfishbutanyaquaticanimal(e.g.,amphibians,mollusks,crustaceans,,etc.)Ingestion(A)SurfaceWaterSedimentWasteWaterTreatmentPlant(WWTP)BrushandContainerWash‐OffDown‐the‐DrainWWTPmicro‐organismsUptakeorsorptionPopulationRespirationinhibitionTerrestrialSoils(BiosolidsApplication)SeeSectionX.X30StressorSources/ExposureMediaReceptorsandExposureRoutesAttributeChange(s)OversprayTerrestrialinsectsIndividualorganismsReducedsurvival(emergence*)ReducedgrowthReducedreproduction**FoodchainReductioninplantbiomassReductioninpreyModificationofPCEsrelatedtopreyavailabilityHabitatintegrityReductioninprimaryproductivityReducedcoverCommunitychangeModificationofPCEsrelatedtohabitatTerrestrialplantsGrasses/forbs,fruit,seeds,trees,shrubsTerrestrialAnimalsBirds(Reptiles,Amphibians)MammalsSoilIngestionIngestionDermaluptake/IngestionRootuptakeDermalcontactContact/Uptakeleaves,stemsBeneficialInsectsReducedsurvival*Referstoseedlingemergence**Vegetativevigorandseedlingemergenceendpointsareassumedtobeassensitiveormoresensitivethanreproductionendpointandplantreproductionsnotexplicitlyevaluated.(B)ExteriorApplicationofWoodPreservativebyProfessionalorAmateurs(e.g.,Decking,Siding,Fencing)Leaching/Runoff31