23428 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fish and Wildlife Service 

50 CFR Parts 10 and 21 

[Docket No. FWS–R9–MB–2010–0088; 

91200–1231–9BPP] 

RIN 1018–AX48 

General Provisions; Revised List of 

Migratory Birds 

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, propose to revise the 

List of Migratory Birds by both adding 

and removing species. Reasons for the 

changes to the list include adding 

species based on new taxonomy and 

new evidence of occurrence in the 

United States or U.S. territories, 

removing species no longer known to 

occur within the United States, and 

changing names to conform to accepted 

use. The net increase of 19 species (23 

added and 4 removed) brings the total 

number of species protected by the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to 

1,026. We regulate most aspects of the 

taking, possession, transportation, sale, 

purchase, barter, exportation, and 

importation of migratory birds. An 

accurate and up-to-date list of species 

protected by the MBTA is essential for 

public notification and regulatory 

purposes. 

DATES: To ensure consideration of your 

comments, they must be received or 

postmarked on or before July 25, 2011. 

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments 

by either one of the following methods: 

• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// 

www.regulations.gov. Follow the 

instructions for submitting comments 

on Docket No. FWS–R9–MB–2010– 

0088. 

• U.S. Mail or hand delivery: Public 

Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R9– 

MB–2010–0088; Division of Policy and 

Directives Management; U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service; 4401 North Fairfax 

Drive, Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203– 

1610. 

We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We 

will post all comments on http:// 

www.regulations.gov. This generally 

means that we will post any personal 

information that you provide. See the 

Public Comments section below for 

more information. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, Division 

of Migratory Bird Management, 703– 

358–1799. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background 

What statutory authority does the 

service have for this rulemaking? 

We have statutory authority and 

responsibility for enforcing the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 

U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife 

Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 

742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 

1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j). The MBTA 

implements Conventions between the 

United States and four neighboring 

countries for the protection of migratory 

birds, as follows: 

(1) Canada: Convention between the 

United States and Great Britain [on 

behalf of Canada] for the Protection of 

Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 

Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628); 

(2) Mexico: Convention between the 

United States and Mexico for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds and Game 

Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 

1311 (T.S. No. 912); 

(3) Japan: Convention between the 

Government of the United States of 

America and the Government of Japan 

for the Protection of Migratory Birds and 

Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their 

Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 

3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and 

(4) Russia: Convention between the 

United States of America and the Union 

of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning 

the Conservation of Migratory Birds and 

Their Environment (Russia), November 

19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 

9073). 

What is the purpose of this rulemaking? 

Our purpose is to inform the public of 

the species protected by the MBTA and 

its implementing regulations. These 

regulations are found in Title 50, Code 

of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 

20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of 

the taking, possession, transportation, 

sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and 

importation of migratory birds. An 

accurate and up-to-date list of species 

protected by the MBTA is essential for 

regulatory purposes. 

Why is this amendment of the list of 

migratory birds necessary? 

The amendment is needed to: (1) Add 

five species previously overlooked from 

a family protected under the MBTA; (2) 

correct the spelling of five species on 

the alphabetized list; (3) correct the 

spelling of two species on the 

taxonomic list; (4) add 11 species based 

on new distributional records 

documenting their natural occurrence in 

the United States since April 2007; (5) 

add one species from a family now 

protected under the MBTA as a result of 

taxonomic changes; (6) add six species 

newly recognized as a result of recent 

taxonomic changes; (7) remove four 

species not known to occur within the 

boundaries of the United States or its 

territories as a result of recent 

taxonomic changes; (8) change the 

common (English) names of nine 

species to conform with accepted use; 

and (9) change the scientific names of 

36 species to conform to accepted use. 

The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 

10.13) was last revised on March 1, 2010 

(75 FR 9282). These amendments were 

necessitated by three published 

supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of 

the American Ornithologists’ Union’s 

(AOU’s) Check-list of North American 

Birds (AOU 2008, AOU 2009, and AOU 

2010). 

In addition, we propose to correct the 

legal authorities citations at 50 CFR 

10.13(a). 

We also would make a small change 

to a definition in 50 CFR 21.3. We 

propose to update the definition of 

‘‘raptor’’ to also include the order 

Accipitriformes to correspond to the 

proposed changes in the List of 

Migratory Birds. 

What scientific authorities are used to 

amend the list of migratory birds? 

Although bird names (common and 

scientific) are relatively stable, staying 

current with standardized use is 

necessary to avoid confusion in 

communications. In making our 

determinations, we primarily relied on 

the American Ornithologists’ Union’s 

Check-list of North American Birds 

(AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 

2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 

2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters 

of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the 

sequence of species and other higher 

taxonomic categories (orders, families, 

subfamilies) for species that occur in 

North America. The AOU Checklist 

contains all bird species that have 

occurred in North America from the 

Arctic through Panama, including the 

West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, 

and includes distributional information 

for each species, which specifies 

whether the species is known to occur 

in the United States. For the 39 species 

that occur outside the geographic area 

covered by the Check-list (28 that occur 

in the Pacific island territories and 11 

listed in the Japanese and/or Russian 

conventions that have not occurred in 

the AOU area), we relied primarily on 

Clements (2007). Although we primarily 

rely on the above checklists, when 

informed taxonomic opinion is 

inconsistent or controversial, we 

evaluate available published and 

unpublished information and come to 


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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules 23429 

our own conclusion regarding the 

validity of taxa. 

What criteria are used to identify 

individual species protected by the 

MBTA? 

A species qualifies for protection 

under the MBTA by meeting one or 

more of the following four criteria: 

(1) It is covered by the Canadian 

Convention of 1916, as amended in 

1996, by virtue of meeting the following 

three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family 

or group of species named in the 

Canadian Convention, as amended; (b) 

specimens, photographs, videotape 

recordings, or audiotape recordings 

provide convincing evidence of natural 

occurrence in the United States or its 

territories; and (c) the documentation of 

such records has been recognized by the 

AOU or other competent scientific 

authorities. 

(2) It is covered by the Mexican 

Convention of 1936, as amended in 

1972, by virtue of meeting the following 

three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family 

or group of species named in the 

Mexican Convention, as amended; (b) 

specimens, photographs, videotape 

recordings, or audiotape recordings 

provide convincing evidence of natural 

occurrence in the United States or its 

territories; and (c) the documentation of 

such records has been recognized by the 

AOU or other competent scientific 

authorities. 

(3) It is listed in the annex to the 

Japanese Convention of 1972, as 

amended. 

(4) It is listed in the appendix to the 

Russian Convention of 1976. 

In accordance with the Migratory Bird 

Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) 

(Pub. L. 108–447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071– 

72), we include all species native to the 

United States or its territories, which are 

those that occur as a result of natural 

biological or ecological processes (see 

70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do 

not include nonnative species whose 

occurrences in the United States are 

solely the result of intentional or 

unintentional human-assisted 

introduction(s). 

How do the proposed changes affect the 

list of migratory birds? 

Several taxonomic changes were 

made at the Order and Family level by 

the AOU since publication of the last 

list. These changes affect the inclusion 

and taxonomic order of species on this 

list. Specifically, the Orders 

Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were 

split from the Pelecaniformes. 

Phaethontiformes now includes the 

Family Phaethontidae (tropicbirds); 

Suliformes now includes the Families 

Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae 

(boobys), Phalacrocoracidae 

(cormorants), and Anhingidae 

(anhingas). In addition, the Order 

Accipitriformes was split from the 

Falconiformes and now include the 

Families Cathartidae (vultures), 

Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae 

(hawks and eagles). At the Family level, 

the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and 

Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) 

were moved from the Ciconiiformes to 

the Pelecaniformes Order, the 

Pandionidae (Osprey) were separated 

from the Accipitridae (hawks and 

eagles), and the Stercorariidae (jaegers 

and skuas) were separated from the 

Laridae (gulls, terns, and skimmers). 

The Polioptilidae (gnatcatchers), 

Phylloscopidae (Phylloscopus warblers), 

Acrocephalidae (Acrocephalus 

warblers), and Megaluridae (Locustella 

warblers) were separated from the 

Sylviidae, and the Calcariidae 

(longspurs and snow buntings) were 

separated from the Emberizidae 

(buntings and sparrows). The euphonias 

were put into their own Subfamily 

(Euphoniinae) and moved from the 

Thraupidae to the Fringillidae Family. 

All species within these newly created 

families continue to be protected under 

the MBTA. In addition, the Wrentit was 

moved from the Timaliidae (babblers) to 

the Sylviidae and is now in a family 

protected by the MBTA. 

The amendments (23 additions, 4 

removals, and 51 name changes) affect 

a grand total of 78 species and result in 

a net addition of 19 species to the List 

of Migratory Birds, increasing the 

species total from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the 

23 species that we add to the list, 6 were 

previously covered under the MBTA as 

subspecies of listed species. These 

amendments can be logically arranged 

in the following 9 categories: 

(1) Add five species from the family 

Muscicapidae, a family specifically 

listed in the 1996 protocol amending the 

1916 convention with Canada. The 

omission of these species on the 

previous list was an oversight. All are 

considered accidental or casual in 

Alaska. The species and relevant AOU 

publication(s) are: 

Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula 

mugimaki (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998); 

Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla 

(AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006); 

Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa 

sibirica (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2004); 

Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa 

dauurica (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998); and 

Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata 

(AOU 2004). 

(2) Correct the spelling of five 

scientific names on the alphabetized 

list: 

Nesofregata fuliginosa (Polynesian 

Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta 

fuliginosa; 

Thalleseus maximus (Royal Tern), 

becomes Thalasseus maximus; 

Thalleseus sandvicensis (Sandwich 

Tern), becomes Thalasseus 

sandvicensis; 

Phylloscopus siilatrix (Wood 

Warbler), becomes Phylloscopus 

sibilatrix; and 

Locustella lanceoloata (Lanceolated 

Warbler), becomes Locustella 

lanceolata. 

(3) Correct the spelling of two 

scientific names on the taxonomic list: 

Nesofregetta fuiginosa (Polynesian 

Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta 

fuliginosa; and 

Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced 

Grassquit), becomes Tiaris olivaceus. 

(4) Add 11 species based on review 

and acceptance by AOU (since April 

2007) of new distributional records 

documenting their occurrence in the 

United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. 

Virgin Islands. These species belong to 

families covered by the Canadian and/ 

or Mexican Conventions, and all are 

considered to be of accidental or casual 

occurrence. For each species, we list the 

State in which it has been recorded plus 

the relevant publication: 

Parkinson’s Petrel, Procellaria 

parkinsoni—California (AOU 2008); 

Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel, 

Oceanodroma monorhis—North 

Carolina (AOU 2010); 

Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus 

furcatus—California (AOU 2008); 

Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata— 

Alaska (AOU 2009); 

White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia 

albiceps—Texas (AOU 2010); 

Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, 

Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus— 

Louisiana (AOU 2010); 

Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa— 

Arizona (AOU 2010); 

Pallas’s Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus 

proregulus—Alaska (AOU 2008); 

Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus 

schoenobaenus—Alaska (AOU 2009); 

Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia 

sibilans—Alaska (AOU 2010); and 

Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza 

chrysophrys—Alaska (AOU 2009). 

(5) Add one species because of recent 

taxonomic changes transferring a 

species in a family formerly not 

protected by the MBTA (Timaliidae) 

into a family protected under the MBTA 

(Sylviidae). We reference the AOU 

publication supporting the change: 

Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (AOU 

2010). 

(6) Add six species because of recent 

taxonomic changes in which taxa 

formerly treated as subspecies have 


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23430 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules 

been determined to be distinct species. 

