a

||||||||Ha».
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a committee of principal technicians.

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ON RESEARCH, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION

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National Bureau of Standards.

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Federal Housing Administration.

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Mechanics and Sound.

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[For list of BMS publications and directions for purchasing, see cover page III]
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Jesse H. Jones, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lyman J. Briggs, Director

BUILDING MATERIALS

and STRUCTURES

REPORT BMS83

Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With

Various Lead-Base Solders

by

ARTHUR R. MAUPIN and WILLIAM H. SWANGER

ISSUED MAY 5, 1942

The National Bureau of Standards is a fact-finding organization;

it does not "approve" any particular material or method of construction. The technical findings in this series of reports are to be construed accordingly.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS,

OFFICE • WASHINGTON • I942

WASHINGTON, D. C. • PRICE lO CENTS
Foreword

In report BMS58, Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing, mention was made in the foreword of an additional paper to pre- sent results obtained with other less commonly used soft solders. The

solders referred to are lead-base alloys with little or no tin content. The presentation in this paper of information on the practicability of using such solders and of data on the strength and temperature limitations of joints made with them is believed to be of timely interest.

Lyman J. Briggs, Director.

[II]
Strength oi Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made with Various

Lead-Base Solders

by ARTHUR R. MAUPIN and WILLIAM H. SWANGER

CONTENTS

Foreword II

I. Introduction 1 II. Materials 1

1. Tubing 1 2. Solders 2

III. Testing procedure and results 2

1. Short-time tensile tests 2

2. Long-time loading tests. 2

Pa&e

IV. Discussion 3

V. Summary , 4

VI. Selected references 5

VII. Appendix. Results of long-time loading

tests on joints made with solders listed in table 1 5

ABSTRACT

A previous investigation on soft-soldered sleeve

joints in copper tubing for domestic plumbing lines and

other uses dealt with joints made with two tin-base

solders. To supplement that investigation, the present one on similar joints made with various lead-base

solders was conducted. Solders of the following types were used: lead-silver, lead-tin-antimony, lead-cad- mium, high lead-low tin, and high-purity lead. Tensile

tests at room temperature (short-time tests) were made,

together with long-time tests at temperatures ranging

from 85° to 325° F. The information from the latter

tests is much more useful than the results of short-time

tests in evaluating soldered joints for service. Consideration must always be given also to possible bond

deterioration of the soldered joint at elevated temperatures. On the basis of the results of the first investigation, joints in copper made with tin-base solders were

considered satisfactory for general use, provided the temperature did not exceed 250° F. The results of the present study have shown that similar joints made with

lead-base tin-free solders can be used with safety at temperatures as high as 325° F.

I. INTRODUCTION

In the report of a previous investigation [1]/

the apparatus, materials, method used for test- ing, and the results of tests on sleeve joints in copper tubing made with (50-50) tin-lead solder

and with (95-5) tin-antimony solder were dis- cussed. In the present paper are summarized

the results obtained by the same procedure on

' Figures in brackets refer to literature references listed at the end of the report.

similar sleeve joints made with a variety of

lead-base soft solders. The (50-50) tin-lead and the (95-5) tin-antimony solders used in the previous study meet

the general needs of domestic plumbing satis- factorily, and, in addition, the (95-5) tin-antimony alloy is a satisfactory soft solder in certain

other applications where the presence of lead is not desired. These two solders were not found

satisfactory, however, for service conditions in which the temperature exceeded 250° F. Hence

the iiivestigation was continued in hope of

finding a soft solder that would be satisfactory

for service at a temperature as high as 325° F.

Also, the turn of events during the time the

investigation was in progress indicated that more specific information on the strength properties and limitations of lead-base soft-solder

alloys with little or no tin content might be of

considerable industrial importance. In this investigation, promising alloys already known

were used and no effort was made to develop new ones.

II. MATERIALS

1. Tubing

The materials used in the construction of the

joints have been described ia the previous publication [1]. Suitable lengths of type L harddrawn copper tubing, %-inch diameter, soldered

into wrought-copper couplings (straight sleeve

fittings) were used in all of the long-time tests.

