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NAT'L INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

A11 1021 45597

United States. Natlo/Bullding technology QC100 .U57 V457-6;1982 C.I NBS-PUB-C 197

1981 BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY

PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 457-6

100

.U57

No. ^57-5

1982

' c. 2
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ot Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational

institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government

agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Absolute Physical Quantities^ — Radiation Research — Chemical Physics —

Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science

THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities;

provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes

engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices;

and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering^ — Manufacturing

Engineering — Building Technology — Fire Research — Chemical Engineering^

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and

economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The Institute consists of the following centers:

Programming Science and Technology — Computer Systems Engineering.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303.
OCT 13 1982

0 ? ^^tU(AA ^UiM'^^iCuh^^

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY

PUBLICATIONS

Supplement 6: 1981

Linda Beavers, Editor

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

June 1982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 457-6

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Spec. Publ. 457-6 , 94 pages (June 1982) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1982

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 - Price $5.50

(Add 25 percent for other than U.S. mailing)
INTRODUCTION

This report presents the National Bureau of Standards' Center for Building Technology (CBT) publications for 1981. It is the sixth supplement to NBS Special Publication 457, Building Technology

Publications 1965-1975, and lists CBT documents issued or recorded during the period January 1 to December 31, 1981. It includes titles and abstracts of each NBS publication and each

paper published in non-NBS media, key word and author indexes,

and general information and instructions on how to order CBT

publications.

This report communicates the results of CBT research to various

technical audiences, as well as to the general public. Publications

constitute a major end product to CBT's efforts and, in 1981,

appeared in several NBS publication series (Building Science

Series, Technical Notes, Handbooks, Special Publications, NBS

Interagency Reports, Grant/Contract Reports and the Journal of

Research) as well as in non-NBS media such as technical and trade

publications. Publications appearing in non-NBS media have each

been assigned a five-digit number. NBS publication series abbreviations are: BSS - Building Science Series TN - Technical Note

H - Handbook

SP - Special Publication

NBSIR - National Bureau of Standards Interagency Report

GCR - Grant/Contract Report

J. Res. - Jomnal of Research

This docimient is divided into three main sections. The first. Titles and Abstracts, provides the report title, author(s), date of

publication, selected key words, and an abstract of each NBS

publication and each paper published in an outside source. The

Author Index cites each CBT author and gives the publication title and/or number referencing documents listed in this supplement.

The Key Word Index is a subject index, listing word summaries of

the building research topics for eah publication and paper. By

selecting a main word or subject, which are listed alphabetically, the user is able to locate reports of interest through the subjectrelated words found in the key word index.

CBT is part of the National Engineering Laboratory, National

Bureau of Standards. NBS undertakes basic and applied research

in various areas. Interested readers will find other NBS

publications listed in NBS Special Publication 305-13, Publications

of the National Bureau of Standards 1981, from which parts of

this report have been taken.
OBTAINING

PUBLICATIONS

Most current CBT publications (excluding A^^^ Interagency

Reports and Grant/Contract Reports) are available from the

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC 20402. Microfiche and paper copies

of most CBT publications may be ordered through the

National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of

Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. Two other sources are depository libraries (libraries designated to receive

Government publications) and Department of Commerce

District Offices. The current price list and availability of

publications listed in this report are given in Appendix C.

The depository libraries listed in Appendix A receive selected publication series of the National Bureau of Standards for general reference use. While every Government publication

cannot be sent to all depository libraries, certain designated

Regional libraries are required to receive and retain one copy

of all Government publications made available either in printed or microfiche form. To obtain information on which

publications are available, please contact the depository library

in your area.

Department of Commerce District Offices are maintained in the cities listed in Appendix B. Their purpose is to provide

ready access at the local level to publications, statistical statements, and surveys. Each District Office serves as an

official sales agent of the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. These offices make available for local purchase a wide range of Government publications. The

reference library maintained by each District Office contains

many Government and private publications, periodicals,

directories, reports, and other reference materials.
CONTENTS

TITLES AND ABSTRACTS 1

Building Science Series 2

Technical Notes 3

Handbooks 5

Special Publications 5 NBS Interagency Reports 10

Grant/Contract Reports 23

Journal of Research 26

Papers Published in Non-NBS Media 26

AUTHOR INDEX 36

KEY WORD INDEX 41

APPENDIX A

Depository Libraries in the United States

70

APPENDIX B 85

District Offices of the U.S. Department of Commerce

APPENDIX C 87

CBT Publication Order Numbers and Price List

TITLES

AND ABSTRACTS
BUILDING

SCIENCE

SERIES

Building Science Series reports disseminate technical information developed at the Bureau on building materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and

environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems.

BSS130. Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L. User acceptance of an energy

efficient office building—A study of the Norris Cotton Federal

Office Building. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser. 130; 1981 January. 122 p. SN003-003-02278-1. Key words: energy conservation; lighting; man/environment

research; noise; office building; post-occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows. The General Services Administration built the Norris Cotton

Federal Office Building in Manchester, New Hampshire, and chose it as a "demonstration project for studying the effectiveness of energy

conservation techniques in the design and operation of a contemporary office building." User acceptance of both the innovative and conventional design features in the building was

measured by administering a questionnaire to employees shortly after occupancy of the building and again eight months later. The most

positively rated feature overall was the lighting, but reaction to the high pressure sodium lighting system as installed in the Norris Cotton

Building was strongly negative. Response to noise levels and

disturbances was about evenly divided, but workers in open-plan

offices were less satisfied with the noise climate than workers in partitioned offices. Most respondents were dissatisfied with the temperature and ventilation conditions and the small windows in the

building. In general, the occupants rated the building much higher in appearance than their previous offices, slightly higher in terms of

suitability for performance of their jobs, and slightly lower with

respect to comfort. A literature review of recent survey studies of the

office environment is included.

BSS131. Knab, L.; Mathey, R.; Jenkins, D. Laboratory evaluation of nondestructive methods to measure moisture in built-up roofing systems. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser. 131; 1981 January.

173 p. SN003-003-02281-1. Key words: built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing systems.

This laboratory study investigated the reliability and accuracy of

three types of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods to quantitatively determine the moisture content of the insulation in built-up roofing specimens. These methods were electrical capacitance, nuclear backscatter, and infrared thermography. Thirtysix roofing specimens, which consisted of five types of rigid-board roof insulations with attached bituminous built-up membranes, were

tested over both concrete and steel decks. A wide range of moisture

contents was induced into the specimens by maintaining a constant water vapor pressure difference across them. Two performance characteristics of the NDE methods were

evaluated: (a) the minimum moisture content a method could detect, and (b) the relationship between NDE response and moisture content beyond the minimum detectable moisture content. The two

performance characteristics were assessed through normalization parameters defined in terms of the NDE response and its scatter about

a fitted curve. There were differences in the performance

characteristics, the magnitude of which depend on the NDE method,

the spfecimen composition, and the deck type used.

BSS132. Yokel, F. Y.; Yancey, C. W. C; Mullen, C. L. A study of

reaction forces on mobile home foundations caused by wind and flood

loads. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser 132; 1981 March. 84 p. SN0O3-0O3-O2301-9. Key words: buoyancy forces; flood forces; foundations; hurricane

forces; mobile home; soil anchors; standards; tiedown; wind

forces.

Forces acting on the foundations of mobile homes subjected to wind and flood loads were calculated and are presented in a series of computer-generated charts. The loading conditions considered are the two levels of wind loads presently stipulated in the Federal Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standard, a hurricane windload recommended by the National Bureau of Standards (NBSIR 77-1289), buoyancy forces, and draft forces resulting from flood water flow. The calculated forces are compared with present anchoring

requirements in ANSI Standard 119.3 (NFPA No. 501 A). It is concluded that diagonal ties are instrumental in resisting wind forces, and that vertical ties are more effective than diagonal ties in resisting flood forces.

BSS133. Hill, J. E.; May, W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T. Performance of the Norris Cotton Federal Office Building for the

first 3 years of operation. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser 133; 1981 August. 140 p. SN003-003-02352-3. Key words: building models, computer; energy conservation in commercial buildings; energy conservation, user acceptance;

lighting measurements; performance data for commercial office buildings in New England; solar energy in commercial buildings. The Norris Cotton Federal Office Building is a medium-size sevenstory Government office building of approximately 11,000 m^

(117,000 ft^) total floor area. It is located in Manchester, New

Hampshire, and was designed to demonstrate a number of energy

saving concepts. Some of the major energy conserving features of the building are the use of solar collectors; heavy masonry construction with exterior

insulation; small overall window area; heat recovery from heat pumps, chillers, a natural gas-powered engine/generator, and the

ventilation system; modular boilers; thermal storage tanks; and a variety of energy conserving lighting systems. A team from the Center for Building Technology, National Bureau

of Standards (NBS), has been monitoring the performance of the building since it was occupied in September 1976. The project has involved not only an analysis of building energy consumption, but

also a study of the effectiveness of the various lighting systems, a determination of the response of the occupants to the building, and a cost analysis of the construction and operation of an energy

conserving building. This report will describe the building's performance for the first 3 years of operation.

BSS134. Petersen, S. R.; Barnes, K. A.; Peavy, B. A. Determining

cost-effective insulation levels for masonry and wood-frame walls in new single-family housing. Nat. Bur Stand. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser 134; 1981 August. 126 p. SN003-003-02354-0. Key words: building design; building economics; energy

conservation; exterior wall; HVAC calculations; insulation; life- cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass.

2
Economically optimal insulation methods and resistance levels for three different types of walls in a one-story, single-family residence

are calculated for a wide range of geographic locations, energy

prices, heating and cooling equipment efficiencies, and financial evaluation criteria. The three basic wall types examined are 8-in concrete block walls, brick and block walls, and wood-frame walls with lightweight siding. Changes in annual heating and cooling

requirements for an 1176 ft^ prototype house resulting from several

different insulation resistances in each wall type are calculated using

the NBS Load Determination program and Test Reference Year

climate data for a number of geographic locations. Changes in heating

requirements are correlated with heating degree days to provide

estimates of energy savings in all geographic regions of the

continental United States. Cooling requirements are not found to vary

significantly with the thermal resistance of the walls under a typical operating profile except in the southwestern desert. An index number

system is developed to quickly determine insulation levels based on

the data generated in the report.

BSS135. Kovacs, W, D.; Salomone, L. A.; Yokel, F. Y. Energy measurement in the Standard Penetration Test. Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser. 135: 1981 August. 99 p. SN003-003-02356-6. Key words: energy measurement; field instrument force measurement; field testing; in-situ testing; soil mechanics;

transducers. Geotechnical engineers in the United States commonly use the Standard Penetration Test, SPT, in subsurface investigation for routine foundation designs. It has been said that perhaps up to 80 to 90 percent of the routine foundation designs are accomplished by the use of the SPT "N" value. Despite efforts to standardize more details of the SPT procedure, variability between tests is inherent under

present guidelines. A field measurement system and procedure which measures the energy delivered by a drill rig system were developed and

successfully used to study the factors which affect delivered energy.

Results are presented which indicate the energy delivered by certain

drill rig systems used in engineering practice. Also, the transmission

characteristics of certain hammer/anvil systems are examined. Guidance on the need to measure the actual fall height of the hammer

during the Standard Penetration Test is provided based on the

findings of the study.

BSS136. Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N. Organization of building standards: Systematic techniques for scope and arrangement. Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser. 136; 1981 September. 278 p. SN003-003-02363-9. Key words: arrangement; building; classification; code;

engineering; organization; provisions; scope; specification; standard; system analysis/engineering. Standards should be organized so that they provide reliable and

quick access to the provisions of the standard. Organization is considered to deal with both the scope and the arrangement of the provisions of a standard. It is found to have objective qualities that allow it to be treated formally. Necessary and desirable qualities for an organization are identified, verified, and adopted as objectives and

guidelines. The basic element of the system for organizing standards is the classification of the provisions of a standard. A faceted structure, providing a clear division between those levels that are strictly logical and those that are not, is recommended for the classification system. A relevant basis is found for classifying requirements using an

idealized model of the relation between syntax and semantics. Development of the classification constitutes a formal treatment of

scope. The classification is easily transformed into an index. Development of an outline from the classifiers constitutes a formal

treatment of the arrangement. Criteria for placement of provisions in outlines and for construction of outlines from the classification are proposed to promote the objectives of organization. A computer

algorithm for interactive outline generation is developed and

evaluated. Measures are defined for the comparison of alternate outlines for the same standard.

TECHNICAL

NOTES

Technical Notes present data which are complete in themselves but

are not as comprehensive in scope or as definitive in treatment of the subjects as reported in Building Science Series.

TN1135. Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Mathey, R. G.; Busching, H. W.; Cullen, W. C. Cooling of bitumen during construction of buiit-up roofing systems—A mathematical model. Nat. Bur Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note

1135: 1981 March. 76 p. SN0O3-O03-O23O2-7. Key words: bitumen application temperatures; bituminous

roofing; built-up roofing; cooling of roofing bitumens; mathematical model; roofing.

Construction of bituminous built-up roofing systems in the United

States generally involves the application of hot bitumen to the roofing

components, including deck, insulation, and felts, to adhere them to each other and to form a waterproof membrane. Adequate adhesion of the bitumen to the roofing component materials may be obtained only when the hot bitumen is applied at a viscosity sufficient to flow

uniformly, to cover the component surfaces or substrate completely, and to provide the proper thickness. During construction, rapid

cooling of hot bitumen increases its viscosity significantly. If the

viscosity becomes too high, poor adhesion between components,

voids within the bitumen, and an excessive and non-uniform thickness of the bitumen may result. This report describes a mathematical model based on finite- difference equations for calculating transient heat flow to estimate the cooling time of hot roofing bitumen. Estimates of the time required

for hot bitumen to cool from its application temperature to 300°F

(149°C) were computed as a function of material and environmental

factors including: quantity of applied bitumen, bitumen application or

contact temperature, air temperature, wind speed, and thermal

properties of the bitumen and of the roofing components. The model was used to predict cooling times expected for hot asphalt applied to

typical substrates with thermal properties representative of those of polyurethane foam and glass fiber insulation boards, insulating concrete, plywood, concrete, and steel decks, and roofing felt on

decks or insulations. In addition, the model was used to predict

coohng times for hot coal tar pitch applied to concrete and to felt adhered to glass fiber insulation. The results of the calculations demonstrate the widely-varying bitumen cooling times which depend upon the component material to which the bitumen is applied and the environmental conditions during application. Under certain environmental conditions, hot bitumen applied to some substrates cools extremely rapidly. In these cases, sufficient time for proper

application may not be available.

TN1136. Waksman, D.; Streed, E.; Seller, J. NBS solar collector durability/reliability test program plan. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 1136: 1981 January. 85 p. SN003-003-02283-7. Key words: accelerated aging; durability; environmental

exposure; reliability; solar collectors; solar materials; stagnation

testing. The test program described in this plan is designed to evaluate both approved and proposed solar collector test procedures and to correlate laboratory, accelerated field and simulated operational exposures with actual field data.

3
The tests and exposure procedures described herein are intended to determine the influence of environmental exposure parameters that could affect the degradation of solar collectors and their materials. They are also intended, to the extent possible, to provide a correlation between changes that occur at the materials and the collector component levels. It is expected that the data obtained through their use will lead to more meaningful reliability/durability tests for solar collectors and their materials. A wide variety of commercially available solar collectors and

multiple material coupons of collector components are being tested at

sites in different climatic regions. Appropriate laboratory tests are being conducted during the same time frame to determine physical and material properties for comparison with field test data and

operational collector experience. The data obtained from these tests will be analyzed and correlated with that obtained from the current Government Demonstration Program and other related Governmentsponsored programs.

TN1138. Kusuda, T.; Bean, J. W. Savings in electric cooling energy by

the use of a whole-house fan. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note

1138; 1981 May. 39 p. SN0O3-0O3-02317-5. Key words: building thermal performance; energy calculation; energy conservation; thermal comfort; whole-house ventilation.

Hour-by-hour cooling performances of a typical ranch house, with and without the use of a whole-house fan, were compared for the climate conditions throughout the contiguous United States. The

comparative analyses were made by the use of NBSWHF, a modified

version of NBSLD, to simulate the complex thermal coupling of

whole-house-fan ventilated attic space. The calculations were

performed for two operational modes: a cyclic fan mode and a stepwise continuous mode. The calculation predicted a large cooling energy savings as compared to the house without the use of the whole-house fan, without significant deterioration of indoor thermal

comfort.

TN1139. Colle, R.; Rubin, R. J.; Knab, L. I.; Hutchinson, J. M. R. Radon transport through and exhalation from building materials: A

review and assessment. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 1139; 1981 September. 101 p. SNOO3-0O3-O2360-4. Key words: buildings; concrete; diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement; permeability; radon; transport.

This report was prepared, at the request of the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, for the purpose of reviewing, assessing, and summarizing what is currently known about radon transport through and exhalation from building materials. In four chapters, the report 1) considers the routes of entry of radon into buildings, describes the

basic models for radon transport through building materials, critically reviews the small number of existing values for the necessary

transport coefficients, and summarizes the solutions of both steadystate and time-dependent transport cases; 2) reviews and considers how the microstructural properties and internal characteristics of

building materials may affect the transport and exhalation of radon; 3) considers the exhalation process from a more macroscopic,

phenomenological viewpoint, and summarizes selected experimental

data on radium concentrations in building materials, radon flux and

exhalation from soils and building materials, and the effects of

meteorological variables on radon exhalation; and 4) reviews and

assesses various measurement methodologies that are used for laboratory and in situ studies of radon transport and exhalation. Needs

for further research in each area are also recommended.

TN1140. Streed, E.; Waksman, D. Uncertainty in determining thermal performance of liquid-heating flat-plate solar collectors. Nat. Bur. Stand (US) Tech. Note 1140; 1981 April. 97 p. SN003-003-02306-0. Key words: collector rating; measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance; uncertainty.

Thermal performance measurements of eight liquid-heating flat- plate solar collectors were conducted with two to four collectors of

each type at four outdoor test sites. Tests were performed in accordance with the procedure prescribed by ASHRAE Standard 93-

77. Statistical analysis of data sets for each collector type within test

sites and between test sites was done using ASTM recommended

methods to evaluate test method measurement uncertainty.

Illustrations of the influence of thermal performance data uncertainty

are presented for collector material degradation, collector rating and

calculated system performance.

TN1143. Yonemura, G. T. Visual acuity testing of radiographic

inspectors in nondestructive inspection. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 1143; 1981 June. 29 p. SN0O3-0O3-O2330-2. Key words: acuity tests; nondestructive testing; quality testing; radiograph evaluation; visual inspection; visual testing.

Visual acuity tests for radiographic inspectors should be correlated with the type of tasks encountered in real world radiography. The

testing procedures should be capable of assessing differences in day to day performance of a given inspector as well as the performance of one inspector relative to other inspectors. Single line targets with

specific parametric values for contrast, width, and blur are recommended to provide a means for testing a radiographic inspector

for visual acuity. These targets may be used for periodic tests by the employing organization or for more frequent self testing by the

inspector. Statistics from the National Health Survey, procedures

recommended by the NAS-NCR Committee on Vision and real world

radiographs have been utilized in arriving at recommended test configurations.

TN1146. Jenkins, D. R.; Mathey, R. G.; Knab, L. I. Moisture

detection in roofing by nondestructive means—A state-of-the-art survey. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 1146; 1981 July. 82 p. SN003-003-02340-0. Key words: built-up roofing; moisture; moisture detection; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; roofing; thermal resistance. A literature survey is presented of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for detection of moisture in roofing systems. The

methods discussed include the use of capacitance-radio frequency

instruments, capacitance-microwave instruments, nuclear meters, and

thermal infrared scanners. For each method, the principles of

operation are reviewed and the measured properties which are

affected by moisture are identified. Factors other than moisture which

may affect the response of the instruments are also described for each method. These factors produce responses which are similar to those due to moisture and include non-uniformities in the roofing system, roof construction details, and building equipment. The use of each NDE method in actual moisture surveys is reviewed.

It is emphasized in the report that the validity of roofing moisture surveys depends on both a knowledge of the factors noted above and

a familiarity with roofing practice. Furthermore, cores of the roofing system at selected points are needed to confirm NDE observations. To define operating conditions for infrared scanners, calculated temperatures of roof surfaces over dry and over wet insulation are presented for representative night and day conditions.

TN1148. Treado, S.; Kusuda, T. Solar radiation and illumination. Nat. Bur Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 1148; 1981 November. 31 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 82-135823. Key words: daylighting; illuminance; illumination; irradiance;

solar radiation. Experimental data were collected and analyzed under various cloud cover conditions to establish the relationship between solar irradiance and illuminance. Empirically derived equations are presented for estimating diffuse and total illuminance as a function of total and

diffuse solar radiation.

4
TN1149. Campbell, P. G.; Martin, J. W.; McKnight, M. E. Short-term

evaluation procedures for coatings on structural steel. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 1149; 1981 September. 43 p. SN003-003-

02367-1. Key words: accelerated aging tests; coatings; corrosion;

predictability; reproducibility; time to failure.

This report presents the findings of the first of a two-phased study

to aid the Federal Highway Administration in evaluating and

selecting protective coatings for steel. The objectives of the study are

to review existing short-term test procedures for selecting coatings, and to discuss analytical measurement techniques for characterizing

coating systems and for monitoring coating degradation.

In assessing current accelerated aging testing procedures, several

deficiencies became apparent. These included the reported lack of

reproducibility in the rankings for different iterations of the same

short-term test and the lack of correlatability between the rankings of

short-term laboratory and long-term outdoor exposure tests.

It was concluded that, at the present time, coating manufacturers and users do not depend heavily on accelerated test results for making

durability assessments. Instead durability assessments are based on

outdoor exposure performance. Recommendations are made to design

future short-term test procedures using reliability theory.

TN1152. Pommersheim, J. M.; Mathey, R. G. Mechanical performance

of built-up roofing membranes. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note

1152; 1981 December. 60 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-151259. Key words: adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate.

For built-up roofing membranes with either linear or non-linear

stress-strain behavior, fully bonded to an underlying deck or substrate which undergoes displacement, it is the equality of the complementary strain energy of the fabric or felt layer with the strain energy of the bonding adhesive or bitumen layer, which governs both

the conditions under which membrane integrity is lost and the mode

of failure by either membrane splitting or adhesive bonding. The

testing criteria developed are applied to a sample case. HANDBOOKS

Recommended codes of engineering and industrial practice

(including safety codes) developed in cooperation with interested

industries, professional organizations, and regulatory bodies.

H135. Ruegg, R. T. Life-cycle costing manual for the Federal energy management programs. Nat. Bur Stand. (U.S.) Handb. 135; 1980 December. 234 p. SN0O3-0O3-O2274-8. Key words: cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy

conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic.

This manual is a guide to understanding the life-cycle costing

method and an aid to calculating the measures required for evaluating energy conservation and renewable energy investments in all Federal

buildings. It expands upon the life-cycle costing criteria contained in the Program Rules of the Federal Energy Management Program

(Subpart A of Part 436, Title 10, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations) and is consistent with those criteria. Its purpose is to facilitate the

implementation of the Program Rules by explaining the life-cycle costing method, defining the measures, describing the assumptions and procedures to follow in performing evaluations, and giving

examples. It provides worksheets, a computer program, and

instructions for calculating the required measurements. The life-cycle costing method and evaluation procedures set forth

in the Federal Energy Management Program Rules and described in greater detail in this guide are to be followed by all Federal agencies

for all energy conservation and renewable energy projects undertaken

in new and existing buildings and facilities owned or leased by the Federal government, unless specifically exempted. The establishment of the methods and procedures and their use by Federal agencies to evaluate energy conservation and solar energy investments are required by Section 381(a)(2)of the Energy Policy and Conservation

Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6361(a)(2); Section 10 of Presidential Executive Order 11912, amended; and by Title V of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, 92 Stat. 3275.

SPECIAL

PUBLICATIONS

This series includes proceedings of conferences sponsored by the Center and other special publications appropriate to this grouping

including project summaries, list of publications, wall charts, pocket

cards, and bibliographies.

SP446-5. Raufaste, N.; Olmert, M., eds. Building technology project summaries 1980-1981. Nat. Bur Stand. (U.S.) Spec. Publ. 446-5; 1981

July. 82 p. SN003-003-02343-4. Key words: building research; building technology; codes;

criteria; measurement methods; performance criteria; project summaries; technical bases. The Center for Building Technology provides the technical and

scientific bases for criteria and standards that improve the usefulness, safety and economy of buildings while conserving building materials and energy. The Center's activities support building technology programs of the Federal, State and local governments; assists design

professions, building officials and the research community by

developing design criteria that improve buildings; and assists manufacturers of building products by developing criteria for evaluating innovative building materials. This report summarizes the Center's projects for calendar year 1980-81. It enables individuals to get a clear impression of CBT research activities.

SP457-5. Webber, S., ed. Building technology publications 1980—

Supplement 5. Nat. Bur Stand. (US.) Spec. Publ. 457-5; 1981 June. 90 p. SN003-003-02332-9. Key words: abstracts; building technology; Center for Building

Technology; key words; publications.

This report presents NBS' Center for Building Technology (CBT)

pubHcations for 1980. It is the fifth supplement to NBS Special Publication 457, Building Technology Publications, and lists CBT

reports issued during January 1 -December 31, 1980. It includes titles

5
and abstracts of each CBT publication and those papers published in non-NBS media, key word and author indexes, and general information and instructions on how to order CBT publications. This publication is divided into three main sections. The first, Titles and Abstracts, provides the report title, author(s), date of publication, selected key words, and an abstract of each NBS publication and each

paper published in an outside source. The Author Index cites CBT

authors and their publication number which is listed in this supplement. The Key Words Index is a subject index, listing word

summaries of the building research topics for each publication and

paper. By selecting a main word or subject, the user is able to locate reports of interest through these subject-related words.

SP480-37. Rubin, A. I.; Howett, G. L. Emergency vehicle warning

systems. Nat. Bur Stand. (U.S.) Spec. Publ. 480-37; 1981 May. 25 p. SN003-003-02323-0. Key words: conspicuity; effective intensity; emergency warning

lights; flashing lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning light; warning signals. The subject of visual and auditory warning devices (lights and

sirens) for emergency and service vehicles is surveyed from a broad

perspective. It is intended that this user guide should provide directly useful information at all levels from the selection of hardware to an

understanding of the psychophysical factors determining the

effectiveness of these devices. Topics covered include: the theory of warning signals; the present situation and the need for uniform

national standards; suggested performance standards for warning light systems and for sirens, including the reasons for the principle requirements; recommendations for actions that can be taken to improve the signal effectiveness of emergency vehicles; an illustrated classification of the many types of emergency-vehicle warning lights; and brief summaries of some of the physical measurements that were made on a selection of lights and sirens.

SP606. Trechsel, H. R.; Launey, S. J. Criteria for the installation of energy conservation measures. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Spec. Publ. 606; 1981 July. 203 p. SN003-003-02337-0. Key words: automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm

doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows.

Standard installation practices were developed to assist in assuring the effectiveness and safety of energy conservation measures installed under the Residential Conservation Service (RCS). They serve as mandatory standards under RCS but are recommended guides for all installations of the covered materials and products. The criteria are being used by DoE to develop training manuals for installers, inspectors, and energy auditors. Part I provides information on the intended use of the practices, outlines the RCS program, and discusses specific major technical and

related issues that were considered in the development of the

standards: moisture and building retrofit, attic ventilation, electrical wiring, recessed and surface-mounted fixtures, the use of diagnostic

tools (infrared thermography, air change rate, and window air leakage

measurements), and product certification. Part II provides the actual practices together with commentary and

additional recommendations. The products covered are loose-fill, batts and blankets, rigid foam boards, UF foam and reflective insulations, window devices, caulks and sealants, water heater insulation, oil burner replacements, and vent dampers.

SP608. Berry, S. A., ed. Research and innovation in the building regulatory process. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual NBS/NCSBCS

Joint Conference Technical Seminar on Solar Energy and Energy

Conservation; 1980 August 6; Denver, CO. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Spec. Publ. 608; 1981 May. 201 p. SN0O3-O03-02321-3. Key words: ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling;

electrical design; energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC

systems; performance standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage.

The Proceedings of the Fifth Annual NBS/NCSBCS Joint Conference on Research and Innovation in the Building Regulatory

Process contain 17 technical papers. This year's joint conference

addressed solar energy and energy conservation. These proceedings include papers on: Energy programs in the State of Colorado; Building energy performance standards concepts; State energy audits; Energy and building systems services; Solar energy and

building codes. These proceedings include the following papers

(indented):

SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. Emery, A. F.; Dorri, B.; Kippenhan, C.

J.; Heerwagen, D. R.; Banken, G. Alternate optimal control

strategies for residential HVAC systems. Key words: cost savings; energy conservation; HVAC systems; innovation; mathematical model; optimization.

The optimal control of HVAC systems on an hourly basis is determined both by the thermal inputs which precede the hour

under question and by future thermal effects. Most simulation programs treat only the past history. This paper describes results obtained with a special program which optimizes the use of the HVAC system in conjunction with natural and artificial lighting and with other thermal load schedules by considering such future

effects. The results indicate that substantial savings can occur through

such a look-ahead optimization and that the extent of the needed

future knowledge for most residential structures is in the neighborhood of a few hours. It is also shown that such an

optimization is more valuable for the gradual changes associated with the usual weather than with rapid changes of internal thermal loads.

SP608; 1981 May. 37-56. Zackrison, H. B., Jr. Energy conscious

electrical design. Key words: electrical design; energy distribution; National

Electrical Code; power factor correction; source energy;

transformers. Concern over the adequacy of future energy resources has led the Federal Government to require States to adopt energy

conservation techniques for all new construction. Different approaches have been tried, such as Resource Utilization Factors, which consider how efficiently one source of energy can be converted into another (i.e., 3.04 Btus of heat energy are required

to produce and transmit 1 Btu of electrical energy to the point of

use); and Resource Impact Factors, which consider the relative

availability and renewability of a fuel. The Department of Energy's current approach centers around

the formulation of Building Energy Performance Standards, which prescribe energy consumption goals for various types of

structures in different climates while allowing designers to achieve these goals in their own ways.

Thus, this paper will consider a number of electrical design

techniques that contribute to minimizing energy consumption and

maximizing the efficiency of electrical installations. Some of the techniques discussed also involve the source concept, as opposed

to the boundary concept, of energy conservation: reducing the

total energy expenditure required to construct buildings by

minimizing the quantities of raw materials and finished products

required.

SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. Kainlauri, E. O. Potential energy savings

in buildings resulting from the NCSBCS code compared with BEPS. Key words: building code; building envelope; comparison;

compliance; energy budget; energy conservation; performance

standards; Statement of Review; verification.

In the State of Iowa, under the present State Energy

Conservation Building Code (National Conference of States on

Building Codes and Standards [NCSBCS] Code), all buildings

that are larger than 100,000 cubic feet must be submitted for

6
State approval, with a statement from a registered architect or

engineer verifying that the plans and specifications meet the code

requirements. During the past 2 years, more than 100 design

professionals and about as many building inspectors have

completed a training course organized by the Architecture Extension of the Iowa State University (ISU), and more than 400

building plans have been submitted to the Iowa Building Code

Commission for approval. The required "Statement of Review"

includes design conditions and overall U-values for exterior

walls, roof/ceilings, floors, and the gross wall cooling thermal

transfer value (OTTV).

During the 2 years since the code was introduced, some 412

buildings have been analyzed by the ISU Architecture Extension

as to what degree the results compare with the corresponding code requirements. It was found that the results are encouraging.

By an average, the U^ wall figures are about 40 percent better than the allowable American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90-75 standards (or the revised ASHRAE 90.1-75R), the roof/ceiling values about

15 percent, and the OTTV values more than 50 percent better. For the purpose of comparison with the Building Energy

Performance Standards (BEPS), the results have been classified in 17 categories in anticipation of BEPS categories (splitting office buildings into large and small categories). The results

illustrate characteristically how buildings of various types may

approach or even exceed BEPS values. Of course, the U^-values by themselves cannot be compared directly with BEPS

performance standards and energy budgets, but a close implication can be seen from values produced by approximation. As a second phase of the research, the Architecture Extension

has been checking sample building plans in various parts of the

State, in order to verify the accuracy of statements submitted. So

far, the statements have been proven accurate, with only minor

computation errors. Later on, another check is planned

inspecting those buildings for actual installations. Finally, energy

audits are planned for verification of performance criteria. The

ISU Building Energy Utilization Laboratory is also involved in studies of Iowa buildings.

SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. Loxley, T. E. Solar and geothermal

housing innovations via inverted cave construction system. Key words: buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground

coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade

geothermal; radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump. The cave offers many energy saving advantages, but the problems of underground construction severely limit its application. The author shows that modem materials can be used

to build a house on grade as though it were a cave turned inside

out. The result is a house of generally conventional appearance

that functions like a cave. The system consists of a highly insulated exterior wall and roof surrounding a central core of high thermal mass. Insulation extending to the base of the foundation isolates the house from

outside temperature fluctuations. A concrete floor and central masonry wall then thermally couple the home interior to the underlying subsoil. Reduced heating and cooling loads and the nature of the design introduce climate control options not possible with

conventional construction. A piping loop placed directly beneath

the slab floor permits the storage and circulation of water for use with a highly efficient water source heat pump. A modestly sized

solar array is used in a simple, attractive arrangement to heat the loop water. This provides a radiant floor heating effect and

boosts system efficiency. Readily compatible with today's quality builders, this versatile system concept costs little more than current energy wasting

construction.

SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. Forest, A. Basic human values and

energy conserving lifestyles or the implications of California's innovative new Qass K code.

Key words: alternative; California; Class K code; conservation;

discrimination; energy; United Stand.

This report stresses the energy conserving implications of

California's innovative new "Class K" code provision for primitive architecture and alternative technologies. The

philosophy of United Stand, proponent of the "Class K" code, is here highlighted in the interest of energy conservation, and

owner-builders across America who wish to maintain basic human values and energy conserving lifestyles. We now propose a similarly conceived national code that will

specifically mandate the right of owner-builders to employ

alternative technologies in their own homes—a new code which

will spell our functional performance rather than prescribe

specific technology; a code written briefly, and simply, to provide a rule of thumb, rather than repression; a code which

will legalize and facilitate low-cost, low-technology, energyefficient housing, rather than discriminate against it. We ask for a code specifying the right of homeowner-builders to turn "OFF"

a portion of our Nation's energy—their own.

SP608; 1981 May. 105-112. Lord, D. Setting standards for building energy performance in Hawaii. Key words: building energy performance; codes; energy

conservation; energy policy; Hawaii; performance standards.

The State of Hawaii is unique in its energy supply and energy consumption patterns. Precariously dependent on imported

petroleum, Hawaii has the potential for meeting much of its energy needs through the development of its solar, wind,

geothermal, and ocean resources. These issues will play

important roles in the formulation of policy in the statewide approach to energy conservation in buildings. The proposed

Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS) and the existing American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90-75 standard have raised questions among design professionals and at the State planning

level about appropriate climatic criteria, design energy budgets and weighting factors for fuels. The climate of Hawaii was not represented in the Baseline Energy Study by the American

Institute of Architects (AIA) Research Corporation and does not appear in the list of Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) in the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for BEPS.

Weighting factors developed by the U.S. Department of Energy

(DoE) for the various fuels used for lighting, cooling, and water

heating seem to be inappropriate for Hawaii. A modified BEPS approach is proposed which would

probably offer advantages over the present ASHRAE 90-75

ijased building code. This would encourage the use of renewable

energy and passive techniques in meeting design energy budgets and in reducing the State's dependence on imported fossil fuels.

SP608; 1981 May. 113-122. Anderson, J. M.; Evans, P. M.; Smith, R. L. A simplified low cost technique for evaluating building energy performance standards submittals. Key words: BLAST; building energy performance standards; computer modeling; maintain accuracy; reduce cost; reduce

input; standard evaluation technique.

The Building Energy Performance Standards propose a "Standard Evaluation Technique" based almost entirely on the modeling of energy performance by computer techniques. This modeling requires elaborate data, manipulation of complex data

bases, large amounts of memory, and is feasible only with the

latest in computer technology. Currently, where such technology

is available, its use is prohibitively expensive.

A study was made on the University of Illinois CYBER 175 computer using an energy analysis program similar to the one

required by BEPS. This study found, for the test case, that lines of input could be reduced by up to 77 percent, that the number

of surfaces needed to describe the building could be reduced by

80 percent, and that the computer cost of running this analysis

7
could be lowered by 75 percent. It was found that all of these reductions could be made and still maintain a high degree of accuracy (within six percent) as compared to the thorough base

run.The results indicate a large potential for the reduction of

building code officials' time in preparing the computer input and

for the reduction in cost for running such energy evaluation programs on large computers.

SP608; 1981 May. 123-132. Glickman, D. S.; Terry, D. L. Energy

audits of public buildings in Illinois. Key words: cost; construction; energy audit; energy

conservation; Illinois; maintenance; public buildings; state government.

The Illinois Capital Development Board is a State govermnental board which manages the construction of $200-400

million of public buildings and related facilities per year. This paper will discuss the technical experience gained in the energy audit program wherein approximately 277 public

buildings have been audited and recommendations made to change operating and maintenance procedures and make

construction changes. When implemented, the changes, estimated

to cost $5 million will save approximately $75 million over a 15 year period. Types of buildings audited to date include dormitories, schools, dietary facilities, hospitals, offices, steam generation plants, and

general and mechanical stores. Approximately 10.3 million gross square feet (GSF) have been audited. The largest building audited was 444,000 GSF, the smallest 1500 GSF. The cost of performing the audits is, on the average, repaid in 2 years by the savings realized from implementation of recommended operating and maintenance changes alone. This program was praised by Region V U.S. Department of Energy

(DoE) Headquarters, Chicago, Illinois. Also discussed will be the Technical Research Unit, its energy

functions and goals.

SP608; 1981 May. 133-138. Kainlauri, E. O. A professional approach to class A and school and hospital energy audits, with

case studies. Key words: certification; Class A energy audit; economic

analysis; energy analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical

assistance. The State of Iowa has probably one of the toughest but most

appropriate programs of Class A Energy Auditor Certification. As a first requirement the applicant must be either a registered architect or engineer. Secondly, he or she must take a 3-day

training course organized by an advisory committee composed of

representatives from the professions and industry and from the Iowa State University (ISU), and finally pass an all-day test which includes a partial energy audit with instrumentation. The

training courses have been given seven times since late 1978, and

additional courses are scheduled in the future. Nearly 200 Class A Energy Auditors have so far "graduated." Special courses are

also given on school and hospital energy auditing. The first part of this paper will deal with the training aspects and requirements.

The second part of the paper will concentrate on results of

these audits which are both quantitative and qualitative. Several hundred energy audits on government buildings, schools, and

hospitals have taken place, partly financed by Federal programs.

Information on Iowa buildings is being computerized and

analyzed. At a recent case study workshop, specific aspects were

highlighted, including a number of building environmental topics, decision making criteria, computer applications, audit procedures,

cost of audits and energy conservation measures, and codes and

standards. The impacts on finances, building energy consumption,

personnel, and the profession were discussed. Means to improve

results of future energy audits by sharing experiences was the main objective. The results are encouraging.

SP608; 1981 May. 139-157. McCamey, S. A simplified procedure

for the use of solar energy in complying with the Colorado energy

conservation standards for residential buildings. Key words: BEPS; code compliance; code conflicts; energy

conservation standards; solar energy; trainee performance testing.

This study reviews the history of the residential energy

conservation building standards in Colorado. Attendant

educational efforts are described. Results from performance

testing of trainees are presented. Numerous sources have

requested simplified code compliance methodologies. Presented is a simplified strategy for code compliance through the use of solar energy. Code conflicts with solar are identified. The effects of

the Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS) on solar use

are briefly discussed.

SP608; 1981 May. 159-166. Gaines, R. S.; McLafferty, P. S. Solar systems facilitated by the proper application of existing building codes. Key words: building codes; building officials; codes and

standards; convective loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs.

The California Energy Commission (CEC) and the California Building Officials, Inc. (CALBO) have jointly developed a manual designed to assist local building officials in identifying, understanding, and completing a code analysis of solar systems

presented to building departments for permit approval. Published by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), the Solar Systems Code Review Manual provides both building

departments and builders a set of clear guidelines to be followed by specifying the code sections which will be applied in the plan check and inspection processes. The manual is based on the

rationale that the plumbing, structural, electrical, and mechanical components of both solar and conventional space conditioning and water heating systems are largely similar and can, therefore, be regulated by existing codes and standards. Several code items have been identified which, if rigidly enforced, could serve to

inhibit the implementation of solar systems, and a process has been developed for resolving such problems without sacrificing important health and safety standards.

SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. Trant, B. S. Development of recommended requirements to code officials for solar heating, cooling and hot water systems. Key words: building codes; buildmg officials; consensus;

construction; document; installation; recommended requirements;

solar energy; solar systems.

Under a Department of Energy contract, the Council of American Building Officials has developed "Recommended

Requirements for Code Officials on Solar Heating, Cooling and Hot Water Systems." The recommended requirements treat all the major code categories—building, electrical and

mechanical/plumbing. These requirements will serve a guide for building code

officials to judge the health and safety aspects of solar systems and their proper installations. Where requirements exist in a major model code they are referenced with commentaries

provided for technical backup or where further explanation is needed. The development of the recommended requirements through

the consensus process is described.

SP608; 1981 May. 173 178. Williams, S. A method for retaining an

experimental attitude in solar codes. Key words: deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code;

field test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking;

protestors; solar code; victim role.

8
The viability of the incipient solar age will in large part be determined by humankind's ability to learn new technologies.

The basis of leaning is being able to experience the failure or

success of one's ideas. For innovative structures, the most direct and readily available means of experiencing their workability is to live in them. Proposed solar building codes are based on our

existing solar methodology, thereby leaving little room for a person wanting to experiment with a new idea on his/her own

home.

In order to solve the problem of the code becoming a barrier

to further development of solar technology, the author proposes

recording on the property deed a notation stating that the property has a building whose solar system is not according to code. A 2-year field trial of the Recommended Requirements to Code Officials on Solar Heating, Cooling, and Hot Water

Systems, developed by the Council of American Building

Officials, is suggested to enable the public and building inspectors time to acquaint themselves with it and work out any bugs.

SP608; 1981 May. 179-181. Wrenn, P. State Government roles in national solar collector labeling, certification, and rating.

Key words: certification; consumer protection; Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling procedures; national testing program; regulation; solar collector; standards; voluntary program.

Dr. Ron Doctor of the California Energy commission and Dr. David Block of the Florida Solar Energy Center initiated a program in late 1979 to encourage reciprocity between states in their regulations concerning solar collector certification and

labeling. Florida and California had both instituted testing and

certification programs at that time which were required for their tax credits for solar devices and used for other regulatory

purposes. Also, the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA)

and the Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) had come up with two additional labeling and certification programs.

Potential confusion and duplication of effort seemed to be

developing so a meeting was called of 25 States active in solar energy matters. Several meeting have now been convened and remarkable

progress has been made toward the goal of a single national program for rating, labeling and certifying solar collectors, and

eventually, for complete solar systems. The four programs now

in existence (both State and industry) were represented, as well

as about 30 State solar offices which have been considering

implementing such programs. At an April 1980 meeting there was a preliminary agreement

that there should be a single national system, run by a non-profit

corporation with a Board of Directors composed of individuals nominated by SEIA and ARI and representatives of the State Government consensus effort initiated by Dr. Block and Dr. Doctor.

This paper details progress to date and projects completion

dates for a national testing program, labeling program, and rating program for solar collectors. An applications manual is also planned, as well as additional work on systems and eventually

certification.

SP608; 1981 May. 183-194. Key, W. P.; Potter, T. Residential conservation service program solar model audit.

Key words: auditor training; energy conservation; program

measure; Residential Conservation Service; Solar Model Audit.

The Residential Conservation Service (RCS) has been

developed by the Department of Energy (DoE) as a requirement of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act (NECPA). The

goal of the program is to reduce non-renewable energy use in the Nation's homes through increased application of conservation methods and the use of solar and wind energy systems to displace conventional energy sources.

The DoE program includes development of a model audit to

assist the States in preparation of the State plans for implementation of RCS. Oak Ridge National Laboratory

managed the model audit development effort with the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) assigned responsibility for development of the solar and wind energy systems portions of

the audit. This paper discusses the solar model audit development and

the potential impact for homeowners, utilities, and solar suppliers/contractors. An overview of the solar model audit reviews the regulation requirements pertinent to solar with emphasis on standards, warranties, and installation considerations. A discussion is presented on the program impact on utilities, especially with regard to identifying sufficient numbers of

qualified auditors and the training of these auditors. The active and passive solar and wind energy portions of the audit are described including data bases used, assumptions for respective

solar or wind system measures, and examples of the audit use on

a field trial home.

SP608; 1981 May. 195-200. Heinemeyer, R. R. Building codes vs. the design of passive solar heat storage. Key words: codes; concrete; masonry; prohibitions; re- examination; thermal storage; wood structure.

This paper explores the difficulties in complying with the major national building codes when designing thermal mass

storage elements into a low-mass (wood frame), direct-gain

passive solar building. Experience with one of the first pre- manufactured passive solar buildings in the United States (the Boise Cascade solar prototype house recently erected near Denver) is presented. Different strategies for the design of thermal mass elements and their acceptability to code

administering authorities are discussed.

SP623. Pielert, J. H. Removing regulatory restraints to building

rehabilitation: The Massachusetts experience. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

Spec. Publ. 623; 1981 October. 57 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82- 121047. Key words: building code; building research; buildings; code

enforcement; regulations; rehabilitation.

Throughout the United States, increasing concern is being

expressed for the need to more fully utilize the existing building stock. The report documents a process that was initiated in late 1977 and

continues to the present time in which particular regulatory problems

impacting building rehabilitation were identified, a regulatory concept

which responded to these problems was formulated, and the actual implementation of the new approach in the State of Massachusetts.

Article 22 of the Massachusetts State Building Code is printed in the Appendix of the report and four case studies of actual buildings

which were rehabilitated are included.

9
NBS

INTERAGENCY

REPORTS

The Interagency Reports are a special series of interim or final reports on work generally performed by NBS for outside sponsors

(both government and non-government). When released by the National Bureau of Standards and the Sponsor, initial distribution is handled by the Sponsor. Public availability is by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161. This

series must be ordered from NTIS by the order number listed at the end of each entry.

NBSIR 79-1911. Maxwell, B. R. Procedures for testing, rating, and

estimating the seasonal performance of engine-driven heat pump

systems. 1979 September. 60 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 123564. Key words: building heating and cooling; engine-driven heat pump; heating and cooling equipment; heating, ventilating and air conditioning; heat pump. A generic test and rating procedure is developed for heat engine- driven air-to-air heat pump systems. The procedures are classified according to whether the systems have single-speed, two-speed, or

variable-speed capability, and whether they are operating in the heating or cooling mode. The test requirements generally consist of a

series of steady-state tests to establish the impact of outdoor

temperature on performance, two or more part-load (cyclic) tests to determine the effect of "on-off cycling, two steady-state intermediate speed tests to determine part-speed performance, and a single frost accumulation test to estimate the effect of frost. A generalized

calculation and rating procedure is developed. The system is rated in both modes based upon its steady-state performance at the ARI

standard rating points, its seasonal performance factor, and its seasonal operating cost. A frost degradation coefficient is also

established. The seasonal parameters are based upon either a

residential or commercial/industrial building application which is located in either a generalized northern or southern climate. NBSIR 80-1979. Wright, R. N.; Fenves, S. J.; Harris, J. R. Modeling

of standards: Technical aids for their formulation, expression, and

use. 1980 March. 17 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 80-203581. Key words: building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis.

Standards are the primary communication and control mechanism

used to describe building practices and products in communications between the various participants in the building process. Most prior research related to building standards has been concerned with

understanding and improving the performance of building products. This work, in contrast, is concerned with improving the organization,

expression and interpretation of the information contained in a

standard. Techniques are described for objective and rigorous

representation of the meaning of a standard. These allow it to be

tested for aspects of clarity, completeness, consistency and

correctness. Furthermore, the techniques allow alternative

organizations and expressions to fit the needs of various users with

assurance that meanings remain unchanged and that users will readily

find and understand all provisions even in a new or unfamiliar

standard. NBSIR 80-1979-1. Wright, R. N.; Fenves, S. J.; Harris, J. R. Modeling

of standards: Technical aids for their formulation, expression, and

use. 1980 December. 17 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-159600. Key words: building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis.

Standards are the primary communication and control mechanism

used to describe building practices and products in communications between the various participants in the building process. Most prior research related to building standards has been concerned with

understanding and improving the performance of building products. This work, in contrast, is concerned with improving the organization,

expression and interpretation of the information contained in a

standard. Techniques are described for objective and rigorous

representation of the meaning of a standard. These allow it to be

tested for aspects of clarity, completeness, consistency and

correctness. Furthermore, the techniques allow alternative organizations and expressions to fit the needs of various users with

assurance that meanings remain unchanged and that users will readily

find and understand all provisions even in a new or unfamiliar

standard. NBSIR 80-2003. Lerner, N. D.; Collins, B. L. Workplace safety symbols: Current status and research needs. 1980 March. 62 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-157059. Key words: communication; hazard; pictograms; safety; signs; standards; symbols; visual alerting; warnings.

Although written signs are a common means of conveying safety information in the workplace, pictographic symbols can be a more

effective way of providing the same information. Symbols are independent of a particular written language, and can be more

accurately and rapidly perceived than the comparable word message. Despite the many advantages of safety symbols, they can be

ineffective or even dangerous if the intended meaning is not

accurately communicated. As a result, there is a great need for careful evaluation, consistent application and eventual standardization for safety symbols. This report documents an initial assessment of current symbol use and future requirements. It includes a review of the technical

literature on symbol research; observation of safety sign and symbol

use in the workplace; compilation of commercially available symbol

referents; and review of national and international standards. Based upon these sources, an initial list of 40 symbol referents is presented

along with research priorities for evaluating the effectiveness of symbols for these referents. NBSIR 80-2081. Cooke, P. W. Comparison of selected codes and

standards relating to existing residential buildings. 1980 July. 310 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-120842. Key words: building rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards.

The performance levels of older residential buildings generally do

not comply with the standards for safety or function that are required of new buildings. This report presents a comparative analysis of the

specific provisions contained in seven codified documents that have

been promulgated to regulate the health and safety aspects of existing

residential buildings. The study examines and presents information on:

(1) The extent to which codes vary among each other in establishing minimum requirements for life, health and safety in existing dwellings.

(2) The differing approaches provided by traditional housing codes in contrast to more recently developed rehabilitation guideline documents regarding performance levels. (3) The degree to which

each code meets its intended goals of providing and maintaining

10
human shelter, protection, and privacy. The code provisions are compared and analyzed in sixteen major code areas (e.g., structural requirements, light and illumination, plumbing requirements, etc.). Various inconsistencies among code documents with respect to uniformity and irrational approaches in the historical development of code provisions are indicated. NBSIR 80-2088. Lerner, N. D.; Collins, B. L. The assessment of safety symbol understandability by different testing methods. 1980 August. 60 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-185647. Key words: communication; evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; pictogram; response; symbol; understandability.

This paper reports an experiment on the understandability of

pictorial symbols proposed for fire-safety alerting. The experiment was designed to determine the understandability of specific symbols and to assess the effects of variations in both presentation and

response methods. The symbols were presented as slides, booklets, or placards. Subjects indicated their understanding of each symbol's meaning

either by writing down a brief definition or by selecting the correct answer from among four alternatives. For both methods, subjects rated their confidence in the correctness of the answers. In the second

phase of the experiment, subjects were given fifteen different messages, and asked to draw a symbol for each idea. Mode of symbol presentation had no effect on understandability, while the use of definition and multiple choice procedures led to generally similar conclusions. The confidence ratings provided

additional information about discrepancies between the two response methods. The understandability of the 25 symbols ranged from near zero to virtually total comprehension. These data underscore the need to determine the understandability of safety symbols prior to standardizing a symbol set. NBSIR 80-2094. Kelly, G. E.; Kuklewicz, M. E. A laboratory study of

a gas-fired condensing boiler. 1980 November. 39 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-158230. Key words: boilers; central heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating systems; gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion. As a part of the Department of Energy's energy conservation program for consumer products, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) developed test procedures for conventional gas- and oil-fired furnaces and boilers. The Department of Energy (DoE) published

their finalized version of these procedures in the Federal Register on May 10, 1978. In an effort to update and refine these test procedures,

DoE directed NBS to develop a method of testing condensing

furnaces and boilers which could be used to compare the annual performance of condensing and non-condensing residential heating

systems. This report summarizes the laboratory tests of a gas-fired pulse-combustion condensing boiler that were carried out as a part of

the development effort. The performance of the pulse-combustion boiler was evaluated under both steady-state and part-load operating conditions. The

efficiency of the unit was determined by the input/output method

which measured the heat transferred to the circulating water and the energy input during each test period. Steady-state laboratory tests of

the unit were conducted at constant return water temperatures of 100, 110, 120, 130 and 140 °F (37.8, 43.3, 48.9, 54.4 and 60.0 "C). Part-load performance tests were carried out at a number of these return water

temperatures at on-times of approximately 5, 15, 22.5 and 42 percent. A modified version of the heat loss procedure for estimating the

seasonal performance of a residential central furnace or boiler was

also used to evaluate the boiler's steady-state efficiency and part-load

efficiency at a 22.5 percent on-time. A cool-down test and heat-up test were performed to obtain dynamic information which was used to calculate the unit's cyclic performance. The predicted steady-state and

part-load efficiencies from the heat loss method were found to be

within three percent of the performance determined using the input/output method.

NBSIR 80-2104. Kao, J. Y.; Baker, D. W. A commentary on the instrumentation for building energy monitoring and control systems (EMCS). 1980 September. 28 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 185688. Key words: building energy monitoring; instrumentation; sensors.

This paper reviews sensors generally used for building energy

monitoring and control systems (EMCS). The sensor operating

principles, performances, calibration, maintenance, installation precautions, failure modes and their suitability for building EMCS use

are discussed. Sensors covered in the paper include orifices, flow

nozzles, Venturis, vortex shedding meters, and turbine meters for flow measurements, liquid-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples for temperature measurements, and

salt-phase transition hygrometers, impedance hygrometers, and

dimensional change hygrometers for humidity measurements. NBSIR 80-2110. Kelly, G. E.; Kuklewicz, M. E. Recommended testing and calculation procedures for estimating the seasonal performance

of residential condensing furnaces and boilers. 1981 April. 100 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-197030. Key words: annual fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating

costs; central heating equipment; condensing boilers; condensing

furnaces; part-load performance; rating procedure; seasonal

efficiency.

