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PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 83-2642

Fire Hazard Evaluation of

Shipboard Hull Insulation and

Documentation of A Quarter-Scale

Room Fire Test Protocol

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Washington, DC 20234

August 1 983

Prepared for: Ship Damage Prevention and Control

Naval Sea Systems Command

‘QG«i*nr»—1 Department of the Navy

Washington, DC 20362

,1156

83-2642

1983

C . 2

SEP 1 5 1983

NBSIR 83-2642

Q-O \00

FIRE HAZARD EVALUATION OF

SHIPBOARD HULL INSULATION AND

DOCUMENTATION OF A QUARTER-SCALE

ROOM FIRE TEST PROTOCOL

B. T. Lee

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Washington, DC 20234

August 1 983

Prepared for: Ship Damage Prevention and Control

Naval Sea Systems Command

Department of the Navy

Washington, DC 20362

‘‘"tAU O*

<*

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES v

ABSTRACT 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. FACILITIES AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTS 2

2.1 Facilities and Instrumentation 2 2.2 Calibration of Exhaust Collector Hoods for

Heat Release Rate Measurement 4

2.3 Test Materials 4

2.4 Experimental Tests 5

2.4.1 Room and Laboratory Fire Test Procedures 5

2.4.2 Room and Laboratory Fire Tests 5

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7

3.1 Fire Performance Evaluation of Materials 7 3.1.1 Quarter-Scale Room Fire Test 7 3.1.2 Laboratory Fire Tests 7 3.2 Full-Scale Tests and Comparisons with

Quarter-Scale Tests ..... 9

3.3 Effect of Paint on Fire Performance of

Hull Insulation 11

3.4 Test Protocol for Quarter-Scale Test 12

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 14

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15

6. REFERENCES 15

APPENDIX A. Test Protocol on the Determination of the

Flashover Potential of Shipboard Hull Insulation

Using a Quarter-Scale Room Fire test 17

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Layout and instrumentation for quarter-scale test 19

Figure 2. Quarter-scale and full-scale room fire tests 20

Figure 3. Layout and instrumentation for full-scale test 21

Figure 4. Air temperatures near center of ceiling for fullscale test 2 and corresponding quarter-scale tests 22

Figure 5. Air temperatures near center of ceiling for fullscale test 3 and corresponding quarter-scale tests 23

Figure 6. Air temperatures near center of ceiling for fullscale test 4 and corresponding quarter-scale tests 24

Figure 7. Air temperatures near top of doorway for fullscale test 2 and corresponding quarter-scale tests 25

Figure 8. Air temperatures near top of doorway for fullscale test 3 and corresponding quarter-scale tests 26

Figure 9. Air temperatures near top of doorway for fullscale test 4 and corresponding quarter-scale tests 27

Figure 10. Heat flux on floor for full-scale test 2 and

corresponding quarter-scale tests 28

Figure 11. Heat flux on floor for full-scale test 3 and

corresponding quarter-scale tests 29

Figure 12. Heat flux on floor for full-scale test 4 and

corresponding quarter-scale tests 30

Figure 13. Mass flow rate of carbon monoxide for fullscale tests 2 and 3 and their corresponding

quarter-scale tests 31

Figure 14. Mass flow rate of carbon monoxide for fullscale test 4 and corresponding quarter-scale

tests 32

Figure 15. Rate of heat release from full-scale tests 2

and 3 and their corresponding quarter-scale

tests 33

Figure 16. Rate of heat release from full-scale test 4

and corresponding quarter-scale tests 34
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Materials used in the room and laboratory

fire tests 35, 36

Table 2. Comparison of results from full-scale room

fire tests and their counterpart quarterscale tests 37

Table 3A. Summary of quarter-scale test results 38

Table 3B. Summary of quarter-scale test results 39

Table 4. Ignitability , flame spread, and smoke

characteristics of materials used in room

fire tests 40

Table 5. Heat release rate and potential heat of

materials used in room fire tests 41

Table 6. Comparison of peak air temperatures at

several elevations near the ceiling and

top of the doorway 42

v

FIRE HAZARD EVALUATION OF SHIPBOARD HULL INSULATION AND DOCUMENTATION

OF A QUARTER-SCALE ROOM FIRE TEST PROTOCOL

B.T. Lee

Abstract

A variety of shipboard hull insulations including damping

and acoustical materials, painted and unpainted, were evaluated

for their flashover potential using a quarter-scale room fire

test developed by the Center for Fire Research at the National

Bureau of Standards. Three painted insulations were also evaluated in full-scale room fire tests. Comparison of full-scale

and quarter-scale fire behavior again demonstrated that the

quarter-scale test can predict full-scale room fire buildup.