446484°—i2 [1]
In a short-time tensile test (speed of 0.06 inch

per minute of the movable head of the testingmachine) the load to cause rupture in a soft- soldered joint is much greater than is required

in a long-time test of the same kind of joint

under a constant load. In the short-time test, the loads to cause rupture in the joints, with

most of the solders in table 1, exceeded the

strength of types K and L tubing and of the

wrought-copper couplings. To insure occmrence of the failure within the soldered joints,

the specimens were made by soldering suitable

lengths of solid copper rod into straight sleeves

of iron-pipe-size copper tubing. The clearance

between rod and sleeve was the same as in the

coupling used in the long-time tests.

2. Solders

All of the solders used were of the lead-base

type and are listed in table 1 with information on their composition and the temperature in- terval within which melting occurs.

Table 1.Composition and melting ranges of solders, and

maximum shear strength on soldered areas of joints

made therefrom

was maintained at 0.87 ±0.01 inch and

diametral clearance at 0.004 ±0.0006 inch.

1. Short-Time Tensile Tests

the

Nominal composition

Lead

%

95

6095.3 97.2

85.4 82 blOO

' 50

Tin Silver Cad- mium Zinc Anti- mony

%

539 % % % %

1 4.7 2.8

14.3

17.5 0.3

.5

50

e 95 0 5

Melting

range

(approx.)

Maximum

shear stress at room

temperature

(Appro.x.

85" F), short-time

test '

o p lb/in.' 575 to 595 3, 000

360 to 430 5, 700

580 to 670 2,900

580 to 595 2,900 475 to 485 6,000

477 6,000

621 1,800

0 360 to 420 « 5,500

0 450 to 465 ° 6,200

» A sleeve-type joint formed by soldering a solid rod of copper into 5^-ineh iron-pipe-size copper tubing was ruptured in a tensile-testing machine, the loading rate corresponding to 0.06 inch per minute rate of travel of the movable head.

^ Total impurities not exceeding 0.02 percent.

° Included from previous investigation.

III. TESTING PROCEDURE AND

RESULTS

The precautions observed in making the

soldered sleeve joints were identical with those

previously described. In order to insure uniformity in the dimensions of the solder film in the various joints, the bore depth in the joint

The testing procedure did not difi'er in any

essential respects from that described in the

previous report [1]. The results are summarized in table 1. The corresponding results obtained in the previous investigation with tin- rich solders are also given in table 1.

2. LoNG-TiME Loading Tests

The sleeve-joint specimens were made, as in the previous investigation, by soldering two

lengths (approximately 15 inches, each) of type

L, hard-drawn copper tubing, %-inch nominal

size, into commercial wrought-copper couplings.

These were loaded in tension by means of weights and a lever device. For the elevatedtemperature tests, the central portion of the

specimen, approximately 8 inches long, containing the joint was surrounded by the heating

device, the cylindrical wall of which was of Pyrex glass, which permitted observations to be

made on the gage marks used for measuring

extension, without removing the heating unit.

In general, for each type of solder, four specimens, maintained at the same temperature, were subjected to loads ranging, at approximately equal spacing, from one estimated to be

considerably below the maximum safe load to one considerably above the maximum safe load.

After the maximum safe load had been determined approximately, other specimens loaded

at closer intervals to this value were added so as

to obtain a more accurate determination of the

maximum safe load. The maximum safe shear stress, as reported

here, was obtained by dividing the maximum

safe load by the soldered cylindrical area in the

joint (not the cross-sectional area of the solder

film).

The behavior of the various soldered joints at the different temperatures used, 85°, 250°, and

325° F, is summarized in table 2. Maximum

shear-stress- temperature curves are also given

in figure L The behavior of the individual

joints made with the various solders when subjected to different loads at the three temperatures used is summarized in the appendix.

[2]
03 1200

CO

UJ

»-

CO

<

UJX

600

400

200

X

<

Figure 1.

CURVE SOLDER

1 (90-Oj TiN-ANTIMONT

2 (95.3-4.7) LEAD- SILVER

3 (85 4-14 3-0.3) LEAD-CADMIUM -ZINC

4 (95-5) LEAD- TIN

5 (99.98) LEAD (HIGH PURITY)

2

6 (60-39-1) LEAD-TIN- ANTIMONY

7 (50-50) TIN- LEAD

t2

3

] 00 200 300

TEMPERATURE,

400

Oi- -Maximum shear-stress-temperature relationships for sleeve joints in copper-tube lines, made with the solders listed in table 1.