Procedures are developed for testing and rating the performance of

residential central furnaces and boilers of the condensing type. A

condensing furnace or boiler is a unit designed to condense part of the water vapor generated by the burning of hydrogen in the fuel and

equipped with a means of draining this condensate. The test procedure is similar to one developed by the National Bureau of Standards for the Department of Energy covering noncondensing

central heating equipment, except that it requires slightly tighter control of the laboratory temperature, a return water temperature of 120°F (48.9°C) with a 20 degree Fahrenheit (11.1 degree Celsius) water temperature rise for hot water boilers, and offers an optional

test procedure for condensing units having no off-period losses. The

rating procedure provides a method for estimating the steady-state, part-load and annual fuel utilization efficiencies of condensing

furnaces and boilers. It accounts for the fact that the latent heat loss for a condensing unit is smaller than for a conventional furnace or

boiler, since some of the water vapor generated from burning

hydrogen in the fuel is condensed and thereby gives up part of its latent heat to the heat exchanger and jacket. NBSIR 80-2111-1. Ellingwood, B. R. Reyiew and refinement of ATC

3-06 tentative seismic provisions. Report of technical committee 1: Seismic risk maps. 1980 October. 30 p. Available from: NTIS; PB

81-187551. Key words: buildings; buildings (codes); buildings (design); earthquake; seismic risk maps; standards; structural engineering.

The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The report contains the recommendations and records of the committee charged

with review of the seismic risk maps. The committee made 4 recommendations for revisions to the Tentative Provisions. These

recommendations were made to the parent group, the Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and their action on these recommendations is documented in a companion report.

11
NBSIR 80-2111-3. Salomone, L. A. Review and refinement of ATC

3-06 tentative seismic provisions. Report of technical committee 3: Foundations. 1980 October. 57 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 187569. Key words: buildings; design; earthquakes; engineering;

foundations; professional practice; provisions; soil structure

interaction; standards. The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to conducting trial designs. This report documents the activities of Technical Committee 3: Foundations. Other committee reports are similarly available. The

task of Technical Committee 3 was to review and refine Chapter 6, Soil-Structure Interaction and Chapter 7, Foundation Design

Requirements in the ATC report (NBS SP-510) entitled, "Tentative

Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings." Two meetings were held. The opening meeting of the group was on December 11, 1979, and the concluding meeting was on

February 5, 1980. The minutes of these meetings and the findings/recommendations of Technical Committee 3 are presented in this report. These recommendations were made to the parent group,

the Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and their action on

these recommendations is documented in a companion report. NBSIR 80-2111-4. Marshall, R. D.; Woodward, K. Review and

refinement of ATC 3-06 tentative seismic provisions. Report of

technical committee 4: Concrete. 1980 October. 254 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 82-130915. Key words: building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; reinforced concrete; standards;

structural engineering.

The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The report contains the recommendations and records of the committee charged

with review of the reinforced concrete design provisions. The

committee made 19 recommendations for revisions to the Tentative

Provisions. These recommendations were made to the parent group,

the Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and their action on

these recommendations is documented in a companion report. NBSIR 80-2111-5. Leyendecker, E. V.; Cattaneo, L. E. Review and

refinement of ATC 3-06 tentative seismic provisions. Report of

technical committee 5: Masonry. 1980 October. 349 p. Available from: the author. Key words: building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; masonry; standards; structural engineering.

The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document, the current state of knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The report

contains the recommendations and records of the committee charged

with review of the masonry design provisions. The committee made

109 ballot recommendations for revisions to the Tentative Provisions. These recommendations were made to the parent group, the Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and their action on these recommendations is documented in a companion report. NBSIR 80-2111-6. Lew, H. S. Review and refinement of ATC 3-06

tentative seismic provisions. Report of technical committee 6: Steel. 1980 October. 37 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-187577. Key words: building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; steel; structural engineering.

The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The report contains the recommendations and records of the committee charged

with review of the steel design provisions. The committee made 6 recommendations for revisions to the Tentative Provisions and three

additional recommendations. These recommendations were made to the parent group, the Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and their action on these recommendations is documented in a companion report. NBSIR 80-2111-7. Yancey, C. W. C. Review and refinement of ATC

3-06 tentative seismic provisions. Report of technical committee 7: Wood. 1980 October. 41 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-187585. Key words: building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; structural engineering; wood. The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The report contains the recommendations and records of the committee charged

with review of the provisions for the design and detailing of wood

structures. The committee made 14 recommendations for revision to the Tentative Provisions. These recommendations were made to the parent group, the Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and

their action on these recommendations is documented in a companion

report. NBSIR 80-2111-8. Faison, T. K. Review and refinement of ATC 3-06

tentative seismic provisions. Report of technical committee 8: Architectural, mechanical and electrical. 1980 October. 43 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-187593. Key words: architectural; electrical; elevators; mechanical;

seismic coefficients. The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

12
buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that document the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The report contains recommendations and records of the committee charged

with the review of the material related to architectural, mechanical and electrical provisions. The committee made seven general

recommendations for revision and one recommendation for the addition of a new section on elevator design requirements. These

recommendations by Committee 8 were made to the parent group, the

Joint Committee on Review and Refinement, and their action on

these recommendations is documented in a companion report. NBSIR 80-2111-11. Leyendecker, E. V.; Harris, J. R., eds. Review and reHnement of ATC 3-06 tentative seismic provisions. Report of joint committee on review and refinement. 1980 October. 334 p. Available

from: the author. Key words: building; building codes; building design;

earthquakes; engineering; standards; structural engineering.

The Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings were developed by the Applied

Technology Council to present, in one comprehensive document,

current state-of-knowledge pertaining to seismic engineering of

buildings. The Tentative Provisions are in the process of being

assessed by the building community. This report is one of a series of

reports that documents the deliberations of a group of professionals

jointly selected by the Building Seismic Safety Council and the National Bureau of Standards and charged with reviewing the Tentative Provisions prior to the conduct of trial designs. The group

is divided into nine technical committees, each of which focused on a

particular portion of the Tentative Provisions. The nine committees

proposed recommendations for change to the parent group, the Joint Committee, through a Coordinating Committee. The Coordinating

Committee made some modifications to the technical committees' recommendations to ensure consistency among the recommendations.

This report documents the actions of the Joint Committee on the 198 recommendations for change that were presented to it. The first part of the report is a summary of the results, and the appendices contain

the full documentation for each recommended change. The actions of each of the nine technical committees is documented in a separate

report. NBSIR 80-2122. Campbell, P. G.; Sleater, G. A.; Post, M. A. Development of guide specifications for the 1980 exterior restoration of the White House. 1980 October. 129 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-164535. Key words: coatings; exterior restoration; field tests; guide

specifications; laboratory tests; paint removal methods; White

House.

At the request of the National Park Service, a study was performed

to develop guide specifications for use in the 1980 exterior restoration of the White House. The study included: 1) an evaluation of historic practices and difficulties from painting of the White House, 2) an

evaluation of technical literature on surface cleaning procedures and

coating systems, 3) laboratory tests of selected coatings and field tests of selected surface cleaning procedures and coatings and 4) development of guide specifications. Four coating materials were

selected for evaluation in laboratory and field tests and four surface cleaning methods were evaluated in a field test at the White House, of which one system was recommended for use in the 1980 restoration. This report presents the findings of the study and includes the proposed guide specifications. NBSIR 80-2136. Chang, Y. M. L.; Grot, R. A. Energy consumption and usage characteristics from field measurements of residential dishwashers, clothes washers and clothes dryers. 1980 October. 35 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-179160.

Key words: clothes dryer usage characteristics; clothes washer

usage characteristic; data profiles; dishwasher usage

characteristic; energy consumption; field measurements; usage

patterns; water consumption.

The measured energy consumption and usage characteristics for household dishwashers, clothes washers, and clothes dryers for ten townhouses at Twin Rivers, N.J., are presented. Whenever the dishwashers and/or clothes washers were in use, the energy

consumption, water consumption, frequency of usage, and water

temperature were measured by a data acquisition system. The energy

requirement for heating hot water could be established from the water

heater's characteristic in a previous related report (NBSIR 78-1496). The electrical energy of electric clothes dryers and the gas consumption of gas clothes dryers were measured, as well as their frequency and duration of use, and exhaust temperature. Typical household usage patterns of these major appliances are also included.

It was found that, in general, the electrical energy required to operate dishwashers and clothes washers is about one tenth of the energy consumption for heating hot water. Cold water usage is about

three times the hot water usage for each load of laundry. The energy

loss from a pilot light burner of a gas dryer is about 50 percent of the

total gas consumption of that dryer. As far as habits are concerned,

the average family utilizes the dishwasher every other day and the laundry about five loads a week. NBSIR 80-2147. Treado, S.; Kusuda, T. Daylighting, window

management systems, and lighting controls. 1980 December. 80 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-152886. Key words: daylight; energy conservation; fenestration design;

illumination; lighting control; solar heat gain; window

management.

This report investigates major factors concerning windows in buildings and their effect on visual conditions, thermal conditions, and

energy requirements. Empirically obtained data are presented for daylight illumination as a function of solar radiation, sky condition, window size and orientation, and interior reflectance. The thermal and visual effects of several window management strategies are examined along with an analysis of automatic lighting controls. Daylight utilization is seen to offer great potential for minimizing

lighting load in perimeter building areas, and careful determination of

lighting needs and window management strategies can provide

additional benefit. NBSIR 80-2150. Thompson, B. E.; Chapman, R. E. Productivity in residential construction: An annotated bibliography. 1981 February.

59 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-163925. Key words: building codes; building economics; construction;

cost; economics; housing; productivity; regulation; renovation.

This report presents a state-of-the-art review of the technical

literature related to one or more of the factors affecting productivity

in residential construction. Particular emphasis is placed on

identifying potential sources of variation between the level of

productivity in new housing construction versus that in housing

renovation. Although this report focuses on the residential sector, emphasis is also placed on topics such as construction management

and cost control which perhaps more appropriately apply to the nonresidential sector. The references have been categorized so that

articles dealing with specific productivity and construction topics can

be easily identified. The categories emphasized in this report are: general productivity/productivity measurement; construction

productivity; residential rehabilitation/renovation; construction/housing costs; construction cost estimation and control; economics of construction; and building codes and regulations.

13
NBSIR 80-2163. Clifton, J. R.; Anderson, E. D. Nondestructive

evaluation methods for quality acceptance of hardened concrete in structures. 1981 January. 54 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 159618. Key words: concrete; construction; nondestructive evaluation;

quality assurance; steel reinforcing bars; test methods.

Nondestructive test methods which can be used in quality acceptance programs for hardened concrete have been critically reviewed and are described in this report. Methods have been

identified which provide information on the strength, quality and

uniformity, thickness, air content, stiffness, finish, density of concrete

as well as the location and condition of steel reinforcement. Both commonly used methods and possible test methods are covered. In

addition, the feasibility of combining two or more test methods for improving the prediction of the strength or quality of concrete is explored.

NBSIR 80-2171. Lerchen, F. H.; Pielert, J. H.; Faison, T. K. Selected methods for condition assessment of structural, HVAC, plumbing and

electrical systems in existing buildings. 1980 December. Ill p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-186918. Key words: building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems;

test methods; wood.

This report was developed with the intent of assisting government

officials, designers, builders, code officials, and others involved with making technical decisions relative to building rehabilitation to evaluate the condition of existing buildings. The report describes evaluation methods available specifically for use with the structural materials of concrete, steel, masonry, and wood, as well as, for use with the supportive systems of

heating/ventilating/air conditioning, plumbing, and electrical. Both commonly used methods and other possible (but more technically

complex) laboratory methods are described for the reader. Comparative tables are provided, where possible, to aid the reader in making a quick selection of the evaluation method most appropriate

for the particular parameter to be tested. Considerably more

information is included in the area of structural systems than in the

rest of the report because of the fact that this report supplements a previous effort to develop a technical manual on structural strength

for rehabilitation of existing buildings. NBSIR 80-2174. Margulis, S. T. Building accessibility in relation to door hardware, door users, and door use. 1981 January. 54 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-159626. Key words: architectural barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards; disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap; locks.

This report reviews the technical literature related to doors as architectural barriers. It examines the concept of disability and the

associated concepts of impairment and handicap. It is concluded that these terms lack consensus of meaning. The concept of functional capacity is recommended as an alternative because of the more direct linkage between capacity and performance. A review of the conceptual literature on fuctional capacity and its measurement leads

to the conclusion that functional capacities relevant to building

accessibility generally have been identified, but more precise

specifications and improved ergonomic procedures for testing capacities of the disabled are required. Furthermore, a distinction is drawn between functional capacity and door use patterns. The latter refers to how capacities are applied during actual door use. Last, door

systems are examined, particularly locking and latching mechanisms, door openers and door closers. The existing literature on these raises questions about the adequacy of current accessibility codes and

standards with regard to these components. Based on unresolved problems and current needs, research addressing accessibility relevant objectives is recommended.

NBSIR 80-2184. Barnett, J. P. Energy analysis of a prototype single- family detached residence: The effects of climate, house size, orientation, internal heat release, and natural cooling. 1981 January. 46 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-166514. Key words: building design; building energy performance

standards; computer simulation of house energy requirements;

degree days; energy analysis; single-family detached residence. A computer study was done to determine how the annual heating and cooling requirements of a prototypical ranch-style house are

affected by changes in four energy use parameters: climate (13

locations), floor area (nominal 800 ft^ 1200 ft^ and 1800 ft^), orientation (north, south, and east/west), and internal heat generation

(two different levels in the 1200 ft^ house). In addition, the effects of

natural cooling on the annual cooling requirement were investigated. The results are quantified such that the effects attributable to each

variation are easily identified. Also, the heating and cooling

requirements of the various sized houses are correlated to degree

days. Some of the more important findings regarding the prototypical house (as simulated in this study) are: (a) annual cooling

requirements/unit area decreased with increasing floor area, while (b) annual heating requirements/unit area remained relatively constant

regardless of floor area; (c) rotation of a house (with windows on

only two facades) significantly affected the annual energy

requirements (approximate range 20-50 percent); and (e) annual

cooling requirements were significantly reduced (by as much as 48

percent) by the use of natural cooling.

NBSIR 81-2195. Harris, J. R.; Leyendecker, E. V. Draft seismic standard for Federal buildings. 1981 January. 96 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-163842. Key words: building; building design; earthquakes; engineering; Federal government; seismic safety; standards; structural engineering.

This standard has been prepared for uniform use by all Federal

agencies as an adaptation of existing voluntary standards, model

building codes. Federal regulations, and research reports. It is closely based on the seismic requirements of the Uniform Building Code

(which, in turn, are based on the Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary published by the Structural Engineers

Association of California). However, there are many instances of

substantive differences from the UBC. Several important provisions, including the seismic zoning map, have been adapted from the

Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for

Buildings developed by the Applied Technology Council. A number

of provisions have been added to this standard that are based on the current practices and policies of various Federal agencies. Furthermore, this standard is organized considerably differently from

the UBC and many provisions are phrased differently. NBSIR 81-2199. Cattaneo, L.; Harris, J. R.; Reinhold, T. A.; Simiu,

E.; Yancey, C. W. C. Wind, earthquake, snow, and hail loads on

solar collectors. 1981 January. 97 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 164550. Key words: earthquake loads; hail loads; snow loads; solar

collectors; structural engineering; wind loads. The report describes and interprets wind-tunnel, full-scale, and field studies of wind and snow loads on flat plate solar collectors, conducted under contract for the National Bureau of Standards, and

uses results of these studies and other data available in the literature to develop information, guidelines, and criteria for the design of flat plate collectors subjected to the action of wind, snow, and earthquake

loads. Also given in the report are data on hail loads, based on

information and studies available in the literature.

14
NBSIR 81-2210. Winter, F. Onsite wastewater systems—Current

practices and a proposed basis for evaluation. 1981 March. 113 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-211393. Key words: onsite wastewater systems; wastewater disposal; wastewater recirculation; wastewater reuse; wastewater

treatment; water conservation. A review of onsite wastewater systems and wastewater

recirculation/reuse devices based on the literature and field inspections of systems in actual settings and usage is presented. Based upon the observations, an evaluation basis for onsite wastewater

systems is proposed. Criteria and requirements for conducting and

monitoring demonstration projects is presented. Wastewater systems

identified as potentials for demonstration projects are suggested.

Topics requiring further study are identified and recommended for

specific research. NBSIR 81-2215. Yokel, F. Y.; Salomone, L. A.; Chung, R. M.

Construction of housing in mine subsidence areas. 1981 January. S3

p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-174690. Key words: design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical

engineering; housing construction; mine subsidence; mining;

settlement; structural design; structural engineering.

Criteria for site exploration, risk assessment, site development and

housing construction in actual and potential mine subsidence areas are recommended. Appendix A includes guidance for subsidence profile determination and a proposed mathematical model which may aid in predicting complex subsidence patterns. Appendix B includes a commentary and proposed equations and procedures for the design of

rigid and flexible foundations. NBSIR 81-2220. Beausoliel, R. W.; Clifton, J. R.; Meese, W. J. Effects of thermal insulations on electrical connections and outlet boxes.

1981 April. 52 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-197006. Key words: cellulose thermal insulation; corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and devices; electrical devices; humidity, thermal

insulation and corrosion of electrical wiring; shock hazards; urea- formaldehyde thermal insulation. When residential walls are retrofitted with "foamed-in" urea- formaldehyde or "blown-in" cellulose thermal insulations, the

insulation may enter electrical outlet and switch boxes. The effects of

these thermal insulations on the durability of electrical components were studied. These studies were carried out at 44, 75, and 96 percent

relative humidities with test periods between one and twelve months. Laboratory test methods were developed and tests performed to determine the electrical and corrosive effects of urea-formaldehyde and cellulose thermal insulation contained in electrical outlet and

switch boxes. The boxes were tested in humidity-controlled closedglass vessels at ambient temperatures. These tests were of an

exploratory nature and did not cover all of the conditions that would

exist in a residential wall. The testing methods are described in this report and the results are presented and interpreted. Results indicate that these thermal insulations can cause significant corrosion of electrical components and can cause shock hazards and

increased energy losses. It is concluded that these thermal insulations should be removed from electrical outlet and switch boxes. NBSIR 81-2221. Beausoliel, R. W.; Meese, W. J. Experimentally determined performance of some residential circuit breakers. 1981

April. 49 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-197048. Key words: branch circuits; circuit breaker; electrical fire; low

ambient temperature; trip time.

Laboratory test results show that at low ambient temperatures some

residential-type circuit breakers may not trip at currents up to 140 percent of rated currents. Under some environmental conditions this may lead to wiring temperatures that exceed the limitations specified

in the National Electrical Code. The results also show that circuits sometimes open at the point of short circuits before circuit breakers

operate. Ignition of combustibles proximate to the point of such short

circuits sometimes occurs. The results indicate the need for a more detailed study of

overcurrent protection performance in the field and under laboratory

conditions. Also needed are the development of more meaningful

scientific/mathematical principles and models on the functional

characteristics of circuit breakers. NBSIR 81-2223. Rawie, C. C. Estimating benefits and costs of building

regulations: A step by step guide. 1981 June. 93 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-217812. Key words: benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building

regulation; codes; construction regulation; economics; energy

conservation codes; fire safety codes; regulation.

This is a how-to guide intended to help building officials, elected

officials, builders, architects, engineers, and others determine the

benefits and costs of proposed building code changes. The guide

describes seven steps in the benefit-cost analysis. They are: (1) define the problem, including selecting prototype buildings to analyze; (2) estimate impacts on building-related costs, including government

costs; (3) estimate impacts on building safety and performance; (4) select a method of relating benefits and costs (the recommended

measure is Net Monetary Benefits together with information on

physical life safety impacts); (5) estimate aggregate impacts on the code jurisdiction as a whole; (6) perform a sensitivity analysis; and (7) write up the results, being careful to present information on non- monetary as well as monetary effects. Worksheets are provided to

assist in the analysis. NBSIR 81-2231. Yonemura, G. T. Criteria for recommending lighting

levels. 1981 March. 60 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-185126. Key words: conspicuity; contrast; illumination; lighting; lighting

levels; superthreshold visibility; vision. The effect of lighting on behavior ranges from allowing simple

detection of objects to creating moods and impressions. Lighting

standards and recommendations for general applications should be

based on the visibility (seeing) requirements where differences between individuals are minimal. Furthermore, lighting criteria or

standards must evaluate the seeing process under stimulus conditions approximating those encountered in the real space. It is recommended

that conspicuity, defined as: "how well the detail stands out from the background," or ease of seeing be the metric for visibility. Subjective

visual response criteria cannot be universally applied where

significant differences in interpretations and evaluations between

individuals and/or groups of individuals occur. Instead they should be

treated as design options to be applied when they are important

aspects of the intended function of the space. In discussing the above

issues, the paper identifies the major categories of variables included

in the perception of the visual environment and organizes them

logically with respect to their relationship in developing lighting

criteria and standards. This analysis includes a breakdown of the

visual processes into sensory and perceptual components.

NBSIR 81-2232. Masters, L. W.; Seller, J. F.; Embree, E. J.; Roberts, W. E. Solar energy systems—Standards for absorber materials. 1981 January. 68 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-188278. Key words: absorber materials; accelerated test methods;

durability; solar energy; standards.

Absorber materials used in solar heating and cooling systems absorb energy from the sun and convert it to thermal energy. These materials must perform their intended functions both when first installed and

after extended use. However, the environment in which absorber

materials are exposed can cause degradation and loss of ability to function. Numerous problems with absorber materials in solar energy

systems have demonstrated the need for standards to assess their performance and durability. A study was performed to aid in the development of accelerated

test methods needed for the evaluation of absorber materials and to

15
incorporate the methods into draft standards for consideration as consensus standards by the American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM).

After identifying the performance requirements for absorber

materials, laboratory and field studies were performed to measure

performance according to the requirements. The data obtained, using twelve absorber materials, were used as the technical basis for two

draft standards. This report presents the results of the research, including the proposed draft standards. NBSIR 81-2238. Yokel, F. Y.; Chung, R. M.; Yancey, C. W. C. NBS

studies of mobile home foundations. 1981 March. 45 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-180978. Key words: flood loads; mobile home foundations; mobile home

standards; soil anchors; soil testing. Two papers are presented which discuss the results of tests on soil anchors used to secure mobile homes and of an analytical study of wind and flood loads on soil anchors. NBSIR 81-2239. Frohnsdorff, G.; Clifton, J. R. Fly ashes in cements and concretes: Technical needs and opportunities. 1981 March. 34 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-183428. Key words: cement; concrete; fly ash.

Following a brief review of the nature of fly ashes and their levels of production and use in various countries, an estimate is made of the

potentially achievable level of use of fly ash in cement and concrete in the United States. The estimate assumes that 20 percent of the mass of

all the Portland cement used in the United States could be replaced by

the same mass of fly ash; it ignores possible competition from

granulated blast-furnace slag as a finely-divided mineral admixture for concrete. It appears that about 16 million tonnes (18 million tons) per year of fly ash could be consumed in cement and concrete, provided

there were sufficient ash of suitable quality and a general

understanding of the technical requirements for satisfactory fly ash

use. Present standards which affect the use of fly ashes are discussed. Steps which could be taken to improve knowledge of factors affecting

fly ash performance in cement and concrete, and hence to improve

standard test methods and specifications, are outlined. NBSIR 81-2241. Petersen, S. R.; Barnes, K. A.; Kelly, G. E. Engineering-economic analysis of improved heat pump performance

for minimum standards development. 1981 July. 67 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 82-133810. Key words: energy efficiency standards; engineering-economic

analysis; heat pump; mechanical equipment efficiency ratings; minimum efficiency standards; space cooling requirements; space

heating requirements.

This report provides a methodology and seasonal performance data

that could be used in the development of a reference basis for minimum efficiency standards for heat pumps that are economically

justified on a life-cycle basis. Criteria for economic optimization are

outlined. The methodology used to compute seasonal heating and

cooling performance ratings and the annual energy savings resulting from efficiency improvements, by climate region, is detailed. The

interdependence between efficiency ratings in the heating and cooling

modes is explored using statistical analysis. An example of the procedure for determining maximum cost-effective efficiency levels is demonstrated for a 36,000 Btu/h heat pump. NBSIR 81-2244. Carino, N. J. Temperature effects on the strength- maturity relation of mortar. 1981 March. 99 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-183410. Key words: compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature;

early age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects.

A study was performed to gain a fundamental understanding of the

traditional maturity method used to predict the in-place strength of

concrete. Research was undertaken to answer two questions: 1) What

are the quantitative effects of curing temperature on the compressive

strength-maturity relation of concrete? 2) Is there an age beyond

which temperature no longer affects the strength-maturity relation of

concrete? To simplify testing, mortar cubes were used as specimens

for compressive strength determinations. Penetration resistance measurements were performed to determine initial and final setting times. Phase I of the research addressed the first question and

involved preparing and curing specimens at 5°, 12°, 23°, 32° and 43°C. Phase II addressed the second question and involved curing

specimens at 5° and 32°C for short periods, followed by additional curing at 23°C. It was found that initial set occurred at approximately

the same maturity regardless of the curing temperature. A three- parameter hyperbolic equation was used to represent the strength- maturity relation. The parameters, determined by regression analysis, were found to vary systematically with curing temperature. Theoretical justification for the hyperbolic equation is presented and a key assumption in the maturity method is identified. The strength versus age data were also analyzed and a new concept, effective age,

is suggested as a possible alternative for representing the combined

effects of time and temperature on the compressive strength development of concrete. NBSIR 81-2245. Adler, S. C; Pierman, B. C. Building accessibility for the disabled: A review of research needs. 1981 March. 46 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-184954. Key words: accessibility; building accessibility; building research;

fire safety; handicapped; life safety.

This report traces the evaluation of public policy on accessible environments; discusses the need for development of a research basis for the design of accessible buildings including accessibility standards

for both new and existing buildings, summarizes the results and

research recommendations of both the Conference on Fire Safety for the Handicapped held at NBS on November 26-29, 1979 and the joint ATBCB/NBS Conference on Accessibility Guidelines held in Bethesda, Maryland on October 31 -November 1, 1979, and presents an overview of current NBS accessibility research plans,.

) NBSIR 81-2248. Ruegg, R. T.; Chapman, R. E. A regiSnal economic

assessment of selected window systems. 1981 July. 123 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 81-243255. Key words: building economics; daylighting; energy

conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive

solar; regional analysis; thermal efficiency; windows.

This study, the fifth in a series of reports from the National Bureau

of Standards interdisciplinary project on windows, provides guidance

in selecting and using windows in buildings for greater cost

effectiveness. It presents the life-cycle costs of selected window

systems used in a room of a representative residence and in an office module of a representative commercial office building for nine cities

in the United States, representing five heating zones and four cooling

zones. The cities covered are Miami, Florida; Atlanta, Georgia;

Washington, D.C.; Portland, Maine; Indianapolis, Indiana; San

Antonio, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Bismarck, North Dakota; and Seattle, Washington. The results of the regional analyses are summarized, and the implications of these results are considered, both

for selecting windows in new buildings and for managing windows in existing buildings. The emphasis of this report is on conveying the research findings to builders, designers, and building owners and

operators—those involved immediately with the building process. The research method is described in an earlier companion report, Economic Evaluation of Windows in Buildings: Methodology, NBS BSS

119.

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NBSIR 81-2249. Mahajan, B. M. Unsteady water depth measurement in a partially filled 7.6 cm diameter horizontal pipe. 1981 April. SS p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-203416. Key words: diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length;

partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume;

water. A research program to investigate the wastewater solid transport in horizontal drains is under way. The objective of the program is to develop data base and establish correlations for selecting drain pipe diameter, length, and slope for an effective solid waste transport with reduced water usage. The purposes of this portion of the research program, which is presented here, were: (1) to measure the stream depth histories of

unsteady, non-uniform transient, partially-filled pipe flow that ensues when water from a plumbing fixture is discharged into the drain, and

(2) to examine the effects of the presence of a cylindrical solid and

other relevant variables on the stream depth. The variables selected

for the study include: the water volume discharged from the fixture into the drain, drain slope, and the diameter and length of cylindrical

solids. The report contains a description of the experimental apparatus, instrumentation and procedures, and a summary of the stream depth

data acquired from experiments in a 7.6 cm diameter drain. The depth of water stream at any given cross-section of the drain

rises rapidly to a peak value and then gradually falls off to zero. The

peak value of stream depth at a pipe cross-section decreases as the distance from the drain entrance increases. At a given drain crosssection, the peak value of stream depth increases with an increase in the water volume used, a decrease in the pipe slope, and with the presence of a solid in the drain. The variations in the solid diameter

influence the steam depth history more than the variation in its length. NBSIR 81-2250. Chapman, R. E.; Thompson, B. E. Estimating area

cost factors for military construction projects: A computerized

approach. 1981 May. 77 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-215295. Key words: applied economics; construction; cost; estimation; location factors; model building; statistical analysis.

This report describes a computerized procedure for estimating area

cost factors for military construction projects. The empirical basis for

this procedure rests upon the results of an econometric analysis of over 500 military construction projects. Technical and empirical evidence from a wide variety of published sources were also used to provide supplemental information on wage rates, material prices, and

the level of construction activities in the localities where the projects were undertaken. This report is intended to serve as a user manual for military personnel concerned with the problem of periodically

updating the area cost factors for each service's installations. A series of technical appendices are also included which describe the

theoretical underpinnings of the econometric models which constitute the core of the computerized procedure as well as provide samples of computer output and a complete listing of the computer program. NBSIR 81-2258. Margulis, S. T. A methodology for evaluating housing

in use: A case study approach. 1981 June. 224 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-104969. Key words: dwelling units (residential); housing; Operation

Breakthrough; post-occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; survey research; user needs. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has prepared a report on

the methodology of Project Feedback, the evaluation of Operation

Breakthrough housing in use (a post-occupancy housing evaluation). The report introduces housing evaluations and encourages their use by providing both housing questionnaires and a nontechnical,

practical discussion of research methods in general and of survey

research in particular. To increase the sophistication of housing

evaluation research designs, the report includes a tested approach for

selecting control group respondents for housing evaluations. In

addition, it summarizes results of NBS's housing evaluations,

principally to illustrate ways of categorizing (coding) occupants' answers, but also to introduce these studies and their results. The case study approach is meant to encourage readers to build on NBS's

experiences. This book is suitable for research and instructional purposes. NBSIR 81-2265. Hunt, B. J.; Fattal, S. G. Review of technical information on scaffolds. 1981 May. 103 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-203754. Key words: codes and standards; construction safety; design;

finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength;

structural safety; work surfaces.

This report presents a review of the available literature on scaffolds and is the third of several inter-related studies of a scaffolding research program at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). This

study was sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to improve scaffolding system performance and

reduce the work related injuries and losses. A computerized search of the published literature was performed and technical information that could serve to upgrade existing codes and standards for scaffolds or offer direction to future analytical research has been presented. This information concerned the design,

erection, operation or maintenance of scaffolding systems. Appendix

A presents the 22 types of scaffolds under study. In addition, U.S.

scaffold patent claims and the manufacturers' literature was reviewed and discussed. Appendix B presents selective model analyses of

scaffolds. NBSIR 81-2266. Mahajan, B. M. Experimental investigation of

transport of finite solids in a 76 mm-diameter partially-filled pipe. 1981 April. 65 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-203176. Key words: cylindrical; non-uniform; partially-filled; pitched- horizontal drain; slope; solid; velocity; volume; water. An exploratory experimental investigation of the hydro-transport

mechanisms of finite solids with non-uniform, unsteady and transient water flow introduced into a pitched-horizontal drain (p-h drain) pipe

by discharging a plumbing fixture was carried out. The purpose of the

investigation was to examine the effects of relevant variables on the

velocity attained and the distance traversed by the solid in the p-h

drain. The variables selected for the study include: the water volume

used (i.e., the volume of water discharged from the plumbing fixture into the drain), diameter and length of cylindrical solid, and diameter and slope of the p-h drain. This report contains a description of the experimental equipment and procedures, and a summary of the data acquired during the solid transport experiment in 7.6 cm diameter drain pipe at a pipe slope of

0.02, 0.04, and 0.06. The solid dragged on a thin film of water between the solid and

drain wall when relatively small water volumes (V„<1.9 liters or 0.5 gallons) were used, and the solid moved like a waterborne object

when relatively large water volumes (V^=3.8 liters or 1.0 gallons) were used. The solid velocity and the distance traversed by the solid increased with an increase in the water volume used, an increase in the drain slope, a decrease in the solid diameter, and a decrease in the

solid length. NBSIR 81-2268. Lemer, N. D. Evaluation of exit directional symbols.

1981 May. 55 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-203671. Key words: directional arrows; exit signs; fire safety; pictograms;

symbols; understandability; visibility; visual alerting.

This paper discusses visibility considerations for exit symbols and

the relationship between understandability and visibility concerns. Two experiments evaluated directional indicators (arrows) in the context of building exit signage. The first experiment compared the

visibility of 32 arrows under degraded visual conditions that were

comparable to a smoke environment. This experiment had two

17
objectives: (1) the development of a methodology for assessing exit pictogram visibility; and (2) a comparison of the visibilities of the

specific arrows tested. A second experiment obtained subjective

rankings of the arrow types on the basis of several criteria of concern

for exit signage. These criteria included connotative meaning,

uniqueness from other directional indicators, and appropriateness.

The visibility procedure proved to be statistically sensitive and

demonstrated differences in the visibility of different arrows. An

analysis of the type of confusions that occurred in errors for each arrow suggested certain relations between graphic features and errors

in detection. The second experiment indicated substantial agreement between participants in ranking the arrows and revealed strong

relationships between the several criteria. Together the results of the two experiments were used to evaluate the set of arrows for appropriateness for use with exit designators. Methodological issues in evaluating symbol visibility were

considered and other issues of concern in testing exit signage, such as special user groups, were also discussed. NBSIR 81-2273. Brown, P. W.; Clifton, J. R. Factors affecting the soundness of blended cements. 1981 June. 26 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-104746. Key words: cement; expansion; fly ash; MgO; slag; soundness;

strength.

Blended cements containing fly ash and blastfurnace slag were

examined to assess their soundness in the presence of admixed MgO.

Measurements of linear expansion were combined with compressive

strength determinations to evaluate the volume stabilities of samples cured under various conditions. The effects of magnesium silicate formation on volume stability were also examined. NBSIR 81-2277. Kao, J. Y.; Pierce, E. T. Control strategies for energy

conservation—A case study of the Materials Building, National Bureau of Standards. 1981 May. 47 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 217804. Key words: building energy analysis; computer modeling;

controls; control strategies; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; load calculations. The BLAST-2 Computer Program is used to investigate various

heating, ventilating and air conditioning control strategies and their combinations to reduce the energy consumption of a laboratory

building located at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg

site. The techniques of modeling the building load and air system

performance are explained. The results are presented and discussed. Control strategies investigated include dry-bulb and enthalpy economizer cycles, resetting supply air temperatures by outside temperature and zone demand, shut-down of fan systems selectively, and converting interior systems to VAV systems. By combining the various control strategies, eight percent, twenty-nine percent and

eight percent of heating, cooling and fan energy respectively may be

saved. NBSIR 81-2289. Lerchen, F. H.; Pielert, J. H.; Chen, P. T. Preliminary guidelines for condition assessment of buildings being

considered for solar retrofit. 1981 July. 140 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-113259. Key words: building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood.

This report was developed to help Federal agencies determine if buildings in their inventory are suitable for solar energy retrofit. It describes evaluation methods which are available to the facilities engineer to assist in determining whether the building and its systems

(structural, HVAC, plumbing, and electrical) can be retrofitted with

solar energy equipment under the Solar Federal Buildings Program

(SFBP). Techniques for preliminary on-site inspection are emphasized, while more detailed evaluation techniques are described

briefly and are referenced further.

The report describes evaluation methods available specifically for use with the structural materials of concrete, steel, masonry, and wood, as well as for use with the heating/ventilating/air conditioning,

plumbing, and electrical supportive systems. Comparative tables are provided for each building material to aid the reader in making a quick selection of the evaluation method most

appropriate for the parameter to be tested. In addition, checklists are provided which identify common problems associated with each

building material, possible causes of the problem, and the potential impact of the problem on the existing building systems and the solar

retrofit system. NBSIR 81-2290. Swaffield, J. A. Entry transition water surface profile prediction in supercritical partially fllled pipe flow. 1981 June. 107 p. Available from: the author. Key words: building drainage; supercritical flow; transition length; vertical stack drain entry. The criteria governing the development of steady partially filled supercritical pipe flow are presented together with the necessary techniques to determine the water surface profile in the pipe entry

transition length. The establishment of full bore flow is predicted for a range of flow

rates and pipe design parameters. Based on the water surface profile calculation technique, pipe length predictions are presented to avoid

the air pressure fluctuations in the drainage system that result from

full bore flow establishment. Tabular data is presented to allow design decisions to be made that

link pipe slope, diameter and roughness to the need to avoid full bore

flow. A graphical technique is also presented that removes the

necessity to interpolate from the tabular data. The effect of entry geometry loss coefficients is included in the techniques presented. NBSIR 81-2296. Winter, F.; Galowin, L. S. Criteria and evaluation for two-step flush devices for water closets. 1981 June. 93 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 81-226839. Key words: dual flush toilets; low flush toilets; water closets; water conservation.

Laboratory tests of two-step flush control devices for water closets were conducted to provide data and develop test methods for evaluating water saving devices for water closets. Criteria for performance and testing procedures for laboratory testing are recommended for evaluating two-step flush devices for installation in conventional water closets. NBSIR 81-2300. McCabe, M. E.; Ducas, W.; Orloski, M. J.; Decorte, K. N. Passive/hybrid solar components—An approach to standard thermal test methods. 1981 July. 86 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81- 227886. Key words: passive/hybrid components; solar energy; steadystate tests; thermal test procedures; transient thermal tests. As part of a continuing program to develop standard test procedures to measure thermal performance of solar heating and

cooling equipment, NBS has developed a plan and methodology that

will be utilized for passive/hybrid solar components. A survey of

passive solar products currently available or under development

enabled the development of an interim classification system consisting of ten component classifications for purposes of thermal testing. A

survey of currently available thermal test procedures was performed

to assess the applicability of these test methods for passive/hybrid

solar components. Existing test procedures that are useful for the Direct Gain Fenestration System classification are identified, and recommendations are made for evaluation of these laboratory-based

procedures by comparison with field-based testing of components

under controlled interior conditions. Recommendations are also made

for the development of new test procedures for passive/hybrid

components classifications for which existing test methods are not

applicable. A proposed program to develop testing procedures for the Storage Wall Module classification is provided.

18
NBSIR 81-2304. Weber, S. F.; Thompson, B. E.; Lippiatt, B. C. Economic framework for cost-effecti?e residential water conservation

decisions. 1981 August. 65 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-246779. Key words: benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy conservation; marginal

price; net present value; residential water conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving

devices.

This report presents an economic framework for utilities to use in recommending water-saving devices that are cost-effective for homeowners. A variety of devices designed to save water used in water closets, showers, and indoor faucets are described in terms of

their costs and benefits. The cost components considered are

acquisition, installation, maintenance, and replacement costs. Benefits considered are water savings, avoidance of wastewater treatment, and

energy savings in the case of reduced hot water use. A critical factor

affecting the dollar value of benefits to homeowners is the price they pay for water. An analysis of water rate schedules, based on a national sample of 90 water utilities, indicates that homeowners'

actual benefits from saving the last unit of water (as measured by its marginal price) are considerably lower than the average price paid for water. Thus, estimated water bill reductions will frequently be

overstated if calculated on the basis of average price. The economic framework for selecting devices evaluates both mutually exclusive and compatible devices that are either modifications of existing plumbing fixtures or features of newly installed fixtures. NBSIR 81-2307. Swaffield, J. A. Dependence of model waste solid transport characteristics in drainage systems on solid geometry, mass

and pipe system parameters. 1981 July. 45 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-229247. Key words: building drainage; waste solid transportation; water

conservation; w.c. efficiency.

Test results are presented for the transport characteristics of an

extensive range of geometrically similar model solids in a 100 mm

diameter UPVC drain pipe. Model solids were based on commercially

available sanitary towels (napkins) discharged into the pipe system via a series of U.K. standard water closet (w.c.) types. Following a data fit analysis, relationships are presented linking

solid transport characteristics to solid, pipe and w.c. parameters. These relationships, linked to observation of installed hospital drainage systems in the U.K., will allow laboratory test methods to be

utilized in predicting the effect of design changes on system

performance.

NBSIR 81-2308. Swaffield, J. A. An initial study of the application of

the numerical method of characteristics to unsteady flow analysis in partially filled gravity drainage sized pipes. 1981 July. 64 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-229189. Key words: building drainage; numerical solutions for transient depth; unsteady partially-filled pipe flow; waste solid transport. The application of the numerical method of characteristics to the

solution of the differential equations defining unsteady flow in partially filled drainage system sized pipes is outlined. The derivation of the flow equations is presented, together with the necessary boundary equation formulation to represent variable inflow, system discharge and leakage flow past a stationary deposited solid. A computer program, written in Fortran, is included, together with

typical output, that establishes the applicability of this computational

method to unsteady flow analysis in gravity flow drainage systems. Proposals for the extension of the described techniques to the

prediction of solid transport and flow attenuation in long pipes are

also presented. NBSIR 81-2310. Turner, G.; Collins, B. Pedestrian movement

characteristics on building ramps. 1981 June. 59 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-229163.

Key words: building circulation; building ramps; pedestrian

circulation; pedestrian flow; pedestrian movement; pedestrian ramps; ramps. Knowledge of design for effective pedestrian circulation is one of

the main requirements in building planning. While an understanding

of pedestrian movement characteristics on the various component

parts that make up a building circulation system is the key to effective planning, one component type, the ramp, has rarely been the subject of building circulation research. The research described in this report is the result of an investigation of pedestrian movement characteristics on four specific building ramps during two different professional athletic contests. Variables on

pedestrian movement such as speed, flow, and density were studied as well as the relationships between them. In addition, counts of

pedestrians by sex were made. Results were compared for the specific ramps and with previously reported data obtained for ramps, stairs, and level surfaces. NBSIR 81-2313. Baker, D. W.; Kao, J. Y.; Didion, D. A. Performance

evaluation of a typical energy monitoring system for steam flow in buildings. 1981 July. 63 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-238545. Key words: building energy monitoring; energy measurement;

steam consumption measurement; uncertainty estimate. Some important design features and measurement techniques are discussed for determining energy rates in building systems flowing

steam. Emphasis is on use of differential pressure (AP) type flowmeter

systems where AP, pressure and temperature instrumentation only can

receive direct calibration. The role of systematic and random type

errors in measurement of building energy is discussed and an

appropriate method is given for estimating the uncertainty in the energy consumed. An example calculation of uncertainty in accumulated energy used for a 1 year period is given from typical operating data for one of the NBS laboratory buildings. The

uncertainty is estimated to be 3.2% for a two-meter (series) configuration and 4.3% for a single meter (high range meter)

configuration.

NBSIR 81-2317. Pierce, E. T. Energy conservation by multiple glazing on heavy masonry buildings. 1981 June. 30 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-246977. Key words: building energy analysis; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; historic preservation and energy

conservation; load calculation; masonry thermal mass; system

simulation. The BLAST-2 computer program is used to investigate multiple

glazing as a means to reduce the energy consumption of two buildings of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The Thomas

Jefferson Building is of very heavy masonry construction, and the John Adams Building is of heavy masonry. The techniques of modeling the building load and air system performance are explained.

The results are presented and discussed. Typical perimeter modules of

various floors simulated with single, double, and triple glazing are faced in four compass directions. Similar results are obtained over a range of models. Application of double glazing will save up to ten percent of heating energy but not much cooling energy while

maintaining present operating requirements.

NBSIR 81-2321. Peavy, 6. A. Single-room heat balance for building heat transfer. 1981 November. 22 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82- 135609. Key words: building heating/cooling loads; heat balance for a

single room; heat transfer; radiosity shape factors. A single-room heat balance has been developed to provide a more

precise computational tool. The primary purpose for this tool is to evaluate the effects of approximations presently used in computer

programs on the determination for building heating and cooling loads. Specific algorithms to be incorporated in the room heat balance

19
concern radiosity shape factors, temperature difference dependent

convection heat transfer coefficients, simulated room mass, and an

iterative methodology for solution of room temperatures. NBSIR 81-2335. Clark, R. E. Effects of home weatherization on

occupant comfort: First report of a field study. 1981 September. 84

p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-245334. Key words: Community Services Administration; field study; occupant comfort; optimal weatherization demonstration; thermal

comfort; thermostat setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and thermal comfort.

This study reports preliminary examination of data testing the hypothesis that, when existing residences are treated with

weatherization retrofitting measures intended primarily to save fuel, house occupants are likely to report improvement in wintertime

comfort. Data were obtained through questionnaire-guided interviews with individuals in 108 experimental houses and 37 control houses. These houses, at nine sites representing a range of U.S. climates, were

part of a three-year National Weatherization Demonstration,

sponsored by the Community Services Administration and planned and managed by researchers at the Center for Building Technology of

the National Bureau of Standards. The experimental houses had been

weatherized to determine how much their fuel usage could be reduced by cost-effective retrofitting. The control houses had not been weatherized in the demonstration. Interview topics included: thermostat setting patterns, impressions of comparative comfort, amounts of clothing worn, and specific comfort and temperature

ratings for the house as a whole and for individual rooms in the house. Preliminary examination of the data has focussed on: 1) a composite "comfort change" index, comprised of indicators derived from thermostat setting practices in unusually cold weather,

impressions of change in comfort-related attributes of the indoor environment, amounts of clothing worn in winter, and comfort

ratings, 2) the specific comfort ratings, and 3) the temperature ratings. The results presented offer strong indications of support for the

hypothesis.

NBSIR 81-2342. Powell, J. W.; Rodgers, R. C, Jr. FEDSOL:

Program user's manual and economic optimization guide for solar Federal buildings projects. 1981 August. 132 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-107012. Key words: economic optimization; life-cycle costing; solar economics; solar energy.

This report provides a user's manual for the FEDSOL computer program and a guide for designing and sizing solar energy projects

for Federal buildings. The life-cycle cost procedures implemented by

the computer program and explained in the report are consistent with

the Federal Rules for Life-Cycle Costing (10 CFR Part 436) as applied to solar energy projects. The FEDSOL program determines the economically optimal size of a solar energy system for a user-specified building, location, system

type, and set of economic conditions; it conducts numerous breakeven and sensitivity analyses; and it calculates measures of economic

performance as required under the Federal Rules. The economic model in the program is linked with the SLR (Solar Load Ratio) design method developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to predict the performance of active systems. The economics portion of

the program can, however, be used apart from the SLR method, with performance data provided by the user. An environmental data file for 243 U.S. cities is included in the program. Highly user oriented, the FEDSOL program is intended as a design and sizing tool for use by architects, engineers, and facilities managers in developing plans

for Federal solar energy projects. NBSIR 81-2344. Walton, W. D.; Waksman, D. Fire testing of roof- mounted solar collectors by ASTM E 108. 1981 August. 75 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-117698. Key words: fire tests; roofing fire resistance; roofing fire tests; solar collectors.

A study was undertaken to investigate the use of ASTM E 108 (NFPA 256, UL 790), Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, for testing roof- mounted solar energy collectors. The ASTM E 108 test method is commonly referenced in building codes as the procedure for determining the fire characteristics of roof coverings. To data, no

data have been available regarding the influence of solar collectors on

the fire characteristics of roof coverings or on collectors used as roof

coverings. This study focused primarily on class C intermittent flame, spread of flame, and burning brand tests, although several class A and B burning brand tests were conducted. The collectors studied were

commercially available and constructed with a broad variety of

glazing, casing, and insulation materials representative of those commonly in use. The collectors were tested on sloped, asphalt shingled roofs with three types of mountings: integrally as the roof, directly on the roof covering, and on standoffs above the roof

covering. Data are presented showing the results of the testing conducted. An evaluation of the testing procedures as they apply to roof-mounted solar collectors is given.

NBSIR 81-2346. Dickinson, G. W. Energy management and control systems (EMCS)—User satisfaction study. 1981 August. 19 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-103656. Key words: building energy conservation systems; EMCS;

energy management; energy monitoring and control systems; HVAC controls; reliability study. A study of 86 energy management and control systems (EMCS)

was made to determine users' satisfaction and perceived system

reliability. Many EMC systems reportedly were not meeting users' expectations for energy, dollar, or manpower savings. Nearly onethird of the EMCS users in this study were not satisfied with their system's performance. Undependability of the manufacturer and

proprietary hardware and software were the most common problems

reported. Factors found to have no apparent effect on user

satisfaction were: (1) the type of facility (with the exception of

hospitals) in which the EMCS is installed, (2) which manufacturer

supplied the system, and (3) whether or not the system was owned by

the Federal Government. The data suggest that EMCS maintenance training, in-house maintenance capability, and reduced dependence on the system manufacturer may help improve user satisfaction. NBSIR 81-2347. Faison, T. K. Field measurement of branch circuit wire temperatures. 1981 November. 44 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-140252. Key words: branch circuit; electric wire; field measurements;

temperature excursions; thermal insulation. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS), under the sponsorship of

the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), planned and conducted a program to monitor temperature excursions of residential branch

circuit wiring under field conditions. This program was conducted to develop a field data base needed to determine the prevailing conditions in the field and to respond to various assertions that the encapsulation of branch circuit wiring within thermal insulation is a

potential hazard. It has been demonstrated through previous

laboratory investigations that buried wires, when operated

continuously at rated ampacity, will exceed the thermal limit established by the National Electrical Code (NEC). Approximately

2,800 circuits in 667 residences were monitored through a volunteer program with the utilities. The results of the study show that slightly more than one-third of the circuits monitored operated at or above

the thermal limit established by the NEC, 60°C (140°F). Thermal

distributions are shown for variables such as: region, season, and age.

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NBSIR 81-2353. Peavy, B. A. Documentation of program for determination of conduction transfer functions. 1981 November. 49

p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-136284. Key words: conduction heat transfer; conduction transfer functions; initialization of heat transfer problem; parallel heat

flow; response factors; thick building construction.

Conduction transfer functions are used to predict the time- dependent one-dimensional conduction heat transfer at surfaces of

single-or multi-layer building constructions based on heat flux and

temperature history at each surface. By the use of conduction transfer functions, heat transfer problems employing non-linear boundary

conditions such as thermal radiation and time-dependent changes in the surface film resistances can be solved. Because conduction transfer functions are analytically derived with

an initial time condition of zero temperature potential throughout the

solid materials, it becomes necessary to initialize the computation by

including exposure to a number of outdoor weather cycles such that

satisfactory initial conditions of temperature and heat flux exist at the

inside and outside surfaces. The program is set up for the use of 1-, 2-, or 3-hour time intervals, depending on the thickness of the building construction. The program

allows for the combination of two building constructions, e.g., the

parallel heat flow paths found in wood-frame walls. NBSIR 81-2358. May, W. B., Jr. Analysis of data from the energy

monitoring and control system at the Norris Cotton Federal Offlce

Building. 1981 November. 98 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82- 138744. Key words: building envelope; building performance data; computer data acquisition; energy conservation in commercial

buildings; energy monitoring and control systems; mechanical

systems. The Norris Cotton Federal Office Building (NCFOB) in Manchester, New Hampshire, is a medium-size office building, occupied in September 1976, designed to serve as a demonstration and

a feasibility test for energy-conserving building features. A building energy monitoring and control system was operated as a data

acquisition system over a 13-month period ending in September 1980. Experience encountered during the checkout and operation of the system is discussed. Results from data reduction procedures used to calculate approximately 160 parameters describing the energy performance of the building are presented on a monthly basis. Hourly

data are also presented for daily building operation profiles, building

envelope performance, and performance of the mechanical systems. NBSIR 81-2361. Ventre, F. T.; Stahl, F. I.; Turner, G. E. Crowd

ingress to places of assembly: Summary and proceedings of an

experts' workshop. 1981 September. 147 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-138199. Key words: auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design

procedures; evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public assembly; public safety; stadiums. The movement of large crowds into places of assembly has resulted

in death and injury to facility patrons and staff. Facility designers and managers seeking guidance have found little relevant information in the technical literatures of architectural and crowd control. The Law

Enforcement Assistance Administration and the National Bureau of Standards convened the most knowledgeable persons in North America in the topic of crowd ingress to places of assembly to: identify best current design practices; identify best current facilities management practices; and define research needed to support improved practices in design and management. The report documents

the design and management practices suggested by the assembled

experts, reports related activities of the International Association of Auditorium Managers and suggests a program of research leading to improved quantitative design and evaluation procedures for crowd

ingress.

NBSIR 81-2366, Weber, S. F.; Rudder, F. F., Jr.; Boehm, M. J. Method for assessing costs of noise control requirements in multifamily residential and educational buildings. 1981 December.

119 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-140047. Key words: acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design;

building codes; building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; model code;

noise control.

This report presents a methodology developed to measure the cost impacts of acoustical performance requirements for new buildings. The methodology can be applied to a wide range of noise control requirements. The cost items addressed by this methodology are expected changes in construction costs, the cost of acoustical testing to certify levels of performance, code administration costs, and

energy savings due to modifications of the building envelope. The

building components considered, which are those most commonly

affected by noise control requirements, are doors, windows, interior walls, exterior walls, and floor/ceiling assemblies. The basic cost assessment method consists of linear cost estimation equations for most component designs commonly used in educational and

multifamily residential buildings. Each equation relates the acoustical performance of the design to its construction cost so that construction

costs associated with alternate levels of acoustical performance can be compared. The methodology also includes a cost minimization model

useful for selecting the least-cost design for a particular level of

acoustical performance.

NBSIR 81-2367. Swaffield, J. A. Prediction of the hydraulic jump

location following a change of slope in a partially filled drainage pipe. 1981 November. 189 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-142134. Key words: building drainage; gradually varied flow; hydraulic

jump; partially filled pipe flow. The criteria governing the formation of a hydraulic jump in a

partially filled fluid conduit downstream of a slope change are presented together with the necessary techniques to enable water

surface profiles and jump location to be predicted.

Computer programs designed to model the conditions leading to jump formation under flow and channel scale conditions compatible with current drainage system design are presented. The results of a wide range of test conditions in terms of jump

formation and position downstream of a change in channel slope are presented together with a set of criteria to be used in evaluating whether a jump will occur for a given set of design conditions. NBSIR 81-2374. Lew, H. S.; Carino, N. J.; Fattal, S. G.; Batts, M. E.

Investigation of construction failure of Harbour Cay condominum in Cocoa Beach, Florida. 1981 September. 138 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-117409. Key words: building; collapse; concrete; concrete strength; construction; failure; flat plate; shear; strength. The investigation of the collapse of a five-story reinforced concrete

flat-plate structure under construction at Cocoa Beach, Florida is presented in this report. The investigation included onsite inspection, laboratory tests and analytical studies. Based on the results of this investigation, it is concluded that the most probable cause of the failure was insufficient punching shear capacity in the fifth-floor slab to resist the applied construction loads. Two factors contributed to the low punching shear capacity: one in the design and the other in the construction of the building. In the design, the omission of a check for punching shear resulted in a

smaller slab thickness than needed to satisfy the Code requirements.

In construction, the use of specified chairs having insufficient height

to support the top reinforcing steel resulted in more than the cover

specified in the structural drawings. Both factors contributed to reducing the effective depth of the slab such that it had insufficient strength to resist the construction loads.

21
The analysis showed that shear stresses in the slab at many column

locations on the fifth floor exceeded the nominal shear strength. Thus,

punching shear failure at one of the columns precipitated a progressive failure of the slab throughout the entire fifth floor. Collapse of the fifth floor, in turn, caused the successive collapse of

the lower floor slabs. The failure of the fifth floor slab most likely initiated at column G-2, an interior column which supported the last bay of freshly placed roof concrete prior to the collapse. NBSIR 81-2377. Yaniv, S. L.; Bauer, J. W.; Flynn, D. R.; Danner, W.

