Washington State 

Base Year 2002 County Inventories 

(Selection Sections for report) 

See the following documentation for methodology description for the specific area source categories listed 

below from the 2002 Washington inventory (From the Washington State Base Year 2002 County 

Inventories, Prepared by Washington State Department of Ecology Air Quality Program, Sally Otterson, 

Beth Stipek, July 15, 2004, (3-3-2006: locomotive correction)). 

 Locomotives (3.7) 

 Prescribed Burning (there was no growth projection for this category) (3.8) 

 Residential Yard and Trash waste (3.10 and 3.11) 

 Architectural coatings (3.13) 

 Commercial/Consumer solvents (3.14) 

 Residential Wood Combustion (3.15) 

Prepared by 

Washington State Department of Ecology Air Quality Program 

contact: Sally Otterson, Beth Stipek 

July 15, 2004 

3-3-2006: locomotive correction
Table of Contents 

TT1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 3 

1.1 Background and Purpose ................................................................................................ 3 

1.2 Pollutants and Sources .................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Spatial Resolution ........................................................................................................... 5 

1.4 Temporal Resolution....................................................................................................... 6

2 County Demographics and Other General Activity Indicators............................................... 7 

3 Base Year 2002 Emissions Estimates................................................................................... 12 

3.1 Point Sources ................................................................................................................ 13 

3.2 Onroad Mobile Sources ................................................................................................ 15 

3.3 Paved Road Dust........................................................................................................... 30 

3.4 Unpaved Road Dust ...................................................................................................... 33 

3.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources, Excluding Ships, Locomotives and Aircraft....................... 37 

3.6 Ships.............................................................................................................................. 42 

3.7 Locomotives.................................................................................................................. 44 

3.8 Prescribed Burning ....................................................................................................... 48

3.9 Agricultural Burning..................................................................................................... 50

3.10 Residential Yard Waste Burning .................................................................................. 56 

3.11 Residential Trash Burning ............................................................................................ 58 

3.12 Dry Cleaning................................................................................................................. 60 

3.13 Architectural Surface Coating ...................................................................................... 61 

3.14 Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use ...................................................................... 69 

3.15 Residential Wood Combustion ..................................................................................... 74 

3.16 Agricultural Tilling Operations .................................................................................... 78 

3.17 Livestock and Poultry Waste ........................................................................................ 80 

3.18 Soil Ammonia Emissions.............................................................................................. 84 

3.19 Fertilizer Application.................................................................................................... 86 

3.20 Notable Sources Not Inventoried.................................................................................. 89 

4 National Inventory Format (NIF) General Information........................................................ 89 

5 Emissions Summaries ........................................................................................................... 89 

5.1 Annual Emissions ......................................................................................................... 90

5.2 Seasonal Source Percent Contributions ........................................................................ 90 

5.3 County Summary Tables............................................................................................... 91 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 2
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 3

1 Introduction 

1.1 Background and Purpose 

An emissions inventory is part of an overall air quality management program. Emissions 

inventories are used in SIP attainment/maintenance planning, other AQ planning and rule efforts, 

public information, point source fee generation, and to meet federal air quality reporting 

requirements. A complete emissions inventory contains emissions from point, area, mobile and 

biogenic sources of air pollution. 

During 1998-9 Ecology HQ prepared statewide, county-level inventories of point, area, mobile 

and biogenic sources of criteria pollutants and ammonia for base year 1996 and projected year 

2010. During 2001-2 the 1996 inventory was revised and the projection was updated to 2018. 

The inventories were used in several major efforts including 1) the state Visibility Protection SIP 

Reviews submitted to EPA in 1999 and 2002, 2) review and update to the National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI) and Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) inventory, and 3) served as the 

baseline inventory in AIRQUEST (formerly Northwest Regional Modeling Center) projects. 

The inventory was also used in many in-house analyses, public information requests, and in 

Canadian analyses of cross-border air quality. 

To continue the work above, and in response to the new federal emissions inventory reporting 

rule (40 CFR 51.1 - 51.45), Ecology updated the base year inventory to 2002. As resources 

allowed, air toxics emissions were inventoried. Similar to the 1996 inventory, this inventory will 

have many end-uses, including optional use by local air agencies to fulfill EPA reporting 

requirements.
1.2 Pollutants and Sources 

The inventory includes estimates of criteria pollutants, ammonia, and some air toxics for sources 

as shown in the table below. 

Table 1-1: Sources and Pollutants Inventoried 

Source Category Pollutants 

Point Sources SORR2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, NH3, toxics 

Onroad Mobile Sources SO2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, NH3, toxics 

Paved Road Dust PM10/PM2.5

Unpaved Road Dust PM10/PM2.5

Nonroad Mobile Sources, Excluding Ships, Locomotives 

and Aircraft 

SO2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO 

Ships SO2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO 

Locomotives SO2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, toxics 

Prescribed Burning PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, toxics 

Agricultural Field Burning PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO 

Residential Yard Waste Burning PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, toxics 

Residential Trash Burning SO2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, toxics 

Dry Cleaning toxics 

Architectural Surface Coating VOC, toxics 

Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use VOC, toxics 

Residential Wood Combustion SO2, NOx, PM10/PM2.5, VOC, CO, toxics 

Agricultural Tilling Operations PM10/PM2.5

Livestock and Poultry Waste NH3

Soil Ammonia Emissions NH3

Fertilizer Application NH3

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 4
1.3 Spatial Resolution 

The inventory was developed at the county level. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 5
1.4 Temporal Resolution 

The inventory was developed for each of the four seasons, and annual total. Seasonal emissions 

were calculated as seasonal totals and as seasonal average daily emissions (except as noted in the 

text). Generally, Dec-Feb was classified as winter, Mar-May as spring, Jun-Aug as summer and 

Sep-Nov as fall. 

Abbreviations used are tpy (tons per year), tps (tons per season) and tpsd (tons per season day). 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 6
2 County Demographics and Other General Activity Indicators 

Emissions estimation methods for many source categories rely on surrogate parameters as 

indicators of activity. For example, to estimate the amount of woodstove activity, the number of 

households is required. County demographic and other general parameters used in emissions 

calculations described under Section 3 are presented here. The number of persons per household 

was calculated with 2000 Census population and housing data.1, 2 This number in turn was 

divided into the population estimates for 2002 to estimate the number of households in 2002.3

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 7
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 8

Table 2-1: Population and Housing, 2002 

County Name Population Households (HH) 

Incorp Unincorp Incorp Unincorp 

Persons/HH 

Adams 8,555 8,045 2,725 2,562 3.14 

Asotin 8,455 12,245 3,437 4,978 2.46 

Benton 112,990 34,610 41,848 12,819 2.7 

Chelan 37,935 29,665 14,261 11,152 2.66 

Clallam 25,930 38,970 10,895 16,374 2.38 

Clark 187,690 175,710 69,258 64,838 2.71 

Columbia 2,845 1,255 1,180 521 2.41 

Cowlitz 54,915 39,485 21,203 15,245 2.59 

Douglas 12,561 20,539 4,518 7,388 2.78 

Ferry 975 6,325 379 2,461 2.57 

Franklin 38,385 12,915 11,527 3,878 3.33 

Garfield 1,515 885 623 364 2.43 

Grant 39,775 36,625 13,438 12,373 2.96 

Grays Harbor 41,375 27,025 16,484 10,767 2.51 

Island 22,606 50,494 8,762 19,571 2.58 

Jefferson 8,455 18,145 3,791 8,137 2.23 

King 1,422,625 351,675 583,043 144,129 2.44 

Kitsap 73,355 161,345 27,371 60,203 2.68 

Kittitas 20,280 14,520 8,145 5,831 2.49 

Klickitat 6,580 12,720 2,570 4,969 2.56 

Lewis 28,280 41,920 10,835 16,061 2.61 

Lincoln 5,637 4,563 2,301 1,862 2.45 

Mason 8,495 41,305 3,255 15,826 2.61 

Okanogan 15,862 23,938 6,031 9,102 2.63 

Pacific 7,060 13,940 3,056 6,035 2.31 

Pend Oreille 3,065 8,735 1,211 3,453 2.53 

Pierce 395,792 329,208 147,135 122,382 2.69 

San Juan 2,045 12,555 938 5,759 2.18 

Skagit 59,895 45,205 22,602 17,058 2.65 

Skamania 1,837 8,063 698 3,066 2.63 

Snohomish 327,540 300,460 121,311 111,281 2.7 

Spokane 224,147 201,453 87,901 79,001 2.55 

Stevens 9,422 30,978 3,529 11,602 2.67 

Thurston 94,365 117,935 37,152 46,431 2.54 

Wahkiakum 560 3,240 228 1,317 2.46 

Walla Walla 39,110 16,290 13,918 5,797 2.81 

Whatcom 95,482 76,718 36,866 29,621 2.59 

Whitman 34,252 6,348 12,828 2,378 2.67 

Yakima 137,326 87,674 45,623 29,128 3.01 

State Total 3,617,974 2,423,726 1,402,876 925,720 2.58 

References 

1

 Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, 2000 Census of Population and 

Housing, Technical Documentation. US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau. Census block 

information available from ftp website: files ssgeo.upl (where ss = state). 
2 GCT-H5: General Housing Characteristics. Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1). Geographic Area: 

Washington. Occupied housing units. 

3 April 1 Population of Cities, Towns, and Counties. Washington State Office of Financial Management. 

June 2002. Estimate of 2002 population. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Table 2-2: Average Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled in thousands, 2002 County Rural Urban

Interst Prin Art Min Art Maj Col Min Col Local Interst Free/Expr Prin Art Min Art Co

Adams 561 401 0 182 166 128 0 0 0 0 0 Asotin 0 27 36 37 16 28 0 0 32 56 29 Benton 789 1 188 165 88 61 128 412 626 628 355 Chelan 0 560 165 238 44 135 0 224 29 223 38 Clallam 0 548 0 207 29 50 0 34 152 52 111 Clark 616 191 113 397 62 87 1,795 1,034 1,148 771 475 Columbia 0 88 0 30 48 45 0 0 0 0 0 Cowlitz 1,429 37 70 289 45 41 418 221 192 219 185 Douglas 0 333 40 111 100 186 0 130 82 30 26 Ferry 0 26 51 99 48 113 0 0 0 0 0 Franklin 0 357 0 232 78 82 287 159 245 150 79 Garfield 0 88 0 29 36 27 0 0 0 0 0 Grant 567 320 445 314 227 180 77 68 85 155 27 Grays Harbor 0 736 200 265 40 71 0 173 100 134 67 Island 0 420 0 259 53 86 0 0 82 119 40 Jefferson 0 414 118 91 44 43 0 0 61 0 62 King 1,156 477 1,070 278 4 109 13,782 5,667 7,935 6,601 2,943 Kitsap 0 766 105 275 30 65 0 994 826 616 255 Kittitas 1,982 141 0 172 97 137 13 0 66 60 26 Klickitat 0 268 23 241 69 71 0 0 0 0 0 Lewis 697 378 119 264 58 80 780 0 140 140 104 Lincoln 256 178 70 149 128 124 0 0 0 0 0 Mason 0 496 44 229 80 36 0 0 172 30 35 Okanogan 0 365 415 146 95 222 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific 0 315 101 122 31 34 0 0 0 0 0 Pend Oreille 0 107 113 57 26 108 0 0 0 0 0 Pierce 364 191 858 270 47 96 3,471 2,274 3,246 3,060 830 San Juan 0 0 0 53 18 20 0 0 0 0 0 Skagit 932 289 242 387 84 51 388 175 109 350 176 Skamania 0 162 0 24 17 57 0 0 0 0 0 Snohomish 1,031 730 612 698 67 128 4,473 801 1,498 1,878 1,126 Spokane 581 720 95 487 142 158 1,480 92 2,559 1,569 366 Stevens 0 447 127 305 114 118 0 0 0 0 0 Thurston 934 401 246 437 67 45 1,348 251 564 678 310 Wahkiakum 0 87 0 26 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 Walla Walla 0 395 109 99 84 39 0 92 161 122 40 Whatcom 591 190 206 693 74 63 620 0 358 470 188 Whitman 0 475 0 217 144 111 0 0 108 42 26 Yakima 834 298 291 794 169 123 359 89 669 610 197 State Total 13,322 12,422 6,273 9,363 2,781 3,364 29,418 12,888 21,244 18,764 8,115 
Table 2-3: Land Area in Washington (in square kilometers) 

County Water Urban Barren Transitional Forest Shrubland Grassland Urban 

Grass 

Agric., ex. 

Orchards 

Other 

Adams 12 65 1 0 3 1,921 162 0 2,714 7 

Asotin 18 22 0 10 201 630 422 1 325 0 

Benton 166 147 3 0 5 1,971 444 7 1,702 32 

Chelan 213 44 425 80 4,548 962 1,232 0 12 192 

Clallam 2,296 44 49 207 4,064 49 41 4 109 21 

Clark 58 166 1 70 1,084 42 24 7 261 19 

Columbia 13 11 3 9 600 524 245 0 842 0 

Cowlitz 87 52 47 390 2,158 49 22 0 77 17 

Douglas 97 38 4 0 40 2,081 862 2 1,619 53 

Ferry 159 15 3 337 4,126 351 618 0 99 3 

Franklin 72 92 0 0 3 1,351 65 3 1,752 6 

Garfield 19 6 3 33 360 414 371 1 680 0 

Grant 314 154 4 0 14 3,132 642 7 3,047 110 

GraysHarbor 733 60 34 406 4,149 54 23 2 120 87 

Island 852 56 12 8 372 15 8 10 73 15 

Jefferson 939 22 158 214 3,970 87 87 2 19 47 

King 440 729 88 385 3,654 180 161 25 160 38 

Kitsap 469 151 1 32 782 26 6 7 11 10 

Kittitas 105 57 56 288 2,458 2,108 548 2 378 16 

Klickitat 102 45 6 141 2,076 1,417 611 0 642 17 

Lewis 75 41 34 491 5,032 98 41 1 410 20 

Lincoln 76 60 2 2 269 2,208 256 0 3,155 22 

Mason 255 39 6 215 2,149 47 28 2 21 31 

Okanogan 187 63 191 182 7,141 2,722 2,696 0 294 173 

Pacific 664 26 123 91 2,175 23 13 0 46 48 

Pend Oreille 80 18 2 231 3,054 68 73 0 113 8 

Pierce 343 380 119 314 2,967 126 116 22 142 150 

San Juan 1,061 11 1 5 358 12 7 2 55 9 

Skagit 431 70 213 255 3,325 168 165 2 336 100 

Skamania 82 9 123 546 3,338 115 69 0 9 16 

Snohomish 168 313 197 186 4,052 182 178 9 229 70 

Spokane 59 314 5 81 1,234 719 307 16 1,736 34 

Stevens 168 50 5 365 4,990 248 330 2 545 15 

Thurston 96 138 1 74 1,492 41 31 6 228 38 

Wahkiakum 81 2 1 33 615 5 2 0 54 14 

Walla Walla 57 63 1 0 102 905 149 2 2,005 45 

Whatcom 960 84 369 88 3,621 298 268 4 410 216 

Whitman 62 60 0 0 21 862 298 2 4,352 2 

Yakima 50 185 143 176 4,156 3,112 1,400 3 1,373 396 

State Total 12,121 3,902 2,433 5,945 84,758 29,324 13,021 152 30,155 2,099 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 11
3 Base Year 2002 Emissions Estimates 

To estimate emissions, four basic tasks were completed for each source category. The four tasks 

were: 1) estimate the activity level, 2) adjust/allocate the activity level (or emissions) temporally 

and spatially, 3) determine emission rates per the activity, and 4) estimate emissions. The tasks are 

described below for each source category. Emissions estimates may be found in Section 5. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 12
3.1 Point Sources 

Stationary point sources are large, stationary sources that can emit both criteria and toxic air 

pollutants into the atmosphere. Point sources can be defined by their potential to emit criteria and 

Hazardous Air Pollutants. Major point sources are those with the potential to emit 100 tons per year 

or more of any one criteria pollutant or a combination of criteria pollutants, and/or point sources 

with the potential to emit 10 tons per year or more of any single Hazardous Air Pollutant, or 25 tons 

per year or more of a combination of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Section 112, CAA). Facilities with 

a major source potential-to-emit are included in Title V Air Operating Permit (AOP) programs 

unless a facility voluntarily adopts federally enforceable permit limits that reduce their potential-toemit below the criteria and HAPs thresholds. Facilities that adopt these limits are called Synthetic 

Minor sources. 

Local Clean Air Agencies, Ecology Regional Offices, and Ecology’s Industrial Section report the 

data for facilities in their jurisdictions according to state and local regulations and air operating 

permit programs. Title V AOP facilities report air emissions annually to Ecology on a pointsegment level by Source Classification Code (SCC). Data is reviewed and compiled in the 

Washington Emissions Data System (WEDS) database. 

Stationary point sources included in the 2002 base year inventory are Title V sources (major) and 

some Synthetic Minor sources dependent upon the data each agency has submitted for the 2002 

reporting year. 

3.1.1 Activity Level 

Individual facility throughputs and production rates determine the activity level for each facility. 

Emissions are tracked and calculated at a point-segment level by SCC, including specific stack 

parameters, operating schedules, production rates and throughputs. The point source summary in 

the 2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) does not include detailed information such as 

throughput data, or operating schedules. The final NEI 2002 report to EPA will include these data 

for facilities that do not consider their throughput as confidential. 

3.1.2 Temporal Allocation 

Point source emissions are not adjusted according to a temporal allocation profile. Individual 

facility operating schedules will be reported to EPA and show percentages per season of total 

annual operations at each facility. Individual facility operation schedules can be used to determine 

their percent contribution of regional emissions during the year, however, they do not affect 

facilities’ base year 2002 pollutant summaries. 

3.1.3 Emission Rates and Estimates 

Criteria and HAP emissions estimates for each facility are calculated using any number of 

emissions estimation methods: mass balance, EPA emission factors (AP-42), CEMs, Best 

Professional Judgment (BPJ), stack test data, manufacturer’s specification, speciation profiles, 

and/or other state, manufacturer, research group emission factors. The facility pollutant summaries 

do not include this level of detail, however, it can be provided by request. 

The emission summaries were compiled by query from an Access database. Each facility’s 

emissions estimates were summed by pollutant for each facility. The final emission summary 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 13
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 14

includes a total in tons per year for each pollutant and facility. Below is an example of the structure 

from the main database table. 

Table 3-1: Point Source Summary Table Structure Example 

YR AGENCY ID FIPS 

Code 

SOURCE 

NO 

PLANT NAME PM PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC CO 

2002 S 031 9999 SMITH Inc 391 297 189 555 450 74 1781 

Note: PM emissions estimates are reported as filterable, condensable, or total suspended particulate. 

These parameters are not considered in the PM emissions totals for facilities. 
3.2 Onroad Mobile Sources 

Onroad mobile source emissions are those generated by operating vehicles on public roadways. 

Emissions from fuel combustion and evaporation, and brake and tire wear were estimated. 

3.2.1 Activity Level and Spatial Allocation 

The activity measurement for onroad mobile sources is the number of miles driven. The units are 

typically given in average daily vehicle miles traveled (ADVMT). ADVMT is normally estimated 

from traffic counts collected over a sampling area, or through use of travel demand models, which 

simulate vehicle travel patterns based on demographic and economic parameters and are validated 

with traffic counts. 

For this inventory, ADVMT was estimated through use of the national Department of 

Transportation’s Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) as obtained from the 

Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT).4

 HPMS is a system of traffic counts 

collected over several urban and rural sampling areas. The sampling areas do not coincide with 

county boundaries. WSDOT makes estimates of county ADVMT by functional classification from 

HPMS,5, 6 although they caution that they do not carry the same validity that the HMPS data by 

sampling area does. The WSDOT county estimates were used in this inventory and are shown in 

Table 2-2. 

A further spatial breakout of ADVMT was made to incorporate the vehicle Inspection and 

Maintenance (I/M) programs which are operated in areas of Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish, and 

Spokane Counties. The fraction of total ADVMT within the I/M area of each county was 

determined using link-level ADVMT available from local transportation planning agencies.7, 8, 9 

The fractions are shown in Table 3-2 below. In the Puget Sound area (King, Pierce, Snohomish 

Counties), the program started in a smaller geographic area in 1983 and expanded to the current 

area in 1993; thus, there are two programs listed for these counties. 

Table 3-2: I/M Program Area County Fractions 

County no I/M I/M I/M expansion* 

Clark 0.04 0.96 n/a 

King 0.07 0.73 0.20 

Pierce 0.09 0.00 0.91 

Snohomish 0.21 0.31 0.48 

Spokane 0.26 0.74 n/a 

* refers to Puget Sound 1993 expansion area 

3.2.2 Temporal Allocation 

WSDOT provided monthly ADVMT adjustment factors for the 1990 carbon monoxide and ozone 

nonattainment area base year inventory efforts.10 The factors were compared to similar data for 

199411 and showed very little change. The WSDOT adjustment factors were multiplied by the 

ADVMT estimates and the average number of days per month (365/12) to estimate total monthly 

VMT, which in turn was used to estimate seasonal ADVMT. 

Table 3-3: WSDOT Monthly VMT Adjustment Factors 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 15
Month Adjustment Adjustment 

Freeway Arterial/Local 

Month 

Freeway Arterial/Local 

Jan 0.878 0.914 Jul 1.083 1.061 

Feb 0.896 0.947 Aug 1.114 1.077 

Mar 0.963 1.001 Sep 1.044 1.013 

Apr 0.997 1.020 Oct 1.020 0.987 

May 1.013 1.024 Nov 0.975 0.950 

Jun 1.057 1.065 Dec 0.959 0.942 

3.2.3 Emission Rates: MOBILE6.2 

Emission rates in grams per mile were generated using the EPA model MOBILE6.2.12 Emission 

rates were generated for unique combinations of: county, month, facility type, vehicle type, speed, 

pollutant, pollutant type (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, tire wear) and I/M area. 

Local data was used for the following input parameters: evaluation month, registration distribution, 

temperature, humidity, inspection and maintenance (I/M) program, speed by facility type, and fuel 

parameters for Reid vapor pressure (RVP), fuel program, diesel sulfur content, oxygenated fuel 

program, Tier 2 phase-in, and gasoline composition parameters necessary for air toxics estimates. 

The parameters are described below. 

3.2.3.1 Evaluation Month 

The MOBILE model can calculate emission factors that represent a January 1 or July 1 fleet. The 

evaluation month affects the age of the fleet (and how reformulated gas is modeled when 

applicable). Reformulated gas does not apply in Washington, therefore the evaluation month only 

affects fleet age. Emissions for January through March were calculated with the January 1 setting. 

The remaining months were calculated with the July 1 setting. 

3.2.3.2 Registration Distribution 

Washington has a substantially older fleet than the national average. To model the effect of the 

older fleet, local data from the Washington State Department of Licensing (DOL) was used to 

calculate the July 1 vehicle age registration distribution.13 Because DOL does not register all transit 

and school buses, alternate sources of information were obtained. Transit bus data came from 

Federal Transit Administration Annual Report data.14 For school buses, a Washington-specific 

2001 distribution was used.15 

3.2.3.3 VMT Fractions 

VMT fractions are the fractions of VMT allocated to each vehicle and facility type. Local data was 

not deemed suitable for developing reliable VMT fractions; therefore, the MOBILE6.2 default was 

assumed. 

3.2.3.4 Temperature and Humidity 

Average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures for 2002 from several meteorological 

stations in Washington were used to develop the MOBILE6 input temperature parameters.16 

Because information required to calculate average monthly humidity values for 2002 were not 

readily available, long-term average (1961-1990) humidity, and pressure from several 

meteorological stations in Washington, Oregon and Idaho were used to develop the MOBILE6 

input humidity parameters.17

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 16
The humidity value required in MOBILE6 is a mixing ratio in mass of water vapor per unit mass of 

dry air. A calculation formula based on relative humidity, temperature and pressure was distributed 

with MOBILE6.18 EPA guidance for calculating the ratio states that the lowest ratio of the day(s) 

should be used (humidity is a daily, not hourly input). As an alternate, the highest ratio that does 

not result in a relative humidity greater than 100% can be used.19 

Data from reference 17 was used to calculate the ratios. Average monthly relative humidity is 

available for four different hours: 4, 10, 16 and 22. In the vast majority of cases, hour 4 relative 

humidity is the highest, and hour 16 is the lowest. These hours roughly compare with the expected 

hours of the minimum and maximum temperatures. Using hour 4 and 16 relative humidity with the 

average daily pressure, and minimum and maximum temperatures, respectively, ratios were 

calculated. The minimum temperature and hour 4 relative humidity produced the lowest ratio, and 

kept the relative humidity from exceeding 100% even at the maximum temperature of the day. The 

calculation using the maximum temperature and hour 16 relative humidity produced a higher ratio, 

but often exceeded 100% relative humidity at the minimum temperature. The alternate guidance of 

using the highest ratio that does not result in a relative humidity greater than 100% produced higher 

ratios than the hour 4 calculations, but actual relative humidity rarely is 100%; therefore, the 

alternate EPA guidance was not used. 

It should be noted that use of the guidance produces ratios that are well below the MOBILE6.2 

default of 75, and in some cases produces ratios that are lower than the lowest acceptable value of 

20 in MOBILE6. All values lower than 20 were set to 20 for MOBILE6.2 modeling. 