Table 2.Maximum allowable shear stresses at various temperatures in sleeve joints formed by soldering Y^-inch copper tubing {type L) into copper couplings

Nominal composition of solder

Lead Tin Silver Cad- mium Zinc Anti- mony

Room

temperature, approx.

85° F

250° F 325° F

%

95

6095.3

97.2 85.4

82

•100

l>50

%

539 % % % %590 260

800

800

740

740

535

b 235

b 1, 200

lb/in.2 215

90 220

220

(<•)200

b 80

k 380

lb/in.'160 W105

1059090

85 Wb 275

1 4.7

2.8

14.3

17.5 0.3

.5

b 50

b 95 b 5

Maximum allowable

shear stress «

a Total impurities not exceeding 0.02 percent,

b Included from previous investigation.

= The joint was stressed continuously for 5,000 hours or more without

failure,

d Not tested.

IV. DISCUSSION

The values for the short-time strengths in table 1 are useful to indicate the area in a joint

that, when placed in pure shear, is necessary to withstand a given load, applied momentarily.

If the joint is loaded so that the stress on the

soldered area is not pure shear, a much lower

value may be obtained for the strength of the

joint; the magnitude of this difference depends

upon the distribution between tensile stress across the solder film and shear stress within

the film. A more important index of the strength value

of soft-soldered joints is that obtained under

long-continued loading at a constant shear

stress. Results of long-time tests, such as are given in table 2, are necessary to evaluate cor- rectly the strength of soft-soldered joints at room or at elevated temperatures As the

temperature of the joint was increased above

85° F, the strength decreased rapidly. The

values in table 2 were obtained on sleeve joints

between copper tubing and wrought-copper

couplings, maintained under constant tensile

loads, at 85°, 250°, and 325° F, for 5,000 hours

or more. The values were calculated as shear

stress on the soldered, cylindrical, area in the

joint and are the maximum stresses at which

extensions in the joints, indicating eventual

failure, did not occur. As will be shown later, however, maintenance

[3]
of strength at any specific temperature is not

tlie only criterion to be used in evaluating a

solder for service at that temperature. Per- manence of the "bond" must also receive consideration. In the previous investigation it was shown

that at 250° F and upward, rapid deterioration

of the bond between copper- and tin-alloy

solders takes place; hence tin-alloy solders on

copper are not satisfactory for continued ex- posure at 250° F and above. The same

behavior was observed for the two solders containing tin used in the present investigation.

Bond deterioration at 250° and 325° F was not

observed between copper and the lead-silver,

the lead-cadmium-zinc, or the pure-lead solders. Within the strength limitations given in table

2, these solders are therefore considered to be

superior to any of the tin-alloy solders for use at temperatures of 250° F and above.

Pure lead can be used as a solder on a number

of ferrous and nonferrous metals, but the technique for applying it is difficult and its use

industrially can hardly be considered practicable. Moreover, the strength of joints made

with pure lead is considerably lower than that of joints made with the solders of high lead content, which have the added advantage of possessing much better soldering properties.

Lead-silver alloys, with the silver content

ranging from 2}^ to 5 percent, have been used

successfully. Failures that were encountered can reasonably be attributed to improper technique in applying them, or to the failure to recognize their strength limitations at elevated

temperatures (table 2). The lead-silver alloy containing 2.5 percent

of silver is close to the lead-silver eutectic composition and is very fluid when melted, but the

temperature interval over which it remains

molten is relatively short. Hence it is not so suitable for "sweat" soldering as the alloy of higher silver content which was used. The

upper limit of the melting range of (95-5) leadsilver alloy is about 670° F, which is rather high

for some purposes. The zinc chloride flux,

which must be used with this solder, deteri- orates very rapidly at this temperature. The

strength properties of the two lead -silver solders

did not differ significantly. Probably (96-4)

lead-silver alloy would be the most satisfactory

proportions in a lead-silver soft solder, cost and

other factors being taken into consideration.