F. Effects of time-varying noise on annoyance: A review. 1981 October. 63 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-133513. Key words: duration; general adverse effect of noise; intermittency; loudness; noise criteria; time-varying noise.

This report summarizes the literature dealing with the adverse

response of people to time-varying noise, and identifies both the

acoustical and nonacoustical factors that influence the relationship between time-varying noise and annoyance. An examination of the laboratory research concerned with the functional relationship between annoyance and the temporal and acoustic parameters of noise shows the tenuousness of such relationships. The adequacy of

currently used and/or proposed rating procedures for predicting

subjective response to time-varying noise is examined. Critical gaps in current knowledge are identified. NBSIR 81-2378. Kusuda, T. Heat transfer analysis of underground

heat and chilled-water distribution systems. 1981 November. 63 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-136235. Key words: computer program; earth temperature; heat transfer; pipes; thermal insulation; thermal properties; underground

systems.

Simplified calculation procedures for determining heat exchange between the earth and a multiplicity of buried pipes having different temperature and thermal insulation are presented. The procedures

deal with cases where pipes are buried side by side, as well as those when several pipes are bundled in a conduit. The effects of seasonal

variation of earth temperature are treated in a quasi-steady-state equation that includes the soil thermal properties, depth of burial, pipe

sizes, and relative locations of pipes. Sample calculations are included, together with the Fortran program listing and thermal properties of

earth to be used for the calculations. NBSIR 81-2381. Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Shipp, W. E. Solar industrial process heat systems—An assessment of standards for materials and

components. 1981 September. 97 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82- 133703. Key words: field survey; industrial process heat; materials performance; solar collector; standards; test methods. A study was conducted to obtain information on the performance

of materials and components in operational solar industrial process

heat (IPH) systems, and to provide recommendations for the development of standards including evaluative test procedures for materials and components. An assessment of the needs for standards

for evaluating the long-term performance of materials and components of IPH systems was made. The assessment was based on

the availability of existing standards, and information obtained from a

field survey of operational systems, the literature, and discussions with individuals in the industry. Field inspections of 10 operational IPH systems were performed. The study did not address the thermal

efficiencies and health and safety considerations of IPH systems. The results of the study are presented in this report. It is concluded

that standard test methods are needed for evaluating the long-term

performance of materials and components used in IPH systems

operating at high temperatures. Some standard test methods are

available having applicability to materials and components in low

temperature systems. However, in the latter case, data bases are lacking which demonstrate their applicability. Recommendations are made and priorities assigned for the development of standards for materials and components.

NBSIR 81-2390. Wu, S. T.; Clifton, J. R. Analysis and modeling of corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete. 1981 November. 25 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-141771. Key words: concrete; corrosion; general corrosion; mathematical

modeling; prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; stress corrosion.

Development of conceptual and mathematical models describing

the corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete is outlined. The

application of the principles of stress corrosion and general corrosion

to understanding the mechanisms involved in corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete is discussed. The first step in estimating the

failure time of a prestressed concrete structural system because of

corrosion of the reinforced steel is to estimate corrosion rates under

various but realistic conditions. A simplified approach based on

mathematical modeling of concretes properties for estimating corrosion rates is proposed. Before the proposed mathematical model can be applied to practical problems information is needed on the specific mechanisms

of corrosion cell processes of steel in prestressed concrete. In

addition, well designed corrosion tests need to be performed in which

all the important factors affecting the corrosion rates are considered. NBSIR 81-2397. Marshall, H. E.; Ruegg, R. T. Recommended practice

for measuring benefit/cost and savings-to-investment ratios for buildings and building systems. 1981 November. 49 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 82-170648. Key words: benefit-cost analysis; building economics; cost

effective; economic analysis; energy conservation; investment

analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to- investment ratio.

This report describes how to calculate a benefit-cost ratio (B/C)

and a savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) and how to use them in selecting building designs and building systems that will be cost

effective in the long run. The B/C relates positive benefits, such as revenues, to project costs in the form of a ratio. The SIR, a variation of the B/C, relates project savings (i.e., cost reductions) to project

costs in a ratio. It is used when there are few if any positive cash flows from a project. The B/C and SIR can be used to help answer

such questions as: "Is a project cost effective?" "Which size and/or

design of a project is most cost effective?" "What priorities should be

given individual projects competing for a limited budget?" The report addresses different formulations of the ratios and their implications for selecting cost-effective projects. NBSIR 81-2402. Rawie, C. C. Estimating economic impacts of building

codes. 1981 October. 163 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-139551. Key words: benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building

regulation; codes; construction economics; construction

regulation; economics; fire safety codes; regulation.

This report describes a method for estimating the benefits and costs of proposed changes in building codes. A companion report by the author, Estimating Benefits and Costs of Building Regulations: A Step- by-Step Guide, published by the National Bureau of Standards as NBSIR 81-2223, provides a simplified description of the same basic method.

This report shows the reader how to set up the problem, discount impacts to their present value, estimate code impacts on building

costs, estimate effects on building safety, compute aggregate impacts, and conduct a sensitivity analysis. One chapter discusses the problem

of assigning a dollar value to life safety. Worksheets and an extensive

list of references, including sources of data on building costs and

hazards, are included.

22
NBSIR 81-2404. Walton, G. N. Calculation of inter-room air movement for multi-room building energy analysis. 1981 November.

38 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-142209. Key words: building energy analysis; computer simulation;

infiltration; natural ventilation. A model is presented for computing the infiltration and air flow between rooms of a multi-room building in terms of basic principles of

fluid mechanics. This model has been incorporated into a comprehensive loads-predicting computer program. Air flows, room

temperatures, and heating loads for a typical townhouse under

different conditions of environment and with various construction

features are computed. These calculations show the feasibility of

detailed multi-room air movement analysis. They also indicate that when the inter-room openings of a low-rise structure are large compared to the envelope openings, the infiltration and total load can be accurately, and more quickly, computed by assuming no resistance

to air flow between rooms. This property will also allow simplified calculations for high-rise buildings with many rooms. Methods are proposed for handling more complex air flow phenomena.

NBSIR 81-2428. Collins, B. L.; Danner, W. F.; Tibbott, R. L. Communication systems for disabled users of buildings. 1981 December. 73 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-165283. Key words: accessibility; alarms; blind; code requirements; communication; deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users;

tactile warnings.

Communication systems in buildings are designed to provide both emergency and directional information to all building users. Yet such

systems, which are typically comprised of visual signs and audible

alarms, may fail to reach some of the estimated twenty-seven million hearing or vision impaired people in the United States. As a result, a number of alternative communication systems have been proposed for inclusion in accessibility guidelines. In the following pages the research base underlying communication provisions for each of three sensory modalities, vision, hearing and touch, are reviewed. In

addition, various proposed code recommendations are presented and

discussed. The adequacy of the research base for each provision is discussed along with the need for various code provisions. It is noted

that code provisions for tactile warnings and exit markings are

particularly inadequate. Recommendations for further research into

tactile warnings, tactile signage, and visual alarms are suggested.

GRANT/

CONTRACT

REPORTS

Grant/contract reports are prepared by non-NBS persons or

organizations working under a grant or contract from the National Bureau of Standards. The contract reports listed below may be

ordered, using the indicated order number, directly from the National

Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161, in paper or microfiche form.

NBS-GCR-80-248. Ungar, E. Structureborne sound in buildings: Needed practical research in light of the current state of the art. 1980 June. 55 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-187064. Key words: acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics;

noise; noise control; sound transmission; structureborne noise. An overview of the current state-of-the-art of structureborne sound

in buildings is presented. A general introduction to the field of

structureborne sound is included with a discussion of important

phenomena. Summaries of recent investigations described in the

technical literature are discussed relevant to excitation and local response, propagation, radiation, and control of structureborne sound

in buildings. Topics for future research in structureborne sound in buildings are presented based upon this review. An annotated

bibliography of recent investigations is appended.

NBS-GCR-80-249. Schultz, T. J. Impact noise testing and rating— 1980. 1981 January. 363 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-158610. Key words: acoustics; building acoustics; impact noise; noise

control; noise isolation; noise rating. A state-of-the-art review of impact noise testing and rating is presented. A historical perspective of impact noise testing and rating covers the first efforts in the 1920's through the most recent research

results. The current research is discussed, with the emphasis on the development of standardized test methods and impact noise rating methods. An outline for future research needs is presented in light of

the current state-of-the-art. A bibliography containing over 200

references to impact noise testing and rating is included in the report.

NBS-GCR-80-250. Sharp, B. H.; Kasper, P. K.; Montroll, M. L. Sound

transmission through building structures—Review and

recommendations for research. 1980 July. 144 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-187072. Key words: acoustics; building acoustics; noise control; noise

isolation; sound transmission; structure-borne noise.

This report presents a critical review of the status of technology in sound transmission through building structures, and identifies specific areas for further research. The approach taken in the review follows

the steps involved in the design process, namely, prediction, measurement, and evaluation. Priorities for further research are based on the potential for achieving the following objectives: To develop new technology to reduce the cost of noise control in buildings; to increase confidence that designs will provide the required acoustical privacy; and to identify and apply sound isolation techniques that reduce energy consumption.

NBS-GCR-80-254. Thomas, W. C. Effects of test fluid composition and

flow rates on the thermal efficiency of solar collectors. 1980 August.

91 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-180267.

Key words: efficiency; flow rate; heat transfer fluid; solar

collector; thermal performance.

Experimental and analytical investigations were carried out to determine the significance of the heat transfer fluid and mass flow rate on the thermal performance of two liquid-heating flat-plate solar

collectors. The collector thermal performance was lowered

significantly for high concentrations of glycol and mineral-base oil. Heat losses measured with oil were less than the losses measured from

the ASHRAE prescribed procedures.

An analytical model and procedure were used to account for variations in the test environment and fluid parameters. Calculations show that the collector flow factor (F,^) and efficiency factor (F') depend on fluid parameters while the loss coefficient (Ul) depends more strongly on fluid temperature.

23
NBS-GCR-80-255. Hunt, B. DeTelopment of a research program for scaffolding standards. 1980 August. 276 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-180259. Key words: accidents; codes and standards; construction loads; construction safety; finite element; scaffold failures; scaffolding

practices; scaffolds; structural analysis.

Under the auspices of the National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Construction Safety Group of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has embarked on a scaffolding research program to provide the necessary technical assistance for developing performance standards and design guidelines for scaffolds. This paper describes the various problem areas that exist with

construction scaffolding and appendix A presents the major types of

scaffolds under study. The first study is the analysis of scaffolding accidents and related employee casualties and is presented in appendix B. The second study

is the review of current scaffolding codes and standards and is presented in appendix C. Two concurrent studies have been performed and are presented in the major portions of this paper. These are a review and evaluation of the technical literature on

scaffolding and a study and analysis of in-field scaffold loading

practices. Using the results of these first four studies, this paper presents a newly developed analytically based scaffolding research plan. This

plan consists of key topics of recommended research and an approach

by which this plan can be implemented is demonstrated through

selective modeling of scaffolding systems by a finite element analysis. Appendix D presents samples of the input and output data for the

scaffold structural analysis. Final conclusions and recommendations

are then presented as to the direction of future scaffolding research.

NBS-GCR-80-280. Achenbach, P. R. Functional performance

requirements for the environmental and service systems in detached

housing and their impact on building energy use. 1981 January. 168

p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-157893. Key words: building energy use; building service systems; energy

budgets; housing research; housing standards; performance

requirements; standards development.

The energy used for the environmental and service functions of

space heating and cooling, domestic water heating, ventilation,

lighting, and food and laundry services should all be taken into account in developing energy budgets for detached housing. The

report states the functional performance requirements that should be met by these systems simultaneously with efficient energy utilization.

It also identifies existing and proposed standards, guidelines, and

criteria for the performance of these systems; shows how the performance criteria impact energy use; and summarizes the research needed to complete or produce consensus standards for the separate systems that can be introduced into energy performance standards for detached housing.

NBS-GCR-80-291. Ryan, P.; De Vos, D. A survey of break-ins in two

public housing sites. 1980 November. 100 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-180549. Key words: burglary; crime in public housing; household

behavior patterns; housing characteristics (physical); housing

security; public housing security; security hardware;

victimization survey.

This report presents the findings of a baseline crime victimization survey conducted in two public housing sites. These findings are part of a test of the validity of security hardware standards developed by NBS. Included in this report is an explanation of the methodology

used, demographic and behavior patterns, physical characteristics, and the crime victimization experienced at both sites. Conclusions

include the observation that crime patterns indicate the usual complex

variables at work and causal relationships are conjectured to be number and skill of criminals, access and exposure of entry portals, number of resident adults in the household, and quality of the

building/site security system.

NBS-GCR-81-302. Shingleton, J. G.; Cassel, D. E.; Overton, R. L. Air

leakage in residential solar heating systems. 1981 February. 206 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-176380.

Key words: air leakage; heat transfer; pebble-bed storage; solar collector; system efficiency; thermal performance.

A series of computer simulations was performed to evaluate the

effects of component air leakage on system thermal performance for a

typical residential solar heating system, located in Madison,

Wisconsin. Auxiliary energy required to supplement solar energy for space heating was determined using the TRNSYS computer program,

for a range of air leakage rates at the solar collector and pebble-bed

storage unit. The air leakage model was based on field measurements

of air flow in several residential solar air heating systems in the National Solar Demonstration Program for which leakage problems were reported. The study included the effects of heat transfer and mass transfer between the solar equipment room and the heated

building, and also determined the effect of reduced air infiltration into the building due to pressurization by the solar air heating system. A

simple method of estimating the effect of collector array air leakage on system thermal performance was evaluated, using the f CHART

method. NBS-GCR-81-320. Zeizel, J.; Welch, P. Housing designed for families—A summary of research. 1981 May. 169 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-214074. Key words: children; design; environmental psychology; families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology;

standards.

Research on the social, psychological and behavioral needs of

families in housing is not always easily accessible to the designers and

developers of housing. Housing Designed for Families compiles this "user needs" information in a handbook for people involved in regulation setting, home building, and housing design. The report's format reflects the types of decisions designers must make and the

basic zones that a living environment comprises. Zones are defined in terms of privacy, formality, territory, and intergroup contact. Housing regulations set health and safety standards for new homes,

but to date have incorporated little available user needs research. Because of this, today's homes, particularly those built with government assistance, are safe; but they often lack the simple

amenities of design that make them truly livable. This report documents, zone by zone, design problems as they appear in the literature. Each section includes comments on related sections of HUD's Minimum Property Standards (MPS) and Manual of

Acceptable Practices. Comments make clear which sections of the two

documents are responsive to the needs of tenants, which sections seem

to contradict each other, and what changes might enhance the standards responsiveness to the issues raised by the research.

NBS-GCR-81-321. Carlock, J. B. III. Use of FCHART version 3.0 to predict auxiliary energy use in residential solar energy systems. 1981 May. 101 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-217010.

Key words: auxiliary energy; FCHART computer program;

National Solar Demonstration Program; solar energy systems; space heating load; thermal performance.

Thermal performance predictions for five residential buildings with

solar space heating and hot water systems using the FCHART

computer program are compared with measured thermal performance

data from each site. The FCHART calculations are based on

measured meteorological data and on space heating loads that are both measured and calculated using building thermal envelope data and the modified degree day method. Because of the imprecision

inherent in the load measurements, comparisons with FCHART

predictions based on measured loads could only determine that seasonal predictions fall within the tolerance limits of the measured

performance. Comparisons with predictions based on the degree day method indicate that the degree day method is less accurate than the FCHART method itself

24
NBS-GCR-81-322. Wedekind, D. R. Multi-family solar domestic hot water analysis. 1981 May. 100 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82- 130139. Key words: domestic hot water; recirculating hot water systems;

solar collectors; system efficiency; thermal performance.

The National Bureau of Standards is presently reviewing the Definitive Performance Criteria for Residential Solar Heating,

Cooling and Hot Water Systems. In support of that effort, this report

describes a study designed to quantify the effect of daily domestic hot water loads and system design on the performance of multi-family

solar domestic hot water systems. Two multi-family solar domestic hot water systems judged

representative of the systems funded by the HUD Residential Solar Demonstration Program, along with possible modifications to these systems, are modeled using the TRNSYS simulation computer

program. The effects of collector array efficiency, storage capacity, and distribution heat losses were studied over a range of daily domestic hot water loads from 11 to 190 L/day-unit.

Results of simulations over representative climatic periods show

that daily domestic hot water usage significantly affects solar system

performance. Improved system designs are developed and modeled

on an annual basis and comparison is made to system performance of

the original design. Notable increases in performance can be obtained by the use of improved system configurations. Specific recommendations are made with direct emphasis on the definitive performance criteria.

NBS-GCR-81-331. Alfeld, L. E. Research for building construction

productivity—Report on the June 2, 1981 conference. 1981 August. 26 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-246803.

Key words: building productivity; computer-integrated

construction; conference; construction duration; productivity measurement; risks of failure; user productivity.

The conference was held to identify major research needs to improve commercial construction productivity. Productivity measures the relative values of the product of construction, the

building, and the time, labor and capital used to produce, operate and

maintain it. Therefore, both cost reduction and quality improvement

are important in improvement of productivity. Twenty-six

participants, from all sectors of the construction industry, met as a roundtable group. Five prepared papers served to stimulate wide- ranging discussion. By the end of the day a consensus emerged around six primary

research topics: 1. Develop a "family" of micro measures of

construction productivity to assist individual firms in decision-making.

2. Improve macro measures of productivity to assist in understanding

regional and aggregate industry trends. 3. Develop the methods

needed to extend computer applications to all phases of construction decision-making. 4. Identify and develop methods to expedite the regulatory process. 5. Measure the relationships between occupantuser productivity and building design. 6. Produce the knowledge of

physical properties of buildings needed to reduce risks of building

failures and lower costs of designing for building safety. Conferees further agreed that the private sector, not government, must take the initiative to formulate and conduct research. However,

government should support and conduct some research.

NBS-GCR-81-332. The Rice Center. A review of standards and common practices in building site regulation technical issues and

research needs. 1981 September. 144 p. Available from: NTIS; PB

82-117631. Key words: building site standards; regulation; site design

practices; site engineering.

Widely used design and service standards are identified for five elements of site development subject to government regulation:

streets, sitework, drainage, waste water and water supply. Standards

in use are found to vary widely from minimums to contradict one

another. The report suggests that local custom rather than site

engineering research forms the basis for development regulation. The

report also found that: 1) some standards do not protect health and

safety; 2) many regulations do not incorporate by reference relevant

standards; and 3) not all referenced standards are technically current. The report lists areas of needed research and suggests methods for resolving conflicts among development standards.

NBS-GCR-81-333. White, E. T. Tracing lighting design decisions for new open office space: A pilot study. 1981 September. 196 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-132531. Key words: building program; lighting design; lighting research;

lighting survey. The research activity consisted of an exploration of the design

decision making process used by architects, engineers, and lighting designers for the illumination needs in open office situations. Approximately 30 firms with extensive lighting design experience

comprised the sample of organizations who participated in the study. They ranged in size from large A/E and architectural companies to small lighting design and space planning offices. Personal interviews were conducted with the individual (or group) primarily responsible

for making lighting design decisions. The object of the interview was

to determine the criteria used (and their interrelationships) to make

lighting decisions and to explore in detail how task lighting and

ambient lighting requirements are established and put into practice to support necessary and desired activities. The data obtained during the interviews were used to formulate a lighting design process model,

which explores the interactions among the many variables considered

in lighting design. This design process model may be used as the first step in the formulation of a more generalized model which may be

used for other design decisions—e.g., acoustics, thermal environment,

space requirements, etc. This survey was co-sponsored by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (lESNA), the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the International Association of Lighting Designers (lALD).

25
JOURNAL

OF

RESEARCH

The Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards

reports NBS research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology, and the basic technology underlying standardization. Also included from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the Bureau's

technical and scientific programs. As a special service each issue contains complete citations to all recent NBS publications in NBS and non-NBS media.

Mahajan, B. M.; Galowin, L. S.; Kopetka, P. A. Models of quasi- steady and unsteady discharge from plumbing flxtures. J. Res. Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U.S.). 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April.

Key words: characteristics; discharge; drainage; flow; model;

plumbing; quasi-steady; unsteady.

Modeling methods are developed to predict the discharge

characteristics of simulated simplified configurations for plumbing

fixtures connected to horizontal drain branch piping. Computations

are carried out to illustrate several methods of determining the effect of various loss coefficients of the drain connection, pipe length, pipe

diameter, and friction factor. Solutions are obtained for the case of a

fixture with a constant head (continuous refill) and a falling head

(emptying of a sink). Numerical solution of the non-linear differential equation for the falling head case was obtained by the Runge-Kutta

method. Discharge characteristics are presented for a range of flows and pipe diameter-to-length ratios representative of plumbing

installations. The feasibility of developing predictive models for hydraulic characteristics of interconnected plumbing fixture and

drainage piping systems is shown. The variations of efflux rate with

the drain pipe diameter, length, and slope obtained from the assumed

models are similar in trend to the available experimental data.

PAPERS

PUBLISHED

IN NON-NBS

MEDIA

Reprints from the journals listed in this section may often be

obtained from the authors. Each entry has been assigned a five-digit number for NBS identification and listing purposes.

19998. Harris, J. R.; Fenves, S. J.; Wright, R. N. New tools for standards writers, ASTM Stand. News 8, 10-16 (July 1980). Key words: building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; network; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis.

This paper describes rational methods intended to assist standards developers in the formulation and expression of standards. The

methods provide ways to measure clarity, completeness, and

consistency in the organization and content of a standard. Both guides

to the organization of the text of a standard and a formal

representation that can assist standards writers in determining whether their intent is correctly expressed are included. For

illustrative purposes, the paper draws on a recent major application of

the analysis to the Applied Technology Council's Tentative

Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings, and describes the experience gained through the interaction between

the analysts and the team that developed the seismic provisions. Analysis of this interaction forms the basis for guidelines for the

future role of analysts within the standards-writing groups.

20019. Simiu, E.; Filliben, J. J. Weibull distributions and extreme wind

speeds. Journal of the Structural Division 106, No. ST 12, 2365-2374 (American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, Dec. 1980). Key words: climatology; loads (forces); probability distribution functions; reliability; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind. An investigation is presented into the question as to whether or not

it may be assumed that the extreme wind population at various

stations in the U.S. is described by probabilistic models with shorter

tails than the Type I distribution. Statistical evidence, based on the comparative analysis of extreme wind data and of data generated by Monte Carlo simulation, appears to support this assumption at a large number of stations in the United States.

20029. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Tremaine, S. G. Psychoacoustic

evaluation of transmission line audible noise: Building attenuation

effects, methodology comparison, and field study feasibility, DOE/RA/29323-1, 84 pages (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of

Electric Energy Systems, Washington, DC, 1979). (Available by

purchase from the National Technical Information Service,

Springfield, VA 22161.)

26
Key words: corona noise; electric energy transmission; high

voltage; human response to noise; noise pollution; psychoacoustics; transmission line audible noise. A behavioral preference procedure and a categorical rating scale were used to assess human aversion to samples of transmission line audible noise in two separate psychoacoustic experiments. Tape

recorded samples of corona noise were played back to listeners in a

realistic listening room. Both outdoor and indoor listening conditions were simulated. In addition, the feasibility of conducting social surveys of the responses of residents actually living near transmission

lines was briefly investigated. Conclusions were drawn that have

implications for the environmental impact of high-voltage

transmission lines.

20030. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L. Preliminary tests of psychoacoustic facilities and techniques for studying the human response to transmission line audible noise. Energy Tech. HCP/T-6010/E2, 70 pages (U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Electric Energy Systems, Washington, DC,

Dec. 1977). (Available by purchase from the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.) Key words: corona noise; environmental noise; high voltage

transmission lines; human response to noise; listening room.

Progress during the first year of the DOE-NBS project on

transmission line audible noise is documented. Some overall background for the project is provided. Three pilot experiments are described in which techniques to measure the human response to high-voltage transmission line audible noise are evaluated. A new, DOE-NBS "realistic" listening room facility, to be employed in future psychoacoustic experiments, is also described.

20031. Rawie, C. C. Writing standards that meet regulatory needs, ASTM Stand. News 8, No. 9, 13-16 (Sept. 1980). Key words: cost-benefit; economics; government regulation;

safety regulation; standards.

This article urges discussion of certain issues arising from the use by regulatory agencies of standards developed by nongovernment

standards-writing committees. The issues addressed are related to the

technical and economic basis for nongovernment standards and

documentation of such standards. Problems in these areas prevent

regulatory agencies from taking full advantage of the expertise and

resources that nongovernment standards-writing groups dedicate to writing standards. The aim of this paper is to promote discussion that

will aid in resolving these problems and thus advance the regulatory use of nongovernment standards.

20059. Walker, G. R.; Marshall, R. D. The development of a peak gust anemometer, Proc. 7th Australasian Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics

Conf., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Aug. 18-22, 1980, pp. 151-154 (The Institution of Engineers, Barton, A.C.T. 2600, Australia, Oct.

1980). Key words: anemometer; drag sphere; gust speed; instrumentation; wind sensor; wind speed. The development and field testing of a simple drag sphere device

for recording peak wind gusts are described. Also presented are the performance criteria and rationale for selecting these criteria for tropical storm applications. Based on static and dynamic calibrations

as well as limited field experience, recommendations are offered for improvements in future models of the peak gust anemometer.

20078. Fanney, A. H.; Liu, S. T. Experimental system performance and comparison with computer predictions for six solar domestic hot water systems, (Proc. Int. Solar Energy Society Silver Jubilee Congress, Atlanta, GA, May 29-June 1, 1979), Paper in Sun II, K. W. Boer and B. H. Glen, eds., 1, 972-976 (Pergamon Press, New

York, NY, 1979).

Key words: computer codes—F-CHART, SOLCOST, TRNSYS;

computer predictions for solar systems; NBS solar testing at Gaithersburg; solar hot water heating.

Currently three computer programs, F-CHART, SOLCOST, and TRNSYS, are being extensively utilized for the design and evaluation of solar space heating and domestic hot water systems. Although

widely used, the accuracy of their predictions needs to be verified with experimental data. In order to provide data required for the

validation of these computer codes for solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems, the staff at the National Bureau of Standards has

fabricated and instrumented a solar hot water test facility at its Gaithersburg, Maryland site. This paper describes the test facility, the experimental results, and compares the experimental results with the computer predictions for the first eight months of operation.

20079. Jenkins, J. P. A comparison of test results for flat-plate water- heating solar collectors using the BSE and ASHRAE procedures,

(Proc. Int. Solar Energy Society Silver Jubilee Congress, Atlanta, GA, May 29-June 1, 1979), Paper in Sun II, K. W. Boer and B. H.

Glen, eds., 1, 365-369 (Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1979). Key words: collector efficiency; comparison German BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; flat-plate solar collectors; German

Bundesverband Solarenergie; solar collector testing; waterheating solar collectors. The German Bundesverband Solart.iergie (BSE) Working Group

recently adopted and published a procedure for testing solar collectors based on thermal performance. Research facilities for

testing flat-plate waterheating collectors have been built at NBS in accordance with the BSE procedure and the existing ASHRAE

Standard 93-77. The purpose of this paper is to describe the BSE test procedure and compare experimental test results with those obtained

using the existing ASHRAE Standard 93-77. Included is a description of the collector test facilities at NBS and the results obtained from

testing five commercially available flat-plate waterheating collectors using both procedures.

20089. Siu, M. C. I. Fibrous glass board as a standard reference

material for thermal resistance measurement system, (Proc. Symp.

Thermal Insulation Performance, Tampa, FL, Oct. 23-25, 1978), Am. Soc. Test. Mater Spec. Tech. Publ. 718, D. L. McElroy and R.

P. Tye, eds., pp. 343-360 (1981). Key words: calibration; fibrous glass board; guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; SRM; thermal conductivity; thermal resistance.

Results of thermal measurements on over 300 pairs of fibrous glass board specimens, and statistical analysis of the data, are presented. This material is available as a Standard Reference Material (SRM)

from the Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. Considerations are discussed for effective use of this SRM in the calibration of measurement systems such as the guarded hot-plate and heat flow meter apparatuses.

20103. Fanney, A. H.; Liu, S. T. Performance of six solar domestic hot water systems in the mid-Atlantic region, Proc. Conf. Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Operational Results, Colorado Springs, CO, Nov.

27-30, 1979, pp. 25-31 (SERI/TP 245-430, DOE/Solar Energy

Research Institute (SERI), Golden, CO, Nov. 1979). Key words: energy; heat transfer; hot water; measurement; solar;

testing.

In order to provide data required for the validation of computer

programs for solar domestic hot water systems, the staff of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) fabricated and instrumented six typical residential-size systems at its Gaithersburg, Maryland site. Three of the six systems utilize a single hot water tank and the other

three utilize two tanks. Three different methods of freeze protection

are being utilized among the systems: water-ethylene glycol mixture

in the collector loop with an intermediate heat exchanger, drain-down

27
using solenoid valves to dump the water from the collectors, and air- heating collectors in conjunction with an air-water heat exchanger.

One system relies on the thermosyphon principle while the other five require electric power for fans or pumps. The systems have been

operating since June 1978. This paper describes the testing done and

gives the experimental results for the first year of operation.

20121. McCabe, M. E. A collector sizing procedure for residential solar hot water systems with prescribed thermal performance

requirements, (Proc. ASHRAE Semiannual Meet., Los Angeles,

CA, Feb. 3-7, 1980), ASHRAE Trans. 86, Pt. 1, 420-439 (American

Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers,

Inc., New York, NY, 1980). Key words: f-chart; HUD initiative; performance standards; solar

collectors; solar water heaters; storage tanks; thermal performance.

A graphical procedure was developed based on the f-chart design method to determine whether solar domestic water heating systems proposed for use in the HUD Hot Water Initiative Program have

sufficient collector area to provide 50% of the load as prescribed by

the thermal performance requirements of the Program. The

procedure was specifically developed for the 1 1 states participating in the HUD initiative (the New-England and Mid-Atlantic States and

Florida), however, it should be applicable for the sizing of the

collectors for solar water heaters in other locations with similar climates. In the procedure, the collector area is first determined for a reference solar water heating system located in one of 25 locations. Area adjustment factors are then determined for a number of possible differences between the proposed system and the reference system. The required collector area is calculated as the product of the reference area and the area adjustment factors. The maximum

difference in collector area calculated by the procedure and the area

calculated by the f-chart computer program is less than 10%.

20147. Mahajan, B. M.; Galowin, L. S. Water depth and solid velocity measurements in unsteady partially-filled horizontal pipe flow, Proc. Second Symp. Flow: Its Measurement and Control in Science and

Industry, St. Louis, MO, Mar 23-26, 1981, pp. 649-671 (Instrument

Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, Mar. 1981). Key words: depth-time history; horizontal; measurements;

partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; unsteady; velocity; water. Few investigations have been reported on the transport mechanisms

of finite solids in time-dependent partially-filled pipe flows. Due to increased concern for water conservation, the effects of reduced

water usage on maintaining adequate transport and sweeping

velocities for waterborne solids in pitched horizontal drains of gravity

drainage plumbing systems has become the subject of current

research. Open channel flow analogues are not applicable since they

are based upon steady flow conditions. Determination of the flow

characteristics for the non-uniform, transient water flow with varying

depth-time history and the waterborne solids requires experimental measurement methods which do not produce any interference with

the transport mechanisms. The instrumentation methods adapted and developed for these tests were: (a) electrode pins flush mounted at uniform spaced intervals on the circumference of the pipe wall at selected cross sections to determine the depth as a function of time; and (b) light photocell detectors at prescribed spacing distances along

the length of the pipe to detect the passage of the solid in order to determine the velocity. The experimental apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures are described. Typical results obtained from the tests are presented to illustrate the results derived from the tests. The

ability of the methods adopted are shown to be suitable to derive the empirical data base required to develop mathematical correlations applicable to pipe sizes for effective low water drainage system

performance.

20148. Oonk, R. L.; Jones, D. E.; Cole-Appel, B. E. Calculation of performance of collectors in series from test data on a single

collector, Sol Energy. Tech. Note 23, No. 6, 535-536 (1979).

Key words: collector slope and intercept; correction factor for

in-series collectors; efficiency deterioration in series arrays; performance of collectors in series; solar collector arrays.

Solar collector arrays are often arranged so that fluid flows through

the collectors in a combined series and parallel fashion. Often the data

supplied by a collector manufacturer is the performance for a single collector. Because it is unreasonable to expect measured test data for

all possible array arrangements, a method is needed for calculating the array slope and intercept from performance data on a single collector. This paper presents a method of extrapolating the calculation from

a single collector to an array, with a correction factor CFN to predict the performance of A' panels in series.

20151. Powell, J.; Ruegg, R. Life-cycle costing of solar energy

investments. Chapter II in Solar Design Workbook, Solar Federal

Buildings Program. Sec. II Solar System Evaluation, G. Franta, B. Glenn, S. Hogg, B. Hunn, S. Ternoey, and J. Yellott, eds., pp. 11- 1-11-8 (SERI/SP-62-308, DOE/Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Golden, CO, Jan. 1981). Key words: economics; Federal buildings; life-cycle costs; solar energy.

This chapter provides an overview of the life-cycle costing method

of evaluating investments in solar energy. It describes the use of the method in determining the economically efficient design and size for a

solar energy system, the cost effectiveness of a given system, and the establishment of project priorities.

20167. Ruegg, R. T.; Sav, G. T. The microeconomics of solar energy, Chapter 28 in Solar Energy Handbook, J. F. Kreider and F. Kreith,

eds., pp. 28-1-28-42 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY,

1981). Key words: cost effectiveness; energy conservation; energy

economics; life-cycle costing; microeconomic analysis; solar energy economics. The purpose of this chapter is to explain and illustrate how the techniques of microeconomic analysis can be used in the design,

sizing, and evaluation of solar energy systems. For the purpose of

exposition, the focus is on solar hot-water and spaceheating systems

for residential and commercial buildings. However, the basic concepts and procedures will generally apply to the analysis of solar energy in diverse applications, e.g., industrial process heat systems, power

production, and total energy systems. The first part of this chapter presents basic concepts and methods

of economic analysis, and illustrates their use in sample problems. An

overview is given of the basic steps in life-cycle cost analysis, discounting cash flows, considerations important to making

assumptions, and methods of dealing with uncertainty and inflation. The second part describes the major components of costs and savings

associated with solar energy systems, including various types of system costs, energy costs and savings, taxes, and government

incentives. The third part describes a methodology for optimizing a

solar energy system for maximum net savings. The basic concepts of

optimization are set forth, and an example optimization problem is solved.

20190. Bartel, T. W. Effect of absorber geometry on apparent

absorption coefficients as measured in a reverberation chamber, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, No. 4, 1065-1074 (Apr. 1981). Key words: absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; sound absorption.

Measurements were made in the NBS reverberation chamber to determine the apparent random incidence absorption coefficient as a function of the area, perimeter, and shape of the test specimens for three different materials arrayed as combinations of rectangular

pieces. Measurements made with the specimen edges exposed and

with the edges covered with reflecting material were compared. The

28
experimental results were compared with a theoretical model [T. D. Northwood, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1173-1177 (1963)] using values of

the acoustical admittance obtained from impedance tube measurements performed on the same materials. Both the experimental and theoretical results indicate that the random

incidence absorption coefficient increases approximately linearly with

E, the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the specimen for values of E ranging from 1.3 to 3.3 m '. The theoretical analysis indicates, however, that a linear extrapolation to the value E=0 is not

necessarily valid. It was also found that if the specimen area and

perimeter are kept constant, the values of the random incidence

absorption coefficient decrease by a few percent as the specimen

shape is changed to increase the number of vertices (inside plus outside right-angle corners) in the configuration.

20203. Molino, J. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Zerdy, G. A. Audible noise from

high-voltage transmission lines: Psychoacoustic findings, (Proc. U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Control Symp., Washington,

DC, Nov. 28-30, 1978), Vol. 3. Solar Energy. Geothermal Energy, and Waste Heat Transmission, DOE/EV-0046. pp. 243-255 (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, Sept. 1979). Key words: audible noise; corona noise; extra high voltage

(EHV) transmission lines. The possible aversiveness of audible (corona) noise from extra-high

voltage (EHV) transmission lines was investigated in a series of psychoacoustic experiments. Recordings of corona noise were made

outdoors, generally at the edge of the property right-of-way. These

recorded corona noise samples were then compared with other recorded environmental sounds, reference sounds, or spectrally- modified corona sounds, using a behavioral preference procedure.

Results from three experiments, all employing the same general

procedure, are presented here.

20259. Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Mathey, R. G. Guidelines for installation of

solar components on low-sloped roofs—A summary, Proc. NBS/NRCA 6th Conf. on Roofing Technology, Gailhersburg, MD.

Apr. 30-May 1, 1981, -pp. 58-62 (National Roofing Contractors

Assoc., Oak Park, IL, Apr. 1981). Key words: collector installation; field survey; guidelines; lowsloped roofs; roofing performance; solar collectors.

This paper presents guidelines for installation of solar collectors and

related equipment on low-sloped roofs of commercial, industrial, and

multi-family type buildings. The guidelines are concerned primarily with the waterproofing integrity of the roofing system, access to the

collectors and roofing, attachment of different types of collector support frames and rooftop safety. Technical information from the

literature, building codes, roofing field surveys, and acceptable

roofing practice provided the basis for the guidelines. The guidelines include recommendations for design of the solar installation with

regard to roofing performance, workmanship during collector

installation, and maintenance of roofs with solar components.

20291. Streed, E. R.; Waksman, D. Uncertainty in determining thermal performance of liquid-heating flat-plate solar collectors, Trans. ASME 1103, 126-134 (May 1981). Key words: collector rating; measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance; uncertainty.

Thermal performance measurements of eight types of liquid-heating

flat-plate solar collectors were conducted with two to four collectors of each type at four outdoor test sites. Tests were performed in accordance with the procedure prescribed by ASHRAE Standard 93-

77. Statistical analysis of data sets for each collector type within test

sites and between test sites was done using ASTM recommended

methods to evaluate test method measurement uncertainty.

20293. Simiu, E.; Shaver, J. R.; Filliben, J. J. Wind speed distributions and reliability estimates, J. Struct Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. Tech. Note 107, No. ST5, 1003-1007 (May 1981).

Key words: extreme value distributions; Rayleigh distributions; sampling errors; structural reliability; wind engineering; wind

forces. The purpose of this note is to present an investigation into the

effect upon the estimation of safety levels for wind-sensitive structures of the model that describes the probabilistic behavior of the extreme wind speeds. Such an investigation is motivated by recent research

results, according to which extreme wind speeds are in most cases

best modeled by probability distributions with considerably shorter

tails than the Type I Extreme Value distribution, in particular by the Rayleigh distribution. It is shown that safety levels estimated on the

basis of the assumption that the Rayleigh distribution holds are

significantly higher than those previously estimated in the literature.

20295. Simiu, E.; Filliben, J. J. Wind direction effects on cladding and

structural loads, Eng Struct. 3, No. 3, 181-186 (July 1981). Key words: buildings (codes); climatology; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind engineering; wind (meteorology).

A simple procedure is proposed for estimating wind loads corresponding to various return periods, which takes into account

directional information on both wind speeds and aerodynamic

response. Examples of the application of the procedure are given,

which show that cladding loads calculated without taking directional information on extreme wind speeds into account may in certain cases be larger than the actual loads by a factor of two or more. It is also shown that it is not appropriate, in general, to account for wind

direction effects by multiplying loads determined without regard for these effects by a reduction factor of 0.8, as has been suggested in the

literature. In its present form, the procedure is applicable to cladding

panels and to members of relatively rigid structures in regions not

subjected to hurricane winds.

20320. Kovacs, W. D. What constitutes a turn?, Geotech. Test J. Tech. Note 3, No. 3, 127-130 (Sept. 1981). Key words: blow count; cathead; drilling rig; efficiency; energy;

field test; in-situ test; standard penetration test (SPT).

There are wide variations in physical configuration and cathead equipment among the available drill rigs used to perform the standard

penetration test. Such differences may be partly responsible for variations in blow count among different drill rigs. The paper draws

attention to the fact that about half of the available drill rigs use clockwise rotation of the cathead while the others use counterclockwise rotation. Depending on which direction is used, differences in the actual number of turns could be off by as much as half a turn. This difference could result in a substantial variation in the energy delivered to the sampler and in the blow count for the same soil conditions.

20329. Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N. Unambiguous and complete:

Applying information science to specifications, Construct Specifer 34, No. 4, 55-62 (Apr. 1981). Key words: buildings; classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification;

specification; specification writers; systems analysis.

Specifications are a primary means of technical communication in the construction community. This article is concerned with improving

the organization, expression and interpretation of the information contained in construction specifications. The application to construction specifications of techniques previously developed for modeling standards is described. The techniques provide an objective and rigorous representation of the meaning of a specification and

allow it to be tested for aspects of clarity, completeness, and

consistency. Furthermore, the techniques allow alternative organizations and expressions to fit the needs of various users with

assurance that meanings remain unchanged and that users will readily

find and understand all provisions even in a new or unfamiliar standard.

29
20361. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.

Initial psychoacoustic experiments on the human response to transmission line audible noise, January 1, 1978 to December 31, 1978, DOE/ET/6010-1, 86 pages (Available from the National Technical Information Services, Springfield, VA 22161, 1978). Key words: aversiveness measures; corona noise; environmental

noise impact; high-voltage transmission lines; human response to

noise; modification of noise spectra. A behavioral preference procedure, the "acoustic menu," was used

to assess human aversion to the sounds from two samples of

transmission line audible noise and from samples of other environmental noises. The audible (corona) noise produced by extra- high voltage (EHV), overhead transmission lines was tape-recorded

during moist weather. Reproduced samples of corona noise, other common environmental noises, and artificial reference stimuli were compared in two experiments. The two corona noise samples were

found to be equally preferred to: (1) a 1000 Hz octave band of noise about 1 1 db SPL higher than the corona noises and (2) a collection of other environmental noises about 8 db SPL higher than the corona

noises. The corona noise samples were more aversive than the ambient sounds (including rainfall) occuring near rural transmission

lines and were roughly equivalent in aversiveness to the noise from a room air conditioner (indoor recording). Knowledge of the source of

the corona noise (from photographs and a brief description) did not

affect its aversiveness. Of the simple frequency-weighting scales, the A-weighted sound level reduced the difference between the two

corona noise samples and the set of other environmental sounds from

about 8 db SPL to about 3 db SPL. The D-weighted sound level further reduced this discrepancy to about 2 db. These results were

obtained with only two samples of corona noise; other samples may

give different results. A third experiment evaluated the aversiveness of audible noise from EHV electric transmission lines for spectral modification of 5 different tape-recorded samples. The relative contributions of low-frequency humming and buzzing and of highfrequency hissing and crackling components of the noise proved more

aversive for all five samples to a group of 25 listeners. Therefore, for outdoor or open window listening, engineering efforts should be

directed at reducing the high-frequency portion of the audible noise spectrum. A fourth experiment essentially replicated the above results with a different psychophysical method.

20362. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L. Psychoacoustic evaluation of the audible noise from EHV power

lines, (Proc. 7th IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf

,

Atlanta, GA, Apr. 1-7, 1979), Paper 79CH1399-5-PWR, pp. 95-98

(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York,

NY, 1979). Key words: audible noise; EHV power lines; noise, audible. A series of three psychoacoustic experiments was conducted with samples of audible (corona) noise tape recorded 15 m (50 ft) from

extra-high-voltage transmission lines. Altogether 77 listeners responded to these and other sounds in a realistic listening room

environment. The results showed that corona noise is more aversive than the ambient sounds (including rainfall) occuring near rural transmission lines and that knowledge of the source of the corona

noise did not affect its aversiveness to the listeners. The results also showed that common acoustic measurement scales tend to underestimate the aversiveness of corona noise and that the highfrequency components of corona noise contribute most toward the aversive reactions of listeners.

20364. Hunt, C. M. Air infiltration: A review of some existing measurement techniques and data, (Proc. Symp. Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements, Washington, DC, Mar.

12, 1978), Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. 719. Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements, C. M. Hunt, J. C. King, H. R. Trechsel, eds., pp. 3-24 (Oct. 1980). Key words: air leakage measurement; infiltration review;

ventilation analysis.

This paper reviews the state of the art in the measurement of

ventilation and air infiltration. It considers tracer gas techniques and

discusses some of the tracer gases used as well as some of the

potential sources of error. It also discusses fan pressurization/evacuation procedures for measuring building tightness and compares fan and tracer measurements. It discusses the ASHRAE

crack method. It also considers a number of factors influencing

infiltration rates and finally reviews a few of the empirical equations

which have been developed to correlate infiltration rate with wind

velocity and inside-outside temperature difference.

20365. Grot. R. A. A low-cost method for measuring air infiltration rates in a large sample of buildings, (Proc. Symp. Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements, Washington, DC, Mar.

12, 1978), Am. Soc Test. Mater Spec. Tech. Publ. 719. Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements, C. M. Hunt, J. C. King, H. R. Trechsel, eds., pp. 50-59 (Oct. 1980). Key words: air infiltration; air sample bags; energy conservation;

retrofit; sulfur hexafiuoride; tracer gas; weatherization. A method for collecting air infiltration data in a large sample of

dwellings is presented. The method consists of a tracer gas dilution technique employing air sample bags which are analyzed in a central laboratory. The method will be applied to a Community Services Administration optimal weatherization demonstration in approximately 300 dwellings at 16 sites throughout the United States. The method will yield air exchange rates under typical heating season

conditions for each dwelling in the demonstration. Preliminary data on air infiltration rates in low-income housing in Portland, Maine are presented.

20386. Harris, J. R. Information flow in the development of earthquake

provisions for building codes, Proc. Conf. V Communicating

Earthquake Hazard Reduction Information, Denver, CO, May 22-24, 1978. pp. 288-306 (Office of Earthquake Studies, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, 1978). Key words: building codes; building regulatory system; buildings; building standards; codes, building; earthquake; seismic risk; standards, building.

This report describes how information flows through the building

regulatory system and how this flow is being taken into account in the development of new building code provisions for earthquake

hazards. Many sectors of the construction community play a role in the complex flow of information in and out of building codes, each

with its own set of decision makers, but the local building official is the key figure. This history of earthquake provisions in building codes shows a slow evolution that is typical in the building regulatory system, partially because of the complex pattern of communication

and decision making. New provisions have recently been developed

for consideration by the regulatory community, but it will be several years before their path through various standards and model codes

into legal building codes is complete.

20403. Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N. Computer aids for the organization of standards, Proc. Second Conf. Computing in Civil Engineering,

Baltimore, MD, June 9-13, 1980, pp. 112-121 (American Society of

Civil Engineering, New York, NY, 1980). Key words: computer database; computer program; methodology; specifications; standards. A decade of research has produced a systematic methodology for the analysis and representation of design standards. The methodology

assists in the formulation, expression, and use of standards,

specifications or legal code requirements. This paper reports on

research for elements of that methodology for dealing with the scope and the arrangement of standards. Functional and structural descriptions of provisions provide rational bases for classification of each requirement of a standard. The classification is used as a database for computer software that produces an index and alternative outlines for the standard. A prototype program has been developed

30
and implemented in FORTRAN on the UNIVAC 1108 at the National Bureau of Standards. Significant improvements over

previous computer aids in the field include: flexibility in accommodating various classification schemes; the ability to generate an index based on meaningful and relevant terms; user selection from

several logical criteria in the construction of outlines; the possibility of overriding the explicit logic of the classification; a routine for interactive generation of outlines that supports the creative talents of

the user with the analytical and logical power of the computer. The

program has been applied in recent projects to analyze and improve

seismic design standards. The algorithms are being implemented in a general purpose, production-type computer aid for the analysis, formulation and expression of standards.

20430. Harris, J. R. Snow accumulation on and around solar collectors, Proc. 37th Eastern Snow Conf., Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, June

5-6, 1980, pp. 54-65 (Eastern Snow Conf., Atmospheric

Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 1981). Key words: building; load; roof; snow; snow load; solar

collector; structural engineering.

Studies of the accumulation of snow and ice on buildings with flat plate solar collectors were carried out during the winter of 1979. Although the studies were generally qualitative, preliminary

guidelines for snow load criteria were developed. Observations

identified two significant phenomena: the sliding of snow from

collector surfaces and the drifting of snow around protruding

collectors. It was found that only those collectors which are

relatively steep (more than 50° from the horizontal) and are free of

obstructions will shed snow reliably. The accumulation of snow

sliding from collectors appears to be a significant load for roof

structures. It was also found that collectors that protrude from roofs tend to create drifts, much as a snow fence. The common installation of several parallel rows of protruding collectors creates a situation somewhat like a "sawtooth" factory building roof and requires special attention in design of the roof structure. Further study of the problem

is merited.

20435. Harris, J. R.; Fenves, S. J.; Wright, R. N. Logical analysis of

tentative seismic provisions, / Struc. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng.

107, No. ST8, 1629-1641 (Aug. 1981). Key words: building; building codes; building standards; earthquake-resistant design; seismic design; systems analysis.

This paper describes a study of the format and expression of the

Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for

Buildings developed by the Applied Technology Council. The

methods of analysis employed provide objective measures of clarity, completeness, and consistency, and an alterative formal representation with which to examine the correctness of the provisions. The formal

representation of the provisions and the findings of the analysis will

assist those concerned with the future development of the provisions and their implementation within the various national standards and model codes.

20440. Metz, F. E. Two examples of passive solar retrofit for historic structures, (Proc. 5th Natl. Passive Solar Conf, Amherst, MA, Oct.

19-26, 1980), Extended Abstract in Passive Solar 1980, J. Hayes and

R. Snyder, eds., 5.2, 1305-1306 (1980). Key words: historic; passive solar; retrofit; solar greenhouse;

Trombe wall.

Passive application for existing buildings is a multi-faceted challenge. The retrofit of structures in historic districts compounds

this challenge. In spite of the many problems, the greatest potential

for passive/hybrid applications may be within the vast abundance of our existing buildings.

20463. Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Weidt, J. L.; Saxler, R. J. A field survey of

the performance properties of insulation used to retrofit cavity walls of residences, (Proc. ASHRAE/DOE-ORNL Conf Thermal

Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Kissimmee,

FL, Dec. 3-5, 1979), ASHRAE SP 28, pp. 901-915 (ASHRAE, 345

E. 47th St., New York, NY, 1981). Key words: conservation; energy; field survey; insulation; moisture content; residences; retrofit; thermal resistance. A study was conducted to obtain information on the performance

of retrofit insulations which had been installed in the sidewalls of

existing residences. Most of the thirty-nine houses included in the study had wood-frame sidewall construction and were located in the mid-West, mid-Atlantic and Northeast. The insulations represented those commonly used in the United

States to retrofit side-walls of housing: urea-formaldehyde based foam,

loose-fill cellulose, and loose-fill mineral fiber. With few exceptions, the insulations had been installed in the sidewalls at least 2 years prior

to their examination and their ages ranged from about one and a half

to ten years. In the field phase of the study, small sections of sidewalls were

opened in the late fall or early winter and the retrofit insulations were

examined. Observations were made on performance factors such as: the completeness of filling the cavity, the condition of the insulation and wall components, and evidence of moisture accumulation such as water stains on sheathing, studs and other wall components.

Shrinkages of urea-formaldehyde based foams, and voids within

loose-fill insulations were measured. Shrinkage was observed to have

occurred for all urea-formaldehyde based foam specimens. For those seventeen cases in which the foam was not excessively cracked and

the linear shrinkage was measurable, it was found to be within a range

of 4 to 9 percent. For the six test houses containing loose-fill insulation which were opened at the top of the wall cavity, only one

with cellulose contained a void at that location. It could not be determined whether the void was attributable to settling of the

insulation or initial incomplete fill of the cavity.

In the laboratory phase of the study, insulation specimens removed

from the walls of the residences were tested to determine their density, thermal resistivity and moisture content. In addition, the pH

of the urea-formaldehyde based foam specimens was determined.

Results of the laboratory measurements are discussed and compared

with data and information obtained from other studies. Results

indicated that the retrofitting of the inspected side-walls was for the most part accomplished without adverse effect upon them.

20470. Metz, F. E. Health and safety criteria for passive solar systems,

(Proc. 5th Natl. Passive Solar Conf, Amherst, MA, Oct. 19-26, 1980), Extended Abstract in Passive Solar 1980, J. Hayes and R. Snyder, eds., 5.2, 945-949 (1980). Key words: building codes; constraints; fire safety; glazing; hazards; passive solar.

Passive solar technologies may introduce new and unusual health and safety concerns within the building environment. Conversely,

existing building code requirements may present constraints to the

effective use of some passive technologies. Some of the health and

safety topics to be covered include: fire safety, physical hazards, air quality, and environmental health factors. The solar industry will be confronted with even more restrictive health and safety requirements

as passive construction becomes more prevalent and is extended to non-residential building types. This paper will present some of these

constraints and identify possible hazards.

31
20475. Molino, J. A. Annoyance and noise, Chapter 16 in Handbook of

Noise Control, Second Edition. C. M. Harris, ed., pp. 16-1 —16-9 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, 1979). Key words: acoustics; annoyance; environmental noise; noise measurements; psychoacoustics; psychology.

Psychophysical data are reviewed on the annoyance caused by

noise. Annoyance varies with three primary acoustic factors: sound

level, frequency, and duration. In addition, several secondary acoustic

factors have an effect: spectral complexity, fluctuations in sound level, fluctuations in frequency, rise-time of the noise, and localization of the noise source. Non-acoustic factors also influence annoyance due to

noise. These include physiology, adaptation, past experience, present

activity, predictability, perceived necessity, individual differences, and

personality.

20477. Molino, J. A. Auditory space perception, Article in International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Neurology, pp. 222-227 (Aesculapius Publ. Inc., New York, NY,

1977). Key words: audition; auditory localization; auditory space

perception; experimental psychology; hearing; psychoacoustics.

Scientific data on human auditory space perception is presented. History and theories related to physical measurements are reviewed. Current methods and empirical results in auditory localization are

given. A section on physiological models and practical applications is included.

20499. Lippiatt, B. C; Weber, S. F. Labor and materials cost of weatherizing low-income housing, (Proc. Natl. Conf Optimal

Weatherization, Washington, DC, Dec. 8-10, 1980), Paper in Optimal Weatherization, pp. 103-113 (Information Dynamics, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20902, 1981). Key words: building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization.

This paper presents the major results of a project involving the

collection and analysis of field data from 12 U.S. cities on the costs of

retrofitting low-income houses for energy conservation. The energy

conservation techniques presented consist of a variety of architectural weatherization options designed to reduce heat losses due either to air infiltration or conduction. This project is part of the Community

Services Administration Weatherization Demonstration Program

being carried out with technical assistance from the National Bureau

of Standards. The methods used to collect and synthesize the data on

the major cost components of installing these architectural options are described. The results include the mean unit cost of installing each

option by city, and the relative importance of labor and materials

costs. The results suggest that if a primary national policy goal were

to create jobs in weatherization, then the infiltration options should be emphasized since they are labor-intensive than the conduction options.

20512. May, W. B., Jr. ; Spielvogel, L. G. Analysis of computersimulated thermal performance: The Norris Cotton Federal Office

Building, (Proc. ASHRAE Semi-Annu. Meet., Chicago, IL, Jan. 25-

29, 1981), ASHRAE J. 87, Pt. 1, 43-50 (1981). Key words: building models; building performance data; computer simulations, building; energy conservation in commercial buildings; heat pumps; validation of computer

models, buildings.