County assignments were made on the basis of predominant areas of traffic and population, e.g., 

Clallam and Jefferson Counties were assigned SeaTac meteorological data since most of the 

population lies in the easternmost portions of the counties. County assignments to each 

meteorological station are shown below. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 17
Table 3-4: County Meteorological Station Assignments 

Temperature 

Station 

Humidity 

Station 

County Assignments 

SeaTac SeaTac, WA Clallam, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, 

Whatcom 

Olympia Olympia, WA Cowlitz, Lewis, Skamania, Thurston 

Vancouver Portland, OR Clark 

Quillayute Quillayute, WA Grays Harbor, Mason 

Raymond Astoria, OR Pacific, Wahkiakum 

Spokane Spokane, WA Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, Klickitat, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens 

Yakima Yakima, WA Adams, Douglas, Grant, Lincoln, Yakima 

Pomeroy Lewiston, ID Asotin, Columbia, Garfield, Whitman 

Kennewick Pendleton, OR Benton, Franklin, Walla Walla 

Table 3-5: Average Monthly Humidity Mixing Ratios, Longterm Averages 

month Astoria Quillayute Olympia Portland SeaTac Spokane Yakima Lewiston Pendleton 

Jan 26 25 23 24 24 14 14 18 17 

Feb 28 27 25 26 26 17 17 20 20 

Mar 29 27 25 29 28 19 19 22 22 

Apr 32 30 28 32 31 22 21 26 25 

May 39 36 33 40 38 30 27 35 31 

Jun 46 43 42 49 46 38 36 45 38 

Jul 52 48 46 55 52 40 40 45 38 

Aug 53 49 47 64 54 39 40 43 37 

Sep 46 43 40 49 48 32 33 37 32 

Oct 38 35 32 39 39 24 24 30 27 

Nov 32 30 27 31 30 20 19 24 22 

Dec 27 26 24 25 25 15 15 19 18 

Table 3-6: Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, 2002 

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima 

Jan 46.5 44.5 41.4 45.4 45.9 44.7 35.2 44.8 43.8 

Feb 50.7 48.5 46.6 48.6 50.6 48.2 38.9 51.7 48.6 

Mar 53.0 48.9 45.1 47.2 50.1 47.5 41.9 51.0 52.1 

Apr 66.4 57.7 58.2 53.4 57.5 55.7 56.1 59.5 63.9 

May 72.5 62.1 65.0 56.8 60.5 60.8 62.8 64.5 69.4 

Jun 84.0 72.4 75.8 64.1 66.2 70.2 74.9 73.8 81.2 

Jul 93.2 76.6 87.2 68.0 72.0 74.2 86.1 80.1 90.4 

Aug 87.6 78.0 81.8 67.5 73.6 75.7 80.9 80.2 85.8 

Sep 80.4 72.1 75.5 65.1 70.7 70.1 72.2 76.4 77.2 

Oct 64.3 60.1 59.8 58.2 60.1 57.9 56.5 63.1 63.7 

Nov 50.5 53.8 50.0 55.6 54.3 53.4 45.2 55.2 51.1 

Dec 45.4 46.7 41.4 48.7 48.2 47.8 37.8 48.8 40.2 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 18
Table 3-7: Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, 2002 

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima 

Jan 32.5 34.0 27.4 35.9 34.3 36.7 25.9 34.5 25.7 

Feb 29.6 30.2 25.9 34.4 32.0 35.5 23.8 33.2 25.1 

Mar 34.8 32.0 29.1 34.0 33.5 36.2 26.9 34.3 26.5 

Apr 42.3 35.5 35.3 37.2 37.7 41.8 34.6 40.0 33.6 

May 48.1 40.0 41.0 40.3 41.0 45.3 40.2 43.5 41.0 

Jun 57.8 46.7 48.0 47.3 46.8 52.0 49.6 49.9 49.6 

Jul 63.5 50.0 52.7 49.8 51.2 55.7 56.6 54.5 54.8 

Aug 59.6 47.2 48.5 49.8 47.8 54.7 51.9 51.9 49.5 

Sep 52.3 43.0 43.1 45.9 42.9 51.1 44.7 45.5 42.5 

Oct 38.7 37.7 29.8 40.5 37.3 44.8 29.3 38.6 29.3 

Nov 35.5 35.3 28.0 40.1 34.8 40.7 28.3 35.7 30.6 

Dec 35.2 35.6 30.4 36.6 33.4 38.2 29.7 35.4 31.9 

3.2.3.5 Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Program 

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs are operated in areas of Clark, King, Pierce, 

Snohomish, and Spokane Counties. Input parameters have been tracked to allow modeling of the 

program.20, 21, 22

MOBILE6.2 allows specification of up to seven I/M record sets to define an overall I/M program.23 

The 2002 program could be captured using six I/M record sets as shown in Table 3-8 through Table 

3-10. In the Puget Sound area (King, Pierce, Snohomish Counties), the program started in a smaller 

geographic area in 1983 and expanded to the current area in 1993. The expansion area files are 

identical to the original area files except for the start year. 

Table 3-8: I/M Program Parameters: King, Pierce and Snohomish Counties 

Parameter set 1 set 2 set 3 set 4 set 5 set 6 

Prog Start Yr 1982 original 

1993 expand 

2002 1982 original 

1993 expand 

2002 1982 original 

1993 expand 

2002 

Prog End Yr 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 

Test Freq biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial 

Program Type test only test only test only test only test only test only 

Test Type ASM 2525 

phase-in* 

gas cap OBD exhaust** OBD Evap + 

gas cap** 

2500/idle gas cap 

Model Yrs 1968-1995 1968-1995 1996-2050 1996-2050 1968-2050 1968-2050 

Vehicle Types light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

heavy duty 

gasoline 

heavy duty 

gasoline 

Stringency 28% n/a 28% n/a 28% n/a 

Compliance 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 

Waiver pre-81 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 

Waiver 1981+ 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 

Exempt Age 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 

Grace Age 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 

Tech Training yes yes yes yes yes yes 

* ASM = acceleration simulation mode 

** OBD = on-board diagnostics 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 19
Table 3-9: I/M Program Parameters: Clark County 

Parameter set 1 set 2 set 3 set 4 set 5 set 6 

Prog Start Yr 1993 1998 1993 2002 1993 1998 

Prog End Yr 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 

Test Freq biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial 

Program Type test only test only test only test only test only test only 

Test Type ASM 2525 

phase-in* gas cap OBD exhaust** OBD Evap + gas cap** 2500/idle gas cap 

Model Yrs 1968-1995 1968-1995 1996-2050 1996-2050 1968-2050 1968-2050 

Vehicle Types light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

heavy duty 

gasoline 

heavy duty 

gasoline 

Stringency 36% n/a 36% n/a 36% n/a 

Compliance 93% 93% 93% 93% 93% 93% 

Waiver pre-81 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 

Waiver 1981+ 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 

Exempt Age 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 

Grace Age 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 

Tech Training yes yes yes yes yes yes 

* ASM = acceleration simulation mode 

** OBD = on-board diagnostics 

Table 3-10: I/M Program Parameters: Spokane County 

Parameter set 1 set 2 set 3 set 4 set 5 set 6 

Prog Start Yr 1985 2002 1985 2002 1985 2002 

Prog End Yr 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 

Test Freq biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial 

Program Type test only test only test only test only test only test only 

Test Type ASM 2525 

phase-in* 

gas cap OBD exhaust** OBD Evap + 

gas cap** 

2500/idle gas cap 

Model Yrs 1968-1995 1968-1995 1996-2050 1996-2050 1968-2050 1968-2050 

Vehicle Types light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

light duty 

gasoline 

heavy duty 

gasoline 

heavy duty 

gasoline 

Stringency 32% n/a 32% n/a 32% n/a 

Compliance 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 

Waiver pre-81 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 

Waiver 1981+ 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 

Exempt Age 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 

Grace Age 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 

Tech Training yes yes yes yes yes yes 

* ASM = acceleration simulation mode 

** OBD = on-board diagnostics 

3.2.3.6 Facility Type and Speed 

The ADVMT data was provided by HPMS functional classification. The HPMS classifications 

were modeled using the Freeway, Arterial and Local facility classes in MOBILE6.2. 

EPA's estimated average speeds by vehicle type and facility type in the documentation of the 1996 

National Emissions Trends (NET) Inventory and 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) were 

compared to speed information from Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC). 24, 25, 26 For most 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 20
roadway types, the speeds were similar. Where differences existed, the PSRC speeds were 

supported by other local transportation planning agency speed information. 

The speeds chosen for this inventory were a combination of MOBILE6.2 fixed speeds, the EPA 

speeds and the PSRC speeds. EPA speeds were used for all functional classifications except urban 

arterials, collectors, and local roads. Urban local roads are fixed at 12.9 mph in MOBILE6. (EPA 

guidance assigns rural local roads to the Arterial category in MOBILE6.2). PSRC speeds were used 

for the urban arterials and collectors; however, the EPA relationship of a 5 mph drop in speed for 

heavy duty vehicles was retained (PSRC speeds were not provided by vehicle type). 

MOBILE6.2 uses several major classes of facility type: freeway with ramp, freeway without ramp, 

arterial, and local. EPA provided a mapping of HPMS facility types to the MOBILE6.2 classes19 

For HPMS facility types grouped into the MOBILE6 "freeway with ramp" category, the MOBILE6 

default of 8% ramps - 92% freeway split is assumed. The mapping and average speeds are shown 

in the table below. 

Table 3-11: HPMS-MOBILE6 Facility Type Classifications and Speeds 

HPMS Class MOBILE6.2 Class LDV LDT HDV 

 RURAL 

interstate freeway & ramp 60 55 40 

other principal arterial freeway & ramp 45 45 35 

minor arterial arterial 40 40 30 

major collector arterial 35 35 25 

minor collector arterial 30 30 25 

local local 30 30 25 

 URBAN 

interstate freeway & ramp 45 45 35 

other freeways freeway & ramp 45 45 35 

other principal arterial arterial 30 30 25 

minor arterial arterial 30 30 25 

collector arterial 30 30 25 

local local na na na 

LDV = light duty vehicle 

LDT = light duty truck 

HDV = heavy duty vehicle 

3.2.3.7 Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) 

RVP varies by year, geographic area and time of year. RVP values are determined using a 

combination of legal limits, voluntary agreements and fuel survey information. 

Legal RVP Limits 

The legal summertime (May - Sept.) RVP limit for gasoline in Washington is 9.0 psi. Because of 

the proximity to Portland, Clark County gasoline was assumed to follow Portland RVP 

requirements. In Portland the limits are 9.0 psi for May and 7.8 psi for June – Sept.27

Voluntary Programs 

Beginning in 1999, the Western States Petroleum Association entered into a voluntary agreement 

with the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency to supply gasoline with RVP 7.8 psi during July and 

August. King, Pierce, and Snohomish Counties are covered by the agreement. (It is possible that 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 21
other counties may also be receiving the 7.8 psi RVP gasoline due to gasoline distribution network 

patterns, but information about this was not readily available.) 

Fuel Surveys 

Fuel surveys to determine actual RVP are performed periodically. Survey data from the Alliance of 

Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) was made available through the Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) for 1999.28 EPA did not collect data for 2002 and the data is expensive; therefore, 

the 1999 survey values were retained for 2002. 

RVP Determinations 

EPA provided a methodology to calculate monthly RVP values in the 1996 NEI. The methodology 

remained the same in the 1999 NEI.26 The methodology used the ASTM (American Society for 

Testing Materials) schedule of seasonal and geographical volatility classes to interpolate summer 

and winter RVP values.29, 30 Wintertime (January) RVP values were set to the 1999 survey values 

for all counties. Summertime (July) RVP values were set to the survey values for all counties with 

two exceptions: 1) Clark County RVP was set to the legal limit of 7.8 psi, and 2) King, Pierce and 

Snohomish County RVP was set to the voluntary agreement level of 7.8 psi. All RVP assignments 

are shown in Table 3-12. 

Table 3-12: County Fuel RVP Assignments, psi 

month Clark King, Pierce, Snohomish All Other 

Jan 13.8 13.8 13.8 

Feb 12 13.8 13.8 

Mar 12 12 12.2 

Apr 12 12 12.2 

May 8.5 8.5 8.5 

Jun 7.8 8.5 8.5 

Jul 7.8 7.8 8.5 

Aug 7.8 7.8 8.5 

Sep 7.8 8.5 8.5 

Oct 9.6 9.6 10.1 

Nov 12 12 12.2 

Dec 13.8 13.8 13.8 

3.2.3.8 Oxygenated Fuels 

The oxygenated fuel program began in 1992 for five counties in Washington: Clark, King, Pierce, 

Snohomish and Spokane.31 The program was discontinued in all of the counties except Spokane 

County in 1996. In Spokane County, the program runs from Sept. 1 to Feb. 29. The legal limit is 

3.5% oxygen by weight.32 Alcohol blends are used as the oxygenate. 

3.2.3.9 Tier 2 Low Sulfur Fuel Phase-in 

In calendar year 2000, gasoline sulfur content began to be affected by federal controls (Tier 2 low 

sulfur fuels rule). The rule phases in lower sulfur fuels over a several year period. Several western 

states and counties in bordering states have been identified in an alternate, slower phase-in area.33 

These areas are modeled with the fuel program option "Conventional Gasoline West" in MOBILE6. 

All other counties are modeled as "Conventional Gasoline East." Counties in the western phase-in 

area are: 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 22
Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Columbia Douglas 

Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Kittitas Klickitat 

Lincoln Okanogan Pend Oreille Spokane Stevens Walla Walla 

Whitman Yakima 

3.2.3.10 Diesel Sulfur Content 

The Western Regional Air Partnership contracted with Environ to prepare onroad mobile source 

inventories for 1996. Environ collected information on summer and winter diesel sulfur content for 

each county. 34 Winter and summer were not explicitly defined, and are therefore defined similar to 

the RVP season as May-Sep and Oct-Apr, respectively. There was one set of values for eastern 

Washington and another for western Washington. Clallam County appeared to be in error in the 

table, as it was classified with the eastern Washington counties. Summer and winter fuel sulfur 

contents are shown in the table below. 

Table 3-13: 1996 Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content Combinations (in ppm) 

Combination Summer ppm Winter ppm 

eastern WA 310 310 

western WA 260 320 

County assignments were made as follows: 

Eastern WA: Adams, Asotin, Benton, Chelan, Clallam, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Franklin, 

Garfield, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, 

Stevens, Walla Walla, Whitman, Yakima 

Western WA: Clallam, Clark, Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Lewis, 

Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Thurston, 

Wahkiakum, Whatcom 

3.2.3.11 Gasoline Parameters for Toxics Modeling 

The six MOBILE6.2 toxics were modeled (Benzene, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether, 1,3-Butadiene, 

Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acrolein). Additional gasoline fuel parameters are required to 

model air toxics. The requirements include the volume percent of aromatic compounds, olefin 

compounds, and benzene; and the vapor percentage of gasoline at 200 and 300 degrees Fahrenheit. 

Fuel oxygenate volume percent (not oxygen percent), and market share for each of four oxygenates: 

MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether), ETBE (Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether), ETOH (Ethanol or Ethyl 

Alcohol) and TAME (Tertiary Amine Methyl Ether) are also required. An option input is allowed 

to specify whether an RVP waiver may be granted to oxygenated fuel. 

EPA posted these fuel parameters for 1990, 1996 and 2007 in a spreadsheet (r02011.xls) with the 

draft release of MOBILE6.2. The parameters were part of an EPA air toxics study.35 In the 

technical guidance document (EPA420-R-02-011), EPA notes two sources for the fuel parameter 

information: the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) and TRW/NIPER.36, 37 EPA also 

posted fuel parameters used to develop the 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI).38 The same 

two data sources, AAM and TRW/NIPER were referenced in the NEI work 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 23
A comparison of the 1996 MOBILE6.2 and NEI fuel data showed some differences. Former inhouse research showed that there can be a fair amount of variability among the various fuel 

parameter sources. For this work, the 1999 NEI parameters were adopted. 

A few changes to the NEI data were made. The NEI work erroneously assigned TRW District 13 

(Pacific Northwest) data to eastern WA, except Adams County. Adams County was assigned to 

District 9. Most of the fuel in eastern WA comes from sources in District 9 (Northern Mountain 

States); therefore, District 9 values for Adams County were assigned to all eastern WA counties, 

except for Spokane winter values.39 For Spokane winter, Missoula values (except ETOH 

parameters) were used since they had an oxygenated fuel program and were in District 9. Spokane's 

oxygenated fuel program values were used for the ETOH parameters (3.2.3.8). In western WA, the 

AAM values for Puget Sound (King Co.) were used for all counties. This was consistent with 

WRAP county assignments in their Section 309 Regional Haze SIP inventory work. 

The data was divided into 4 groups based on oxygenated fuel requirements and Tier2 sulfur 

requirements: 

Table 3-14: Fuel Parameter Assignments for Modeling Air Toxics 

Group Counties 

1 eastern WA - all other counties 

2 eastern WA - Spokane Co. 

3 western WA - all other counties 

4 western WA - Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish 

Summer months were defined the same as for RVP, i.e.,. May - Sep. Spokane was an exception 

since no winter non-oxygenated fuel values were available. For Spokane summer is Apr. - Aug. 

Table 3-15: Gasoline Fuel Parameters for Toxics Modeling 

Month Summer Winter 

Parameter Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 

Aromatics % 28 28 31 31 24 23 30 30 

Olefins % 8 8 5 5 7 8 9 9 

Benzene % 1.7 1.7 2 2 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.9 

E200 % 48 48 47 47 56 60 49 49 

E300 % 83 83 86 86 87 87 83 83 

MTBE % 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.2 0 0.1 0.1 

 oxygen % 0.02 0.02 0 0 0.04 0 0.02 0.02 

 market share 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 

ETBE % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 oxygen % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 market share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

EtOH % 0 0 3.7 3.7 0 10.2 0 0 

 oxygen % 0 0 1.3 1.3 0 3.5 0 0 

 market share 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 

TAME % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 oxygen % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 market share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 24
3.2.3.12 Additional Air Toxics Modeling 

Additional air toxics were modeled using the air toxics VOC and PM fractions distributed with the 

MOBILE6.2 model release. The toxics in these files are the same as those provided in the 

preliminary 2002 NEI NMIM emission rate and ratios release.40 The base fuel file (hap_base.csv) 

was used for all counties and months except for Sept. – Feb. in Spokane. The oxygenated fuel file 

was used for Spokane during those months (hap_eth1.csv). At the advice of Rich Cook of EPA's 

Office of Transportation and Air Quality, mercury and arsenic were removed from the toxics 

fractions since they are not considered very reliable at this time.41 Particulate toxics were modeled 

as PM10 fractions. Dioxin and furan emission factors were extracted from the preliminary 2002 NEI 

NMIM emission rate and ratio release and added to the MOBILE6.2 additional HAPs external files. 

The additional toxics modeled were: 

Table 3-16: Additional Air Toxics Modeled for Onroad Sources 

acenaphthene pyrene 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 

 acenaphthylene ethyl benzene 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 

 anthracene hexane 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 

 benz[a]anthracene styrene 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 

 benzo[a]pyrene toluene 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 

 benzo[b]fluoranthene xylenes (mixture of o, m, and p isomers) 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 

 benzo[g,h,i,]perylene chromium VI 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 

 benzo[k]fluoranthene chromium III 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 

 chrysene manganese 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 

 dibenzo[a,h]anthracene nickel 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 

 fluoranthene 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 

 fluorine propionaldehyde 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 

 indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Octachlorodibenzofuran 

 naphthalene 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 

 phenanthrene 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran 

3.2.3.13 Additional Parameters Required for PM, SO2 and NH3 Modeling 

Using the PARTICULATES command in MOBILE6.2, all components of particulate, and SO2 and 

NH3 emission rates were calculated. The default particulate emission factors in MOBILE6.2 were 

utilized. 

3.2.3.14 Example Emission Rates 

Sample fleet average summer (July) and winter (January) emission factors produced by 

MOBILE6.2 on arterials at 30 mph are shown in Table 3-17 below for several counties (with I/M 

for Clark, King and Spokane Counties). The winter emission factors reflect the fleet age 

distribution on January 1, 2002. The summer factors reflect the fleet age distribution on July 1, 

2002. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 25
Table 3-17: Sample Arterial Emission Factors at 30 mph in grams per mile 

pollutant January 1, 2002 July 1, 2002 

Clark King Spokane Yakima Clark King Spokane Yakima 

ammonia 8.59E-02 8.59E-02 8.59E-02 8.59E-02 8.60E-02 8.60E-02 8.60E-02 8.60E-02 

carbon monoxide 3.25E+01 3.10E+01 3.00E+01 4.14E+01 2.01E+01 1.92E+01 2.10E+01 2.74E+01 

nitrogen oxides 3.33E+00 3.30E+00 3.45E+00 3.52E+00 2.89E+00 2.89E+00 2.93E+00 3.04E+00 

primary pm10 7.80E-02 7.80E-02 7.79E-02 7.79E-02 7.62E-02 7.62E-02 7.65E-02 7.65E-02 

primary pm2.5 5.87E-02 5.87E-02 5.86E-02 5.86E-02 5.71E-02 5.71E-02 5.74E-02 5.74E-02 

sulfur dioxide 9.76E-02 9.76E-02 9.67E-02 9.67E-02 9.29E-02 9.29E-02 9.69E-02 9.69E-02 

volatile organic compounds 2.46E+00 2.40E+00 2.33E+00 2.97E+00 2.16E+00 2.08E+00 2.34E+00 2.81E+00 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran 5.07E-08 5.07E-08 5.07E-08 5.07E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1.49E-07 1.49E-07 1.49E-07 1.49E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran 4.87E-09 4.87E-09 4.87E-09 4.87E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 

1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 2.02E-08 2.02E-08 2.02E-08 2.02E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 

1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 6.43E-09 6.43E-09 6.43E-09 6.43E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 

1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 9.81E-09 9.81E-09 9.81E-09 9.81E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 

1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1.26E-08 1.26E-08 1.26E-08 1.26E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 

1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran 5.38E-09 5.38E-09 5.38E-09 5.38E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 

1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 2.24E-08 2.24E-08 2.24E-08 2.24E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 

1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 6.34E-09 6.34E-09 6.34E-09 6.34E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 

1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 4.65E-09 4.65E-09 4.65E-09 4.65E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 

1,3-butadiene 1.11E+01 1.08E+01 9.65E+00 1.32E+01 8.04E+00 7.94E+00 9.00E+00 1.12E+01 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane 8.64E+01 8.44E+01 8.67E+01 1.10E+02 6.78E+01 6.62E+01 7.16E+01 8.87E+01 

2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 1.39E-08 1.39E-08 1.39E-08 1.39E-08 1.40E-08 1.40E-08 1.40E-08 1.40E-08 

2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 1.54E-08 1.54E-08 1.54E-08 1.54E-08 1.55E-08 1.55E-08 1.55E-08 1.55E-08 

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 5.85E-09 5.85E-09 5.85E-09 5.85E-09 5.89E-09 5.89E-09 5.89E-09 5.89E-09 

acenaphthene 1.08E-02 1.08E-02 1.08E-02 1.08E-02 1.07E-02 1.07E-02 1.07E-02 1.07E-02 

acenaphthylene 5.77E-02 5.77E-02 5.77E-02 5.77E-02 5.71E-02 5.71E-02 5.71E-02 5.71E-02 

acetaldehyde 1.08E+01 1.06E+01 2.70E+01 1.39E+01 1.26E+01 1.24E+01 9.19E+00 1.11E+01 

acrolein 1.59E+00 1.56E+00 1.61E+00 1.97E+00 1.22E+00 1.21E+00 1.25E+00 1.49E+00 

anthracene 1.29E-02 1.29E-02 1.29E-02 1.29E-02 1.28E-02 1.28E-02 1.28E-02 1.28E-02 

benz[a]anthracene 2.93E-03 2.93E-03 2.93E-03 2.93E-03 2.86E-03 2.86E-03 2.87E-03 2.87E-03 

benzene 1.06E+02 1.04E+02 7.34E+01 1.08E+02 9.24E+01 9.08E+01 8.39E+01 1.02E+02 

benzo[a]pyrene 1.91E-03 1.91E-03 1.91E-03 1.91E-03 1.88E-03 1.88E-03 1.88E-03 1.88E-03 

benzo[b]fluoranthene 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 

benzo[g,h,i,]perylene 3.84E-03 3.84E-03 3.84E-03 3.84E-03 3.79E-03 3.79E-03 3.79E-03 3.79E-03 

benzo[k]fluoranthene 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 

chromium +6 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 

chromium iii 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 

chrysene 1.70E-03 1.70E-03 1.70E-03 1.70E-03 1.68E-03 1.68E-03 1.68E-03 1.68E-03 

dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 1.96E-06 1.96E-06 1.96E-06 1.96E-06 1.89E-06 1.89E-06 1.89E-06 1.89E-06 

ethyl benzene 3.62E+01 3.54E+01 3.20E+01 4.56E+01 2.89E+01 2.82E+01 3.06E+01 3.77E+01 

fluoranthene 1.36E-02 1.36E-02 1.36E-02 1.36E-02 1.35E-02 1.35E-02 1.35E-02 1.35E-02 

fluorine 2.26E-02 2.26E-02 2.26E-02 2.26E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 

formaldehyde 3.17E+01 3.10E+01 3.87E+01 4.19E+01 2.82E+01 2.78E+01 2.78E+01 3.38E+01 

hexane 2.83E+01 2.80E+01 1.94E+01 3.19E+01 2.92E+01 2.79E+01 3.30E+01 3.85E+01 

indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 1.09E-03 1.09E-03 1.09E-03 1.09E-03 1.08E-03 1.08E-03 1.08E-03 1.08E-03 

manganese 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 

methyl tert-butyl ether 6.20E-01 6.00E-01 1.41E+00 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 

naphthalene 1.49E+00 1.49E+00 1.42E+00 1.47E+00 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 

nickel 3.51E-03 3.51E-03 3.51E-03 3.51E-03 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 

octachlorodibenzofuran 5.78E-08 5.78E-08 5.78E-08 5.78E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 

octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 7.03E-07 7.03E-07 7.03E-07 7.03E-07 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 

phenanthrene 3.73E-02 3.73E-02 3.73E-02 3.73E-02 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 

propionaldehyde 1.80E+00 1.76E+00 1.85E+00 2.20E+00 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 26
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 27

pollutant January 1, 2002 July 1, 2002 

Clark King Spokane Yakima Clark King Spokane Yakima 

pyrene 1.89E-02 1.89E-02 1.89E-02 1.89E-02 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 

styrene 7.52E+00 7.33E+00 7.14E+00 9.78E+00 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 

toluene 2.48E+02 2.42E+02 2.21E+02 3.15E+02 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 

xylenes (o, m, and p isomers) 1.40E+02 1.36E+02 1.25E+02 1.78E+02 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 

3.2.4 Emissions Estimates 

The emission rates in grams per mile calculated with M6.2 were multiplied by the temporally 

adjusted ADVMT estimates to calculate individual pollutant emissions for each the eight 

MOBILE5b vehicle types and twelve HPMS facility types. 