The lead-cadmium-zinc solders are completely molten at temperatures well within the

temperature range satisfactory for soft soldering

with zinc chloride flux. The strength of sleeve

joints made with these solders, at room tem-

.

perature and at elevated temperarures, was

higher than that of joints made with pure lead

and approached that of joints made with the

lead-silver solders. From the standpoint of permanence of the bond between the solder and

copper base, at elevated temperatures (250° F

and above), the lead-cadmium-zinc solders were

found to be superior to tin-base solders. From

the standpoint of ease of application, the leadcadmium-zinc solders are preferable to the leadsilver solders. Possible lack of an adequate

supply of cadmium may be detrimental to a wide use of the lead-cadmium-zinc solders under

present conditions. As the zinc content should

not be over 0.5 percent, and apparently could

be as low as 0.3 percent, it is not probable that

the availability of zinc would be a significant

factor in the use of these solders. The (82-17.5-0.5) Jead-cadmium-zinc alloy is close to the lead-cadmium eutectic and melts at

practically a constant temperature (477° F).

The lack of a melting range might not be a detriment to bit or machine soldering, but

would cause difficulties in sweat soldering, for which a melting range, preferably one of at

least 30° to 40° F, is desirable. With 14 per- cent of cadmium a melting range of about 7° F

was obtained; with 12 percent of cadmium, the

melting range would be about 15° F, which is satisfactory for most purposes. Further decrease in the cadmium content to widen the

melting range would result in an undesu-ably

high upper melting temperature.

V. SUMMARY

1. The results of a previous investigation

established the fact that (50-50) tin-lead alloy

and (95-5) tin-antimony alloy are satisfactory

for use in soldered sleeve joints in copper tubing, provided the service temperature does not

exceed 250° F. The (50-50) tin-lead solder

meets the needs of general domestic plumbing

satisfactorily, and the (95-5) tin-antimony

[4]
solder can be used in applications where higher

strengths are necessary or where the presence of

lead is not desired.

2. The present investigation supplemented

the previous one, the principal aim being the

finding of a solder satisfactory for continuous

service at temperatures above 250° F. Leadbase alloys of the following typical compositions were used: (95-5) lead-tin; (60-39-1) lead-tinantimony; (95.3-4.7) lead-silver; (97.2-2.8)

lead-silver; (85.4-14.3-0.3) lead-cadmium-zinc;

(82-17.5-0.5) lead-cadmium-zinc; and highpurity lead.

3. The types of specimens and the testing

procedures used were essentially identical with

those of the previous investigation. Shorttime tensile tests at room temperature (85° F)

and long-time continuous tensile-loading tests at temperatures ranging from room temperature

(85° F) to 325° F were carried out. Results of

the latter type of test constitute a very important index of the merits of soft-soldered sleeve

joints under service conditions at various temperatures. Data of this kind on all the solders

investigated (including those of the first investigation) are given in tables 1 and 2. 4. Information concerning the tendency

toward deterioration of the "bond" of a soldered

joint as a result of structural changes at elevated

temperatures is necessary in establishing a complete criterion for the evaluation of the

permanence of soldered joints under service

conditions involving elevated temperature. All

of the solders that contained tin showed a tendency toward deterioration (weakening) of

the bond, on long-continued exposure to temperatures above 250° F. This tendency was

not observed in any of the joints made with

lead-base (tin-free) solders. The maximum

temperature recommended for joints made with

solders containing tin, is therefore, 250° F.

5. Within the shear-stress limitations given

(table 2) , lead-silver solders and lead-cadmiumzinc solders of the typical compositions tested can be used with satisfaction at temperatures

up to 325° F, although difficulty may be experienced in "sweat" soldering, as in making

sleeve joints, with the alloys (97.5-2.5) leadsUver and (82-17.5-0.5) lead-cadmium-zinc,

which are close to the eutectic in their composition and therefore remain molten over a relatively very short temperature interval. From

the standpoint of ease of application, the leadcadminm-zinc soldoj-s arc somewhat superior to the lead-silver sold(!rs.