Given that each of these species was 

formerly treated as subspecies of a listed 

species, these additions will not change 

the protective status of any of these taxa, 

only the names by which they are 

known. In each case, we reference the 

AOU publication supporting the change: 

Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas 

zonorhyncha—formerly considered a 

subspecies of Anas poecilorhyncha, 

Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008); 

Black Scoter, Melanitta americana— 

formerly treated as a subspecies of 

Melanitta nigra, Common [Black] Scoter 

(AOU 2009); 

Mexican Whip-poor-will, 

Caprimulgus arizonae— formerly 

treated as a subspecies of Caprimulgus 

vociferus, Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010); 

Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus— 

formerly treated as a subspecies of 

Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian 

[Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); 

Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis— 

formerly treated as a subspecies of 

Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian 

[Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); and 

Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus 

portoricensis— formerly treated as a 

subspecies of Icterus dominicensis, 

Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole 

(AOU 2010). 

(7) Remove four species based on 

revised taxonomic treatments and 

distributional evidence confirming that 

their known geographic ranges lie 

entirely outside the political boundaries 

of the United States and its territories. 

In each case, we reference the AOU 

publication supporting these changes: 

Spot-billed Duck, Anas 

poecilorhyncha (AOU 2008); 

Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta 

nigra (AOU 2009); 

Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes 

troglodytes (AOU 2010); and 

Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] 

Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (AOU 

2010). 

(8) Revise the common (English) 

names of nine species to conform to the 

most recent nomenclatural treatment. 

These revisions do not change the 

protective status of any of these taxa, 

only the names by which they are 

known. In each case, we reference the 

published source for the name change: 

Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus 

ruber, becomes American Flamingo 

(AOU 2008); 

Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis, 

becomes Great Shearwater (AOU 2010); 

Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus 

vociferus, becomes Eastern Whip-poorwill (AOU 2010); 

Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus, 

becomes Green Violetear (AOU 2008); 

Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola 

solitarius, becomes Blue Rock-Thrush 

(Clements 2007); 

Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi, 

becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU 

2008); 

White-throated Robin, Turdus 

assimilis, becomes White-throated 

Thrush (AOU 2008); 

Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 

Ammodramus nelsoni, becomes 

Nelson’s Sparrow (AOU 2009); and 

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 

Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes 

Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009). 

(9) Revise the scientific names of 36 

species to conform to the most recent 

nomenclatural treatment. These 

revisions do not change the protective 

status of any of these taxa, only the 

names by which they are known. In 

each case, we reference the AOU 

publication documenting the name 

change: 

Larus philadelphia (Bonaparte’s Gull) 

becomes Chroicocephalus philadelphia 

(AOU 2008); 

Larus cirrocephalus (Gray-hooded 

Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus 

cirrocephalus (AOU 2008); 

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull) 

becomes Chroicocephalus ridibundus 

(AOU 2008); 

Larus minutus (Little Gull) becomes 

Hydrocoloeus minutus (AOU 2008); 

Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull) 

becomes Leucophaeus atricilla (AOU 

2008); 

Larus pipixcan (Frankin’s Gull) 

becomes Leucophaeus pipixcan (AOU 

2008); 

Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay) 

becomes Psilorhinus morio (AOU 2010); 

Poecile hudsonica (Boreal Chickadee) 

becomes Poecile hudsonicus (AOU 

2009); 

Poecile cincta (Gray-headed 

Chickadee) becomes Poecile cinctus 

(AOU 2009); 

Calcarius mccownii (McCown’s 

Longspur) becomes Rhynchophanes 

mccownii (AOU 2010); 

Vermivora pinus (Blue-winged 

Warbler) becomes Vermivora 

cyanoptera (AOU 2010); 

Vermivora peregrina (Tennessee 

Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis peregrina 

(AOU 2010); 

Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned 

Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis celata 

(AOU 2010); 

Vermivora ruficapilla (Nashville 

Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 

ruficapilla (AOU 2010); 

Vermivora virginiae (Virginia’s 

Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis virginiae 

(AOU 2010); 

Vermivora crissalis (Colima Warbler) 

becomes Oreothlypis crissalis (AOU 

2010); 

Vermivora luciae (Lucy’s Warbler) 

becomes Oreothlypis luciae (AOU 

2010); 

Parula superciliosa (Crescent-chested 

Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 

superciliosa (AOU 2010); 

Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern 

Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia 

noveboracensis (AOU 2010); 

Seiurus motacilla (Louisiana 

Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia 

motacilla (AOU 2010); 

Pipilo fuscus (Canyon Towhee) 

becomes Melozone fusca (AOU 2010); 

Pipilo crissalis (California Towhee) 

becomes Melozone crissalis (AOU 

2010); 

Pipilo aberti (Abert’s Towhee) 

becomes Melozone aberti (AOU 2010); 

Aimophila carpalis (Rufous-winged 

Sparrow) becomes Peucaea carpalis 

(AOU 2010); 

Aimophila botterii (Botteri’s Sparrow) 

becomes Peucaea botterii (AOU 2010); 

Aimophila cassinii (Cassin’s Sparrow) 

becomes Peucaea cassinii (AOU 2010); 

Aimophila aestivalis (Bachman’s 

Sparrow) becomes Peucaea aestivalis 

(AOU 2010); 

Aimophila quinquestriata (Fivestriped Sparrow) becomes Amphispiza 

quinquestriata (AOU 2010); 

Carduelis flammea (Common 

Redpoll) becomes Acanthis flammea 

(AOU 2009); 

Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary 

Redpoll) becomes Acanthis hornemanni 

(AOU 2009); 

Carduelis spinus (Eurasian Siskin) 

becomes Spinus spinus (AOU 2009); 

Carduelis pinus (Pine Siskin) becomes 

Spinus pinus (AOU 2009); 

Carduelis psaltria (Lesser Goldfinch) 

becomes Spinus psaltria (AOU 2009); 

Carduelis lawrencei (Lawrence’s 

Goldfinch) becomes Spinus lawrencei 

(AOU 2009); 

Carduelis tristis (American Goldfinch) 

becomes Spinus tristis (AOU 2009); and 

Carduelis sinica (Oriental Greenfinch) 

becomes Chloris sinica (AOU 2009). 

For ease of comparison, changes are 

summarized in the following table 

(numbers reference the categories 

treated above). Species whose names 

have been revised (categories 2, 8, and 

9) appear in both the left-hand column 

(old name removed) and right-hand 

column (new name added), as are 

species that have been added based on 

taxonomic splits (category 6) of 

extralimital species that have been 

removed (category 7). 


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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules 23431 

Removed (taxonomically) Added (taxonomically) 

Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (7) .............................................. Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha (6). 

Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (7) ............................................ Black Scoter, Melanitta americana (6). 

Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8) ........................................... American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8). 

Parkinson’s Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (4). 

Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8) .................................................. Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8). 

Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregata fuliginosa (2) ............................... Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (2). 

Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuiginosa (3) ............................... Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (3). 

Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis (4). 

Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus (4). 

Bonaparte’s Gull, Larus philadelphia (9) .................................................. Bonaparte’s Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (9). 

Gray-hooded Gull, Larus cirrocephalus (9) .............................................. Gray-hooded Gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (9). 

Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus (9) .................................................. Black-headed Gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (9). 

Little Gull, Larus minutus (9) .................................................................... Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (9). 

Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla (9) .............................................................. Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (9). 

Frankin’s Gull, Larus pipixcan (9) ............................................................ Frankin’s Gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (9). 

Royal Tern, Thalleseus maximus (2) ....................................................... Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus (2). 

Sandwich Tern, Thalleseus sandvicensis (2) ........................................... Sandwich Tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (2). 

Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (4). 

Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8) ............................................... Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8). 

Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae (6). 

Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus (8) .................................................. Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus (8). 

White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps (4). 

Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus (4). 

Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio (9) ............................................................ Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio (9). 

Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (9) ................................................ Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonicus (9). 

Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cincta (9) ............................................ Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cinctus (9). 

Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa (4). 

Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus (6). 

Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (7) ............................... Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis (6). 

Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus siilatrix (2) ................................................. Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2). 

Pallas’s Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (4). 

Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceoloata (2) ..................................... Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceolata (2). 

Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (5). 

Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (4). 

Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (1). 

Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (1). 

Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (1). 

Asian Brown Flyctcher, Muscicapa dauurica (1). 

Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (1). 

Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8) .............................................. Blue Rock-Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8). 

Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans (4). 

Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi (8) ....................................................... Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus grayi (8). 

White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis (8) .............................................. White-throated Thrush, Turdus assimilis (8). 

McCown’s Longspur, Calcarius mccownii (9) .......................................... McCown’s Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii (9). 

Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus (9) .............................................. Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (9). 

Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina (9) .......................................... Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina (9). 

Orange-crowned Warbler, Vermivora celata (9) ...................................... Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis celata (9). 

Nashville Warbler, Vermivora ruficapilla (9) ............................................. Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla (9). 

Virginia’s Warbler, Vermivora virginiae (9) ............................................... Virginia’s Warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae (9). 

Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis (9) ................................................... Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis crissalis (9). 

Lucy’s Warbler, Vermivora luciae (9) ....................................................... Lucy’s Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae (9). 

Crescent-chested Warbler, Parula superciliosa (9) ................................. Crescent-chested Warbler, Oreothlypis superciliosa (9). 

Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis (9) ................................. Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (9). 

Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus motacilla (9) .......................................... Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (9). 

Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivacea (3) .............................................. Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivaceus (3). 

Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus (9) ........................................................... Canyon Towhee, Melozone fusca (9). 

California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis (9) ...................................................... California Towhee, Melozone crissalis (9). 

Abert’s Towhee, Pipilo aberti (9) .............................................................. Abert’s Towhee, Melozone aberti (9). 

Rufous-winged Sparrow, Aimophila carpalis (9) ...................................... Rufous-winged Sparrow, Peucaea carpalis (9). 

Botteri’s Sparrow, Aimophila botterii (9) ................................................... Botteri’s Sparrow, Peucaea botterii (9). 

Cassin’s Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii (9) ................................................. Cassin’s Sparrow, Peucaea cassinii (9). 

Bachman’s Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis (9) .......................................... Bachman’s Sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis (9). 

Five-striped Sparrow, Aimophila quinquestriata (9) ................................. Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriata (9). 

Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8) ...................... Nelson’s Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8). 

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8) ............. Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8). 

Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys (4). 

Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (7) ............. Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis (6). 

Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea (9) ................................................ Common Redpoll, Acanthis flammea (9). 

Hoary Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni (9) ................................................ Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (9). 

Eurasian Siskin, Carduelis spinus (9) ...................................................... Eurasian Siskin, Spinus spinus (9). 

Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus (9) ............................................................... Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (9). 

Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria (9) ................................................... Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (9). 

Lawrence’s Goldfinch, Carduelis lawrencei (9) ........................................ Lawrence’s Goldfinch, Spinus lawrencei (9). 

American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis (9) .................................................. American Goldfinch, Spinus tristis (9). 


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Removed (taxonomically) Added (taxonomically) 

Oriental Greenfinch, Carduelis sinica (9) ................................................. Oriental Greenfinch, Chloris sinica (9). 

How is the list of migratory birds 

organized? 

The species are listed in two formats 

to suit the needs of different segments 

of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 

10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 

10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, 

species are listed by common (English) 

group names, with the scientific name 

of each species following the English 

group name. This format, similar to that 

used in modern telephone directories, is 

most useful to members of the lay 

public. In the taxonomic listing, species 

are listed in phylogenetic sequence by 

scientific name, with the English name 

following the scientific name. To help 

clarify species relationships, we also list 

the higher-level taxonomic categories of 

Order, Family, and Subfamily. This 

format follows the sequence adopted by 

the AOU (1998, 2010) and is most useful 

to ornithologists and other scientists. 

What species are not protected by the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act? 

The MBTA does not apply to: 

(1) Nonnative species introduced into 

the United States or its territories by 

means of intentional or unintentional 

human assistance that belong to families 

or groups covered by the Canadian, 

Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in 

accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 

12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list 

of nonnative, human-introduced bird 

species in this category. Note, though, 

that native species that are introduced 

into parts of the United States where 

they are not native are still protected 

under the MBTA regardless of where 

they occur in the United States or its 

territories. 

(2) Nonnative, human-introduced 

species that belong to families or groups 

not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, 

or Russian Conventions, including 

Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae 

(chachalacas), Megapodiidae 

(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, 

ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae 

(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New 

World quail), Pteroclididae 

(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), 

Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae 

(toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), 

Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae 

(ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae 

(bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae 

(fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), 

Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae 

(starlings; except as listed in the 

Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old 

World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), 

Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and 

numerous other families not currently 

represented in the United States or its 

territories. 