Five computer-based simulations of the Norris Cotton Federal

Office Building (NCFOB) in Manchester, New Hampshire, were

performed using a state-ofthe-art proprietary hour-by-hour building simulation program. Results of the simulations are compared with each other and with actual measured data at several levels of detail including total energy consumption, consumption by fuel type, and

heating and cooling requirements. Good agreement between the

simulation and actual data is demonstrated and consequences of

design features are discussed.

20521. Kusuda, T. A comparison of energy calculation procedures, ASHRAE J. 23, No. 8, 21-24 (Aug. 1981). Key words: ASHRAE TC 4.7; computer analysis; energy

calculation; simplified energy analysis. ASHRAE's Technical Committee on Energy Calculations (TC 4.7) has developed a proposed simplified procedure suitable for manual or pocket calculators. The proposed simplified procedure was compared

with seven detailed computer simulation energy analysis programs

AXCESS, BLAST, BLDSIM, DOE-2, E-CUBE, ESAS, and TRACE. The comparative calculations were done on a Washington,

DC office building, for four typical HVAC systems. Discrepancies between the results using the seven computer simulation methods

involving seven separate analysts were generally greater than the differences between the simplified method and a single computer

simulation method when both were used by the same analyst. Major

reasons for discrepancies between the proposed TC 4.7 simplified method and the detailed computer simulation methods are discussed,

as well as the difficulties in using the simplified procedure.

20524. Simiu, E. Modern developments in wind engineering: Part 2, Eng. Struct. 3, 242-248 (Oct. 1981). Key words: aerodynamics; building codes; meteorology; wind

engineering; wind forces; wind tunnels.

This is the second paper in a series devoted to a review of the state of the art in wind engineering. The paper presents information on wind tunnel testing for both research and design purposes. Specific

topics covered include: The influence of viscosity effects upon the

reliability of test results for bodies with curved shapes and with sharp

edges; the extent to which atmospheric turbulence needs to be

simulated in laboratory tests; the effect of turbulence scale and

turbulence intensity upon aerodynamic forces; and difficulties encountered in the simulation of point and area loads.

20525. Simiu, E. Modern developments in wind engineering: Part 1, Eng Struct. 3, 233-241 (Oct. 1981). Key words: atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design

(structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology;

structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; wind profiles. The paper presents a state of the art review of material applicable

to structural design, from the following areas: meteorology,

micrometeorology (mean wind profiles and atmospheric turbulence

characterization), and extreme wind climatology in well-behaved

climates, hurricane-prone regions, and tornado-prone regions.

20538. Gujral, P. S.; Clark, R. J.; Burch, D. M. Transient thermal

response of an intermittently cooled massive building, (Proc. ASHRAE/DOE/ORNL Conf Thermal Performance Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Orlando, FL, Dec. 3-5, 1979), ASHRAE SP

28, pp. 751-756 (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, NY, 1981). Key words: energy conservation; night cooling; night ventilation; thermal mass. A single-room externally insulated masonry test house was built within the environmental chamber at the National Bureau of

Standards. The structure was subjected to diurnal summer sol-air temperature cycles while two energy conservation schemes were

monitored. Both schemes utilized the building thermal mass to store nighttime cooling energy; the first, through night mechanical cooling, and the second through the use of ambient air. The results indicate

that mechanical cooling is effectively stored in the building mass

during the night so that no additional daytime cooling is needed for even the most extreme summer conditions. The tests further indicate

32
that circulation of night ambient air effectively cools the structure so

that no mechanical cooling is needed for summer cycles typical of many regions in the United States. The experimental test results are compared with those obtained from an analytical model, with excellent agreement.

20539. Richtmyer, T. E.; May, W. B.; Hunt, C. M.; Hill, J. E. Thermal performance of the Norris Cotton Federal building in Manchester, New Hampshire, (Proc. ASHRAE/DOE/ORNL

Conf Thermal Performance Exterior Envelopes of Buildings,

Orlando, PL, Dec. 3-5, 1979), ASHRAE SP 28. pp. 781-797 (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, New York, NY, 1981). Key words: air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat-recovery;

insulation; measurement; office-building; radiant; solar; spaceheating. The Norris Cotton Federal Office Building is a medium-size 7-story government office building of approximately 11,000 m^ (117,000 ft'') total floor space. It is located in Manchester, New Hampshire and has been designed to demonstrate a number of energy saving concepts. Some of the major energy conserving features of the building are

the use of solar collectors; heavy masonry construction with exterior

insulation; small overall window area; heat recovery from heat pumps, chillers, a natural gas-powered engine/generator, and the

ventilation system; modular boilers; thermal storage tanks; and a variety of energy conserving lighting systems. The staff of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has been

monitoring the performance of the building since it was occupied in September, 1976. This paper will describe the building's thermal performance for the first three years of operation. The energy consumption in the building is presented and compared to the original design goal of 625 MJ/(m^-years) (55kBtu/(ft^-year)). The differences

will be explained using the results of thermographic measurements and measurements of air exchange rates in the building along with

analysis of the weather data and building operational problems that have occurred since 1976. It has been found that it is difficult to actually achieve designed-for performance in this building because its experimental mechanical system is unusually complex and its construction details are unconventional.

20540. Grot, R. A.; Clark, R. E. Air leakage characteristics and

weatherization techniques for low-income housing, (Proc. ASHRAE/DOE/ORNL Conf Thermal Performance Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Orlando, PL, Dec. 3-5, 1979), ASHRAE SP

28, pp. 178-194 (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, NY, 1981). Key words: air infiltration; air sample bags; fan depressurization; low-income houses; weatherization.

Data are presented on the air leakage characteristics of approximately 250 dwellings occupied by low-income households in 14 cities, in all major climatic zones of the United States. Two types of measurements were used: a tracer-gas decay technique using air sample bags, which was developed at the National Bureau of Standards to measure natural air infiltration; and a fan depressurization test that measures induced air exchange rates. The

data presented here show that for this group of dwellings natural air infiltration rates are distributed approximately lognormally.

The induced air exchange rates are a measure of the tightness of

building envelopes. There is little correlation between the natural air infiltration rates and the induced air exchange rates in these dwellings,

unless the buildings are divided into classes of similar buildings. The

use of fan depressurization as a diagnostic tool to assist weatherization crews in tightening buildings is discussed. Preliminary estimates are presented of the reduction in induced air exchange rates that may be achieved by applying building weatherization techniques.

20541. Gillette, G. The energy potential of daylighting in a classroom,

(Proc. ASHRAE/DOE/ORNL Conf. Thermal Performance

Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Orlando, PL, Dec. 3-5, 1979), ASHRAE SP 28, pp. 368-380 (American Society of Heating,

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, NY,

1981). Key words: daylighting; energy conservation; envelope design;

instructional facilities; passive solar energy; windows. An analysis is presented where a classroom of prescribed size and occupancy has various fenestration designs applied to it and the

resulting thermal and daylighting energy performance calculated. An

attempt is made to relate the heating/cooling requirements of a window opening with its potential as a source of natural light. The

parameters glass area, glass type (double-pane, reflective, etc.), and

ceiling height are evaluated for a classroom in Ann Arbor, Michigan

operated over the course of a 9-month school year. Comparisons are made between the performance of a design based on ASHRAE

Standard 90-75 and alternate fenestration designs. Although the computerized thermal analysis and the daylight analysis had to be done separately, actual weather data and corresponding daylight

readings for Ann Arbor, Michigan are used for both. Results show a

potential energy savings when daylighting is carefully integrated into the building's envelope design, especially for southern exposures, but such savings will be realized only if applied with the other energy

variables in mind.

20551. Batts, M. E.; Changery, M. J. Wind speed averaging-time

relationship: Experimental data, Proc. ASCE Annu. Fall Conv., Hollywood, FL, Oct. 27-31. 1980. 10 pages (American Society of

Civil Engineers, New York, NY, Oct. 1980). Key words: climatology; statistical analysis; wind (meteorology).

In the United States, the most common maximum windspeed

measurements, for use in engineering calculations, are in units of

fastest miles. Other measurements consist of averaged windspeed over

longer intervals. Due to the way current code procedures to determine dynamic

wind loads involve mean wind speeds, some conversion relation is necessary in order to compare these velocities. This paper deals with the problems associated with experimentally

measuring the parameters of a conversion relation between

windspeeds averaged over various time intervals.

20605. Hunt, C. M.; Treado, S. J. Air exchange measurements in a

high-rise office building, (Proc. ASHRAE/DOE/ORNL Conf. on Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelope of Buildings, Orlando,

FL, Dec. 3-5, 1979), ASHRAE SP 28, pp. 160-177 (American

Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers,

New York, NY, 1981). Key words: building air exchange; commercial building

ventilation; energy consumption by buildings; office building

ventilation; ventilation analysis; weather and building air exchange.

Air exchange rates were measured in the tower of an 1 1 -story office building using SP^ as a tracer gas. Fall and winter air exchange rates,

I (hr"'), measured with make-up and main exhaust pathways blocked, could be represented as a function of wind spread, W (mi/hr), by the equation 1= 1.08 + 0.036W-0.0005W^ o- = 0.15.

33
Wind direction and temperature difference (stack effect) exerted

little effect on air exchange rate. In this building, toilet exhausts and

other weather-independent mechanisms were more important than

natural infiltration in producing air exchange. Inside-outside pressure

difference measurements were monitored as a function of temperature and wind speed. Also, a preliminary analysis of predicted air infiltration by the Shaw-Tamura model was undertaken. The results of

this preliminary analysis were consistent with the observations that the stack effect was unimportant and that natural infiltration contributed only part of the total air exchange. However, the plot of

calculated infiltration rate as a function of wind speed, using the Shaw-Tamura model, had a different form than the plot of measured

data.

20648. Fanney, A. H.; Thomas, W. C. Simulation of thermal performance of solar collector arrays, Trans. ASME 103, 258-267 (Aug. 1981). Key words: collector; indoor; outdoor; parallel; series; simulation; solar; testing. An experimental method is described for simulating the useful energy supplied by collector arrays during tests of solar water heating

systems. The method uses an electric heat source to simulate the absorbed solar energy in series with nonirradiated collectors to simulate the concurrent heat losses. This configuration maintains the collector-loop flow characteristics which are important for system

tests. Expressions are developed for programming the heat source for collector arrays connected in parallel and series combinations with

the heat source located either upstream or downstream from the nonirradiated array. Thermal modelling of representative arrays is used to investigate the consequences of using linearized collector

efficiency curves to program the heat source and of using nonirradiated collectors to simulate heat losses. The absence of absorbed solar radiation in collector covers indoors is shown to

partially cancel the effects of generally higher windspeeds and

increased longwave radiation from the outdoor environment. The results of experiments to verify the performance of a nonirradiated array with a downstream electric heat source are presented. Day-long tests of a domestic solar hot water system with

irradiated collectors were repeated using a nonirradiated array with a downstream heat source. The useful energy supplied in the two cases agreed to within 3.5 percent. The measured differences were

consistent with the results of the analytical investigation. In representative situations, the use of nonirradiated collectors in series with an electric heat source may give up to 10 percent higher useful energy output as compared to an irradiated array. However,

differences can be reduced by closely matching indoor and outdoor

environmental conditions and by locating the heat source downstream

from the nonirradiated collector array.

20690. Parken, W. H.; Kelly, G. E. Estimating residential seasonal

cooling requirements, (Proc. ASHRAE 1981 Semi-Annu. Meet., Chicago, IL, Jan. 25-29, 1981), ASHRAE Trans. 87, Pt. 1, 473-490

(1981). Key words: airconditioning cooling load; cooling load; residential cooling; seasonal cooling; temperature bin. A method is presented (referred to as the modified building load and temperature bin method, MBLTBM) for calculating residential building cooling loads and seasonal cooling requirements for various geographical regions. The method incorporates the effects of solar

radiation, internal heat gains, outdoor temperature, infiltration, and

thermal response on the cooling load for different periods of the day. The MBLTBM can be used with improved precision over existing "simple" calculation procedures without the use of large, sophisticated and time consuming computer programs. The increased

precision in determining seasonal cooling requirements can result in improved estimates of the cost of operating airconditioning

equipment.

The method requires little additional data to what are presently

required for calculating design cooling requirements. For the region of interest, temperature bin data (the number of hours during the cooling season the temperature, in 5°F (2.8°C) increments, occurs), the summer daily average temperature, and the average daily extreme

temperatures are required and readily obtainable. Also needed for the calculation procedure are the solar heat gain factors for windows and

incident solar radiation on vertical and horizontal opaque surfaces. The modified building load and temperature bin method was compared to the more comprehensive method obtained by the hour- by-hour cooling loads as determined by the BLAST computer

program, and by results obtained by hand calculation presently in common use. The comparisons were made for a variety of residential structures, localities and orientations.

20705. Waksman, D. Solar collector certification activities and

experiences, Proc. Commercial Photovoltaics Measurements Workshop,

Vail, CO, July 27-29, 1981, pp. 279-289 (Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, Nov. 1981). Key words: certification; experiences; issues and concerns;

laboratory accreditation; solar collector; standards.

This paper is intended to provide organizations which may be involved in the development of certification programs for photovoltaic (PV) solar modules with the benefit of the experience

gained to date in the development of certification programs for solar

collectors. The various public and private sector certification

activities that have been undertaken for solar collectors along with

issues and concerns that have arisen from their use are presented.

20735. Siu, M. C. I.; Bulik, C. National Bureau of Standards line-heat- source guarded-hot-plate apparatus. Rev. Sci. Inst. 52, No. 11, 1709- 1716 (Nov. 1981). Key words: edge heat loss; effective thermal conductivity; gap- temperature unbalance; guarded-hot-plate; heat source

distribution; insulation; thermal conductivity.

A description is given of a line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatus for determining the effective thermal conductivity of

insulation materials from 250 K to 400 K. Measurements made on

fibrous glass boards are in good agreement with results obtained from

the guarded-hot-plate apparatus in operation at the National Bureau of Standards for over 40 years.

20752. Clark, R. E. Weatherization retrofitting and occupant comfort,

(Proc. Nat. Conf Optimal Weatherization, Washington, DC, Dec.

8-10, 1980), Paper in Optimal Weatherization. pp. 60-67 (Information Dynamics, Inc., Ill Claybrook Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20902,

1981). Key words: comfort; Community Services Administration Optimal Weatherization Demonstration; energy savings; field study; thermal comfort; weatherization retrofitting.

This report discusses preliminary findings of a field study of occupant comfort impressions in weatherized houses. The research was carried out as a part of the Community Services Administration

National Optimal Weatherization Demonstration. Data were obtained from 145 households in nine of the Demonstration site cities by means

of questionnaire-guided interviews. Approximately 25 percent of the surveyed households lived in control houses that were not weatherized. The data covered: 1) thermostat setting practices; 2) comparative amounts of clothing worn; 3) direct report of comparative comfort; 4) comfort ratings (on a five-point scale) and

temperature ratings (on the ASHRAE seven-point scale). Twenty

percent of the respondents were not sure about their recollections of comfort impressions. Preliminary analysis of the remaining 109 cases

(again, 25 percent control houses) gave encouraging indications that occupants of houses that get retrofitted with weatherization measures

are likely to notice improvement in wintertime comfort. Further, almost one-half of the households in weatherized houses having

thermostats reported less propensity to turn up thermostats during

34
unusually cold weather after their houses were weatherized than

before, a change that should result in additional energy savings

beyond those directly attributable to the weatherization retrofitting.

20754. Kusuda, T.; Bean, J. W. Comparison of calculated hourly

cooling load and indoor temperature with measured data for a high mass building tested in an environmental chamber, (Proc. ASHRAE

Semi. Ann. Meet., Chicago, IL, Jan. 1981), ASHRAE Trans. 87, Pt.

1, 1232-1242 (1981). Key words: desert climate; energy calculation; environmental chamber; heating/cooling load; nighttime cooling.

A one-room high mass test building designed for a hot and dry

desert climate was tested in the NBS environmental chamber under

simulated diurnal cycles representing typical summer sol-air temperature profiles. The measured nighttime cooling requirement as well as the daytime temperature drifts were compared against the calculated values obtained from the detailed hourly simulation computer program. The purpose of the tests was to prove the effectiveness of nighttime cooling when the cooling efficiency is high, and subsequent use of the stored coolness in the structure to eliminate daytime mechanical cooling when the cooling efficiency is low. Although the NBSLD calculated daytime temperature-rise profiles are very close to what was measured, the calculated cooling load

profile differed from the measured data. The differences are, however, attributable to the large amount of latent cooling load

resulting from the release of moisture from the structural concrete.

20755. Kusuda, T.; Pierce, E. T.; Bean, J. W. Comparison of calculated hourly cooling load and attic temperature with measured data for a Houston test house, (Proc. ASHRAE Semi Ann. Meet., Chicago,

IL, Jan. 1981), ASHRAE Trans. 87, Pt. 1, 1185-1199 (1981). Key words: attic temperature; BLAST; computer simulation; DoE-2; heating/cooling load calculation; indoor temperature; NBSLD.

During the summer and autumn of 1977, NBS conducted attic ventilation experiments in three test houses in Houston, Texas. Hourly

cooling loads were measured, together with indoor/outdoor climatic

data, to allow precise comparison between the computer-simulated

values with those measured values. In this paper, measured hourly

cooling loads as well as attic temperature of one of the test houses were compared with those determined by the detailed heat balance

simulation calculation used in NBSLD, the National Bureau of Standards heating/cooling load determination program. Measured

cooling loads for a steady three-day period were also compared with

those determined by two other public domain energy simulation programs, DoE-2 and BLAST-2.

20756. Kusuda, T.; Sud, I.; Alereza, T. Comparison of DOE-2-

generated residential design energy budgets with those calculated by

the degree-day and bin methods, (Proc. ASHRAE Semi Ann. Meet., Chicago, IL, Jan. 1981), ASHRAE Trans. 87, Pt. 1. 491-506 (1981). Key words: bin method; building energy performance standards (BEPS); degree-day; DOE-2.

Residential design energy budgets for the buildings energy performance standards were generated by the use of the DOE-2

computer program for four different types of structures in 10 different

localities throughout the U.S. The DOE-2 calculations for these conditions were repeated by simplified procedures using the degreeday and bin methods. By modifying the basis for the degree-day data from 65°F to building specific value, remarkably close agreements were obtained between the DOE-2 and the degree-day results. Also, good agreements were obtained between the DOE-2 results and the ASHRAE TC4.7 method.

20758. Kusuda, T. Standards criteria for HVAC systems and

equipment performance simulation procedures, ASHRAE J. 23, 25-28

(Oct. 1981).

Key words: Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS);

energy calculations; HVAC systems and equipment; validation.

Systems simulations have been considered an essential part of the building energy calculations used for regulations such as the Building

Energy Performance Standards. Regardless of whether or not the BEPS survive political changes with the current administration, these are still critical ingredients for HVAC equipment analysis and

accurate energy calculations.

20759. Mehta, K. C; Minor, J. E.; Marshall, R. D.; Reinhold, T. A. Wind speed-damage correlation in Hurricane Frederic, Proc. ASCE

Convention and Exposition, St. Louis, MO, Oct. 26-30, 1981, 14 pages (American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY 10017, Nov.

1981). Key words: building performance; hurricane winds; structural damage; structures; wind; wind speed. Damage to buildings and other structures caused by Hurricane

Frederic's winds is reviewed and classified by level of engineering

design and by range of maximum wind speed. Observations concerning the performance of buildings and structures are grouped

according to whether the buildings and structures are fully engineered, pre-engineered, marginally engineered, or non-engineered.

A major emphasis is placed on estimating wind speeds, at sites of damage observations, from anemometer data. Wind speed data is converted to equivalent maximum fastest-mile wind speeds at elevations of 10 meters over open terrain. Performance observations

are further correlated with fastest-mile wind speed ranges of 70-85 mph, 85-100 mph, and 100-110 mph. These observations indicate that

significant damage did not occur until wind speeds reached or exceeded design values.

20764. Simiu, E.; Shaver, J. R.; Filliben, J. J. Extreme wind speeds and

structural failure risks, (Proc. Conf Climate and Risk, Arlington,

VA, May 27-29, 1980), Paper MTR-80W322-01 in Climate and Risk. L. S. Pocinki and R. S. Greeley, eds., 1, 2-86—2-100 (The MITRE

Corporation, McLean, VA 22102, Nov. 1980). Key words: building (codes); climatology; hurricanes; reliability;

risk; structural engineering.

A first objective of the paper is to describe recent NBS research

results in the field of extreme wind climatology. These results include

the finding that at most locations in the U.S. extreme wind speeds are described by probabilistic models with considerably shorter tails than

the Extreme Value Type I distribution. Estimates of hurricane wind

speeds along the Gulf and East coasts are presented, based on Monte

Carlo simulation techniques used in conjunction with statistical data on the climatological characteristics of hurricanes. Also presented in the paper are estimates of member reliabilities that take into account

the various uncertainties concerning the behavior of the member

during its anticipated life. The dependence of such estimates upon the assumed probability distribution of the extreme wind speeds is discussed, and it is shown that current reliability estimates based on an Extreme Value Type I model of the extreme wind speeds appear to be unduly pessimistic.

35
AUTHOR INDEX
A

Achenbach, P. R.; NBS-GCR-80-280.

Adler, S. C; Pierman, B. C; NBSIR 81-2245. Alereza, T.; Kusuda, T.; Sud, I.; 20756.

Alfeld, L. E.,; NBS-GCR-81-331.

Anderson, E. D.; Clifton, J. R.; NBSIR 80-2163. Anderson, J. M.; Evans, P. M.; Smith, R. L.; SP608; 1981 May. 113-

122. B

Baker, D. W.; Kao, J. Y.; NBSIR 80-2104. Baker, D. W.; Kao, J. Y.; Didion, D. A.; NBSIR 81-2313. Banken, G.; Emery, A. F.; Dorri, B.; Kippenhan, C. J.; Heerwagen,

D, R.; SP608- 1981 May. 21-35. Barnes, K. A.; Kelly, G. E.; Petersen, S. R.; NBSIR 81-2241. Barnes, K. A.; Peavy, B. A.; Petersen, S. R.; BSS134

Barnett, J. P.; NBSIR 80-2184

Bartel, T. W.; 20190

Batts, M, E.; Changery, M. J.; 20551.

Batts, M. E.; Lew, H. S.; Carino, N. J.; Fattal, S. G.; NBSIR 81-2374

Bauer, J. W.; Flynn, D, R.; Danner, W. F.; Yaniv, S. L.; NBSIR 81-

2377. Bean, J. W.; Kusuda, T.; TNI 138. Bean, J. W.; Kusuda, T.; 20754

Bean, J. W.; Kusuda, T.; Pierce, E. T.; 20755

Beausoliel, R. W.; Clifton, J. R.; Meese, W. J.; NBSIR 81-2220.

Beausoliel, R. W.; Meese, W. J.; NBSIR 81-2221. Berry, S. A.,; SP608

Boehm, M. J.; Weber, S. F.; Rudder, F. F., Jr.; NBSIR 81-2366. Brown, P. W.; Clifton, J. R.; NBSIR 81-2273.

Bulik, C; Siu, M. C. I.; 20735. Burch, D. M.; Gujral, P. S.; Clark, R. J.; 20538. Busching, H. W.; Cullen, W. C; Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Mathey, R. G.; TNI 135 c

Campbell, P. G.; Martin, J. W.; McKnight, M. E.; TNI149. Campbell, P. G.; Sleater, G. A.; Post, M. A.; NBSIR 80-2122. Carino, N. J.; NBSIR 81-2244. Carino, N. J.; Fattal, S. G.; Batts, M. E.; Lew, H. S.; NBSIR 81-2374

Carlock, J. B. IH,; NBS-GCR-81-321.

Cassel, D. E.; Overton, R. L.,; Shingleton, J. G.; NBS-GCR-81-302. Cattaneo, L.; Harris, J. R.; Reinhold, T. A.; Simiu, E.; Yancey, C. W.

C; NBSIR 81-2199

Cattaneo, L. E.; Leyendecker, E. V.; NBSIR 80-2111-5 Chang, Y. M. L.; Grot, R. A.; NBSIR 80-2136. Changery, M. J.; Batts, M. E.; 20551. Chapman, R. E.; Ruegg, R. T.; NBSIR 81-2248 Chapman, R. E.; Thompson, B. E.; NBSIR 80-2150. Chapman, R. E.; Thompson, B. E.; NBSIR 81-2250. Chen, P. T.; Hill, J. E.; May. W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; BSS133. Chen, P. T.; Lerchen, F. H.; Pielert, J. H.; NBSIR 81-2289. Chung, R. M.; Yancey, C. W. C; Yokel, F. Y.; NBSIR 81-2238 Chung, R. M.; Yokel, F. Y.; Salomone, L. A.; NBSIR 81-2215

Clark, R. E.; NBSIR 81-2335.

Clark, R. E.; 20752.

Clark, R. E.; Grot, R. A.; 20540

Clark, R. J.; Burch, D. M.; Gujral, P. S.; 20538

Clifton, J. R.; Anderson, E. D.; NBSIR 80-2163.

Clifton, J. R.; Brown, P. W.; NBSIR 81-2273.

Clifton, J. R.; Frohnsdorff, G.; NBSIR 81-2239

Clifton, J. R.; Meese, W. J.; Beausoliel, R. W.; NBSIR 81-2220.

Clifton, J. R.; Wu, S. T.; NBSIR 81-2390

Cole-Appel, B. E.; Oonk, R. L.; Jones, D. E.; 20148

Colle, R.; Rubin, R. J.; Knab, L. I.; Hutchinson, J. M. R.; TN1139

Collins, B.; Turner, G.; NBSIR 81-2310

Collins, B. L.; Danner, W. F.; Tibbott, R. L.; NBSIR 81-2428

Collins, B. L.; Lerner, N. D.; NBSIR 80-2088

Collins, B. L.; Lerner, N. D.; NBSIR 80-2003. Cooke, P. W.; NBSIR 80-2081. Cullen, W. C; Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Mathey, R. G.; Busching, H. W.; TNI 135 D

Danner, W. F.; Tibbott, R. L.; Collins, B. L.; NBSIR 81-2428 Danner, W. F.; Yaniv, S. L.; Bauer, J. W.; Flynn, D. R.; NBSIR 81-

2377. Decorte, K. N.; McCabe, M. E.; Ducas, W.; Orloski, M. J.; NBSIR

81-2300. De Vos, D.,; Ryan, P.; NBS-GCR-80-291.

Dickinson, G. W.; NBSIR 81-2346

Didion, D. A.; Baker, D. W.; Kao, J. Y.; NBSIR 81-2313. Dorri, B.; Kippenhan, C. J.; Heerwagen, D. R.; Banken, G.; Emery,

A. F.; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. Ducas, W.; Orloski, M. J.; Decorte, K. N.; McCabe, M. E.; NBSIR

81-2300. E

Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; BSS130

Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T.;

Hill, J. E.; May, W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; BSS133. Ellingwood, B. R.; NBSIR 80-2111-1. Embree, E. J.; Roberts, W. E.; Masters, L. W.; Seller, J. F.; NBSIR

81-2232. Emery, A. F.; Dorri, B.; Kippenhan, C. J.; Heerwagen, D. R.; Banken, G.; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. Evans, P. M.; Smith, R. L.; Anderson, J. M.; SP608; 1981 May. 113-

122. F

Faison, T. K.; NBSIR 80-2111-8

Faison, T. K.; NBSIR 81-2347

Faison, T. K.; Lerchen, F. H.; Pielert, J. H.; NBSIR 80-2171. Fanney, A. H.; Liu, S. T.; 20103. Fanney, A. H.; Liu, S. T.; 20078

Fanney, A. H.; Thomas, W. C; 20648

Fattal, S. G.; Batts, M. E.; Lew, H. S.; Carino, N. J.; NBSIR 81-2374

Fattal, S. G.; Hunt, B. J.; NBSIR 81-2265

Fenves, S. J.; Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; NBSIR 80-1979. Fenves, S. J.; Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; NBSIR 80-1979-1. Fenves, S. J.; Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; 20435

Fenves, S. J.; Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; 19998

Filliben, J. J.; Simiu, E.; 20295

Filliben, J. J.; Simiu, E.; 20019

Filliben, J. J.; Simiu, E.; Shaver, J. R.; 20293.

Filliben, J. J.; Simiu, E.; Shaver, J. R.; 20764

Flynn, D. R.; Danner, W. F.; Yaniv, S. L.; Bauer, J. W.; NBSIR 81-

2377. Forest, A.; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. Frohnsdorff, G.; Clifton, J. R.; NBSIR 81-2239 G

Gaines, R. S.; McLafferty, P. S.; SP608; 1981 May. 159-166. Galowin, L. S.; Kopetka, P. A.; Mahajan, B. M.; / Res. 86(2): 171-

179; 1981 March-April.

Galowin, L. S.; Mahajan, B. M.; 20147

Galowin, L. S.; Winter, F.; NBSIR 81-2296

Gillette, G.; 20541. Glickman, D. S.; Terry, D. L.; SP608; 1981 May. 123-132. Grot, R, A.; 20365. Grot, R. A.; Chang, Y. M. L.; NBSIR 80-2136. Grot, R. A.; Clark, R. E.; 20540

Gujral, P. S.; Clark, R, J.; Burch, D. M.; 20538

37
H Harris, J. R.; 20430.

Harris, J. R.; 20386.

Harris, J. R.; Fenves, S. J.; Wright, R. N.; 19998.

Harris, J. R.; Fenves, S. J.; Wright, R. N.; 20435.

Harris, J. R.; Leyendecker, E. V.; NBSIR 81-2195.

Harris, J. R.; Reinhold, T. A.; Simiu, E.; Yancey, C. W. C; Cattaneo,

L.; NBSIR 81-2199.

Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; BSS136.

Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; 20403.

Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; 20329

Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; Fenves, S. J.; NBSIR 80-1979.

Harris, J. R.; Wright, R. N.; Fenves, S. J.; NBSIR 80-1979-1.

Harris, J. R.,; Leyendecker, E. V.; NBSIR 80-2111-11. Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; 20361. Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; 20362 Harwood, D. L.; Mohno, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; 20030

Heerwagen, D. R.; Banken, G.; Emery, A. F.; Dorri, B.; Kippenhan,

C. J.; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. Heinemeyer, R. R.; SP608\ 1981 May. 195-200.

Hill, J. E.; May, W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R.

L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T.; BSS133.

Hill, J. E.; Richtmyer, T. E.; May, W. B.; Hunt, C. M.; 20539

Howett, G. L.; Rubin, A. L; SP480-3Z

Hunt, B.,; NBS-GCR-80-255.

Hunt, B. J.; Fattal, S. G.; NBSIR 81-2265. Hunt, C. M.; 20364

Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T.; Hill, J. E.; May, W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T.

E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; BSS133.

Hunt, C. M.; Hill, J. E.; Richtmyer, T. E.; May, W. B.; 20539

Hunt, C. M.; Treado, S. J.; 20605. Hutchinson, J. M. R.; Colle, R.; Rubin, R. J.; Knab, L. L; TN1139

J

Jenkins, D.; Knab, L.; Mathey, R.; BSS131.

Jenkins, D. R.; Mathey, R. G.; Knab, L. L; TN1146.

Jenkins, J. P.; 20079

Jones, D. E.; Cole-Appel, B. E.; Oonk, R. L.; 20148. K

Kainlauri, E. O.; SP608; 1981 May. 133-138. Kainlauri, E. O.; SP608- 1981 May. 57-67. Kao, J. Y.; Baker, D. W.; NBSIR 80-2104. Kao, J. Y.; Didion, D. A.; Baker, D. W.; NBSIR 81-2313. Kao, J. Y.; Pierce, E. T.; NBSIR 81-2277. Kasper, P. K.; Montroll, M. L.,; Sharp, B. H.; NBS-GCR-80-250

Kelly, G. E.; Kuklewicz, M. E.; NBSIR 80-2094

Kelly, G. E.; Kuklewicz, M. E.; NBSIR 80-2110

Kelly, G. E.; Parken, W. H.; 20690

Kelly, G. E.; Petersen, S. R.; Barnes, K. A.; NBSIR 81-2241. Key, W. P.; Potter, T.; SP608- 1981 May. 183 194. Kippenhan, C. J.; Heerwagen, D. R.; Banken, G.; Emery, A. F.; Dorri, B.; SP608\ 1981 May. 21-35. Knab, L.; Mathey, R.; Jenkins, D.; BSS131. Knab, L. I.; Hutchinson, J. M. R.; Colle, R.; Rubin, R. J.; TNI 139

Knab, L. L; Jenkins, D. R.; Mathey, R. G.; TNI 146

Kopetka, P. A.; Mahajan, B. M.; Galowin, L. S.; / Res. 86(2): 171-

179; 1981 March-April. Kovacs, W. D.; 20320

Kovacs, W. D.; Salomone, L. A.; Yokel, F. Y.; BSS135. Kuklewicz, M. E.; Kelly, G. E.; NBSIR 80-2110

Kuklewicz, M. E.; Kelly, G. E.; NBSIR 80-2094. Kusuda, T.; 20521. Kusuda, T.; NBSIR 81-2378 Kusuda, T.; 20758

Kusuda, T.; Bean, J. W.; TNI 138 Kusuda, T.; Bean, J. W.; 20754

Kusuda, T.; Pierce, E. T.; Bean, J. W.; 20755

Kusuda, T.; Sud. I.; Alereza, T.; 20756. Kusuda, T.; Treado, S.; TNI 148

Kusuda, T.; Treado, S.; NBSIR 80-2147 L

Launey, S. J.; Trechsel, H. R.; SP606. Lerchen, F. H.; Pielert, J. H.; Chen, P. T.; NBSIR 81-2289

Lerchen. F. H.; Pielert, J. H.; Faison, T. K.; NBSIR 80-2171. Lerner, N. D.; NBSIR 81-2268

Lerner, N. D.; Collins, B. L.; NBSIR 80-2003. Lerner, N. D.; Collins, B. L.; NBSIR 80-2088

Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; 20030. Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; 20362

Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; 20361. Lerner, N. D.; Zerdy, G. A.; Molino, J. A.; 20203. Lew, H. S.; NBSIR 80-2111-6. Lew, H. S.; Carino, N. J.; Fattal, S. G.; Batts, M. E.; NBSIR 81-2374 Leyendecker, E. V.; Cattaneo, L. E.; NBSIR 80-2111-5. Leyendecker, E. V.; Harris, J. R.; NBSIR 81-2195 Leyendecker, E. V.; Harris, J. R.,; NBSIR 80-2111-11.

Lippiatt, B. C; Weber, S. F.; 20499

Lippiatt, B. C; Weber, S. F.; Thompson, B. E.; NBSIR 81-2304

Liu, S. T.; Fanney, A. H.; 20078

Liu, S. T.; Fanney, A. H.; 20103. Lord, D.; SP608; 1981 May. 105-112. Loxley, T. E.; SP608- 1981 May. 69-81. M

Mahajan, B. M.; NBSIR 81-2249 Mahajan, B. M.; NBSIR 81-2266. Mahajan, B. M.; Galowin, L. S.; 20147

Mahajan, B. M.; Galowin, L. S.; Kopetka, P. A.; J. Res. 86(2): 171-

179; 1981 March-April.

Margulis, S. T.; NBSIR 81-2258

Margulis, S. T.; NBSIR 80-2174. Marshall, H. E.; Ruegg, R. T.; NBSIR 81-2397

Marshall, R. D.; Reinhold, T. A.; Mehta, K. C; Minor, J. E.; 20759

Marshall, R. D.; Walker, G. R.; 20059

Marshall, R. D.; Woodward, K.; NBSIR 80-2111-4. Martin, J. W.; McKnight, M. E.; Campbell, P. G.; TNI 149

Masters, L. W.; Seiler, J. F.; Embree, E. J.; Roberts, W. E.; NBSIR

81-2232. Mathey, R.; Jenkins, D.; Knab, L.; BSS131. Mathey, R. G.; Busching, H. W.; Cullen, W. C; Rossiter, W. J.. Jr.; TNI 135 Mathey, R. G.; Knab, L. I.; Jenkins, D. R.; TNI 146

Mathey, R. G.; Pommersheim, J. M.; TNI 152. Mathey, R. G.; Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; 20259

Maxwell, B. R.; NBSIR 79-1911. May, W. B.; Hunt, C. M.; Hill, J. E.; Richtmyer, T. E.; 20539 May, W. B., Jr.; NBSIR 81-2358 May, W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T.; Hill, J. E.; BSS133. May, W. B., Jr.,; Spielvogel, L. G.; 20512. McCabe, M. E.; 20121. McCabe, M. E.; Ducas, W.; Orloski, M. J.; Decorle, K. N.; NBSIR

81-2300. McCarney, S.; SP608: 1981 May. 139-157. McKnight, M. E.; Campbell, P. G.; Martin. J. W.; TNI 149

McLafferty, P. S.; Gaines, R. S.; SP608\ 1981 May. 159-166. Meese, W. J.; Beausoliel, R. W.; NBSIR 81-2221. Meese, W. J.; Beausoliel, R. W.; Clifton, J. R.; NBSIR 81-2220

Mehta, K. C; Minor, J. E.; Marshall. R. D.; Reinhold, T. A.; 20759

Metz, F. E.; 20470

Melz, F. E.; 20440

Minor, J. E.; Marshall, R. D.; Reinhold, T. A.; Mehta, K. C; 20759

Molino, J. A.; 20475

Molino, J. A.; 20477. Molino, J. A.; Lerner. N. D.; Zerdy, G. A.; 20203.

38
Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; 20361. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; 20362. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D, L.; 20030. Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; Tremaine, S. G.; 20029. Montroll, M. L.,; Sharp, B. H.; Kasper, P. K.; NBS-GCR-80-250

Mullen, C. L.; Yokel, F. Y.; Yancey, C. W. C; BSS132

o

Olmert, M.,; Raufaste, N.; SP446-5. Oonk, R. L.; Jones, D. E.; Cole-Appel, B. E.; 20148.

Orloski, M. J.; Decorte, K. N.; McCabe, M. E.; Ducas, W.; NBSIR

81-2300. Overton, R. L.,; Shingleton, J. G.; Cassel, D. E.; NBS-GCR-81-302. P

Parken, W. H.; Kelly, G. E.; 20690

Peavy, B. A.; NBSIR 81-2353. Peavy, B. A.; NBSIR 81-2321. Peavy, B. A.; Petersen, S. R.; Barnes, K. A.; BSS134

Petersen, S. R.; Barnes, K. A.; Kelly, G. E.; NBSIR 81-2241.

Petersen, S. R.; Barnes, K. A.; Peavy, B. A.; BSS134.

Pielert, J. H.; SP623.

Pielert, J. H.; Chen, P. T.; Lerchen, F. H.; NBSIR 81-2289.

Pielert, J. H.; Faison, T. K ; Lerchen, F. H.; NBSIR 80-2171.

Pierce, E. T,; NBSIR 81-2317.

Pierce, E. T.; Bean, J. W,; Kusuda, T.; 20755.

Pierce, E. T.; Kao, J. Y.; NBSIR 81-2277. Pierman, B. C; Adler, S. C; NBSIR 81-2245 Pommersheim, J. M.; Mathey, R. G.; TNI 152. Post, M. A.; Campbell, P. G.; Sleater, G. A.; NBSIR 80-2122.

Potter, T.; Key, W. P.; SP608- 1981 May. 183-194. Powell, J.; Ruegg, R.; 20151. Powell, J. W.; Rodgers, R. C, Jr.; NBSIR 81-2342. R

Raufaste, N.; Olmert, M.,; SP446-5. Rawie, C. C; NBSIR 81-2223. Rawie, C. C; NBSIR 81-2402. Rawie, C. C; 20031. Reinhold, T. A.; Mehta, K. C; Minor, J. E.; Marshall, R. D.; 20759

Reinhold, T. A.; Simiu, E.; Yancey, C. W. C; Cattaneo, L.; Harris, J. R.; NBSIR 81-2199. Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt,

C. M.; Chen, P. T.; Hill, J. E.; May, W. B., Jr.; BSS133.

Richtmyer, T. E.; May, W. B.; Hunt, C. M.; Hill, J. E.; 20539

Roberts, W. E.; Masters, L. W.; Seiler, J. F.; Embree, E. J.; NBSIR

81-2232. Rodgers, R. C, Jr.; Powell, J. W.; NBSIR 81-2342

Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Mathey, R. G.; 20259

Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Mathey, R. G.; Busching, H. W.; Cullen, W. C; TNI 135. Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Shipp, W. E.; NBSIR 81-2381.

Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Weidt, J. L.; Saxler, R. J.; 20463. Rubin, A. I.; Howett, G. L.; SP480-37. Rubin, R. J.; Knab, L. I.; Hutchinson, J. M. R.; Colle, R.; TNI139. Rudder, F. F., Jr.; Boehm, M. J.; Weber, S. F.; NBSIR 81-2366. Ruegg, R.; Powell, J.; 20151. Ruegg, R. T.; H135. Ruegg, R. T.; Chapman, R. E.; NBSIR 81-2248. Ruegg, R. T.; Marshall, H. E.; NBSIR 81-2397. Ruegg, R. T.; Sav, G. T.; 20167. Ryan, P.; De Vos, D.,; NBS-GCR-80-291. S

Salomone, L. A.; NBSIR 80-2111-3. Salomone, L. A.; Chung, R. M.; Yokel, F. Y.; NBSIR 81-2215. Salomone, L. A.; Yokel, F. Y.; Kovacs, W. D.; BSS135.

Sav, G. T.; Ruegg, R. T.; 20167

Saxler, R. J.; Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; Weidt, J. L.; 20463.

Schultz, T. J.; NBS-GCR-80-249

Seiler, J.; Waksman, D.; Streed, E.; TN1136.

Seiler, J. F.; Embree, E. J.; Roberts, W. E.; Masters, L. W.; NBSIR

81-2231

Sharp, B. H.; Kasper, P. K.; Montroll, M. L.,; NBS-GCR-80-25a

Shaver, J. R.; Filliben, J. J.; Simiu, E.; 20764

Shaver, J. R.; Filliben, J. J.; Simiu, E.; 20293. Shingleton, J. G.; Cassel, D. E.; Overton, R. L.,; NBS-GCR-81-302

Shipp, W. E.; Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; NBSIR 81-2381. Simiu, E.; 20525

Simiu, E.; 20524

Simiu, E.; Filliben, J. J.; 20019

Simiu, E.; Filliben, J. J.; 20295

Simiu, E.; Shaver, J. R.; Filliben, J. J.; 20293. Simiu, E.; Shaver, J. R.; Filliben, J. J.; 20764

Simiu, E.; Yancey, C. W. C; Cattaneo, L.; Harris, J. R.; Reinhold, T.

A.; NBSIR 81-2199

Siu, M. C. L; 20089

Siu, M. C. L; Bulik, C; 20735

Sleater, G. A.; Post, M. A.; Campbell, P. G.; NBSIR 80-2122

Smith, R. L.; Anderson, J. M.; Evans, P. M.; SP608; 1981 May. 113-

122. Spielvogel, L. G.; May, W. B., Jr.,; 20512

Stahl, F. L; Turner, G. E.; Ventre, F. T.; NBSIR 81-2361. Streed, E.; Seiler, J.; Waksman, D.; TN1136.

Streed, E.; Waksman, D.; TN1140

Streed, E. R.; Waksman, D.; 20291. Sud, L; Alereza, T.; Kusuda, T.; 20756.

Swaffield, J. A.; NBSIR 81-2308

Swaffield, J. A.; NBSIR 81-2307

Swaffield, J. A.; NBSIR 81-2290

Swaffield, J. A.; NBSIR 81-2367.T

Terry, D. L.; Glickman, D. S.; SP608\ 1981 May. 123-132. Thomas, W. C; Fanney, A. H.; 20648 Thomas, W. C.,; NBS-GCR-80-254

Thompson, B. E.; Chapman, R. E.; NBSIR 81-2250. Thompson, B. E.; Chapman, R. E.; NBSIR 80-2150. Thompson, B. E.; Lippiatt, B. C; Weber, S. F.; NBSIR 81-2304. Tibbott, R. L.; Collins, B. L.; Danner, W. F.; NBSIR 81-2428. Tibbott, R. L.; Elder, J.; BSS130

Tibbott, R. L.; Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T.; Hill, J. E.; May, W. B., Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; BSS133.

Trant, B. S.; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. Treado, S.; Kusuda, T.; TN1148

Treado, S.; Kusuda, T.; NBSIR 80-2147. Treado, S. J.; Hunt, C. M.; 20605. Trechsel, H. R.; Launey, S. J.; SP606. Tremaine, S. G.; Molino, J. A.; Zerdy, G. A.; 20029. Turner, G.; Collins, B.; NBSIR 81-2310

Turner, G. E.; Ventre, F. T.; Stahl, F. L; NBSIR 81-2361. u

Ungar, E.,; NBS-GCR-80-248

V

Ventre, F. T.; Stahl, F. L; Turner, G. E.; NBSIR 81-2361.

Waksman, D.; 20705 w

Waksman, D.; Streed, E.; TN1140

Waksman, D.; Streed, E.; Seiler, J.; TN1136. Waksman, D.; Streed, E. R.; 20291. Waksman, D.; Walton, W. D.; NBSIR 81-2344

39
Walker, G. R.; Marshall, R. D.; 20059. Walton, G. N.; NBSIR 81-2404. Walton, W. D.; Waksman, D.; NBSIR 81-2344. Webber, S.,; SP457-5. Weber, S. F.; Lippiatt, B. C; 20499. Weber, S. F.; Rudder, F. F., Jr.; Boehm, M. J.; NBSIR 81-2366. Weber, S. F.; Thompson, B. E.; Lippiatt, B. C; NBSIR 81-2304. Wedekind, D. R.,; NBS-GCR-81-322

Weidt, J. L.; Saxler, R. J.; Rossiter, W. J., Jr.; 20463. Welch, P.,; Zeizel, J.; NBS-GCR-81-320

White, E. T.,; NBS-GCR-81-333.

Williams, S.; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. Winter, F.; NBSIR 81-2210

Winter, F.; Galowin, L. S.; NBSIR 81-2296. Woodward, K.; Marshall, R. D.; NBSIR 80-2111-4. Wrenn, P.; SP608\ 1981 May. 179-181. Wright, R. N.; Fenves, S. J.; Harris, J. R.; NBSIR 80-1979. Wright, R. N.; Fenves, S. J.; Harris, J. R.; NBSIR 80-1979-1. Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; 20403. Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; BSS136

Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; 20329. Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; Fenves, S. J.; 7999*

Wright, R. N.; Harris, J. R.; Fenves, S. J.; 20435. Wu, S. T.; Clifton, J. R.; NBSIR 81-2390

Yancey, C. W. C; NBSIR 80-2111-7. Yancey, C. W. C; Cattaneo, L.; Harris, J. R.; Reinhold, T. A.; Simiu,

E.; NBSIR 81-2199. Yancey, C. W. C; Mullen, C. L.; Yokel, F. Y.; BSS132

Yancey, C. W. C; Yokel, F. Y.; Chung, R. M.; NBSIR 81-2238

Yaniv, S. L.; Bauer, J. W.; Flynn, D. R.; Danner, W. F.; NBSIR 81- 2377. Yokel, F. Y.; Chung, R. M.; Yancey, C. W. C; NBSIR 81-2238. Yokel, F. Y.; Kovacs, W. D.; Salomone, L. A.; BSS135.

Yokel, F. Y.; Salomone, L. A.; Chung, R. M.; NBSIR 81-2215

Yokel, F. Y.; Yancey, C. W. C; Mullen, C. L.; BSS132. Yonemura, G. T.; NBSIR 81-2231. Yonemura, G. T.; TN1143. Yonemura, G. T.; Hunt, C. M.; Chen, P. T.; Hill, J. E.; May, W. B.,

Jr.; Richtmyer, T. E.; Elder, J.; Tibbott, R. L.; BSS133.

Zackrison, H. B., Jr.; SP608- 1981 May. 37-56. Zeizel, J.; Welch, P.,; NBS-GCR-81-320

Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A.; 20361. Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L,; Molino, J. A.; 20030

Zerdy, G. A.; Lerner, N. D.; Harwood, D. L.; Molino, J. A,; 20361

Zerdy, G. A.; Molino, J. A.; Lerner, N. D.; 20203. Zerdy, G. A.; Tremaine, S. G.; Molino, J. A.; 20029.

40
KEY WORD INDEX
A absorber materials; accelerated test methods; durability; solar energy;

standards; NBSIR 81-2232. absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance; acoustics; architectural

acoustics; building acoustics; diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; sound absorption; 20190.

abstracts; building technology; Center for Building Technology; key

words; publications; SP457-5.

accelerated aging; durability; environmental exposure; reliability; solar

collectors; solar materials; stagnation testing; TNI136. accelerated aging tests; coatings; corrosion; predictability; reproducibility; time to failure; TN1149.

accelerated test methods; durability; solar energy; standards; absorber

materials; NBSIR 81-2232.

accessibility; alarms; blind; code requirements; communication; deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings; NBSIR

81-2428

accessibility; building accessibility; building research; fire safety; handicapped; life safety; NBSIR 81-2245.

accidents; codes and standards; construction loads; construction

safety; finite element; scaffold failures; scaffolding practices;

scaffolds; structural analysis; NBS-GCR-80-255.

acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes;

building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; model code; noise control; NBSIR 81-2366. acoustic impedance; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building

acoustics; diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; sound

absorption; absorption coefficient; 20190.

acoustics; annoyance; environmental noise; noise measurements;

psychoacoustics; psychology; 20475.

acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; sound absorption; absorption

coefficient; acoustic impedance; 20190.

acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; noise; noise

control; sound transmission; structureborne noise; NBS-GCR-80-

248. acoustics; architectural design; building codes; building economics;

construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics;

energy; model code; noise control; acoustical design; NBSIR 81- 2366

acoustics; building acoustics; impact noise; noise control; noise

isolation; noise rating; NBS-GCR-80-249.

acoustics; building acoustics; noise control; noise isolation; sound

transmission; structure-borne noise; NBS-GCR-80-250.

acuity tests; nondestructive testing; quality testing; radiograph

evaluation; visual inspection; visual testing; TN1143.

adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane;

complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane;

splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; TNI152. aerodynamics; building codes; meteorology; wind engineering; wind

forces; wind tunnels; 20524.

airconditioning cooling load; cooling load; residential cooling; seasonal cooling; temperature bin; 20690.

air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat-recovery; insulation; measurement; office-building; radiant; solar; space-heating; 20539.

air infiltration; air sample bags; energy conservation; retrofit; sulfur hexafluoride; tracer gas; weatherization; 20365.

air infiltration; air sample bags; fan depressurization; low-income

houses; weatherization; 20540.

air leakage; energy; heat-recovery; insulation; measurement; office- building; radiant; solar; space-heating; air-cooling; 20539.

air leakage; heat transfer; pebble-bed storage; solar collector; system

efficiency; thermal performance; NBS-GCR-81-302.

air leakage measurement; infiltration review; ventilation analysis; 20364

air sample bags; energy conservation; retrofit; sulfur hexafluoride;

tracer gas; weatherization; air infiltration; 20365.

air sample bags; fan depressurization; low-income houses; weatherization; air infiltration; 20540.

alarms; blind; code requirements; communication; deaf; directional

indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings; accessibility; NBSIR 81-2428.

alternative; California; Class K code; conservation; discrimination; energy; United Stand; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. anemometer; drag sphere; gust speed; instrumentation; wind sensor; wind speed; 20059. annoyance; environmental noise; noise measurements;

psychoacoustics; psychology; acoustics; 20475. annual fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating costs; central heating equipment; condensing boilers; condensing furnaces; part- load performance; rating procedure; seasonal efficiency; NBSIR

80-2110

annual operating costs; central heating equipment; condensing boilers; condensing furnaces; part-load performance; rating procedure;

seasonal efficiency; annual fuel utilization efficiency; NBSIR 80- 2110

applied economics; construction; cost; estimation; location factors; model building; statistical analysis; NBSIR 81-2250.

architectural; electrical; elevators; mechanical; seismic coefficients; NBSIR 80-2111-8.

architectural acoustics; building acoustics; diffraction; reverberant

field; reverberation room; sound absorption; absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance; acoustics; 20190.

architectural acoustics; building acoustics; noise; noise control; sound

transmission; structureborne noise; acoustics; NBS-GCR-80-248.

architectural barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards;

disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap; locks; NBSIR 80-2174.

architectural design; building codes; building economics; construction

costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; model code; noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; NBSIR 81- 2366

arrangement; building; classification; code; engineering; organization;

provisions; scope; specification; standard; system

analysis/engineering; BSS136. ASHRAE TC 4.7; computer analysis; energy calculation; simplified energy analysis; 20521. ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC systems; performance

standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; SP608. atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design (structural); extreme winds;

hurricanes; micrometeorology; structures; tornadoes; wind

engineering; wind profiles; 20525.

attic temperature; BLAST; computer simulation; DoE-2;

heating/cooling load calculation; indoor temperature; NBSLD;

20755. audible noise; corona noise; extra high voltage (EHV) transmission

lines; 20203. audible noise; EHV power lines; noise, audible; 20362.

audition; auditory localization; auditory space perception;

experimental psychology; hearing; psychoacoustics; 20477. auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design procedures;

evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public

assembly; public safety; stadiums; NBSIR 81-2361. auditor training; energy conservation; program measure; Residential Conservation Service; Solar Model Audit; SP608; 1981 May. 183-

194. auditory localization; auditory space perception; experimental

psychology; hearing; psychoacoustics; audition; 20477. auditory space perception; experimental psychology; hearing;

psychoacoustics; audition; auditory localization; 20477. automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners;

practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows;

vent dampers; water heaters; windows; SP606.

auxiliary energy; FCHART computer program; National Solar Demonstration Program; solar energy systems; space heating load; thermal performance; NBS-GCR-81-321.