As stated in Section 3.2.3, emission rates were generated for unique combinations of: county, 

month, facility type, vehicle type, speed, pollutant, pollutant type (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, 

tire wear) and I/M area. The monthly ADVMT by county, facility type, and I/M area described in 

Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 was further categorized using the MOBILE6.2 output vehicle type (and 

related speed) fractions. The emission rates were matched to the ADVMT based on county, month, 

facility type, vehicle type, speed, and I/M area to produce the final seasonal (average daily and 

seasonal total) county estimates. 

References 

4

 2002 HPMS Mileage and Daily Travel Summary. Washington State Department of Transportation. July 

2003. 

5

 2002 HPMS DVMT by County and FC - estimated. Spreadsheet. Washington State Department of 

Transportation. July 29, 2003. 

6

 HPMS Miles and VMT by County. Washington State Department of Transportation. Information from 

2002 HPMS database. July 1, 2003. 

7

 Email from Mark Harrington, Southwest Regional Transportation Council to Sally Otterson, Washington 

State Department of Ecology. ADVMT estimates for 2000. June 6, 2003. 

8

 Email from Kris Overby, Puget Sound Regional Council to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department 

of Ecology. ADVMT estimates for 2000. July 11, 2003. 

9

 Email from Eve Nelson, Spokane Regional Transportation Council to Sally Otterson, Washington State 

Department of Ecology. ADVMT estimates for 2002. July 1, 2003. 

10 Hertzog, Barbara and Borden, Hank. Adjustment Factors for Vehicle Miles Traveled. Washington State 

Department of Transportation. July 1992. 

11 Annual Traffic Report. Washington State Department of Transportation. Pages XVI - XX (monthly 

traffic count data). 1994 data report. 

12 MOBILE6.2. US Environmental Protection Agency. Model executable file dated September 24, 2003. 

13 Department of Licensing electronic data. Database snapshot July 2002. 

14 National Transit Database Data Tables. Table titled Age Distribution of Active Revenue Vehicle 

Inventory: Details by Transit Agency Directly Operated Service. Federal Transit Administration. Data 

table for 2001. http://www.ntdprogram.com/NTD/ntdhome.nsf/Docs/NTDPublications?OpenDocument. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 28

15 Spreadsheet schoolbuses2001.xls. Registration data provided by the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency. 

16 Climatological Data, Washington. January - December 2002. Volume 106, Numbers 01 - 12. ISSN 

0364-5320. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Environmental Satellite, Data 

and Information Service. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. 

17 Western Climatic Data Center, Western US Climate Historical Summaries, Local Climate Data 

Summaries (June 20, 1997). 

18 Spreadsheet Rel_hum1.xls. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Spreadsheet dated Jan 16, 2002. 

19 Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6 for Emission Inventory Preparation. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. January, 2002. 

20 IM Compliance Rate. Audit of Vehicles with July 1998 Expiration Date. Department of Ecology Air 

Quality Program. Aug. 4, 1999. 

21 1999/2000 Emission Test Data for Washington State - (Puget Sound, Spokane, Vancouver) - GVW < 

8501. Washington State Department of Ecology. March 20, 2002. 

22 personal conversations with John Raymond, Department of Ecology. 

23 User's Guide to MOBILE6.0 Mobile Source Emission Factor Model. United States Environmental 

Protection Agency. Air and Radiation. EPA420-R-02-001. January 2002. 

24 Puget Sound Regional Council. 1995 VMT data via Sierra Research. 

25 National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document 1900-1996. Section 4.0: National Criteria 

Pollutant Estimates, 1985-1996 Methodology. USEPA. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 

Research Triangle Park NC 27711. June 1997. 

26 Documentation for the 1999 National Emissions Inventory Version 2.0 for Criteria Air Pollutants and 

Draft Version 3.0 for HAPs. Onroad Sources. Prepared for: Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research 

Triangle Park, NC 27711. Prepared by: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., 5528-B Hempstead Way, 

Springfield, VA 22151. October 2002. 

27 40 CFR 80.27. 

28 personal conversation with Maureen Mullen, Pechan and Associates (under contract to EPA). 1996 and 

1999 winter and summer survey data from the American Automobile Manufacturers' Association. 

January 4, 2001. 

29 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, Section 5: Petroleum 

Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels; Volume 05.01: Petroleum Products and Lubricants (I): D 56 - D 

1947. ASTM Standard D 439 - 86. Philadelphia, PA, 1988. 

30 User’s Guide to MOBILE4 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model), EPA-AA-TEB-89-01, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, February 1989. Appendix 

2B: RVP and ASTM Class Determination Guidance. 

31 Washington Administrative Code 173-492-070. 

32 Spokane County Air Pollution Control Authority rule. Section 616. 

33 Federal Register/Vol. 66, No. 72/. Friday, April 13, 2001. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 29

34 Printout from Environ file: F:\WRAP MSE\Task 3\Default 

inputs\WRAP_County_Fuel_sulfur.xls:Gasoline. Onroad gasoline and diesel fuel sulfur levels for winter 

and summer by county. 

35 Analysis of the Impacts of Control Programs on Motor Vehicle Toxics Emissions and Exposure in Urban 

Areas and Nationwide. Prepared for U. S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, by Sierra 

Research, Inc., and Radian International Corporation/Eastern Research Group. Report No. EPA 420 –R99-029/030. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/r99029.pdf. 1999 

36 Technical Description of MOBILE6.2 and Guidance on Its Use for Emission Inventory Preparation, Draft 

Report. USEPA Air and Radiation. EPA420-R-02-011. February 2002. 

37 Documentation for the 1999 National Emissions Inventory Version 2.0 for Criteria Air Pollutants and 

Draft Version 3.0 for HAPs. Onroad Sources. Prepared for: Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research 

Triangle Park, NC 27711. Prepared by: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., 5528-B Hempstead Way, 

Springfield, VA 22151. October 2002. Attachment A: County-Specific Fuel Parameters for 1990, 1996, 

and 1999 Toxic Emissions Modeling (Preparation for MOBILE6.2 Model Runs). Prepared for: Emission 

Factor and Inventory Group (D205-01), Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Prepared by: Eastern 

Research Group, Inc., 1600 Perimeter Park Drive, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560. October 9, 2002. 

38 Final_Fuel1996V3.xls as posted to the 1999 NEI HAPs Website. 

39 Conversation with Michael Boyer, Washington Department of Ecology. April 2003. 

40 Preliminary 2002 National Emissions Inventory NMIM model data release. US Environmental Protection 

Agency. Spreadsheet "county20031204a.xls." 

41 Email from Rich Cook. Office of Transportation and Air Quality, US Environmental Protection Agency 

to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. March 2, 2004. 
3.3 Paved Road Dust 

Dust emissions are generated as vehicles pass along paved roadways and disturb the layer of loose 

material on or near the road surface. This material contains particulate matter from soil, brake and 

tire wear, exhaust, and other substances. The paved road dust calculation excludes emissions from 

exhaust and brake and tire wear since they are estimated as onroad mobile sources emissions (see 

Section 3.2). 

3.3.1 Activity Level, Temporal and Spatial Allocation 

The measures of activity, activity level, and temporal and spatial allocation for paved road dust 

emissions calculations are identical to those discussed in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 of the Onroad 

Mobile Source category. 

The HPMS ADVMT estimate includes travel over both paved and unpaved roads; however, they 

cannot be distinguished from one another. By using HPMS as the paved road activity level, a slight 

overestimation of ADVMT does occur. The overestimation is not serious since unpaved ADVMT 

is only estimated to be approximately 0.7% of the all ADVMT (see Section 3.4). 

3.3.2 Emission Rates 

The PM10 emission rate in grams per mile was calculated using equation 2 in EPA's UUAP42.

42 

Equation 2 estimates an emission rate for annual average conditions by incorporating a precipitation 

correction factor. This equation was used to calculate monthly emission rates. The AP42 equation 

is shown below. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 30
E = k (sL/2)0.65 (W/3)1.5 – C equation (1) 

E = [k (sL/2)0.65 (W/3)1.5 - C ][1-(P/4N)] equation (2) 

where E is the emission factor in g/VMT 

k = particle size multiplier (7.3 for PM10, 1.8 for PM2.5) 

sL = silt loading in g/m2

C = material from exhaust, brake and tire wear in g/mi (AP42 default: 0.2119 for 

PM10, 0.1617 for PM2.5) 

W = mean vehicle weight (tons) 

P = number of days with at least 0.01 inches of precipitation in the given month 

N = number of days in the given month 

AP42 defaults were used for mean vehicle weight (2.2 tons) and the "C" term. AP42 provides 

recommended values for average and worst-case silt loading on roads in several different average 

daily traffic (ADT) classes. For this inventory, the average silt loading values were used. The 

HPMS facility types were classified into the ADT classes by dividing the number of ADVMT by 

the roadway mileage. The classifications are shown Table 3-18. Individual urban sampling areas 

are not shown in the table; however, with only minor exceptions, they each showed the same ADT 

classification as the urban average. 

Days per month of precipitation greater than 0.01 inches in 2002 were obtained.16 Generally, 2002 

was a drier year than the longterm average.17 Precipitation days are shown in Table 3-19. County 

assignments were made as shown below: 

SeaTac: Clallam, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, 

Whatcom 

Olympia: Cowlitz, Lewis, Skamania, Thurston 

Vancouver: Clark 

Quillayute: Grays Harbor, Mason 

Raymond: Pacific, Wahkiakum 

Spokane: Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, Klickitat, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens 

Yakima: Adams, Douglas, Grant, Lincoln, Yakima 

Pomeroy: Asotin, Columbia, Garfield, Whitman 

Kennewick: Benton, Franklin, Walla Walla 

PM10 emission rates in g/mi calculated with Equation 2 ranged from 0 to 1.884. PM2.5 emission 

rates in g/mi calculated with Equation 2 ranged from 0 to 0.355. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 31
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 32

Table 3-18: Estimated Average Daily Traffic 

Rural Interstate Prin Art Min Art Maj Coll Min Coll Local 

Miles 501 2,080 1,974 8,382 6,377 43,692 

ADVMT (in 1,000s) 13,322 12,422 5,950 10,062 2,783 3,352 

Estimated ADT 26,591 5,972 3,014 1,200 436 77 

ADT Class > 10,000 limited 

access 5,000 - 10,000 500 - 5,000 500 - 5,000 < 500 < 500 

silt loading (g/m2) 0.015 0.06 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 

Urban Interstate Free/Expr Prin Art Min Art Collector Local 

Miles 263 314 1,108 2,145 2,043 13,302 

ADVMT (in 1,000s) 29,418 12,886 21,246 19,044 8,348 11,240 

Estimated ADT 111,856 41,038 19,175 8,878 4,086 845 

ADT Class > 10,000 limited 

access 

> 10,000 limited 

access > 10,000 5,000 - 10,000 500 - 5,000 500 - 5,000 

silt loading (g/m2) 0.015 0.015 0.03 0.06 0.2 0.2 

Table 3-19: Precipitation Days Greater Than 0.01 Inches 

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima 

Jan 4 27 14 26 27 19 13 27 5 

Feb 5 16 8 18 17 18 10 13 5 

Mar 3 21 13 22 25 13 14 16 1 

Apr 4 13 10 15 15 14 6 11 7 

May 3 14 11 17 14 14 11 15 7 

Jun 8 7 9 14 10 10 7 4 5 

Jul 3 3 3 7 4 4 2 2 3 

Aug 1 1 6 2 3 3 3 2 0 

Sep 0 6 3 8 8 5 6 5 2 

Oct 2 8 5 13 11 8 2 7 1 

Nov 5 13 11 16 16 13 11 13 4 

Dec 17 23 18 24 27 19 15 24 16 

Year 55 152 111 182 177 140 100 139 56 

3.3.3 Emissions Estimates 

Daily and monthly emissions were calculated using the equations below. Seasonal and annual 

emissions were calculated by summing the appropriate months (see Section 1.4). 

V x T x E x (lb/454 g) x (T/2000 lbs) - daily emissions 

V x T x D x E x (lb/454 g) x (T/2000 lbs) - monthly emissions 

where V = ADVMT 

T = monthly VMT adjustment factor (see Table 3-3) 

D = number of days in month, and 

E = emission factor in g/VMT, calculated as described in Section 3.3.2 

References 

42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP42. 

Section 13.2.1 (12/03). 
3.4 Unpaved Road Dust 

Similar to paved roads, dust emissions are generated as vehicles pass along unpaved roadways and 

disturb the layer of loose material on or near the road surface. This material contains particulate 

matter from soil, brake and tire wear, exhaust, and other substances. The unpaved road dust 

calculation excludes emissions from exhaust and brake and tire wear since they are estimated as 

onroad mobile sources emissions (see Section 3.2). 

3.4.1 Activity Level 

Similar to onroad mobile sources and paved road dust, the measure of activity for unpaved road 

dust emissions calculations is ADMVT. Travel over unpaved roads is included in HPMS ADVMT 

estimates, but cannot be separated from the paved road travel. Two agencies were contacted to 

obtain ADVMT on unpaved roads. The County Road Administration Board (CRAB) provided 

roadway mileage and ADVMT estimates unpaved road by county.43 WSDOT provided estimates 

of city jurisdiction unpaved roadway mileage for each county.44 The CRAB data was used to 

develop an ADVMT per lane-mile factor. The factor was multiplied by the WSDOT city lanemileage data in order to estimate ADVMT. 

Total ADVMT for both county and city jurisdictions are shown in the table below. Because 

ADVMT over unpaved roads was included in HPMS, it is essentially being double counted under 

paved roads; however, unpaved ADVMT is only 0.7% of the total ADVMT, so it will not be a 

serious error. 

Table 3-20: ADVMT by Surface Type – County and City Jurisdiction 

County ADVMT County ADVMT 

Adams 37,678 Lewis 4,321 

Asotin 8,622 Lincoln 48,366 

Benton 8,879 Mason 5,059 

Chelan 6,129 Okanogan 40,994 

Clallam 585 Pacific 5,563 

Clark 6,363 Pend Oreille 23,762 

Columbia 12,860 Pierce 7,317 

Cowlitz 901 San Juan 4,316 

Douglas 110,079 Skagit 2,752 

Ferry 17,634 Skamania 1,214 

Franklin 26,473 Snohomish 2,198 

Garfield 17,529 Spokane 162,012 

Grant 72,264 Stevens 56,740 

Grays Harbor 7,991 Thurston 6,061 

Island 635 Wahkiakum 2,606 

Jefferson 5,940 Walla Walla 14,729 

King 54,198 Whatcom 8,586 

Kitsap 2,287 Whitman 144,712 

Kittitas 5,674 Yakima 73,670 

Klickitat 22,680 State Total 1,040,379 

 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 33
3.4.2 Temporal and Spatial Allocation 

Spatial adjustments were not necessary since the ADVMT was available by county. Monthly 

temporal adjustments for the arterial/local roadway type were made using the WSDOT temporal 

adjustment factors shown in Table 3-3, and used in both the onroad and paved road dust sections. 

3.4.3 Emission Rates 

Unpaved road dust emissions were estimated according to Equation 2 in AP42.

45 The equation 

includes an adjustment for rainfall which acts as a control efficiency term by assuming that 

emissions occur only on days where the rainfall is below 0.01 inches. The equation was modified 

in to calculate monthly emission rates. The original and modified AP42 equations are shown 

below. 

E = [k (s/12)a (S/30)d / (Mdry/0.5)c – C] x [(365-p)/365] (original AP42 Equation 2) 

E = {[k (s/12)a

 (S/30)d / (Mdry/0.5)c] – C} x [(d-p)/d] (modified AP42 Equation 2) 

where E is the emission factor in lbs/VMT 

k = particle size multiplier (1.8 for = PM10, 0.27 for PM2.5) 

a = PM10 constant (1) 

c = PM10 constant (0.2) 

d = PM10 constant (0.5) 

s = silt content of surface material (%) 

S = speed 

C = material from exhaust, brake and tire wear in lb/mi (AP42 default: 0.00047 for 

PM10, 0.00036 for PM2.5) 

d = number of days in given month and 

p = number of days with at least 0.01 inches of precipitation per month 

Mdry = surface material moisture content (%) 

Monthly days of precipitation greater than 0.01 inches were taken from Table 3-19. Vehicle speed 

was not available. The VMT-weighed speed average on local roads for Spokane in 2002 was used 

as an estimate (30 mph).9

 The AP42 default was used for mean vehicle weight (2.2 tons). 

The surface material silt content (3.2%) and moisture content (1%) were obtained from the 

WRAP.46, 47 Silt values used by in EPA in the 1999 NEI were derived from sampling data taken 

from a database of approximately 200 samples from 30 states.48 Washington was not sampled. 

EPA used the national average of 3.9% for all states not sampled when they prepared the 1999 NEI. 

Rather than using the national average for states that were not sampled, the WRAP calculated an 

average of 3.2% for western states using the silt content database.46 The WRAP value was used in 

this inventory. 

Calculated monthly emission rates are shown in Table 3-21 and Table 3-22. County assignments 

were the same as described in Section 3.3.2. 

Table 3-21: Unpaved Roads PM10 Emission Rates in lbs/mi 

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima 

Jan 0.364 0.054 0.229 0.067 0.054 0.162 0.242 0.054 0.350 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 34
Feb 0.343 0.179 0.298 0.149 0.164 0.149 0.268 0.224 0.343 

Mar 0.377 0.135 0.242 0.121 0.081 0.242 0.229 0.202 0.404 

Apr 0.362 0.237 0.278 0.209 0.209 0.223 0.334 0.264 0.320 

May 0.377 0.229 0.269 0.189 0.229 0.229 0.269 0.215 0.323 

Jun 0.306 0.320 0.292 0.223 0.278 0.278 0.320 0.362 0.348 

Jul 0.377 0.377 0.377 0.323 0.364 0.364 0.390 0.390 0.377 

Aug 0.404 0.404 0.337 0.390 0.377 0.377 0.377 0.390 0.417 

Sep 0.417 0.334 0.376 0.306 0.306 0.348 0.334 0.348 0.390 

Oct 0.390 0.310 0.350 0.242 0.269 0.310 0.390 0.323 0.404 

Nov 0.348 0.237 0.264 0.195 0.195 0.237 0.264 0.237 0.362 

Dec 0.189 0.108 0.175 0.094 0.054 0.162 0.215 0.094 0.202 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 35
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 36

Table 3-22: Unpaved Roads PM2.5 Emission Rates in lbs/mi 

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima 

Jan 0.054 0.008 0.034 0.010 0.008 0.024 0.036 0.008 0.052 

Feb 0.051 0.027 0.045 0.022 0.024 0.022 0.040 0.033 0.051 

Mar 0.056 0.020 0.036 0.018 0.012 0.036 0.034 0.030 0.060 

Apr 0.054 0.035 0.042 0.031 0.031 0.033 0.050 0.039 0.048 

May 0.056 0.034 0.040 0.028 0.034 0.034 0.040 0.032 0.048 

Jun 0.046 0.048 0.044 0.033 0.042 0.042 0.048 0.054 0.052 

Jul 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.048 0.054 0.054 0.058 0.058 0.056 

Aug 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.058 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.058 0.062 

Sep 0.062 0.050 0.056 0.046 0.046 0.052 0.050 0.052 0.058 

Oct 0.058 0.046 0.052 0.036 0.040 0.046 0.058 0.048 0.060 

Nov 0.052 0.035 0.039 0.029 0.029 0.035 0.039 0.035 0.054 

Dec 0.028 0.016 0.026 0.014 0.008 0.024 0.032 0.014 0.030 

3.4.4 Emissions Estimates 

Daily and monthly emissions were calculated using the equations below. Seasonal and annual 

emissions were calculated by summing the appropriate months (see Section 1.4). 

V x T x E x (T/2000 lbs) - daily emissions 

V x T x D x E x (T/2000 lbs) - monthly emissions 

where V = ADVMT 

T = monthly VMT adjustment factor (see Table 3-3) 

D = number of days in month, and 

E = emission factor in lb/VMT, calculated as described in Section 3.4.3 

References 

43 Email from Walt Olsen, County Road Administration Board to Sally Otterson, Washington State 

Department of Ecology. Spreadsheet of County road ADVMT and mileage by surface type. Jan. 16, 

2004. 

44 Email from Jim Miernyk, Financial Planning & Economic Analysis, Washington State Department of 

Transportation, to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. Spreadsheet of city road 

mileage by surface type. Dec. 12, 2003. 

45 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP42. 

Section 13.2.2 (12/03). 

46 Memorandum from Alison K. Pollack to John Kowalczyk and Mike Boyer. Subject: Unpaved road dust 

with updated silt loading factors. May 21, 2002. 

47 Memorandum from Cuong Tran and Alison Pollack to John Kowalczyk and Mike Boyer. Subject: 

Unpaved road dust emission factors. April 9, 2002. 

48 Procedures Document for National Emissions Inventory, Criteria Air Pollutants 1985-1999. United 

States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research 

Triangle Park NC 27711. EPA-454/R-01-006. March 2001. 
3.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources, Excluding Ships, Locomotives and Aircraft 

The Nonroad Mobile category includes emissions estimates from gasoline, diesel, compressed 

natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fueled equipment. In the EPA draft 

NONROAD2002a model,49 equipment types are compiled into 12 categories: 

Recreational Logging 

Construction Airport Service 

Industrial Underground Mining 

Lawn and Garden Oil Field 

Agricultural Railway Maintenance 

Commercial Marine Recreation 

3.5.1 Activity Level 

NONROAD20022a inputs are aggregated regional county parameters. County assignments were 

made based on population, traffic and meteorological data. Regional parameters were assigned to 

individual county’s modeling runs. The exception to NONROAD2002a modeling activity 

parameters is in the Nonroad Marine Recreation activity. The model by default generates activity 

profiles for Recreational Marine equipment based on surface area of water in a county. This method 

over estimates recreational boat usage in certain counties due to the large areas of open water that 

are counted into a county’s jurisdiction. Because of this over estimation, Ecology’s NEI2002 

emission inventory of Marine Recreation has opted for the use of a new allocation file which 

specifies the use of Washington Department of Licensing 2002 Washington Boat Registration data 

per county (see table below).50

Table 3-23: County Boat Registrations, 2002 

County Registrations County Registrations 

Adams 662 Lewis 2,973 

Asotin 824 Lincoln 1,143 

Benton 8,031 Mason 4,966 

Chelan 4,405 Okanogan 1,716 

Clallam 4,839 Pacific 1,415 

Clark 13,854 Pend Oreille 936 

Columbia 248 Pierce 28,916 

Cowlitz 5,530 San Juan 2,935 

Douglas 1,954 Skagit 8,975 

Ferry 359 Skamania 459 

Franklin 2,093 Snohomish 28,134 

Garfield 150 Spokane 15,075 

Grant 4,294 Stevens 2,987 

Grays Harbor 3,879 Thurston 10,202 

Island 5,659 Wahkiakum 482 

Jefferson 2,914 Walla Walla 1,879 

King 60,725 Whatcom 8,677 

Kitsap 12,457 Whitman 1,042 

Kittitas 1,375 Yakima 6,911 

Klickitat 720 State Total 264,795 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 37
3.5.2 Spatial Allocation 

The NONROAD2002a model emissions estimates are reported by county for inventory year 2002. 

As described above, the recreational marine spatial allocation was changed from county water 

surface area to county 2002 boat registrations. 

3.5.3 Temporal Allocation 

Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature values were averaged seasonally for each 

aggregated county title. Monthly average temperatures were used to calculate seasonal average 

temperatures for each county group. Seasonal temperature averages were applied to each county 

run. The seasons are: winter (December, January, February), spring (March, April, May), summer 

(June, July, August), fall (September, October, November). 

3.5.4 Emission Rates 

The draft EPA Nonroad Model calculates emissions utilizing base year 1998 emissions estimates 

and growth factors dependent upon state and regional specifications. Refer to Table 3-24 and Table 

3-25 for modeling input parameters. 

A description of the fuel parameter specifications for all counties’ Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) and 

Spokane County’s oxygen content may be found in Section 3.2. The diesel sulfur content value of 

0.34% from the Western Regional Air Partnership's (WRAP) 1996 datum was used for all diesel 

equipment.51 The same value was used by EPA in a draft regulatory impact analysis for nonroad 

diesel.52 Gasoline sulfur content was obtained from the MOBILE6.2 output files (Section 3.2). It is 

calculated within MOBILE6.2 based on the low sulfur fuel phase-in schedule. The 

NONROAD2002a model default sulfur content value of 0.003% for CNG/LPG fueled equipment is 

used. Spokane County’s winter oxygen content is set at 3.5%. 

Monthly RVP values were averaged for each season and applied to each county and season in the 

modeling runs. 

Temperature input parameters for each county were based on long-term temperature data from the 

meteorological sites shown in Table 3-5. County assignments were the same as shown in Table 3-4. 

Seasonal averages for average monthly temperature, and minimum/maximum temperatures were 

applied to each aggregated county. 