6. The use of lead as a commercial solder is limited by the difficult technique required in its application.

VI. SELECTED REFERENCES

[1] Arthur R. Maupin and William H. Swanger,

Strength of Soft-soldercd Joints in Copper Tubing, NBS Building Materials and Structures Report BMS58 (Sept. 1940).

[2] J. McKeown, Creep of lead and lead alloys. Part I—

Creep of virgin lead, J. Inst. Metals 60, 201 (1937).

[3] A. J. Phillips, Some creep tests on lead and lead alloys, Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials 36, pt. 2, 170

(1936).

[4] B. S. Barham, Soft solders for use at elevated temperatures, Metal Ind. (London) 52, 521 (1938).

[5] J. Neill Greenwood and Howard K. Worner, Types

of creep curve obtained with lead and its dilute

alloys, J. Inst. Metals 64, 135 (1939).

[6] Herbert F. Moore, Bernard B. Betty, and Curtis W.

Dollins, Investigation of Creep and Fracture of Lead and Lead Alloys for Cable Sheathing, Univ.

111. Eng. Exp. Sta. Bui. 306 (1938).

VII. APPENDIX. RESULTS OF LONGTIME LOADING TESTS ON JOINTS

MADE WITH SOLDERS LISTED IN

TABLE 1 The values given in table 2 and figure 1, in the main

part of this report, were chosen as the maximum stresses on the soldered areas at which extensions at an increasing rate did not occur under constant tensile loads, maintained for 5,000 or more hours. The tests were

conducted at room temperature (approximately 85° F),

250°, and 325° F. The specimens were made with

suitable lengths of type-L hard-drawn copper tubing,

%-inch nominal diameter, soldered into wrought-copper

couplings. The bore depth in the joint was maintained

at 0.87 ±0.01 inch and the diametral clearance at

0.004 ±0.0006 inch. The extensions were measured at

suitable intervals, as described in the previous report [1]. The extensions, in thousandths of an inch for the indi- vidual specimens, are plotted against time, in hours, in the accompanying figures 2 to 13. Total extensions of

less than 0.001 inch were considered to be not signifi- cant, and are not shown.

No curves are given for specimens soldered with the (60-39-1) lead-tin-antimony alloy for the test temperature of 325° F, because this temperature is only slightly

below the lower melting temperature of the solder, and

this solder is not recommended for use above 250° F. The specimens made with the two lead-cadmium-zinc

solders (fig. 10) were not tested at 250° F. Curves for

[5]
the specimens tested at room temperature (85° F.) are not shown. None of the specimens under stresses up to 740 pounds per square inch showed any extension at room temperature. Rapid failure occurred at stresses of about 900 pounds per square inch. It was conchided

that the value 740 pounds per square inch was well on

the safe side, although a slightly higlier stress might be

possible for this solder. The curves, figures 7, 8, and 9, for the specimens made

with the (95.3—4.7) lead-silver solder can also be considered as applying to the (97.2-2.8) lead-silver solder. A complete series of tests with the latter solder was not made, but the results on a few specimens showed close agreement with those obtained on the solder of higher

silver content. Further justification for the conclusion that these two solders are practically equal in strength

is the close agreement at 250° and 325° F between the

curves, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of figure 1, for all of the lead-base

solders used in this investigation. For this reason it is believed also that for practical purposes the strength

values for the (96-4) lead-silver solder, recommended as probably the most suitable lead-silver solder, would

agree closely with those given for the actual compositions used in this investigation.

Acknowledgment is made for assistance in the

conduct of this mvestigation received from

various membei-s of the staff of the National

Bureau of Standards, particidarly the Division

of Metallurgy. Acknowledgment is made also for helpful advice and suggestions received from

T. E. Veltfort, manager, and J. S. McClenahan,

assistant manager, Copper and Brass Research

Association.

Washington, Januarv 7, 1942.

- 0.02 zo

tnz

UJ

t-X

lU

0.0

1

LEAD-TIN(95-51

85 °F SHEAR STRESSES LB/ IN* CURVE 1 890

2 A--B 505 B--C 590

3 A-D 380 0--E 470

h

D

1 CO 0—

B

2 n=1^

4000

TIME,

8000

HOURS

12000

Figure 2.