42
aversiveness measures; corona noise; environmental noise impact;

high-voltage transmission lines; human response to noise; modification of noise spectra; 20361. B

benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; codes; construction regulation; economics; energy conservation codes; fire safety codes; regulation; NBSIR 81-2223.

benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; codes; construction economics; construction regulation; economics; fire safety codes; regulation; NBSIR 81-2402

benefit-cost analysis; building economics; cost effective; economic

analysis; energy conservation; investment analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to-investment ratio; NBSIR 81- 2397.

benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy conservation; marginal price; net present value;

residential water conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices; NBSIR 81-2304. BEPS; code compliance; code conflicts; energy conservation

standards; solar energy; trainee performance testing; SP608; 1981 May. 139-157. bin method; building energy performance standards (BEPS); degreeday; DOE-2; 20756. bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy;

stress; substrate; adhesive; TNI152. bitumen application temperatures; bituminous roofing; built-up roofing; cooling of roofing bitumens; mathematical model; roofing; TN1135.

bituminous roofing; built-up roofing; cooling of roofing bitumens; mathematical model; roofing; bitumen application temperatures; TN1135. BLAST; building energy performance standards; computer modeling;

maintain accuracy; reduce cost; reduce input; standard evaluation

technique; SP608; 1981 May. 113-122. BLAST; computer simulation; DoE-2; heating/cooling load

calculation; indoor temperature; NBSLD; attic temperature; 20755.

blind; code requirements; communication; deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings; accessibility; alarms; NBSIR

81-2428. blow count; cathead; drilling rig; efficiency; energy; field test; in-situ

test; standard penetration test (SPT); 20320.

boilers; central heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load;

fossil-fuel heating systems; gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion; NBSIR 80-2094

bonding; built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy;

felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; TNI152. branch circuit; electric wire; field measurements; temperature

excursions; thermal insulation; NBSIR 81-2347. branch circuits; circuit breaker; electrical fire; low ambient

temperature; trip time; NBSIR 81-2221.

building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; masonry; standards; structural engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-5.

building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; reinforced concrete; standards; structural engineering; NBSIR 80-

2111-4.

building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering;

standards; structural engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-11.

building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering;

standards; structural engineering; wood; NBSIR 80-2111-7.

building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering;

standards; steel; structural engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-6.

building; building codes; building standards; earthquake-resistant

design; seismic design; systems analysis; 20435.

building; building design; earthquakes; engineering; Federal government; seismic safety; standards; structural engineering;

NBSIR 81-2195.

building; classification; code; engineering; organization; provisions; scope; specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement; BSS136.

building; collapse; concrete; concrete strength; construction; failure;

flat plate; shear; strength; NBSIR 81-2374.

building; load; roof; snow; snow load; solar collector; structural engineering; 20430. building accessibility; building research; fire safety; handicapped; life safety; accessibility; NBSIR 81-2245. building accessibility; codes and standards; disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap;

locks; architectural barriers; NBSIR 80-2174. building acoustics; diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; sound absorption; absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance;

acoustics; architectural acoustics; 20190. building acoustics; impact noise; noise control; noise isolation; noise

rating; acoustics; NBS-GCR-80-249.

building acoustics; noise; noise control; sound transmission; structureborne noise; acoustics; architectural acoustics; NBS-GCR80-248

building acoustics; noise control; noise isolation; sound transmission; structure-borne noise; acoustics; NBS-GCR-80-250.

building air exchange; commercial building ventilation; energy consumption by buildings; office building ventilation; ventilation

analysis; weather and building air exchange; 20605. building circulation; building ramps; pedestrian circulation; pedestrian

flow; pedestrian movement; pedestrian ramps; ramps; NBSIR 81- 2310

building code; building envelope; comparison; compliance; energy

budget; energy conservation; performance standards; Statement of Review; verification; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. building code; building research; buildings; code enforcement;

regulations; rehabilitation; SP623.

building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; masonry;

standards; structural engineering; building; NBSIR 80-2111-5. building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; reinforced

concrete; standards; structural engineering; building; NBSIR 80- 2111-4

building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards;

steel; structural engineering; building; NBSIR 80-2111-6. building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards;

structural engineering; wood; building; NBSIR 80-2111-7. building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards;

structural engineering; building; NBSIR 80-2111-11. building codes; building economics; construction; cost; economics;

housing; productivity; regulation; renovation; NBSIR 80-2150. building codes; building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; model code;

noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design;

NBSIR 81-2366

building codes; building officials; codes and standards; convective

loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs; SP608; 1981 May. 159-166. building codes; building officials; consensus; construction; document;

installation; recommended requirements; solar energy; solar systems; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. building codes; building regulatory system; buildings; building

standards; codes, building; earthquake; seismic risk; standards,

building; 20386. building codes; building standards; earthquake-resistant design; seismic

design; systems analysis; building; 20435. building (codes); climatology; hurricanes; reliability; risk; structural engineering; 20764. building codes; constraints; fire safety; glazing; hazards; passive solar; 20470

building codes; meteorology; wind engineering; wind forces; wind

tunnels; aerodynamics; 20524.

building design; building economics; energy conservation; exterior

wall; HVAC calculations; insulation; life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass; BSS134.

43
building design; building energy performance standards; computer

simulation of house energy requirements; degree days; energy

analysis; single-family detached residence; NBSIR 80-2184. building design; earthquakes; engineering; Federal government;

seismic safety; standards; structural engineering; building; NBSIR

81-2195. building design; earthquakes; engineering; masonry; standards;

structural engineering; building; building codes; NBSIR 80-2111-5. building design; earthquakes; engineering; reinforced concrete;

standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; NBSIR

80-2111-4. building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; steel; structural engineering; building; building codes; NBSIR 80-2111-6. building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; NBSIR 80-2111-11. building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; structural engineering; wood; building; building codes; NBSIR 80-2111-7. building drainage; gradually varied flow; hydraulic jump; partially

filled pipe fiow; NBSIR 81-2367. building drainage; numerical solutions for transient depth; unsteady

partially-filled pipe flow; waste solid transport; NBSIR 81-2308. building drainage; supercritical flow; transition length; vertical stack drain entry; NBSIR 81-2290

building drainage; waste solid transportation; water conservation; w.c.

efficiency; NBSIR 81-2307. building economics; building regulation; codes; construction economics; construction regulation; economics; fire safety codes;

regulation; benefit-cost analysis; NBSIR 81-2402. building economics; building regulation; codes; construction

regulation; economics; energy conservation codes; fire safety codes;

regulation; benefit-cost analysis; NBSIR 81-2223. building economics; construction; cost; economics; housing;

productivity; regulation; renovation; building codes; NBSIR 80- 2150

building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; economic

impact; economics; energy; model code; noise control; acoustical

design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes; NBSIR 81- 2366

building economics; cost effective; economic analysis; energy

conservation; investment analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended

practice; savings-to-investment ratio; benefit-cost analysis; NBSIR

81-2397

building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low-income housing;

materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; 20499. building economics; daylighting; energy conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive solar; regional analysis; thermal

efficiency; windows; NBSIR 81-2248

building economics; energy conservation; exterior wall; HVAC

calculations; insulation; life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass;

building design; BSS134.

building energy analysis; computer modeling; controls; control

strategies; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; load

calculations; NBSIR 81-2277. building energy analysis; computer simulation; infiltration; natural

ventilation; NBSIR 81-2404

building energy analysis; energy conservation for nonresidential

buildings; historic preservation and energy conservation; load

calculation; masonry thermal mass; system simulation; NBSIR 81- 2317. building energy conservation systems; EMCS; energy management;

energy monitoring and control systems; HVAC controls; reliability study; NBSIR 81-2346

building energy monitoring; energy measurement; steam consumption

measurement; uncertainty estimate; NBSIR 81-2313. building energy monitoring; instrumentation; sensors; NBSIR 80- 2104. building energy performance; codes; energy conservation; energy

policy; Hawaii; performance standards; SP608\ 1981 May. 105-112. building energy performance standards; computer modeling; maintain accuracy; reduce cost; reduce input; standard evaluation technique;

BLAST; SP608; 1981 May. 113-122.

building energy performance standards; computer simulation of house energy requirements; degree days; energy analysis; single-family detached residence; building design; NBSIR 80-2184. building energy performance standards (BEPS); degree-day; DOE-2;

bin method; 20756. Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS); energy calculations; HVAC systems and equipment; validation; 20758. building energy use; building service systems; energy budgets;

housing research; housing standards; performance requirements; standards development; NBS-GCR-80-280.

building envelope; building performance data; computer data

acquisition; energy conservation in commercial buildings; energy

monitoring and control systems; mechanical systems; NBSIR 81- 2358. building envelope; comparison; compliance; energy budget; energy

conservation; performance standards; Statement of Review;

verification; building code; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. building heating and cooling; engine-driven heat pump; heating and

cooling equipment; heating, ventilating and air conditioning; heat pump; NBSIR 79-1911. building heating/cooling loads; heat balance for a single room; heat

transfer; radiosity shape factors; NBSIR 81-2321. building models; building performance data; computer simulations,

building; energy conservation in commercial buildings; heat pumps;

validation of computer models, buildings; 20512. building models, computer; energy conservation in commercial

buildings; energy conservation, user acceptance; lighting measurements; performance data for commercial office buildings in New England; solar energy in commercial buildings; BSS133.

building officials; codes and standards; convective loops; greenhouses;

heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs; building codes; SP608; 1981 May.

159-166. building officials; consensus; construction; document; installation; recommended requirements; solar energy; solar systems; building codes; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. building performance; hurricane winds; structural damage; structures; wind; wind speed; 20759. building performance data; computer data acquisition; energy

conservation in commercial buildings; energy monitoring and

control systems; mechanical systems; building envelope; NBSIR 81- 2358. building performance data; computer simulations, building; energy

conservation in commercial buildings; heat pumps; validation of computer models, buildings; building models; 20512. building productivity; computer-integrated construction; conference; construction duration; productivity measurement; risks of failure; user productivity; NBS-GCR-81-331.

building program; lighting design; lighting research; lighting survey; NBS-GCR-81-333.

building ramps; pedestrian circulation; pedestrian flow; pedestrian movement; pedestrian ramps; ramps; building circulation; NBSIR

81-2310

building regulation; codes; construction economics; construction

regulation; economics; fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost

analysis; building economics; NBSIR 81-2402. building regulation; codes; construction regulation; economics; energy

conservation codes; fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost

analysis; building economics; NBSIR 81-2223. building regulatory system; buildings; building standards; codes,

building; earthquake; seismic risk; standards, building; building codes; 20386

building rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance

levels; regulation; standards; NBSIR 80-2081. building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC;

masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; NBSIR 80-2171. building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC;

masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; NBSIR 81-2289

building research; buildings; code enforcement; regulations;

rehabilitation; building code; SP623.

44
building research; building technology; codes; criteria; measurement

methods; performance criteria; project summaries; technical bases; SP446-5.

building research; fire safety; handicapped; life safety; accessibility; building accessibility; NBSIR 81-2245.

buildings; buildings (codes); buildings (design); earthquake; seismic

risk maps; standards; structural engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-1.

buildings; building standards; codes, building; earthquake; seismic risk; standards, building; building codes; building regulatory system;

20386.

buildings; classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification; specification; specification writers; systems analysis; 20329.

buildings; code enforcement; regulations; rehabilitation; building code;

building research; SP623.

buildings; concrete; diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement;

permeability; radon; transport; TNI139. buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground coupled; hybrid

solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade geothermal; radiant

floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water

source heat pump; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. buildings; design; earthquakes; engineering; foundations; professional

practice; provisions; soil structure interaction; standards; NBSIR

80-2111-3.

buildings; design (structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology; structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; wind

profiles; atmospheric turbulence; 20525.

buildings (codes); buildings (design); earthquake; seismic risk maps;

standards; structural engineering; buildings; NBSIR 80-2111-1. buildings (codes); climatology; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind engineering; wind (meteorology); 20295.

buildings (design); earthquake; seismic risk maps; standards; structural engineering; buildings; buildings (codes); NBSIR 80-2111-1. building service systems; energy budgets; housing research; housing

standards; performance requirements; standards development;

building energy use; NBS-GCR-80-280.

building site standards; regulation; site design practices; site engineering; NBS-GCR-81-332

building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; NBSIR 80-1979

building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; NBSIR 80-1979-1. building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; network; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; 19998. building standards; codes, building; earthquake; seismic risk; standards, building; building codes; building regulatory system;

buildings; 20386. building standards; crowd ingress; design procedures; evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public assembly;

public safety; stadiums; auditorium; NBSIR 81-2361. building standards; earthquake-resistant design; seismic design; systems analysis; building; building codes; 20435. building technology; Center for Building Technology; key words;

publications; abstracts; SP457-5.

building technology; codes; criteria; measurement methods; performance criteria; project summaries; technical bases; building

research; SP446-5.

building thermal performance; energy calculation; energy

conservation; thermal comfort; whole-house ventilation; TNI138. built-up roofing; cooling of roofing bitumens; mathematical model;

roofing; bitumen application temperatures; bituminous roofing; TN1135.

built-up roofing; moisture; moisture detection; nondestructive

evaluation; nondestructive testing; roofing; thermal resistance; TNI 146. built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography;

insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement;

nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear

backscatter; roofing systems; BSS131.

built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; TNI152. buoyancy forces; flood forces; foundations; hurricane forces; mobile home; soil anchors; standards; tiedown; wind forces; BSS132.

burglary; crime in public housing; household behavior patterns; housing characteristics (physical); housing security; public housing

security; security hardware; victimization survey; NBS-GCR-80-

291. c

calibration; fibrous glass board; guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; SRM; thermal conductivity; thermal resistance; 20089.

California; Class K code; conservation; discrimination; energy; United

Stand; alternative; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. cathead; drilling rig; efficiency; energy; field test; in-situ test; standard

penetration test (SPT); blow count; 20320.

caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation

measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; SP606.

cellulose thermal insulation; corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and

devices; electrical devices; humidity, thermal insulation and

corrosion of electrical wiring; shock hazards; urea-formaldehyde

thermal insulation; NBSIR 81-2220

cement; concrete; fly ash; NBSIR 81-2239

cement; expansion; fly ash; MgO; slag; soundness; strength; NBSIR

81-2273. Center for Building Technology; key words; publications; abstracts; building technology; SP457-5.

central heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating systems; gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion; boilers; NBSIR 80-2094.

central heating equipment; condensing boilers; condensing furnaces; part-load performance; rating procedure; seasonal efficiency; annual

fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating costs; NBSIR 80-2110.

certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy

analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; government

buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance; SP608; 1981 May. 133-138.

certification; consumer protection; Interstate Solar Coordination

Council; labeling procedures; national testing program; regulation;

solar collector; standards; voluntary program; SP608; 1981 May.

179-181.

certification; experiences; issues and concerns; laboratory

accreditation; solar collector; standards; 20705.

characteristics; discharge; drainage; flow; model; plumbing; quasi- steady; unsteady; / Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April,

children; design; environmental psychology; families; housing;

interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology; standards; NBS-GCR-81-320

circuit breaker; electrical fire; low ambient temperature; trip time; branch circuits; NBSIR 81-2221. Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; energy

conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance; certification; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138.

classification; code; engineering; organization; provisions; scope;

specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement;

building; BSS136.

classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification; specification; specification writers; systems analysis; buildings; 20329.

classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling;

standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards; NBSIR 80-1979

classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling;

standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards; NBSIR 80-1979-1.

45
classification; decision tables; information networks; network;

standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards; 19998.

class K code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC systems; performance standards; solar

collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; SP608.

Class K code; conservation; discrimination; energy; United Stand;

alternative; California; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. climatology; hurricanes; reliability; risk; structural engineering;

building (codes); 20764. climatology; loads (forces); probability distribution functions;

reliability; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind; 20019. climatology; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind

engineering; wind (meteorology); buildings (codes); 20295. climatology; statistical analysis; wind (meteorology); 20551. clothes dryer usage characteristics; clothes washer usage

characteristic; data profiles; dishwasher usage characteristic; energy

consumption; field measurements; usage patterns; water

consumption; NBSIR 80-2136. clothes washer usage characteristic; data profiles; dishwasher usage

characteristic; energy consumption; field measurements; usage

patterns; water consumption; clothes dryer usage characteristics; NBSIR 80-2136.

coatings; corrosion; predictability; reproducibility; time to failure; accelerated aging tests; TNI149. coatings; exterior restoration; field tests; guide specifications; laboratory tests; paint removal methods; White House; NBSIR 80- 2122. code; engineering; organization; provisions; scope; specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement; building;

classification; BSS136. code compliance; code conflicts; energy conservation standards; solar energy; trainee performance testing; BEPS; SP608; 1981 May. 139-

157. code conflicts; energy conservation standards; solar energy; trainee performance testing; BEPS; code compliance; SP608; 1981 May.

139-157. code enforcement; regulations; rehabilitation; building code; building

research; buildings; SP623. code requirements; communication; deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings; accessibility; alarms; blind; NBSIR 81-2428

codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; NBSIR 80-2081. codes; concrete; masonry; prohibitions; re-examination; thermal

storage; wood structure; SP608; 1981 May. 195-200. codes; construction economics; construction regulation; economics;

fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; NBSIR 81-2402. codes; construction regulation; economics; energy conservation codes;

fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; NBSIR 81-2223. codes; criteria; measurement methods; performance criteria; project summaries; technical bases; building research; building technology; SP446-5

codes; energy conservation; energy policy; Hawaii; performance

standards; building energy performance; SP608; 1981 May. 105-112. codes and standards; construction loads; construction safety; finite element; scaffold failures; scaffolding practices; scaffolds; structural

analysis; accidents; NBS-GCR-80-255.

codes and standards; construction safety; design; finite element; loads;

scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength; structural safety; work

surfaces; NBSIR 81-2265. codes and standards; convective loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers;

light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling;

training programs; building codes; building officials; SP608; 1981 May. 159-166. codes and standards; disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap; locks; architectural

barriers; building accessibility; NBSIR 80-2174.

codes, building; earthquake; seismic risk; standards, building; building codes; building regulatory system; buildings; building standards; 20386

collapse; concrete; concrete strength; construction; failure; flat plate; shear; strength; building; NBSIR 81-2374.

collector; indoor; outdoor; parallel; series; simulation; solar; testing; 20648

collector efficiency; comparison German BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; flat-plate solar collectors; German Bundesverband

Solarenergie; solar collector testing; water-heating solar collectors; 20079

collector installation; field survey; guidelines; low-sloped roofs; roofing performance; solar collectors; 20259.

collector rating; measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance; uncertainty; TNI140. collector rating; measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance; uncertainty; 20291.

collector slope and intercept; correction factor for in-series collectors; efficiency deterioration in series arrays; performance of collectors

in series; solar collector arrays; 20148. comfort; Community Services Administration Optimal

Weatherization Demonstration; energy savings; field study; thermal

comfort; weatherization retrofitting; 20752. commercial building ventilation; energy consumption by buildings;

office building ventilation; ventilation analysis; weather and

building air exchange; building air exchange; 20605. communication; deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings; accessibility; alarms; blind; code requirements; NBSIR

81-2428

communication; evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings;

meaningfulness; method; pictogram; response; symbol;

understandability; NBSIR 80-2088. communication; hazard; pictograms; safety; signs; standards; symbols;

visual alerting; warnings; NBSIR 80-2003. Community Services Administration; field study; occupant comfort; optimal weatherization demonstration; thermal comfort; thermostat

setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and thermal

comfort; NBSIR 81-2335. Community Services Administration Optimal Weatherization Demonstration; energy savings; field study; thermal comfort;

weatherization retrofitting; comfort; 20752. comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; codes; NBSIR 80-2081. comparison; compliance; energy budget; energy conservation; performance standards; Statement of Review; verification; building code; building envelope; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. comparison German BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; flat-plate solar collectors; German Bundesverband Solarenergie; solar collector testing; water-heating solar collectors; collector efficiency; 20079. complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane;

splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane; TNI152. compliance; energy budget; energy conservation; performance

standards; Statement of Review; verification; building code;

building envelope; comparison; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final

set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar;

regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; NBSIR 81-2244. computer analysis; energy calculation; simplified energy analysis; ASHRAE TC 4.7; 20521. computer codes—F-CHART, SOLCOST, TRNSYS; computer

predictions for solar systems; NBS solar testing at Gaithersburg;

solar hot water heating; 20078. computer data acquisition; energy conservation in commercial

buildings; energy monitoring and control systems; mechanical

systems; building envelope; building performance data; NBSIR 81- 2358

computer database; computer program; methodology; specifications; standards; 20403.

46
computer-integrated construction; conference; construction duration; productivity measurement; risks of failure; user productivity;

building productivity; NBS-GCR-81-331.

computer modeling; controls; control strategies; energy conservation

for nonresidential buildings; load calculations; building energy

analysis; NBSIR 81-2277. computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; energy

conservation; HVAC systems; performance standards; solar

collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; SP608. computer modeling; maintain accuracy; reduce cost; reduce input; standard evaluation technique; BLAST; building energy performance standards; SP608; 1981 May. 113-122. computer predictions for solar systems; NBS solar testing at Gaithersburg; solar hot water heating; computer codes—F- CHART, SOLCOST, TRNSYS; 20078. computer program; earth temperature; heat transfer; pipes; thermal

insulation; thermal properties; underground systems; NBSIR 81- 2378. computer program; methodology; specifications; standards; computer

database; 20403. computer simulation; DoE-2; heating/cooling load calculation; indoor

temperature; NBSLD; attic temperature; BLAST; 20755. computer simulation; infiltration; natural ventilation; building energy

analysis; NBSIR 81-2404. computer simulation of house energy requirements; degree days; energy analysis; single-family detached residence; building design;

building energy performance standards; NBSIR 80-2184. computer simulations, building; energy conservation in commercial

buildings; heat pumps; validation of computer models, buildings; building models; building performance data; 20512.

concrete; concrete strength; construction; failure; flat plate; shear; strength; building; collapse; NBSIR 81-2374. concrete; construction; nondestructive evaluation; quality assurance;

steel reinforcing bars; test methods; NBSIR 80-2163. concrete; corrosion; general corrosion; mathematical modeling;

prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; stress corrosion; NBSIR 81- 2390

concrete; curing temperature; early age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength

prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; NBSIR 81- 2244

concrete; diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement; permeability; radon; transport; buildings; TNI139. concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar;

steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building

rehabilitation; NBSIR 81-2289. concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; NBSIR 80-2171. concrete; fly ash; cement; NBSIR 81-2239. concrete; masonry; prohibitions; re-examination; thermal storage; wood structure; codes; SP608\ 1981 May. 195-200. concrete strength; construction; failure; flat plate; shear; strength;

building; collapse; concrete; NBSIR 81-2374. condensing boilers; condensing furnaces; part-load performance;

rating procedure; seasonal efficiency; annual fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating costs; central heating equipment;

NBSIR 80-2110

condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating systems;

gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion; boilers; central heating; NBSIR 80-2094

condensing furnaces; part-load performance; rating procedure;

seasonal efficiency; annual fuel utilization efficiency; annual

operating costs; central heating equipment; condensing boilers; NBSIR 80-2110

conduction heat transfer; conduction transfer functions; initialization of heat transfer problem; parallel heat flow; response factors; thick building construction; NBSIR 81-2353. conduction transfer functions; initialization of heat transfer problem;

parallel heat flow; response factors; thick building construction; conduction heat transfer; NBSIR 81-2353.

conference; construction duration; productivity measurement; risks of

failure; user productivity; building productivity; computerintegrated construction; NBS-GCR-81-331.

consensus; construction; document; installation; recommended

requirements; solar energy; solar systems; building codes; building

officials; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. conservation; discrimination; energy; United Stand; alternative; California; Class K code; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. conservation; energy; field survey; insulation; moisture content;

residences; retrofit; thermal resistance; 20463.

conspicuity; contrast; illumination; lighting; lighting levels; superthreshold visibility; vision; NBSIR 81-2231. conspicuity; effective intensity; emergency warning lights; flashing

lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning light; warning

signals; SP480-37.

constraints; fire safety; glazing; hazards; passive solar; building codes; 20470

construction; cost; economics; housing; productivity; regulation; renovation; building codes; building economics; NBSIR 80-2150. construction; cost; estimation; location factors; model building;

statistical analysis; applied economics; NBSIR 81-2250. construction; document; installation; recommended requirements;

solar energy; solar systems; building codes; building officials; consensus; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. construction; energy audit; energy conservation; Illinois; maintenance;

public buildings; state government; cost; SP608; 1981 May. 123-132. construction; energy conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water

source heat pump; buildings; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. construction; failure; flat plate; shear; strength; building; collapse; concrete; concrete strength; NBSIR 81-2374. construction; nondestructive evaluation; quality assurance; steel reinforcing bars; test methods; concrete; NBSIR 80-2163. construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics;

energy; model code; noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes; building economics; NBSIR

81-2366. construction duration; productivity measurement; risks of failure; user

productivity; building productivity; computer-integrated

construction; conference; NBS-GCR-81-331.

construction economics; construction regulation; economics; fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics;

building regulation; codes; NBSIR 81-2402. construction loads; construction safety; finite element; scaffold

failures; scaffolding practices; scaffolds; structural analysis; accidents; codes and standards; NBS-GCR-80-255.

construction regulation; economics; energy conservation codes; fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics;

building regulation; codes; NBSIR 81-2223. construction regulation; economics; fire safety codes; regulation;

benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; codes; construction economics; NBSIR 81-2402. construction safety; design; finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability;

stiffness; strength; structural safety; work surfaces; codes and

standards; NBSIR 81-2265. construction safety; finite element; scaffold failures; scaffolding

practices; scaffolds; structural analysis; accidents; codes and

standards; construction loads; NBS-GCR-80-255.

construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification; specification; specification writers; systems

analysis; buildings; classification; 20329. consumer protection; Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling

procedures; national testing program; regulation; solar collector; standards; voluntary program; certification; SP608; 1981 May. 179-

181. contrast; illumination; lighting; lighting levels; superthreshold

visibility; vision; conspicuity; NBSIR 81-2231.

controls; control strategies; energy conservation for nonresidential

buildings; load calculations; building energy analysis; computer

modeling; NBSIR 81-2277

47
control strategies; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; load calculations; building energy analysis; computer modeling;

controls; NBSIR 81-2277. convective loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs;

building codes; building officials; codes and standards; SP608; 1981 May. 159-166. cooling load; residential cooling; seasonal cooling; temperature bin; airconditioning cooling load; 20690. cooling of roofing bitumens; mathematical model; roofing; bitumen

application temperatures; bituminous roofing; built-up roofing; rN]]35.

corona noise; electric energy transmission; high voltage; human

response to noise; noise pollution; psychoacoustics; transmission line audible noise; 20029. corona noise; environmental noise; high voltage transmission lines; human response to noise; listening room; 20030. corona noise; environmental noise impact; high-voltage transmission

lines; human response to noise; modification of noise spectra; aversiveness measures; 20361. corona noise; extra high voltage (EHV) transmission lines; audible

noise; 20203. correction factor for in-series collectors; efficiency deterioration in series arrays; performance of collectors in series; solar collector

arrays; collector slope and intercept; 20148.

corrosion; general corrosion; mathematical modeling; prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; stress corrosion; concrete; NBSIR 81- 2390

corrosion; predictability; reproducibility; time to failure; accelerated aging tests; coatings; TN1149.

corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and devices; electrical devices; humidity, thermal insulation and corrosion of electrical wiring; shock hazards; urea-formaldehyde thermal insulation; cellulose thermal insulation; NBSIR 81-2220.

cost; construction; energy audit; energy conservation; Illinois; maintenance; public buildings; state government; SP608; 1981 May.

123-132.

cost; economics; housing; productivity; regulation; renovation; building codes; building economics; construction; NBSIR 80-2150.

cost; estimation; location factors; model building; statistical analysis; applied economics; construction; NBSIR 81-2250.

cost-benefit; economics; government regulation; safety regulation; standards; 20031.

cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy conservation; marginal price; net present value;

residential water conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices; benefits; NBSIR 81-2304. cost effective; economic analysis; energy conservation; investment

analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to- investment ratio; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; NBSIR

81-2397. cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public

buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic; H135.

cost effectiveness; energy conservation; energy economics; life-cycle costing; microeconomic analysis; solar energy economics; 20167.

cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; model code;

noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes; building economics; construction costs; NBSIR 81- 2366

costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy

conservation; marginal price; net present value; residential water

conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water- saving devices; benefits; cost-effective; NBSIR 81-2304. cost savings; energy conservation; HVAC systems; innovation; mathematical model; optimization; SP608\ 1981 May. 21-35. crime in public housing; household behavior patterns; housing

characteristics (physical); housing security; public housing security; security hardware; victimization survey; burglary; NBS-GCR-80-

291.

criteria; measurement methods; performance criteria; project summaries; technical bases; building research; building technology;

codes; SP446-5. crowd ingress; design procedures; evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public assembly; public safety; stadiums; auditorium; building standards; NBSIR 81-2361. curing temperature; early age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength

prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; NBSIR 81-2244.

cylindrical; non-uniform; partially-filled; pitched-horizontal drain;

slope; solid; velocity; volume; water; NBSIR 81-2266. D data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation;

insulation; labor cost; low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; 20499. data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; 20499. data profiles; dishwasher usage characteristic; energy consumption;

field measurements; usage patterns; water consumption; clothes dryer usage characteristics; clothes washer usage characteristic; NBSIR 80-2136

daylight; energy conservation; fenestration design; illumination; lighting control; solar heat gain; window management; NBSIR 80- 2147. daylighting; energy conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive solar; regional analysis; thermal efficiency; windows;

building economics; NBSIR 81-2248. daylighting; energy conservation; envelope design; instructional

facilities; passive solar energy; windows; 20541.

daylighting; illuminance; illumination; irradiance; solar radiation; TN1148

deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings;

accessibility; alarms; blind; code requirements; communication; NBSIR 81-2428

decision tables; information networks; master specification;

specification; specification writers; systems analysis; buildings;

classification; construction specifications; 20329. decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standardswriters; systems analysis; building standards; classification; NBSIR

80-1979

decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standardswriters; systems analysis; building standards; classification; NBSIR

80-1979-1. decision tables; information networks; network; standards; standardswriters; systems analysis; building standards; classification; 19998. deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; SP608\ 1981 May. 173-178. degree-day; DOE-2; bin method; building energy performance

standards (BEPS); 20756

degree days; energy analysis; single-family detached residence; building design; building energy performance standards; computer

simulation of house energy requirements; NBSIR 80-2184. depth-time history; horizontal; measurements; partially-filled; pipe

flow; solid; unsteady; velocity; water; 20147.

desert climate; energy calculation; environmental chamber;

heating/cooling load; nighttime cooling; 20754.

design; earthquakes; engineering; foundations; professional practice; provisions; soil structure interaction; standards; buildings; NBSIR

80-2111-3.

design; environmental psychology; families; housing; interiors;

lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology; standards; children; NBS-GCR-81-320

design; finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength;

structural safety; work surfaces; codes and standards; construction

safety; NBSIR 81-2265.

48
design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical engineering; housing

construction; mine subsidence; mining; settlement; structural design;

structural engineering; NBSIR 81-2215. design procedures; evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public assembly; public safety; stadiums; auditorium;

building standards; crowd ingress; NBSIR 81-2361. design (structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology;

structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; wind profiles; atmospheric

turbulence; buildings; 20525. developers; energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; low

income; non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; deed; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; NBSIR 81-2249.

diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; sound absorption;

absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance; acoustics; architectural

acoustics; building acoustics; 20190.

diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement; permeability; radon;

transport; buildings; concrete; TN1139.

directional arrows; exit signs; fire safety; pictograms; symbols;

understandability; visibility; visual alerting; NBSIR 81-2268.

directional indicators; handicapped users; tactile warnings;

accessibility; alarms; blind; code requirements; communication;

deaf; NBSIR 81-2428

disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional

capacity; handicap; locks; architectural barriers; building

accessibility; codes and standards; NBSIR 80-2174. discharge; drainage; flow; model; plumbing; quasi-steady; unsteady;

characteristics; / Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April,

discrimination; energy; United Stand; alternative; California; Class K

code; conservation; SP608\ 1981 May. 83-103. dishwasher usage characteristic; energy consumption; field measurements; usage patterns; water consumption; clothes dryer usage characteristics; clothes washer usage characteristic; data

profiles; NBSIR 80-2136 document; installation; recommended requirements; solar energy;

solar systems; building codes; building officials; consensus;

construction; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172. DOE-2; bin method; building energy performance standards (BEPS);

degree-day; 20756. DoE-2; heating/cooling load calculation; indoor temperature; NBSLD; attic temperature; BLAST; computer simulation; 20755. domestic hot water; recirculating hot water systems; solar collectors; system efficiency; thermal performance; NBS-GCR-81-322.

door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity;

handicap; locks; architectural barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards; disability; NBSIR 80-2174. door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap; locks; architectural barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards;

disabihty; door closers; NBSIR 80-2174. doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap; locks; architectural

barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards; disability; door

closers; door openers; NBSIR 80-2174

drag sphere; gust speed; instrumentation; wind sensor; wind speed; anemometer; 20059.

drain; flow; history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; NBSIR 81-2249. drainage; flow; model; plumbing; quasi-steady; unsteady;

characteristics; discharge; J. Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April,

drilling rig; efficiency; energy; field test; in-situ test; standard

penetration test (SPT); blow count; cathead; 20320. dual flush toilets; low flush toilets; water closets; water conservation; NBSIR 81-2296. durabihty; environmental exposure; reliability; solar collectors; solar materials; stagnation testing; accelerated aging; TNI136. durability; solar energy; standards; absorber materials; accelerated test methods; NBSIR 81-2232

duration; general adverse effect of noise; intermittency; loudness;

noise criteria; time-varying noise; NBSIR 81-2377. dwelling units (residential); housing; Operation Breakthrough; post- occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; survey research; user needs; NBSIR 81-2258.

E

early age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; NBSIR 81- 2244. earthquake; seismic risk; standards, building; building codes; building

regulatory system; buildings; building standards; codes, building; 20386

earthquake; seismic risk maps; standards; structural engineering;

buildings; buildings (codes); buildings (design); NBSIR 80-2111-1. earthquake loads; hail loads; snow loads; solar collectors; structural engineering; wind loads; NBSIR 81-2199.

earthquake-resistant design; seismic design; systems analysis; building; building codes; building standards; 20435. earthquakes; engineering; Federal government; seismic safety; standards; structural engineering; building; building design; NBSIR

81-2195

earthquakes; engineering; foundations; professional practice; provisions; soil structure interaction; standards; buildings; design;

NBSIR 80-2111-3. earthquakes; engineering; masonry; standards; structural engineering;

building; building codes; building design; NBSIR 80-2111-5. earthquakes; engineering; reinforced concrete; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; NBSIR 80- 2111-4

earthquakes; engineering; standards; steel; structural engineering;

building; building codes; building design; NBSIR 80-2111-6. earthquakes; engineering; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; NBSIR 80-2111-11. earthquakes; engineering; standards; structural engineering; wood;

building; building codes; building design; NBSIR 80-2111-7. earth temperature; heat transfer; pipes; thermal insulation; thermal

properties; underground systems; computer program; NBSIR 81- 2378. economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy

conservation; marginal price; net present value; residential water

conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water- saving devices; benefits; cost-effective; costs; NBSIR 81-2304. economic analysis; energy analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138. economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low- income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; 20499. economic analysis; energy conservation; investment analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to-investment ratio; benefit- cost analysis; building economics; cost effective; NBSIR 81-2397. economic decision framework; energy conservation; marginal price; net present value; residential water conservation; wastewater

treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices; benefits; costeffective; costs; economic analysis; NBSIR 81-2304. economic evaluations; energy conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic; cost

effectiveness; H135. economic impact; economics; energy; model code; noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes;

building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; NBSIR

81-2366. economic optimization; life-cycle costing; solar economics; solar energy; NBSIR 81-2342. economics; energy; model code; noise control; acoustical design;

acoustics; architectural design; building codes; building economics;

construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; NBSIR 81- 2366. economics; energy conservation codes; fire safety codes; regulation;

benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; codes; construction regulation; NBSIR 81-2223. economics; Federal buildings; life-cycle costs; solar energy; 20151.

49
economics; fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building regulation; codes; construction economics;

construction regulation; NBSIR 81-2402. economics; government regulation; safety regulation; standards; cost- benefit; 20031. economics; housing; productivity; regulation; renovation; building codes; building economics; construction; cost; NBSIR 80-2150. edge heat loss; effective thermal conductivity; gap-temperature

unbalance; guarded-hot-plate; heat source distribution; insulation; thermal conductivity; 20735.

effective intensity; emergency warning lights; flashing lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning light; warning signals; conspicuity; SP480-37.

effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures;

installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water

heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks; SP606.

effective thermal conductivity; gap-temperature unbalance; guardedhot-plate; heat source distribution; insulation; thermal conductivity;

edge heat loss; 20735.

efficiency; energy; field test; in-situ test; standard penetration test (SPT); blow count; cathead; drilling rig; 20320.

efficiency; flow rate; heat transfer fluid; solar collector; thermal performance; NBS-GCR-80-254.

efficiency deterioration in series arrays; performance of collectors in

series; solar collector arrays; collector slope and intercept; correction factor for in-series collectors; 20148.

efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating systems; gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion; boilers; central heating; condensing boilers; NBSIR 80-2094 EHV power lines; noise, audible; audible noise; 20362.

electrical; elevators; mechanical; seismic coefficients; architectural; NBSIR 80-2111-8

electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; NBSIR 81-2289.

electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; NBSIR 80-2171.

electrical design; energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC systems; performance standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling; SP608.

electrical design; energy distribution; National Electrical Code; power

factor correction; source energy; transformers; SP608; 1981 May.

37-56.

electrical devices; humidity, thermal insulation and corrosion of

electrical wiring; shock hazards; urea-formaldehyde thermal

insulation; cellulose thermal insulation; corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and devices; NBSIR 81-2220

electrical fire; low ambient temperature; trip time; branch circuits; circuit breaker; NBSIR 81-2221.

electric energy transmission; high voltage; human response to noise; noise pollution; psychoacoustics; transmission line audible noise; corona noise; 20029.

electric wire; field measurements; temperature excursions; thermal

insulation; branch circuit; NBSIR 81-2347.

elevators; mechanical; seismic coefficients; architectural; electrical; NBSIR 80-2111-8 EMCS; energy management; energy monitoring and control systems; HVAC controls; reliability study; building energy conservation

systems; NBSIR 81-2346. emergency warning lights; flashing lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning light; warning signals; conspicuity; effective

intensity; SP480-37

energy; field survey; insulation; moisture content; residences; retrofit; thermal resistance; conservation; 20463. energy; field test; in-situ test; standard penetration test (SPT); blow

count; cathead; drilling rig; efficiency; 20320. energy; heat-recovery; insulation; measurement; office-building;

radiant; solar; space-heating; air-cooling; air leakage; 20539. energy; heat transfer; hot water; measurement; solar; testing; 20103.

energy; model code; noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes; building economics;

construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; NBSIR 81-2366

energy; United Stand; alternative; California; Class K code;

conservation; discrimination; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. energy analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; government

buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance;

certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; SP608; 1981 May. 133-138. energy analysis; single-family detached residence; building design; building energy performance standards; computer simulation of house energy requirements; degree days; NBSIR 80-2184. energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC systems; performance

standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer

modeling; electrical design; SP608. energy audit; energy conservation; Illinois; maintenance; public

buildings; state government; cost; construction; SP608; 1981 May.

123-132. energy budget; energy conservation; performance standards; Statement of Review; verification; building code; building

envelope; comparison; compliance; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. energy budgets; housing research; housing standards; performance

requirements; standards development; building energy use; building

service systems; NBS-GCR-80-280.

energy calculation; energy conservation; thermal comfort; whole- house ventilation; building thermal performance; TNI138. energy calculation; environmental chamber; heating/cooling load; nighttime cooling; desert climate; 20754. energy calculation; simplified energy analysis; ASHRAE TC 4.7; computer analysis; 20521. energy calculations; HVAC systems and equipment; validation; Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS); 20758

energy conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm

doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows;

automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; SP606. energy conservation; energy economics; life-cycle costing; microeconomic analysis; solar energy economics; cost effectiveness; 2016Z

energy conservation; energy policy; Hawaii; performance standards; building energy performance; codes; SP608; 1981 May. 105-112. energy conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive

solar; regional analysis; thermal efficiency; windows; building economics; daylighting; NBSIR 81-2248. energy conservation; envelope design; instructional facilities; passive

solar energy; windows; daylighting; 20541. energy conservation; exterior wall; HVAC calculations; insulation;

life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass; building design; building economics; BSS134.

energy conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic; cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; H135. energy conservation; Federal programs; government buildings;

hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138. energy conservation; fenestration design; illumination; lighting control; solar heat gain; window management; daylight; NBSIR 80-

2147. energy conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space

heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump;

buildings; construction; SP608\ 1981 May. 69-81. energy conservation; HVAC systems; innovation; mathematical model; optimization; cost savings; SP608\ 1981 May. 21-35. energy conservation; HVAC systems; performance standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; SP608.

50
energy conservation; Illinois; maintenance; public buildings; state government; cost; construction; energy audit; SP608; 1981 May.

123-132. energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low-income housing;

materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; 20499. energy conservation; investment analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to-investment ratio; benefit-cost

analysis; building economics; cost effective; economic analysis; NBSIR 81-2397. energy conservation; lighting; man/environment research; noise; office building; post-occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows; BSS130.

energy conservation; marginal price; net present value; residential water conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices; benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic

analysis; economic decision framework; NBSIR 81-2304. energy conservation; night cooling; night ventilation; thermal mass;

20538. energy conservation; performance standards; Statement of Review;

verification; building code; building envelope; comparison;

compliance; energy budget; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. energy conservation; program measure; Residential Conservation

Service; Solar Model Audit; auditor training; SP608; 1981 May.

183-194. energy conservation; retrofit; sulfur hexafluoride; tracer gas; weatherization; air infiltration; air sample bags; 20365. energy conservation; thermal comfort; whole-house ventilation; building thermal performance; energy calculation; TNI 138. energy conservation codes; fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost

analysis; building economics; building regulation; codes; construction regulation; economics; NBSIR 81-2223. energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; historic preservation and energy conservation; load calculation; masonry thermal mass; system simulation; building energy analysis; NBSIR 81-2317. energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; load calculations; building energy analysis; computer modeling; controls; control

strategies; NBSIR 81-2277. energy conservation in commercial buildings; energy conservation,

user acceptance; lighting measurements; performance data for commercial office buildings in New England; solar energy in commercial buildings; building models, computer; BSS133. energy conservation in commercial buildings; energy monitoring and

control systems; mechanical systems; building envelope; building

performance data; computer data acquisition; NBSIR 81-2358. energy conservation in commercial buildings; heat pumps; validation of computer models, buildings; building models; building

performance data; computer simulations, building; 20512. energy conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners;

practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows;

vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices;

caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; SP606. energy conservation standards; solar energy; trainee performance

testing; BEPS; code compliance; code conflicts; SP608; 1981 May.

139-157. energy conservation, user acceptance; lighting measurements; performance data for commercial office buildings in New England;

solar energy in commercial buildings; building models, computer;

energy conservation in commercial buildings; BSS133.

energy consumption; field measurements; usage patterns; water

consumption; clothes dryer usage characteristics; clothes washer

usage characteristic; data profiles; dishwasher usage characteristic; NBSIR 80-2136. energy consumption by buildings; office building ventilation; ventilation analysis; weather and building air exchange; building air exchange; commercial building ventilation; 20605. energy distribution; National Electrical Code; power factor correction; source energy; transformers; electrical design; SP608;

1981 May. 37-56. energy economics; life-cycle costing; microeconomic analysis; solar energy economics; cost effectiveness; energy conservation; 20167.

energy efficiency standards; engineering-economic analysis; heat pump; mechanical equipment efficiency ratings; minimum efficiency standards; space cooling requirements; space heating requirements;

NBSIR 81-2241. energy management; energy monitoring and control systems; HVAC

controls; reliability study; building energy conservation systems; EMCS; NBSIR 81-2346. energy measurement; field instrument force measurement; field testing; in-situ testing; soil mechanics; transducers; BSS135. energy measurement; steam consumption measurement; uncertainty

estimate; building energy monitoring; NBSIR 81-2313. energy monitoring and control systems; HVAC controls; reliability study; building energy conservation systems; EMCS; energy management; NBSIR 81-2346. energy monitoring and control systems; mechanical systems; building

envelope; building performance data; computer data acquisition; energy conservation in commercial buildings; NBSIR 81-2358. energy policy; Hawaii; performance standards; building energy

performance; codes; energy conservation; SP608; 1981 May. 105-

112. energy savings; field study; thermal comfort; weatherization

retrofitting; comfort; Community Services Administration Optimal

Weatherization Demonstration; 20752. energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; low income;

non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; deed;

developers; SP608- 1981 May. 173-178. engine-driven heat pump; heating and cooling equipment; heating,

ventilating and air conditioning; heat pump; building heating and

cooling; NBSIR 79-1911. engineering; Federal government; seismic safety; standards; structural engineering; building; building design; earthquakes; NBSIR 81- 2195

engineering; foundations; professional practice; provisions; soil structure interaction; standards; buildings; design; earthquakes;

NBSIR 80-2111-3. engineering; masonry; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; NBSIR 80-2111-5. engineering; organization; provisions; scope; specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement; building; classification; code; BSS136.

engineering; reinforced concrete; standards; structural engineering;

building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; NBSIR 80- 2111-4

engineering; standards; steel; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; NBSIR 80-2111-6. engineering; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; NBSIR 80-2111-11. engineering; standards; structural engineering; wood; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; NBSIR 80-2111-7. engineering-economic analysis; heat pump; mechanical equipment

efficiency ratings; minimum efficiency standards; space cooling

requirements; space heating requirements; energy efficiency standards; NBSIR 81-2241. engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive solar; regional

analysis; thermal efficiency; windows; building economics;

daylighting; energy conservation; NBSIR 81-2248. envelope design; instructional facilities; passive solar energy; windows; daylighting; energy conservation; 20541. environmental chamber; heating/cooling load; nighttime cooling;

desert climate; energy calculation; 20754. environmental exposure; reliability; solar collectors; solar materials; stagnation testing; accelerated aging; durability; TNI 136. environmental noise; high voltage transmission lines; human response

to noise; listening room; corona noise; 20030. environmental noise; noise measurements; psychoacoustics;

psychology; acoustics; annoyance; 20475. environmental noise impact; high-voltage transmission lines; human

response to noise; modification of noise spectra; aversiveness measures; corona noise; 20361. environmental psychology; families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology; standards; children; design; NBSGCR-81-320

51
ergonomics; functional capacity; handicap; locks; architectural

barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards; disability; door

closers; door openers; doors; NBSIR 80-21 74. estimation; location factors; model building; statistical analysis; applied economics; construction; cost; NBSIR 81-2250. evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete;

electrical; NBSIR 81-2289.

evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; NBSIR

80-2171. evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; pictogram; response; symbol; understandability; communication; NBSIR 80-2088

evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public

assembly; public safety; stadiums; auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design procedures; NBSIR 81-2361.

exhalation; materials; measurement; permeability; radon; transport; buildings; concrete; diffusion; TNI139. existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards; building

rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; NBSIR 80-2081.

exit signs; fire safety; pictograms; symbols; understandability;

visibility; visual alerting; directional arrows; NBSIR 81-2268. expansion; fly ash; MgO; slag; soundness; strength; cement; NBSIR

81-2273. experiences; issues and concerns; laboratory accreditation: solar

collector; standards; certification; 20705. experimental code; field test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. experimental psychology; hearing; psychoacoustics; audition; auditory

localization; auditory space perception; 20477.

exterior restoration; field tests; guide specifications; laboratory tests; paint removal methods; White House; coatings; NBSIR 80-2122.

exterior wall; HVAC calculations; insulation; life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass; building design; building economics; energy

conservation; BSS134.

extra high voltage (EHV) transmission lines; audible noise; corona

noise; 20203. extreme value distributions; Rayleigh distributions; sampling errors; structural reliability; wind engineering; wind forces; 20293. extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology; structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; wind profiles; atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design (structural); 20525. F

facility design; facility management; public assembly; public safety; stadiums; auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design

procedures; evaluation procedures; NBSIR 81-2361.

facility management; public assembly; public safety; stadiums; auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design procedures;

evaluation procedures; facility design; NBSIR 81-2361.

failure; fiat plate; shear; strength; building; collapse; concrete; concrete strength; construction; NBSIR 81-2374.

families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology;

standards; children; design; environmental psychology; NBS-GCR81-320.

fan depressurization; low-income houses; weatherization; air

infiltration; air sample bags; 20540.

f-chart; HUD initiative; performance standards; solar collectors; solar water heaters; storage tanks; thermal performance; 20121. FCHART computer program; National Solar Demonstration

Program; solar energy systems; space heating load; thermal performance; auxiliary energy; NBS-GCR-81-321.

Federal buildings; life-cycle costs; solar energy; economics; 20151. Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public

buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic; cost

effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy conservation; H135.

Federal government; seismic safety; standards; structural engineering;

building; building design; earthquakes; engineering; NBSIR 81-

2195. Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; energy conservation; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138.

felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane;

complementary strain energy; TN1152.

fenestration design; illumination; lighting control; solar heat gain; window management; daylight; energy conservation; NBSIR 80- 2147.

fibrous glass board; guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; SRM; thermal

conductivity; thermal resistance; calibration; 20089.

field instrument force measurement; field testing; in-situ testing; soil mechanics; transducers; energy measurement; BSS135.

field measurements; temperature excursions; thermal insulation; branch circuit; electric wire; NBSIR 81-2347.

field measurements; usage patterns; water consumption; clothes dryer

usage characteristics; clothes washer usage characteristic; data

profiles; dishwasher usage characteristic; energy consumption;

NBSIR 80-2136

field study; occupant comfort; optimal weatherization demonstration; thermal comfort; thermostat setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and thermal comfort; Community Services Administration; NBSIR 81-2335.

field study; thermal comfort; weatherization retrofitting; comfort; Community Services Administration Optimal Weatherization Demonstration; energy savings; 20752.

field survey; guidelines; low-sloped roofs; roofing performance; solar

collectors; collector installation; 20259.

field survey; industrial process heat; materials performance; solar

collector; standards; test methods; NBSIR 81-2381.

field survey; insulation; moisture content; residences; retrofit; thermal

resistance; conservation; energy; 20463.

field test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking; protestors;

solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental

code; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178.

field test; in-situ test; standard penetration test (SPT); blow count; cathead; drilling rig; efficiency; energy; 20320.

field testing; in-situ testing; soil mechanics; transducers; energy measurement; field instrument force measurement; BSS135.

field tests; guide specifications; laboratory tests; paint removal

methods; White House; coatings; exterior restoration; NBSIR 80- 2122.

final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar;

regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; NBSIR 81-2244

finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength; structural

safety; work surfaces; codes and standards; construction safety; design; NBSIR 81-2265.

finite element; scaffold failures; scaffolding practices; scaffolds; structural analysis; accidents; codes and standards; construction

loads; construction safety; NBS-GCR-80-255.

fire safety; glazing; hazards; passive solar; building codes; constraints; 20470

fire safety; handicapped; life safety; accessibility; building

accessibility; building research; NBSIR 81-2245.

fire-safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; pictogram;

response; symbol; understandability; communication; evaluation method; NBSIR 80-2088

fire safety; pictograms; symbols; understandability; visibility; visual

alerting; directional arrows; exit signs; NBSIR 81-2268.

fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics;

building regulation; codes; construction regulation; economics; energy conservation codes; NBSIR 81-2223.

fire safety codes; regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics;

building regulation; codes; construction economics; construction

regulation; economics; NBSIR 81-2402.

52
fire tests; roofing fire resistance; roofing fire tests; solar collectors; NBSIR 81-2344.

flashing lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning light; warning signals; conspicuity; effective intensity; emergency

warning lights; SP480-37.

flat plate; shear; strength; building; collapse; concrete; concrete

strength; construction; failure; NBSIR 81-2374.

flat-plate solar collectors; German Bundesverband Solarenergie; solar collector testing; water-heating solar collectors; collector efficiency; comparison German BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; 20079. flood forces; foundations; hurricane forces; mobile home; soil anchors;

standards; tiedown; wind forces; buoyancy forces; BSS132.

flood loads; mobile home foundations; mobile home standards; soil anchors; soil testing; NBSIR 81-2238. flow; history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream- depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; NBSIR 81-2249. flow; model; plumbing; quasi-steady; unsteady; characteristics; discharge; drainage; J. Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April, flow rate; heat transfer fluid; solar collector; thermal performance;

efficiency; NBS-GCR-80-254.

fly ash; cement; concrete; NBSIR 81-2239.

fly ash; MgO; slag; soundness; strength; cement; expansion; NBSIR

81-2273.

fossil-fuel heating systems; gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion; boilers; central heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; NBSIR 80-2094. foundation design; geotechnical engineering; housing construction; mine subsidence; mining; settlement; structural design; structural engineering; design criteria; NBSIR 81-2215. foundations; hurricane forces; mobile home; soil anchors; standards; tiedown; wind forces; buoyancy forces; flood forces; BSS132.

foundations; professional practice; provisions; soil structure

interaction; standards; buildings; design; earthquakes; engineering;

NBSIR 80-2111-3. functional capacity; handicap; locks; architectural barriers; building

accessibility; codes and standards; disability; door closers; door

openers; doors; ergonomics; NBSIR 80-21 74. G gap-temperature unbalance; guarded-hot-plate; heat source

distribution; insulation; thermal conductivity; edge heat loss; effective thermal conductivity; 20735.

gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; pulse combustion; boilers; central

heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating

systems; NBSIR 80-2094. general adverse effect of noise; intermittency; loudness; noise criteria; time-varying noise; duration; NBSIR 81-2377. general corrosion; mathematical modeling; prestressed concrete;

prestressing steel; stress corrosion; concrete; corrosion; NBSIR 81- 2390. geotechnical engineering; housing construction; mine subsidence; mining; settlement; structural design; structural engineering; design

criteria; foundation design; NBSIR 81-2215. German Bundesverband Solarenergie; solar collector testing; water- heating solar collectors; collector efficiency; comparison German

BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; flat-plate solar collectors; 20079.

glazing; hazards; passive solar; building codes; constraints; fire safety; 20470

government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical

assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138. government regulation; safety regulation; standards; cost-benefit; economics; 20031. gradually varied flow; hydraulic jump; partially filled pipe flow; building drainage; NBSIR 81-2367. greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs; building codes;

building officials; codes and standards; convective loops; SP608;

1981 May. 159-166.

ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade

geothermal; radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy conservation; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; SRM; thermal conductivity; thermal resistance; calibration; fibrous glass board; 20089.

guarded-hot-plate; heat source distribution; insulation; thermal

conductivity; edge heat loss; effective thermal conductivity; gap- temperature unbalance; 20735.

guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental

code; field test; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178.

guidelines; low-sloped roofs; roofing performance; solar collectors; collector installation; field survey; 20259. guide specifications; laboratory tests; paint removal methods; White

House; coatings; exterior restoration; field tests; NBSIR 80-2122. gust speed; instrumentation; wind sensor; wind speed; anemometer;

drag sphere; 20059. H

hail loads; snow loads; solar collectors; structural engineering; wind

loads; earthquake loads; NBSIR 81-2199

handicap; locks; architectural barriers; building accessibility; codes and standards; disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics; functional capacity; NBSIR 80-2174. handicapped; life safety; accessibility; building accessibility; building

research; fire safety; NBSIR 81-2245. handicapped users; tactile warnings; accessibility; alarms; blind; code

requirements; communication; deaf; directional indicators; NBSIR

81-2428

Hawaii; performance standards; building energy performance; codes; energy conservation; energy policy; SP608; 1981 May. 105-112. hazard; pictograms; safety; signs; standards; symbols; visual alerting; warnings; communication; NBSIR 80-2003. hazards; passive solar; building codes; constraints; fire safety; glazing; 20470

hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; pictogram; response; symbol; understandability; communication; evaluation method; fire- safety; NBSIR 80-2088

hearing; psychoacoustics; audition; auditory localization; auditory space perception; experimental psychology; 20477. heat balance for a single room; heat transfer; radiosity shape factors; building heating/cooling loads; NBSIR 81-2321. heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs; building codes; building officials; codes and standards; convective loops; greenhouses; SP608; 1981 May. 159-166. heat flow meter; SRM; thermal conductivity; thermal resistance; calibration; fibrous glass board; guarded hot plate; 20089. heating and cooling equipment; heating, ventilating and air conditioning; heat pump; building heating and cooling; engine- driven heat pump; NBSIR 79-1911. heating/cooling load; nighttime cooling; desert climate; energy

calculation; environmental chamber; 20754. heating/cooling load calculation; indoor temperature; NBSLD; attic temperature; BLAST; computer simulation; DoE-2; 20755.

heating, ventilating and air conditioning; heat pump; building heating and cooling; engine-driven heat pump; heating and cooling

equipment; NBSIR 79-1911. heat pump; building heating and cooling; engine-driven heat pump;

heating and cooling equipment; heating, ventilating and air conditioning; NBSIR 79-1911. heat pump; mechanical equipment efficiency ratings; minimum

efficiency standards; space cooling requirements; space heating

requirements; energy efficiency standards; engineering-economic

analysis; NBSIR 81-2241. heat pumps; validation of computer models, buildings; building models; building performance data; computer simulations, building; energy conservation in commercial buildings; 20512. heat-recovery; insulation; measurement; office-building; radiant; solar; space-heating; air-cooling; air leakage; energy; 20539.