Table 3-24: Fuel Sulfur Percent 

Fuel Sulfur % 

Gasoline 0.0279 

Diesel 0.34 

LPG/CNG 0.003 

Table 3-25: NONROAD2002a Temperature, RVP, and Oxygenated Fuel Parameters 

Aggregated County Title: SEATAC 

Counties (10) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Clallam Winter 36.1 46.5 41.4 13.8 

Island Spring 42.0 57.9 50.0 10.9 

Jefferson Summer 54.3 73.4 63.9 8.5 

Kitsap Fall 45.9 59.8 52.9 10.3 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 38
San Juan 

Skagit 

Whatcom 

Counties Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

King Winter 36.1 46.5 41.4 13.8 

Pierce Spring 42.0 57.9 50.0 8.9 

Snohomish Summer 54.3 73.4 63.9 8.0 

 Fall 45.9 59.8 52.9 10.0 

Aggregated County Title: Olympia 

Counties (4) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Cowlitz Winter 32.1 46 39.1 13.8 

Lewis Spring 36.9 59.3 48.2 10.8 

Skamania Summer 48.4 74.8 61.6 8.5 

Thurston Fall 39.5 60.5 50.0 10.3 

Aggregated County Title: Portland 

Counties (1) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Clark Winter 34.9 47.3 41.1 13.8 

 Spring 42.3 61.2 51.8 10.8 

 Summer 55.4 78.1 66.8 7.8 

 Fall 45.5 63.7 54.6 9.8 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 39
Aggregated County Title: Yakima 

Counties (5) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Adams Winter 23.4 40.5 32.0 13.8 

Douglas Spring 36.2 63.3 49.8 10.8 

Grant Summer 54.5 84.1 63.8 8.5 

Lincoln Fall 36.3 63.2 49.7 10.3 

Yakima 

Aggregated County Title: Pendleton 

Counties (3) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Benton Winter 28.9 42.4 35.7 13.8 

Franklin Spring 40.2 61.8 51.0 10.8 

WallaWalla Summer 56.2 84.5 70.4 8.5 

 Fall 41.7 62.9 52.3 10.3 

Aggregated County Title: Quillayute 

Counties (2) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Grays Harbor Winter 34.3 47.1 40.7 13.8 

Mason Spring 38.1 55.4 46.8 10.8 

 Summer 48.5 67.2 57.9 8.5 

 Fall 41.6 59.1 50.4 10.3 

Aggregated County Title: Astoria 

Counties (2) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Pacific Winter 36.6 49.0 42.8 13.8 

Wahkiakum Spring 41.1 56.4 48.8 10.8 

 Summer 51.5 66.8 59.2 8.5 

 Fall 44.3 60.8 52.6 10.3 

Aggregated County Title: Spokane 

Counties (8) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Chelan Winter 22.8 35.9 29.4 13.8 

Ferry Spring 35.4 56.8 46.2 10.8 

Kittitas Summer 52.6 80.1 66.4 8.5 

Klickitat Fall 36.9 57.3 47.1 10.3 

Okanogan 

Pend Oreille 

Spokane Winter Spokane only %O2 3.5 

Stevens 

Aggregated County Title: Lewiston 

Counties (4) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP 

Asotin Winter 29.3 42.1 35.7 13.8 

Columbia Spring 40.3 61.7 51.0 10.8 

Garfield Summer 57.3 85.7 71.6 8.5 

Whitman Fall 42.2 62.8 52.6 10.3 

Ammonia and toxics were calculated using the preliminary 2002 NEI NMIM emission rates and 

ratios described in Section 3.2.3.12. Toxics modeled were: 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 40
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 41

Table 3-26: Toxics Estimated for NONROAD Model Sources 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Acenaphthene Fluorene 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Acenaphthylene Formaldehyde 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Acetaldehyde Hexane 

1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Acrolein Indeno(1,2,3,c,d)pyrene 

1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Anthracene Manganese 

1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Benz(a)anthracene Naphthalene 

1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Benzene Nickel 

1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Benzo(a)pyrene Octachlorodibenzofuran 

1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Benzo(b)fluoranthene Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 

1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Phenanthrene 

1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Benzo(k)fluoranthene Propionaldehyde 

1,3-Butadiene Chromium (Cr3+) Pyrene 

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Chromium (Cr6+) Styrene 

2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chrysene Toluene 

2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Xylene 

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran Ethyl Benzene 

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Fluoranthene 

3.5.5 Emissions Estimates 

Seasonal period total emissions were generated with NONROAD2002a. Emissions in tpy and tpsd 

were calculated as shown below: 

tpy = winter tps + spring tps + summer tps + fall tps 

tpsd = tps / (91.25 days/season) 

References 

49 User’s Guide for the EPA Nonroad Emissions Model Draft NONROAD 2002. United States 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. EPA420-P-02-013. December 2002. 

50 Vessel Registration Count by Moorage County and Length. Washington State Department of Licensing. 

March 2002 (month of peak registrations). 

51 Draft 2003 Report from Environ on mobile source emissions inventories developed for the Western 

Regional Air Partnership. Onroad diesel fuel sulfur levels by county. 

52 Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines. US 

Environmental Protection Agency. EPA420-R-03-008. April 2003. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 42

3.6 Ships 

Two separate annual emissions inventories were used to estimates emissions from ships: one for 

emissions occurring on the Columbia and Snake River systems, and one for Puget Sound, Strait of 

Juan de Fuca and other coastal waterways. 

Columbia and Snake Rivers 

A special project was undertaken through the Northwest Regional Technical Center (NWRTC) 

Demonstration Project to conduct an emissions inventory for ships (Corbett, 2001).53 The main 

focus of the inventory was on ocean-going and harbor vessels traveling on the Columbia, Snake and 

Willamette Rivers. Emissions of NOx, SOx and PM were estimated for 1999 based on a bottom-up 

fuel consumption approach. PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated using a particle size distribution.54 

Upper and lower bounds were established for the estimates. The estimates were provided by river 

segment consistent with segments reported in the US Army Corps of Engineers Waterborne 

Commerce publication. It was assumed that emissions in 2002 would be similar to those in 1999. 

Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca and Coastal Waterways 

For the Sound, Strait, and coastal waterways, the 2000 Washington State inventory prepared for the 

Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) by Levelton Engineering, Ltd. was used.55 The 

inventory included emissions from ocean-going vessels, harbor vessels, ferry boats and fishing 

boats. It was assumed that emissions in 2002 would be similar to those in 2000. Similar to ships on 

the river systems, PM emissions estimates were estimated using a particle size distribution.54

3.6.1 Activity Level and Emission Rates 

Activity level and emission rates are described in the source inventory documentation. The Corbett 

report addressed PM, NOx and SO2 emissions. The Levelton report addressed PM, NOx, SO2, CO, 

VOC and NH3 emissions 

3.6.2 Temporal and Spatial Allocation 

Emissions from ships were assumed to be uniform year-round. The Corbett data was spatially 

resolved by several river links. The Levelton data was available by 1-km grid. Both were assigned to 

counties using simple GIS methods. For this inventory, all emissions from ships on the Columbia 

River were assigned to Washington. This will undoubtedly lead to double-counting with Oregon. 

Where the rivers passed between two Washington counties, one-half of the emissions were assigned 

to each county. 

3.6.3 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions in tons per year were taken directly from the source data. Seasonal emissions were 

calculated: 

 tps = (tpy) / (4 seasons) 

 tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr) 

References 

53 Corbett, James J. Commercial Marine Vessel Inventory Review and Preparation for the Northwest U.S. 

16 Townsend Road; Newark, Delaware 19711. May 22, 2001. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 43

54 PM Size Fractions from the California Emission Inventory Development and Reporting System 

(CEIDARS). California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM profile #119: PM10 = 0.96, PM2.5 = 

0.937). March 24, 1999. 

55 R.G. Quan, R.G., Trask, T.C., Cheng, K.C. Marine Vessel Air Emissions In B.C. and Washington State Outside the 

GVRD and FVRD for the Year 2000. Prepared for: Policy and Planning Department, Greater Vancouver Regional 

District, 4330 Kingsway, Burnaby, B.C., V5H 4G8 and Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 224 West 

Esplanade, 4th Floor, North Vancouver, B.C., V7M 3H7. Prepared by: Levelton Engineering Ltd., 150 – 12791 

Clarke Place, Richmond, B.C., V6V 2H9. July 16, 2002 File: 401-0989. 
3.7 Locomotives 

Locomotive emissions were calculated for Class 1 railroads based on EPA guidance.56 Class 2 and 

3 railroad locomotive emissions were not inventoried. A special AIRQUEST (formerly Northwest 

Regional Technical Center) project conducted by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 

(ODEQ) found that emissions from Class 2 and 3 railroad locomotives were a small percentage of 

total locomotive emissions.57, 58

3.7.1 Activity Level 

Activity level is measured in gallons of diesel consumed by locomotives. The majority of the 

activity takes place on Class 1 railroads. Three Class 1 railroads operate in Washington: Burlington 

Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), Union Pacific (UP), and Amtrak. All three provided fuel consumption 

for 2002.59, 60, 61

Amtrak fuel consumption was only available by route. In the prior effort by ODEQ referenced 

above, Amtrak route fuel consumption was disaggregated by county for Amtrak's three major 

routes: Starlight, Cascades, and Empire Builder. To estimate 2002 county fuel consumption by 

Amtrak, county ratios were calculated for each major route using the ODEQ data. The county 

ratios were multiplied by the 2002 route fuel consumption to estimate county fuel consumption. 

Amtrak also provided fuel consumption for two minor routes: the Sounder and Alki. The Sounder 

operates 3 trains per day between Seattle and Everett, and 3 per day between Seattle and Tacoma. 

Activity was distributed evenly to the route counties: 25% to Snohomish, 25% to Pierce, 50% to 

King. The Alki trains are vacation trains and were evenly allocated to all counties with track due to 

lack of readily available specific information. 

Major route Activity Calculation 

FAmtrak02-C = (FODEQ-C / FODEQ-R) x FAmtrak02-R

 where FAmtrak02-C = Amtrak 2002 county fuel consumption 

FAmtrak02-R = Amtrak 2002 route fuel consumption 

FODEQ-C = ODEQ project county fuel consumption 

FODEQ-R = ODEQ project route fuel consumption 

Table 3-27: Locomotive Fuel Consumption in Gallons 

County Line Haul Yard Passenger County Line Haul Yard Passenger 

Adams 5,511,189 0 37,289 Lewis 1,366,682 164,988 36,785 

Asotin 0 0 0 Lincoln 3,566,626 0 105,745 

Benton 5,396,003 0 34,106 Mason 0 0 343 

Chelan 2,058,398 164,988 96,263 Okanogan 0 0 343 

Clallam 0 0 0 Pacific 0 0 0 

Clark 2,763,233 659,913 40,568 Pend Oreille 0 0 343 

Columbia 5,293 0 343 Pierce 2,178,179 490,972 123,880 

Cowlitz 2,042,389 164,988 49,514 San Juan 0 0 0 

Douglas 467,503 494,925 0 Skagit 777,377 0 8,500 

Ferry 34,591 0 343 Skamania 3,234,988 0 22,930 

Franklin 3,569,462 742,427 27,393 Snohomish 3,145,512 494,925 164,411 

Garfield 0 0 0 Spokane 5,886,729 494,925 243,966 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 44
Grant 1,875,748 0 65,974 Stevens 523,356 0 343 

Grays Harbor 0 0 343 Thurston 1,185,435 0 35,944 

Island 0 0 0 Wahkiakum 0 0 0 

Jefferson 0 0 0 Walla Walla 1,888,558 0 343 

King 4,218,824 852,426 281,956 Whatcom 840,142 164,988 13,951 

Kitsap 0 0 343 Whitman 189,574 0 343 

Kittitas 473,934 0 17,131 Yakima 484,410 0 343 

Klickitat 7,237,314 0 52,315 State Total 60,921,448 4,890,464 1,462,397 

3.7.2 Temporal and Spatial Adjustments 

Most of the activity information was obtained by county; therefore, no spatial adjustments were 

necessary. Where activity was not available by county, track mileage and trip information was used 

to assign activity to counties. 

Locomotives were assumed to operate uniformly year-round per EPA guidance.62

3.7.3 Emission Rates 

Emission rates of PM10, NOx, VOC and CO for the 2002 locomotive fleet were extracted from 

EPA's regulatory support document developed during the 1997 locomotive emissions standards 

rulemaking. EPA posted emission factor information by year and locomotive type (line-haul, 

switch, passenger) for 1999 through 2040.63 The SO2 emission rates were taken from earlier EPA 

guidance.62 The PM2.5 emission rates were assumed to be 92% of the PM10 per EPA 

correspondence with ODEQ.58, 64 Air toxic emission factors were taken from the 1999 NEI 

documentation.65

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 45
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 46

Table 3-28: Locomotive Emission Factors in grams per gallon fuel 

Pollutant Code Line-haul Passenger Switch Yard 

carbon monoxide CO 2.66E+01 2.66E+01 3.81E+01 

nitrogen oxides NOX 2.39E+02 2.65E+02 3.56E+02 

primary pm10 PM10-PRI 6.65E+00 6.65E+00 9.15E+00 

primary pm2.5 PM25-PRI 6.12E+00 6.12E+00 8.42E+00 

sulfur dioxide SO2 1.63E+01 1.63E+01 1.63E+01 

volatile organic compounds VOC 9.97E+00 9.97E+00 2.10E+01 

1,3-butadiene 106990 3.25E-02 3.25E-02 3.25E-02 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane 540841 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 

acenaphthene 83329 2.04E-04 2.04E-04 2.04E-04 

acenaphthylene 208968 2.84E-03 2.84E-03 2.84E-03 

acetaldehyde 75070 1.88E-01 1.88E-01 1.88E-01 

acrolein 107028 3.12E-02 3.12E-02 3.12E-02 

anthracene 120127 6.71E-04 6.71E-04 6.71E-04 

arsenic 7440382 2.38E-06 2.38E-06 2.38E-06 

benz[a]anthracene 56553 1.06E-04 1.06E-04 1.06E-04 

benzene 71432 2.59E-02 2.59E-02 2.59E-02 

benzo[a]pyrene 50328 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 

benzo[b]fluoranthene 205992 4.26E-05 4.26E-05 4.26E-05 

benzo[g,h,i,]perylene 191242 2.06E-05 2.06E-05 2.06E-05 

benzo[k]fluoranthene 207089 3.46E-05 3.46E-05 3.46E-05 

beryllium 7440417 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 

cadmium 7440439 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 

chromium 7440473 4.15E-05 4.15E-05 4.15E-05 

chrysene 218019 7.92E-05 7.92E-05 7.92E-05 

dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 53703 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 

ethyl benzene 100414 1.99E-02 1.99E-02 1.99E-02 

fluoranthene 206440 4.96E-04 4.96E-04 4.96E-04 

fluorine 86737 9.36E-04 9.36E-04 9.36E-04 

formaldehyde 50000 4.33E-01 4.33E-01 4.33E-01 

hexane 110543 5.48E-02 5.48E-02 5.48E-02 

indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 193395 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 

lead 7439921 5.90E-04 5.90E-04 5.90E-04 

manganese 7439965 1.36E-05 1.36E-05 1.36E-05 

mercury 7439976 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 

naphthalene 91203 1.71E-02 1.71E-02 1.71E-02 

nickel 7440020 4.36E-05 4.36E-05 4.36E-05 

phenanthrene 85018 3.77E-03 3.77E-03 3.77E-03 

propionaldehyde 123386 6.08E-02 6.08E-02 6.08E-02 

pyrene 129000 7.01E-04 7.01E-04 7.01E-04 

styrene 100425 2.09E-02 2.09E-02 2.09E-02 

toluene 108883 3.19E-02 3.19E-02 3.19E-02 

xylenes (mixture of o, m, and p isomers) 1330207 4.78E-02 4.78E-02 4.78E-02 

3.7.4 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions were calculated: 

 tpy = (gallons fuel) x (pollutant rate in g/gal) x (lbs/454 g) x (T/2000 lbs) 

 tps = (tpy) / (4 seasons) 

 tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr) 

References 

56 Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Vol. IV: Mobile Sources. EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), 

Section 6.0. 1992. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 47

57 Regional Technical Center Demonstration Project: Summary Report. Idaho Department of 

Environmental Quality, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Washington Department of 

Ecology, US EPA Region 10, Washington State University, University of Washington. January 11, 2002 

(draft). 

58 Oregon 1996 Railroad Emissions Inventory Project, Emission Estimate Methodology Documentation. 

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. August 2001. 

59 Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. 2002 Estimation of Locomotive Emissions. Transmitted 

by email from Lyle Staley, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad to Sally Otterson, Washington 

Department of Ecology. March 3, 2004. 

60 SEA Fuel Total 20032.xls. Transmitted by email from Michael Henderson, Amtrack to Sally Otterson, Washington 

Department of Ecology. April 23, 2004. 

61 Union Pacific Railroad Company 2002 Fuel Consumption by County (Line Haul) and Yard Jobs in 

Washington. Transmitted by email from Jon Germer, Union Pacific Railroad to Sally Otterson, Washington 

Department of Ecology. May 10, 2004. 

62 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone. 

Volume II, table 6-11. EPA-454/R-92-026, March 1992. 

63 Spreadsheet titled locorsd.wk3. Part of regulatory support documentation for the final emissions standards 

for locomotives, Federal Register April 16, 1998. 

64 Electronic correspondence between Rich Wilcox, US Environmental Protection Agency and Christopher 

Swab, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Feb. 15, 2001. 

65 Documentation for Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessel, Locomotive, and Other Nonroad Components of 

the National Emissions Inventory. Volume I – Methodology. Prepared for: Emission Factor and Inventory 

Group (D205-01), Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Prepared by: Eastern Research Group, Inc., 1600 Perimeter Park 

Drive, Morrisville, NC 27560. 
3.8 Prescribed Burning 

Prescribed burning includes logging debris burns and forest health burns. Prescribed burning is done 

by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Bureau of Indian Affairs 

(BIA), and private industry. DNR permits and tracks all burns, except those done by the BIA. Using 

models developed by the USFS, DNR estimates the tons burned and resulting air emissions. 

3.8.1 Activity Level and Emission Rates 

DNR enters information on each permitted burn in the USFS models. Some of the information 

required includes: location, date, ownership, elevation, moisture, species, duff depth, tons of material 

and/or acres, burn type (broadcast, pile, underburn, etc.). The models calculate fuel consumption and 

emissions for each burn. The emission factors used in the model were developed for the Pacific 

Northwest by the USFS. 

DNR provided the entire 2002 burn permit database, which was queried for activity level (in tons 

burned) and emissions by county and season.66 The database included PM10, PM2.5, VOC, and CO 

emissions estimates. CO and VOC were not calculated for some USFS burns. The missing emissions 

were estimated using the ratios of CO and VOC to PM10 for burns having complete emissions 

information. For all burns with complete information, the CO/ PM10 and VOC/ PM10 ratios were 8.25 

and 0.5663, respectively. 

Air toxics emission factors were taken from the 1999 NEI documentation for prescribed fires and 

multiplied by the tons burned to estimate air toxics emissions.67 Toxics emission factors are shown in 

the table below. The criteria pollutant emission factors shown in the table represent statewide average 

emissions rates and are not representative of an individual burn. 

Table 3-29: Prescribed Burning, Tons Burned 2002 

County Tons County Tons 

Adams 90 Lewis 18,949 

Asotin 592 Lincoln 209 

Benton 0 Mason 3,111 

Chelan 4,065 Okanogan 11,400 

Clallam 17,598 Pacific 15,364 

Clark 4,407 Pend Oreille 34,394 

Columbia 676 Pierce 10,443 

Cowlitz 5,963 San Juan 146 

Douglas 0 Skagit 8,612 

Ferry 2,739 Skamania 2,282 

Franklin 50 Snohomish 8,895 

Garfield 85 Spokane 18,008 

Grant 0 Stevens 22,182 

Grays Harbor 32,998 Thurston 4,835 

Island 90 Wahkiakum 2,635 

Jefferson 3,096 Walla Walla 220 

King 338 Whatcom 6,293 

Kitsap 700 Whitman 0 

Kittitas 14,017 Yakima 6,140 

Klickitat 31,542 State Total 293,164 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 48
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 49

Table 3-30: Prescribed Burning Emission Rates 

Pollutant Name Code lb/Ton Pollutant Name Code lb/Ton 

carbon monoxide CO 2.07E+02 benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089 2.60E-03 

primary pm10 PM10 2.51E+01 benzofluoranthenes 56832736 5.14E-03 

primary pm2.5 PM25 2.32E+01 carbonyl sulfide 463581 5.34E-04 

volatile organic compounds VOC 1.42E+01 chrysene 218019 6.20E-03 

fluoranthene 206440 6.73E-03 

1,3-butadiene 106990 4.05E-01 formaldehyde 50000 2.58E+00 

2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ 600 1.47E-09 indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 193395 3.41E-03 

acetaldehyde 75070 4.08E-01 methyl chloride 74873 1.28E-01 

acrolein 107028 4.24E-01 methylanthracene 26914181 8.23E-03 

anthracene 120127 5.00E-03 methylbenzopyrenes 247 2.96E-03 

benz(a)anthracene 56553 6.20E-03 methylchrysene 248 7.90E-03 

benzene 71432 1.13E+00 n-hexane 110543 1.64E-02 

benzo(a)fluoranthene 203338 2.60E-03 o,m,p-xylene 1330207 2.42E-01 

benzo(a)pyrene 50328 1.48E-03 perylene 198550 8.56E-04 

benzo(c)phenanthrene 195197 3.90E-03 phenanthrene 85018 5.00E-03 

benzo(e)pyrene 192972 2.66E-03 pyrene 129000 9.29E-03 

benzo(ghi)perylene 191242 5.08E-03 toluene 108883 5.68E-01 

3.8.2 Temporal Adjustments 

Because the date of each burn was included in the database, monthly emissions were calculated by 

summing the emissions for all burns occurring in each individual month. 

3.8.3 Spatial Adjustments 

No spatial adjustments were necessary. All burns were identified both by county, and sectiontownship-range. 

3.8.4 Emissions Estimates 

As stated in section 3.8.1, emissions were calculated for each burn by date. Seasonal emissions 

were calculated by summing all the burns occurring in the given season. Average daily emissions 

were not calculated for this source since day to day variability can be very large. 

References 

66 Dept. of Natural Resources burn permit database. 

67 Documentation for the 1999 Base Year Nonpoint Area Source National Emissions Inventory for 

Hazardous Air Pollutants. Prepared for: Emission Factor and Inventory Group (D205-01); Emissions, 

Monitoring and Analysis Division; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina 27711. Prepared by: Eastern Research Group, Inc.; 1600 Perimeter Park Drive; 

Morrisville, North Carolina 27560. September 30, 2002. 
3.9 Agricultural Burning 

Agricultural burning in Washington is defined as "the burning of vegetative debris from an 

agricultural operation necessary for disease or pest control, necessary for crop propagation and/or 

crop rotation, or where identified as a best management practice by the agricultural burning 

practices and research task force established in RCW [Revised Code of Washington] 70.94.650 or 

other authoritative source on agricultural practices. " 68 All agricultural burning in Washington 

requires a permit.68 

It is noted here that in Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Okanogan Counties some orchards 

are removed but not replanted and thus do not qualify for agricultural burning permits. The types of 

burning and emissions generated are the same as those permitted as agricultural and thus are 

included in the agricultural burning category. This may be revisited in future inventories. 

3.9.1 Activity Level 

The activity level for agricultural burning is the amount of residue burned (consumed). The general 

equation for determining the amount of residue burned is: 

 tons burned = acres burned x fuel loading x fuel consumption factor 

The sources of each parameter are described below. 

Acres Burned 

Department of Ecology Central and Eastern Regional Offices (CRO, ERO) 

A permitting database was developed for Washington that tracks permits by location and date, and 

includes other information such as crop type, acreage and loading.69 The permitting database 

contained detailed records for burns beginning in July 2002. To estimate the amount of activity 

occurring during January through June 2002, two different approaches were taken. For Ecology's 

Eastern Regional Office, annual acreage was provided by crop type.70 The permit database records 

for July-December 2002 were subtracted from the annual totals to estimate spring burning activity. 

This method was employed for Adams, Asotin, Columbia, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, Walla 

Walla and Whitman Counties. For Ecology's Central Regional Office, permits tracked in the 

database issued from January 2003 – June 2003 were used as an estimate for the same period in 

2002. These counties were: Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Okanogan. 

Local Air Authority Permits 

The permit database did not contain information for western Washington counties, or Benton, 

Spokane and Yakima Counties in eastern Washington. There is very little agricultural burning in 

western Washington and Spokane Counties. Records for Benton, Skagit, Whatcom and Yakima 

Counties were obtained from the local air authorities.71, 72, 73 Permits for 2003 were used as 

substitutes for 2002 activity in Benton, Skagit and Whatcom Counties. Permits for 2000 were used 

as a substitute for 2002 activity in Yakima County. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 50
Fuel Loading 

The permitting database included a loading factor for each burn. The overall average loading factor 

for cereal grain stubble burns was 4 tons/acre. This was in comparable to the average found in the 

special study performed by Air Sciences Incorporated.74 The Air Sciences study was a field study 

funded by Ecology, the Washington Association of Wheat Growers, and the US EPA-Region 10 to 

measure emissions and develop emission rates for wheat stubble field burning. The factor was 

somewhat higher than AP42's wheat field loading factor of 3.2 tons/acre (adjusted for fuel 

consumption). The value of 4 tons/acre was used for ERO burns during Jan-Jun of 2002. 

For Benton, Skagit and Whatcom Counties, loading factors for each crop type were estimated from the 

Ecology burn permit database for similar crops in other counties. The Yakima Regional Clean Air 

Authority provided loading factors for orchard tear-outs.73 These loading factors were used for 

orchard tear-outs in Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Okanogan Counties as well. Orchard 

pruning loading factors in Yakima were estimated using AP42. 75

Fuel Consumption Factors 

For cereal grains, the fuel consumption factors developed by Air Sciences Incorporated were used.74 

The consumption factor was 0.59 in the spring and 0.60 in the fall. For all other crop types, the 

consumption factor was assumed to by 1.00 due to lack of any specific information. This will tend to 

overestimate emissions. 

