#### PARKER v. RULE’S Lessee.

ábicñt'...Johnson, J. *'and*Todd, J,

Seon^i-css uf b“Scoiic“t *65a direct, tax, (Ji;lv-1bi .) lector *tmú!}*fot non-payment ^J’Lís’ary tint he si-onid “‘^vtor (he Sht-' of lamis, *^K,r^*théAmount due tor ti.s ^tifioatlon^tb pay, for. 60 Sate, if there were so many

*64ERROR, to the Circuit Court of the district of West Tennessee, in-an action of ejeqtment, •

*65The facts of the case were thus stated by1 the chief justice in delivering the opinion of the Court:

This was an ejectment brought by the Defendant in error m the Circuit Court of the United States for district of West Tennessee.' The plaintiff below claimed under a patent regularly issued by the proper guthority. The Defendant, made litle under a deed, from the collector of the district, reciting a sale of the land as being forfeited by the non payment of and conveying the same to the-purchaser, (in the validity of tins conveyance the wh .1- case d'priids. ' At the trial the Defendant produced his deed, and also á general list of iands owned, jiossessed and o¡ cupied on the first day of October, 1798» in .assessment district No. i.2, in the state of Tennessee, corr. spending with the collection district No. 8, returned, to the office of the late supervisor of the revenue for the district of Tennessee by Edward Douglass, surveyor of the revenue for said assessment district, among, which is the. following: « Grant J<ilin, reputed owrií r in Sumner conn- *“*ty on the middle fork' of Bledsoe’s Creek, 640 acres *ei of land subject to*and included in the valuator*., valu- *“*ed at g>2,560, .no possessor, or occupant.*’ He'also produced the tax list furnished by said surveyor ‘to ’’’bomas Martin, collector of the collection district No. 8, in which list said land is described in the same manner as in the said general list, excepting that'the said John Grant is described as possessor or occupant of said GaO acres of land, and said land is included in the list of lands belonging to residents. He also produced the advertisements of the sale of the said lands, *mentioned*in the said deed to have been made in the. Tennessee Gazette, in which said John Grant is .mentioned only as reputed owner of said land, arid proved, by a witness present at the sale; that the said Henry Brailford, for himself and Daniel Smith, became the purchaser of the said *land;*and that thejsaid Daniel' and Henry, before the execution of the. said last mentioned deed, assigned their interest in the said land to the Defendant, Richard Parker. But it did not appear that the said collector had, at any time, caused , a copy of the said list, with a statement of the amount of the tax, and a notification to pay the same, to be published for sixty' days in four gazettes'of "the state, if there were so *66many»'pursuant io the last clause of the 11th section of -the act of congress, entitled “ An act to lay and .collect *H*a direct tax within the United States,” *vol.*4, *p.*212. And thereupon the judge instructed the jury that the said sale made by said collector was unauthorized and void, because the said collector had not previously made said last mentioned publication, and because it appeared that the collector proceeded to collect the taxes due on the said land in the manner prescribed by law' for collecting taxes due upon lands where the owner resides thereon, and not in the manner prescribed when the owners' are non-residents and because there is a variance between the surveyor’s books and the collector’s list. The Defendant below excepted to this opinion of the judge, and a verdict and judgment being rendered against him, he has brought the same by wrjt of error . into this Court.

Jones, *for the Plaintiff in error.*

There is only one question in this cause, viz : whether the collector, in making sale Of the land under the 13th section of the act, *(vol.*4, *p.*213 *J*was bound to publish for 60 days in 4 gazettes of the state, the copies of the lists of the lands taxable, &c. with a statement of the amount of the taxes due thereon, and a notification to pay the. same in 30 days, as required by the ilth section of the same act.

We contend that this clause of the section applies only to unoccupied lands of *unknown*proprietors, and not merely to lands of *non-residents. \*Grant, although a non-resident, wa9. á known proprietor.

. Such publication is only necessary in case of distress and sale of goods and chattels, which is the only remedy given by the 11th section. If the collector intended to levy the distress, then it was incumbent on him to make the publication. But when the legislature, by the. 13th section, give the remedí by sale of the land itself, they make a different provision and require different* notice óf the sale, and do not refer to the provisions of the llth section; all of which provisions relate only to the. case of distress.

*67Co Lee, *eontra.*

The deed from the collector must always recite all the facts necessary to make the title good. In this respect the deed is very defective.

The land appears to have belonged to a non-resident. If his residence was known, the law required that he should have personal notice: if not known, he must have presumptive notice by publication as the lith section requires. It cannot be supposed that the law would require less notice to áuthorize a sale of the *land,*than a distress and sale of chattels. It cannot be supposed that the legislature meant to comprise all the pre-requisites- of a sale of the land in the 13th section$ for that section applies as well to residents as to non-residents, and yet it requires no notice of the amount of the taxes nor «^demand of payment before sale. It is rather to be presumed that the legislature meant that all the preceding requisites should be complied with.

Jones, *in reply.*

It is not necessary that the deed should recite any o£ the facts preceding the sale. They may all be proved by parol.. f-

*February 18th.*

Jlbscnt....3ohnson, *J. and*Todd, *J.*

Marsh axe, *Ch. J.*

ai'ier stating the facts of the case., delivered the opinion of the Court hs follows:

" It is admitted that if the preliminary Requisites of the law have not been complied with, the collector could have no authority to sell, and the conveyance can pass' no title. On the part of the «Plaintiff in error it is insisted that these requisites have been performed, andthat the instruction given by the judge is erroneous. The instruction is that the sale was unauthorized and. void.