53
heat source distribution; insulation; thermal conductivity; edge heat

loss; effective thermal conductivity; gap-temperature unbalance;

guarded-hot-plate; 20735.

heat transfer; hot water; measurement; solar; testing; energy; 20103. heat transfer; pebble-bed storage; solar collector; system efficiency; thermal performance; air leakage; NBS-GCR-81-302. heat transfer; pipes; thermal insulation; thermal properties; underground systems; computer program; earth temperature; NBSIR 81-2378. heat transfer; radiosity shape factors; building heating/cooling loads; heat balance for a single room; NBSIR 81-2321. heat transfer fluid; solar collector; thermal performance; efficiency; flow rate; NBS-GCR-80-254.

high voltage; human response to noise; noise pollution; psychoacoustics; transmission line audible noise; corona noise;

electric energy transmission; 20029. high voltage transmission lines; human response to noise; listening room; corona noise; environmental noise; 20030. high-voltage transmission lines; human response to noise; modification of noise spectra; aversiveness measures; corona noise; environmental noise impact; 20361.

historic; passive solar; retrofit; solar greenhouse; Trombe wall; 20440.

historic preservation and energy conservation; load calculation; masonry thermal mass; system simulation; building energy analysis; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; NBSIR 81-231 7. history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth;

unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; NBSIR 81-2249.

horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; history; NBSIR 81-2249.

horizontal; measurements; partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; unsteady;

velocity; water; depth-time history; 20147.

hospitals; rate of return; schools; technical assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; energy

conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; SP608\

1981 May. 133-138. hot water; measurement; solar; testing; energy; heat transfer; 20103. household behavior patterns; housing characteristics (physical); housing security; public housing security; security hardware;

victimization survey; burglary; crime in public housing; NBS-GCR80-291. housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology;

standards; children; design; environmental psychology; families; NBS-GCR-81-320

housing; Operation Breakthrough; post-occupancy housing

evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods;

survey research; user needs; dwelling units (residential); NBSIR 81- 2258

housing; productivity; regulation; renovation; building codes; building economics; construction; cost; economics; NBSIR 80-2150. housing characteristics (physical); housing security; public housing

security; security hardware; victimization survey; burglary; crime

in public housing; household behavior patterns; NBS-GCR-80-291.

housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance

levels; regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; NBSIR 80-2081. housing construction; mine subsidence; mining; settlement; structural design; structural engineering; design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical engineering; NBSIR 81-2215. housing research; housing standards; performance requirements; standards development; building energy use; building service systems; energy budgets; NBS-GCR-80-280.

housing security; public housing security; security hardware;

victimization survey; burglary; crime in public housing; household

behavior patterns; housing characteristics (physical); NBS-GCR-80-

291. housing standards; performance requirements; standards development;

building energy use; building service systems; energy budgets;

housing research; NBS-GCR-80-280. HUD initiative; performance standards; solar collectors; solar water

heaters; storage tanks; thermal performance; f-chart; 20121. human response to noise; listening room; corona noise; environmental

noise; high voltage transmission lines; 20030.

human response to noise; modification of noise spectra; aversiveness measures; corona noise; environmental noise impact; high-voltage

transmission lines; 20361. human response to noise; noise pollution; psychoacoustics;

transmission line audible noise; corona noise; electric energy

transmission; high voltage; 20029. humidity, thermal insulation and corrosion of electrical wiring; shock

hazards; urea-formaldehyde thermal insulation; cellulose thermal

insulation; corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and devices;

electrical devices; NBSIR 81-2220. hurricane forces; mobile home; soil anchors; standards; tiedown; wind

forces; buoyancy forces; flood forces; foundations; BSS132.

hurricanes; micrometeorology; structures; tornadoes; wind

engineering; wind profiles; atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design (structural); extreme winds; 20525.

hurricanes; reliability; risk; structural engineering; building (codes); climatology; 20764. hurricane winds; structural damage; structures; wind; wind speed; building performance; 20759. HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; NBSIR 81-2289 HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; NBSIR 80-2171. HVAC calculations; insulation; life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass;

building design; building economics; energy conservation; exterior

wall; BSS134

HVAC controls; reliability study; building energy conservation

systems; EMCS; energy management; energy monitoring and

control systems; NBSIR 81-2346. HVAC systems; innovation; mathematical model; optimization; cost

savings; energy conservation; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. HVAC systems; performance standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; energy

conservation; SP608. HVAC systems and equipment; validation; Building Energy

Performance Standards (BEPS); energy calculations; 20758. hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade geothermal;

radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass;

walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy

conservation; ground coupled; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression

analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive

strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final set; NBSIR

81-2244. hydraulic jump; partially filled pipe flow; building drainage; gradually

varied flow; NBSIR 81-2367 hydronic heating; pulse combustion; boilers; central heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating systems;

gas-fired boilers; NBSIR 80-2094.I

Illinois; maintenance; public buildings; state government; cost; construction; energy audit; energy conservation; SP608; 1981 May.

123-132. illuminance; illumination; irradiance; solar radiation; daylighting; TNI 148

illumination; irradiance; solar radiation; daylighting; illuminance; TN1148

illumination; lighting; lighting levels; superthreshold visibility; vision; conspicuity; contrast; NBSIR 81-2231.

illumination; lighting control; solar heat gain; window management;

daylight; energy conservation; fenestration design; NBSIR 80-2147. impact noise; noise control; noise isolation; noise rating; acoustics; building acoustics; NBS-GCR-80-249

indoor; outdoor; parallel; series; simulation; solar; testing; collector; 20648

indoor temperature; NBSLD; attic temperature; BLAST; computer

simulation; DoE-2; heating/cooling load calculation; 20755.

54
industrial process heat; materials performance; solar collector; standards; test methods; field survey; NBSIR 81-2381.

infiltration; natural ventilation; building energy analysis; computer

simulation; NBSIR 81-2404.

infiltration review; ventilation analysis; air leakage measurement; 20364

information networks; master specification; specification; specification

writers; systems analysis; buildings; classification; construction

specifications; decision tables; 20329. information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems

analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; NBSIR

80-1979. information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems

analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; NBSIR

80-1979-1. information networks; network; standards; standards-writers; systems

analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; 19998.

infrared thermography; insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing systems; built-up roofing electrical capacitance; BSS131.

initialization of heat transfer problem; parallel heat flow; response

factors; thick building construction; conduction heat transfer; conduction transfer functions; NBSIR 81-2353.

initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final set; hydration;

NBSIR 81-2244

innovation; mathematical model; optimization; cost savings; energy

conservation; HVAC systems; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35.

in-situ test; standard penetration test (SPT); blow count; cathead;

drilling rig; efficiency; energy; field test; 20320.

in-situ testing; soil mechanics; transducers; energy measurement; field instrument force measurement; field testing; BSS135.

installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water

heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures; SP606.

installation; recommended requirements; solar energy; solar systems; building codes; building officials; consensus; construction; document; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172.

instructional facilities; passive solar energy; windows; daylighting; energy conservation; envelope design; 20541.

instrumentation; sensors; building energy monitoring; NBSIR 80- 2104

instrumentation; wind sensor; wind speed; anemometer; drag sphere; gust speed; 20059.

insulation; labor cost; low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data

collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; 20499.

insulation; life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass; building design; building economics; energy conservation; exterior wall; HVAC

calculations; BSS134.

insulation; measurement; office-building; radiant; solar; space-heating;

air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat-recovery; 20539.

insulation; moisture content; residences; retrofit; thermal resistance; conservation; energy; field survey; 20463.

insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive

evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing

systems; built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; BSS131.

insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm

doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows;

automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy

conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; SP606.

insulation; thermal conductivity; edge heat loss; effective thermal

conductivity; gap-temperature unbalance; guarded-hot-plate; heat source distribution; 20735.

interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology; standards;

children; design; environmental psychology; families; housing;

NBS-GCR-81-32a

intermittency; loudness; noise criteria; time-varying noise; duration; general adverse effect of noise; NBSIR 81-2377.

Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling procedures; national

testing program; regulation; solar collector; standards; voluntary program; certification; consumer protection; SP608; 1981 May. 179-

181. inverted cave; low grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space

heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump;

buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground coupled;

hybrid solar energy system; SP608\ 1981 May. 69-81. investment analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to- investment ratio; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; cost

effective; economic analysis; energy conservation; NBSIR 81-2397.

irradiance; solar radiation; daylighting; illuminance; illumination; TN1148.

issues and concerns; laboratory accreditation; solar collector; standards; certification; experiences; 20705. K

key words; publications; abstracts; building technology; Center for Building Technology; SP457-5.L

labeling procedures; national testing program; regulation; solar collector; standards; voluntary program; certification; consumer

protection; Interstate Solar Coordination Council; SP608; 1981 May. 179-181. laboratory accreditation; solar collector; standards; certification; experiences; issues and concerns; 20705. laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength

prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final set; hydration; initial set; NBSIR 81-2244

laboratory tests; paint removal methods; White House; coatings; exterior restoration; field tests; guide specifications; NBSIR 80- 2121

labor cost; low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; 20499.

length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume;

water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; NBSIR 81-2249.

life-cycle cost; recommended practice; savings-to-investment ratio; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; cost effective; economic

analysis; energy conservation; investment analysis; NBSIR 81-2397.

life-cycle cost analysis; masonry; mass; building design; building economics; energy conservation; exterior wall; HVAC calculations;

insulation; BSS134.

life-cycle costing; microeconomic analysis; solar energy economics;

cost effectiveness; energy conservation; energy economics; 20167.

life-cycle costing; public buildings; renewable energy; solar energy;

solar photovoltaic; cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy

conservation; Federal energy management program; H135.

life-cycle costing; solar economics; solar energy; economic

optimization; NBSIR 81-2342.

life-cycle costs; passive solar; regional analysis; thermal efficiency; windows; building economics; daylighting; energy conservation; engineering economics; NBSIR 81-2248.

life-cycle costs; solar energy; economics; Federal buildings; 20151.

life safety; accessibility; building accessibility; building research; fire safety; handicapped; NBSIR 81-2245.

lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology; standards; children; design; environmental psychology; families; housing; interiors; NBS-GCR-81-320

light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling;

training programs; building codes; building officials; codes and

standards; convective loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers; SP608;

1981 May. 159-166.

lighting; lighting levels; superthreshold visibility; vision; conspicuity;

contrast; illumination; NBSIR 81-2231.

lighting; man/environment research; noise; office building; post- occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows; energy conservation; BSS130.

55
lighting control; solar heat gain; window management; daylight; energy conservation; fenestration design; illumination; NBSIR 80- 2147.

lighting design; lighting research; lighting survey; building program; NBS-GCR-81-333.

lighting levels; superthreshold visibility; vision; conspicuity; contrast; illumination; lighting; NBSIR 81-2231.

lighting measurements; performance data for commercial office buildings in New England; solar energy in commercial buildings; building models, computer; energy conservation in commercial

buildings; energy conservation, user acceptance; BSS133.

lighting research; lighting survey; building program; lighting design; NBS-GCR-81-333.

lighting survey; building program; lighting design; lighting research; NBS-GCR-81-333.

lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning light; warning signals; conspicuity; effective intensity; emergency warning lights; flashing

lights; SP480-37.

listening room; corona noise; environmental noise; high voltage

transmission lines; human response to noise; 20030.

load; roof; snow; snow load; solar collector; structural engineering;

building; 20430

load calculation; masonry thermal mass; system simulation; building energy analysis; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings;

historic preservation and energy conservation; NBSIR 81-231 7. load calculations; building energy analysis; computer modeling;

controls; control strategies; energy conservation for nonresidential

buildings; NBSIR 81-2277

loads; scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength; structural safety; work

surfaces; codes and standards; construction safety; design; finite element; NBSIR 81-2265. loads (forces); probability distribution functions; reliability; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind; climatology; 20019.

location factors; model building; statistical analysis; applied economics; construction; cost; estimation; NBSIR 81-2250.

locks; architectural barriers; building accessibility; codes and

standards; disability; door closers; door openers; doors; ergonomics;

functional capacity; handicap; NBSIR 80-2174. loudness; noise criteria; time-varying noise; duration; general adverse

effect of noise; intermittency; NBSIR 81-2377. low ambient temperature; trip time; branch circuits; circuit breaker;

electrical fire; NBSIR 81-2221. low flush toilets; water closets; water conservation; dual flush toilets; NBSIR 81-2296. low grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space heating and

cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. low income; non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim

role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. low-income houses; weatherization; air infiltration; air sample bags;

fan depressurization; 20540. low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; 20499

low-sloped roofs; roofing performance; solar collectors; collector

installation; field survey; guidelines; 20259. M maintain accuracy; reduce cost; reduce input; standard evaluation

technique; BLAST; building energy performance standards; computer modeling; SP608; 1981 May. 113-122. maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; codes; comparative

analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; NBSIR 80-2081. maintenance; public buildings; state government; cost; construction; energy audit; energy conservation; Illinois; SP608; 1981 May. 123-

132. man/environment research; noise; office building; post-occupancy

evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows;

energy conservation; lighting; BSS130.

marginal price; net present value; residential water conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices;

benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy conservation; NBSIR 81-2304. masonry; mass; building design; building economics; energy

conservation; exterior wall; HVAC calculations; insulation; life- cycle cost analysis; BSS134. masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; NBSIR 81-2289. masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood;

building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC;

NBSIR 80-2171. masonry; prohibitions; re-examination; thermal storage; wood

structure; codes; concrete; SP608; 1981 May. 195-200. masonry; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-5. masonry thermal mass; system simulation; building energy analysis; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; historic preservation and energy conservation; load calculation; NBSIR 81-

2317. mass; building design; building economics; energy conservation;

exterior wall; HVAC calculations; insulation; life-cycle cost

analysis; masonry; BSS134.

master specification; specification; specification writers; systems

analysis; buildings; classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; 20329.

materials; measurement; permeability; radon; transport; buildings; concrete; diffusion; exhalation; TN1139.

materials cost; statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy

conservation; insulation; labor cost; low-income housing; 20499.

materials performance; solar collector; standards; test methods; field survey; industrial process heat; NBSIR 81-2381. mathematical model; optimization; cost savings; energy conservation; HVAC systems; innovation; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. mathematical model; roofing; bitumen application temperatures; bituminous roofing; built-up roofing; cooling of roofing bitumens; TN1135

mathematical modeling; prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; stress corrosion; concrete; corrosion; general corrosion; NBSIR 81-2390. maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature

effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early

age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; NBSIR 81- 2244

meaningfulness; method; pictogram; response; symbol;

understandability; communication; evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings; NBSIR 80-2088 measurement; office-building; radiant; solar; space-heating; air-cooling;

air leakage; energy; heat-recovery; insulation; 20539. measurement; permeability; radon; transport; buildings; concrete;

diffusion; exhalation; materials; TNI139. measurement; solar; testing; energy; heat transfer; hot water; 20103. measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance;

uncertainty; collector rating; TNI 140. measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance;

uncertainty; collector rating; 20291. measurement methods; performance criteria; project summaries;

technical bases; building research; building technology; codes;

criteria; SP446-5. measurements; partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; unsteady; velocity; water; depth-time history; horizontal; 20147. mechanical; seismic coefficients; architectural; electrical; elevators; NBSIR 80-2111-8 mechanical equipment efficiency ratings; minimum efficiency standards; space cooling requirements; space heating requirements; energy efficiency standards; engineering-economic analysis; heat pump; NBSIR 81-2241.

56
mechanical systems; building envelope; building performance data; computer data acquisition; energy conservation in commercial

buildings; energy monitoring and control systems; NBSIR 81-2358. meteorology; wind engineering; wind forces; wind tunnels; aerodynamics; building codes; 20524. method; pictogram; response; symbol; understandability; communication; evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings;

meaningfulness; NBSIR 80-2088 methodology; specifications; standards; computer database; computer

program; 20403. MgO; slag; soundness; strength; cement; expansion; fly ash; NBSIR

81-2273. microeconomic analysis; solar energy economics; cost effectiveness; energy conservation; energy economics; life-cycle costing; 20167. micrometeorology; structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; wind

profiles; atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design (structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; 20525. mine subsidence; mining; settlement; structural design; structural engineering; design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical

engineering; housing construction; NBSIR 81-2215. minimum efficiency standards; space cooling requirements; space

heating requirements; energy efficiency standards; engineeringeconomic analysis; heat pump; mechanical equipment efficiency

ratings; NBSIR 81-2241. mining; settlement; structural design; structural engineering; design

criteria; foundation design; geotechnical engineering; housing

construction; mine subsidence; NBSIR 81-2215. mobile home; soil anchors; standards; tiedown; wind forces; buoyancy

forces; flood forces; foundations; hurricane forces; BSS132.

mobile home foundations; mobile home standards; soil anchors; soil testing; flood loads; NBSIR 81-2238. mobile home standards; soil anchors; soil testing; flood loads; mobile home foundations; NBSIR 81-2238

model; plumbing; quasi-steady; unsteady; characteristics; discharge;

drainage; flow; /. Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April, model building; statistical analysis; applied economics; construction;

cost; estimation; location factors; NBSIR 81-2250. model code; noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design; building codes; building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; NBSIR 81- 2366

model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; NBSIR 80-2081. modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building

standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; NBSIR 80-1979. modeling; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building

standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; NBSIR 80-1979-1. modification of noise spectra; aversiveness measures; corona noise; environmental noise impact; high-voltage transmission lines; human

response to noise; 20361.

moisture; moisture detection; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; roofing; thermal resistance; built-up roofing; TN1146

moisture content; residences; retrofit; thermal resistance; conservation; energy; field survey; insulation; 20463. moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing systems; built- up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography;

insulation; BSS131.

moisture detection; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; roofing; thermal resistance; built-up roofing; moisture; TNI 146. moisture measurement; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive

testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing systems; built-up roofing

electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; insulation; moisture

detection; BSS131.

mortar; regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final

set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; NBSIR 81- 2244.

N

National Electrical Code; power factor correction; source energy;

transformers; electrical design; energy distribution; SP608\ 1981 May. 37-56. National Solar Demonstration Program; solar energy systems; space

heating load; thermal performance; auxihary energy; FCHART

computer program; NBS-GCR-81-321.

national testing program; regulation; solar collector; standards; voluntary program; certification; consumer protection; Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling procedures; SP608; 1981 May

179-181. natural ventilation; building energy analysis; computer simulation;

infiltration; NBSIR 81-2404 NBSLD; attic temperature; BLAST; computer simulation; DoE-2;

heating/cooling load calculation; indoor temperature; 20755. NBS solar testing at Gaithersburg; solar hot water heating; computer

codes—F-CHART, SOLCOST, TRNSYS; computer predictions

for solar systems; 20078.

net present value; residential water conservation; wastewater

treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices; benefits; cost- effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework;

energy conservation; marginal price; NBSIR 81-2304. network; standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building

standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; 19998

night cooling; night ventilation; thermal mass; energy conservation; 20538

nighttime cooling; desert climate; energy calculation; environmental chamber; heating/cooling load; 20754. night ventilation; thermal mass; energy conservation; night cooling; 20538

noise; noise control; sound transmission; structureborne noise; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; NBS-GCR-80-

248

noise; office building; post-occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows; energy conservation; lighting; man/environment research; BSS130.

noise, audible; audible noise; EHV power lines; 20362. noise control; acoustical design; acoustics; architectural design;

building codes; building economics; construction costs; cost minimization; economic impact; economics; energy; model code- NBSIR 81-2366

noise control; noise isolation; noise rating; acoustics; building

acoustics; impact noise; NBS-GCR-80-249.

noise control; noise isolation; sound transmission; structure-borne

noise; acoustics; building acoustics; NBS-GCR-80-250.

noise control; sound transmission; structureborne noise; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; noise; NBS-GCR-80-248.

noise criteria; time-varying noise; duration; general adverse effect of

noise; intermittency; loudness; NBSIR 81-2377. noise isolation; noise rating; acoustics; building acoustics; impact

noise; noise control; NBS-GCR-80-249

noise isolation; sound transmission; structure borne noise; acoustics; building acoustics; noise control; NBS-GCR-80-250.

noise measurements; psychoacoustics; psychology; acoustics; annoyance; environmental noise; 20475.

noise pollution; psychoacoustics; transmission line audible noise; corona noise; electric energy transmission; high voltage; human

response to noise; 20029.

noise rating; acoustics; building acoustics; impact noise; noise control; noise isolation; NBS-GCR-80-249

non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; low income; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing systems; built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; BSS131.

nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; roofing; thermal

resistance; built-up roofing; moisture; moisture detection; TNI146.

57
nondestructive evaluation; quality assurance; steel reinforcing bars;

test methods; concrete; construction; NBSIR 80-2163. nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; roofing systems; built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive

evaluation; BSS131.

nondestructive testing; quality testing; radiograph evaluation; visual inspection; visual testing; acuity tests; TNI143. nondestructive testing; roofing; thermal resistance; built-up roofing; moisture; moisture detection; nondestructive evaluation; TN1146.

nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane;

complementary strain energy; felt; TNI152. non-uniform; partially-filled; pitched-horizontal drain; slope; solid; velocity; volume; water; cylindrical; NBSIR 81-2266. nuclear backscatter; roofing systems; built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive

testing; BSS131.

numerical solutions for transient depth; unsteady partially-filled pipe

flow; waste solid transport; building drainage; NBSIR 81-2308. o

occupancy; performance levels; regulation; standards; building

rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; NBSIR 80-2081. occupant comfort; optimal weatherization demonstration; thermal

comfort; thermostat setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and thermal comfort; Community Services

Administration; field study; NBSIR 81-2335.

office building; post-occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows; energy conservation; lighting; man/environment research; noise; BSS130.

office-building; radiant; solar; space-heating; air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat-recovery; insulation; measurement; 20539.

office building ventilation; ventilation analysis; weather and building

air exchange; building air exchange; commercial building

ventilation; energy consumption by buildings; 20605.

oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy

conservation measures; installation; insulation; SP606.

onsite wastewater systems; wastewater disposal; wastewater

recirculation; wastewater reuse; wastewater treatment; water

conservation; NBSIR 81-2210

Operation Breakthrough; post-occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; survey research; user

needs; dwelling units (residential); housing; NBSIR 81-2258. optimal weatherization demonstration; thermal comfort; thermostat

setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and thermal

comfort; Community Services Administration; field study; occupant

comfort; NBSIR 81-2335. optimization; cost savings; energy conservation; HVAC systems; innovation; mathematical model; SP608; 1981 May. 21-35. organization; provisions; scope; specification; standard; system

analysis/engineering; arrangement; building; classification; code;

engineering; BSS136.

outdoor; parallel; series; simulation; solar; testing; collector; indoor; 20648 P

paint removal methods; White House; coatings; exterior restoration;

field tests; guide specifications; laboratory tests; NBSIR 80-2122.

parallel; series; simulation; solar; testing; collector; indoor; outdoor; 20648

parallel heat flow; response factors; thick building construction; conduction heat transfer; conduction transfer functions;

initialization of heat transfer problem; NBSIR 81-2353.

partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length; NBSIR 81-2249.

partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; unsteady; velocity; water; depth-time

history; horizontal; measurements; 20147.

partially-filled; pitched-horizontal drain; slope; solid; velocity; volume;

water; cylindrical; non-uniform; NBSIR 81-2266.

partially filled pipe flow; building drainage; gradually varied flow; hydraulic jump; NBSIR 81-2367.

part-load performance; rating procedure; seasonal efficiency; annual

fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating costs; central heating

equipment; condensing boilers; condensing furnaces; NBSIR 80- 2110

passive/hybrid components; solar energy; steady-state tests; thermal

test procedures; transient thermal tests; NBSIR 81-2300. passive solar; building codes; constraints; fire safety; glazing; hazards; 20470

passive solar; regional analysis; thermal efficiency; windows; building economics; daylighting; energy conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; NBSIR 81-2248. passive solar; retrofit; solar greenhouse; Trombe wall; historic; 20440. passive solar energy; windows; daylighting; energy conservation; envelope design; instructional facilities; 20541. pebble-bed storage; solar collector; system efficiency; thermal performance; air leakage; heat transfer; NBS-GCR-81-302. pedestrian circulation; pedestrian flow; pedestrian movement;

pedestrian ramps; ramps; building circulation; building ramps; NBSIR 81-2310

pedestrian flow; pedestrian movement; pedestrian ramps; ramps;

building circulation; building ramps; pedestrian circulation; NBSIR

81-2310

pedestrian movement; pedestrian ramps; ramps; building circulation; building ramps; pedestrian circulation; pedestrian flow; NBSIR 81- 2310

pedestrian ramps; ramps; building circulation; building ramps;

pedestrian circulation; pedestrian flow; pedestrian movement; NBSIR 81-2310 performance criteria; project summaries; technical bases; building

research; building technology; codes; criteria; measurement

methods; SP446-5. performance data for commercial office buildings in New England;

solar energy in commercial buildings; building models, computer; energy conservation in commercial buildings; energy conservation,

user acceptance; lighting measurements; BSS133. performance levels; regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; NBSIR 80-2081. performance of collectors in series; solar collector arrays; collector slope and intercept; correction factor for in-series collectors; efficiency deterioration in series arrays; 20148. performance requirements; standards development; building energy

use; building service systems; energy budgets; housing research; housing standards; NBS-GCR-80-280

performance standards; building energy performance; codes; energy

conservation; energy policy; Hawaii; SP608; 1981 May. 105-112. performance standards; solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; energy

conservation; HVAC systems; SP608. performance standards; solar collectors; solar water heaters; storage

tanks; thermal performance; f-chart; HUD initiative; 20121. performance standards; Statement of Review; verification; building code; building envelope; comparison; compliance; energy budget; energy conservation; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. permeability; radon; transport; buildings; concrete; diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement; TN1139.

pictogram; response; symbol; understandability; communication;

evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; NBSIR 80-2088

pictograms; safety; signs; standards; symbols; visual alerting; warnings; communication; hazard; NBSIR 80-2003.

58
pictograms; symbols; understandability; visibility; visual alerting; directional arrows; exit signs; fire safety; NBSIR 81-2268.

pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; NBSIR 81-2249. pipe flow; solid; unsteady; velocity; water; depth-time history; horizontal; measurements; partially-filled; 20147.

pipes; thermal insulation; thermal properties; underground systems; computer program; earth temperature; heat transfer; NBSIR 81- 2378. pitched-horizontal drain; slope; solid; velocity; volume; water;

cylindrical; non-uniform; partially-filled; NBSIR 81-2266. plumbing; quasi-steady; unsteady; characteristics; discharge; drainage;

flow; model; J. Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April, plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood;

building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC;

masonry; NBSIR 81-2289. plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building

rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; NBSIR 80-2171. policymaking; protestors; solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; low income;

non-code; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. post-occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows; energy conservation; lighting; man/environment

research; noise; office building; BSS130.

post-occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; survey research; user needs; dwelling units

(residential); housing; Operation Breakthrough; NBSIR 81-2258. power factor correction; source energy; transformers; electrical design; energy distribution; National Electrical Code; SP608; 1981 May. 37-56. practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows;

vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices;

caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation

measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; SP606.

predictability; reproducibility; time to failure; accelerated aging tests; coatings; corrosion; TN1149.

prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; stress corrosion; concrete;

corrosion; general corrosion; mathematical modeling; NBSIR 81- 2390.

prestressing steel; stress corrosion; concrete; corrosion; general

corrosion; mathematical modeling; prestressed concrete; NBSIR

81-2390.

probability distribution functions; reliability; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind; climatology; loads (forces); 20019.

productivity; regulation; renovation; building codes; building economics; construction; cost; economics; housing; NBSIR 80- 2150. productivity measurement; risks of failure; user productivity; building

productivity; computer-integrated construction; conference;

construction duration; NBS-GCR-81-331.

professional practice; provisions; soil structure interaction; standards;

buildings; design; earthquakes; engineering; foundations; NBSIR

80-2111-3. program measure; Residential Conservation Service; Solar Model

Audit; auditor training; energy conservation; SP608; 1981 May.

183-194. prohibitions; re-examination; thermal storage; wood structure; codes; concrete; masonry; SP608; 1981 May. 195-200. Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; survey research; user needs; dwelling units (residential); housing; Operation

Breakthrough; post-occupancy housing evaluation; NBSIR 81-2258. project summaries; technical bases; building research; building

technology; codes; criteria; measurement methods; performance

criteria; SP446-5.

protestors; solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code; field test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. provisions; scope; specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement; building; classification; code; engineering;

organization; BSS136.

provisions; soil structure interaction; standards; buildings; design;

earthquakes; engineering; foundations; professional practice; NBSIR 80-2111-3. psychoacoustics; audition; auditory localization; auditory space

perception; experimental psychology; hearing; 20477. psychoacoustics; psychology; acoustics; annoyance; environmental

noise; noise measurements; 20475. psychoacoustics; transmission line audible noise; corona noise; electric energy transmission; high voltage; human response to noise; noise

pollution; 20029. psychology; acoustics; annoyance; environmental noise; noise measurements; psychoacoustics; 20475. public assembly; public safety; stadiums; auditorium; building

standards; crowd ingress; design procedures; evaluation procedures;

facility design; facility management; NBSIR 81-2361.

publications; abstracts; building technology; Center for Building

Technology; key words; SP457-5.

public buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic;

cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; H135.

public buildings; state government; cost; construction; energy audit; energy conservation; Illinois; maintenance; SP608; 1981 May. 123-

132. public housing security; security hardware; victimization survey;

burglary; crime in public housing; household behavior patterns; housing characteristics (physical); housing security; NBS-GCR-80-

291. public safety; stadiums; auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design procedures; evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public assembly; NBSIR 81-2361. pulse combustion; boilers; central heating; condensing boilers; efficiency, part load; fossil-fuel heating systems; gas-fired boilers; hydronic heating; NBSIR 80-2094 Q quality assurance; steel reinforcing bars; test methods; concrete;

construction; nondestructive evaluation; NBSIR 80-2163.

quality testing; radiograph evaluation; visual inspection; visual testing; acuity tests; nondestructive testing; TNI143. quasi-steady; unsteady; characteristics; discharge; drainage; flow; model; plumbing; / Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April.

questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; windows; energy

conservation; lighting; man/environment research; noise; office building; post-occupancy evaluation; BSS130.

questionnaires; research methods; survey research; user needs; dwelling units (residential); housing; Operation Breakthrough; post- occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; NBSIR 81-2258. R

radiant; solar; space-heating; air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat- recovery; insulation; measurement; office-building; 20539.

radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy

conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted

cave; low grade geothermal; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. radiograph evaluation; visual inspection; visual testing; acuity tests; nondestructive testing; quality testing; TNI143. radiosity shape factors; building heating/cooling loads; heat balance

for a single room; heat transfer; NBSIR 81-2321. radon; transport; buildings; concrete; diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement; permeability; TNI139. ramps; building circulation; building ramps; pedestrian circulation; pedestrian flow; pedestrian movement; pedestrian ramps; NBSIR

81-2310

rate of return; schools; technical assistance; certification; Class A

energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; energy

conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; SP608; 1981 May. 133-138.

59
rating procedure; seasonal efficiency; annual fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating costs; central heating equipment; condensing

boilers; condensing furnaces; part-load performance; NBSIR 80- 2110. Rayleigh distributions; sampling errors; structural reliability; wind

engineering; wind forces; extreme value distributions; 20293.

recirculating hot water systems; solar collectors; system efficiency; thermal performance; domestic hot water; NBS-GCR-81-322. recommended practice; savings-to-investment ratio; benefit-cost

analysis; building economics; cost effective; economic analysis; energy conservation; investment analysis; life-cycle cost; NBSIR

81-2397. recommended requirements; solar energy; solar systems; building codes; building officials; consensus; construction; document;

installation; SP608- 1981 May. 167-172. reduce cost; reduce input; standard evaluation technique; BLAST;

building energy performance standards; computer modeling;

maintain accuracy; SP608\ 1981 May. 113-122. reduce input; standard evaluation technique; BLAST; building energy performance standards; computer modeling; maintain accuracy; reduce cost; SP608- 1981 May. 113-122. re-examination; thermal storage; wood structure; codes; concrete; masonry; prohibitions; SP608- 1981 May. 195-200. regional analysis; thermal efficiency; windows; building economics;

daylighting; energy conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive solar; NBSIR 81-2248. regression analysis; strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final

set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; NBSIR 81-2244.

regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building

regulation; codes; construction regulation; economics; energy

conservation codes; fire safety codes; NBSIR 81-2223.

regulation; benefit-cost analysis; building economics; building

regulation; codes; construction economics; construction regulation; economics; fire safety codes; NBSIR 81-2402.

regulation; renovation; building codes; building economics;

construction; cost; economics; housing; productivity; NBSIR 80- 2150

regulation; site design practices; site engineering; building site standards; NBS-GCR-81-332

regulation; solar collector; standards; voluntary program;

certification; consumer protection; Interstate Solar Coordination

Council; labeling procedures; national testing program; SP608; 1981 May. 179-181. regulation; standards; building rehabilitation; codes; comparative

analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model

codes; occupancy; performance levels; NBSIR 80-2081.

regulations; rehabilitation; building code; building research; buildings; code enforcement; SP623.

rehabilitation; building code; building research; buildings; code

enforcement; regulations; SP623.

reinforced concrete; standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; NBSIR

80-2111-4.

reliability; risk; structural engineering; building (codes); climatology;

hurricanes; 20764.

reliability; solar collectors; solar materials; stagnation testing; accelerated aging; durability; environmental exposure; TNI136.

reliability; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind;

climatology; loads (forces); probability distribution functions; 20019

reliability study; building energy conservation systems; EMCS;

energy management; energy monitoring and control systems; HVAC controls; NBSIR 81-2346. renewable energy; solar energy; solar photovoltaic; cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public buildings; II135. renovation; building codes; building economics; construction; cost; economics; housing; productivity; regulation; NBSIR 80-2150.

reproducibility; time to failure; accelerated aging tests; coatings; corrosion; predictability; TN1149.

research; site planning; sociology; standards; children; design; environmental psychology; families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; NBS-GCR-81-320.

research methods; survey research; user needs; dwelling units

(residential); housing; Operation Breakthrough; post-occupancy

housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; NBSIR 81- 2258.

residences; retrofit; thermal resistance; conservation; energy; field survey; insulation; moisture content; 20463.

Residential Conservation Service; Solar Model Audit; auditor

training; energy conservation; program measure; SP608; 1981 May.

183-194.

residential cooling; seasonal cooling; temperature bin; airconditioning

cooling load; cooling load; 20690.

residential water conservation; wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices; benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy

conservation; marginal price; net present value; NBSIR 81-2304. response; symbol; understandability; communication; evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method;

pictogram; NBSIR 80-2088

response factors; thick building construction; conduction heat

transfer; conduction transfer functions; initialization of heat transfer problem; parallel heat flow; NBSIR 81-2353.

retrofit; solar greenhouse; Trombe wall; historic; passive solar; 20440.

retrofit; sulfur hexafluoride; tracer gas; weatherization; air infiltration;

air sample bags; energy conservation; 20365.

retrofit; thermal resistance; conservation; energy; field survey;

insulation; moisture content; residences; 20463. reverberant field; reverberation room; sound absorption; absorption

coefficient; acoustic impedance; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; diffraction; 20190. reverberation room; sound absorption; absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics;

diffraction; reverberant field; 20190.

risk; structural engineering; building (codes); climatology; hurricanes;

reliability; 20764.

risks of failure; user productivity; building productivity; computerintegrated construction; conference; construction duration; productivity measurement; NBS-GCR-81-331.

roof; snow; snow load; solar collector; structural engineering;

building; load; 20430

roofing; bitumen application temperatures; bituminous roofing; built- up roofing; cooling of roofing bitumens; mathematical model; TN1135.

roofing; thermal resistance; built-up roofing; moisture; moisture

detection; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; TN1146.

roofing fire resistance; roofing fire tests; solar collectors; fire tests; NBSIR 81-2344. roofing fire tests; solar collectors; fire tests; roofing fire resistance; NBSIR 81-2344. roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane; complementary

strain energy; felt; nonlinear; TNI152. roofing performance; solar collectors; collector installation; field survey; guidelines; low-sloped roofs; 20259. roofing systems; built-up roofing electrical capacitance; infrared thermography; insulation; moisture detection; moisture measurement; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nuclear backscatter; BSS131. s

safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices;

caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; SP606.

safety; signs; standards; symbols; visual alerting; warnings; communication; hazard; pictograms; NBSIR 80-2003.

safety regulation; standards; cost-benefit; economics; government

regulation; 20031.

60
sampling errors; structural reliability; wind engineering; wind forces; extreme value distributions; Rayleigh distributions; 20293. savings-to-investment ratio; benefit-cost analysis; building economics;

cost effective; economic analysis; energy conservation; investment

analysis; life-cycle cost; recommended practice; NBSIR 81-2397.

scaffold failures; scaffolding practices; scaffolds; structural analysis; accidents; codes and standards; construction loads; construction

safety; finite element; NBS-GCR-80-255.

scaffolding practices; scaffolds; structural analysis; accidents; codes and standards; construction loads; construction safety; finite element; scaffold failures; NBS-GCR-80-255.

scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength; structural safety; work surfaces; codes and standards; construction safety; design; finite element;

loads; NBSIR 81-2265.

scaffolds; structural analysis; accidents; codes and standards; construction loads; construction safety; finite element; scaffold

failures; scaffolding practices; NBS-GCR-80-255.

schools; technical assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; economic analysis; energy analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138. scope; specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement; building; classification; code; engineering;

organization; provisions; BSS136.

sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water

heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; SP606.

seasonal cooling; temperature bin; airconditioning cooling load; cooling load; residential cooling; 20690. seasonal efficiency; annual fuel utilization efficiency; annual operating

costs; central heating equipment; condensing boilers; condensing

furnaces; part-load performance; rating procedure; NBSIR 80-2110.

security hardware; victimization survey; burglary; crime in public

housing; household behavior patterns; housing characteristics

(physical); housing security; public housing security; NBS-GCR-80-

291. seismic coefficients; architectural; electrical; elevators; mechanical; NBSIR 80-2111-8. seismic design; systems analysis; building; building codes; building

standards; earthquake-resistant design; 20435.

seismic risk; standards, building; building codes; building regulatory system; buildings; building standards; codes, building; earthquake; 20386

seismic risk maps; standards; structural engineering; buildings; buildings (codes); buildings (design); earthquake; NBSIR 80-2111-1. seismic safety; standards; structural engineering; building; building

design; earthquakes; engineering; Federal government; NBSIR 81- 2195.

sensors; building energy monitoring; instrumentation; NBSIR 80- 2104.

series; simulation; solar; testing; collector; indoor; outdoor; parallel; 20648.

settlement; structural design; structural engineering; design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical engineering; housing construction; mine subsidence; mining; NBSIR 81-2215.

shear; strength; building; collapse; concrete; concrete strength; construction; failure; flat plate; NBSIR 81-2374. shock hazards; urea-formaldehyde thermal insulation; cellulose thermal insulation; corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and devices;

electrical devices; humidity, thermal insulation and corrosion of

electrical wiring; NBSIR 81-2220.

signs; standards; symbols; visual alerting; warnings; communication;

hazard; pictograms; safety; NBSIR 80-2003.

simplified energy analysis; ASHRAE TC 4.7; computer analysis; energy calculation; 20521.

simulation; solar; testing; collector; indoor; outdoor; parallel; series; 20648.

single-family detached residence; building design; building energy performance standards; computer simulation of house energy

requirements; degree days; energy analysis; NBSIR 80-2184.

sirens; sound level; warning light; warning signals; conspicuity;

effective intensity; emergency warning lights; flashing lights; lights, warning; SP480-37

site design practices; site engineering; building site standards;

regulation; NBS-GCR-81-332

site engineering; building site standards; regulation; site design

practices; NBS-GCR-81-332

site planning; sociology; standards; children; design; environmental

psychology; families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; NBSGCR-81-320

slag; soundness; strength; cement; expansion; fly ash; MgO; NBSIR

81-2273.

slope; solid; velocity; volume; water; cylindrical; non-uniform;

partially-filled; pitched-horizontal drain; NBSIR 81-2266.

slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow;

history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; NBSIR 81-2249. snow; snow load; solar collector; structural engineering; building;

load; roof; 20430 snow load; solar collector; structural engineering; building; load; roof; snow; 20430. snow loads; solar collectors; structural engineering; wind loads; earthquake loads; hail loads; NBSIR 81-2199. sociology; standards; children; design; environmental psychology;

families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; NBSGCR-81-320

soil anchors; soil testing; flood loads; mobile home foundations; mobile home standards; NBSIR 81-2238.

soil anchors; standards; tiedown; wind forces; buoyancy forces; flood

forces; foundations; hurricane forces; mobile home; BSS132.

soil mechanics; transducers; energy measurement; field instrument

force measurement; field testing; in-situ testing; BSS135.

soil structure interaction; standards; buildings; design; earthquakes;

engineering; foundations; professional practice; provisions; NBSIR

80-2111-3.

soil testing; flood loads; mobile home foundations; mobile home

standards; soil anchors; NBSIR 81-2238.

solar; space-heating; air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat-recovery;

insulation; measurement; office-building; radiant; 20539.

solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building

rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry;

plumbing; NBSIR 81-2289.

solar; testing; collector; indoor; outdoor; parallel; series; simulation; 20648

solar; testing; energy; heat transfer; hot water; measurement; 20103.

solar code; victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental

code; field test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking;

protestors; SP608; 1981 May. 173-178. solar collector; solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal

storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling;

electrical design; energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC

systems; performance standards; SP608.

solar collector; standards; certification; experiences; issues and

concerns; laboratory accreditation; 20705.

solar collector; standards; test methods; field survey; industrial process heat; materials performance; NBSIR 81-2381.

solar collector; standards; thermal performance; uncertainty; collector

rating; measurement; TNI140. solar collector; standards; thermal performance; uncertainty; collector

rating; measurement; 20291.

solar collector; standards; voluntary program; certification; consumer

protection; Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling procedures; national testing program; regulation; SP608; 1981 May.

179-181.

solar collector; structural engineering; building; load; roof; snow; snow load; 20430.

solar collector; system efficiency; thermal performance; air leakage; heat transfer; pebble-bed storage; NBS-GCR-81-302. solar collector; thermal performance; efficiency; flow rate; heat

transfer fluid; NBS-GCR-80-254

solar collector arrays; collector slope and intercept; correction factor

for in-series collectors; efficiency deterioration in series arrays; performance of collectors in series; 20148.

61
solar collectors; collector installation; field survey; guidelines; lowsloped roofs; roofing performance; 20259.

solar collectors; fire tests; roofing fire resistance; roofing fire tests; NBSIR 81-2344.

solar collectors; solar materials; stagnation testing; accelerated aging;

durability; environmental exposure; reliability; TN1136.

solar collectors; solar water heaters; storage tanks; thermal performance; f-chart; HUD initiative; performance standards; 20121.

solar collectors; structural engineering; wind loads; earthquake loads;

hail loads; snow loads; NBSIR 81-2199.

solar collectors; system efficiency; thermal performance; domestic hot

water; recirculating hot water systems; NBS-GCR-81-322.

solar collector testing; water-heating solar collectors; collector

efficiency; comparison German BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; flat-plate solar collectors; German Bundesverband

Solarenergie; 20079.

solar economics; solar energy; economic optimization; life-cycle costing; NBSIR 81-2342.

solar energy; economic optimization; life-cycle costing; solar economics; NBSIR 81-2342.

solar energy; economics; Federal buildings; life-cycle costs; 20151.

solar energy; solar photovoltaic; cost effectiveness; economic

evaluations; energy conservation; Federal energy management

program; life-cycle costing; public buildings; renewable energy; H135.

solar energy; solar systems; building codes; building officials; consensus; construction; document; installation; recommended

requirements; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172.

solar energy; space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE

90-75; class K code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy

audit; energy conservation; HVAC systems; performance standards;

solar collector; SP608.

solar energy; standards; absorber materials; accelerated test methods;

durability; NBSIR 81-2232.

solar energy; steady-state tests; thermal test procedures; transient thermal tests; passive/hybrid components; NBSIR 81-2300.

solar energy; trainee performance testing; BEPS; code compliance; code conflicts; energy conservation standards; SP608; 1981 May.

139-157.

solar energy economics; cost effectiveness; energy conservation; energy economics; life-cycle costing; microeconomic analysis; 20167.

solar energy in commercial buildings; building models, computer; energy conservation in commercial buildings; energy conservation,

user acceptance; lighting measurements; performance data for commercial office buildings in New England; BSS133.

solar energy systems; space heating load; thermal performance;

auxiliary energy; FCHART computer program; National Solar Demonstration Program; NBS-GCR-81-321.

solar greenhouse; Trombe wall; historic; passive solar; retrofit; 20440.

solar heat gain; window management; daylight; energy conservation;

fenestration design; illumination; lighting control; NBSIR 80-2147.

solar hot water heating; computer codes—F-CHART, SOLCOST,

TRNSYS; computer predictions for solar systems; NBS solar

testing at Gaithersburg; 20078.

solar materials; stagnation testing; accelerated aging; durability; environmental exposure; reliability; solar collectors; TNI 136. Solar Model Audit; auditor training; energy conservation; program

measure; Residential Conservation Service; SP608; 1981 May. 183-

194. solar photovoltaic; cost effectiveness; economic evaluations; energy

conservation; Federal energy management program; life-cycle costing; public buildings; renewable energy; solar energy; H135.

solar radiation; daylighting; illuminance; illumination; irradiance; TN1148

solar systems; building codes; building officials; consensus;

construction; document; installation; recommended requirements;

solar energy; SP608; 1981 May. 167-172.

solar systems; space heating and cooling; training programs; building codes; building officials; codes and standards; convective loops;

greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; SP608; 1981 May. 159-166.

solar water heaters; storage tanks; thermal performance; f-chart; HUD

initiative; performance standards; solar collectors; 20121.

solid; unsteady; velocity; water; depth-time history; horizontal; measurements; partially-filled; pipe flow; 20147.

solid; velocity; volume; water; cylindrical; non-uniform; partiallyfilled; pitched-horizontal drain; slope; NBSIR 81-2266. sound absorption; absorption coefficient; acoustic impedance;

acoustics; architectural acoustics; building acoustics; diffraction; reverberant field; reverberation room; 20190. sound level; warning light; warning signals; conspicuity; effective

intensity; emergency warning lights; flashing lights; lights, warning;

sirens; SP480-37

soundness; strength; cement; expansion; fly ash; MgO; slag; NBSIR

81-2273. sound transmission; structureborne noise; acoustics; architectural

acoustics; building acoustics; noise; noise control; NBS-GCR-80-

248. sound transmission; structure-borne noise; acoustics; building

acoustics; noise control; noise isolation; NBS-GCR-80-250.

source energy; transformers; electrical design; energy distribution; National Electrical Code; power factor correction; SP608; 1981 May. 37-56. space cooling requirements; space heating requirements; energy

efficiency standards; engineering-economic analysis; heat pump;

mechanical equipment efficiency ratings; minimum efficiency standards; NBSIR 81-2241.

space-heating; air-cooling; air leakage; energy; heat-recovery;

insulation; measurement; office-building; radiant; solar; 20539. space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground

coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade

geothermal; radiant floor heating; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. space heating and cooling; thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K

code; computer modeling; electrical design; energy audit; energy

conservation; HVAC systems; performance standards; solar

collector; solar energy; SP608. space heating and cooling; training programs; building codes; building

officials; codes and standards; convective loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; SP608; 1981 May.

159-166. space heating load; thermal performance; auxiliary energy; FCHART

computer program; National Solar Demonstration Program; solar energy systems; NBS-GCR-81-321.

space heating requirements; energy efficiency standards; engineeringeconomic analysis; heat pump; mechanical equipment efficiency

ratings; minimum efficiency standards; space cooling requirements;

NBSIR 81-2241.

specification; specification writers; systems analysis; buildings;

classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification; 20329.

specification; standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement;

building; classification; code; engineering; organization; provisions; scope; BSS136.

specifications; standards; computer database; computer program; methodology; 20403.

specification writers; systems analysis; buildings; classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification; specification; 20329.

splitting; strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding;

built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; TNI152. SRM; thermal conductivity; thermal resistance; calibration; fibrous

glass board; guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; 20089.

stability; stiffness; strength; structural safety; work surfaces; codes and

standards; construction safety; design; finite element; loads;

scaffolds; NBSIR 81-2265. stadiums; auditorium; building standards; crowd ingress; design

procedures; evaluation procedures; facility design; facility management; public assembly; public safety; NBSIR 81-2361.