Summary tables showing acreage, pre-burn fuel loading, and tons burned (consumed) are shown 

below. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 51
Table 3-31: Agricultural Acres Burned 

County cereal grains 

(wheat, oats, barley) 

grassland, pasture, 

and CRP* 

hay orchard 

 tear-out 

other 

Adams 1,590 3,090 21 245 

Asotin 40 

Benton 716 27 29 292 113 

Chelan 100 13 

Columbia 38,658 1,803 481 

Douglas 406 117 1 

Franklin 3,505 2,126 69 367 268 

Garfield 5,269 410 192 

Grant 4,054 112 223 882 767 

Kittitas 48 48 35 

Klickitat 0 

Lincoln 1,509 140 30 0 243 

Okanogan 448 

Skagit 704 

Walla Walla 32,253 4,982 3,872 654 

Whatcom 3 

Whitman 33,155 2,300 15 1,808 

Yakima 2,622 780 

State Total 121,115 14,990 4,286 4,900 6,343 

* Conservation Reserve Program conversion 

Table 3-32: Tons of Agricultural Residue (pre-Burn Loading) 

County cereal grains 

(wheat, oats, barley) 

grassland, pasture, 

and CRP* 

hay orchard 

 tear-out 

other 

Adams 6,508 8,709 578 1,824 

Asotin 60 

Benton 2,864 121 15 5,986 56 

Chelan 2,828 7 

Columbia 153,457 4,995 860 

Douglas 739 2,223 1 

Franklin 17,964 5,461 41 10,027 174 

Garfield 21,046 1,156 288 

Grant 13,211 316 365 24,179 561 

Kittitas 24 949 129 

Klickitat 0 

Lincoln 5,159 371 44 0 615 

Okanogan 12,531 

Skagit 352 

Walla Walla 134,899 14,265 5,725 1,495 

Whatcom 56 

Whitman 135,014 9,630 22 4,277 

Yakima 78,672 1,795 

State Total 490,860 45,022 6,236 138,029 12,493 

* Conservation Reserve Program conversion 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 52
Table 3-33: Tons of Agricultural Residue Burned 

County cereal grains 

(wheat, oats, barley) 

grassland, pasture, 

and CRP* 

hay orchard 

 tear-out 

other 

Adams 3,843 8,709 578 1,742 

Asotin 35 

Benton 1,718 121 15 5,986 56 

Chelan 2,828 4 

Columbia 90,962 4,995 769 

Douglas 436 2,223 1 

Franklin 10,711 5,461 41 10,027 149 

Garfield 12,419 1,156 170 

Grant 7,849 316 365 24,179 492 

Kittitas 24 949 128 

Klickitat 0 

Lincoln 3,056 371 44 0 363 

Okanogan 12,531 

Skagit 352 

Walla Walla 80,096 14,265 5,725 1,076 

Whatcom 56 

Whitman 80,393 9,630 22 2,537 

Yakima 78,672 1,795 

State Total 291,484 45,022 6,236 138,029 9,670 

* Conservation Reserve Program conversion 

3.9.2 Emission Rates 

Emission rates were taken from EPA's AP42 and the Air Sciences Incorporated report.74, 75

For all AP42 factors, PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated from total particulate using profiles from the 

Air Resources Board in California.76 Profiles used were #430 field crops: PM10 = 0.9835, PM2.5 = 

0.9379, #440 weeds: PM10 = 0.9835, PM2.5 = 0.9379, and #450 orchard prunings: PM10 = 0.9814, 

PM2.5 = 0.9252. The Air Sciences emission rates included PM10 and PM2.5. 

The Air Sciences report estimated methane, but not VOC. The AP24 ratio of non-methane 

hydrocarbons to methane (approximately 3.33) was used to estimate non-methane emission rates 

from the Air Sciences reported methane rates. 

Toxics emission rates were not estimated due to lack of data. The Air Sciences study tested four 

samples for benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluroanthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, 

chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and idenol(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and 

idenol(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were detected in two of the tests, while the others were not detected in any 

of the samples. The factors are not used in this report. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 53
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 54

Table 3-34: Emission Rates in Pounds Per Ton Residue Burned 

Crop Description Season PM PM10 PM2.5 VOC CO Reference 

cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) fall 12 12.3 9.8 12 117 Air Sciences & AP42 

cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) spring 6.8 6.8 5.3 5.3 67 Air Sciences & AP42 

asparagus all 40 39.3 37.5 66 150 AP-42 asparagus & CARB profile #430 

beans all 43 42.3 40.3 36 186 AP-42 beans headfire & CARB profile #430 

grassland, pasture, and CRP* all 16 15.7 15.0 15 101 AP-42 grasses & CARB profile #430 

corn all 14 13.8 13.1 12 108 AP-42 corn & CARB profile #430 

other all 21 20.7 19.7 18 117 AP-42 unspec. field crop & CARB profile #430 

hay – alfalfa all 45 44.3 42.2 28 106 AP-42 alfalfa headfire & CARB profile #430 

hay – other all 32 31.5 30.0 17 139 AP-42 hay headfire & CARB profile #430 

orchards all 4 3.9 3.7 3 42 AP-42 apple & CARB profile #450 

weed control all 15 14.8 14.1 9 85 AP-42 unspec. weeds & CARB profile #440 

* Conservation Reserve Program conversion 

3.9.3 Spatial and Temporal Adjustments 

All burn data was available by county, so spatial adjustments were not necessary. For burns tracked 

in the burn permit database, no temporal adjustments were necessary since burns are tracked by 

county and date. For burns not tracked in the database other information was utilized to make 

temporal allocations. ERO burns prior to July 2002 were allocated to April. Benton Clean Air 

Authority staff provided temporal information for burning in Benton County.77 In Yakima County, 

permits were available by month for Jan-Feb, and Oct-Dec, with a 7-month total available for MarSep. The Yakima Mar-Sep burning was allocated to season based on the temporal profile of 

orchard burning in other counties developed from the Ecology burn permit database. 

3.9.4 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions estimates were calculated with the equations below. Average daily emissions were not 

calculated for this source since day to day variability can be very large. 

 tpy = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) 

tps = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) where the tons burned is the amount 

burned in the given season 

References 

68 Chapter 173-430 Washington Administrative Code. Nov. 9, 1977, revised May 26, 1998. 

69 Washington State Department of Ecology burn permit database. Records for July 2002 – June 2003. Data 

selected on March 12, 2004. 

70 Email from Karen Wood, Washington State Department of Ecology – Eastern Regional Office to Sally 

Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology – Headquarters. Annual acreage for 2002 by crop 

type in spreadsheet 2002AcresTotals4Sallty.xls. May 10, 2004. 

71 NW Air Pollution Control Authority Spring and Fall 2003 Burn Permits. Information from Northwest Air 

Pollution Authority as compiled by Washington State Department of Ecology – Eastern Regional Office. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 55

72 Facsimile from Kary Peterson, Washington State Department of Ecology to Sally Otterson, Washington 

State Department of Ecology. Benton County crop and acreage permitted for 2003. March 15, 2004. 

73 Calculation of Orchard Burning Emissions, and C. Y. 2000 Ag Burn Information for PM10 Maint. Plan 

Emiss. Inven. Worksheets in spreadsheet ag_burn_data29Jan03-2.xls. Yakima Regional Clean Air 

Authority. Feb. 2003. 

74 Final Report: Cereal-Grain Residue Open-Field Burning Emissions Study. Table 3.2. Prepared For and 

Funded By: Washington Department Of Ecology; Washington Association Of Wheat Growers; U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10. Prepared By: Air Sciences Inc., 421 Sw 6Th Avenue, 

Portland, Or 97204; 1301 Washington Avenue, Golden, Co 80401. Project No. 152-02. July 2003. 

75 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP42, 

Fifth Edition. January 1995. Table 2.5-5 (10/92 reformatted 1/95). Headfire burning. 

76 PM Size Fractions from the California Emission Inventory Development and Reporting System 

(CEIDARS). California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM profile #430: PM10 = 0.9835, PM2.5 = 

0.9379, PM profile #440: PM10 = 0.9835, PM2.5 = 0.9379, PM profile #450: PM10 = 0.9814, PM2.5 = 

0.9252). March 24, 1999. 

77 Personal conversation with Rob Rodger, Benton Clean Air Authority. March 17, 2004. 
3.10 Residential Yard Waste Burning 

Residential yard waste burning is outdoor burning of vegetative material. 

3.10.1 Activity Level and Spatial Allocation 

The measure of activity for residential yard waste burning is the amount of material burned. In 2001, 

Washington State University under contract to the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality 

conducted a telephone survey of wood heating and outdoor burning habits in Idaho, Oregon and 

Washington.78 The survey included questions to estimate the fraction of households that burned yard 

waste and the number of legal size piles (4') burned per household per year. In Washington, the 

survey defined four geographic groups in Washington: 1) incorporated cities, 2) unincorporated 

western WA, 3) unincorporated eastern WA with forest lands, and 4) unincorporated eastern WA 

without forest lands. Each county's incorporated areas were assigned to the first group. 

Unincorporated areas were assigned to one of the last three groups. An estimate of the number of 

households in each county may be found in Table 2-1. 

County unincorporated area assignments were: 

western WA: Clallam, Clark, Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Lewis, 

Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Thurston, 

Wahkiakum, Whatcom 

eastern WA w/forest: Chelan, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Kittitas, Klickitat, Okanogan, Pend 

Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, Walla Walla, Yakima 

eastern WA w/o forest. Adams, Asotin, Benton, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, Whitman 

The fractions of households burning yard waste, and the number of piles burned are shown in the table 

below. 

Table 3-35: Amount of Yard Waste Burning 

Area Fraction Burning Piles per Year 

Incorporated 0.077 2.56 

Eastern WA w/forest 0.184 3.64 

Eastern WA w/o forest 0.210 2.84 

Western WA 0.265 3.37 

It was estimated that the weight of a legal size pile was approximately 125 lbs.79 The tons of material 

burned was estimated using the following equation: 

 HH x (fraction burning waste) x (piles/HH) x (lbs burned/pile) x (T/2000 lbs), 

 where HH = the number of households (Table 2-1) 

3.10.2 Emission Rates 

Emission rates for unspecified forest burning were taken from EPA's AP42 and are shown in Table 

3-34 below.80 Emission rates are given in pounds of pollutant per ton of material burned. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 56
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 57

PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated from total particulate using size fraction information from the Air 

Resources Board in California.81 The fractions were 0.9825 and 0.9316, respectively. 

Table 3-36: Emission Rates in Pounds per Ton Material Burned 

Pollutant Code lb/T Pollutant Code lb/T 

primary pm10 PM10-PRI 17 cumene 98828 1.33E-02 

primary pm2.5 PM25-PRI 16 dibenzofuran 132649 6.75E-03 

carbon monoxide CO 140 ethylbenzene 100414 4.80E-02 

volatile organic compounds VOC 19 methly ethyl ketone 78933 6.70E-02 

phenol 108952 1.15E-01 

styrene 100425 1.02E-01 

3.10.3 Temporal Allocation 

The survey included questions about seasonal burning habits. The fractions of activity occurring in 

each season are shown in Table 3-37 below. 

Table 3-37: Seasonal Activity Fractions, Residential Yard Waste Burning 

Area Fall Winter Spring Summer 

Incorporated 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.29 

Eastern WA w/forest 0.23 0.31 0.17 0.29 

Eastern WA w/o forest 0.23 0.30 0.19 0.28 

Western WA 0.21 0.28 0.22 0.29 

3.10.4 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions estimates were calculated with the equations below. 

 tpy = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) 

 tps = (tpy) x (seasonal fraction) 

 tpsd = tps x (season/91.25 days) 

References 

78 John Tarni, principal investigator. Thom Allen, study director. Wood Burning Stove Survey for Idaho, 

Oregon and Washington State. Social and Economic Sciences Research Center. Washington State 

University. Prepared for Gary Reinbold, Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Data Report and 

database of survey responses. August 2001. 

79 Ecology area source inventory, 1989. 

80 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP42, 

Fifth Edition. January 1995. Table 2.5-5 (10/92 reformatted 1/95). Unspecified forest residue. 

81 PM Size Fractions from the California Emission Inventory Development and Reporting System 

(CEIDARS). California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM profile #461: PM10 = 0.9825, PM2.5 = 

0.9316). March 24, 1999. 
3.11 Residential Trash Burning 

Residential trash burning is outdoor burning of household waste. 

3.11.1 Activity Level and Spatial Allocation 

The measure of activity for residential trash burning is the amount of material burned. The 

Washington State University telephone survey of wood heating and outdoor burning habits in Idaho, 

Oregon and Washington described in section 3.10 above included questions to estimate the fraction of 

households that burned trash. The geographic subgroups, county assignments, and number of 

households in each subgroup were the same as in section 3.10. The fractions of households burning 

trash are shown in the table below. 

Table 3-38: Fraction of Households Burning Trash 

Area Fraction Burning 

Incorporated 0.050 

Eastern WA w/forest 0.122 

Eastern WA w/o forest 0.114 

Western WA 0.199 

The amount of trash burned per household was taken from an Emission Inventory Improvement 

Program (EIIP) recommendation. The EIIP reported that the amount of trash actually burned was 

approximately 50% of the combustible trash produced.82 This was the amount used in this inventory 

and was 5.4 lbs per household per day. 

The tons of material burned were estimated using the following equation: 

 HH x (fraction burning trash) x (5.4 lbs/HH-day) x (365 days) x (T/2000 lbs), 

 where HH = the number of households (Table 2-1) 

3.11.2 Emission Rates 

Criteria pollutant emission rates for trash burning from the EIIP and toxic emission rates from the 

1999 NEI are shown in Table 3-34 below.82, 67 Emission rates are given in pounds of pollutant per 

ton of material actually burned. 

Table 3-39: Emission Rates in Pounds per Ton Material Actually Burned 

Pollutant Code lb/T Pollutant Code lb/T 

primary pm10 PM10-

PRI 3.80E+01 fluoranthene 206440 8.14E-03 

primary pm2.5 PM25-

PRI 3.48E+01 fluorene 86737 7.31E-03 

sulfur dioxide SO2 6.25E-01 hexachlorobenzene 118741 4.40E-05 

nitrogen oxides NOX 3.75E+00 hydrochloric acid 7647010 5.68E-01 

carbon monoxide CO 5.31E+01 hydrogen cyanide 74908 9.36E-01 

volatile organic compounds VOC 8.56E+00 indeno(123cd)pyrene 193395 3.75E-03 

napthalene 91203 3.51E-02 

acenaphthylene 208968 2.26E-02 octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 3268879 7.60E-05 

acenapthene 83329 1.54E-03 pentachlorobenzene 87865 1.06E-04 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 58
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 59

anthracene 120127 3.66E-03 phenanthrene 85018 1.46E-02 

benzene 71432 2.48E+00 phenol 108952 2.80E-01 

benzo(a)anthracene 56553 4.48E-03 polychlorinated biphenyls 1336363 5.72E-03 

benzo(a)pyrene 50328 4.24E-03 pyrene 129000 9.66E-03 

benzo(b)fluoranthene 205992 5.26E-03 styrene 100425 1.48E+00 

benzo(ghi)perylene 191242 3.95E-03 total heptachlorodibenzofuran 38998753 3.60E-06 

benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089 2.05E-03 total hexachlorodibenzofuran 55684941 1.60E-06 

chlorobenzenes 108907 8.48E-04 total pentachlorodibenzofuran 30402154 2.50E-06 

chrysene 218019 5.07E-03 total tetrachlorodibenzofuran 30402143 4.50E-06 

dibenzo(ah)anthracene 53703 6.46E-04 trichlorobenzenes 120821 2.20E-04 

dichlorobenzenes 106467 3.20E-04 

3.11.3 Temporal Allocation 

Trash burning is considered uniform year-round 

3.11.4 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions estimates were calculated with the equations below. 

 tpy = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) 

 tps = (tpy) / 4 

 tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr) 

References 

82 Emission Inventory Improvement Program: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air 

Emissions. Volume III, Chapter 16 Open Burning. Revised Final. Tables 16.4-1 and 16.5-2. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January 2001. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 60

3.12 Dry Cleaning 

Perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning were calculated for this inventory. 

3.12.1 Activity Level 

The activity level measure for dry cleaning is population. County population for 2002 is shown in 

Table 2-1. 

3.12.2 Temporal Allocation 

Dry cleaning emissions were assumed to occur uniformly throughout the year, Monday through 

Saturday.62

3.12.3 Spatial Allocation 

The calculation methods consisted of multiplying a per capita emission rate by population. Population 

was available by county, so emissions could be assigned to each county. 

3.12.4 Emission Rates 

In 1999, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality conducted an inventory of 

perchloroethylene emission from individual dry cleaners.83, 84 Emissions were totaled for the state and 

divided by the 1999 Oregon population to develop a per capita emission factor as shown below. 

(179254 lbs/yr)/(3,300,800 persons) = 0.0543 lbs/person-yr 

3.12.5 Emissions Estimates 

Annual and seasonal emissions were calculated for each county according to the equations below. 

Seasonal daily emissions were calculated assuming 6 days per week operation (313 days/year): 

 tpy = (2002 WA county population) x (0.0543 lbs/person-yr) x (T/2000 lbs) 

 tps = tpy / 4 

 tpsd = tpy / (313 days/yr) 

References 

83 Email from Jeffery Stocum, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to Sally Otterson, Washington 

State Department of Ecology. Transmitting spreadsheet Airpact Dry Cleaners.xls. February 4, 2003. 

84 Email from Jeffery Stocum, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to Sally Otterson, Washington 

State Department of Ecology. Oregon 1999 population. March 17, 2003. 
3.13 Architectural Surface Coating 

Architectural surface coating (SIC 17) includes interior and exterior application of thin layers of 

coatings (paint, paint primer, varnish, lacquer) to architectural surfaces. This area source category 

also includes the thinners and solvents used for preparation and clean-up, and specialized coatings 

for construction such as concrete form release compounds. All are sources of VOC and HAP 

emissions. 

A variety of coating products are used on architectural structures. The majority is applied to 

structures by homeowners and painting/surface coating contractors that are scattered throughout a 

geographic area. Exterior coating application may be limited to time periods of favorable climatic 

conditions due to their nature of drying/curing in the ambient air. Interior coating application is not 

directly limited by climatic conditions. VOC and HAP emissions estimates and their distribution 

consider whether the coating is water- or solvent-based, or if it is an exterior or interior coating 

type. 

3.13.1 Activity Level 

US Census Bureau Current Industrial Reports (CIR) for Paint and Allied Products: 2002 

(MA325F(02)-1, July 2003), US Census Bureau, Annual Estimates of the US Population 

(December 2003), and Washington OFM population data (2002) (see Table 2-1) are used to 

determine the total gallons of architectural coating products used.85, 86

The CIR report provides national quantities of products shipped, in thousands of gallons. 

 

National Current Industrial Reports 2002: Paint and Allied Products and 2002 National Census 

Bureau population estimation data are used to calculate Per Capita Coating usage factors for interior 

water- and solvent-based coatings, and exterior water- and solvent-based coatings. The usage 

factors are multiplied by county level population data to determine coating usage in gallons per 

county. 

Table 3-40: Architectural Coating per Capita Usage Rates 

Coating type SCC Usage Factor (gal/person) 

Interior water 2401003000 1.41 

Interior solvent 2401002000 0.20 

Exterior water 2401003000 0.63 

Exterior solvent 2401002000 0.25 

County level coating usage values are summed for total architectural coating use. 

Table 3-41: County Coating Use in gallons 

County Interior Exterior County Interior Exterior 

Adams 26,726 14,608 Lewis 113,022 61,776 

Asotin 33,327 18,216 Lincoln 16,422 8,976 

Benton 237,636 129,888 Mason 80,178 43,824 

Chelan 108,836 59,488 Okanogan 64,078 35,024 

Clallam 104,489 57,112 Pacific 33,810 18,480 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 61
Clark 585,074 319,792 Pend Oreille 18,998 10,384 

Columbia 6,601 3,608 Pierce 1,167,250 638,000 

Cowlitz 151,984 83,072 San Juan 23,506 12,848 

Douglas 53,291 29,128 Skagit 169,211 92,488 

Ferry 11,753 6,424 Skamania 15,939 8,712 

Franklin 82,593 45,144 Snohomish 1,011,080 552,640 

Garfield 3,864 2,112 Spokane 685,216 374,528 

Grant 123,004 67,232 Stevens 65,044 35,552 

Grays Harbor 110,124 60,192 Thurston 341,803 186,824 

Island 117,691 64,328 Wahkiakum 6,118 3,344 

Jefferson 42,826 23,408 Walla Walla 89,194 48,752 

King 2,856,623 1,561,384 Whatcom 277,242 151,536 

Kitsap 377,867 206,536 Whitman 65,366 35,728 

Kittitas 56,028 30,624 Yakima 362,250 198,000 

Klickitat 31,073 16,984 State Total 9,727,137 5,316,696 

Total all Coatings 15,043,833 

2002 CIR data is used to calculate percentages of exterior and interior coating of the total 

architectural coating shipped. Architectural lacquers and ‘coatings, n.s.k’ are included in the interior 

coating total. Exterior and interior coating use are 35% and 65% respectively of total architectural 

coating used. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 62
Table 3-42: Exterior and Interior Architectural Coating Shipped, US 2002* 

Product Description Quantity (1000 gal) % Total Volume Per Coating Type 

Exterior Solvent-type 70967 

Exterior Water-type 182423 

Total Exterior 253390 35 

Interior solvent-type 48947 

Interior water-type 407104 

Architectural lacquers 5808 

Architectural coatings, n.s.k. 1981 

Total Interior 463840 65 

Architectural coatings (all types coatings) 717230 

*Excerpt from Table 2: Quantity and Value of Shipments of Paint and Allied Products: 2002 & 2001 

Both sets of population data provide surrogate activity values for calculating county-level VOC and 

HAP emissions. 

Table 3-43: US Census Bureau, Annual Estimate of US Population** 

Geographic Area July 1, 2002 Population 

United States 287,973,924 

** Excerpted from National Data Table, Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States and States, and for 

Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2003

3.13.2 Spatial Allocation 

Activity and emissions are calculated for each county. Washington county level population data 

distributes activity to the county level. 

3.13.3 Temporal Allocation 

Exterior architectural surface coating use is influenced by seasonal climate changes. Temperatures 

less than 50°F are not suitable for painting and limit activity. Exterior coating use is also limited by 

precipitation. Architectural coating type and climate data are both considered in the temporal 

allocation of architectural coating emissions. 

The trend in 30-year averaged climatic meteorological data, for both eastern and western 

Washington, demonstrates that temperatures and precipitation favorable to exterior architectural 

coating use in Washington occur between April and September. Western Regional Climate Center 

(WRCC) temperature and precipitation data measured at WRCC meteorological monitoring sites 

show the average annual maximum temperature for the months of April to September are at or 

greater than 50°F, and precipitation is less than 3 inches.87 Sites chosen as representative of eastern, 

western, northern and southern Washington are Wenatchee (459074), Spokane (457938), Seattle 

Tacoma WSCMO AP (457473) ‘SeaTac’, Port Angeles (456624), and Vancouver 4 NNE (458773) 

respectively. Based on these meteorological data 100% of exterior architectural coating usage is 

allocated between April and September 2002. 

Interior coating use is not dependent on precipitation and temperature. Interior coatings are 

distributed based on total gallons used and distributed as monthly usage as determined by coatingtype usage. Interior architectural coating distribution is calculated by dividing the total gallons of 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 63
interior water- and solvent-based architectural coating used in 2002 by twelve (months), and 

multiplying the monthly value by the number of months in each season. 

Table 3-44: Architectural Coating Temporal Allocation Using Meteorological Data 

 Gallons Jan-March April-Sept Oct-Dec 

Total Architectural coating used in WA 15,043,833 

Exterior 5,316,696 5,316,696 

 Exterior gallons per month April-Sept 886,116 

Interior 9,727,137 2,431,784 4,863,570 2,431,784 

 Interior gallons per month 810,595 

 2,431,784 10,180,266 2,431,784 

% Architectural Coating Percent Use 16 68 16 

The months corresponding to meteorological data are based on a calendar year. The calendar year 

usage pattern is adjusted to correlate to emission inventory months for the purposes of seasonal 

emissions distribution. December 2002 data is substituted for December of 2001 for purposes of 

seasonal adjustment. The temporal allocation of architectural coating emissions is in the table 

below. 

Table 3-45: Architectural Coating Seasonal Allocation 

Season Exterior 

Usage %Exterior Interior 

Usage %Interior Total 

Usage 

Total 

%/Season 

Winter (Dec-Feb) 0 0 2,431,784 25 2,431,784 16 

Spring (Mar-May) 1,772,232 33 2,431,784 25 4,204,016 28 

Summer (June-Aug) 2,658,348 50 2,431,784 25 5,090,132 34 

Fall (Sept-Nov) 886,116 17 2,431,784 25 3,317,900 22 

Total 2002 Coating Usage 5,316,696 9,727,136 15,043,832 

Exterior coating seasonal usage contribution to the temporal profile is adjusted to zero for winter 

months, divided by six to determine monthly use, and is distributed according to the emission 

seasons. Interior coating is divided by 12 and distributed throughout the year. The percent 

contributions are listed in the table above. 

3.13.4 Emission Rates 

Each county level usage value is multiplied by Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP), 

Table 5-2, VOC emission factors.88 Architectural coating VOC emission factors are reduced by 

20% to reflect the 1998 federal rule, 40CFR Part 59 the National Volatile Organic Compound 

Emission Standards for Architectural Coatings, Final Rule.89 County level VOC emissions are 

calculated in pounds per year for each county. 