(3) Native species that belong to 

families or groups represented in the 

United States, but which are not 

expressly mentioned by the Canadian, 

Mexican, or Russian Conventions, 

including the Megapodiidae 

(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, 

ptarmigan, and turkeys), 

Odontophoridae (New World quail), 

Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae 

(pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), 

Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae 

(honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch 

flycatchers [elepaios]), Zosteropidae 

(white-eyes), and Coerebidae 

(bananaquit). It should be noted that 

this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 

notice to the extent that they are 

inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996 

amendment to the Canadian Convention 

included the family Muscicapidae (Old 

World flycatchers). Thus, all members 

of the Muscicapidae family are now 

included on this list. In addition, the 

Wrentit is now considered a member of 

the Sylviidae family rather than the 

Timaliidae family and is now included 

on this list. 

Partial lists of the species included in 

categories 2 and 3 are available at 

http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/ 

RegulationsPolicies/mbta/ 

MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html. 

Public Comments 

We request comments or suggestions 

on this proposed rule from any 

interested parties. You may submit your 

comments and materials concerning this 

proposed rule by one of the methods 

listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will 

not consider comments sent by e-mail or 

fax or to an address not listed in the 

ADDRESSES section. 

If you submit a comment via http:// 

www.regulations.gov, your entire 

comment—including any personal 

identifying information—will be posted 

on the Web site. If you submit a 

hardcopy comment that includes 

personal identifying information, you 

may request at the top of your document 

that we withhold this information from 

public review. However, we cannot 

guarantee that we will be able to do so. 

We will post all hardcopy comments on 

http://www.regulations.gov. 

Comments and materials we receive, 

as well as supporting documentation we 

used in preparing this proposed rule, 

will be available for public inspection at 

http://www.regulations.gov, or by 

appointment, during normal business 

hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

CONTACT). You may obtain copies of our 

previous actions concerning this subject 

by mail (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

CONTACT) or by visiting the Federal 

eRulemaking Portal at http:// 

www.regulations.gov. 

Required Determinations 

Regulatory Planning and Review 

(Executive Order 12866) 

The Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) has determined that this 

proposed rule is not significant under 

Executive Order 12866. OMB bases its 

determination upon the following four 

criteria: 

(a) Whether the rule will have an 

annual effect of $100 million or more on 

the economy or adversely affect an 

economic sector, productivity, jobs, the 

environment, or other units of the 

government. 

(b) Whether the rule will create 

inconsistencies with other Federal 

agencies’ actions. 

(c) Whether the rule will materially 

affect entitlements, grants, user fees, 

loan programs, or the rights and 

obligations of their recipients. 

(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal 

or policy issues. 

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 

et seq.) 

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

(5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the 

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 

104–121)), whenever an agency is 

required to publish a notice of 

rulemaking for any proposed or final 

rule, it must prepare and make available 

for public comment a regulatory 

flexibility analysis that describes the 

effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., 

small businesses, small organizations, 

and small government jurisdictions). 

However, no regulatory flexibility 

analysis is required if the head of an 

agency certifies the rule does not have 

a significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

SBREFA amended the Regulatory 

Flexibility Act to require Federal 

agencies to provide the statement of the 

factual basis for certifying that a rule 

will not have a significant economic 


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impact on a substantial number of small 

entities. We have examined this 

proposed rule’s potential effects on 

small entities as required by the 

Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have 

determined that this action would not 

have a significant economic impact on 

a substantial number of small entities, 

because we are simply updating the list 

of migratory bird species protected 

under the Conventions. Consequently, 

we certify that because this rule does 

not have a significant economic effect 

on a substantial number of small 

entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis 

is not required. 

This proposed rule is not a major rule 

under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It 

would not have a significant impact on 

a substantial number of small entities. 

a. This proposed rule would not have 

an annual effect on the economy of $100 

million or more. 

b. This proposed rule would not cause 

a major increase in costs or prices for 

consumers, individual industries, 

Federal, State, or local government 

agencies, or geographic regions. 

c. This proposed rule will not have 

significant adverse effects on 

competition, employment, investment, 

productivity, innovation, or the ability 

of U.S.-based enterprises to compete 

with foreign-based enterprises. 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

In accordance with the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et 

seq.), we have determined the following: 

a. This proposed rule would not 

‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ affect small 

governments. A small government 

agency plan is not required. Actions 

under the proposed regulation would 

not affect small government activities in 

any significant way. 

b. This proposed rule would not 

produce a Federal mandate of $100 

million or greater in any year; i.e., it is 

not a ‘‘significant regulatory action’’ 

under the Unfunded Mandates Reform 

Act. 

Takings 

In accordance with Executive Order 

12630, the proposed rule would not 

have significant takings implications. 

This proposed rule does not contain a 

provision for taking of private property. 

Therefore, a takings implication 

assessment is not required. 

Federalism 

This proposed rule would not have 

sufficient Federalism effects to warrant 

preparation of a Federalism assessment 

under Executive Order 13132. It would 

not interfere with the States’ ability to 

manage themselves or their funds. No 

significant economic impacts are 

expected to result from the updating of 

the list of migratory bird species. 

Civil Justice Reform 

In accordance with Executive Order 

12988, the Office of the Solicitor has 

determined that the proposed rule 

would not unduly burden the judicial 

system and meets the requirements of 

sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. 

Paperwork Reduction Act 

We examined this proposed rule 

under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 

1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). There are 

no new information collection 

requirements associated with this 

proposed rule. We are not requiring any 

new permits, reports, or recordkeeping 

in this proposed rule. 

National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) 

Given that the revision of 50 CFR 

10.13 is strictly administrative in nature 

and will have no or minor 

environmental effects, it is categorically 

excluded from further NEPA 

requirements (43 CFR 46.210(h)). 

Endangered Species Act (ESA) 

Seventy-five of the species on the 

proposed List of Migratory Birds are 

also designated as endangered or 

threatened in all or some portion of 

their U.S. range under provisions of the 

Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 

U.S.C. 1531–44; 50 CFR 17.11). No legal 

complications arise from the dual listing 

since the two lists are developed under 

separate authorities and for different 

purposes. Because the rule is strictly 

administrative in nature, it does not 

require ESA consultation. 

Government-to-Government 

Relationship With Tribes 

In accordance with the President’s 

memorandum of April 29, 1994, 

‘‘Government-to-Government Relations 

with Native American tribal 

Governments’’ (59 FR 22951), Executive 

Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have 

evaluated potential effects on Federallyrecognized Indian tribes and have 

determined that there are no potential 

effects. The revisions to existing 

regulations in this proposed rule are 

purely administrative in nature and 

would not interfere with the tribes’ 

ability to manage themselves or their 

funds or to regulate migratory bird 

activities on tribal lands. 

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use 

(Executive Order 13211) 

On May 18, 2001, the President issued 

Executive Order 13211 addressing 

regulations that significantly affect 

energy supply, distribution, and use. 

Executive Order 13211 requires agencies 

to prepare Statements of Energy Effects 

when undertaking certain actions. 

Because this proposed rule only affects 

the listing of protected species in the 

United States, it is not a significant 

regulatory action under Executive Order 

12866, and does not significantly affect 

energy supplies, distribution, or use. 

Therefore, this action is not a significant 

energy action and no Statement of 

Energy Effects is required. 

References Cited 

A complete list of all references cited 

is available upon request (see FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT above). 

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 

Exports, Fish, Imports, Law 

enforcement, Plants, Transportation, 

Wildlife. 

Proposed Regulation Promulgation 

For the reasons discussed in the 

preamble, we propose to amend title 50, 

chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the 

Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: 

PART 10—[AMENDED] 

1. The authority citation for part 10 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703– 

712; 16 U.S.C. 668a–d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 

U.S.C. 1531–1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361–1384, 

1401–1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a–742j–l; 16 U.S.C. 

3371–3378. 

2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows: 

§ 10.13 List of Migratory Birds. 

(a) Legal authority for this list. The 

legal authorities for this list are the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16 

U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife 

Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 

742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 

1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–742j). The MBTA 

implements Conventions between the 

United States and four neighboring 

countries for the protection of migratory 

birds, as follows: 

(1) Canada: Convention between the 

United States and Great Britain [on 

behalf of Canada] for the Protection of 

Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 

Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended; 

(2) Mexico: Convention between the 

United States and Mexico for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds and Game 

Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 

1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended; 

(3) Japan: Convention between the 

Government of the United States of 

America and the Government of Japan 

for the Protection of Migratory Birds and 

Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their 


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Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 

3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and 

(4) Russia: Convention between the 

United States of America and the Union 

of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning 

the Conservation of Migratory Birds and 

Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 

20 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073). 

(b) Purpose of this list. The purpose 

is to inform the public of the species 

protected by regulations that enforce the 

terms of the MBTA. These regulations, 

found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this 

chapter, cover most aspects of the 

taking, possession, transportation, sale, 

purchase, barter, exportation, and 

importation of migratory birds. 

(c) What species are protected as 

migratory birds? Species protected as 

migratory birds are listed in two formats 

to suit the varying needs of the user: 

Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of 

this section and taxonomically in 

paragraph (c)(2) of this section. 

Taxonomy and nomenclature generally 

follow the 7th edition of the American 

Ornithologists’ Union’s Check-list of 

North American birds (1998, as 

amended through 2010). For species not 

treated by the AOU Check-list, we 

generally follow The Clements Checklist 

of Birds of the World (Clements 2007). 

(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are 

listed alphabetically by common 

(English) group names, with the 

scientific name of each species 

following the common name. 

ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella 

montanella 

AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris 

AKEPA, Loxops coccineus 

AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus 

ellisianus 

AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi 

AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi 

AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei 

ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza 

montana 

Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata 

ALBATROSS, Black-browed, 

Thalassarche melanophris 

Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes 

Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis 

Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata 

Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus 

Shy, Thalassarche cauta 

Wandering, Diomedea exulans 

Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche 

chlororhynchos 

AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens 

Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis 

Oahu, Hemignathus flavus 

ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga 

ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga 

sulcirostris 

Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani 

ANIANIAU, Magumma parva 

APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea 

AUKLET, Cassin’s, Ptychoramphus 

aleuticus 

Crested, Aethia cristatella 

Least, Aethia pusilla 

Parakeet, Aethia psittacula 

Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata 

Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea 

AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra 

americana 

BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis 

Tundra, Anser serrirostris 

BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, 

Camptostoma imberbe 

BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus 

aglaiae 

BITTERN, American, Botaurus 

lentiginosus 

Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis 

Least, Ixobrychus exilis 

Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus 

Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis 

BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus 

anthracinus 

BLACKBIRD, Brewer’s, Euphagus 

cyanocephalus 

Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus 

Rusty, Euphagus carolinus 

Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius 

humeralis 

Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor 

Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus 

xanthocephalus 

Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius 

xanthomus 

BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis 

Mountain, Sialia currucoides 

Western, Sialia mexicana 

BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger 

cyanurus 

BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica 

BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus 

BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii 

Brown, Sula leucogaster 

Masked, Sula dactylatra 

Red-footed, Sula sula 

BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla 

BRANT, Branta bernicla 

BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola 

BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula 

pyrrhula 

Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis 

BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa 

parellina 

Gray, Emberiza variabilis 

Indigo, Passerina cyanea 

Little, Emberiza pusilla 

Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys 

Lazuli, Passerina amoena 

McKay’s, Plectrophenax hyperboreus 

Painted, Passerina ciris 

Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi 

Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos 

Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus 

Rustic, Emberiza rustica 

Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis 

Varied, Passerina versicolor 

Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola 

Yellow-browed, Emberiza 

chrysophrys 

Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans 

BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus 

CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria 

CARACARA, Crested, Caracara 

cheriway 

CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis 

cardinalis 

CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis 

holosericeus 

Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis 

CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila 

glabrirostris 

Gray, Dumetella carolinensis 

CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla 

coelebs 

CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens 

CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile 

atricapillus 

Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus 

Carolina, Poecile carolinensis 

Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens 

Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus 

Mexican, Poecile sclateri 

Mountain, Poecile gambeli 

CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus 

carolinensis 

CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps 

californianus 

COOT, American, Fulica americana 

Caribbean, Fulica caribaea 

Eurasian, Fulica atra 

Hawaiian, Fulica alai 

CORMORANT, Brandt’s, Phalacrocorax 

penicillatus 

Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus 

Great, Phalacrocorax carbo 

Little Pied, Phalacrocorax 

melanoleucos 

Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus 

Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus 

Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile 

COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus 

Brown-headed, Molothrus ater 

Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis 

CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex 

Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops 

Spotless, Porzana tabuensis 

Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer 

CRANE, Common, Grus grus 

Sandhill, Grus canadensis 

Whooping, Grus americana 

CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana 

Hawaii, Oreomystis mana 

CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra 

White-winged, Loxia leucoptera 

CROW, American, Corvus 

brachyrhynchos 

Fish, Corvus ossifragus 

Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis 

Mariana, Corvus kubaryi 

Northwestern, Corvus caurinus 

Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus 

White-necked, Corvus 

leucognaphalus 

CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus 

erythropthalmus 

Common, Cuculus canorus 

Mangrove, Coccyzus minor 

Oriental, Cuculus optatus 


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Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus 

CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius 

tahitiensis 

Eskimo, Numenius borealis 

Eurasian, Numenius arquata 

Far Eastern, Numenius 

madagascariensis 

Little, Numenius minutus 

Long-billed, Numenius americanus 

DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana 

DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus 

DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius 

morinellus 

DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca 

Mourning, Zenaida macroura 

White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi 

White-winged, Zenaida asiatica 

Zenaida, Zenaida aurita 

DOVEKIE, Alle alle 

DOWITCHER, Long-billed, 

Limnodromus scolopaceus 

Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus 

DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes 

Eastern Spot-billed, Anas 

zonorhyncha 

Falcated, Anas falcata 

Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus 

Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana 

Laysan, Anas laysanensis 

Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis 

Masked, Nomonyx dominicus 

Mottled, Anas fulvigula 

Muscovy, Cairina moschata 

Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa 

Ring-necked, Aythya collaris 

Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis 

Tufted, Aythya fuligula 

Wood, Aix sponsa 

DUNLIN, Calidris alpina 

EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus 

Golden, Aquila chrysaetos 

White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla 

EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis 

Chinese, Egretta eulophotes 

Great, Ardea alba 

Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia 

Little, Egretta garzetta 

Reddish, Egretta rufescens 

Snowy, Egretta thula 

EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima 

King, Somateria spectabilis 

Spectacled, Somateria fischeri 

Steller’s, Polysticta stelleri 

ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica 

Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata 

White-crested, Elaenia albiceps 

EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon 

maugaeus 

EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia 

musica 

FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis 

Peregrine, Falco peregrinus 

Prairie, Falco mexicanus 

Red-footed, Flaco vespertinus 

FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris 

FINCH, Cassin’s, Carpodacus cassinii 

House, Carpodacus mexicanus 

Laysan, Telespiza cantans 

Nihoa, Telespiza ultima 

Purple, Carpodacus purpureus 

FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus 

ruber 

FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides 

Northern, Colaptes auratus 

FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax 

virescens 

Alder, Empidonax alnorum 

Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens 

Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica 

Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus 

Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons 

Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis 

Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus 

aurantioatrocristatus 

Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica 

Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri 

Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer 

Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana 

Gray, Empidonax wrightii 

Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta 

Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus 

Hammond’s, Empidonax hammondii 

La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae 

Least, Empidonax minimus 

Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki 

Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina 

Nutting’s, Myiarchus nuttingi 

Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi 

Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis 

Piratic, Legatus leucophalus 

Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum 

Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus 

Social, Myiozetetes similis 

Spotted, Muscicapa striata 

Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes 

luteiventris 

Taiga, Ficedula albicilla 

Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus 

Variegated, Empidonomus varius 

Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus 

Willow, Empidonax traillii 

Yellow-bellied, Empidonax 

flaviventris 

FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur 

semitorquatus 

FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor 

Lesser, Fregata ariel 

Magnificent, Fregata magnificens 

FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis 

FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, 

Ptilinopus porphyraceus 

Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii 

Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla 

FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis 

GADWALL, Anas strepera 

GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio 

flavirostris 

Purple, Porphyrio martinica 

GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus 

GARGANEY, Anas querquedula 

GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, 

Polioptila nigriceps 

Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura 

Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea 

California, Polioptila californica 

GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica 

Black-tailed, Limosa limosa 

Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica 

Marbled, Limosa fedoa 

GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis 

dominica 

European, Pluvialis apricaria 

Pacific, Pluvialis fulva 

GOLDENEYE, Barrow’s, Bucephala 

islandica 

Common, Bucephala clangula 

GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis 

Lawrence’s, Spinus lawrencei 

Lesser, Spinus psaltria 

GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis 

Canada, Branta canadensis (including 

Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii) 

Emperor, Chen canagica 

Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons 

Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis 

Lesser White-fronted, Anser 

erythropus 

Ross’s, Chen rossii 

Snow, Chen caerulescens 

GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis 

GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major 

Common, Quiscalus quiscula 

Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus 

Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger 

GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, 

Middendorff’s, Locustella 

ochotensis 

GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor 

Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus 

GREBE, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii 

Eared, Podiceps nigricollis 

Horned, Podiceps auritus 

Least, Tachybaptus dominicus 

Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps 

Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena 

Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis 

GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica 

GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa 

nebularia 

Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer 

GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus 

melanocephalus 

Blue, Passerina caerulea 

Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis 

celaeno 

Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus 

Pine, Pinicola enucleator 

Rose-breasted, Pheucticus 

ludovicianus 

Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus 

GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina 

passerina 

Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi 

Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti 

White-throated, Gallicolumba 

xanthonura 

GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle 

Pigeon, Cepphus columba 

GULL, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri 

Black-headed, Chroicocephalus 

ridibundus 

Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris 

Bonaparte’s, Chroicocephalus 

philadelphia 

California, Larus californicus 

Franklin’s, Leucophaeus pipixcan 

Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus 


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Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens 

Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus 

cirrocephalus 

Great Black-backed, Larus marinus 

Heermann’s, Larus heermanni 

Herring, Larus argentatus 

Iceland, Larus glaucoides 

Ivory, Pagophila eburnea 

Kelp, Larus dominicanus 

Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla 

Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus 

Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus 

Mew, Larus canus 

Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis 

Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea 

Sabine’s, Xema sabini 

Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus 

Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus 

Thayer’s, Larus thayeri 

Western, Larus occidentalis 

Yellow-footed, Larus livens 

Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis 

GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus 

HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus 

HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes 

coccothraustes 

HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo 

platypterus 

Cooper’s, Accipiter cooperii 

Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens 

Ferruginous, Buteo regalis 

Gray, Buteo nitidus 

Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus 

Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius 

Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus 

Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis 

Roadside, Buteo magnirostris 

Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus 

Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus 

Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus 

Swainson’s, Buteo swainsoni 

White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus 

Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus 

HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson’s, Cuculus 

fugax 

HAWK-OWL, Brown, Ninox scutulata 

HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea 

Great Blue, Ardea herodias 

Green, Butorides virescens 

Little Blue, Egretta caerulea 

Tricolored, Egretta tricolor 

HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo 

HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops 

HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon 

urbicum 

HUMMINGBIRD, Allen’s, Selasphorus 

sasin 

Anna’s, Calypte anna 

Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus 

cristatus 

Berylline, Amazilia beryllina 

Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri 

Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae 

Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris 

Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus 

Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis 

Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa 

Calliope, Stellula calliope 

Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila 

Costa’s, Calypte costae 

Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer 

Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens 

Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris 

Rufous, Selasphorus rufus 

Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps 

White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis 

Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii 

IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus 

Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber 

White, Eudocimus albus 

White-faced, Plegadis chihi 

IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea 

IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula 

pacifica 

JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria 

JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa 

JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius 

longicaudus 

Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus 

Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus 

JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata 

Brown, Psilorhinus morio 

Gray, Perisoreus canadensis 

Green, Cyanocorax yncas 

Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina 

Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus 

Steller’s, Cyanocitta stelleri 

JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis 

Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus 

KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea 

KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus 

KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius 

Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus 

KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus 

KINGBIRD, Cassin’s, Tyrannus 

vociferans 

Couch’s, Tyrannus couchii 

Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus 

Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis 

Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus 

Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris 

Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus 

Western, Tyrannus verticalis 

KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle 

alcyon 

Collared, Todirhamphus chloris 

Green, Chloroceryle americana 

Micronesian, Todirhamphus 

cinnamominus 

Ringed, Megaceryle torquata 

KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus 

satrapa 

Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula 

KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus 

KITE, Black, Milvus migrans 

Hook-billed, Chondrohierax 

uncinatus 

Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis 

Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis 

Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus 

White-tailed, Elanus leucurus 

KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa 

tridactyla 

Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris 

KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris 

Red, Calidris canutus 

LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus 

LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris 

Sky, Alauda arvensis 

LEAF-WARBLER, Pallas’s, Phylloscopus 

proregulus 

LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna 

LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, 

Coccyzus vieilloti 

LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, 

Calcarius ornatus 

Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus 

McCown’s, Rhynchophanes mccownii 

Smith’s, Calcarius pictus 

LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica 

Common, Gavia immer 

Pacific, Gavia pacifica 

Red-throated, Gavia stellata 

Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii 

MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia 

Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli 

MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos 

MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax 

dominicus 

Green, Anthracothorax viridis 

Green-breasted, Anthracothorax 

prevostii 

MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera 

Caribbean, Progne dominicensis 

Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca 

Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea 

Purple, Progne subis 

Southern, Progne elegans 

MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella 

magna 

Western, Sturnella neglecta 

MERGANSER, Common, Mergus 

merganser 

Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus 

Red-breasted, Mergus serrator 

MERLIN, Falco columbarius 

MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris 

MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus 

gundlachii 

Blue, Melanotis caerulescens 

Northern, Mimus polyglottos 

MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula 

chloropus 

MURRE, Common, Uria aalge 

Thick-billed, Uria lomvia 

MURRELET, Ancient, 

Synthliboramphus antiquus 

Craveri’s, Synthliboramphus craveri 

Kittlitz’s, Brachyramphus brevirostris 

Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix 

Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus 

Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus 

hypoleucus 

NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, 

Hirundapus caudacutus 

NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, 

Nycticorax nycticorax 

Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi 

Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus 

Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea 

NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles 

gundlachii 

Common, Chordeiles minor 

Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis 

NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Blackheaded, Catharus mexicanus 