62
stagnation testing; accelerated aging; durability; environmental

exposure; reliability; solar collectors; solar materials; TNI136. standard; system analysis/engineering; arrangement; building;

classification; code; engineering; organization; provisions; scope;

specification; BSS136.

standard evaluation technique; BLAST; building energy performance

standards; computer modeling; maintain accuracy; reduce cost; reduce input; SP608; 1981 May. 113-122. standard penetration test (SPT); blow count; cathead; drilling rig; efficiency; energy; field test; in-situ test; 20320.

standards; absorber materials; accelerated test methods; durability; solar energy; NBSIR 81-2232.

standards; building rehabilitation; codes; comparative analysis; existing buildings; housing codes; maintenance; model codes; occupancy; performance levels; regulation; NBSIR 80-2081.

standards; buildings; design; earthquakes; engineering; foundations;

professional practice; provisions; soil structure interaction; NBSIR

80-2111-3. standards; certification; experiences; issues and concerns; laboratory

accreditation; solar collector; 20705.

standards; children; design; environmental psychology; families; housing; interiors; lifestyle; research; site planning; sociology; NBSGCR-81-320.

standards; computer database; computer program; methodology;

specifications; 20403.

standards; cost-benefit; economics; government regulation; safety regulation; 20031.

standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards;

classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling;

NBSIR 80-1979.

standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards;

classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling;

NBSIR 80-1979-1.

standards; standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards;

classification; decision tables; information networks; network; 19998

standards; steel; structural engineering; building; building codes;

building design; earthquakes; engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-6. standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy

conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation;

oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; SP606.

standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building

design; earthquakes; engineering; reinforced concrete; NBSIR 80-

2111-4. standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building

design; earthquakes; engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-11.

standards; structural engineering; building; building codes; building

design; earthquakes; engineering; masonry; NBSIR 80-2111-5. standards; structural engineering; building; building design;

earthquakes; engineering; Federal government; seismic safety; NBSIR 81-2195.

standards; structural engineering; buildings; buildings (codes); buildings (design); earthquake; seismic risk maps; NBSIR 80-2111-1. standards; structural engineering; wood; building; building codes;

building design; earthquakes; engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-7. standards; symbols; visual alerting; warnings; communication; hazard; pictograms; safety; signs; NBSIR 80-2003.

standards; test methods; field survey; industrial process heat; materials performance; solar collector; NBSIR 81-2381. standards; thermal performance; uncertainty; collector rating; measurement; solar collector; TNI140. standards; thermal performance; uncertainty; collector rating; measurement; solar collector; 20291.

standards; tiedown; wind forces; buoyancy forces; fiood forces; foundations; hurricane forces; mobile home; soil anchors; BSS132.

standards; voluntary program; certification; consumer protection;

Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling procedures; national

testing program; regulation; solar collector; SP608; 1981 May. 179-

181.

standards, building; building codes; building regulatory system;

buildings; building standards; codes, building; earthquake; seismic

risk; 20386

standards development; building energy use; building service systems; energy budgets; housing research; housing standards; performance

requirements; NBS-GCR-80-280.

standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; NBSIR

80-1979.

standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; NBSIR

80- 1979-1. standards-writers; systems analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; network; standards; 19998.

state government; cost; construction; energy audit; energy

conservation; Illinois; maintenance; public buildings; SP608; 1981 May. 123-132. Statement of Review; verification; building code; building envelope;

comparison; compliance; energy budget; energy conservation; performance standards; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67.

statistical analysis; applied economics; construction; cost; estimation; location factors; model building; NBSIR 81-2250.

statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind; climatology; loads

(forces); probability distribution functions; reliability; 20019.

statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind engineering; wind

(meteorology); buildings (codes); climatology; 20295.

statistical analysis; wind (meteorology); climatology; 20551.

statistics; unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low-income housing; materials cost; 20499.

steady-state tests; thermal test procedures; transient thermal tests; passive/hybrid components; solar energy; NBSIR 81-2300. steam consumption measurement; uncertainty estimate; building energy monitoring; energy measurement; NBSIR 81-2313.

steel; structural engineering; building; building codes; building design;

earthquakes; engineering; standards; NBSIR 80-2111-6.

steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar; NBSIR 81-2289

steel; structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing;

NBSIR 80-2171.

steel reinforcing bars; test methods; concrete; construction; nondestructive evaluation; quality assurance; NBSIR 80-2163.

stiffness; strength; structural safety; work surfaces; codes and

standards; construction safety; design; finite element; loads;

scaffolds; stability; NBSIR 81-2265. storage tanks; thermal performance; f-chart; HUD initiative; performance standards; solar collectors; solar water heaters; 20121. storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows;

automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy

conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation;

oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; SP606. storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic

ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy

conservation measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices;

safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; SP606.

strain energy; stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; TNI152. stream-depth; unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; NBSIR 81-2249.

strength; building; collapse; concrete; concrete strength; construction;

failure; flat plate; shear; NBSIR 81-2374.

strength; cement; expansion; fly ash; MgO; slag; soundness; NBSIR

81-2273.

strength; structural safety; work surfaces; codes and standards; construction safety; design; finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability;

stiffness; NBSIR 81-2265. strength prediction; temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing temperature; early age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; NBSIR 81-2244

63
stress; substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane; complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane; splitting; strain energy; TN1152.

stress corrosion; concrete; corrosion; general corrosion; mathematical

modeling; prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; NBSIR 81-2390.

structural analysis; accidents; codes and standards; construction loads; construction safety; finite element; scaffold failures; scaffolding

practices; scaffolds; NBS-GCR-80-255.

structural damage; structures; wind; wind speed; building

performance; hurricane winds; 20759.

structural design; structural engineering; design criteria; foundation

design; geotechnical engineering; housing construction; mine

subsidence; mining; settlement; NBSIR 81-2215.

structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; masonry; standards; NBSIR 80-2111-5.

structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; steel; NBSIR 80-2111-6.

structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; NBSIR 80-2111-11.

structural engineering; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes; engineering; reinforced concrete; standards; NBSIR

80-2111-4.

structural engineering; building; building design; earthquakes;

engineering; Federal government; seismic safety; standards; NBSIR

81-2195.

structural engineering; building; load; roof; snow; snow load; solar

collector; 20430.

structural engineering; building (codes); climatology; hurricanes;

reliability; risk; 20764.

structural engineering; buildings; buildings (codes); buildings (design); earthquake; seismic risk maps; standards; NBSIR 80-2111-1.

structural engineering; design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical

engineering; housing construction; mine subsidence; mining;

settlement; structural design; NBSIR 81-2215.

structural engineering; wind; climatology; loads (forces); probability

distribution functions; reliability; statistical analysis; 20019.

structural engineering; wind engineering; wind (meteorology);

buildings (codes); climatology; statistical analysis; 20295.

structural engineering; wind loads; earthquake loads; hail loads; snow

loads; solar collectors; NBSIR 81-2199.

structural engineering; wood; building; building codes; building

design; earthquakes; engineering; standards; NBSIR 80-2111-7.

structural reliability; wind engineering; wind forces; extreme value

distributions; Rayleigh distributions; sampling errors; 20293.

structural safety; work surfaces; codes and standards; construction

safety; design; finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength; NBSIR 81-2265.

structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; NBSIR 80-2171.

structural systems; test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar;

steel; NBSIR 81-2289

structureborne noise; acoustics; architectural acoustics; building

acoustics; noise; noise control; sound transmission; NBS-GCR-80-

248. structure-borne noise; acoustics; building acoustics; noise control; noise isolation; sound transmission; NBS-GCR-80-250.

structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; wind profiles; atmospheric

turbulence; buildings; design (structural); extreme winds;

hurricanes; micrometeorology; 20525.

structures; wind; wind speed; building performance; hurricane winds;

structural damage; 20759.

substrate; adhesive; bitumen; bonding; built-up roofing membrane;

complementary strain energy; felt; nonlinear; roofing membrane;

splitting; strain energy; stress; TNI152. sulfur hexafluoride; tracer gas; weatherization; air infiltration; air sample bags; energy conservation; retrofit; 20365.

supercritical flow; transition length; vertical stack drain entry; building drainage; NBSIR 81-2290

superthreshold visibility; vision; conspicuity; contrast; illumination;

lighting; lighting levels; NBSIR 81-2231.

survey research; user needs; dwelling units (residential); housing;

Operation Breakthrough; post-occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; NBSIR 81- 2258

symbol; understandability; communication; evaluation method; fire- safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; pictogram;

response; NBSIR 80-2088

symbols; understandability; visibility; visual alerting; directional arrows; exit signs; fire safety; pictograms; NBSIR 81-2268. symbols; visual alerting; warnings; communication; hazard; pictograms; safety; signs; standards; NBSIR 80-2003. system analysis/engineering; arrangement; building; classification; code; engineering; organization; provisions; scope; specification; standard; BSS136

system efficiency; thermal performance; air leakage; heat transfer; pebble-bed storage; solar collector; NBS-GCR-81-302. system efficiency; thermal performance; domestic hot water;

recirculating hot water systems; solar collectors; NBS-GCR-81-322. systems analysis; building; building codes; building standards; earthquake-resistant design; seismic design; 20435. systems analysis; buildings; classification; construction specifications; decision tables; information networks; master specification;

specification; specification writers; 20329. systems analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; NBSIR 80-1979. systems analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; modeling; standards; standards-writers; NBSIR 80-1979-1. systems analysis; building standards; classification; decision tables; information networks; network; standards; standards-writers; 19998. system simulation; building energy analysis; energy conservation for nonresidential buildings; historic preservation and energy

conservation; load calculation; masonry thermal mass; NBSIR 81- 2317. T

tactile warnings; accessibility; alarms; blind; code requirements; communication; deaf; directional indicators; handicapped users; NBSIR 81-2428.

technical assistance; certification; Class A energy audit; economic

analysis; energy analysis; energy conservation; Federal programs; government buildings; hospitals; rate of return; schools; SP608;

1981 May. 133-138. technical bases; building research; building technology; codes;

criteria; measurement methods; performance criteria; project summaries; SP446-5. temperature; ventilation; windows; energy conservation; lighting; man/environment research; noise; office building; post-occupancy

evaluation; questionnaire; BSS130.

temperature bin; airconditioning cooling load; cooling load;

residential cooling; seasonal cooling; 20690. temperature effects; compressive strength; concrete; curing

temperature; early age; final set; hydration; initial set; laboratory

testing; maturity; mortar; regression analysis; strength prediction; NBSIR 81-2244. temperature excursions; thermal insulation; branch circuit; electric wire; field measurements; NBSIR 81-2347.

testing; collector; indoor; outdoor; parallel; series; simulation; solar; 20648

testing; energy; heat transfer; hot water; measurement; solar; 20103.

test methods; concrete; construction; nondestructive evaluation;

quality assurance; steel reinforcing bars; NBSIR 80-2163.

test methods; field survey; industrial process heat; materials performance; solar collector; standards; NBSIR 81-2381.

test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; NBSIR 80-2171.

test methods; wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC; masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; NBSIR 81-2289

64
thermal comfort; thermostat setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and thermal comfort; Community Services Administration; field study; occupant comfort; optimal

weatherization demonstration; NBSJR 81-2335. thermal comfort; weatherization retrofitting; comfort; Community

Services Administration Optimal Weatherization Demonstration; energy savings; field study; 20752. thermal comfort; whole-house ventilation; building thermal performance; energy calculation; energy conservation; TNI138. thermal conductivity; edge heat loss; effective thermal conductivity; gap-temperature unbalance; guarded-hot-plate; heat source

distribution; insulation; 20735. thermal conductivity; thermal resistance; calibration; fibrous glass board; guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; SRM; 20089. thermal efficiency; windows; building economics; daylighting; energy

conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive solar; regional analysis; NBSIR 81-2248. thermal insulation; branch circuit; electric wire; field measurements;

temperature excursions; NBSIR 81-2347. thermal insulation; thermal properties; underground systems; computer program; earth temperature; heat transfer; pipes; NBSIR

81-2378

thermal mass; energy conservation; night cooling; night ventilation; 20538

thermal mass; walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space

heating and cooling; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. thermal performance; air leakage; heat transfer; pebble-bed storage;

solar collector; system efficiency; NBS-GCR-81-302.

thermal performance; auxiliary energy; FCHART computer program;

National Solar Demonstration Program; solar energy systems; space heating load; NBS-GCR-81-321.

thermal performance; domestic hot water; recirculating hot water

systems; solar collectors; system efficiency; NBS-GCR-81-322.

thermal performance; efficiency; flow rate; heat transfer fluid; solar collector; NBS-GCR-80-254

thermal performance; f-chart; HUD initiative; performance standards;

solar collectors; solar water heaters; storage tanks; 20121. thermal performance; uncertainty; collector rating; measurement;

solar collector; standards; TNI 140. thermal performance; uncertainty; collector rating; measurement;

solar collector; standards; 20291. thermal properties; underground systems; computer program; earth temperature; heat transfer; pipes; thermal insulation; NBSIR 81- 2378

thermal resistance; built-up roofing; moisture; moisture detection; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; roofing; TNI146. thermal resistance; calibration; fibrous glass board; guarded hot plate; heat flow meter; SRM; thermal conductivity; 20089. thermal resistance; conservation; energy; field survey; insulation; moisture content; residences; retrofit; 20463. thermal storage; ASHRAE 90-75; class K code; computer modeling;

electrical design; energy audit; energy conservation; HVAC

systems; performance standards; solar collector; solar energy; space

heating and cooling; SP608. thermal storage; wood structure; codes; concrete; masonry;

prohibitions; re-examination; SP608; 1981 May. 195-200. thermal test procedures; transient thermal tests; passive/hybrid

components; solar energy; steady-state tests; NBSIR 81-2300. thermostat setting practices; weatherization; weatherization and

thermal comfort; Community Services Administration; field study; occupant comfort; optimal weatherization demonstration; thermal

comfort; NBSIR 81-2335.

thick building construction; conduction heat transfer; conduction

transfer functions; initialization of heat transfer problem; parallel heat flow; response factors; NBSIR 81-2353. tiedown; wind forces; buoyancy forces; flood forces; foundations; hurricane forces; mobile home; soil anchors; standards; BSS132.

time to failure; accelerated aging tests; coatings; corrosion;

predictability; reproducibility; TNI149. time-varying noise; duration; general adverse effect of noise; intermittency; loudness; noise criteria; NBSIR 81-2377.

tornadoes; wind engineering; wind profiles; atmospheric turbulence;

buildings; design (structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology; structures; 20525.

tracer gas; weatherization; air infiltration; air sample bags; energy

conservation; retrofit; sulfur hexafluoride; 20365.

trainee performance testing; BEPS; code compliance; code conflicts; energy conservation standards; solar energy; SP608; 1981 May. 139-

157. training programs; building codes; building officials; codes and

standards; convective loops; greenhouses; heat exchangers; light and ventilation; solar systems; space heating and cooling; SP608;

1981 May. 159-166. transducers; energy measurement; field instrument force measurement;

field testing; in-situ testing; soil mechanics; BSS135.

transformers; electrical design; energy distribution; National

Electrical Code; power factor correction; source energy; SP608;

1981 May. 37-56. transient thermal tests; passive/hybrid components; solar energy;

steady-state tests; thermal test procedures; NBSIR 81-2300.

transition length; vertical stack drain entry; building drainage;

supercritical flow; NBSIR 81-2290. transmission line audible noise; corona noise; electric energy

transmission; high voltage; human response to noise; noise

pollution; psychoacoustics; 20029.

transport; buildings; concrete; diffusion; exhalation; materials; measurement; permeability; radon; TNI139.

trip time; branch circuits; circuit breaker; electrical fire; low ambient

temperature; NBSIR 81-2221. Trombe wall; historic; passive solar; retrofit; solar greenhouse; 20440. u

uncertainty; collector rating; measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance; TNI140. uncertainty; collector rating; measurement; solar collector; standards; thermal performance; 20291. uncertainty estimate; building energy monitoring; energy measurement; steam consumption measurement; NBSIR 81-2313. underground systems; computer program; earth temperature; heat

transfer; pipes; thermal insulation; thermal properties; NBSIR 81- 2378

understandability; communication; evaluation method; fire-safety; hazard warnings; meaningfulness; method; pictogram; response; symbol; NBSIR 80-2088

understandability; visibility; visual alerting; directional arrows; exit

signs; fire safety; pictograms; symbols; NBSIR 81-2268.

unit costs; weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data

collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor

cost; low-income housing; materials cost; statistics; 20499. United Stand; alternative; California; Class K code; conservation;

discrimination; energy; SP608; 1981 May. 83-103. unsteady; characteristics; discharge; drainage; flow; model; plumbing;

quasi-steady; J. Res. 86(2): 171-179; 1981 March-April,

unsteady; velocity; water; depth-time history; horizontal; measurements; partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; 20147. unsteady; volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal;

length; partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; NBSIR 81-2249. unsteady partially-filled pipe flow; waste solid transport; building

drainage; numerical solutions for transient depth; NBSIR 81-2308. urea-formaldehyde thermal insulation; cellulose thermal insulation; corrosion of electrical outlet boxes and devices; electrical devices; humidity, thermal insulation and corrosion of electrical wiring; shock hazards; NBSIR 81-2220. usage patterns; water consumption; clothes dryer usage

characteristics; clothes washer usage characteristic; data profiles; dishwasher usage characteristic; energy consumption; field measurements; NBSIR 80-2136. user needs; dwelling units (residential); housing; Operation

Breakthrough; post-occupancy housing evaluation; Project Feedback; questionnaires; research methods; survey research; NBSIR 81-2258.

65
user productivity; building productivity; computer-integrated

construction; conference; construction duration; productivity measurement; risks of failure; NBS-GCR-81-331. V

validation; Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS); energy

calculations; HVAC systems and equipment; 20758.

validation of computer models, buildings; building models; building

performance data; computer simulations, building; energy

conservation in commercial buildings; heat pumps; 20512.

velocity; volume; water; cylindrical; non-uniform; partially-filled; pitched-horizontal drain; slope; solid; NBSIR 81-2266.

velocity; water; depth-time history; horizontal; measurements;

partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; unsteady; 20147. vent dampers; water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices;

caulks; effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation

measures; installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; SP606.

ventilation; windows; energy conservation; lighting; man/environment research; noise; office building; post-occupancy

evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; BSS130.

ventilation analysis; air leakage measurement; infiltration review;

20364.

ventilation analysis; weather and building air exchange; building air exchange; commercial building ventilation; energy consumption by

buildings; office building ventilation; 20605.

verification; building code; building envelope; comparison;

compliance; energy budget; energy conservation; performance

standards; Statement of Review; SP608; 1981 May. 57-67. vertical stack drain entry; building drainage; supercritical flow;

transition length; NBSIR 81-2290. victimization survey; burglary; crime in public housing; household

behavior patterns; housing characteristics (physical); housing

security; public housing security; security hardware; NBS-GCR-80-

291. victim role; deed; developers; energy wars; experimental code; field

test; guideline; low income; non-code; policymaking; protestors; solar code; SP608\ 1981 May. 173-178.

visibility; visual alerting; directional arrows; exit signs; fire safety; pictograms; symbols; understandability; NBSIR 81-2268.

vision; conspicuity; contrast; illumination; lighting; lighting levels; superthreshold visibility; NBSIR 81-2231.

visual alerting; directional arrows; exit signs; fire safety; pictograms;

symbols; understandability; visibility; NBSIR 81-2268.

visual alerting; warnings; communication; hazard; pictograms; safety;

signs; standards; symbols; NBSIR 80-2003.

visual inspection; visual testing; acuity tests; nondestructive testing; quality testing; radiograph evaluation; TN1143.

visual testing; acuity tests; nondestructive testing; quality testing; radiograph evaluation; visual inspection; TNI143. volume; water; cylindrical; non-uniform; partially-filled; pitched- horizontal drain; slope; solid; velocity; NBSIR 81-2266. volume; water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length;

partially-filled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; NBSIR 81-2249. voluntary program; certification; consumer protection; Interstate Solar Coordination Council; labeling procedures; national testing program; regulation; solar collector; standards; SP608; 1981 May.

179-181. w walls; water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy

conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted

cave; low grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; SP608; 1981 May. 69-81. warning light; warning signals; conspicuity; effective intensity; emergency warning lights; flashing lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; SP480-37

warnings; communication; hazard; pictograms; safety; signs; standards; symbols; visual alerting; NBSIR 80-2003. warning signals; conspicuity; effective intensity; emergency warning

lights; flashing lights; lights, warning; sirens; sound level; warning

light; SP480-37

waste solid transport; building drainage; numerical solutions for transient depth; unsteady partially-filled pipe flow; NBSIR 81-2308. waste solid transportation; water conservation; w.c. efficiency; building drainage; NBSIR 81-2307. wastewater disposal; wastewater recirculation; wastewater reuse; wastewater treatment; water conservation; onsite wastewater

systems; NBSIR 81-2210. wastewater recirculation; wastewater reuse; wastewater treatment; water conservation; onsite wastewater systems; wastewater

disposal; NBSIR 81-2210 wastewater reuse; wastewater treatment; water conservation; onsite wastewater systems; wastewater disposal; wastewater recirculation; NBSIR 81-2210 wastewater treatment; water conservation; onsite wastewater systems; wastewater disposal; wastewater recirculation; wastewater reuse; NBSIR 81-2210 wastewater treatment; water rate schedules; water-saving devices;

benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy conservation; marginal price; net present value;

residential water conservation; NBSIR 81-2304. water; cylindrical; non-uniform; partially-filled; pitched-horizontal

drain; slope; solid; velocity; volume; NBSIR 81-2266. water; depth-time history; horizontal; measurements; partially-filled; pipe flow; solid; unsteady; velocity; 20147. water; diameter; drain; flow; history; horizontal; length; partiallyfilled; pipe; slope; stream-depth; unsteady; volume; NBSIR 81-2249. water closets; water conservation; dual flush toilets; low flush toilets; NBSIR 81-2296. water conservation; dual flush toilets; low flush toilets; water closets; NBSIR 81-2296. water conservation; onsite wastewater systems; wastewater disposal; wastewater recirculation; wastewater reuse; wastewater treatment; NBSIR 81-2210

water conservation; w.c. efficiency; building drainage; waste solid transportation; NBSIR 81-2307. water consumption; clothes dryer usage characteristics; clothes washer usage characteristic; data profiles; dishwasher usage

characteristic; energy consumption; field measurements; usage

patterns; NBSIR 80-2136. water heaters; windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks;

effectiveness; energy conservation; energy conservation measures;

installation; insulation; oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; SP606.

water-heating solar collectors; collector efficiency; comparison

German BSE vs ASHRAE 93-77 procedures; flat-plate solar

collectors; German Bundesverband Solarenergie; solar collector

testing; 20079. water rate schedules; water-saving devices; benefits; cost-effective;

costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy

conservation; marginal price; net present value; residential water

conservation; wastewater treatment; NBSIR 81-2304. water-saving devices; benefits; cost-effective; costs; economic analysis; economic decision framework; energy conservation; marginal price; net present value; residential water conservation; wastewater

treatment; water rate schedules; NBSIR 81-2304. water source heat pump; buildings; construction; energy conservation; ground coupled; hybrid solar energy system; inverted cave; low

grade geothermal; radiant floor heating; space heating and cooling; thermal mass; walls; SP608- 1981 May. 69-81. w.c. efficiency; building drainage; waste solid transportation; water

conservation; NBSIR 81-2307 weather and building air exchange; building air exchange; commercial

building ventilation; energy consumption by buildings; office building ventilation; ventilation analysis; 20605. weatherization; air infiltration; air sample bags; energy conservation;

retrofit; sulfur hexafluoride; tracer gas; 20365. weatherization; air infiltration; air sample bags; fan depressurization; low-income houses; 20540. weatherization; building economics; data analysis; data collection; economic analysis; energy conservation; insulation; labor cost; low- income housing; materials cost; statistics; unit costs; 20499.

66
weatherization; weatherization and thermal comfort; Community

Services Administration; field study; occupant comfort; optimal

weatherization demonstration; thermal comfort; thermostat setting practices; NBSIR 81-2335. weatherization and thermal comfort; Community Services Administration; field study; occupant comfort; optimal

weatherization demonstration; thermal comfort; thermostat setting practices; weatherization; NBSIR 81-2335. weatherization retrofitting; comfort; Community Services Administration Optimal Weatherization Demonstration; energy

savings; field study; thermal comfort; 20752. White House; coatings; exterior restoration; field tests; guide

specifications; laboratory tests; paint removal methods; NBSIR 80- 2122

whole-house ventilation; building thermal performance; energy

calculation; energy conservation; thermal comfort; TNI 138. wind; climatology; loads (forces); probability distribution functions;

reliability; statistical analysis; structural engineering; 20019. wind; wind speed; building performance; hurricane winds; structural damage; structures; 20759. wind engineering; wind forces; extreme value distributions; Rayleigh

distributions; sampling errors; structural reliability; 20293. wind engineering; wind forces; wind tunnels; aerodynamics; building

codes; meteorology; 20524. wind engineering; wind (meteorology); buildings (codes); climatology;

statistical analysis; structural engineering; 20295. wind engineering; wind profiles; atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design (structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology;

structures; tornadoes; 20525. wind forces; buoyancy forces; flood forces; foundations; hurricane

forces; mobile home; soil anchors; standards; tiedown; BSS132. wind forces; extreme value distributions; Rayleigh distributions; sampling errors; structural reliability; wind engineering; 20293. wind forces; wind tunnels; aerodynamics; building codes; meteorology; wind engineering; 20524. wind loads; earthquake loads; hail loads; snow loads; solar collectors; structural engineering; NBSIR 81-2199. wind (meteorology); buildings (codes); climatology; statistical analysis; structural engineering; wind engineering; 20295. wind (meteorology); climatology; statistical analysis; 20551. window management; daylight; energy conservation; fenestration design; illumination; lighting control; solar heat gain; NBSIR 80- 2147. windows; automatic ignition devices; caulks; effectiveness; energy

conservation; energy conservation measures; installation; insulation;

oil burners; practices; safety; sealants; standards; storm doors; storm windows; vent dampers; water heaters; SP606. windows; building economics; daylighting; energy conservation; engineering economics; life-cycle costs; passive solar; regional

analysis; thermal efficiency; NBSIR 81-2248 windows; daylighting; energy conservation; envelope design;

instructional facilities; passive solar energy; 20541. windows; energy conservation; lighting; man/environment research;

noise; office building; post-occupancy evaluation; questionnaire; temperature; ventilation; BSS130. wind profiles; atmospheric turbulence; buildings; design (structural); extreme winds; hurricanes; micrometeorology; structures; tornadoes; wind engineering; 20525. wind sensor; wind speed; anemometer; drag sphere; gust speed;

instrumentation; 20059. wind speed; anemometer; drag sphere; gust speed; instrumentation; wind sensor; 20059. wind speed; building performance; hurricane winds; structural damage; structures; wind; 20759. wind tunnels; aerodynamics; building codes; meteorology; wind

engineering; wind forces; 20524. wood; building; building codes; building design; earthquakes;

engineering; standards; structural engineering; NBSIR 80-2111-7. wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC;

masonry; plumbing; steel; structural systems; test methods; NBSIR

80-2171. wood; building rehabilitation; concrete; electrical; evaluation; HVAC;

masonry; plumbing; solar; steel; structural systems; test methods; NBSIR 81-2289 wood structure; codes; concrete; masonry; prohibitions; re- examination; thermal storage; SP608\ 1981 May. 195-200. work surfaces; codes and standards; construction safety; design; finite element; loads; scaffolds; stability; stiffness; strength; structural

safety; NBSIR 81-2265.

67

APPENDICES
ARIZONA

APPENDIX A.

DEPOSITORY

LIBRARIES

IN THE

UNITED STATES

ALABAMA

Alexander City: Alexander City State Junior College, Thomas

D. Russell Library (1967). Auburn: Auburn University, Ralph Brown Draughon Library

(1907). Birmingham:

Birmingham Public Library (1895). Birmingham Southern College Library (1932). Jefferson State Junior College, James B. Allen Library

(1970). Samford University Library (1884). Enterprise: Enterprise State Junior College, Learning Resources

Center (1967). Florence: University of North Alabama, Collier Library (1932). Gadsden: Gadsden Public Library (1963). Huntsville: University of Alabama in Huntsville Library (1964). Jacksonville: Jacksonville State University Library (1929). Mobile: Mobile Public Library (1963). Spring Hill College, Thomas Byrne Memorial Library

(1937). University of South Alabama Library (1968). Montgomery:

Alabama State Department of Archives and History Library

(1884). Alabama Supreme Court and State Law Library (1884). Auburn University at Montgomery Library (1971)-REGIONAL.

Maxwell A.F. Base: Air University Library (1963). Normal: Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, J. F. Drake Memorial Library (1963). Troy: Troy State University, Lurleen B. Wallace Educational Resources Center (1963). Tuskegee Institute: Tuskegee Institute, Hollis Burke Frissell Li- brary (1907). University:

University of Alabama Library (1860)-REGIONAL.

University of Alabama, School of Law Library (1967). ALASKA

Anchorage:

Anchorage Municipal Libraries, Z. J. Loussac Public Li- brary (1978). Supreme Court of Alaska Library (1973). University of Alaska at Anchorage Library (1961). Fairbanks: University of Alaska, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library

(1922). Juneau: Alaska State Library (1900). Ketchikan: Ketchikan Community College Library (1970).

Coolidge: Central Arizona College, Instructional Materials Center (1973).

Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University Library (1937). Phoenix: Department of Library, Archives, and Public Records (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Grand Canyon College, Fleming Library (1978). Phoenix Public Library (1917). Prescott: Yavapai College Library (1976). Tempe:

Arizona State University, College of Law Library (1977). Arizona State University Library (1944). Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Library (1963). Tucson: Tucson Public Library (1970). University of Arizona Library (1907)-REGIONAL.

Yuma: Yuma City-County Library (1963). ARKANSAS

Arkadelphia: Ouachita Baptist University, Riley Library (1963).

Batesville: Arkansas College, Mabee Learning Resources Center

(1963). Clarksville: College of the Ozarks, Dobson Memorial Library

(1925). Conway: Hendrix College, Olin C. Bailey Library (1903). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Library (1907). University of Arkansas, School of Law Library (1978).

Little Rock:

Arkansas Library Commission (1978). Arkansas Supreme Court Library (1962).

Little Rock Public Library (1953). University of Arkansas at Little Rock Library (1973). Magnolia: Southern Arkansas University, Magale Library (1956). Monticello: University of Arkansas at Monticello Library (1956). Pine Bluff: University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Watson

Memorial Library (1976).

Russellville: Arkansas Tech University, Tomlinson Library

(1925). Searcy: Harding College, Beaumont Memorial Library (1963). State University: Arkansas State University, Dean B. Ellis Li- brary (1913). Walnut Ridge: Southern Baptist College, Felix Goodson Library

(1967).CALIFORNIA

Anaheim: Anaheim Public Library (1963). Arcadia: Arcadia Public Library (1975). Areata: Humboldt State College Library (1963). Bakersfield: California State College at Bakersfield Library (1974). Kern County Library (1943). Berkeley:

University of California, Earl Warren Legal Center, Law Li- brary (1963). University of California, General Library (1907). Carson:

California State University, Dominguez Hill Education Resources Center (1973). Carson Regional Library (1973). Chico: California State University at Chico Library (1962). Claremont: Claremont Colleges' Libraries, Honnold Library

(1913). Coalinga: West Hills Community College Library (1978). Compton: Compton Library (1972). Culver City: Culver City Library (1966).

70
Davis:

University of California at Davis Library (1953). University of California at Davis, School of Law Library

(1972). Downey: Downey City Library (1963). Fresno:

California State University at Fresno Library (1962). Fresno County Free Library (1920). Fullerton: California State University at Fullerton Library

(1963). Garden Grove: Garden Grove Regional Library (1963). Gardena: Gardena Public Library (1966). Hayward: California State University at Hayward Library

(1963). Huntington Park: Huntington Park Library, San Antonio Region

(1970). Inglewood: Inglewood Public Library (1963).

Irvine: University of California at Irvine, General Library

(1963). La Jolla: University of California, San Diego, University Library

(1963). Lakewood: Angelo lacoboni Public Library (1970). Lancaster: Lancaster Regional Library (1967). La Verne: University of La Verne, School of Law Library

(1979). Long Beach:

California State University at Long Beach Library (1962). Long Beach Public Library (1933). Los Angeles:

California State University at Los Angeles, John F. Kennedy Memorial Library (1956). Los Angeles County Law Library (1963). Los Angeles Public Library (1891). Loyola University of Los Angeles Library (1933). Loyola University, School of Law Library (1979). Occidental College Library (1941). Pepperdine University Library (1963). Southwestern University, School of Law Library (1975). University of California at Los Angeles Library (1932). University of California at Los Angeles, Law Library

(1958). University of Southern California Library (1933). University of Southern California, Law Center Library

(1978). Whittier College, School of Law Library (1978). Menlo Park: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Li- brary (1962). Montebello: Montebello Library (1966). Monterey: U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Dudley Knox Li- brary (1963). Monterey Park: Bruggemeyer Memorial Library (1964). Northridge: California State University at Northridge Library

(1958). Norwalk: Norwalk Public Library (1973). Oakland:

Mills College Library (1966). Oakland Public Library (1923). Ontario: Ontario City Library (1974). Pasadena:

California Institute of Technology, Millikan Memorial Li- brary (1933). Pasadena Public Library (1963). Pleasant Hill: Contra Costa County Library (1964). Redding: Shasta County Library (1956). Redlands: University of Redlands, Armacost Library (1933). Redwood City: Redwood City Public Library (1966). Reseda: West Valley Regional Branch Library (1966). Richmond: Richmond Public Library (1943). Riverside: Riverside Public Library (1947). University of California at Riverside Library (1963).

Sacramento:

California State Library (1895)-REGIONAL.

California State University at Sacramento Library (1963). Sacramento County Law Library (1963). Sacramento Public Library (1880). University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Library

(1978). San Bernardino: San Bernardino County Free Library (1964). San Diego: San Diego County Law Library (1973). San Diego County Library (1966). San Diego Public Library (1895). San Diego State University, Malcoln A. Love Library

(1962). University of San Diego, School of Law Library (1967). San Francisco: Golden Gate University, School of Law Library (1979). Hastings College of Law Library (1972). Mechanics' Institute Library (1889). San Francisco Public Library (1889). San Francisco State College, Paul Leonard Library (1955). Supreme Court of California Library (1979). U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit Library (1971). University of San Francisco, Richard A. Gleeson Library

(1963). San Jose: San Jose State University Library (1962). San Leandro: San Leandro Community Library Center (1961). San Luis Obispo: California State Polytechnic University Li- brary (1969). San Rafael: Marin County Free Library (1975). Santa Ana: Orange County Law Library (1975). Santa Ana Public Library (1959). Santa Barbara: University of California at Santa Barbara Library

(I960). Santa Clara: University of Santa Clara, Orradre Library (1963). Santa Cruz: University of California at Santa Cruz Library

(1963). Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa-Sonoma County Public Library (1896). Stanford: Stanford University Libraries (1895). Stanford University, Robert Crown Law Library (1978). Stockton: Public Library of Stockton and San Joaquin County

(1884). Thousand Oaks: California Lutheran College Library (1964). Torrance: Torrance Civic Center Library (1969). Turlock: California State University at Stanislaus Library (1964). Valencia: Valencia Regional Library (1972). Ventura: Ventura County Library Services Agency (1975).

Visalia: Tulare County Free Library (1967). Walnut: Mount San Antonio College Library (1966). West Covina: West Covina Library (1966). Whittier: Whittier College, Wardman Library (1963). CANAL ZONE

Balboa Heights: Canal Zone Library-Museum (1963). COLORADO

Alamosa: Adams State College, Learning Resources Center

(1963). Boulder: University of Colorado Libraries (1879)-REGIONAL.

Colorado Springs: Colorado College, Tutt Library (1880). University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Library (1974). Denver:

Auraria Libraries (1978). Colorado State Library (unknown). Colorado Supreme Court Library (1978). Denver Public Library (1884)-REGIONAL.

71
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation Library

(1962). Regis College, Dayton Memorial Library (1915). University of Denver, Penrose Library (1909). University of Denver, School of Law Library (1978). U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit Library (1973). Fort Collins: Colorado State University Libraries (1907). Golden: Colorado School of Mines, Arthur Lakes Library

(1939). Grand Junction: Mesa County Public Library (1975). Greeley: University of Northern Colorado Library (1966). Gunnison: Western State College, Leslie J. Savage Library

(1932). La Junta: Otero Junior College, Wheeler Library (1963). Lakewood: Jefferson County Public Library, Lakewood

Regional Library (1968). Pueblo: Pueblo Regional Library (1893). University of Southern Colorado Library (1965). U.S. Air Force Academy: Academy Library (1956). CONNECTICUT

Bridgeport: Bridgeport Public Library (1884). Danbury: V/estern Connecticut State College, Ruth A. Haas Li- brary (1967). Danielson: Quinebaug Valley Community College (1975). Enfield: Enfield Public Library (1967). Hartford: Connecticut State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Hartford Public Library (1945). Trinity College Library (1895). Middletown: Wesleyan University, Olin Library (1906). Mystic: Marine Historical Association, Inc., G. W. Blunt White

Library (1964). New Britain: Central Connecticut State College, Elihu Burritt Li- brary (1973). New Haven:

Southern Connecticut State College, Hilton C. Buley Li- brary (1968). Yale University Library (1859). New London:

Connecticut College Library (1926). U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library (1939). Stamford: The Ferguson Library (1973).

Storrs: University of Connecticut Library (1907). Waterbury:

Post College, Traurig Library (1977).

Silas Bronson Public Library (1869). West Hartford: University of Connecticut, School of Law Li- brary (1978). West Haven: University of New Haven Library (1971). DELAWARE

Dover:Delaware State College, William C. Jason Library (1962). Department of Community Affairs and Economic

Development, Division of Libraries (1972). State Law Library in Kent County (unknown).

Georgetown: Delaware Technical and Community College Library

(1968). Sussex County Law Library (1976). Newark: University of Delaware, Morris Library (1907). Wilmington: Delaware Law School Library (1976). New Castle County Law Library (1974). Wilmington Institute and New Castle County Library

(1861).

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Washington:

Administrative Conference of the United States Library

(1977). Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations Li- brary (1972). Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law,

Robert J. White Law Library (1979). Civil Aeronautics Board Library (1974). Department of the Army Library ( 1 969). Department of Commerce Library (1955). Department of Energy Library (1963). Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Library

(1954). Department of Housing and Urban Development Library

(1969). Department of the Interior Library (1895). Department of Justice Main Library (1895). Department of Labor Library (1976). Department of the Navy Library (1895). Department of the Navy, Office of the Judge Advocate

General Library (1963). Department of State Library (1895). Department of State Law Library (1966). Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Library (1968). Department of the Treasury Library (1895). District of Columbia Public Library (1943). Executive Office of the President, Office of Management

and Budget Library (1965). Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Library (1972). Federal Election Commission Library (1975). Federal Reserve System, Board of Governors Research Li- brary (1978). Federal Reserve System Law Library (1976). General Accounting Office Library (1974). General Services Administration Library (1975). Georgetown University Library (1969). Georgetown University Law Center, Fred O. Dennis Law

Library (1978). George Washington University, National Law Center

(1978). Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service

(1978). Library of Congress, Exchange and Gift Division (1977). Merit Systems Protection Board Library (1979). National Defense University Library (1895). University of the District of Columbia, Mount Vernon Campus Library and Media Center (1970). U.S. Court of Appeals, Judges' Library (1975). U.S. Office of Personnel Management Library (1963). U.S. Postal Service Library (1895). U.S. Supreme Court Library (1978). Veterans' Administration, Central Office Library (1967). FLORIDA

Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Library (1963). Clearwater: Clearwater Public Library (1972). Coral Gables: University of Miami Library (1939). Crestview: Robert F. L. Sikes Public Library (1978). Daytona Beach: Volusia County Public Libraries (1963). De Land: Stetson University, duPont-Ball Library (1887). Fort Lauderdale: Broward County Library System (1967). Nova University Law Library (1967). Fort Pierce: Indian River Community College Library (1975). Gainesville: University of Florida, Holland Law Center, School of Law

Library (1978). University of Florida Libraries (1907)-REGIONAL.

72
Jacksonville; Haydon Bumes Library (1914). Jacksonville University, Swisher Library (1962). University of North Florida Library (1972). Lakeland: Lakeland Public Library (1928). Leesburg: Lake-Sumter Community College Library (1963). Melbourne: Florida Institute of Technology Library (1963). Miami:

Florida International University Library (1970). Miami Public Library (1952). North Miami: Florida International University, North Miami

Campus Library (1977). Opa Locka: Biscayne College Library (1966). Orlando: Florida Technological University Library (1966). Palatka: St. Johns River Junior College Library (1963). Pensacola: University of West Florida, John C. Pace Library

(1966). Punta Gorda: Charlotte County Library System (1973).

St. Petersburg:

St. Petersburg Public Library (1965). Stetson University, College of Law Library (1975). Sarasota: Selby Public Library (1970). Tallahassee: Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Coleman

Memorial Library (1936). Florida State University, College of Law Library (1978). Florida State University, Robert M. Stozier Library (1941).

(1941). Florida Supreme Court Library (1974). State Library of Florida (1929). Tampa:

Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library (1965). University of South Florida Library (1962). University of Tampa, Merl Kelce Library (1953). Winter Park: Rollins College, Mills Memorial Library (1909). GEORGIA

Albany: Albany-Dougherty Public Library (1964). Americus: Georgia Southwestern College, James Earl Carter Li- brary (1966). Athens:

University of Georgia Libraries (1907)-REGIONAL.

University of Georgia, School of Law Library (1979). Atlanta: Atlanta Public Library (1880). Atlanta University, Trevor Arnett Library (1962). Emory University, Robert W. Woodruff Library (1928). Emory University, School of Law Library (1968). Georgia Institute of Technology Library (1963). Georgia State Library (unknown).

Georgia State University, William Russell Pullen Library

(1970). Augusta: Augusta College, Reese Library (1962). Brunswick: Brunswick-Glynn County Regional Library (1965). Carrollton: West Georgia College Library (1962). Columbus: Columbus College, Simon Schwob Memorial Library

(1975). Dahlonega: North Georgia College, Stewart Library (1939). Dalton: Dalton Junior College Library (1978). Decatur: DeKalb Community College-South Campus, Learning Resources Center (1973). Macon:

Mercer University, Stetson Memorial Library (1964). Mercer University, Walter F. George School of Law Li- brary (1978). Marietta: Kennesaw College, Memorial Library (1968). Milledgeville: Georgia College at Milledgeville, Ina Dillard

Russell Library (1950). Mount Berry: Berry College, Memorial Library (1970). Savannah: Savannah Public and Chatham-Effingham-Liberty

Regional Library (1857).

Statesboro: Georgia Southern College Library (1939). Valdosta: Valdosta State College Library (1956). GUAM

Agana:

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library (1962). University of Guam, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Library

(1978). HAWAn

Hilo: University of Hawaii, Hilo Campus Library (1962). Honolulu: Hawaii Medical Library, Inc. (1968). Hawaii State Library (1929). Municipal Reference Library of the City and County of Honolulu (1965). Supreme Court Law Library (1973). University of Hawaii Library (1907)-REGIONAL.

University of Hawaii, School of Law Library (1978). Laie: Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus, Joseph F. Smith Library (1964). Lihue: Kauai Public Library (1967). Pearl City: Leeward Community College Library (1967). Wailuku: Maui Public Library (1962). IDAHO

Boise:Boise Public Library and Information Center (1929). Boise State University Library (1966). Idaho State Law Library (unknown).

Idaho State Library (1971). Caldwell: College of Idaho, Terteling Library (1930). Moscow:

University of Idaho, College of Law Library (1978). University of Idaho Library (1907)-REGIONAL.

Pocatello: Idaho State University Library (1908). Rexburg: Ricks College, David O. McKay Library (1946). Twin Falls: College of Southern Idaho Library (1970). ILLINOIS

Bloomington: Illinois Wesleyan University Libraries (1964). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, Morris Library (1932). Southern Illinois University, School of Law Library (1978).

Carlinville: Blackburn College, Lumpkin Library (1954). Carterville: Shawnee Library System (1971). Champaign: University of Illinois, College of Law Library

(1965). Charleston: Eastern Illinois University, Booth Library (1962). Chicago:

Chicago Public Library (1876). Chicago State University, Paul and Emily Douglas Library

(1954). DePaul University, Lincoln Park Campus Library (1975). DePaul University, School of Law Library (1979). Field Museum of Natural History Library (1963).

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago-Kent Law Library

(1978). John Crerar Library (1909). Loyola University of Chicago, E. M. Cudahy Memorial Li- brary (1966). Loyola University, School of Law Library (1979). Northeastern Illinois University Library (1961).

73
Northwestern University, School of Law Library (1978). University of Chicago, Law Library (1964). University of Chicago Library (1897). University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Library (1957). William J. Campbell Library of the U.S. Courts (1979). Decatur: Decatur Public Library (1954). De Kalb: Northern Illinois University, Founders' Memorial Li- brary (1960). Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University, Lovejoy Memorial

Library (1959). Elsah: Principia College, Marshall Brooks Library (1957). Evanston: Northwestern University Library (1876). Freeport: Freeport Public Library (1905). Galesburg: Galesburg Public Library (1896). Glen Ellyn: Lewis University, College of Law Library (1978). Jacksonville: MacMurray College, Henry Pfeiffer Library

(1957). Kankakee: Olivet Nazarene College, Benner Library and

Resources Center (1946). Lake Forest: Lake Forest College, Donnelley Library (1962). Lebanon: McKendree College, Holman Library (1968).

Lisle: Illinois Benedictine College, Theodore F. Lownik Library

(1911). Lockport: Lewis University Library (1952). Macomb: Western Illinois University, Memorial Library (1962). Moline: Black Hawk College, Learning Resources Center (1970). Monmouth: Monmouth College Library (1860). Morton Grove: Oakton Community College Library (1976). Mt. Carmel: Wabash Valley College, Bauer Media Center

(1975). Mt. Prospect: Mt. Prospect Public Library (1977). Normal: Illinois State University, Milner Library (1877). Oak Park: Oak Park Public Library (1963). Oglesby: Illinois Valley Community College, Jacobs Memorial

Library (1976). Palos Hills: Moraine Valley Community College Library (1972). Park Forest South: Governors' State University Library (1974). Peoria: Bradley University, Cullom Davis Library (1963). Peoria Public Library (1883). River Forest: Rosary College Library (1966). Rockford: Rockford Public Library (unknown).

Springfield: Illinois State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Urbana: University of Illinois Library (1907). Wheaton: Wheaton College Library (1964). Woodstock: Woodstock Public Library (1963). INDIANA

Anderson: Anderson College, Charles E. Wilson Library (1959). Bloomington:

Indiana University Library (1881). Indiana University, School of Law Library (1978). Crawfordsville: Wabash College, Lilly Library (1906). Evansville: Evansville and Vanderburgh County Public Library (1928). Indiana State University, Evansville Campus Library (1969). Fort Wayne:

Indiana-Purdue Universities, Regional Campus Library

(1965). Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County (1896). Franklin: Franklin College Library (1976). Gary:

Gary Public Library (1943). Indiana University, Northwest Campus Library (1966). Greencastle: De Pauw University, Roy O. West Library (1879). Hammond: Hammond Public Library (1964). Hanover: Hanover College Library (1892). Huntington: Huntington College, Loew-Alumni Library (1964).

Indianapolis: Butler University (1965). Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library (1906). Indiana State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Indiana Supreme Court Law Library (1975). Indiana University, School of Law Library (1967). Kokomo: Indiana University, Kokomo Regional Campus Li- brary (1969). Lafayette: Purdue University Libraries and Audio-Visual Center

(1907). Muncie:

Ball State University Library (1959). Muncie Public Library (1906). New Albany: Indiana University, Southeastern Campus Library

(1965). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, Memorial Library

(1883). Rensselaer: St. Joseph's College Library (1964). Richmond:

Earlham College, Lilly Library (1964). Morrison-Reeves Library (1906). South Bend: Indiana University at South Bend Library (1965). Terre Haute: Indiana State University, Cunningham Memorial

Library (1906). Valparaiso:

Valparaiso University, Moellering Memorial Library (1930). Valparaiso University, School of Law Library (1978). IOWA

Ames: Iowa State University of Science and Technology Li- brary (1907). Cedar Falls: University of Northern Iowa Library (1946). Council Bluffs: Free Public Library (1885). Iowa Western Community College, Herbert Hoover Media

Library (1972). Davenport: Davenport Public Library (1973). Des Moines: Drake University, Cowles Library (1966). Drake University Law Library (1972). Public Library of Des Moines (1888). State Library Commission of Iowa (unknown).

Dubuque:

Carnegie-Stout Public Library (unknown). Loras College, Wahlert Memorial Library (1967). Fayette: Upper Iowa College, Henderson-Wilder Library (1974). Grinnell: Grinnell College Library (1874). Iowa City: University of Iowa, College of Law Library (1968). University of Iowa Libraries (1884)-REGIONAL.

Lamoni: Graceland College, Frederick Madison Smith Library

(1927). Mason City: North Iowa Area Community College Library

(1976). Mount Vernon: Cornell College, Russell D. Cole Library (1896). Orange City: Northwestern College, Ramaker Library (1970). Sioux City: Sioux City Public Library (1894). KANSAS

Atchison: Benedictine College, North Campus Library (1965). Baldwin City: Baker University Library (1908). Colby: Colby Community Junior College, H. F. Davis Memorial

Library (1968). Emporia: Emporia State University, William Allen White Li- brary (1909). Hays: Fort Hays State University, Forsyth Library (1926). Hutchinson: Hutchinson Public Library (1963). Lawrence:

University of Kansas, School of Law Library (1971).

74
University of Kansas, Watson Library (1869)-REGIONAL.

Manhattan: Kansas State University, Farrell Library (1907). Pittsburg: Pittsburg State University Library (1952).

Salina: Kansas Wesleyan University, Memorial Library (1930). Shawnee Mission: Johnson County Library (1979). Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society Library (1877). Kansas State Library (unknown). Kansas Supreme Court Law Library (1975). Washburn University of Topeka, Law Library (1971). Wichita; Wichita State University Library (1901). KENTUCKY

Ashland: Ashland Public Library (1946). Barbourville: Union College, Abigail E. Weeks Memorial Li- brary (1958). Bowling Green: Western Kentucky University, Helm-Cravens

Graduate Center and Library (1934). Covington: Thomas More College Library (1970). Danville: Centre College, Grace Doherty Library (1884). Frankfort: Kentucky Department of Libraries (1967). Kentucky State Law Library (unknown).

Kentucky State University, Blazer Library (1972). Highland Heights: Northern Kentucky University, W. Frank

Steely Library (1973). Hopkinsville: Hopkinsville Community College Library (1976). Lexington:

University of Kentucky, Law Library (1968). University of Kentucky Libraries (1907)-REGIONAL.

Louisville: Louisville Free Public Library (1904). University of Louisville, Belknap Campus Library (1925). University of Louisville, School of Law Library (1975). Morehead: Morehead State University, Johnson Camden Library

(1955). Murray: Murray State University Library (1924). Owensboro: Kentucky Wesleyan College Library (1966). Richmond: Eastern Kentucky University, John Grant Crabbe Li- brary (1966). LOUISIANA

Baton Rouge:

Louisiana State Library (1976). Louisiana State University, School of Law Library (1929). Louisiana State University Library (1907)-REGIONAL.

Southern University Library (1952). Eunice: Louisiana State University at Eunice, LeDoux Library

(1969). Hammond: Southeastern Louisiana University, Sims Memorial

Library (1966). Lafayette: University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

(1938). Lake Charles: McNeese State University, Lether E. Frazar Memorial Library (1941). Monroe: Northeast Louisiana University, Sandel Library (1963). Natchitoches: Northwestern State University, Watson Library

(1887). New Orleans:

Isaac Delgado College, Moss Memorial Library (1968). Law Library of Louisiana (unknown).

Loyola University Library (1942). Loyola University, School of Law Library (1978). New Orleans Public Library (1883). Southern University in New Orleans Library (1962). Tulane University, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library (1942). Tulane University, Law Library (1976). University of New Orleans Library (1963). U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit Library (1973).

Pineville: Louisiana College, Richard W. Norton Memorial Li- brary (1969). Ruston: Louisiana Technical University Library (1896)-REGIONAL.

Shreveport: Louisiana State University at Shreveport Library (1967). Shreve Memorial Library (1923). Thibodaux: Nicholls State University Library (1962). MAINE

Augusta:

Maine Law and Legislative Reference Library (1973). Maine State Library (unknown).

Bangor: Bangor Public Library (1884). Brunswick: Bowdoin College Library (1884). Castine: Maine Maritime Academy, Nutting Memorial Library

(1969). Lewiston: Bates College Library (1883). Orono: University of Maine, Raymond H. Fogler Library

(1907)-REGIONAL.

Portland: Portland Public Library (1884). University of Maine, School of Law Library (1964). Presque Isle: University of Maine at Presque Isle Library (1979). Springvale: Nasson College Library (1961). Waterville: Colby College, Miller Library (1884). MARYLAND

Annapolis:

Maryland State Law Library (unknown).

U.S. Naval Academy, Nimitz Library (1895). Baltimore: Enoch Pratt Free Library (1887). Johns Hopkins University, Milton S. Eisenhower Library

(1882). Morgan State College, Soper Library (1940). University of Baltimore, Langsdale Library (1973). University of Maryland, Baltimore County Library (1971). University of Maryland, School of Law Library (1969). Bel Air: Harford Community College Library (1967).

Beltsville: Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Li- brary (1895). Bethesda: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,

National Library of Medicine (1978). Chestertown: Washington College, Chester M. Miller Library

(1891). College Park: University of Maryland, McKeldin Library

(1925)-REGIONAL.

Cumberland: Allegany Community College Library (1974). Frostburg: Frostburg State College Library (1967). Patuxent River: U.S. Naval Air Station Library (1968). Rockville: Montgomery County Department of Public Libraries

(1951). Salisbury: Salisbury State College, Blackwell Library (1965). Towson: Goucher College, Julia Roger Library (1966). Westminster: Western Maryland College, Hoover Library

(1886). MASSACHUSETTS

Amherst: Amherst College Library (1884). University of Massachusetts Library (1907). Belmont: Belmont Memorial Library (1968). Boston: Boston Athenaeum Library (unknown).

Boston Public Library (1859)-REGIONAL.

75
Boston University, School of Law, Pappas Library (1979). Northeastern University Libraries (1962). State Library of Massachusetts (unknown).

Supreme Judicial Court, Social Law Library (1979). U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit Library (1978). Brookline: Public Library of Brookhne (1925). Cambridge: Harvard College Library (1860). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries (1946). Middlesex County Law Library (1978). Chestnut Hill: Boston College, Bapst Library (1963). Chicopee: Our Lady of the Elms College Library (1969). Lowell: University of Lowell, Alumni/Lydon Library (1952). Lynn: Lynn Public Library (1953). Marlborough: Marlborough Public Library (1971). Medford: Tufts University Library (1899). Milton: Curry College Library (1972). New Bedford: New Bedford Free Public Library (1858). Newton Centre: Boston College, School of Law Library (1979). North Dartmouth: Southeastern Massachusetts University Li- brary (1965). North Easton: Stonehill College, Cushing-Martin Library (1962). Springfield: Springfield City Library (1966). Western New England College, School of Law Library

(1978). Waltham: Brandeis University Library (1965). Wellesley: Wellesley College Library (1943). Wenham: Gordon College, Winn Library (1963). Williamstown: Williams College Library (unknown).

Worcester: American Antiquarian Society Library (1814). University of Massachusetts, Medical Center Library (1972). Worcester Public Library (1859). MICfflGAN

Albion: Albion College, Stockwell Memorial Library (1966). Allendale: Grand Valley State College Library (1963). Alma: Alma College, Monteith Library (1963). Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Basin Commission Library (1971). University of Michigan, Harlan Hatcher Library (1884). University of Michigan, School of Law Library (1978). Benton Harbor: Benton Harbor Public Library (1907). Bloomfield Hills: Cranbrook Institute of Science Library (1940). Dearborn: Henry Ford Centennial Library (1969). Henry Ford Community College Library (1957). Detroit: Detroit College of Law Library (1979). Detroit Public Library (1868)-REGIONAL.

Marygrove College Library (1965). Mercy College of Detroit Library (1965). University of Detroit Library (1884). University of Detroit, School of Law Library

Wayne State University, G. Flint Purdy Library (1937). Wayne State University, Law Library (1971). Dowagiac: Southwestern Michigan College, Mathews Library

(1971). East Lansing: Michigan State University Library (1907). Escanaba: Michigan State Library, Upper Peninsula Branch

(1964). Farmington: Oakland Community College, Martin Luther King

Learning Resources Center, (1968).

Flint:

" Flint Public Library (1967). University of Michigan at Flint Library (1959). Grand Rapids: Calvin College Library (1967).

Grand Rapids Public Library (1876). Houghton: Michigan Technological University Library (1876). Jackson: Jackson Public Library (1965). Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo Public Library (1907). Western Michigan University Library (1963). Lansing:

Michigan State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Thomas M. Cooley Law School Library (1978). Livonia: Schoolcraft College Library (1962). Marquette: Northern Michigan University, Olsen Library (1963). Monroe: Monroe County Library System (1974). Mt. Clemens: Macomb County Library (1968). Mt. Pleasant: Central Michigan University Library (1958). Muskegon: Hackley Public Library (1894). Olivet: Olivet College Library (1974). Petoskey: North Central Michigan College Library (1962). Port Huron: Saint Clair County Library (1876). Rochester: Oakland University, Kresge Library (1964). Saginaw: Hoyt Public Library (1890). Traverse City: Northwestern Michigan College, Mark Osterlin Library (1964). University Center: Delta College Library (1963). Warren: Warren Public Library, Arthur J. Miller Branch (1973). Wayne: Wayne Oakland Federated Library System (1957).

Ypsilanti: Eastern Michigan University Library (1965). MINNESOTA

Bemidji: Bemidji State College, A. C. Clark Library (1963). Collegeville: St. John's University, Alcuin Library (1954). Duluth: Duluth Public Library (1909). Mankato: Mankato State College, Memorial Library (1962). Minneapolis:

Anoka County Library (1971). Hennepin County Libraries (1971). Minneapolis Public Library (1893). University of Minnesota, School of Law Library (1978). University of Minnesota, Wilson Library (1907)-REGION- AL.

Moorhead: Moorhead State College Library (1956). Morris: University of Minnesota at Morris Library (1963). Northfield: Carleton College Library (1930).

St. Olaf College, Rolvaag Memorial Library (1930).

St. Cloud: St. Cloud State College Library (1962).

St. Paul: Hamline University, School of Law Library (1978). Minnesota Historical Society Library (1867). Minnesota State Law Library (unknown).

St. Paul Public Library (1914). University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus Library (1974). William Mitchell College of Law Library (1979). Saint Peter: Gustavus Adolphus College Library (1941). Stillwater: Stillwater Public Library (1893). Willmar: Crow River Regional Library (1958). Winona: Winona State University, Maxwell Library (1969). MISSISSIPPI

Cleveland: Delta State University, W. B. Roberts Library (1975). Clinton: Mississippi College, School of Law Library (1977). Columbus: Mississippi State University for Women, John

Clayton Fant Memorial Library (1929). Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi, Joe Cook

Memorial Library (1935). Jackson: Jackson State University, Henry Thomas Sampson Library

(1968). Millsaps College, Millsaps-Wilson Library (1963). Mississippi Library Commission (1947).

76
Mississippi State Law Library (unknown). Lorman: Alcorn State University Library (1970). Mississippi State: Mississippi State University, Mitchell Memorial

Library (1907). University:

University of Mississippi Library (1833)-REGIONAL.

University of Mississippi, School of Law Library (1967). MISSOURI

Cape Girardeau: Southeast Missouri State University, Kent Li- brary (1916). Columbia:

University of Missouri at Columbia Library (1862). University of Missouri at Columbia, School of Law Library

(1978). Fayette: Central Methodist College, George M. Smiley Library

(1962). Fulton: Westminster College, Reeves Library (1875). Jefferson City: Lincoln University, Inman E. Page Library (1944). Missouri State Library (1963). Missouri Supreme Court Library (unknown).