Table 3-46: Architectural Coating VOC Emission Factors in lb/gal 

Coating Type lb/gal Adjusted lb/gal (lb/gal – lb/gal*(1-20/100)

Water-type 0.74 0.592 

Solvent-type 3.87 3.096 

EIIP HAP emission factors (Tables 5-3 and 5-4) are weight fractions that are multiplied by a mass 

value of VOC to determine the mass of individual HAPs in the architectural coating VOC 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 64
composition. HAP emission factors are multiplied by estimated county VOC emissions from waterbased and solvent-based architectural coatings. HAPS are estimated in pounds per year-county for 

each coating type VOC species profile. 

Table 3-47: Architectural Coating HAP Emission Factors 

EIIP Table 5-3 EIIP Table 5-4 

VOC Species Profile for WATER-based architectural 

surface coating (CARB, 1991) VOC Species Profile for Solvent-Based Architectural Surface Coating (CARB, 1991) 

Species Weight Fraction Species Weight Fraction

Benzene 0.0030 Acetone 0.0320

n-Butyl alcohol 0.2000 n-Butyl acetate 0.0250

2-(2-Butoxyehtoxy)-ethanol 0.0070 n-Butyl alcohol 0.0160

2-Butyltetrahydrofuran 0.0010 Cyclohexane 0.2070

1-Chlorobutane 0.0220 Dimethyl formamide 0.0050

3-(Chloromethyl_-heptane 0.0060 2-ethoxyethyl acetate 0.0130

n-Decane 0.0020 Ethyl alcohol 0.0060

Dibutyl ether 0.0020 Ethylbenzene 0.0430

Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) 0.0550 Ethylene glycol 0.0060

Ethyl Chloride 0.0060 n-Hexane 0.2070

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 0.0100 Isobutyl acetate 0.0150

1-Ethoxy-2-propanol 0.0140 Isobutyl alcohol 0.0060

Ethylene Glycol 0.0050 Isobutyl isobutyrate 0.0610

1-Heptanol 0.0070 Isomers of xylene 0.0260

Hexylene glycol 0.0140 Isopropyl alcohol 0.1640

Isoamyl isobutyrate 0.0030 Methyl alcohol 0.0390

Methyl chloride 0.0050 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.0560

Methyl isobutyrate 0.0010 Methyl Isobutyl ketone 0.0060

Propylchyclohexanone 0.0100 Methyl n-butyl ketone 0.0070

Substituted C7 ester (C12) 0.2690 Propylene glycol 0.0080

Substituted C9 ester (C12) 0.2850 Toluene 0.0520

n-Undecane 0.0010

Undecane isomers 0.0100

County VOC/HAP emissions are multiplied by the adjusted temporal profile. Emissions are 

distributed by pounds of VOC/HAP per county and season for interior and exterior water- and 

solvent-based coating use. Annual interior coating county VOC and HAP emissions are divided by 

365 days per year for daily seasonal emissions estimates. Annual exterior coating county VOC and 

HAP emissions are divided by 183 days (exterior painting season April-Sept.) to determine daily 

seasonal emissions. 

3.13.5 Emissions Estimates 

Architectural surface coating emissions are calculated using the following equations. This series 

describes the process and calculations used to generate architectural coating usage and emission 

factors, and VOC and HAP emissions estimates. 

 Equations 1, 2a, 2b, 4 and 5 below are applied to data for each coating type: 

 Exterior water-based 

 Exterior solvent-based 

 Interior water-based 

 Interior solvent-based 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 65
1) Architectural Coating Usage Factors 

 2002 Total of each coating shipped (gallons)/2002 U.S. Population Estimates 

 = Per Capita Coating usage factor (gallons/person)-coating type 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

2) Architectural Coating Use (gallons) per County and State 

Equation 2a. 

Per Capita Usage factor (gal/person) X 2002 WA Population per County 

 = County Coating Use (gallons) 

 Equation 2b. 

County Coating Use (gallons) Exterior water-based + 

County Coating Use (gallons) Exterior solvent-based + 

County Coating Use (gallons) Interior water-based + 

County Coating Use (gallons) Interior solvent-based + 

 = Total gallons architectural coating used in 2002 for WA State 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

3) 20% Reduction of EIIP Architectural surface coating VOC Emission Factors 

 

EIIP VOC Emission Factor for water- and solvent-based coating (lb VOC/gallon coating) 

 X [1-(20/100)] 

 = 80% VOC Emission Factor 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

4) County VOC Emissions from Architectural Coating 

 

Adjusted VOC Emission Factor (lb VOC/gallon coating) 

X 

County Use – coating type (gallons) 

= Pounds VOC per county and coating type 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

5) County HAP Emissions from Architectural Coatings 

 

VOC Emissions (pounds)/County – Per Coating type 

X 

VOC Species Profile for Water-or Solvent-based Coating 

 = Individual Pollutant Species Emissions/County-Coating type (pounds) 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 66
6) Seasonal County VOC Emissions from Architectural Coatings 

 

 Equation 6a. 

Exterior water-based coating County VOC Emissions 

 + 

Exterior solvent-based coating County VOC Emissions 

 = Total Exterior coating County VOC Emissions (pounds) 

 

 Equation 6b. 

Total Exterior Coating County VOC Emissions (pounds) 

 X 

Exterior Coating Temporal Profile (winter 0%, spring 33%, summer 50%, fall 17%) 

 = Seasonal County VOC Emissions from Exterior Coating Activity 

 Equation 6c. 

Total Exterior Coating County VOC Emissions ÷ 183 (# of days April-Sept) 

 = Exterior coating average daily seasonal VOC emissions 

 Equation 6d. 

Interior water-based coating County VOC Emissions 

 + 

Interior solvent-based coating County VOC Emissions 

 = Total Interior coating County VOC Emissions (pounds) 

 Equation 6e. 

Total Interior Coating County VOC Emissions (pounds) 

 X 

Interior Coating Temporal Profile (winter-fall 25%) 

 = Seasonal County VOC Emissions from Interior Coating Activity 

 Equation 6f. 

Total Interior Coating County VOC Emissions ÷ 365 days/year 

 = Interior coating average daily seasonal VOC emissions 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

7) Seasonal HAP Emissions from Architectural Coating 

 Equation 7a. 

Exterior water-based coating County HAP Emissions 

 + 

Exterior solvent-based coating County HAP Emissions 

 = Total Exterior coating County HAP Emissions (pounds) 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 67
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 68

References 

 

 Equation 7b. 

Total Exterior Coating County HAP Emissions (pounds) 

 X 

Exterior Coating Temporal Profile (winter 0%, spring 33%, summer 50%, fall 17%) 

 = Seasonal County HAP Emissions from Exterior Coating Activity 

 Equation 7c. 

Total Exterior Coating County HAP Emissions ÷ 183 (# of days April-Sept) 

 = Exterior coating average daily seasonal HAP emissions 

 Equation 7d. 

Interior water-based coating County HAP Emissions 

 + 

Interior solvent-based coating County HAP Emissions 

 = Total Interior coating County HAP Emissions (pounds) 

 Equation 7e. 

Total Interior Coating County HAP Emissions (pounds) 

 X 

Interior Coating Temporal Profile (winter-fall 25%) 

 = Seasonal County HAP Emissions from Interior Coating Activity 

 Equation 7f. 

Total Interior Coating County HAP Emissions ÷ 365 days/year 

 = Interior coating average daily seasonal HAP emissions 

85 Table NST-EST2003-01 - Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States and States, and for 

Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2003. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. December 18, 

2003. 

86 Current Industrial Reports, Paint and Allied Products: 2002, MA325F(02)-1. U.S. Census Bureau, 

Economic and Statistics Administrations. July 2003. 

87 Period of Record Monthly Climate Summaries (01/04/1931 to 06/30/2003). Wenatchee, Spokane, SeattleTacoma, Port Angeles and Vancouver Monitoring Sites. Western Regional Climate Center, 30-year 

Climate Data, http://www.atmos.washington.edu/data/Washington State Climate Information). Reports 

downloaded March 15th, 2004. 

88 Emission Inventory Improvement Program: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air 

Emissions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 1996. Volume III, Chapter 3. Research 

Triangle Park, North Carolina. 

89 63FR48819. National Volatile organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer Products. Final 

Rule. September 11, 1998. 
3.14 Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use 

Consumer and commercial solvents source category includes VOC-emitting products used in the 

home, businesses and institutions. The solvent containing product category types are personal care 

products, household products, automotive aftermarket products, adhesives and sealants, pesticides, 

coatings and other miscellaneous VOC-containing products. The VOC emissions estimates from 

these products are based on use. Residual emissions into wastewater systems and landfills are not 

included in VOC or Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) emissions estimates. The Product Categories 

have been assigned an area source, Source Classification Code (SCC) based on the current list 

available from EPA (April 2002). 

Table 3-48: Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use Categories 

SCC Code SCC Description 

2460100000 Personal Care Products 

2460200000 Household Products 

2460600000 Adhesives and Sealants 

2460400000 Automotive Aftermarket Products 

2460800000 FIFRA-Regulated Products 

2460500000 Coatings and Related Products 

2460900000 Miscellaneous Products 

3.14.1 Activity Level 

The volume of VOC-emitting solvent products used in 2002 is the basis for VOC emissions. 

Product use is estimated using population data. Washington State Office of Financial Management 

(OFM) 2002 population data is on a county level (see Table 2-1). 

3.14.2 Spatial Allocation 

Annual VOC emissions estimates are reported as total county emissions in units of tons per year for 

each county. 

3.14.3 Temporal Allocation 

FIFRA-Regulated Pesticide Product application is seasonally adjusted, and other product categories 

are not adjusted. Washington Department of Revenue Gross Business Income (GBI) reports for SIC 

526, Nursery and Garden Supplies show an increase of 16% between April and June compared to 

the winter months January to March.90 Based on increases in sales and income the assumption is 

that more FIFRA-Regulated Pesticide Products are applied during this time. From June to 

December application can be assumed equal for each of these months with only a 4% increase 

compared to the winter season (Jan-March). Emissions from FIFRA-Regulated Products are 

temporally distributed based on the surrogate GBI economic profile. 

Table 3-49: Gross Business Income for SIC 526 

2002 Quarterly Percent of Sales for SIC526, Nursery & Garden Supplies 

Quarter Months $ Sales/Quarter %Sales 

1 Jan-March 78,075,871 19 

2 April-June 144,998,278 35 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 69
3 July-Sept 94,004,197 23 

4 Oct-Dec 97,151,465 23 

 Total Sales 2002 414,229,811 

3.14.4 Emission Rates 

VOC emissions from commercial and consumer solvent usage are estimated using the Emissions 

Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) Alternative Method 2 in Volume III: Chapter 5.91 Estimates 

are calculated with per capita emission factors EIIP Table 5.4-1 and county population data. 

Personal Care, Household, Automotive Aftermarket and Adhesive and Sealant Product category 

emission factors are reduced twenty percent to demonstrate the 63CFR48819, National Volatile 

Organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer Products, Final Rule, September 11, 1998.92

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 70
Table 3-50: Per Capita Consumer & Commercial Solvent VOC Emission Factors 

SCC Code Product category 

Per Capita 

Emission Factor 

(lb VOC/person) 

%Reduction 

due to VOC 

Rule 

Adjusted 

EF 

2460100000 Personal Care Products 2.32 20% 1.86 

2460200000 Household Products 0.79 20% 0.63 

2460400000 Automotive Aftermarket Products 1.36 20% 1.09 

2460600000 Adhesives and Sealants 0.57 20% 0.46 

2460800000 FIFRA-Regulated Products 1.78 0% 1.78 

2460500000 Coatings and Related Products 0.95 0% 0.95 

2460900000 Miscellaneous Products 0.07 0% 0.07 

HAP emissions are calculated using per capita HAP emission factors from EIIP, Ch. 5, Table 5.4-2 

and population data. HAP emission factors. Personal Care, Household, Automotive Aftermarket 

and Adhesive and Sealant Product categories are reduced by various percentages (see Table below) 

to reflect the HAP percent reductions attributed to the Federal VOC emission reduction rule. 

Table 3-51: HAP Emission Factor Reductions 

Product Category Emission Factor % Reduction 

due to VOC Rule 

Adhesives & Sealants 8.30% 

Automotive Aftermarket Products 8.97% 

Household Products 10.94% 

Personal Care Products 12.11% 

Table 3-52: HAP Emission Factors 

Pollutant Adhesives 

& Sealants 

Automotive 

Aftermarket 

Products 

Coatings 

& Related 

Products 

FIFRA 

Regulated 

Products 

Household 

Products 

Misc. (Not 

covered) 

Personal 

Care 

Products 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.96E-01 6.95E-02 7.69E-03 5.99E-02 2.54E-02 2.46E-04 6.55E-04 

1,2-Dichloroethane 3.13E-08 4.06E-06 

1,3-Dichloropropene 1.60E-01 

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 3.52E-02 4.27E-02 

1,4-Dioxane 1.00E-05 

2-Nitropropane 1.94E-06 

Acetamide 1.21E-07 

Acetophenone 8.53E-06 

Acrylic acid 3.61E-09 

Benzene 4.30E-06 

Carbon tetrachloride 4.10E-10 

Chlorobenzene 1.51E-05 7.16E-02 

Chloroform 3.28E-05 9.55E-04 

Dibenzofurans 7.40E-06 

Dimethyl formamide 2.10E-07 2.53E-08 7.43E-06 2.38E-05 

Ethyl benzene 1.25E-05 6.84E-05 6.86E-04 1.30E-03 2.28E-06 

Ethylene oxide 1.51E-02 

Formaldehyde 2.30E-05 8.55E-04 3.81E-04 6.00E-06 

Gylcol ethers 1.17E-04 2.45E-02 2.24E-03 5.65E-03 4.73E-03 2.42E-04 1.34E-05 

Hexane 7.18E-02 3.21E-03 2.39E-03 1.86E-03 

Hydrochloric acid 1.56E-06 

Hydrogen fluoride 1.28E-05 7.79E-08 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 71
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 72

Pollutant Adhesives 

& Sealants 

Automotive 

Aftermarket 

Products 

Coatings 

& Related 

Products 

FIFRA 

Regulated 

Products 

Household 

Products 

Misc. (Not 

covered) 

Personal 

Care 

Products 

Isophorone 9.47E-04 

Methanol 6.25E-04 6.02E-01 1.60E-02 9.48E-04 5.93E-04 1.84E-02 4.98E-07 

Methyl bromide 2.22E-01 

Methyl ethyl ketone 3.59E-02 2.77E-03 7.94E-03 2.01E-05 4.00E-04 1.01E-05 1.54E-05 

Methyl isobutyl ketone 1.14E-03 7.95E-04 5.26E-03 9.01E-05 9.62E-05 

Methyl tert-butyl ether 2.15E-05 

Methylene chloride 8.05E-03 4.40E-03 1.97E-02 6.81E-04 2.13E-03 2.38E-05 

Naphthalene 9.81E-05 2.06E-06 5.75E-06 4.60E-02 4.92E-07 

Perchloroethylene 6.19E-04 2.14E-02 1.48E-04 1.92E-04 2.64E-03 7.53E-04 

Toluene 7.73E-02 2.27E-02 3.16E-01 5.18E-04 2.46E-06 3.00E-03 

Trichloroethylene 3.56E-05 2.43E-04 1.37E-04 3.87E-05 

Triethylamine 5.26E-04 3.13E-04 

Vinyl acetate 4.53E-08 

Xylenes 8.95E-03 1.09E-02 4.05E-02 1.37E-01 2.92E-03 4.31E-04 

3.14.5 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions calculations for VOCs use population data and the per capita VOC emission factors (EF). 

VOC estimates are calculated using the following equation: 

Population x (Per Capita EF x (1-(20/100))* x T/2000 lbs = Emissions (T VOC/year) 

 *Emission Factor percent reductions apply to only certain Product Categories 

HAP emissions are estimated using population data and pollutant specific per capita HAP emission 

factors. The equation used for HAP emissions is: 

Population x (Per Capita HAP EF x (1-(20/100))* x T/2000 lbs = Emissions (T HAP/year) 

 

*Emission Factor percent reductions apply to only certain Product Categories 

Seasonal emissions for all categories except FIRFA products were calculated as follows: 

tps = tpy / (4 seasons/yr) 

tpsd = tpy / (356 days/yr) 

Seasonal emissions for FIRFA products were calculated using the seasonal percentages in Table 

3-49 as follows: 

tps = tpy x (% sales/100) 

tpsd = tps / (91.25 days/season) 

References 

90 On-line Quarterly Business Review, Table 1: Gross Business Income State-wide by SIC, Quarters 1-4. 

Washington State Department of Revenue. July 2003 

http://dor.wa.gov/docs/reports/2002/qbr102/qbrq102.asp. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 73

91 Emission Inventory Improvement Program: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air 

Emissions. Volume III, Chapter 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 1996. Research 

Triangle Park, North Carolina. 

92 63FR48819. National Volatile organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer Products. Final 

Rule. September 11, 1998. 
3.15 Residential Wood Combustion 

Residential wood combustion consists of home heating and recreational use of woodstoves, fireplaces, 

fireplace inserts and central furnaces. 

3.15.1 Activity Level 

The measure of activity for residential wood combustion is the amount of wood burned. The 

Washington State University telephone survey of wood heating and outdoor burning habits in Idaho, 

Oregon and Washington described in section 3.10 included questions to estimate the number of 

households using each type of device (Central Furnace, Certified (Phase I, Phase II) and Non-certified 

Inserts and Woodstoves, and Fireplaces); how much wood was burned per device; and seasonal, daily 

and hourly usage rates. The geographic subgroups, county assignments, and number of households in 

each subgroup were the same as in section 3.10. The fractions of households using wood burning 

devices are shown in the table below. 

Table 3-53: Wood Burning Device Usage 

Device Type Incorporated E WA w/forest E WA w/o forest W WA 

Central Furnace 0.013 0.012 0.000 0.000 

Fireplaces 0.381 0.161 0.185 0.150 

Non-certified Insert 0.039 0.048 0.033 0.058 

Certified Insert, Phase I 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 

Certified Insert, Phase II 0.067 0.039 0.021 0.043 

Non-certified Pellet stove 0.017 0.042 0.036 0.043 

Certified Pellet stove, 1988 stds 0.004 0.000 0.008 0.006 

Non-certified Woodstove 0.039 0.073 0.045 0.126 

Certified Woodstove, Phase I 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.006 

Certified Woodstove, Phase II 0.032 0.036 0.020 0.058 

Total Equipment 0.591 0.436 0.347 0.497 

The WSU survey gathered information on pellets, presto logs and cords of wood burned. A cord 

contains 128 ft3

 (4’ x 4’ x 8’). The solid volume may range from 60-100 ft3. An average solid volume 

of 85 ft3 was used in this inventory.93, 94 The weight of a cord of wood varies with moisture content 

and species type. It was assumed that moisture content was 20% (legal moisture limit).95 Species 

type was defined using several sources. In a 1985 survey done by Market Trends, Inc.,96 species 

burned were identified for western and eastern Washington. The survey was used to identify species 

for western Washington, but Ecology, Department of Natural Resources (DNR), and US Forest 

Service (USFS) staff all agreed that the species allocations for eastern Washington had changed 

somewhat, so their recommendations were used.97 Average weight of a cord of wood in eastern 

Washington was 2788 lbs and 2607 lbs in western Washington. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 74
Table 3-54: Wood Species Weight93 and Percent Use by Area 

Species lb/cord % use WWA % use EWA 

Alder 2,540 56 

Cedar 2,060 4 

Cottonwood 2,160 4 

Douglas Fir 2,970 16.5 25 

Hemlock 2,700 16.5 

Larch 3,330 25 

Lodgepole Pine 2,610 25 

Madrona 4,320 1 

Oak 3,680 1 

Ponderosa Pine 2,240 25 

The WSU survey provided information on the number of cords burned per device. Pellets used 

were given in number of 40 lb bags used, and presto logs as number of logs burned. A presto log 

manufacturer in Spokane estimated the weight of a log as 8 lbs. The total number of tons burned by 

device type are shown in Table 3-55. 

Table 3-55: Tons Burned per Wood Burning Device 

Incorporated Unincorporated Device Type E WA W WA E WA w/forest E WA w/o forest W WA 

Central Furnaces 1.4 1.3 *10.5 0.0 0.0 

Fireplaces 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.9 

Inserts 2.6 2.5 2.7 1.7 4.4 

Pellet stoves 4.3 4.1 2.5 3.6 2.0 

Woodstoves 3.5 3.3 4.1 2.2 4.2 

* actual survey value; already removed outliers 

3.15.2 Emission Rates 

Criteria and toxic pollutant emission factors in pounds of pollutant per ton of wood burned were taken 

from AP42.98 Certified stoves and inserts were assumed to be 50% catalytic and 50% non-catalytic. 

Estimates of PM2.5 were made using information from AP42 and the California Air Resources Board.

99, 100

Table 3-56: Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors in Pounds per Ton Burned 

Equipment Type TSP PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx VOC CO 

Central Furnace 32.2 30.6 30.6 0.4 2.8 53 230.8 

Fireplaces 38.4 34.6 29.2 0.4 2.6 *229 252.6 

Non-certified Insert 32.2 30.6 30.6 0.4 2.8 53 230.8 

Certified Insert, Phase I 20.8 19.8 19.8 0.4 2 13.5 122.6 

Certified Insert, Phase II 16.2 15.4 15.4 0.4 2 13.5 123.9 

Non-certified Pellet stove 9.4 8.8 8.8 0.4 13.8 13.5 52.2 

Certified Pellet stove, 1988 stds 4.5 4.2 4.2 0.4 13.8 13.5 39.4 

Non-certified Woodstove 32.2 30.6 30.6 0.4 2.8 53 230.8 

Certified Woodstove, Phase I 20.8 19.8 19.8 0.4 2 13.5 122.6 

Certified Woodstove, Phase II 16.2 15.4 15.4 0.4 2 13.5 123.9 

* verified by EPA 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 75
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 76

Table 3-57: Toxics Emission Factors in Pounds per Tons Burned 

Pollutant Code Uncertified Certified Pollutant Code Uncertiffie

d 

Certified 

Fireplaces Woostoves/Inserts/Furnaces 

polycyclic organic matter 246 1.60E-03 1.60E-03 benzo[b]fluoranthene 205992 6.00E-03 4.00E-03 

benzo[e]pyrene 192972 1.20E-02 3.00E-03 

Pellet Stoves benzo[g,h,i,]perylene 191242 4.00E-03 1.10E-02 

benzo[b]fluoranthene 205992 2.60E-05 2.60E-05 benzo[k]fluoranthene 207089 2.00E-03 1.50E-03 

chrysene 218019 7.52E-05 7.52E-05 biphenyl 92524 2.20E-02 

fluoranthene 206440 5.48E-05 5.48E-05 cadmium 7440439 2.20E-05 3.30E-05 

phenanthrene 85018 3.32E-05 3.32E-05 chromium 7440473 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 

pyrene 129000 4.84E-05 4.84E-05 chrysene 218019 1.20E-02 1.00E-02 

dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 53703 3.00E-03 

Woostoves/Inserts/Furnaces fluoranthene 206440 2.00E-02 1.00E-02 

12-methylbenz(a)anthracene 2422799 2.00E-03 fluorine 86737 2.40E-02 1.40E-02 

1-methylphenanthrene 832699 3.00E-02 indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 193395 1.20E-02 

3-methylcholanthrene 56495 3.00E-03 manganese 7439965 1.70E-04 1.80E-04 

7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 57976 4.00E-03 methyl ethyl ketone 78933 2.90E-01 6.20E-02 

9-methylbenz(a)anthracene 779022 4.00E-03 naphthalene 91203 2.88E-01 1.65E-01 

acenaphthene 83329 1.00E-02 8.00E-03 nickel 7440020 1.40E-05 1.11E-05 

acenaphthylene 208968 2.12E-01 5.00E-02 o-xylene 95476 2.02E-01 1.86E-01 

anthracene 120127 1.40E-02 8.50E-03 perylene 198550 2.00E-03 

benz[a]anthracene 56553 2.00E-02 1.35E-02 phenanthrene 85018 7.80E-02 8.30E-02 

benzene 71432 1.94E+00 1.46E+00 phenol 108952 1.00E-03 

benzo(g,h,i)fluoranthene 541 1.70E-02 pyrene 129000 2.40E-02 9.00E-03 

benzo[a]pyrene 50328 4.00E-03 5.00E-03 toluene 108883 7.30E-01 5.20E-01 

3.15.3 Spatial and Temporal Allocation 

Spatial allocation was not necessary since households were available by county. The survey 

included questions about seasonal burning habits. The fractions of activity occurring in each season 

are shown in Table 3-58 below. 

Table 3-58: Seasonal Activity Fractions, Residential Wood Combustion 

Area Winter Spring Summer Fall 

Incorporated 0.44 0.20 0.03 0.34 

Eastern WA w/forest 0.40 0.26 0.03 0.30 

Eastern WA w/o forest 0.49 0.19 0.02 0.30 

Western WA 0.39 0.25 0.07 0.29 

3.15.4 Emissions Estimates 

Annual and seasonal emissions for each wood burning device were calculated according to the 

following equations: 

 tpy = (HH) x (usage fraction) x (tons burned/device-yr) x (pllt lbs /T) x (T/2000 lbs) 

 tps = (tpy) x (seasonal fraction) x (season/days) 

 tpsd = (tps) / (91 days/season) 

 where HH = households, pllt = pollutant, days = number of days in the given season 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 77

93 Hansen, Hugh J., Extension Agricultural Engineer. Fuelwood Facts. Oregon State University. Nov. 1977. 

p 5. 

94 Hartman, David A.; Atkinson, William A.; Bryant, Ben S.; Woodfin, Richard O. Conversion Factors for the 

Pacific Northwest Forest Industry. Institute of Forest Resources, College of Forest Resources, University of 

Washington. 1976. p. 16. 

95 Chapter 173-433 Washington Administrative Code. 

96 Wood Smoke Pollution Survey, Washington Department of Ecology, Summary Report, January 1985. 

Prepared by Market Trends, Inc. 14711 NE 29th Place Suite 101, Bellevue, Washington 98007. 