It was proved in the cause that the proprietors of the land in controversy were non-residents of the state of Tennessee when the tax was assessed, and continued to he so to the time of bringing the action, and that they had no known agents in that state,

*68Tlie mode' of proceeding with respect to non-residents is prescribed in the 11th and 13th sections of the act imposing the direct tax.

The object of the provisions of the 11th section is «lands, dwelling houses and slaves which shall not he « owhed by or in the occupation or under the care or “ superintendance of some person within the collection *“*district iwhqre the same shaíl be situated or found at *“*the time of the assessment aforesaid.”

It is alleged that the Plaintiff helow did not entitle himself to the provisions' of this section by bringing himself within its description. He was. a non-res;dent and had no known agent, hut has not shown that there was no occupant of the land.

. The testimony offered by both Plaintiff and Defendant is spread upon the record; a,nd although the Plaintiff has not shown that there was no occupant, yet that fact came out'in the testimony of the Defendant before the opinion of the Court was given. One of the tax lists produced by him states the land to he without an occupant; and the other which states John Grant to he the occupant, is so far .disproved, because the case admits John Grant, to: have been, at the time, an inhabitant of .Kentucky without any agent in the state, of Tennessee. .

The requisites of the 13th section of the act, which prescribes the course to be pursued where lands are to be sold because the taxes are in arrear and unpaid for twelve months, have been observed. The requisites of the lltli section, which prescribes the duty of the collector after the assessment of the tax before lie can proceed to. distrain for it, have not been observed. The cause depends on this single point — was it the duty of the collector, previous to selling the lands of a non-residen1 in. the manner prescribed by the 13th section of the act to. make the publications prescribed in the 11th section ?

Tins will require a consideration df the. spirit and intent of the law.

*69Tire 9th section makes it the duty of the collector to advertise tiiat tire tax has become,due and payable, and tire times' and places at which he will attend for its collection. It is tiren his duty- to apply once at the respective dwellings of those who have failed to attend sucflr ■ places, and there demand the taxes respectively due from them. If the taxes shall not be then paid, or within twenty days thereafter, t is lawful'fot* the collector to proceed to collect the same by distress and sale.

■ The 11th section prescribes the duty of the collector with respect to lands, &c. not owned, &c. by some..person within the collection district wherein the same shall be situated.

Upon receiving lists of such lands, &c he is to transmit certified copies thereof to the surveyors of the revenue ' of tire assessment districts, respectively, within which such persons respectively reside, whose1 duty it is to give, personal notice of the claim, tb those who are liable for it. If the tax shall not be paid within a specified time after this notice, it then becomes the duty of the collector to collect the same by. distress.

If the residence of the owner of sum land be unknown, this section-requires certain publications to be made .as a substitute for personal notice; after which it is the .duty of the collector to proceed to collect the tax .by distress in like manner as where a personal demand has been made.

Tire ISth section prescribes the duty of the collector, and the forms to be observed in the sale of land the taxes on which remain, unpaid for one year. This section contains no reference ¿o those which preceded it, but marks ort the course of the collector in the.specific case. It is therefore contended, and the argument has great weight,-that if the requisites of this section be complied with, the sale is valid. This opinion is in conformity with the k -ter of the section; and it is conceded that'the intent must be very clear which will justify a connexion of that section wi.th those which precede it, so as to ingraft, upon" it those acts which must be performed by the collector before, Ire ran distrain for taxes. But in this case, when wc take the whole, sta *70tule together, such intent is believed *to*he sufficiently apparent •

There is, throughout the act, an obvious anxiety in legislature' to avoid roerciye means of collection, unless such means should be necessary; and to g ve every owner of lands the most full information of the sum for which he-was liable, and to afford him the most easy opportunity to pay it. Thus the accruing of the tax is to be advertised, and the times and places at which the collector will attend to receive it. A personal demand at tbe dwelling houses of those who. have neglected to attend to this notice must then be made, a- reasonable time before the collector caii collect the tax by distress. Where lands are owned by non-residents whose places of residence ara known, this personal notice is still required ;. and where their residence is unknown, certain puod'eations are Substituted for and deemed, equivalent to personal notice and demand./ In each case, it is .made the duty of the collector to proceed to collect, the tax by distress and sale.

From this view of the law it is inferred, not only that the legislature was anxious to avoid coercive means, of collection, but has also manifested a solicitude to collect . the tax by distress arid sale of personal property''rather than by a sale of the land, its-If. That all the. means of co|ie' tion prescribed in the act must have been .tried, and iniist have failed before a sale of the land can be made. The duty of the, collector to make a p< rsonal demqnd from the resident, owner of lands, and to make those publications which the law substitutes for a personal demand where the residence of the owner is. unknown, does hot depend on the fact that personal property is or is not on the land from which (lie tax ináy be lryicd by distress. It is his duty to proceed in the manner prescribed in the 9t!i and Uth sections, in every case. After having so proceeded, it is his positive duty to le,vy the tax by distress, if property liable to distress can'be found. If, notwithstanding the proceedings directed in the 9th and f ttii sections; the tax shall remain one year unpaid, it is to be raised by a sale of the lard. It appears to the Court that the 13th section pre-supposes-every thing enjoined in the 9th and 11th sections td have been performed, and that the validity of the *71sale of land owned by a non-resident, made by the co!lec tor for the non-payment of taxes must depend not only on his having made the publications required in the 13th section, but. on his having made those also which are required in the 11th section. Those publications not having been made in this case, it is the opinion of the majority of this Court that tue Sale is void, and that the judge of the District Court committed no error in giving this instruction to the jury. The judgment is affirmed with costs.