Orange-billed, Catharus 


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aurantiirostris 

NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus 

ridgwayi 

Gray, Caprimulgus indicus 

Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus 

noctitherus 

NODDY, Black, Anous minutus 

Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea 

Brown, Anous stolidus 

NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus 

NUTCRACKER, Clark’s, Nucifraga 

columbiana 

NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta 

pusilla 

Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea 

Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis 

White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis 

OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis 

OMAO, Myadestes obscurus 

ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis 

Audubon’s, Icterus graduacauda 

Baltimore, Icterus galbula 

Black-vented, Icterus wagleri 

Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii 

Hooded, Icterus cucullatus 

Orchard, Icterus spurius 

Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis 

Scott’s, Icterus parisorum 

Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus 

OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus 

OU, Psittirostra psittacea 

OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla 

OWL, Barn, Tyto alba 

Barred, Strix varia 

Boreal, Aegolius funereus 

Burrowing, Athene cunicularia 

Elf, Micrathene whitneyi 

Flammulated, Otus flammeolus 

Great Gray, Strix nebulosa 

Great Horned, Bubo virginianus 

Long-eared, Asio otus 

Mottled, Ciccaba virgata 

Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula 

Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius 

acadicus 

Short-eared, Asio flammeus 

Snowy, Bubo scandiacus 

Spotted, Strix occidentalis 

Stygian, Asio stygius 

OYSTERCATCHER, American, 

Haematopus palliatus 

Black, Haematopus bachmani 

Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus 

PALILA, Loxioides bailleui 

PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis 

phoenicobia 

PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor 

xanthophrys 

PARULA, Northern, Parula americana 

Tropical, Parula pitiayumi 

PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus 

albicollis 

PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus 

erythrorhynchos 

Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis 

PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow 

Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata 

Black-winged, Pterodroma 

nigripennis 

Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca 

Bulwer’s, Bulweria bulwerii 

Cook’s, Pterodroma cookii 

Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera 

Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera 

Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis 

Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana 

Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax 

Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa 

Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta 

Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata 

Murphy’s, Pterodroma ultima 

Parkinson’s, Procellaria parkinsoni 

Phoenix, Pterodroma alba 

Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris 

Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata 

White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis 

PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus 

Greater, Contopus pertinax 

Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis 

Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris 

PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens 

PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus 

fulicarius 

Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus 

Wilson’s, Phalaropus tricolor 

PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans 

Eastern, Sayornis phoebe 

Say’s, Sayornis saya 

PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas 

fasciata 

Plain, Patagioenas inornata 

Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris 

Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa 

White-crowned, Patagioenas 

leucocephala 

PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta 

White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis 

PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens 

Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni 

Pechora, Anthus gustavi 

Red-throated, Anthus cervinus 

Sprague’s, Anthus spragueii 

Tree, Anthus trivialis 

PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis 

squatarola 

Collared, Charadrius collaris 

Common Ringed, Charadrius 

hiaticula 

Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius 

Mountain, Charadrius montanus 

Piping, Charadrius melodus 

Semipalmated, Charadrius 

semipalmatus 

Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus 

Wilson’s, Charadrius wilsonia 

POCHARD, Baer’s, Aythya baeri 

Common, Aythya ferina 

POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola 

bacchus 

POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus 

nuttallii 

POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma 

PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri 

PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica 

Horned, Fratercula corniculata 

Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata 

PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium 

brasilianum 

Northern, Glaucidium gnoma 

PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus 

QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon 

mystacea 

Key West, Geotrygon chrysia 

Ruddy, Geotrygon montana 

QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus 

RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis 

Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis 

Clapper, Rallus longirostris 

Guam, Gallirallus owstoni 

King, Rallus elegans 

Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus 

Virginia, Rallus limicola 

Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis 

RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus 

cryptoleucus 

Common, Corvus corax 

RAZORBILL, Alca torda 

REDHEAD, Aythya americana 

REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea 

Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni 

REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus 

REDSTART, American, Setophaga 

ruticilla 

Painted, Myioborus pictus 

Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus 

REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, 

Acrocephalus luscinia 

REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra 

REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis 

ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx 

californianus 

ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius 

Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus 

Rufous-tailed, Luscinia sibilans 

Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane 

ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, Monticola 

solitarius 

ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus 

erythrinus 

ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata 

Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis 

Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis 

RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia 

calliope 

RUFF, Philomachus pugnax 

SANDERLING, Calidris alba 

SANDPIPER, Baird’s, Calidris bairdii 

Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus 

Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis 

Common, Actitis hypoleucos 

Curlew, Calidris ferruginea 

Green, Tringa ochropus 

Least, Calidris minutilla 

Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis 

Pectoral, Calidris melanotos 

Purple, Calidris maritima 

Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis 

Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla 

Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata 

Solitary, Tringa solitaria 

Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus 

pygmeus 

Spotted, Actitis macularius 

Stilt, Calidris himantopus 

Terek, Xenus cinereus 

Upland, Bartramia longicauda 

Western, Calidris mauri 


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White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis 

Wood, Tringa glareola 

SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius 

leschenaultii 

Lesser, Charadrius mongolus 

SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, 

Sphyrapicus ruber 

Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis 

Williamson’s, Sphyrapicus thyroideus 

Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius 

SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila 

Lesser, Aythya affinis 

SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia 

SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana 

Surf, Melanitta perspicillata 

White-winged, Melanitta fusca 

SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops 

asio 

Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes 

Western, Megascops kennicottii 

Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis 

SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma 

coerulescens 

Island, Aphelocoma insularis 

Western, Aphelocoma californica 

SEA-EAGLE, Steller’s, Haliaeetus 

pelagicus 

SEEDEATER, White-collared, 

Sporophila torqueola 

SHEARWATER, Audubon’s, Puffinus 

lherminieri 

Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas 

Buller’s, Puffinus bulleri 

Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii 

Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis 

Cory’s, Calonectris diomedea 

Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes 

Great, Puffinus gravis 

Little, Puffinus assimilis 

Manx, Puffinus puffinus 

Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus 

Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris 

Sooty, Puffinus griseus 

Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas 

Townsend’s, Puffinus auricularis 

Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus 

SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata 

SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus 

Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus 

Northern, Lanius excubitor 

SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys 

cinereus 

SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus 

Pine, Spinus pinus 

SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger 

SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua 

South Polar, Stercorarius 

maccormicki 

SMEW, Mergellus albellus 

SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago 

Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus 

Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura 

Swinhoe’s, Gallinago megala 

Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata 

SOLITAIRE, Townsend’s, Myadestes 

townsendi 

SORA, Porzana carolina 

SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella 

arborea 

Bachman’s, Peucaea aestivalis 

Baird’s, Ammodramus bairdii 

Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis 

Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata 

Botteri’s, Peucaea botterii 

Brewer’s, Spizella breweri 

Cassin’s, Peucaea cassinii 

Chipping, Spizella passerina 

Clay-colored, Spizella pallida 

Field, Spizella pusilla 

Five-striped, Amphispiza 

quinquestriata 

Fox, Passerella iliaca 

Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia 

atricapilla 

Grasshopper, Ammodramus 

savannarum 

Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula 

Henslow’s, Ammodramus henslowii 

Lark, Chondestes grammacus 

Le Conte’s, Ammodramus leconteii 

Lincoln’s, Melospiza lincolnii 

Nelson’s, Ammodramus nelsoni 

Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus 

Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps 

Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis 

Sage, Amphispiza belli 

Saltmarsh, Ammodramus caudacutus 

Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis 

Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus 

Song, Melospiza melodia 

Swamp, Melospiza georgiana 

Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus 

White-crowned, Zonotrichia 

leucophrys 

White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis 

Worthen’s, Spizella wortheni 

SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter 

gularis 

SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis 

portoricensis 

Western, Spindalis zena 

SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja 

STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus 

philippensis 

White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus 

STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, 

Heliomaster constantii 

STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus 

mexicanus 

Black-winged, Himantopus 

himantopus 

STINT, Little, Calidris minuta 

Long-toed, Calidris subminuta 

Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis 

Temminck’s, Calidris temminckii 

STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus 

STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana 

STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma 

homochroa 

Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro 

Black, Oceanodroma melania 

Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica 

Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata 

Leach’s, Oceanodroma leucorhoa 

Least, Oceanodroma microsoma 

Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma 

matsudairae 

Polynesian, Nesofregetta fuliginosa 

Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi 

Swinhoe’s, Oceanodroma monorhis 

Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami 

Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys 

White-faced, Pelagodroma marina 

White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria 

Wilson’s, Oceanites oceanicus 

SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata 

SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta 

cyaneoviridis 

Bank, Riparia riparia 

Barn, Hirundo rustica 

Cave, Petrochelidon fulva 

Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 

Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea 

Northern Rough-winged, 

Stelgidopteryx serripennis 

Tree, Tachycineta bicolor 

Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina 

SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio 

porphyrio 

SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator 

Tundra, Cygnus columbianus 

Whooper, Cygnus cygnus 

SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba 

Black, Cypseloides niger 

Chimney, Chaetura pelagica 

Common, Apus apus 

Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus 

Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura 

Vaux’s, Chaetura vauxi 

White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris 

White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis 

SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus 

bartschi 

White-rumped, Aerodramus 

spodiopygius 

TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga 

bidentata 

Hepatic, Piranga flava 

Puerto Rican, Nesospingus 

speculiferus 

Scarlet, Piranga olivacea 

Summer, Piranga rubra 

Western, Piranga ludoviciana 

TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes 

Wandering, Tringa incana 

TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa 

Blue-winged, Anas discors 

Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera 

Green-winged, Anas crecca 

TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus 

Arctic, Sterna paradisaea 

Black, Chlidonias niger 

Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana 

Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus 

Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia 

Common, Sterna hirundo 

Elegant, Thalasseus elegans 

Forster’s, Sterna forsteri 

Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus 

Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii 

Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica 

Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex 

Least, Sternula antillarum 

Little, Sternula albifrons 

Roseate, Sterna dougallii 

Royal, Thalesseus maximus 

Sandwich, Thalesseus sandvicensis 


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Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus 

Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida 

White, Gygis alba 

White-winged, Chlidonias 

leucopterus 

THRASHER, Bendire’s, Toxostoma 

bendirei 

Brown, Toxostoma rufum 

California, Toxostoma redivivum 

Crissal, Toxostoma crissale 

Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre 

Le Conte’s, Toxostoma lecontei 

Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre 

Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus 

Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus 

THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola 

Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli 

Clay-colored, Turdus grayi 

Dusky, Turdus naumanni 

Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus 

Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus 

Hermit, Catharus guttatus 

Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus 

Swainson’s, Catharus ustulatus 

Varied, Ixoreus naevius 

White-throated, Turdus assimilis 

Wood, Hylocichla mustelina 

TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus 

atricristatus 

Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi 

Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi 

Oak, Baeolophus inornatus 

Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor 

TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata 

TOWHEE, Abert’s, Melozone aberti 

California, Melozone crissalis 

Canyon, Melozone fusca 

Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus 

Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus 

Spotted, Pipilo maculatus 

TROGON, Elegant, Trogon elegans 

TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon 

aethereus 

Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda 

White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus 

TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria 

melanocephala 

Ruddy, Arenaria interpres 

TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia 

orientalis 

VEERY, Catharus fuscescens 

VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps 

VIOLETEAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus 

VIREO, Bell’s, Vireo bellii 

Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus 

Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus 

Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius 

Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii 

Gray, Vireo vicinior 

Hutton’s, Vireo huttoni 

Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus 

Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus 

Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri 

Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus 

Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris 

Warbling, Vireo gilvus 

White-eyed, Vireo griseus 

Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis 

Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons 

Yucatan, Vireo magister 

VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus 

Turkey, Cathartes aura 

WAGTAIL, Citrine, Motacilla citreola 

Eastern Yellow, Motacilla 

tschutschensis 

Gray, Motacilla cinerea 

White, Motacilla alba 

WARBLER, Adelaide’s, Dendroica 

adelaidae 

Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis 

Bachman’s, Vermivora bachmanii 

Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea 

Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia 

Black-throated Blue, Dendroica 

caerulescens 

Black-throated Gray, Dendroica 

nigrescens 

Black-throated Green, Dendroica 

virens 

Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca 

Blackpoll, Dendroica striata 

Blue-winged, Vermivora cyanoptera 

Canada, Wilsonia canadensis 

Cape May, Dendroica tigrina 

Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea 

Chestnut-sided, Dendroica 

pensylvanica 

Colima, Oreothlypis crissalis 

Connecticut, Oporornis agilis 

Crescent-chested, Oreothlypis 

superciliosa 

Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus 

Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae 

Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa 

Golden-cheeked, Dendroica 

chrysoparia 

Golden-crowned, Basileuterus 

culicivorus 

Golden-winged, Vermivora 

chrysoptera 

Grace’s, Dendroica graciae 

Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis 

Hooded, Wilsonia citrina 

Kentucky, Oporornis formosus 

Kirtland’s, Dendroica kirtlandii 

Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata 

Lucy’s, Oreothlypis luciae 

MacGillivray’s, Oporornis tolmiei 

Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia 

Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia 

Nashville, Oreothlypis ruficapilla 

Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus 

Orange-crowned, Oreothlypis celata 

Palm, Dendroica palmarum 

Pine, Dendroica pinus 

Prairie, Dendroica discolor 

Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea 

Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons 

Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons 

Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 

Swainson’s, Limnothlypis swainsonii 

Tennessee, Oreothlypis peregrina 

Townsend’s, Dendroica townsendi 

Virginia’s, Oreothlypis virginiae 

Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus 

Wilson’s, Wilsonia pusilla 

Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix 

Worm-eating, Helmitheros 

vermivorum 

Yellow, Dendroica petechia 

Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus 

inornatus 

Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata 

Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica 

WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia 

motacilla 

Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis 

WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla 

garrulus 

Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum 

WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe 

oenanthe 

WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus 

WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, 

Caprimulgus vociferus 

Mexican, Caprimulgus arizonae 

WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, 

Dendrocygna autumnalis 

Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor 

West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea 

WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca 

WIGEON, American, Anas americana 

Eurasian, Anas penelope 

WILLET, Tringa semipalmata 

WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus 

virens 

Western, Contopus sordidulus 

WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax 

minor 

Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola 

WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes 

formicivorus 

American Three-toed, Picoides 

dorsalis 

Arizona, Picoides arizonae 

Black-backed, Picoides arcticus 

Downy, Picoides pubescens 

Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis 

Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons 

Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major 

Hairy, Picoides villosus 

Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis 

Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris 

Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis 

Nuttall’s, Picoides nuttallii 

Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus 

Puerto Rican, Melanerpes 

portoricensis 

Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus 

Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis 

Red-headed, Melanerpes 

erythrocephalus 

White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus 

WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox 

evelynae 

WREN, Bewick’s Thryomanes bewickii 

Cactus, Campylorhynchus 

brunneicapillus 

Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus 

Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus 

House, Troglodytes aedon 

Marsh, Cistothorus palustris 

Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus 

Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus 

Sedge, Cistothorus platensis 

Sinaloa, Thryothorus sinaloa 

Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis 


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WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata 

WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla 

YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa 

melanoleuca 

Lesser, Tringa flavipes 

YELLOWTHROAT, Common, 

Geothlypis trichas 

Gray-crowned, Geothlypis 

poliocephala 

(2) Taxonomic listing. Species are 

listed in phylogenetic sequence by 

scientific name, with the common 

(English) name following the 

scientific name. To help clarify 

species relationships, we also list 

the higher-level taxonomic 

categories of Order, Family, and 

Subfamily. 

Order ANSERIFORMES 

Family ANATIDAE 

Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE 

Dendrocygna autumnalis, Blackbellied Whistling-Duck 

Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian 

Whistling-Duck 

Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous 

Whistling-Duck 

Subfamily ANSERINAE 

Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose 

Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose 

Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted 

Goose 

Anser erythropus, Lesser Whitefronted Goose 

Chen canagica, Emperor Goose 

Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose 

Chen rossii, Ross’s Goose 

Branta bernicla, Brant 

Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose 

Branta canadensis, Canada Goose 

(including Branta hutchinsii, 

Cackling Goose) 

Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose 

Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan 

Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan 

Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan 

Subfamily ANATINAE 

Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck 

Aix sponsa, Wood Duck 

Anas strepera, Gadwall 

Anas falcata, Falcated Duck 

Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon 

Anas americana, American Wigeon 

Anas rubripes, American Black Duck 

Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard 

Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck 

Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck 

Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck 

Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spotbilled Duck 

Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck 

Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal 

Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal 

Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler 

Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked 

Pintail 

Anas acuta, Northern Pintail 

Anas querquedula, Garganey 

Anas formosa, Baikal Teal 

Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal 

Aythya valisineria, Canvasback 

Aythya americana, Redhead 

Aythya ferina, Common Pochard 

Aythya baeri, Baer’s Pochard 

Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck 

Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck 

Aythya marila, Greater Scaup 

Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup 

Polysticta stelleri, Steller’s Eider 

Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider 

Somateria spectabilis, King Eider 

Somateria mollissima, Common Eider 

Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin 

Duck 

Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter 

Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter 

Melanitta americana, Black Scoter 

Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck 

Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead 

Bucephala clangula, Common 

Goldeneye 

Bucephala islandica, Barrow’s 

Goldeneye 

Mergellus albellus, Smew 

Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded 

Merganser 

Mergus merganser, Common 

Merganser 

Mergus serrator, Red-breasted 

Merganser 

Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck 

Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck 

Order GAVIIFORMES 

Family GAVIIDAE 

Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon 

Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon 

Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon 

Gavia immer, Common Loon 

Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon 

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES 

Family PODICIPEDIDAE 

Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe 

Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed 

Grebe 

Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe 

Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe 

Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe 

Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western 

Grebe 

Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark’s Grebe 

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES 

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE 

Phoenicopterus ruber, American 

Flamingo 

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES 

Family DIOMEDEIDAE 

Thalassarche chlororhynchos, 

Yellow-nosed Albatross 

Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross 

Thalassarche melanophris, Blackbrowed Albatross 

Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled 

Albatross 

Diomedea exulans, Wandering 

Albatross 

Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan 

Albatross 

Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed 

Albatross 

Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed 

Albatross 

Family PROCELLARIIDAE 

Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar 

Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged 

Petrel 

Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel 

Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald 

Petrel 

Pterodroma ultima, Murphy’s Petrel 

Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled 

Petrel 

Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel 

Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped 

Petrel 

Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez 

Petrel 

Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian 

Petrel 

Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked 

Petrel 

Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel 

Pterodroma nigripennis, Blackwinged Petrel 

Pterodroma cookii, Cook’s Petrel 

Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger’s 

Petrel 

Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel 

Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould’s Petrel 

Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel 

Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer’s Petrel 

Bulweria fallax, Jouanin’s Petrel 

Procellaria parkinsoni, Parkinson’s 

Petrel 

Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked 

Shearwater 

Calonectris diomedea, Cory’s 

Shearwater 

Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde 

Shearwater 

Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus gravis, Great Shearwater 

Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus bulleri, Buller’s Shearwater 

Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater 

Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas 

Shearwater 

Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater 

Puffinus auricularis, Townsend’s 

Shearwater 

Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented 

Shearwater 

Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon’s 

Shearwater 

Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater 

Family HYDROBATIDAE 

Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson’s StormPetrel 

Pelagodroma marina, White-faced 

Storm-Petrel 

Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied StormPetrel 


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Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied 

Storm-Petrel 

Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Polynesian 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed StormPetrel 

Oceanodroma monorhis, Swinhoe’s 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach’s 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma matsudairae, 

Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma melania, Black StormPetrel 

Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram’s 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma microsoma, Least 

Storm-Petrel 

Order PHAETHONTIFORMES 

Family PHAETHONTIDAE 

Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed 

Tropicbird 

Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed 

Tropicbird 

Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed 

Tropicbird 

Order CICONIIFORMES 

Family CICONIIDAE 

Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru 

Mycteria americana, Wood Stork 

Order SULIFORMES 

Family FREGATIDAE 

Fregata magnificens, Magnificent 

Frigatebird 

Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird 

Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird 

Family SULIDAE 

Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby 

Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby 

Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby 

Sula sula, Red-footed Booby 

Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet 

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE 

Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt’s 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little 

Pied Cormorant 

Family ANHINGIDAE 

Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga 

Order PELECANIFORMES 

Family PELECANIDAE 

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American 

White Pelican 

Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown 

Pelican 

Family ARDEIDAE 

Botaurus lentiginosus, American 

Bittern 

Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern 

Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern 

Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck’s 

Bittern 

Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern 

Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron 

Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron 

Ardea alba, Great Egret 

Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate 

Egret 

Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret 

Egretta garzetta, Little Egret 

Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret 

Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron 

Egretta thula, Snowy Egret 

Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron 

Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron 

Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret 

Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret 

Ardeola bacchus, Chinese PondHeron 

Butorides virescens, Green Heron 

Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned 

Night-Heron 

Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned 

Night-Heron 

Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese NightHeron 

Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan 

Night-Heron 

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE 

Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE 

Eudocimus albus, White Ibis 

Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis 

Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis 

Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis 

Subfamily PLATALEINAE 

Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill 

Order ACCIPITRIFORMES 

Family CATHARTIDAE 

Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture 

Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture 

Gymnogyps californianus, California 

Condor 

Family PANDIONIDAE 

Pandion haliaetus, Osprey 

Family ACCIPITRIDAE 

Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hookbilled Kite 

Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed 

Kite 

Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite 

Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite 

Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi 

Kite 

Milvus migrans, Black Kite 

Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle 

Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed 

Eagle 

Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller’s SeaEagle 

Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier 

Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk 

Accipiter gularis, Japanese 

Sparrowhawk 

Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned 

Hawk 

Accipiter cooperii, Cooper’s Hawk 

Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk 

Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane 

Hawk 

Buteogallus anthracinus, Common 

Black-Hawk 

Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris’s Hawk 

Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk 

Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk 

Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged 

Hawk 

Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk 

Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk 

Buteo swainsoni, Swainson’s Hawk 

Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed 

Hawk 

Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk 

Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk 

Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk 

Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk 

Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk 

Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle 

Order FALCONIFORMES 

Family FALCONIDAE 

Subfamily MICRASTURINAE 

Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared 

Forest-Falcon 

Subfamily CARACARINAE 

Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara 

Subfamily FALCONINAE 

Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel 

Falco sparverius, American Kestrel 

Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon 

Falco columbarius, Merlin 

Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby 

Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon 

Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon 

Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon 

Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon 

Order GRUIFORMES 

Family RALLIDAE 

Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow 

Rail 

Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail 

Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded 

Rail 

Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail 

Crex crex, Corn Crake 

Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail 

Rallus elegans, King Rail 

Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail 

Porzana carolina, Sora 

Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake 

Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted 

Crake 

Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake 

Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail 

Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple 

Swamphen 

Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule 

Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule 

Gallinula chloropus, Common 

Moorhen 

Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot 

Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot 


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Fulica americana, American Coot 

Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot 

Family ARAMIDAE 

Aramus guarauna, Limpkin 

Family GRUIDAE 

Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane 

Grus grus, Common Crane 

Grus americana, Whooping Crane 

Order CHARADRIIFORMES 

Family CHARADRIIDAE 

Subfamily VANELLINAE 

Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing 

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE 

Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied 

Plover 

Pluvialis apricaria, European GoldenPlover 

Pluvialis dominica, American GoldenPlover 

Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover 

Charadrius mongolus, Lesser SandPlover 

Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater 

Sand-Plover 

Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover 

Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy 

Plover 

Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson’s Plover 

Charadrius hiaticula, Common 

Ringed Plover 

Charadrius semipalmatus, 

Semipalmated Plover 

Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover 

Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed 

Plover 

Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer 

Charadrius montanus, Mountain 

Plover 

Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian 

Dotterel 

Family HAEMATOPODIDAE 

Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian 

Oystercatcher 

Haematopus palliatus, American 

Oystercatcher 

Haematopus bachmani, Black 

Oystercatcher 

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE 

Himantopus himantopus, Blackwinged Stilt 

Himantopus mexicanus, Blacknecked Stilt 

Recurvirostra americana, American 

Avocet 

Family JACANIDAE 

Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana 

Family SCOLOPACIDAE 

Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE 

Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper 

Actitis hypoleucos, Common 

Sandpiper 

Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper 

Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper 

Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper 

Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler 

Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler 

Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank 

Tringa melanoleuca, Greater 

Yellowlegs 

Tringa nebularia, Common 

Greenshank 

Tringa guttifer, Nordmann’s 

Greenshank 

Tringa semipalmata, Willet 

Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs 

Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper 

Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper 

Bartramia longicauda, Upland 

Sandpiper 

Numenius minutus, Little Curlew 

Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew 

Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel 

Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed 

Curlew 

Numenius madagascariensis, Far 

Eastern Curlew 

Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew 

Numenius americanus, Long-billed 

Curlew 

Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit 

Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian 

Godwit 

Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit 

Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit 

Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone 

Arenaria melanocephala, Black 

Turnstone 

Aphriza virgata, Surfbird 

Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot 

Calidris canutus, Red Knot 

Calidris alba, Sanderling 

Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated 

Sandpiper 

Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper 

Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint 

Calidris minuta, Little Stint 

Calidris temminckii, Temminck’s 

Stint 

Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint 

Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper 

Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped 

Sandpiper 

Calidris bairdii, Baird’s Sandpiper 

Calidris melanotos, Pectoral 

Sandpiper 

Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed 

Sandpiper 

Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper 

Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper 

Calidris alpina, Dunlin 

Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper 

Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper 

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoonbilled Sandpiper 

Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed 

Sandpiper 

Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted 

Sandpiper 

Philomachus pugnax, Ruff 

Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed 

Dowitcher 

Limnodromus scolopaceus, Longbilled Dowitcher 

Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe 

Gallinago delicata, Wilson’s Snipe 

Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe 

Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe 

Gallinago megala, Swinhoe’s Snipe 

Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian 

Woodcock 

Scolopax minor, American Woodcock 

Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE 

Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson’s 

Phalarope 

Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked 

Phalarope 

Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope 

Family LARIDAE 

Subfamily LARINAE 

Creagrus furcatus, Swallow-tailed 

Gull 

Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged 

Kittiwake 

Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged 

Kittiwake 

Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull 

Xema sabini, Sabine’s Gull 

Chroicocephalus philadelphia, 

Bonaparte’s Gull 

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Grayhooded Gull 

Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Blackheaded Gull 

Hydrocoloeus minutus, Little Gull 

Rhodostethia rosea, Ross’s Gull 

Leucophaeus atricilla, Laughing Gull 

Leucophaeus pipixcan, Franklin’s 

Gull 

Larus belcheri, Belcher’s Gull 

Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull 

Larus heermanni, Heermann’s Gull 

Larus canus, Mew Gull 

Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull 

Larus occidentalis, Western Gull 

Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull 

Larus californicus, California Gull 

Larus argentatus, Herring Gull 

Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull 

Larus thayeri, Thayer’s Gull 

Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull 

Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed 

Gull 

Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull 

Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged 

Gull 

Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull 

Larus marinus, Great Black-backed 

Gull 

Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull 

Subfamily STERNINAE 

Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy 

Anous minutus, Black Noddy 

Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray 

Noddy 

Gygis alba, White Tern 

Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern 

Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed 

Tern 

Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled 

Tern 

Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern 

Sternula albifrons, Little Tern 

Sternula antillarum, Least Tern 

Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern 

Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed 

Tern 

Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern 


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Chlidonias niger, Black Tern 

Chlidonias leucopterus, Whitewinged Tern 

Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern 

Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern 

Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern 

Sterna hirundo, Common Tern 

Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern 

Sterna forsteri, Forster’s Tern 

Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern 

Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern 

Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich 

Tern 

Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern 

Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE 

Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer 

Family STERCORARIIDAE 

Stercorarius skua, Great Skua 

Stercorarius maccormicki, South 

Polar Skua 

Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine 

Jaeger 

Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic 

Jaeger 

Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed 

Jaeger 

Family ALCIDAE 

Alle alle, Dovekie 

Uria aalge, Common Murre 

Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre 

Alca torda, Razorbill 

Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot 

Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot 

Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed 

Murrelet 

Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled 

Murrelet 

Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz’s 

Murrelet 

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, 

Xantus’s Murrelet 

Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri’s 

Murrelet 

Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient 

Murrelet 

Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin’s 

Auklet 

Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet 

Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet 

Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet 

Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet 

Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros 

Auklet 

Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin 

Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin 

Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin 

Order COLUMBIFORMES 

Family COLUMBIDAE 

Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped 

Pigeon 

Patagioenas leucocephala, Whitecrowned Pigeon 

Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed 

Pigeon 

Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon 

Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed 

Pigeon 

Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental 

Turtle-Dove 

Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove 

Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove 

Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove 

Columbina inca, Inca Dove 

Columbina passerina, Common 

Ground-Dove 

Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy GroundDove 

Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped 

Dove 

Geotrygon chrysia, Key West QuailDove 

Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled QuailDove 

Geotrygon montana, Ruddy QuailDove 

Gallicolumba xanthonura, Whitethroated Ground-Dove 

Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly GroundDove 

Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored 

Fruit-Dove 

Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimsoncrowned Fruit-Dove 

Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana FruitDove 

Ducula pacifica, Pacific ImperialPigeon 

Order CUCULIFORMES 

Family CUCULIDAE 

Subfamily CUCULINAE 

Cuculus fugax, Hodgson’s HawkCuckoo 

Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo 

Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo 

Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed 

Cuckoo 

Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo 

Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Blackbilled Cuckoo 

Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican 

Lizard-Cuckoo 

Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE 

Geococcyx californianus, Greater 

Roadrunner 

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE 

Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani 

Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed 

Ani 

Order STRIGIFORMES 

Family TYTONIDAE 

Tyto alba, Barn Owl 

Family STRIGIDAE 

Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl 

Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl 

Megascops kennicottii, Western 

Screech-Owl 

Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl 

Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered 

Screech-Owl 

Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican 

Screech-Owl 

Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl 

Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl 

Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl 

Glaucidium gnoma, Northern PygmyOwl 

Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous 

Pygmy-Owl 

Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl 

Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl 

Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl 

Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl 

Strix varia, Barred Owl 

Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl 

Asio otus, Long-eared Owl 

Asio stygius, Stygian Owl 

Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl 

Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl 

Aegolius acadicus, Northern Sawwhet Owl 

Ninox scutulata, Brown Hawk-Owl 

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES 

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE 

Subfamily CHORDEILINAE 

Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser 

Nighthawk 

Chordeiles minor, Common 

Nighthawk 

Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean 

Nighthawk 

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE 

Nyctidromus albicollis, Common 

Pauraque 

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common 

Poorwill 

Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuckwill’s-widow 

Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared 

Nightjar 

Caprimulgus vociferus, Eastern Whippoor-will 

Caprimulgus arizonae, Mexican 

Whip-poor-will 

Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto 

Rican Nightjar 

Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar 

Order APODIFORMES 

Family APODIDAE 

Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE 

Cypseloides niger, Black Swift 

Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared 

Swift 

Subfamily CHAETURINAE 

Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift 

Chaetura vauxi, Vaux’s Swift 

Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed 

Swift 

Hirundapus caudacutus, Whitethroated Needletail 

Aerodramus spodiopygius, Whiterumped Swiftlet 

Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana 

Swiftlet 

Subfamily APODINAE 

Apus apus, Common Swift 

Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift 

Apus melba, Alpine Swift 

Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated 

Swift 

Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean 

Palm-Swift 

Family TROCHILIDAE 

Subfamily TROCHILINAE 

Colibri thalassinus, Green Violetear 

Anthracothorax prevostii, Greenbreasted Mango 

Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean 


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Mango 

Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango 

Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated 

Carib 

Eulampis holosericeus, Greenthroated Carib 

Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean 

Crested Hummingbird 

Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican 

Emerald 

Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed 

Hummingbird 

Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared 

Hummingbird 

Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus’s 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia beryllina, Berylline 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned 

Hummingbird 

Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated 

Hummingbird 

Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent 

Hummingbird 

Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped 

Starthroat 

Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama 

Woodstar 

Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer 

Hummingbird 

Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated 

Hummingbird 

Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned 

Hummingbird 

Calypte anna, Anna’s Hummingbird 

Calypte costae, Costa’s Hummingbird 

Stellula calliope, Calliope 

Hummingbird 

Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee 

Hummingbird 

Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed 

Hummingbird 

Selasphorus rufus, Rufous 

Hummingbird 

Selasphorus sasin, Allen’s 

Hummingbird 

Order TROGONIFORMES 

Family TROGONIDAE 

Subfamily TROGONINAE 

Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon 

Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel 

Order UPUPIFORMES 

Family UPUPIDAE 

Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe 

Order CORACIIFORMES 

Family ALCEDINIDAE 

Subfamily HALCYONINAE 

Todirhamphus cinnamominus, 

Micronesian Kingfisher 

Todirhamphus chloris, Collared 

Kingfisher 

Subfamily CERYLINAE 

Megaceryle torquata, Ringed 

Kingfisher 

Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher 

Chloroceryle americana, Green 

Kingfisher 

Order PICIFORMES 

Family PICIDAE 

Subfamily JYNGINAE 

Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck 

Subfamily PICINAE 

Melanerpes lewis, Lewis’s 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto 

Rican Woodpecker 

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Redheaded Woodpecker 

Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied 

Woodpecker 

Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson’s 

Sapsucker 

Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied 

Sapsucker 

Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped 

Sapsucker 

Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted 

Sapsucker 

Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted 

Woodpecker 

Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed 

Woodpecker 

Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall’s 

Woodpecker 

Picoides pubescens, Downy 

Woodpecker 

Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker 

Picoides arizonae, Arizona 

Woodpecker 

Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded 

Woodpecker 

Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed 

Woodpecker 

Picoides dorsalis, American Threetoed Woodpecker 

Picoides arcticus, Black-backed 

Woodpecker 

Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker 

Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker 

Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated 

Woodpecker 

Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed 

Woodpecker 

Order PASSERIFORMES 

Family TYRANNIDAE 

Subfamily ELAENIINAE 

Camptostoma imberbe, Northern 

Beardless-Tyrannulet 

Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish 

Elaenia 

Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia 

Elaenia albiceps, White-crested 

Eleania 

Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE 

Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted 

Flycatcher 

Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided 

Flycatcher 

Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee 

Contopus sordidulus, Western WoodPewee 

Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee 

Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee 

Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan 

Pewee 

Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean 

Pewee 

Empidonax flaviventris, Yellowbellied Flycatcher 

Empidonax virescens, Acadian 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax alnorum, Alder 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher 

Empidonax minimus, Least 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax hammondii, Hammond’s 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher 

Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted 

Flycatcher 

Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe 

Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe 

Sayornis saya, Say’s Phoebe 

Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion 

Flycatcher 

Subfamily TYRANNINAE 

Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting’s 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra’s 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican 

Flycatcher 

Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee 

Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher 

Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphurbellied Flycatcher 

Legatus leucophalus, Piratic 

Flycatcher 

Empidonomus varius, Variegated 

Flycatcher 

Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus, 

Crowned Slaty Flycatcher 

Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus couchii, Couch’s Kingbird 

Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin’s 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird 

Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird 

Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray 


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Kingbird 

Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed 

Flycatcher 

Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed 

Flycatcher 

Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated 

Becard 

Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra 

Family LANIIDAE 

Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike 

Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead 

Shrike 

Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike 

Family VIREONIDAE 

Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo 

Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo 

Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo 

Vireo bellii, Bell’s Vireo 

Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo 

Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo 

Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated 

Vireo 

Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo 

Vireo cassinii, Cassin’s Vireo 

Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo 

Vireo huttoni, Hutton’s Vireo 

Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo 

Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia 

Vireo 

Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo 

Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo 

Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered 

Vireo 

Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo 

Family CORVIDAE 

Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay 

Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay 

Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay 

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon 

Jay 

Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller’s Jay 

Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay 

Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida 

Scrub-Jay 

Aphelocoma insularis, Island ScrubJay 

Aphelocoma californica, Western 

Scrub-Jay 

Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican 

Jay 

Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s 

Nutcracker 

Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie 

Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie 

Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow 

Corvus brachyrhynchos, American 

Crow 

Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow 

Corvus leucognaphalus, Whitenecked Crow 

Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow 

Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow 

Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow 

Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan 

Raven 

Corvus corax, Common Raven 

Family ALAUDIDAE 

Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark 

Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark 

Family HIRUNDINIDAE 

Subfamily HIRUNDININAE 

Progne subis, Purple Martin 

Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin 

Progne dominicensis, Caribbean 

Martin 

Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted 

Martin 

Progne elegans, Southern Martin 

Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin 

Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow 

Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove 

Swallow 

Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green 

Swallow 

Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama 

Swallow 

Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern 

Rough-winged Swallow 

Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow 

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff 

Swallow 

Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow 

Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow 

Delichon urbicum, Common HouseMartin 

Family PARIDAE 

Poecile carolinensis, Carolina 

Chickadee 

Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped 

Chickadee 

Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee 

Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee 

Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed 

Chickadee 

Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee 

Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed 

Chickadee 

Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled 

Titmouse 

Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse 

Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper 

Titmouse 

Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse 

Baeolophus atricristatus, Blackcrested Titmouse 

Family REMIZIDAE 

Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin 

Family AEGITHALIDAE 

Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit 

Family SITTIDAE 

Subfamily SITTINAE 

Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted 

Nuthatch 

Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted 

Nuthatch 

Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch 

Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch 

Family CERTHIIDAE 

Subfamily CERTHIINAE 

Certhia americana, Brown Creeper 

Family TROGLODYTIDAE 

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, 

Cactus Wren 

Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren 

Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren 

Thryothorus sinaloa, Sinaloa Wren 

Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina 

Wren 

Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick’s Wren 

Troglodytes aedon, House Wren 

Troglodytes pacificus, Pacific Wren 

Troglodytes hiemalis, Winter Wren 

Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren 

Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren 

Family POLIOPTILIDAE 

Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray 

Gnatcatcher 

Polioptila californica, California 

Gnatcatcher 

Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed 

Gnatcatcher 

Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped 

Gnatcatcher 

Family CINCLIDAE 

Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper 

Family REGULIDAE 

Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned 

Kinglet 

Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned 

Kinglet 

Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE 

Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow 

Warbler 

Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood 

Warbler 

Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler 

Phylloscopus proregulus, Pallas’s 

Leaf-Warbler 

Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellowbrowed Warbler 

Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler 

Family SYLVIIDAE 

Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat 

Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit 

Family ACROCEPHALIDAE 

Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale 

Reed-Warbler 

Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird 

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge 

Warbler 

Family MEGALURIDAE 

Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff’s 

Grasshopper-Warbler 

Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated 

Warbler 

Family MUSCICAPIDAE 

Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus 

Flycatcher 

Ficedula mugimaki, Mugimaki 

Flycatcher 

Ficedula albicilla, Taiga Flycatcher 

Muscicapa sibirica, Dark-sided 

Flycatcher 

Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked 

Flycatcher 

Muscicapa dauurica, Asian Brown 

Flycatcher 

Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher 

Family TURDIDAE 

Monticola solitarius, Blue RockThrush 

Luscinia sibilans, Rufous-tailed Robin 

Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat 

Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat 

Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin 


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Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked 

Bluetail 

Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern 

Wheatear 

Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat 

Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird 

Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird 

Sialia currucoides, Mountain 

Bluebird 

Myadestes townsendi, Townsend’s 

Solitaire 

Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao 

Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao 

Myadestes obscurus, Omao 

Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi 

Catharus aurantiirostris, Orangebilled Nightingale-Thrush 

Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed 

Nightingale-Thrush 

Catharus fuscescens, Veery 

Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked 

Thrush 

Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell’s Thrush 

Catharus ustulatus, Swainson’s 

Thrush 

Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush 

Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush 

Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush 

Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush 

Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare 

Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Thrush 

Turdus assimilis, White-throated 

Thrush 

Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed 

Robin 

Turdus migratorius, American Robin 

Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush 

Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush 

Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush 

Family MIMIDAE 

Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird 

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black 

Catbird 

Mimus polyglottos, Northern 

Mockingbird 

Mimus gundlachii, Bahama 

Mockingbird 

Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher 

Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher 

Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire’s 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma redivivum, California 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher 

Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte’s 

Thrasher 

Melanotis caerulescens, Blue 

Mockingbird 

Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed 

Thrasher 

Family STURNIDAE 

Sturnus philippensis, Chestnutcheeked Starling 

Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked 

Starling 

Family PRUNELLIDAE 

Prunella montanella, Siberian 

Accentor 

Family MOTACILLIDAE 

Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern 

Yellow Wagtail 

Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail 

Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail 

Motacilla alba, White Wagtail 

Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit 

Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit 

Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit 

Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit 

Anthus rubescens, American Pipit 

Anthus spragueii, Sprague’s Pipit 

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE 

Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian 

Waxwing 

Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar 

Waxwing 

Family PTILOGONATIDAE 

Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silkyflycatcher 

Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla 

Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE 

Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive 

Warbler 

Family CALCARIIDAE 

Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland 

Longspur 

Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared 

Longspur 

Calcarius pictus, Smith’s Longspur 

Rhynchophanes mccownii, McCown’s 

Longspur 

Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting 

Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay’s 

Bunting 

Family PARULIDAE 

Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman’s 

Warbler 

Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged 

Warbler 

Vermivora chrysoptera, Goldenwinged Warbler 

Oreothlypis peregrina, Tennessee 

Warbler 

Oreothlypis celata, Orange-crowned 

Warbler 

Oreothlypis ruficapilla, Nashville 

Warbler 

Oreothlypis virginiae, Virginia’s 

Warbler 

Oreothlypis crissalis, Colima Warbler 

Oreothlypis luciae, Lucy’s Warbler 

Oreothlypis superciliosa, Crescentchested Warbler 

Parula americana, Northern Parula 

Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula 

Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler 

Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnutsided Warbler 

Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia 

Warbler 

Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler 

Dendroica caerulescens, Blackthroated Blue Warbler 

Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped 

Warbler 

Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated 

Gray Warbler 

Dendroica chrysoparia, Goldencheeked Warbler 

Dendroica virens, Black-throated 

Green Warbler 

Dendroica townsendi, Townsend’s 

Warbler 

Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit 

Warbler 

Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian 

Warbler 

Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated 

Warbler 

Dendroica graciae, Grace’s Warbler 

Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide’s 

Warbler 

Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler 

Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland’s 

Warbler 

Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler 

Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler 

Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted 

Warbler 

Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler 

Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler 

Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods 

Warbler 

Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white 

Warbler 

Setophaga ruticilla, American 

Redstart 

Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary 

Warbler 

Helmitheros vermivorum, Wormeating Warbler 

Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson’s 

Warbler 

Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird 

Parkesia noveboracensis, Northern 

Waterthrush 

Parkesia motacilla, Louisiana 

Waterthrush 

Oporornis formosus, Kentucky 

Warbler 

Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler 

Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning 

Warbler 

Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray’s 

Warbler 

Geothlypis trichas, Common 

Yellowthroat 

Geothlypis poliocephala, Graycrowned Yellowthroat 

Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler 

Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson’s Warbler 

Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler 

Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced 

Warbler 

Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart 

Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated 

Redstart 

Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed 

Warbler 

Basileuterus culicivorus, Goldencrowned Warbler 

Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped 

Warbler 

Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat 


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Family THRAUPIDAE 

Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto 

Rican Tanager 

Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis 

Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican 

Spindalis 

Family EMBERIZIDAE 

Sporophila torqueola, White-collared 

Seedeater 

Tiaris olivaceus, Yellow-faced 

Grassquit 

Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit 

Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican 

Bullfinch 

Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive 

Sparrow 

Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee 

Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern 

Towhee 

Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned 

Sparrow 

Melozone fusca, Canyon Towhee 

Melozone crissalis, California Towhee 

Melozone aberti, Abert’s Towhee 

Peucaea carpalis, Rufous-winged 

Sparrow 

Peucaea botterii, Botteri’s Sparrow 

Peucaea cassinii, Cassin’s Sparrow 

Peucaea aestivalis, Bachman’s 

Sparrow 

Spizella arborea, American Tree 

Sparrow 

Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow 

Spizella pallida, Clay-colored 

Sparrow 

Spizella breweri, Brewer’s Sparrow 

Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow 

Spizella wortheni, Worthen’s Sparrow 

Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned 

Sparrow 

Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow 

Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow 

Amphispiza quinquestriata, Fivestriped Sparrow 

Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated 

Sparrow 

Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow 

Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark 

Bunting 

Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus savannarum, 

Grasshopper Sparrow 

Ammodramus bairdii, Baird’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside 

Sparrow 

Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow 

Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow 

Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln’s 

Sparrow 

Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow 

Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated 

Sparrow 

Zonotrichia querula, Harris’s Sparrow 

Zonotrichia leucophrys, Whitecrowned Sparrow 

Zonotrichia atricapilla, Goldencrowned Sparrow 

Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco 

Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco 

Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine 

Bunting 

Emberiza chrysophrys, Yellowbrowed Bunting 

Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting 

Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting 

Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated 

Bunting 

Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted 

Bunting 

Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting 

Emberiza pallasi, Pallas’s Bunting 

Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting 

Family CARDINALIDAE 

Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager 

Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager 

Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager 

Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager 

Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored 

Tanager 

Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimsoncollared Grosbeak 

Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern 

Cardinal 

Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia 

Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow 

Grosbeak 

Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rosebreasted Grosbeak 

Pheucticus melanocephalus, Blackheaded Grosbeak 

Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting 

Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak 

Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting 

Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting 

Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting 

Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting 

Spiza americana, Dickcissel 

Family ICTERIDAE 

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink 

Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged 

Blackbird 

Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored 

Blackbird 

Agelaius humeralis, Tawnyshouldered Blackbird 

Agelaius xanthomus, Yellowshouldered Blackbird 

Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark 

Sturnella neglecta, Western 

Meadowlark 

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 

Yellow-headed Blackbird 

Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird 

Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer’s 

Blackbird 

Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle 

Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle 

Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed 

Grackle 

Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean 

Grackle 

Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny 

Cowbird 

Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird 

Molothrus ater, Brown-headed 

Cowbird 

Icterus portoricensis, Puerto Rican 

Oriole 

Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole 

Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole 

Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole 

Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed 

Oriole 

Icterus bullockii, Bullock’s Oriole 

Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole 

Icterus graduacauda, Audubon’s 

Oriole 

Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole 

Icterus parisorum, Scott’s Oriole 

Family FRINGILLIDAE 

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE 

Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch 

Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling 

Subfamily EUPHONIINAE 

Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia 

Subfamily CARDUELINAE 

Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned 

Rosy-Finch 

Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch 

Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped 

Rosy-Finch 

Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak 

Carpodacus erythrinus, Common 

Rosefinch 

Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch 

Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin’s Finch 

Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch 

Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill 

Loxia leucoptera, White-winged 

Crossbill 

Acanthis flammea, Common Redpoll 

Acanthis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll 

Spinus spinus, Eurasian Siskin 

Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin 

Spinus psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch 

Spinus lawrencei, Lawrence’s 

Goldfinch 

Spinus tristis, American Goldfinch 

Chloris sinica, Oriental Greenfinch 

Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch 

Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening 

Grosbeak 

Coccothraustes coccothraustes, 

Hawfinch 

Subfamily DREPANIDINAE 

Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch 

Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch 

Psittirostra psittacea, Ou 

Loxioides bailleui, Palila 

Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui 

Parrotbill 

Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi 

Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi 

Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai 

Amakihi 

Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater 


jlentini on DSKJ8SOYB1PROD with PROPOSALS3
23448 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules 

Akialoa 

Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu 

Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau 

Magumma parva, Anianiau 

Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki 

Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper 

Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu 

Alauahio 

Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie 

Paroreomyza montana, Maui 

Alauahio 

Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee 

Loxops coccineus, Akepa 

Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi 

Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe 

Himatione sanguinea, Apapane 

Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli 

PART 21—[AMENDED] 

3. The authority citation for part 21 is 

revised to read as follows: 

Authority Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 65 

Pub. L. No. 65–186, 40 Stat. 755 (1918) (16 

U.S.C. 703–12), as amended. 

§ 21.3 [Amended] 

4. Amend § 21.3, the definition of 

‘‘Raptor’’, by adding the words ‘‘the 

Order Accipitriformes,’’ immediately 

before the words ‘‘the Order 

Falconiformes’’. 

Dated: April 6, 2011. 

Will Shafroth, 

Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and 

Wildlife and Parks. 

[FR Doc. 2011–9448 Filed 4–25–11; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on DSKJ8SOYB1PROD with PROPOSALS3