97 Personal conversations with Fred Greef – Washington State Department of Ecology, Linda Schultz – US 

Forest Service Spokane Office, Washington State Department of Natural Resources wood permit office. 

98 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP42, 

Fifth Edition. January 1995. Sections 1.9 and 1.10 (10/96). 

99 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP42, 

Fifth Edition. January 1995. Table 1.9-1, Table 1.10-1, page 1.10-2, and Sections 1.9 and 1.10 (10/96). 

100 PM Size Fractions from File PMC. California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM Fireplace profile 

#138: PM10 = 0.90, PM2.5 = 0.7597). 1992. 
3.16 Agricultural Tilling Operations 

Agricultural dust emissions are generated when the soil surface is disturbed by tilling. 

3.16.1 Activity Level 

Acres planted are the measure of activity for tilling. The Washington Agricultural Statistics Service 

published information on acres planted and/or harvested in 2002 for various crop types.101 For those 

crop types where acres planted were not available, acres harvested were substituted as the measure of 

activity. For some crop types within a county, the acreage is considered confidential information and 

is not available except as a composite "other counties" total. In most cases, the acreages in this 

category were not large, and these values were not included in the inventory. 

An adjustment was made to the alfalfa acreage. Alfalfa is typically grown as a perennial crop and is 

replanted every 3-4 years (seed) or every 7 years (forage).102 To account for this, alfalfa acreage was 

multilplied by 0.25. 

Table 3-59: Tilling Acreage 

County Spring Cereal 

Grains 

Winter Cereal 

Grains Corn Hay - Alfalfa Hay - Other Other 

Adams 52,300 263,000 13,600 7,750 6,000 41,220 

Asotin 17,000 19,600 0 0 0 0 

Benton 35,600 83,000 15,000 3,750 7,000 38,500 

Chelan 0 0 0 375 1,000 0 

Clark 2,200 0 500 250 20,000 1,360 

Columbia 45,000 65,500 0 500 1,500 0 

Cowlitz 0 0 1,300 0 0 1,160 

Douglas 36,300 148,400 0 500 3,500 0 

Ferry 0 0 0 1,750 4,500 0 

Franklin 13,000 64,500 41,400 18,975 5,000 62,840 

Garfield 54,000 59,500 0 0 0 2,500 

Grant 46,200 135,000 93,000 30,850 14,000 87,300 

Grays Harbor 0 0 2,000 0 0 170 

Island 0 0 600 1,000 5,000 0 

King 0 0 500 0 0 0 

Kittitas 1,500 0 3,500 2,250 43,500 500 

Klickitat 32,200 21,500 0 7,625 7,500 1,900 

Lewis 900 0 2,800 250 16,600 640 

Lincoln 207,000 278,100 0 4,000 9,500 4,500 

Okanogan 7,000 7,300 600 5,250 12,500 0 

Pend Oreille 0 0 0 1,125 11,000 0 

Pierce 0 0 0 0 0 200 

Skagit 0 0 7,200 0 0 15,700 

Snohomish 0 0 5,500 0 0 1,290 

Spokane 88,600 86,400 0 10,000 19,500 19,000 

Stevens 11,000 4,300 0 9,625 10,000 0 

Thurston 0 0 0 0 0 120 

Walla Walla 51,000 183,500 7,200 5,850 3,500 21,500 

Whatcom 0 0 16,000 0 0 10,100 

Whitman 269,600 353,900 0 1,875 11,500 7,400 

Yakima 11,300 18,700 58,900 8,750 8,500 28,700 

State Total 981,700 1,792,200 269,600 122,300 221,100 346,600 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 78
3.16.2 Spatial Adjustments 

No spatial adjustments were necessary as the acreage was available by county. 

3.16.3 Emission Rates, Temporal Adjustments and Emissions Estimates 

EPA has provided an equation for calculating emissions from tilling operations in the NET 

documentation.25 The equation is essentially the same as in earlier guidance103 except that a particle 

size multiplier for PM2.5, and silt content for major soil types were provided. Default numbers of both 

conventional practice and conservation practice tillings per acre for several crop types were also 

given. The equation is: 

 E = (c)(k)(s0.6)(p)(a) 

where E = PM emissions in pounds 

 c = constant 4.8 lbs/acre-pass 

 k = particle size multiplier (TSP = 1, PM10 = 0.21, PM25 = 0.042) 

 s = silt content of surface soil (% mass of particles smaller than 75 um in diameter) 

 p = number of tillings (passes) per year (or season) 

 a = number of acres planted 

The Conservation Technology Information Center (CTIC) provided information (for year 2000) on the 

number of acres tilled using conventional practice and conservational practices for each county for fall 

seeded grains, spring seeded grains and corn. This information was used to develop the percentage of 

acres tilled using each method for each county. Statewide, the percentage of conservation tilling was 

37% for spring seeded grains, 26% for fall seeded grains, and 25% for corn.104

Agricultural soils in Okanogan, Chelan, and Island counties were classified as sandy loams. 

Agricultural soils in the remaining counties were classified as silt-loams.105, 106 The NET guidance 

gave sandy loams a default silt content (s) of 33%, and silt-loams a default of 52%. 

The number of tilling passes (p) by crop type and tilling practice was available in the NET guidance. 

Local knowledge was substituted for winter and spring seeded cereal grains, alfalfa and corn.102 Local 

knowledge was also used to determine the seasonality of these crops.102 Tilling for all other crops was 

assumed to occur in the spring.107

Table 3-60: Number of Tilling Passes and Seasonal Distribution 

Tilling Passes Seasonal Distribution (percent) Crop Conventional Conservation Spring Summer Fall Winter 

Alfalfa, hay, grasses 7 7 72 0 14 14 

Spring cereal grains 6 1 0 0 17 83 

Corn 3 2 34 0 33 33 

Winter cereal grains 7 3 43 0 29 14 

Other 3 3 100 0 0 0 

Annual emissions were estimated using the annual number of passes and acreage for conventional and 

conservation tilling. Season emissions were estimated by applying the seasonal percentages in the 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 79
table above. Seasonal daily emissions were estimated by dividing the seasonal emissions by 91.25 

days/season. 

3.17 Livestock and Poultry Waste 

Ammonia emissions from livestock and poultry wastes were estimated. Two methods were 

considered: 1) use of the draft EPA emissions estimates prepared for the NEI and distributed for 

review (draft),108 and 2) use of the methodology and emission factors from a study done for the 

Northwest AIRQUEST (formerly Northwest Regional Technical Center) Demonstration Project. 109 

Emission factors in both methods appeared to be fairly comparable for most livestock types. The 

EPA emission factors showed more spatial variation based on assumed county manure management 

techniques. It was thought that the EPA livestock county population allocations could be improved 

using additional county-level information not utilized in the EPA report. The AIRQUEST method 

is not considered to produce a significantly more accurate inventory than the EPA inventory, but it 

was chosen for the state 2002 inventory because it had been developed for use in local inventories, 

and it could be more easily integrated with county livestock populations. 

Improvements to livestock inventories are expected in the near future, though not in time for the 

2002 NEI. Ecology is currently funding a project to develop a dairy ammonia emissions model, but 

it will not be complete until after the NEI due dates. Lake Michigan Air Directors' Consortium 

(LADCO) is funding development of a comprehensive livestock ammonia emissions model that can 

be used throughout the nation. The LADCO model is scheduled for completion in mid-2005. 

3.17.1 Activity Level 

Cattle (non-milking), Swine and Sheep 

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) publishes information on number of head of several 

livestock animals by county.110, 111 County statistics for 2002 were available for cattle, hogs/pigs, and 

sheep/lambs. For a few counties, the number of animals was considered confidential. In these cases, 

the county totals were displayed in an "Other Counties" total. Values from the 1997 Census of 

Agriculture were available for the counties that did not display data. The 2002 "other counties" total 

was allocated to the counties with missing data using the 1997 data as follows: 

C2002 = TM2002 x C1997/TM1997

where C2002 = emissions for the given county in 2002 

 TM2002 = total animal count for the missing counties 

C1997 = animal count for the given county in 1997 

TM1997 = total 1997 animal count in the missing counties 

Dairy milking cow totals from the Department of Ecology were subtracted from the total cattle counts 

and treated separately (see below). 

Chicken Layers 

Chicken layer counts were only available at the state level for 2002. The 1997 Census of Agriculture 

had layer counts by county for several different layer classes. The 1997 data was used to develop 

county fractions. For some counties, data was considered confidential and no estimate could be made. 

The confidential data represented approximately 8% of the total layer counts. The county fractions 

were multiplied by the 2002 state total layer count to estimate 2002 county layers. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 80
Chicken Broilers and Horses/Ponies 

Neither chicken broiler nor horse/pony counts were available for 2002. The 1997 Census of 

Agriculture county horse/pony counts were used for the 2002 inventory. For chicken broilers, the 

1997 Census of Agriculture broiler counts were used for most of the counties. Several counties' data 

was not displayed as it was considered confidential. For three of these counties, 1997 data was 

available from Washington State Department of Agriculture (Skagit, Thurston and Yakima).112 The 

WA data represented total broilers produced in a year, rather than the average number on farms at any 

given time. Broilers are only kept an average of eight weeks.113 Prior to adding the three counties' 

data, the counts were multiplied by 8/52, assuming uniform distribution throughout the year. 

Dairy Milking Cows 

Dairy waste was issues were regulated by the Department of Ecology until mid 2003 when the duty 

was transferred to the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Records from 2002 inspections 

and registrations were used to determine activity.114 The precise spatial allocation will be helpful in 

other analyses. The total number of cows was about 15% lower than that reported by the Washington 

Department of Agriculture; however, one reason for the seeming underestimation may be due to a 

finer classification of cows (milking, dry, heifers, calves) in the Ecology data. Only the milking cows 

were selected for classification as dairy cows in the inventory because the ammonia emission factors 

for dairy cattle apply only to lactating cows. The other cows (dry, heifers, calves) are assumed to be 

counted in the USDA figures described above. 

Table 3-61: Livestock and Poultry Populations, 2002 Estimates 

County Milk Cows Other Cows Swine Sheep Goats Layers Broilers Horses 

Adams 4,011 29,989 700 1,590 0 635 nd 608 

Asotin 0 8,000 0 0 0 241 0 360 

Benton 1,467 11,533 0 1,871 0 756 388 1,870 

Chelan 0 1,500 500 0 0 275 102 1,483 

Clallam 700 3,300 100 700 227 777 314 561 

Clark 3,105 11,895 400 900 0 2,128 671,015 2,129 

Columbia 0 9,845 300 737 0 600 nd 200 

Cowlitz 615 3,385 100 0 0 721 530,973 501 

Douglas 0 11,000 200 0 0 247 0 570 

Ferry 0 10,000 0 0 0 554 270 1,237 

Franklin 8,786 49,214 2,000 900 0 nd 23 783 

Garfield 0 9,500 130 0 0 40 nd 228 

Grant 13,184 151,816 4,100 2,800 99 nd 515 2,227 

Grays Harbor 4,123 4,877 599 0 0 797 94 1,495 

Island 1,037 3,463 0 0 0 445 73 487 

Jefferson 559 2,441 0 0 0 377 nd 236 

King 11,304 7,196 1,875 0 387 3,712 1,360 4,376 

Kitsap 0 1,500 0 0 0 1,448 27 1,010 

Kittitas 160 33,840 200 3,000 0 481 66 2,478 

Klickitat 540 23,460 910 3,800 0 813 52 997 

Lewis 7,777 21,723 700 1,000 0 310,632 1,781,785 1,946 

Lincoln 99 28,901 500 1,200 0 524 177 853 

Mason 0 1,500 100 0 0 517 nd 384 

Okanogan 0 48,500 200 2,800 134 1,124 400 4,595 

Pacific 1,547 5,453 0 0 0 115 8 245 

Pend Oreille 0 5,000 0 246 0 437 45 571 

Pierce 3,671 11,329 0 1,100 270 1,352,943 422,194 2,914 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 81
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 82

County Milk Cows Other Cows Swine Sheep Goats Layers Broilers Horses 

San Juan 1 2,999 100 2,700 18 1,404 89 235 

Skagit 14,313 16,187 300 551 0 614,551 553,846 1,041 

Skamania 0 500 0 0 0 98 0 103 

Snohomish 13,673 16,827 1,101 1,300 474 1,039,318 300,850 3,801 

Spokane 1,542 19,958 800 2,100 207 nd 561 3,897 

Stevens 1,376 32,124 1,200 1,600 232 1,581 675 2,494 

Thurston 5,753 19,747 600 2,100 111 2,368,338 692,308 1,927 

Wahkiakum 338 3,162 0 0 0 118 nd 83 

Walla Walla 0 77,155 200 1,200 192 dn 109 938 

Whatcom 52,284 46,716 689 400 0 nd 385,360 1,547 

Whitman 207 21,293 7,400 3,200 0 573 296 846 

Yakima 58,692 152,308 600 14,100 0 242,580 307,692 6,512 

State Total 210,864 919,136 26,604 51,895 2,351 5,949,900 5,651,667 58,768 

nd: no county data; therefore, no estimate made 

3.17.2 Temporal Adjustments 

No information was available to make monthly adjustments, so emissions were considered uniform 

throughout the year. 

3.17.3 Spatial Adjustments 

Most of the information was available by county. In some cases, the data for a specific county was not 

reported since it was considered confidential. No estimates could be made in these cases. 

3.17.4 Emission Rates 

As stated above, the emission factors recommended in the Northwest AIRQUEST study were used to 

estimate ammonia emissions. The factors are shown below. The factors for sheep were also used for 

goats. 

Table 3-62: Livestock Emission Factors 

Livestock kg NH3/head-yr 

Milk Cows 24.6 

Other Cows 12.3 

Hogs/Pigs 6.39 

Sheep/Lambs 1.34 

Goats 1.34 

Horses/Ponies 8 

Chickens-Broilers 0.28 

Chickens-Layers 0.37 

3.17.5 Emissions Estimates 

Annual county emissions estimates were calculated by multiplying the emission rates by the number 

of head for each animal type. Seasonal county emissions estimates were calculated by assuming 

uniform operation throughout the year. 

tpy = (#head) x (kg NH3/head-yr) x (1.1023 x 10-3 T/kg) 

tps = tpy / 4 

tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr) 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 83

101 2003 Washington Annual Bulletin. Washington Agricultural Statistics Service; Olympia, Washington 

98507. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 

102 Personal conversation with Jon Jones, Department of Ecology Eastern Regional Office. Oct. 29, 2002. 

103 Control of Open Fugitive Dust Sources. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards. EPA-450/3-88-008. September 1988. Section 7.1.1. 

104 National Crop Residue Management Survey - Conservation Tillage Data. Conservation Technology 

Information Center. Year 2000 data as obtained through Internet at 

http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/CTIC/CRM.html. 

105 Washington State University Soil Maps as constructed from information from the US Department of 

Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available at 

http://remotesens.css.wsu.edu/washingtonsoil/. 

106 Washington State Land Use/Land Cover – Level 1 (lulc_l1) GIS file. Derived from US Geological 

Survey GIRAS files. 

107 Washington Agricultural Statistics, 1993-1994. Washington Agricultural Statistics Service. “Usual 

planting and Harvesting Dates, Washington.” Page 12. 

108 National Emission Inventory—Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry Operations. Environmental 

Protection Agency draft report and data tables. January 30, 2004. 

109 Recommended Ammonia Emission Factors and Spatial and Temporal Allocation for the Pacific 

Northwest Regional Technical Center Project. Washington State Dept. of Ecology. August 2001. 

110 Washington Agricultural Statistics 2003. 2003 Washington Annual Bulletin. Compiled by Washington 

Agricultural Statistics Service. National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

Livestock data for 2002. 

111 1997 Census of Agriculture (AC97-A-47), Washington, State and County Data, Volume 1, Geographic Area 

Series, Part 47. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. March 1999. 

112 Washington Agriculture Statistics Service. Washington State Department of Agriculture. Broilers 

Ranking. August 21, 1998. 

113 Personal conversation with Frank Hamill, Washington State Department of Agriculture. October 1998. 

114 Description from metadata for Ecology 2002 Dairy GIS file, dairy02. Washington State Department of 

Ecology. Data collected from registrations and inspections. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 84

3.18 Soil Ammonia Emissions 

Ammonia emissions occur naturally from soil due to the bacterial processes of nitrogen fixation and 

ammonification. Methodology and emission factors from a study done for the AIRQUEST (formerly 

Northwest Regional Technical Center) Demonstration Project were used to estimate emissions.109 

Ammonia emissions from soil were estimated based on land use/cover type. 

3.18.1 Activity Level and Emission Rates 

Emission rates were developed for several land cover classes in the Multi-resolution Land 

Characteristics, National Land Cover Data (MRLC). The MRLC is land cover data resolved to 30 

meters over the USA.115 The MRLC data was intersected with county boundaries to develop total 

county area of each land cover type. Table 3-63 below shows emission rates for land cover classes 

where emission rates were available. County land cover is shown in Table 2-3. The emission rates 

for agricultural lands are presented for periods without active fertilizer application. During 

fertilization, emission rate can be much higher;109 however, the emission rates for fertilization were 

not used in this inventory. Resources did not allow obtaining local fertilizer application practices or 

schedules. Instead, fertilizer emissions are inventoried separately (see section 3.19). 

Table 3-63: Ammonia Emission Rates 

Land Cover lb- NH3/km2-day 

Water 0 

Urban 0 

Barren 0 

Transitional 0.187 

Forest* 0 

Shrubland 0.187 

Grassland 0.364 

Urban Grasses 0.364 

Agriculture, ex. Orchards 0.364 

Other 0 

* may act as an ammonia sink 

3.18.2 Temporal Adjustments and Spatial Adjustments 

Emissions were assumed uniform all year. GIS methods were used to assign land cover and land use 

types to each county. 

3.18.3 Emissions Estimates 

Emissions were estimated by multiplying county land cover area by the ammonia emission rates: 

tpy = A x E x 365 days 

tps = tpy / 4 

 tpsd = A x E 

where A is the land area in square kilometers from Table 2-3, and 

E is the emission rate from Table 3-63 for each county and land cover type. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 85

115 Multi-resolution Land Characteristics, National Land Cover Data. United States Geologic Survey. 1992 

data, 30 m resolution. 
3.19 Fertilizer Application 

Nitrogen fertilizers are widely used in Washington. Most of the nitrogen fertilizers can decompose 

to release ammonia after they are applied to croplands. Ammonia emissions from fertilizer 

application were estimated using methodology and emission factors from a study done for the 

EPA.116

3.19.1 Activity Level 

The amount of fertilizer purchased in Washington was available from the Dept. of Agriculture for 

individual fertilizer types.117, 118 Amounts are shown in Table 3-65. 

3.19.2 Temporal Adjustments 

Fertilizer use takes place primarily in the spring (March-April) and fall (September-October).109 Onehalf of the annual emissions were assumed to be emitted in the spring and the other half in the fall. 

3.19.3 Spatial Adjustments 

Because the information was only available at the state level, the emissions calculated were distributed 

to all agricultural land in the state equally. Agricultural land cover data was available in the Multiresolution Land Characteristics, National Land Cover Data (MRLC) described above.115 

Agricultural land use types used for the spatial allocation were: 61-orchards/vineyards/other, 81-

pasture/hay, 82-row crops, 83-small grains, and 84-fallow. 

Table 3-64: County Agricultural Land Area and Percentage of State Total 

County km2 Percent County km2 Percent 

Adams 2,714 8.72 Lewis 413 1.33 

Asotin 325 1.04 Lincoln 3,155 10.13 

Benton 1,732 5.56 Mason 21 0.07 

Chelan 151 0.48 Okanogan 454 1.46 

Clallam 110 0.35 Pacific 46 0.15 

Clark 269 0.87 Pend Oreille 113 0.36 

Columbia 842 2.70 Pierce 170 0.55 

Cowlitz 77 0.25 San Juan 61 0.20 

Douglas 1,671 5.37 Skagit 344 1.11 

Ferry 99 0.32 Skamania 10 0.03 

Franklin 1,752 5.63 Snohomish 232 0.75 

Garfield 680 2.18 Spokane 1,754 5.63 

Grant 3,116 10.01 Stevens 545 1.75 

Grays Harbor 120 0.39 Thurston 238 0.77 

Island 85 0.27 Wahkiakum 54 0.17 

Jefferson 20 0.06 Walla Walla 2,049 6.58 

King 166 0.53 Whatcom 419 1.35 

Kitsap 12 0.04 Whitman 4,352 13.98 

Kittitas 387 1.24 Yakima 1,718 5.52 

Klickitat 656 2.11 State Total 31,135 100 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 86
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 87

3.19.4 Emission Rates 

Emission rates are shown in the table below. Chemical composition (and therefore the nitrogen 

content) of the fertilizers was obtained from chemical references.119, 120 The “other” category 

emissions were calculated by assuming the average emission rate per ton of fertilizer for all the 

nitrogen fertilizer types. 

Table 3-65: Fertilizer Applied and Ammonia Released 

Fertilizer Name Tons Fertilizer Formula Tons N %N kg NH3/ 

1000 kg N Tons NH3

ammonia, anhydrous 63,592 NH3 52,370 82 12 628 

ammonia, aqua 179,941 NH40H 71,976 40 12 864 

ammonium nitrate 33,987 NH4NO3 11,896 35 25 297 

ammonium polysulfide 2,827 (20% N) 565 20 48 27 

ammonium sulfate 43,406 (NH4)2SO4 9,207 21 97 893 

ammonium thiosulfate 42,202 (NH4)2S2O3 7,984 19 30 240 

calcium nitrate 10,778 Ca(NO3)2 1,840 17 48 88 

nitrogen solution < 28% N 6,796 (28% N) 1,903 28 30 57 

nitrogen solution < 32% N 147,061 (32% N) 47,060 32 30 1,412 

urea 85,701 CO(NH2)2 39,994 47 182 7,279 

ammonia nit-sulfate1 1,531 

 ammonium nitrate 612 NH4NO3 214 35 25 5 

 ammonium sulfate 918 (NH4)2SO4 195 21 97 19 

calcium ammonium nitrate2 3,080 

 ammonium nitrate 1,848 NH4NO3 647 35 25 16 

ammonium metaphosphate 0 0 0 

diammonium phosphate 3,047 (NH4)2HPO4 646 21 48 31 

ammonium polyphosphate 0 0 0 

monoammonium phosphate 49,116 NH4H2PO4 5,979 12 48 287 

liquid amm polyphosphate 43,464 (NH4)3P2O7 8,006 18 48 384 

ammonium phos sulfate3 20,391 

 ammonium nitrate 4,078 NH4NO3 1,427 35 25 36 

 monoammonium phosphate 16,313 NH4H2PO4 1,986 12 48 95 

Total 263,896 12,659 1 ammonium nitrate (40%), ammonium sulfate (60%) 2 ammonium nitrate (60%), limestone/dolomite (40%) 3 ammonium nitrate (20%), monoammonium phosphate (80%) 

3.19.5 Emissions Estimates 

Annual county emissions estimates were calculated by multiplying the annual statewide NH3

emissions by the fraction of statewide agricultural lands in the given county. Seasonal county 

emissions estimates were calculated by assuming one-half the emissions occurred in spring and onehalf in the fall. 

tpy = (12,659 T NH3) x (county fraction of agricultural lands) 

tps = tpy / 2 (spring and fall) 

tpsd = tpy / (122 days of fertilizer use/yr) 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 88

116 Battye R., Battye W., Overcash C., Fudge, S. Development and Selection of Ammonia Emissions 

Factors. Final report prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and 

Development, Washington, DC by Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, US 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0034, Work 

Assignment 0-3, August, 1994. 

117 2001-2002 Annual Tonnage Report, Commercial Fertilizers Including Liming Materials. Washington 

State Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division. 

118 2002-2003 Annual Tonnage Report, Commercial Fertilizers Including Liming Materials. Washington 

State Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division. 

119 Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary. Eleventh Edition, revised by N. Irving Sax and Richard J. 

Lewis, Sr. 1987, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 

120 Farm Chemicals Handbook ’95, Vol. 81. 37733 Euclid Avenue, Willoughby, OH 44094. Section B: 

Fertilizer Dictionary. 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 89

3.20 Notable Sources Not Inventoried 

Wildfires and Biogenic Emissions were not inventoried. EPA will inventory biogenic emissions for 

the NEI using BEIS3 – BELD3. Ecology could offer very little refinement to this inventory, and 

believes acceptance of the EPA is warranted. Wildfires will be inventoried by date and location by 

the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP). The WRAP appears to be doing a very thorough 

analysis that could not be improved upon by Ecology. While the WRAP inventory will not be 

complete by the June 1, 2004 deadline, the plan is to include it at a later date. 

4 National Inventory Format (NIF) General Information 

Emissions inventory information was formatted for submission to the National Emissions Inventory 

(NEI) in the National Inventory Format (NIF). Where applicable, activity levels were supplied as 

annual totals and as seasonal totals (PE record). Criteria pollutant emissions estimates were 

supplied as annual totals and as seasonal daily emissions (EM record). The daily emissions 

represented average day (not average weekday) and were coded as emission type "29." There were 

two exceptions to this: seasonal daily emissions estimates were not prepared for prescribed burning 

or agricultural burning since there are no "typical" daily emissions. For these two sources, total 

season emissions were supplied and coded as emission type "30." Air toxic activity levels and 

emissions estimates were submitted as annual totals only (PE and EM records) per EPA guidance. 