Joplin: Missouri Southern State College Library (1966). Kansas City: Kansas City Public Library (1881). Rockhurst College, Greenlease Library (1917). University of Missouri at Kansas City, General Library

(1938). University of Missouri at Kansas City, Leon E. Bloch

School of Law Library (1978). Kirksville: Northeast Missouri State University, Pickler Memorial Library (1966). Liberty: William Jewell College, Charles F. Curry Library

(1900). RoUa: University of Missouri at Rolla Library (1907).

St. Charles: Lindenwood College, Margaret Leggat Butler Li- brary (1973).

St. Joseph: St. Joseph Public Library (1891),

St. Louis: Maryville College Library (1976).

St. Louis County Library (1970).

St. Louis Public Library (1866).

St. Louis University, Law Library (1967).

St. Louis University, Pius XII Memorial Library (1966). University of Missouri at St. Louis, Thomas Jefferson Li- brary (1966). U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit Library (1972). Washington University, John M. Olin Library (1906). Washington University, School of Law Library (1978). Springfield: Drury College, Walker Library (1874). Southwest Missouri State University Library (1963). Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, Ward Edwards

Library (1914). MONTANA

Billings: Eastern Montana College Library (1924). Bozeman: Montana State University Library (1907). Butte: Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology Li- brary (1901). Helena:

Carroll College Library (1974). Montana Historical Society Library (unknown). Montana State Library (1966). State Law Library of Montana (1977). Missoula: University of Montana Library (1909)-REGIONAL.

NEBRASKA

Blair: Dana College, Dana-LIFE Library (1924). Crete: Doane College, Perkins Library (1944). Fremont: Midland Lutheran College Library (1924). Kearney: Kearney State College, Calvin T. Ryan Library (1962). Lincoln: Nebraska Publications Clearinghouse, Nebraska Library

Commission (1972)-REGIONAL.

Nebraska State Library (unknown).

University of Nebraska at Lincoln, D. L. Love Memorial Li- brary (1907)-JOINT REGIONAL.

Omaha:

Creighton University, Alumni Memorial Library (1964). Omaha Public Library, W. Dale Clark Library (1880). University of Nebraska at Omaha, University Library

(1939).

Scottsbluff: Scottsbluff Public Library (1925). Wayne: Wayne State College, U.S. Connecticut Library (1970). NEVADA

Carson City:

Nevada State Library (unknown).

Nevada Supreme Court Library (1973). Las Vegas:

Clark County Library District (1974). University of Nevada, James Dickinson Library (1959). Reno:

National Judicial College, Law Library (1979). Nevada State Historical Society Library (1974). University of Nevada Library (1907)-REGIONAL

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Concord:

Franklin Pierce Law Center Library (1973). New Hampshire State Library (unknown).

Durham: University of New Hampshire Library (1907). Hanover: Dartmouth College Library (1884). Henniker: New England College Library (1966). Manchester: Manchester City Library (1884). New Hampshire College, H. A. B. Shapiro Memorial Li- brary (1976).

St. Anselm's College, Geisel Library (1963). Nashua: Nashua Public Library (1971). NEW JERSEY

Bayonne: Bayonne Free Public Library (1909). Bloomfield: Free Public Library of Bloomfield (1965). Bridgeton: Cumberland County Library (1966). Camden:

Rutgers University, Camden Library (1966). Rutgers University, School of Law Library (1979). Convent Station: College of St. Elizabeth, Mahoney Library

(1938). Dover: County College of Morris, Library Learning Resources

Center (1975). East Brunswick: East Brunswick Public Library (1977). East Orange: East Orange Public Library (1966). Elizabeth: Free Public Library of Elizabeth (1895). Glassboro: Glassboro State College, Savitz Learning Resource

Center (1963). Hackensack: Johnson Free Public Library (1966). Irvington: Free Public Library of Irvington (1966). Jersey City: Free City Public Library (1879). Jersey City State College, Forrest A. Irwin Library (1963).

77
Lawrenceville: Rider College Library (1975). Madison: Drew University, Rose Memorial Library (1939). Mahwah: Ramapo College Library (1971). Mount Holly: Burlington County Library (1966). New Brunswick: New Brunswick Free Public Library (1908). Rutgers University Library (1907). Newark: Newark Public Library (1906)-REGIONAL.

Rutgers, The State University, John Cotton Dana Library

(1966). Rutgers University, School of Law Library (1979). Passaic: Passaic Public Library (1964). Phillipsburg: Phillipsburg Free Public Library (1976).

Plainfield: Plainfield Public Library (1971). Pomona: Stockton State College Library (1972). Princeton: Princeton University Library (1884). Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Library (1953). Shrewsbury: Monmouth County Library (1968). South Orange: Seton Hall University, McLaughlin Library

(1947). Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck Campus Li- brary (1963). Toms River: Ocean County College, Learning Resources Center

(1966). Trenton: New Jersey State Library, Law and Reference Bureau

(unknown). Trenton Free Public Library (1902). Union: Kean College of New Jersey, Nancy Thompson Library

(1973). Upper Montclair: Montclair State College, Harry S. Sprague Li- brary (1967). Wayne: Wayne Public Library (1972). West Long Branch: Monmouth College, Guggenheim Memorial

Library (1963). Woodbridge: Free Public Library of Woodbridge (1965). NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque:

University of New Mexico, Medical Center Library (1973). University of New Mexico, School of Law Library (1973). University of New Mexico, Zimmerman Library (1896)-REGIONAL.

Hobbs: New Mexico Junior College, Pannell Library (1969). Las Cruces: New Mexico State University Library (1907). Las Vegas: New Mexico Highlands University, Donnelly Li- brary (1913). Portales: Eastern New Mexico University Library (1962). Santa Fe: New Mexico State Library (1960)-REGIONAL.

Supreme Court Law Library (unknown).

Silver City: Western New Mexico University, Miller Library

(1972). NEW YORK

Albany:

New York Stite Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

State University of New York at Albany, University Li- brary (1964). Auburn: Seymour Library (1972). Bayside: Queensborough Community College Library (1972). Binghamton: State University of New York at Binghamton. University Library (1962). Brockport: State University of New York at Brockport, Drake

Memorial Library (1967). Bronx:Fordham University Library (1937). Herbert H. Lehman College Library (1967).

New York Public Library, Mott Haven Branch (1973). State University of New York, Maritime College Library

(1947). Brooklyn:

Brooklyn College Library (1936). Brooklyn Law School Library (1974). Brooklyn Public Library (1908). Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Libraries (1963). Pratt Institute Library (1891). State University of New York, Downstate Medical Research Library (1958). Buffalo: Buffalo and Erie County Public Library (1895). State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Law,

Charles B. Sears Law Library (1978). State University of New York at Buffalo, Lockwood

Memorial Library (1963). Canton: St. Lawrence University, Owen D. Young Library

(1920). Cheektowago: Cheektowago Public Library (1978). Coming: Corning Community College, Arthur A. Houghton, Jr. Library (1963). Cortland: State University of New York at Cortland, Memorial

Library (1964). Delhi: State University Agricultural, and Technical College Li- brary (1970). East Islip: East Islip Public Library (1973). Elmira: Elmira College, Gannett-Tripp Learning Center (1956). Farmingdale: State University of New York at Farmington Li- brary (1917). Flushing: Cathedral College Library (1971). Queens College, Paul Klapper Library (1939). Garden City; Adelphi University Library (1966). Geneseo: State University of New York at Geneseo, Milne Li- brary (1967). Greenvale: Long Island University, B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library (1964). Hamilton: Colgate University Library (1902). Hempstead:

Hofstra University Library (1964). Hofstra University, School of Law Library (1979). Ithaca: Cornell University Libraries (1907). Cornell University, School of Law Library (1978). New York State College of Agriculture and Home

Economics, Albert R. Mann Library (1943). Jamaica: Queens Borough Public Library (1926).

St. John's University Library (1956).

St. John's University, School of Law Library (1978). Kings Point: U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Academy Li- brary (1962). Mount Vernon: Mount Vernon Public Library (1962). New Paltz: State University College at New Paltz, Sojourner Truth Library (1965). New York City: City University of New York, City College Library (1884). Columbia University Libraries (1882). Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Arts Li- brary (1930). Medical Library Center of New York (1976). New York Law Institute Library (1909). New York Public Library, Astor Branch (1907). New York Public Library, Lenox Branch (1884). New York University, Law Library (1973). New York University Libraries (1967). The College of Insurance Library (1965). U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Library (1976). Newburgh: Newburgh Free Library (1909). Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Public Library (1976). Oakdale: Dowling College (1965).

78
Oneonta: State University College at Oneonta, James M. Milne

Library (1966). Oswego: State University of New York at Oswego, Penfield Li- brary (1966). Plattsburgh: State University College at Plattsburgh, Benjamin

F. Feinberg Library (1967). Potsdam:

Clarkson College of Technology Library (1938). State University College at Potsdam, Frederick W. Crumb

Memorial Library (1964). Poughkeepsie: Vassar College Library (1943). Purchase: State University of New York at Purchase Library

(1969). Rochester: Rochester Public Library (1963). University of Rochester Library (1880).

St. Bonaventure: St. Bonaventure University, Friedsam Memorial Library (1938). Saratoga Springs: Skidmore College Library (1964). Schenectady: Union College, Schaffer Library (1901). Southampton: Southampton College Library (1973). Staten Island: Wagner College, Horrmann Library, Grymes Hill (1953). Stony Brook: State University of New York at Stony Brook,

Main Library (1963). Syracuse: Onondaga County Public Library (1978). Syracuse University Library (1878). Syracuse University, William C. Ruger Law Library (1978). Troy: Troy Public Library (1869). Uniondale: Nassau Library System (1965). Utica:Utica Public Library (1885). State University College at Utica/Rome Library (1977). West Point: U.S. Military Academy Library (unknown).

White Plains: Pace University, School of Law Library (1978). Yonkers: Sarah Lawrence College Library (1969). Yonkers Public Library (1910). Yorktown Heights: Mercy College Library (1976). NORTH CAROLINA

Asheville: University of North Carolina at Asheville, D. Hiden

Ramsey Library (1965). Boiling Springs: Gardner-Webb College Library (1974). Boone: Appalachian State University Library (1963). Buies Creek: Campbell College, Carrie Rich Memorial Library

(1965). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library

(1884)-REGIONAL.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Law

Library (1978). Charlotte: Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County

(1964). Queens College, Everett Library (1927). University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Atkins Library

(1964). Cullowhee: Western Carolina University, Hunter Library (1953). Davidson: Davidson College Library (1893). Durham:

Duke University, School of Law Library (1978). Duke University, William R. Perkins Library (1890). North Carolina Central University, James E. Shepard

Memorial Library (1973). Elon College: Iris Holt McEwen Library (1971). Fayetteville: Fayetteville State University, Charles W. Chestnutt

Library (1971). Greensboro: North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, F. D. Bluford Library (1937).

University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Walter Clinton Jackson Library (1963). Greenville: East Carolina University Library (1951). Laurinburg: St. Andrews Presbyterian College, DeTamble Li- brary (1969). Lexington: Davidson County Public Library (1971). Mount Olive: Mount Olive College, Moye Library (1971). Murfreesboro: Chowan College, Whitaker Library (1963). Pembroke: Pembroke State University, Mary H. Livermore Li- brary (1956). Raleigh:

Department of Cultural Resources, Division of State Li- brary (unknown). North Carolina State University, D. H. Hill Library (1923). North Carolina Supreme Court Library (1972). Wake County Public Library (1969). Rocky Mount: North Carolina Wesleyan College Library (1969). Salisbury: Catawba College Library (1925). Wilmington: University of North Carolina at Wilmington,

William M. Randall Library (1965). Wilson: Atlantic Christian College, Clarence L. Hardy Library

(1930). Winston-Salem:

Forsyth County Public Library (1954). Wake Forest University, Z. Smith Reynolds Library (1902). NORTH DAKOTA

Bismarck: North Dakota State Historical Society Library (1907). North Dakota State Library (1971). North Dakota Supreme Court Law Library (unknown).

Veterans' Memorial Public Library (1967). Dickinson: Dickinson State College, Stoxen Library (1968). Fargo:Fargo Public Library (1964). North Dakota State University Library (1907)-REGIONAL, in cooperation with University of North Dakota,

Chester Fritz Library.

Grand Forks: University of North Dakota, Chester Fritz Library

(1890). Minot: Minot State College, Memorial Library (1925). Valley City: Valley City State College Library (1913). OHIO

Ada: Ohio Northern University, J. P. Taggart Law Library

(1965). Akron:Akron-Summit Public Library (1952). University of Akron, Bierce Library (1963). University of Akron, C. Blake McDowell Law Center, School of Law Library (1978). Alliance: Mount Union College Library (1888). Ashland: Ashland College Library (1938). Athens: Ohio University Library (1886). Batavia: University of Cincinnati at Batavia, Clermont General and Technical College Library (1973). Bluffton: Bluffton College, Musselman Library (1951). Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Library (1933). Canton: Malone College, Everett L. Cattell Library (1970). Chardon: Geauga County Public Library (1971). Cincinnati: Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (1884). University of Cincinnati, Central Library (1929). University of Cincinnati, College of Law, Marx Law Li- brary (1978). Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, Freiberger Library

(1913).

79
Case Western Reserve University, School of Law Library

(1979). Cleveland Heights-University Heights Public Library

(1970). Cleveland Public Library (1886). Cleveland State University, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Joseph W. Bartunek III Law Library (1978). Cleveland State University Library (1966). John Carroll University, Grasselli Library (1963). Municipal Reference Library (1970). Columbus:

Capital University Library (1968). Ohio State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Ohio State University Libraries (1907). Ohio Supreme Court Law Library (1973). The Public Library of Columbus and Franklin County

(1885). Dayton:

Dayton and Montgomery County Public Library (1909). University of Dayton, Albert Emanuel Library (1969). Wright State University Library (1965). Delaware: Ohio Wesleyan University, L. A. Beeghly Library

(1845). Elyria: Elyria Public Library (1966). Findlay: Findlay College, Shafer Library (1969). Gambler: Kenyon College Library (1873). Granville: Denison University Library (1884). Hiram: Hiram College, Teachout-Price Memorial Library (1874). Kent: Kent State University Libraries (1962). Marietta: Marietta College, Dawes Memorial Library (1884). Middletown: Miami University at Middletown, Gardner-Harvey

Library (1970). New Concord: Muskingum College Library (1966). Oberlin: Oberlin College Library (1858). Oxford: Miami University at Oxford, Alumni Library (1909). Portsmouth: Portsmouth Public Library (unknown). Rio Grande: Rio Grande College, Jeanette Albiez Davis Library

(1966). Springfield: Warder Public Library (1884). Steubenville: Public Library of Steubenville and Jefferson County (1950). The College of Steubenville, Starvaggi Memorial Library

(1971). Tiffin: Heidelberg College, Beeghly Library (1964). Toledo: Toledo-Lucas County Public Library (1884). University of Toledo Library (1963). Westerville: Otterbein College Library (1967). Wooster: College of Wooster, Andrews Library (1966). Youngstown:

Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County

(1923). Youngstown State University, William F. Maag Library

(1971). OKLAHOMA

Ada: East Central University, Linscheid Library (1914). Alva: Northwestern Oklahoma State University Library (1907).

Bartlesville: U.S. Department of Energy, Bartlesville Energy

Research Center Library (1962). Bethany: Bethany Nazarene College, R. T. Williams Library

(1971). Durant: Southeastern Oklahoma State University Library (1929). Edmond: Central State University Library (1934). Enid: Public Library of Enid and Garfield County (1908). Langston: Langston University, G. Lamar Harrison Library

(1941). Muskogee: Muskogee Public Library (1971). Norman:

University of Oklahoma Library (1893). University of Oklahoma, School of Law Library (1978),

Oklahoma City: Metropolitan Library System (1974). Oklahoma City University Library (1963). Oklahoma Department of Libraries (1893)-REGIONAL.

Shawnee: Oklahoma Baptist University Library (1933).

Stillwater: Oklahoma State University Library (1907). Tahlequah: Northeastern Oklahoma State University, John Vaughan Library (1923). Tulsa:Tulsa City-County Library (1963). University of Tulsa, College of Law Library (1979). University of Tulsa, McFarlin Library (1929). Weatherford: Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Al

Harris Library (1958). OREGON

Ashland: Southern Oregon State College Library (1953). Corvallis: Oregon State University Library (1907). Eugene: University of Oregon Library (1883). Forest Grove: Pacific University Library (1897). La Grande: Eastern Oregon College, Walter M. Pierce Library

(1954). McMinnville: Linfield College, Northup Library (1965). Monmouth: Oregon College of Education Library (1967). Portland: Lewis and Clark College, Aubrey R. Watzek Library

(1967). Library Association of Portland (1884). Portland State University Library (1963)-REGIONAL.

Reed College Library (1912). U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power

Administration Library (1962). Salem:Oregon State Library (unknown).

Oregon Supreme Court Library (1974). Willamette University, College of Law Library (1979). Willamette University, Main Library (1969). PENNSYLVANIA

Allentown: Muhlenberg College, Haas Library (1939). Altoona: Altoona Public Library (1969). Bethlehem: Lehigh University, Linderman Library (1876). Blue Bell: Montgomery County Community College, Learning Resources Center (1975).

Carlisle: Dickinson College, Boyd Lee Spahr Library (1947). Dickinson College, School of Law, Sheeley-Lee Law Li- brary (1978). Cheyney: Cheyney State College, Leslie Pickney Hill Library

(1967). Collegeville: Ursinus College, Myrin Library (1963). Coraopolis: Robert Morris College Library (1978). Doylestown: Bucks County Free Library (1970). East Stroudsburg: East Stroudsburg State College, Kemp Li- brary (1966). Erie: Erie City and County Library (1897). Greenville: Thiel College, Langenheim Memorial Library

(1963). Harrisburg: State Library of Pennsylvania (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Haverford: Haverford College, Magill Library (1897). Hazleton: Hazleton Area Public Library (1964). Indiana: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Rhodes R. Stabley

Library (1962). Johnstown: Cambria County Library System (1965). Lancaster: Franklin and Marshall College, Fackenthal Library

(1895). Lewisburg: Bucknell University, Ellen Clarke Bertrand Library

(1963). Mansfield: Mansfield State College Library (1968).

80
Meadville: Allegheny College, Lawrence Lee Pelletier Library

(1907). MillersvUniversity, School of Law Library (1978). La Roche College, John J. Wright Library (1974). University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Library (1910). University of Pittsburgh, School of Law Library (1979). U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines Library

(1962).

Pottsville: Pottsville Free Public Library (1967). Reading: Reading Public Library (1901). Scranton: Scranton Public Library (1895). Shippensburg: Shippensburg State College, Ezra Lehman

Memorial Library (1973). Slippery Rock: Slippery Rock State College Library (1965). Swarthmore: Swarthmore College Library (1923). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Library (1907). Villanova: Villanova University, Pulling Law Library (1964). Warren: Warren Library Association (1885). Washington: Washington and Jefferson College, Memorial Li- brary (1884). Waynesburg: Waynesburg College Library (1964). West Chester: West Chester State College, Francis Harvey

Green Library (1967). Wilkes-Barre: King's College, D. Leonard Corgan Library

(1949). Williamsport: Lycoming College Library (1970). York: York College of Pennsylvania Library (1963). Youngwood: Westmoreland County Community College,

Learning Resources Center (1972). PUERTO MCO

Mayaguez: University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus Li- brary (1928). Ponce:

Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Encarnacion Valdes Li- brary (1966). Catholic University of Puerto Rico, School of Law Library

(1978). Rio Piedras: University of Puerto Rico, General Library (1928). RHODE ISLAND

Kingston: University of Rhode Island Library (1907). Newport: U.S. Naval War College Library (1963). Providence: Brown University, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library

(unknown). Providence College, Phillips Memorial Library (1969). Providence Public Library (1884). Rhode Island College, James P. Adams Library (1965). Rhode Island State Library (before 1895). Warwick: Warwick Public Library (1966). Westerly: Westerly Public Library (1909). Woonsocket: Woonsocket Harris Public Library (1977). SOUTH CAROLINA

Charleston:

Baptist College at Charleston, L. Mendel Rivers Library

(1967). The Citadel, Daniel Library (1962). The College of Charleston, Robert Scott Small Library

(1869). Clemson: Clemson University Library (1893). Columbia:

Benedict College, Learning Resources Center (1969). Richland County Public Library (1978). South Carolina State Library (before 1895).

University of South Carolina, Thomas Cooper Library

(1884). Conway: University of South Carolina, Coastal Carolina College

Library (1974). Due West: Erskine College, McCain Library (1968). Florence: Florence County Library (1967). Francis Marion College, James A. Rogers Library (1970). Greenville: Furman University Library (1962). Greenville County Library (1966). Greenwood: Lander College, Larry A. Jackson Library (1967). Orangeburg: South Carolina State College, Miller F. Whittaker

Library (1953). Rock Hill: Winthrop College, Dacus Library (1896). Spartanburg: Spartanburg County Public Library (1967). SOUTH DAKOTA

Aberdeen: Northern State College Library (1963). Brookings: South Dakota State University, H. M. Briggs Library

(1889). Pierre:South Dakota State Library (1973). South Dakota Supreme Court Library (1978). Rapid City: Rapid City Public Library (1963). South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (1963). Sioux Falls: Augustana College, Mikkelsen Library and Learning Resources Center (1969). Sioux Falls Public Library (1903). Spearfish: Black Hills State College Library (1942). Vermillion: University of South Dakota, I. D. Weeks Library

(1889). Yankton: Yankton College, James Lloyd Library (1904). TENNESSEE

Bristol: King College, E. W. King Library (1970). Chattanooga:

Chattanooga-Hamilton County Bicentennial Library (1908). U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority Technical Library (1976). Clarksville: Austin Peay State University, Felix G. Woodward

Library (1945). Cleveland: Cleveland State Community College Library (1973). Columbia: Columbia State Community College, John W. Finney

Memorial Library (1973). Cookeville: Tennessee Technological University, Jere Whitson

Memorial Library (1969). Jackson: Lambuth College, Luther L. Gobbel Library (1967). Jefferson City: Carson-Newman College Library (1964). Johnson City: East Tennessee State University, Sherrod Library

(1942). Knoxville: Knoxville-Knox County Public Library (1973). University of Tennessee at Knoxville, James D. Hoskins Li- brary (1907). University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Law Library (1971). Martin: University of Tennessee at Martin, Paul Meek Library

(1957). Memphis:

Memphis-Shelby County Public Library and Information Center (1896). Memphis State University, John W. Brister Library (1966). Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University Library

(1912). Nashville: Fisk University Library (1965). Joint University Libraries (1884). Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County (1884).

81
Tennessee State Law Library (1976). Tennessee State Library and Archives (unknown).

Tennessee State University Library (1972). Vanderbilt University Law Library (1976). Sewanee: University of the South, Jesse Ball duPont Library

(1873). TEXAS

Abilene: Abilene Christian University, Margarett and Herman Brown

Library (1978). Hardin-Simmons University, Rupert and Pauline Richardson

Library (1940). Arlington:

Arlington Public Library (1970). University of Texas at Arlington Library (1963). Austin: Texas State Law Library (1972). Texas State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

University of Texas at Austin Library (1884). University of Texas at Austin, Lyndon B. Johnson School

of Public Affairs Library (1966). University of Texas at Austin, Tarlton Law Library (1965). Baytown: Lee College Library (1970). Beaumont: Lamar University, Mary and John Gray Library

(1957). Brownwood: Howard Payne College, Walker Memorial Library

(1964). Canyon: West Texas State University Library (1928). College Station: Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University

Library (1907). Commerce: East Texas State University Library (1937). Corpus Christi: Corpus Christi University Library (1976). Corsicana: Navarro College, Gaston T. Gooch Library (1965). Dallas: Bishop College, Zale Library (1966). Dallas Baptist College Library (1967). Dallas Public Library (1900). Southern Methodist University, Fondren Library (1925). University of Texas Health Science Center Library at Dallas (1975). Denton: North Texas State University Library (1948). Edinburg: Pan American University Library (1959). El Paso: El Paso Public Library (1906). University of Texas at El Paso Library (1966). Fort Worth:

Fort Worth Public Library (1905). Texas Christian University, Mary Couts Burnett Library

(1916). Galveston: Rosenberg Library (1909). Houston: Houston Public Library (1884). North Harris County College, Learning Resources Center

(1974). Rice University, Fondren Library (1967). University of Houston Library (1957). University of Houston, School of Law Library (1979). Huntsville: Sam Houston State University Library (1949). Irving: Irving Public Library System (1974). Kingsville: Texas Arts and Industries University Library (1944). Lake Jackson: Brazosport College Library (1969). Laredo: Laredo Junior College, Yeary Library (1970). Longview: Nicholson Memorial Public Library (1961). Lubbock:

Texas Tech University Library (1935)-REGIONAL.

Texas Tech University, School of Law Library (1978). Marshall: Wiley College, Thomas Winston Cole, Sr. Library

(1962). Mesquite: Mesquite Public Library (1975).

82

Nacogdoches: Stephen F. Austin State University, Steen Library

(1965). Plainview: Wayland Baptist College, Van Howeling Memorial

Library (1963). Richardson: University of Texas at Dallas Library (1972). San Angelo: Angelo State University Library (1964). San Antonio: San Antonio College Library (1972). San Antonio Public Library, (1899).

St. Mary's University, Academic Library (1964). Trinity University Library (1964). University of Texas at San Antonio Library (1973). San Marcos: Southwest Texas State University Library (1955). Seguin: Texas Lutheran College, Blumberg Memorial Library

(1970). Sherman: Austin College, Arthur Hopkins Library (1963). Texarkana: Texarkana Community College, Palmer Memorial Li- brary (1963). Victoria: University of Houston at Victoria Campus Library

(1973). Waco: Baylor University, Moody Memorial Library (1905). Wichita Falls: Midwestern University, Moffett Library (1963). UTAH

Cedar City: Southern Utah State College Library (1964). Ephraim: Snow College, Lucy A. Phillips Library (1963). Logan: Utah State University, Merrill Library and Learning Resources Center (1907)-REGIONAL.

Ogden: Weber State College, Stewart Library (1962). Provo:Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library (1908). Brigham Young University, Law Library (1972). Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Eccles Health Sciences Library (1970). University of Utah, Law Library (1966). University of Utah, Marriott Library (1893). Utah State Library Commission, (unknown). Utah State Supreme Court, Law Library (1975). VERMONT

Burlington: University of Vermont, Bailey Library (1907). Castleton: Castleton State College, Calvin Coolidge Library

(1969). Johnson: Johnson State College, John Dewey Library (1955). Lyndonville: Lyndon State College, Samuel Reed Hall Library

(1969). Middlebury: Middlebury College, Egbert Starr Library (1884). Montpelier: Vermont Department of Libraries (before 1895). Northfield: Norwich University Library (1908). South Royalton: Vermont School of Law Library (1978). VffiGIN ISLANDS

St. Croix: Florence Williams Public Library (1974).

St. Thomas:

College of the Virgin Islands, Ralph M. Paiewonsky Li- brary (1973). Enid M. Baa Public Library (1968). VIRGINIA

Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Carol M. Newman Library (1907). Bridgewater: Bridgewater College, Alexander Mack Memorial

Library (1902). Charlottesville: University of Virginia, Alderman Library (1910)-REGION-
University of Virginia Law School, Arthur J. Morris Law

Library (1964). Chesapeake: Chesapeake Public Library (1970). Danville: Danville Community College Library (1969). Emory: Emory and Henry College, Kelly Library (1884). Fairfax: George Mason University Library (1960). Fredericksburg: Mary Washington College, E. Lee Trinkle Li- brary (1940). Hampden-Sydney: Hampden-Sydney College, Eggleston Library

(1891). Hampton: Hampton Institute, Huntington Memorial Library

(1977). Harrisonburg: James Madison University, Madison Memorial Li- brary (1973). Hollins College: HoUins College, Fishburn Library (1967). Lexington:

Virginia Military Institute, Preston Library (1874). Washington and Lee University, Cyrus Hall McCormick Li- brary (1910). Washington and Lee University, Wilbur C. Hall School of Law Library (1978). Martinsville: Patrick Henry Community College Library (1971). Norfolk: Norfolk Public Library (1895). Old Dominion University Library (1963). U.S. Armed Forces Staff College Library (1963). Petersburg: Virginia State College, Johnston Memorial Library

(1907). Quantico:

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Academy Library (1970). U.S. Marine Corps Schools, James Carson Breckinridge Li- brary (1967). Reston: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Center Library (1962). Richmond:

University of Richmond, Boatwright Memorial Library

(1900). U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit Library (1973). Virginia Commonwealth University, James Branch Cabell Library (1971). Virginia State Law Library (1973). Virginia State Library (unknown). Roanoke: Roanoke Public Library (1964). Salem: Roanoke College Library (1886). Williamsburg:

College of William and Mary, Marshall-Wythe Law Library

(1978). College of William and Mary, Swem Library (1936). Wise: Clinch Valley College, John Cook Wyllie Library (1971). WASHINGTON

Bellingham: Western Washington University, Mabel Zoe Wilson

Library (1963). Cheney: Eastern Washington University Library (1966). Ellensberg: Central Washington University Library (1962). Everett: Everett Public Library (1914). Olympia:

Evergreen State College, Daniel J. Evans Library (1972). Washington State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.

Port Angeles: North Olympic Library System (1965). Pullman: Washington State University Library (1907).

Seattle: Seattle Public Library (1908). University of Washington Libraries (1890). University of Washington, Law Library (1965). Spokane:

Gonzaga University, School of Law Library (1979). Spokane Public Library (1910).

Tacoma: Tacoma Public Library (1894). University of Puget Sound, Collins Memorial Library

(1938). University of Puget Sound, School of Law Library (1978). Vancouver: Fort Vancouver Regional Library (1962). Walla Walla: Whitman College, Penrose Memorial Library

(1890). WEST VIRGINIA

Athens: Concord College Library (1924). Bluefield: Bluefield State College Library (1972). Charleston: Kanawha County Public Library (1952). West Virginia College of Graduate Studies Library (1977). West Virginia Library Commission (unknown). West Virginia Supreme Court Law Library (1977). Elkins: Davis and Elkins College Library (1913). Fairmont: Fairmont State College Library (1884). Glenville: Glenville State College, Robert F. Kidd Library

(1966). Huntington: Marshall University, James E. Morrrow Library

(1925).

Institute: West Virginia State College, Drain-Jordan Library

(1907). Morgantown: West Virginia University Library (1907)-REGIONAL.

Salem: Salem College Library (1921). Shepherdstown: Shepherd College Library (1971). Weirton: Mary H. Weir Public Library (1963). WISCONSIN

Appleton: Lawrence University, Seeley G. Mudd Library

(1869).

Beloit: Beloit College Libraries (1888). Eau Claire: University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, William D. Mclntyre Library (1951). Fond du Lac: Fond du Lac Public Library (1966). Green Bay: University of Wisconsin-Green Bay Library (1968). La Crosse: La Crosse Public Library (1883). University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Murphy Library (1965). Madison: Madison Public Library (1965). State Historical Society Library (1870)-REGIONAL, in cooperation with University of Wisconsin-Madison,

Memorial Library.

University of Wisconsin-Madison, Memorial Library (1939). Wisconsin State Law Library (unknown). Milwaukee: Alverno College Library (1971). Milwaukee County Law Library (1934). Milwaukee Public Library (1861)-REGIONAL.

Mount Mary College Library (1964). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Library (1960). Oshkosh: University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Forrest R. Polk Li- brary (1956).

Platteville: University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Karrmann Li- brary (1964). Racine: Racine Public Library (1898). River Falls: University of Wisconsin-River Falls, Chalmer Davee Library (1962). Stevens Point: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Learning Resources Center (1951). Superior:

Superior Public Library (1908). University of Wisconsin-Superior, Jim Dan Hill Library

(1935). Waukesha: Waukesha Public Library (1966). Wausau: Marathon County Public Library (1971).

83
Whitewater: University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Harold Andersen Library (1963). WYOMING

Casper: Natrona County Public Library (1929). Cheyenne:

Wyoming State Law Library (1977). Wyoming State Library (unknown)-REGIONAL.-

Laramie:

University of Wyoming, Coe Library (1907). University of Wyoming, School of Law Library (1978). Powell: Northwest Community College Library (1967). Riverton: Central Wyoming College Library (1969). Rock Springs: Western Wyoming Community College Library

(1969). Sheridan: Sheridan College, Kooi Library (1963).

84
APPENDIX B.

DISTRICT

OFFICES

OF THE U.S.

DEPARTMENT

OF

COMMERCE

ALABAMA

Birmingham—Gayle C. Shelton, Jr., Director, Suite 200-201, 908 South 20th

Street, 35205, Area Code 205 Tel 254-

1331, FTS 229-1331 ALASKA

Anehorag*—Blair^e D. Porter, Director, 701 C Street, P.O. Box 32, 99513, Area Code 907 Tel 271-5041, FTS Dial 8 399-

0150, Ask for 271-5041

ARIZONA

Pho«nlx— Donald W. Fry, Director, Suite 2950 Valley Bank Center, 201 North Central Avenue 85073, Area Code 602 Tel 261-3285, FTS 261-3285

ARKANSAS

Little Rock—Robert E. Kistler, Director, Suite 635, Savers Federal Building, 320

W. Capitol Avenue, 72201, Area Code

501 Tel 378-5794, FTS 740-5794

CALIFORNIA

Lo* Angeles—Paul W. Leinenbach,

Director, Room 800, 11777 San Vicente Boulevard 90049, Area Code 213 Tel 824-7591, FTS 799-7591 •San Diego— 110 West C Street, 92101, Area Code 714 Tel 293-5395 San Francisco—Betty D, Neuhart Director, Federal Building, Box 36013, 450

Golden Gate Avenue 94102, Area Code

415 Tel 556-5860, FTS 556-5868

COLORADO

Denver—Donald L. Schiike, Director, Roonn 177, U.S. Customhouse, 721 -19th

Street, 80202, Area Code 303 Tel 837-

3246, FTS 327-3246

CONNECTICUT

Hartford—Director (Vacant), Room 610-

B, Federal Office Building, 450 Main

Street 06103, Area Code 203 Tel 244-

3530, FTS 244-3530 FLORIDA

Miami—Ivan A. Cosimi, Director, Room

821, City National Bank Building, 25 West

Flagler Street 33130, Area Code 305 Tel 350-5267, FTS 350-5267 •Clearwater— 128 North Osceola Avenue 33515, Area Code 813 Tel 461-0011

•Jackeonvllle—8 1 5 S. Maine Street, Suite 100. 32207, Area Code 904 Tel 791-2796, FTS 946-2796

•Tallahaesee—Collins BIdg., Rm. G20 32304, Area Code 904 Tel 488-

6469, FTS 946-4320 QEORQIA

Atlanta— Daniel M. Paul, Director, Suite 600, 1365 Peachtree Street, N.E. 30309, Area Code 404 Tel 881-7000, FTS 257- 7000

Savannah—James W. Mclntire, Director, 222 U.S. Courthouse & P.O. Box 9746, 125-29 Bull Street, 31412, Area Code

912 Tel 944-4204, FTS 248-4204

HAWAII

Honolulu—H. Tucker Gratz, Director, 4106 Federal Building, P.O. Box 50026,

300 Ala Moana Boulevard 96850, Area Code 808 Tel 546-8694, FTS 8 808-546- 8694 ILLINOIS Chicago—Gerald M. Marks, Director, 1406 Mid Continental Plaza Building, 55

East Monroe Street 60603, Area Code

312 Tel 353-4450, FTS 353-4450 •Commerce BuslneM Dally

Room 1304, 433 West Van Buren

Street 60607, Area Code 312 Tel 353- 2950

INDIANA

Indianapolis— Mel R. Sherar, Director, 357 U.S. Courthouse & Federal Office

Building, 46 East Ohio Street 46204. Area Code 317 Tel 269-6214, FTS 331-6214 IOWA

Des Moines—Jesse N. Durden, Director, 817 Federal Building, 210 Walnut Street 50309, Area Code 515 Tel 284-4222, FTS 862-4222KENTUCKY

Louisville— Donald R. Henderson,

Director, Room 656B, U.S. Post Office and Court House Building 40202, Area Code 502 Tel 582-5066, FTS 352-5066

LOUISIANA

New Orleans— Raymond E. Eveland,

Director, 432 International Trade Mart, No. 2 Canal Street 70130, Area Code 504

Tel 589-6546, FTS 682-6546

MAINE

•Augusta (Boston, Massachusetts

District)— 1 Memorial Circle, Casco

Bank BIdg., Area Code 207 Tel 623-

2239, FTS 833-6249 MARYLAND

Baltimore-Carroll F. Hopkins, Director, 415 U.S. Customhouse, Gay and Lombard Streets 21202, Area Code 301 Tel 962-3560, FTS 922-3560 MASSACHUSETTS

Boston—Francis J. O'Connor, Director

10th Floor, 441 Stuart Street 021 16, Area Code 617 Tel 223-2312, FTS 223-2312 MICHIGAN

Detroit— Raymond R. RIesgo, Director, 445 Federal Building, 231 West

Layfayette 48226, Area Code 313 Tel 226-3650, FTS 226-3650 •Qrand Rapids—300 Monroe N.W., Rm. 409 49503 Area Code 616 Tel 456-2411/33 FTS 372-2411

MINNESOTA

Minneapolis—Glenn A. Matson, Director, 218 Federal Building, 110 South

Fourth Street 55401, Area Code 612 Tel 725-2133, FTS 725-2133

MISSISSIPPI

Jackson— Mark E. Spinney, Director,

City Center Plaza, Suite 550, 200 East Pascagoula 39201, Area Code 601 Tel 960-4388, FTS 490-4388

MISSOURI

St. Louis—Donald R. Loso, Director, 120

South Central Avenue 63105, Area Code

314 Tel 425-3302-4, FTS 279-3302 Kansas City—James D. Cook, Director, Room 1840, 601 East 12th Street 64106, Area Code 816 Tel 374-3142, FTS 758- 3142

NEBRASKA

Omaha—George H. Payne, Director, Empire State BIdg., 1st Floor, 300 South 19th

Street, 68102, Area Code 402 Tel 221-

3664, FTS 864-3664 NEVADA

Reno—Joseph J. Jeremy, Director, 777

W. 2nd Street, Room 120, 89503, Area Code 702 Tel 784-5203, FTS 470-5203

NEW JERSEY

Newark—Thomas J. Murray, Director, 4th Floor, Gateway Building, Market

Street & Penn Plaza 07102, Area Code

201 Tel 645-6214, FTS 341-6214

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque—William E. Dwyer, Director, 505 Marquette Ave., NW, Suite 1015, 87102, Area Code 505 Tel 766-2386, FTS 474-2386

•DENOTES TRADE SPECIALIST

••DENOTES CHANGE.

85
NEW YORK

Buflalo— Robert F. Magee, Director, 1312 Federal Building, 111 West Huron

Street 14202, Area Code 716 Tel 846-

4191, FTS 437-4191 New York—Arthur C. Rutzen, Director, Room 3718, Federal Office Building, 26

Federal Plaza, Foley Square 10278, Area Code 212 Tel 264-0634, FTS 264-0600

NORTH CAROLINA

Greensboro—Joel B. New, Director, 203

Federal Building, West Market Street, P.O. Box 1950 27402, Area Code 919 Tel 378-5345, FTS 699-5345

OHIO

Cincinnati—Gordon B. Thomas, Director, 10504 Federal Office Building, 550

Main Street 45202, Area Code 513 Tel 684-2944, FTS 684-2944

Cleveland—Zelda W. Milner, Director, Room 600, 666 Euclid Avenue 44114, Area Code 216 Tel 522-4750, FTS 293- 4750

OKLAHOMA

• Oklahoma City (Dallas, Texas

District)— 4024 Lincoln Boulevard

73105, Area Code 405 Tel 231-5302,

FTS 736-5302

OREGON

Portland— Lloyd R. Porter, Director, Room 618, 1220 S.W. 3rd Avenue

97204, Area Code 503 Tel 221-3001,

FTS 423-3001

PENNSYLVANIA

Philadelphia—Patrick P. McCabe, Director, 9448 Federal Building, 600 Arch

Street 19106 Area Code 215 Tel 597-

2866, FTS 597-2866

Pittsburgh—William M. Bradley, Director, 2002 Federal Building, 1000 Liberty Avenue 15222, Area Code 412 Tel 644-

2850, FTS 722-2850

PUERTO RICO

San Juan (Hato Rey)—J. Enrique Vilella, Director, Room 659-Federal Building

00918, Area Code 809 Tel 753-4555, Ext. 555, FTS 8-809-7533 RHODE ISLAND

•Providence (Boston, Massachusetts

District)— 7 Jackson Walkway 02903, Area Code 401 Tel 277-2605, ext. 22, FTS 838-4482 SOUTH CAROLINA

Coluntbia—Margaret A. Patrick Director, Strom Thurmond Fed. BIdg., Suite 172, 1835 Assembly Street 29201 Area Code

803 Tel 765-5345, FTS 677-5345

•Charleston—505 Federal Building, 334 Meeting Street 29403, Area Code

803 Tel 677-4361, FTS677-4361

•Greenville—P.O. Box 5823, Station

B, 29606, Area Code 803 235-5919

TENNESSEE

Memphis—Bradford H. Rice, Director, Room 710, 147 Jefferson Avenue 38103, Area Code 901 Tel 521-3213, FTS 222- 3213

•Nashville— Room 1020, Andrew

Jackson Office Building 37219, Area Code 615 Tel 251-5161 FTS 852-5161 TEXAS

Dallas—C. Carmon Stiles, Director, Room 7A5, 1100 Commerce Street 75242 Area Code 214 Tel 767-0542, FTS

729-0542 Houston—Felicito C. Guerrero, Director, 2625 Federal BIdg., Courthouse, 515

Rusk Street 77002, Area Code 713 Tel 226-4231, FTS 527-4231

UTAH

Salt Lake City—Stephen P. Smoot,

Director, U.S. Courthouse, 350 S. Main

Street 84101, Area Code 801 Tel 524-

5116, FTS 588-5116

VIRGINIA

Richmond—Philip A. Ouzts, Director, 8010 Federal BIdg., 400 North 8th Street, 23240, Area Code 804 Tel 771-2246, FTS 925-2246

• Fairfax— 8550 Arlington Blvd.,

22031, Area Code 703 Tel 560-6460,

FTS 235-1519

WASHINGTON

Seattle—Eric C. Silberstein, Director, Room 706, Lake Union Building, 1700

Westlake Avenue North 98 1 09, Area Code

206 Tel 442-5616, FTS 399-5615

WEST VIRGINIA

Charleston—Roger L. Fortner, Director, 3000 New Federal Building, 500 Ouarrier

Street 25301, Area Code 304 Tel 343-

6181. ext. 375, FTS 924-1375

WISCONSIN

Milwaukee—Russell H. Leitch, Director, Federal BIdg/U.S Courthouse, 517 East Wisconsin Avenue 53202, Area Code

414 Tel 291-3473, FTS 362-3473

WYOMING

Cheyenne—Lowell O. Burns, Director, 6022 O'Mahoney Federal Center, 2120

Capitol Avenue 82001, Area Code 307

Tel 778-2220, ext. 2151, FTS 328-2151

•DENOTES TRADE SPECIALIST

••DENOTES CHANGE.

86
APPENDIX C.

CBT PUBLICATION

ORDER NUMBERS

AND PRICE LIST

The National Bureau of Standards, Center for Building Technology (CBT) publications are

avaailable from the Government Printing Office,

(GPO) or the National Technical Information

Service (NTIS). The following table lists the CBT

publication numbers, the SD Catalog No. (if available from GPO) or the Order No. (if available from NTIS), and the most recent price

of each document. Page iv provides complete in- structions on how to obtain publications.

BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES

Government Printing Office

National Technical Information Service Government Printing OfficeNational Technical Information Service

Publication Number SD Catalog No. Price Order No. Price Publication Number SD Catalog No. Price Order No. Price

121 122

123 124

125 126

127

128

SN 003-003-02162-8 $ 3.75 SN 003-003-02164-4 $ 6.00 SN 003-003-02168-7 $ 3.50 SN 003-003-02177-6 $ 3.25 SN 003-003-02203-9 $ 4.75 SN 003-003-02228^ $ 4.50 SN 003-003-02195-4 $ 3.75 SN 003-003-02269-1 $ 4.00

129 SN 003-003-02270-5 $ 4.50 130 SN 003-003-02278-1 $ 4.50

131 SN 003-003-02281-1 $ 5.50 132 SN 003-003-02301-9 $ 4.00

133 SN 003-003-02352-2 $ 5.50 134 SN 003-003-02354-0 $ 4.75

135 SN 003-003-02356-6 $ 4.50

136 SN 003-003-02363-9 $ 7.00

TECHNICAL NOTES

1113-1 SN 003-003-02169-5 $ 8.00 1136 SN 003-003-02283-7 $ 4.00

1113-2 SN 003-003-02235-7 $ 6.00 1138 SN 003-003-02317-5 $ 2.75 1115 SN 003-003-02231-4 $ 3.25 1139 SN 003-003-02360-4 $ 4.50 1118 SN 003-003-02191-1 $ 3.50 1140 SN 003-003-02306-0 $ 4.00 1120 SN 003-003-02213-6 $ 2.25 1143 SN 003-003-02330-2 $ 2.50

1123 SN 003-003-02245-4 $ 4.25 1146 SN 003-003-02340-0 $ 4.25

1131 SN 003-003-02243-8 $ 3.75 1148 PB 82-135823 $ 6.50 1132 SN 003-003-02277-2 $ 5.50 1149 SN 003-003-02367-1 $ 3.00 1134 SN 003-003-02261-6 $ 4.00 1151 PB 82-151259 $ 8.00 1135 SN 003-003-02302-7 $ 4.00

HANDBOOKS

132 SN 003-003-02192-0 $ 5.00 135 SN 003-003-02274-8 $10.00

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

446-3 SN 003-003-02150^ $ 4.00 577 SN 003-003-02200-4 $ 6.00 446^ SN 003-003-02236-5 $ 4.00 S81 SN 003-003-02196-2 $ 3.75 446-5 SN 003-003-02343-4 $ 4.50 586 SN 003-003-02212-8 $ 7.00 457-4 SN 003-003-02205-5 $ 3.75 587 SN 003-003-02218-7 $ 5.50 457-5 SN 003-003-02332-9 $ 4.50 592 SN 003-003-02257-8 $ 6.50 474 SN 003-003-01803-1 $14.00 595 SN 003-003-02254-3 $ 5.50 480-37 SN 003-003-02323-0 $ 2.25 598 SN 003-003-02265-4 $ 5.00 544 SN 003-003-02156-3 $ 3.50 606 SN 003-003-02337-0 $ 6.00 560 SN 003-003-02252-7 $11.00 608 SN 003-003-02321-3 $ 6.00 575 SN 003-003-02238-1 $ 2.25 623 PB 82-121047 $ 8.00

87
NBS INTERAGENCY REPORTS

Government Printing Office

National Teclinical Information Service Government Printing Office National Technical Information Service

Publication Number

SD Catalog No. Price Order No. Price Publication SD Catalog No. Price Order No. Price

78-1578 PB 80-192883 $12.00 80-2144 PB 81-132268 $12.50 79-1780 PB 80-119712 $ 7.00 80-2147 PB 81-152886 $ 9.50 79-1787 PB 80-154719 $11.00 80-2150 PB 81-163925 $ 8.00 79-1793 PB 300986 $ 4.50 80-2161 PB 81-135642 $ 6.50 79-1902 PB 80-120165 S 9.00 80-2163 PB 81-159618 $ 8.00 79-1906 PB 80-119530 $ 7.00 80-2167 PB 81-133829 $ 9.50 79-1908 PB 80-132038 $ 6.00 80-2171 PB 81-186918 $11.00

79-1911 PB 81-123564 $ 7.00 80-2174 PB 81-159626 $ 8.00 79-1917 PB 80-129828 $ 6.00 80-2184 PB 81-166514 $ 6.50 79-1919 PB 80-161748 S 6.00 81-2195 PB 81-163842 $ 9.50 79-1923 PB 80-119928 $ 7.00 81-2199 PB 81-164550 $ 9.50 79-1925 PB 80-199292 $ 6.00 81-2210 PB 81-211393 $11.00 79-1929 PB 80-194798 $10.00 81-2215 PB 81-174690 $ 8.00 79-1935 PB 80-130511 $ 9.00 81-2220 PB 81-197006 $ 8.00 79-1936 PB 80-140817 S 7.00 81-2221 PB 81-197048 $ 6.50 79-1937 PB 80-184369 $ 7.00 81-2223 PB 81-217812 $ 9.50 79-1948 PB 80-162142 $11.00 81-2231 PB 81-185126 $ 8.00 79-1955 PB 80-161466 $ 7.00 81-2232 PB 81-188278 $ 8.00 79-1957 PB 80-153968 $ 3.50 81-2238 PB 81-180978 $ 6.50 80-1961 PB 80-213986 $10.00 81-2239 PB 81-183428 $ 6.50 80-1964 PB 80-170525 $ 6.00 81-2241 PB 81-133810 $ 9.00 80-1974 PB 80-160666 $ 6.00 81-2244 PB 81-183410 $ 9.50 80-1977 PB 80-162886 $ 8.00 81-2245 PB 81-184954 $ 6.50

80-1979-1 PB 81-159600 $ 5.00 81-2248 PB 81-243255 $12.50 80-1980 PB 80-120173 $ 8.00 81-2249 PB 81-203416 $ 8.00 80-1982 PB 80-169949 $ 9.00 81-2250 PB 81-215295 $ 9.50 80-1988 PB 80-167497 $ 9.00 81-2258 PB 82-104969 $17.00

81-1993 PB 80-209885 $ 7.00 81-2265 PB 81-203754 $11.00

80-2001 PB 80-160716 $ 7.00 81-2266 PB 81-203176 $ 8.00 80-2002 PB 80-185622 $ 7.00 81-2268 PB 81-203671 $ 8.00 80-2003 PB 81-157059 $ 8.00 81-2273 PB 81-104746 $ 6.50 80-2015 PB 80-186034 $ 8.00 81-2277 PB 81-217804 $ 6.50 80-2040 PB 80-203649 $ 8.00 81-2289 PB 82-113259 $12.50 80-2052 PB 80-184229 $ 9.00 81-2290 Available from author only 80-2065 PB 80-207848 $ 6.50 81-2296 PB 81-226839 $ 9.50 80-2068 PB 80-219819 $ 7.00 81-2300 PB 81-227886 $ 9.50 80-2076 PB 80-224330 $ 9.00 81-2304 PB 81-246779 $ 8.00 80-2079 PB 80-212749 $ 7.00 81-2307 PB 81-229247 $ 6.50 80-2081 PB 81-120842 $17.00 81-2308 PB 81-229189 $ 8.00 80-2087 PB 81-104770 $ 8.00 81-2310 PB 81-229163 $ 8.00 80-2088 PB 81-185647 $ 8.00 81-2313 PB 81-238545 $ 8.00 80-2090 PB 80-223142 $ 6.00 81-2317 PB 81-246977 $ 6.50 80-2093 PB 81-131922 $ 8.00 81-2321 PB 82-135609 $ 6.00 80-2094 PB 81-158230 $ 6.50 81-2335 PB 81-245334 $ 9.50 80-2100 PB 81-140063 $ 5.50 81-2342 PB 82-107012 $12.50 80-2104 PB 81-185688 $ 6.50 81-2344 PB 82-117698 $ 9.00 80-2105 PB 80-226707 $ 6.00 81-2346 PB 82-103656 $ 5.00 80-2110 PB 81-197030 $ 9.50 81-2347 PB 82-140252 $ 7.50

80-2111-1 Available from author only 81-2353 PB 82-136284 $ 7.50 80-2111-2 PB 81-111759 $ 9.50 81-2358 PB 82-138744 $10.50

80-2111-3 PB 81-187569 $ 8.00 81-2361 PB 82-138199 $13.50

80-2111-4 PB 82-130915 $21.00 81-2366 PB 82-140047 $11.00

80-2111-5 Available from author only 81-2367 PB 82-142134 $15.50

80-2111-6 PB 81-187577 $ 6.00 81-2374 PB 82-117409 $12.50

80-2111-7 PB 81-187585 $ 6.50 81-2377 PB 82-133513 $ 9.00 80-2111-8 PB 81-187593 $ 6.50 81-2378 PB 82-136235 $ 9.00 80-2111-9 PB 81-111742 $ 7.00 81-2381 PB 82-133703 $12.00

80-2111-11 Available from author only 81-2390 PB 82-141771 $ 5.50
Government Printing National Technical

Office Information Service Government Printing National Technical

Office Information Service

PubUcation SD Catalog No. Price Order No. Price Number

PubUcation catalog No. Price Order No. Price Number

80-2116 PB 81-106312 $11.00

80-2117 PB 81-128431 $ 9.50 80-2119 PB 81-115958 $ 6.00 80-2122 PB 81-164535 $12.50 80-2136 PB 81-179160 $ 6.50

81-2397 PB 82-170648 $ 9.00 81-2402 PB 82-139551 $15.00

81-2404 PB 82-142209 $ 6.50 81-2428 PB 82-165283 $ 9.00

GOVERNMENT CONTRACT REPORTS

79-180 PB 80-127053 $ 7.00 80-258 PB 80-221 120 $11.00 79-184 PB 80-125891 $10.00 80-259 PB 80-149073 $11.00

79-185 PB 80-165590 $ 6.00 80-280 PB 81-157893 $14.00

79-189 PB 80-120173 $ 8.00 80-286 PB 81-128845 $23.00

80-197 PB 80-160427 $ 8.00 80-291 PB 81-180549 $ 8.00 80-202 PB 80-192800 $ 8.00 81-302 PB 81-176380 $17.00

80-248 PB 81-187064 $ 7.00 81-320 PB 81-214074 $14.00

80-249 PB 81-158610 $26.00 81-321 PB 81-217010 $11.00

80-250 PB 81-187072 $10.00 81-322 PB 82-130139 $10.50 80-254 PB 81-180267 $ 8.00 81-331 PB 81-246803 $ 6.50 80-255 PB 81-180259 $16.00 81-332 PB 82-117631 $12.50

80-257 PB 80-221112 $ 7.00 81-333 PB 82-132531 $15.50

89
NBS-lUA (REV. 2-80) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

^EET (See instructions)

.. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBS SP 457-6

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date June 1982

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS

Supplement 6: 1981

5. AUTHOR(S)

Linda Beavers, Editor

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

Same as Item 6.

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a si gnificant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report presents NBS' Center for Building Technology (CBT) publications for

1981. It is the sixth supplement to NBS Special Publication 457, Building

Technology Publications , and lists CBT reports issued during January 1 - December 31, 1981. It includes titles and abstracts of each CBT publication

and those papers published in non-NBS media, key word and author indexes, and

general information and instructions on how to order CBT publications.

This document is divided into three main sections. The first. Titles and

Abstracts , provides the report title, author(s), date of publication, selected

key words, and an abstract of each NBS publication and each paper published in an outside source. The Author Index cites CBT authors and their publication

number which is listed in this supplement. The Key Word Index is a subject

index, listing word summaries of the building research topics for each

publication and paper. By selecting a main word or subject, the user is able

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NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

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JOURNAL OF RESEARCH—The Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards reports NBS research and develop- ment in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These include physics, chemistry,

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