[6]
0.02

u

0.01

LEAD- TIN (95-5) 325 °F

SHEAR STRESSES LB/ IN' CURVE 1 A-B 125 B--C 175

2 A—D 160

3 A--E 129

1 < f

A

•

TIME, HOURS

Figure 4.

0.03

z 0.02 o

COX 0.01

LEAD- TIN- ANTIMONY

(60- 39 - 1 ) c SHEAR STRESSES LB/ IN* 85 "F CURVE 1 A--B 299 B--C 300

2 A--D 260

3 A--E 219 E--F 299

4 A— 0 220 3

—" •

< •

B

^ ) 2

0 o c v

TIME, HOURS

Figure 5.

0.03

2 0.02 o

M

Z

UlX 0.01

lU

o o u c ^

1 LEAD- TIN - ANTIMONY

o / (60-39- 1 ) 250 'F

c> o . k i

1 j/O

5" ti-u SHEAR STRESSES LB/ IN* CURVE 1 130

2 1 1 0

3 90 3,

0=^ —o——

o

4000 8000

TIME, HOURS

Figure 6.

12000

[7]
z

o

<nz

tij I-X

UJ

0.02

0.01

LEAD - SILVER

195.3- H.7J 85 "F

SHEAR STRESSES LB/IN'' CURVE 1 A-B 600 B-C 850 C-0 960

2 A-E 540 E-F BOO

3 A-0 65i

C

E --'*3

0

2

F

TIME, HOURS

Figure 7.

0.03

z

UJX

liJ 0.01

LEAD- SILVER

(95.3-4.7)

250 "F SHEAR STRESSES LB /IN* CURVE 1 A--B 270 B--C 320

2 A--0 165 0— E 220

3 A--F 190

1

A /. .

B D

F

2 4000

TIME,

Figure 8.

8000

HOURS

12000

z 0.02 O

z

UJ 0.01 X

bJ

LEAD - SILVER

(95.3-4.7)

325°F

1 1 SHEAR STRESSES lb/in' CURVE 1 175

2 125

3 105

-Q

4 105

5 85

O ° ou 2

X

a*—

4000 8000

TIME, HOURS

Figure 9.

12000

z

o 0.02

<nz

UJI-X 0.01

bJ

LEAD-CADMIUM-ZINC; 325°F

(85.4- 14.3 - 0.3) • (82.0- 17 5 - 0-5) o

j;2

OOQi

SHEAR STRESSES lb/in' CURVE 1 120

2 120

3 90

4 90

4000

TIME,

Figure 10

8000

HOURS

12000
o 0.01

tnz

ijj t-X

hi

HIGH PURITY LEAD

85 °F SHEAR STRESSES LB/IN* CURVE 1 A--B 510 B--C 555

2 A--B S35 B-- 0 590

TIME, HOURS

Figure 11.

12 000

io.oi

X

UJ

HIGH PURITY LEAD

250 "F

SHEAR STRESSES LB/IN* CURVE 1 250

2 200 t1 a—

4000

TIME,

Figure 12

8000

HOURS

12000

o

<n 0.01 z

UJ

IHIGH PURITY LEAD 325 °F

1 1 1 SHEAR STRESSES LB/IN' CURVE 1 125 2 65 \/

.o 15 O-o

4000

TIME,

Figure 13

8000

HOURS

12000

O

19]

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Office, Washington, D. C.

The following publications in this series are available by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents at the prices indicated:

BMSl Research on Building Materials and Structures for Use in Low-Cost Housing 10^ BMS2 Methods of Determining the Structural Properties of Low-Cost House Constructions 10^ BMS3 Suitability of Fiber Insulating Lath as a Plaster Base 10^ BMS4 Accelerated Aging of Fiber Building Boards 10^ BMS5 Structural Properties of Six Masonry Wall Constructions 15^ BMS6 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States 15^ BMS7 Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 10^ BMS8 Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection of Steel 10^ BMS9 Structural Properties of the Insulated Steel Construction Co.'s "Frameless-Steel" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs 10^ BMSIO Structural Properties of One of the "Keystone Beam Steel Floor" Constructions Sponsored by the H. H. Robertson Co lOfi BMSll Structural Properties of the Curren Fabrihome Corporation's "Fabrihome" Constructions for Walls and Partitions 10j5 BMS12 Structural Properties of "Steelox" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs

Sponsored by Steel Buildings, Inc 15^ BMS13 Properties of Some Fiber Building Boards of Current Manufacture 10^ BMS14 Indentation and Recovery of Low-Cost Floor Coverings 10^ BMS15 Structural Properties of "Wheeling Long-Span Steel Floor" Construction Sponsored by

Wheeling Corrugating Co 10j5 BMS16 Structural Properties of a "Tilecrete" Floor Construction Sponsored by Tilecrete Floors, Inc 10^ BMS17 Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions lOjS Supplement to BMS17, Sound Insulation of WaU and Floor Constructions 5^ BMS18 Structural Properties of "Pre-Fab" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by the Harnischfeger Corporation 10^ BMS19 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes 15^ BMS20 Structural Properties of "Twachtman" Constructions for Walls and Floors Sponsored by

Connecticut Pre-Cast Buildings Corporation 10^ BMS21 Structural Properties of a Concrete-Block Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association lOji BMS22 Structural Properties of "Dun-Ti-Stone" Wall Construction Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co lOfi BMS23 Structural Properties of a Brick Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the Brick

Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc 10?i BMS24 Structural Properties of a Reinforced-Brick Wall Construction and a Brick-Tile CavityWall Construction Sponsored by the Structural Clay Products Institute 10^ BMS25 Structural Properties of Conventional Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

Floors, and Roofs 15^ BMS26 Structural Properties of "Nelson Pre-Cast Concrete Foundation" Wall Construction

Sponsored by the Nelson Cement Stone Co., Inc 10^ BMS27 Structural Properties of "Bender Steel Home" Wall Construction Sponsored by The

Bender Body Co 10^ BMS28 Backflow Prevention in Over-Rim Water Supplies 10^ BMS29 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States 10^ BMS30 Structural Properties of a Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Douglas

Fir Plywood Association 10^ BM83I Structural Properties of "Insulite" Wall and "Insulite" Partition Constructions Sponsored by The Insulite Co 15^

[List continued on cover page iv]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page iii] BMS32 Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. lOfS BMS33 Plastic Calking Materials 10^ BMS34 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 lOjS BMS35 Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^ BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame WaU, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions with

"Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co 10j5 BMS37 Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for WaUs, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes 10^ BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 10^ BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 10(5 BMS40 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored

by Knap America, Inc 10)i BMS41 Effect of Heating and Cooling on the PermeabiUty of Masonry Walls 10^ BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Corporation 15j5 BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 10^ BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 10(5 BMS45 Air Infiltration Through Windows 10^ BMS46 Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for WaUs,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co 100 BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for WaUs, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 100 BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame WaU and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 10(5 BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 100 BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Co 100 BMS52 Effect of Ceiling Insulation Upon Summer Comfort 100 BMS53 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick" Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 100 BMS54 Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Pired Heating Boiler 100 BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS56 A Survey of Humidities in Residences 100 BMS57 Roofing in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire 100 BMS58 Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 100 BMS59 Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 100 BMS60 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building

Bricks Produced in the United States 150 BMS61 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete WaU Constructions 100 BMS62 Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by the Portland Cement Association 100 BMS63 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls= 100 BMS64 Solar Heating of Various Surfaces 100 BMS65 Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 100 BMS66 Plumbing Manual 200 BMS67 Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for WaUs,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 150 BMS68 Performance Test for Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 150 BMS69 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS70 Asphalt-Prepared RoU Roofings and Shingles 150 BMS71 Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions 200

BMS72 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame WaU Construction Sponsored bj' the Homasote Co 100 BMS73 Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings 100 BMS74 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated SheetSteel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee

Coal, Iron & Railroad Co 150 BMS75 Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States 150 BMS76 Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 150 BMS77 Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards 100 BMS78 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall Constructions 200 BMS79 Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings 150 BMS80 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 150 BMS81 Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Constructions (cloth cover, 5x7J^ inches) 200 BMS82 Water Permeability of WaUs Built of Masonry Units 200 BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With Various Lead-Base Solders 100