5 Emissions Summaries 

Several emissions summaries are presented in this section. Sources are summarized into several 

categories as shown below: 

County Summaries 

Abbrev. Description

Point point sources 

ORMg onroad mobile gasoline 

ORMd onroad mobile diesel 

PAV paved road dust 

UNPV unpaved road dust 

NRMg nonroad mobile gasoline 

NRMd nonroad mobile diesel 

NRMo nonroad mobile LPG/CNG 

RR railroad locomotives 

SHIP commercial marine 

DRYC dry cleaning 

SURFa architectural surface coating 

CONS commercial/consumer solvent use 

WSFP woodstoves/fireplaces 

DNR prescribed burning 

AGBRN agricultural burning 

RESB residential outdoor burning 

TILL agricultural tilling 

LIVE livestock wastes 

FERT fertilizer application 

SOIL soils 

State Summaries 

Major Category Sub-categories

Agricultural Tilling TILL, 

Agricutural Ammonia FERT. LIVE 

Area Source Solvents CONS, DRYC, 

SURFa, SURFi 

Fires AGBRN, DNR, 

RESB 

Natural Sources SOIL 

Nonroad Mobile Sources NRMd, NRMg, 

NRMo, SHIP, 

RR 

Onroad Mobile Sources ORMd, ORMg 

Point Sources Point 

Road Dust PAV, UNPV 

Woodstoves and Fireplaces WSFP 
5.1 Annual Emissions 

Table 5-1: Annual Emissions in Tons 

Category PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx VOC CO NH3

Agricultural Tilling 94,863 18,990 0 0 0 0 0 

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 27,431 0 0 

Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,659 

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,137 

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,082 

Nonroad Mobile Sources 7,250 6,762 17,745 105,264 59,281 535,677 282 

Onroad Mobile Sources 4,593 3,448 5,775 200,531 150,432 1,881,616 5,158 

Outdoor Burning 10,798 9,792 73 439 5,531 59,603 0 

Point Sources 7,659 4,369 44,124 41,809 12,170 41,575 563 

Road Dust 78,243 10,922 0 0 0 0 0 

Woodstoves and Fireplaces 39,989 37,264 606 5,006 149,061 298,366 0 

 Total 243,394 91,547 68,323 353,050 403,907 2,816,837 45,881 

5.2 Seasonal Source Percent Contributions 

Table 5-2: Source Percent Contributions, Spring 

Category PM10% PM2.5% SO2% NOx% VOC% CO% NH3% 

Agricultural Tilling 53 32 0 0 0 0 0 

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 

Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Nonroad Mobile Sources 2 6 26 29 13 16 0 

Onroad Mobile Sources 2 3 9 58 41 71 9 

Outdoor Burning 4 11 0 0 2 2 0 

Point Sources 2 4 65 12 3 1 1 

Road Dust 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Woodstoves and Fireplaces 12 33 1 1 33 9 0 

Table 5-3: Source Percent Contributions, Summer 

Category PM10% PM2.5% SO2% NOx% VOC% CO% NH3% 

Agricultural Tilling 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 

Nonroad Mobile Sources 8 23 30 35 30 35 1 

Onroad Mobile Sources 4 8 8 54 48 61 17 

Outdoor Burning 5 13 0 0 1 1 0 

Point Sources 6 10 61 11 4 2 2 

Road Dust 72 30 0 0 0 0 0 

Woodstoves and Fireplaces 6 16 0 0 8 2 0 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 90
Table 5-4: Source Percent Contributions, Fall 

Category PM10% PM2.5% SO2% NOx% VOC% CO% NH3% 

Agricultural Tilling 36 18 0 0 0 0 0 

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 

Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Nonroad Mobile Sources 3 6 25 29 11 16 0 

Onroad Mobile Sources 2 3 9 57 34 65 9 

Outdoor Burning 7 15 0 0 2 4 0 

Point Sources 3 4 65 12 3 1 1 

Road Dust 31 11 0 0 0 0 0 

Woodstoves and Fireplaces 19 44 1 2 44 13 0 

Table 5-5: Source Percent Contributions, Winter 

Category PM10% PM2.5% SO2% NOx% VOC% CO% NH3% 

Agricultural Tilling 44 21 0 0 0 0 0 

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 

Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 

Nonroad Mobile Sources 2 4 23 26 10 11 1 

Onroad Mobile Sources 2 3 8 59 30 70 14 

Outdoor Burning 3 6 0 0 1 1 0 

Point Sources 3 4 68 13 3 1 2 

Road Dust 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 

Woodstoves and Fireplaces 24 55 2 3 53 17 0 

5.3 County Summary Tables 

Annual emissions summary tables are shown on the following pages for each inventoried pollutant 

by individual source category. 

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 91
Table 5-6: County PM10 Emissions Estimates

County Point ORMg ORMd PAV UNPV NRMg NRMd NRMo RR SHIP WSFP DNR AGBRN RAdams 19 26 311 2,439 3 93 0 41 69 1 87 Asotin 4 5 76 460 4 15 0 0 0 104 33 0 Benton 196 48 66 501 576 47 106 0 40 9 804 0 24 Chelan 22 30 351 341 24 37 0 17 0 409 53 6 Clallam 114 16 22 221 28 25 43 0 0 222 515 183 Clark 302 96 132 728 306 79 144 1 27 38 2,437 46 Columbia 3 4 82 686 27 24 0 0 1 27 59 423 Cowlitz 740 43 59 292 41 41 67 1 17 69 648 62 Douglas 4 14 19 311 7,125 9 56 0 8 0 191 0 6 Ferry 4 6 162 982 18 11 0 0 0 45 125 Franklin 23 32 305 1,719 9 84 0 34 3 225 1 121 Garfield 2 3 61 935 1 30 0 0 2 14 1 52 Grant 32 45 611 4,677 20 150 0 14 0 339 0 96 Grays Harbor 399 24 33 323 311 35 67 0 0 28 481 343 Island 34 14 19 242 30 24 22 0 0 70 551 1 Jefferson 267 11 15 191 282 17 5 0 0 63 231 32 King 253 575 791 3,540 2,576 443 865 12 42 330 11,96 4 Kitsap 38 55 76 506 109 63 47 0 0 62 1,700 7 Kittitas 35 48 253 316 11 27 0 4 0 225 149 3 Klickitat 155 9 12 205 1,264 9 30 0 53 15 121 328 0 Lewis 2,222 37 50 309 196 25 50 0 12 507 197 Lincoln 12 16 270 3,130 5 109 0 27 0 55 2 18 Mason 147 15 20 225 197 20 12 0 0 0 387 32 Okanogan 16 22 430 2,284 8 25 0 0 0 242 415 25 Pacific 198 8 11 136 223 6 10 0 0 40 175 160 Pend Oreille 5 7 157 1,324 15 9 0 0 74 321 Pierce 312 214 295 1,625 348 164 229 2 22 14 4,851 109 San Juan 1 2 42 205 12 5 0 0 106 137 2 Skagit 857 42 59 425 131 40 45 0 6 180 708 90 3 Skamania 3 5 73 55 14 11 0 24 8 76 24 Snohomish 41 186 256 1,528 104 159 222 3 29 137 4,221 93 Spokane 238 117 161 1,038 9,026 91 193 2 50 2,682 187 Stevens 89 14 20 338 3,161 18 38 0 4 0 241 230 Thurston 0 73 101 602 274 57 67 0 9 1,556 50 Wahkiakum 2 2 26 104 2 2 0 0 60 32 27 Walla Walla 191 16 21 244 956 11 96 0 14 3 318 2 607 Whatcom 687 47 65 549 408 49 76 1 8 152 1,193 65 0 Whitman 31 15 20 311 7,722 5 200 0 1 4 232 0 482 Yakima 144 61 84 821 4,768 39 128 1 4 0 1,203 242 158  State 7,659 1,931 2,662 18,42 59,82 1,650 3,451 27 506 1,616 39,98 3,674 2,110 5Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 
Table 5-7: County PM2.5 Emissions Estimates

County Point ORMg ORMd PAV UNP NRMg NRMd NRMo RR SHIP WSFP DNR AGBRN RAdams 11 22 47 364 3 85 0 37 63 1 80 Asotin 2 4 10 69 3 13 0 0 0 94 31 0 Benton 187 28 58 55 86 43 97 0 37 8 728 0 21 Chelan 13 27 40 51 23 34 0 16 0 380 50 5 Clallam 101 9 19 22 4 23 40 0 0 217 487 169 Clark 302 56 115 75 46 73 133 1 25 37 2,289 42 Columbia 2 3 13 102 25 22 0 0 1 25 55 340 Cowlitz 129 25 51 34 6 38 61 1 16 68 606 57 Douglas 4 8 17 46 1,064 8 52 0 8 0 179 0 5 Ferry 3 5 27 147 17 10 0 0 0 43 119 Franklin 13 28 37 257 8 78 0 31 3 204 0 106 Garfield 1 3 9 140 1 28 0 0 2 12 1 42 Grant 19 39 86 698 19 138 0 13 0 306 0 85 Grays Harbor 562 14 29 33 46 33 62 0 0 27 449 317 Island 24 8 17 28 5 22 20 0 0 69 523 1 Jefferson 239 7 14 21 42 16 5 0 0 62 220 30 King 171 334 691 301 385 408 796 12 38 322 11,01 3 Kitsap 28 32 66 44 16 58 43 0 0 61 1,615 7 Kittitas 20 42 39 47 11 25 0 3 0 209 137 2 Klickitat 49 5 10 28 189 8 27 0 49 15 114 303 0 Lewis 1,137 21 44 36 29 23 46 0 11 480 182 Lincoln 7 14 42 467 4 100 0 25 0 50 2 14 Mason 136 9 18 25 29 18 11 0 0 0 370 30 Okanogan 9 19 61 341 7 23 0 0 0 228 384 23 Pacific 17 4 9 15 33 6 9 0 0 39 166 147 Pend Oreille 3 6 24 198 14 8 0 0 71 298 Pierce 162 125 258 144 52 151 210 2 20 13 4,547 100 San Juan 1 1 7 31 11 4 0 0 103 131 1 Skagit 250 25 51 48 20 37 42 0 5 176 663 83 3 Skamania 2 4 10 8 13 10 0 22 8 73 22 Snohomish 40 108 223 149 16 146 204 3 27 133 3,962 85 Spokane 135 68 141 99 1,348 84 178 2 46 2,499 173 Stevens 67 8 17 46 472 17 35 0 4 0 229 212 Thurston 0 43 88 60 41 52 62 0 8 1,467 46 Wahkiakum 1 2 3 16 2 2 0 0 58 30 25 Walla Walla 173 9 19 28 143 10 88 0 13 3 293 2 520 Whatcom 307 27 57 61 61 45 70 1 7 148 1,118 60 0 Whitman 16 9 18 43 1,153 5 184 0 1 4 210 0 394 Yakima 134 36 74 96 712 36 118 1 3 0 1,116 219 149  State 4,369 1,122 2,326 1,990 8,932 1,518 3,175 27 466 1,578 37,26 3,395 1,791 4Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 
Table 5-8: County SO2 Emissions Estimates

County Point ORMg ORMd NRM NRM NRM RR SHIP WSF RES TotalAdams 41 15 1 115 0 100 1 0 272Asotin 8 3 0 22 0 0 6 2 0 41Benton 92 107 38 5 152 0 98 139 12 1 644Chelan 58 49 17 3 63 0 42 0 6 1 239Clallam 758 35 12 30 8 0 0 1,356 8 1 2,208Clark 50 213 72 9 252 0 62 428 37 5 1,129Columbia 6 2 3 30 0 0 14 0 0 55Cowlitz 2,573 95 32 4 138 0 41 734 10 1 3,628Douglas 0 31 11 1 72 0 17 0 3 0 135Ferry 10 3 2 21 0 1 0 1 0 37Franklin 51 18 1 112 0 78 44 3 0 307Garfield 5 2 0 40 0 0 31 0 0 78Grant 73 26 3 197 0 35 0 5 1 339Grays Harbor 231 53 18 3 142 0 0 142 7 1 598Island 1 31 11 25 4 0 0 390 8 1 471Jefferson 545 25 9 21 1 0 0 370 4 1 974King 1,199 1,278 434 61 1,505 3 96 1,983 179 18 6,755Kitsap 123 42 77 8 0 0 299 26 4 579Kittitas 78 28 2 40 0 9 0 3 0 161Klickitat 72 19 7 1 41 0 131 244 2 0 517Lewis 19,04 82 28 3 98 0 28 8 1 19,28Lincoln 26 9 1 132 0 66 0 1 0 235Mason 0 33 11 2 21 0 0 0 6 1 74Okanogan 36 13 1 34 0 0 0 4 0 89Pacific 22 17 6 1 17 0 0 404 3 0 470Pend Oreille 12 4 2 15 0 0 1 0 34Pierce 540 476 162 18 407 0 50 68 74 10 1,805San Juan 3 1 14 1 0 0 490 2 0 512Skagit 9,105 95 32 51 7 0 14 1,092 11 1 10,40Skamania 8 3 2 20 0 59 129 1 0 221Snohomish 382 413 140 18 394 1 68 820 64 9 2,309Spokane 51 260 92 12 298 0 119 41 4 877Stevens 15 32 11 2 64 0 9 0 4 0 138Thurston 0 164 56 6 121 0 22 24 3 396Wahkiakum 4 1 0 4 0 0 632 0 0 641Walla Walla 2,718 35 12 1 126 0 34 50 5 0 2,982Whatcom 6,292 105 36 77 12 0 18 967 18 2 7,529Whitman 376 33 12 1 250 0 3 50 3 0 729Yakima 5 136 48 5 194 0 9 0 18 2 418 State 44,12 4,300 1,474 471 5,175 6 1,211 10,88 606 73 68,32Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 
Table 5-9: County NOx Emissions Estimates

County Point ORMg ORMd NRM NRMd NRM RR SHIP WSF RES TotalAdams 1,258 792 15 738 19 1,461 10 1 4,293Asotin 236 139 8 133 5 0 15 16 1 554Benton 504 3,120 1,944 115 928 76 1,429 382 107 7 8,611Chelan 16 1,480 895 58 365 47 634 0 53 4 3,551Clallam 326 1,008 648 44 544 36 0 6,666 64 7 9,344Clark 968 5,810 3,950 206 1,442 312 997 917 302 30 14,934Columbia 180 110 13 191 3 1 35 3 0 537Cowlitz 4,293 2,834 1,813 76 752 144 616 1,480 80 8 12,095Douglas 2 910 559 22 456 5 317 0 25 2 2,299Ferry 290 166 9 117 4 9 0 6 1 601Franklin 1,478 936 29 700 48 1,238 112 30 2 4,573Garfield 154 95 4 251 1 0 77 2 0 584Grant 1 2,173 1,320 62 1,237 64 513 0 50 4 5,424Grays Harbor 775 1,543 973 61 769 78 0 1,621 60 5 5,886Island 31 886 563 43 256 13 0 2,909 68 8 4,779Jefferson 550 716 459 26 59 14 0 2,341 29 3 4,198King 4,916 34,768 23,60 1,440 8,589 2,576 1,526 6,778 1,478 107 85,782Kitsap 3,504 2,242 136 549 38 0 2,451 211 25 9,156Kittitas 2,452 1,532 25 242 10 130 0 29 2 4,422Klickitat 128 584 351 12 253 19 1,919 669 16 1 3,953Lewis 15,63 2,418 1,550 52 540 65 435 63 7 20,762Lincoln 785 481 19 856 4 969 0 8 1 3,123Mason 79 960 602 37 119 28 0 8 48 6 1,889Okanogan 1,079 631 25 212 17 0 0 32 3 1,999Pacific 400 502 320 18 99 15 0 963 22 2 2,340Pend Oreille 357 208 11 89 5 0 10 1 681Pierce 1,260 13,017 8,667 406 2,315 383 801 537 601 59 28,046San Juan 74 44 20 52 5 0 4,135 17 2 4,349Skagit 4,044 2,748 1,770 78 515 82 207 3,846 88 8 13,387Skamania 221 141 9 114 4 858 356 9 1 1,713Snohomish 848 11,387 7,649 406 2,239 726 1,069 2,928 523 52 27,828Spokane 724 7,516 4,683 303 1,763 345 1,814 346 26 17,520Stevens 512 965 578 28 371 30 138 0 32 3 2,658Thurston 4 4,810 3,046 137 684 66 322 193 20 9,282Wahkiakum 108 71 3 23 3 0 1,274 4 1 1,487Walla Walla 1,223 1,003 629 28 793 41 497 129 40 3 4,386Whatcom 4,109 3,023 1,918 126 856 156 290 3,250 148 14 13,890Whitman 305 975 600 29 1,602 13 50 126 30 2 3,732Yakima 160 4,055 2,461 115 1,161 158 128 0 154 11 8,400 State 41,80 121,387 79,14 4,254 32,97 5,662 18,36 44,00 5,006 439 353,050Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 
Table 5-10: County VOC Emissions Estimates

County Point ORMg ORMd NRMg NRM NRM RR SHI SURF CONS WSFP DNR AGBRN Adams 1,511 38 102 89 4 61 22 54 320 1 80 Asotin 312 9 119 15 1 0 27 67 483 19 0 Benton 93 4,102 112 1,336 110 18 60 192 478 3,688 0 21 Chelan 2 1,808 49 926 41 11 27 88 219 1,547 30 4 Clallam 41 1,265 36 782 54 9 0 154 85 210 1,696 104 Clark 345 6,870 222 2,409 165 76 46 473 1,177 8,529 26 Columbia 226 6 1,221 23 1 0 5 13 110 33 368 Cowlitz 1,965 3,375 89 1,113 69 36 27 123 306 2,347 35 Douglas 2 1,171 31 239 55 1 17 43 107 660 0 4 Ferry 363 10 739 11 1 0 10 24 136 71 Franklin 1,947 53 304 84 11 57 67 166 1,032 0 111 Garfield 192 5 26 30 0 0 3 8 63 1 42 Grant 2,715 71 808 148 15 21 99 247 1,564 0 77 Grays Harbor 86 1,896 52 1,093 67 19 0 40 89 221 1,762 194 Island 38 1,114 32 609 29 3 0 69 95 237 1,731 1 Jefferson 64 894 25 547 7 3 0 55 35 86 730 18 King 84 40,746 1,343 13,87 1,004 621 69 153 2,311 5,745 48,755 2 Kitsap 108 4,513 130 1,724 64 9 0 61 306 760 5,355 4 Kittitas 2,720 67 651 28 2 5 45 113 860 84 2 Klickitat 103 710 20 375 30 5 80 25 62 409 186 0 Lewis 440 2,891 76 916 52 16 19 91 227 1,674 112 Lincoln 966 25 212 104 0 40 13 33 256 1 15 Mason 91 1,189 33 665 14 7 0 0 65 161 1,134 18 Okanogan 1,310 35 401 26 4 0 52 129 847 235 19 Pacific 26 616 17 362 12 4 0 5 27 68 558 90 Pend Oreille 437 12 618 9 1 0 15 38 242 182 Pierce 270 15,568 515 4,564 263 92 37 12 944 2,348 17,238 62 San Juan 95 3 379 6 1 0 101 19 47 396 1 Skagit 2,157 3,324 91 1,264 56 20 9 86 137 340 2,548 51 2 Skamania 269 7 628 13 1 36 13 32 224 13 Snohomish 308 13,418 427 4,624 254 179 48 66 818 2,033 14,808 52 Spokane 876 8,568 282 2,901 212 82 79 554 1,378 9,987 106 Stevens 273 1,170 32 629 39 7 6 53 131 772 130 Thurston 378 5,991 165 1,702 76 15 13 276 687 5,244 28 Wahkiakum 132 4 40 3 1 0 5 12 91 16 Walla Walla 2,210 1,319 36 343 95 10 21 72 179 1,286 1 512 Whatcom 1,018 3,797 109 1,702 97 37 13 73 224 558 4,259 37 0 Whitman 45 1,233 34 215 193 2 2 53 131 1,059 0 443 Yakima 1,147 5,247 143 1,301 135 38 5 293 729 4,660 137 121  State 12,17 145,990 4,442 52,46 3,780 1,364 798 876 7,868 19,56 149,061 2,081 1,821 1Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 
Table 5-11: County CO Emissions Estimates

County Point ORMg ORMd NRMg NRMd NRMo RR SHIP WSFP DNR AGBRN RESB TAdams 21,630 167 1,549 424 76 163 512 8 624 20 25Asotin 3,971 42 881 74 21 0 771 273 1 35 6Benton 103 51,588 517 13,538 513 301 159 5,972 0 236 163 73Chelan 14 25,199 220 6,613 191 182 70 3,036 441 60 99 36Clallam 918 16,432 162 4,714 259 143 0 474 3,854 1,510 173 28Clark 632 85,688 1,026 23,894 764 1,229 110 18,224 378 742 132Columbia 3,045 27 3,429 110 13 0 204 487 3,972 6 11Cowlitz 3,217 47,626 405 8,559 321 570 68 4,843 512 185 66Douglas 1 15,358 141 2,299 260 21 34 1,415 0 61 55 19Ferry 4,866 47 2,182 54 18 1 335 1,030 16 8Franklin 24,340 242 2,953 397 189 137 1,670 4 1,026 47 31Garfield 2,616 23 360 143 4 0 101 7 483 3 3Grant 36,978 320 6,718 703 252 57 2,507 0 909 98 48Grays Harbor 1,026 25,682 235 7,395 318 308 0 129 3,591 2,831 134 41Island 30 14,399 144 4,333 136 49 0 231 4,123 8 197 23Jefferson 1,681 11,708 113 3,116 30 54 0 183 1,731 266 82 18King 2,540 497,230 6,215 170,493 4,558 10,11 168 455 89,180 29 2,583 783Kitsap 57,134 598 15,214 288 147 0 216 12,731 60 608 86Kittitas 42,923 296 3,408 132 40 14 1,670 1,227 25 53 49Klickitat 2,169 9,918 88 1,755 142 75 214 895 2,706 0 36 17Lewis 2,439 40,407 341 6,377 243 256 48 3,797 1,626 170 55Lincoln 13,373 112 1,954 494 16 108 411 18 154 15 16Mason 401 15,926 151 3,551 62 111 0 1 2,900 267 151 23Okanogan 18,306 158 2,928 120 68 0 1,800 3,420 263 69 27Pacific 721 8,418 73 2,112 54 61 0 14 1,312 1,318 62 14Pend Oreille 6,044 53 1,958 45 21 0 553 2,645 24 11Pierce 1,399 189,988 2,398 46,569 1,207 1,500 88 44 36,258 896 1,436 281San Juan 1,181 13 2,029 28 19 0 364 1,027 13 55 4Skagit 1,762 45,324 411 8,103 261 324 23 256 5,291 739 17 205 62Skamania 3,647 32 1,982 61 17 96 569 196 29 6Snohomish 879 168,493 1,973 45,516 1,160 2,867 118 202 31,554 763 1,278 254Spokane 316 102,187 1,307 31,569 969 1,348 200 19,918 1,545 675 160Stevens 1,879 16,402 142 3,147 183 119 15 1,792 1,895 79 25Thurston 1 80,017 755 15,922 347 258 36 11,638 415 504 109Wahkiakum 1,821 15 312 12 12 0 236 226 13 2Walla Walla 988 16,502 163 3,079 450 161 55 2,364 19 4,535 66 28Whatcom 17,27 49,504 499 14,640 445 612 32 216 8,918 540 1 350 93Whitman 210 16,542 151 3,114 920 50 6 1,720 0 4,389 41 27Yakima 976 68,767 657 12,844 632 618 14 8,940 1,998 1,690 278 97 State 41,57 1,861,184 20,43 491,104 17,51 22,24 2,034 2,786 298,366 30,31 18,446 10,83 2,816Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Table 5-12: County NH3 Emissions Estimates

Count

y Poin ORMg ORMd NRM NRM SHIP LIVE FERT SOIL Total 

Adams 48 1 0 1 528 1,104 257 1,939 Asotin 9 0 0 0 112 132 72 325 Benton 474 125 4 1 1 216 704 210 1,735 Chelan 57 2 0 0 37 61 118 276 Clallam 41 1 0 1 39 71 45 19 217 Clark 248 7 1 2 476 110 23 868 Columbia 7 0 0 0 139 342 90 579 Cowlitz 2 111 3 0 1 232 32 22 403 Douglas 36 1 0 1 156 680 236 1,109 Ferry 11 0 0 0 147 40 71 270 Franklin 59 2 0 1 928 712 167 1,869 Garfield 6 0 0 0 132 276 85 500 Grant 85 2 0 2 2,469 1,267 352 4,177 Grays Harbor 62 2 0 1 4 196 49 25 339 Island 0 36 1 0 0 13 80 35 7 172 Jefferson 29 1 0 0 12 50 8 18 118 King 2 1,490 44 7 12 48 458 68 42 2,170 Kitsap 0 143 4 1 1 9 30 5 3 195 Kittitas 91 3 0 0 491 158 143 886 Klickitat 23 1 0 0 354 267 136 781 Lewis 95 3 0 1 1,206 168 50 1,523 Lincoln 30 1 0 1 408 1,283 302 2,025 Mason 38 1 0 0 0 25 9 12 86 Okanogan 42 1 0 0 704 184 298 1,230 Pacific 20 1 0 0 0 118 19 8 166 Pend Oreille 14 0 0 0 73 46 23 156 Pierce 0 555 16 2 3 2 963 69 34 1,645 San Juan 3 0 0 0 16 48 25 5 97 Skagit 8 110 3 0 1 28 1,041 140 48 1,379 Skamania 9 0 0 0 8 4 28 49 Snohomish 7 482 14 2 3 21 1,160 94 40 1,823 Spokane 15 303 9 1 2 356 713 164 1,564 Stevens 3 37 1 0 0 507 221 79 849 Thurston 191 6 1 1 1,628 97 21 1,944 Wahkiakum 4 0 0 0 53 22 5 84 Walla Walla 40 1 0 1 1,058 833 174 2,108 Whatcom 52 123 4 1 1 24 2,189 171 58 2,622 Whitman 38 1 0 2 359 1,770 338 2,508 Yakima 159 5 1 2 3,933 699 297 5,094  State 563 5,012 146 23 44 215 23,13 12,65 4,082 45,88
Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

Page 99