It was found that decorative paints, including the Navy's

chlorinated alkyd formulation, could seriously compromise the

fire safety of otherwise low fire risk insulations. A recommended

test protocol was developed for determining the flashover potential

of hull insulation using the quarter-scale room fire test.

Keywords: Flammability; flashover; heat release rate;

insulation; interior finishes; paints; room

fires; ships; small-scale fire tests.

1 . INTRODUCTION

Recent research [1]^" has demonstrated that fire hazards associated

with the use of certain synthetic foam materials, in the insulation of

the interior of submarines, can be satisfactorily assessed only with

room fire testing and not with small scale laboratory fire tests which

are employed for measuring fire properties of materials. As part of the

same study, a one-quarter size room fire test was developed for screening

these kinds of materials with the same reliability as full-scale testing

but much more economically. This quarter-scale test was a less severe

fire test than its counterpart full-scale test, but did give the same order of rating, based on the degree of room fire buildup achieved, as the full-scale test for the foam materials evaluated. The quarter-scale

test has also been successful in simulating full-scale room fire tests

of some interior finish material not associated with shipboard use [2].

Nevertheless, there is a need to evaluate the quarter-scale room fire

test with a wider range of materials intended for use on shipboard to

assess its strengths and limitations. Additionally, a standardized

1 Numbers in brackets refer to references at the end of this report.

1
quarter-scale test room and test procedure must be established such that

the testing can be repeated and the capabilities of the test verified by

others. Concurrent with these goals is the present need to use the test

as a tool for screening shipboard finish materials. Thus, the present

work has the following objectives:

1. to evaluate the potential fire hazards of shipboard hull

insulations including damping and acoustical materials,

painted and unpainted;

2. to further evaluate the effectiveness of the one-quarter size

room test and the suitability of laboratory fire tests for

assessing the fire performance of these materials; and

3. to document a test protocol such that the Navy and other test

facilities may independently conduct fire test evaluations on such materials.

This report discusses the quarter-scale room fire tests of a variety of shipboard hull insulations and the degree of agreement

achieved with full-scale room test results for three painted insulations. Also included in this report are laboratory fire test data

obtained on these insulation materials using: an ease of ignition test

[3], the ASTM E 162 [4] and E 84 [5] tests for measuring surface

flammability, a rate of heat release calorimeter test [6], and the

potential heat [7] and smoke generation [8] tests. These laboratory

fire test results are compared with the performance of the materials as observed in the room fire tests.

In this study, the basic criterion adopted for limiting fire growth

was that the painted and unpainted insulations, when subjected to a moderately large fire exposure, would not lead to flashover of the test

room during an exposure period of 1800 s. Flashover is defined here as that condition where the thermal radiation level becomes high enough to

spontaneously ignite light combustible materials (such as newspaper)

located in the lower half of the room. Flashover is frequently preceded

by flameover, a condition where flames emerge from the room across the

top of the doorway.

2. FACILITIES AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

2.1 Facilities and Instrumentation

The quarter-scale room enclosure measured 0.76 m x 0.76 m x 0.61 m

high and scaled a room measuring 3.05 m x 3.05 m x 2.44 m high. This

enclosure consisted of a 6.4 mm thick aluminum alloy shell which was positioned over a 6.4 mm steel floor. The model enclosure had a doorway

opening of 0.49 m x 0.43 m high based on scaling principles and empirical

adjustments developed earlier [1].

2
3 A 0.61 m x 0.91 m hood having an exhaust capability of 0.18 m /s

was located above the door opening of the quarter-scale enclosure to

collect the exhaust from the fire. A 1.22 m long, 0.15 m diameter

vertical stack having an inlet diameter of 83 mm was connected to the

hood. The smaller diameter opening was used to increase turbulent

mixing of the exhaust. Smoke attenuation of a light beam was measured

at 0.55 m above the inlet. Temperature, air velocity, and oxygen,

carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations in the stack were

measured at a position 1.0 m above the inlet, where the exhaust across a cross-section of the stack was found to be well mixed. From these

measurements, the rate of heat release, the mass flow of carbon monoxide, and the optical density of smoke generated from the fire were

determined.

Figure 1 indicates the type and location of instrumentation employed

in the quarter-scale room fire tests. Figure 2 shows the test arrangement.

The stack temperature was measured with a chromel-alumel thermocouple

made from Brown and Sharpe 24 gauge (0.51 mm) diameter wire. Air velocity

in the stack was monitored with a pitot tube. Oxygen concentration was sensed directly with a paramagnetic analyzer. Carbon monoxide and

carbon dioxide were monitored with non-dispersive infrared analyzers.

In addition, thermocouples fabricated from 0.05 mm chromel and alumel

wires were located along the vertical centerline of the doorway opening

at distances of 25, 51, 102, 203, 254 and 356 mm below the top of the

doorway. Small junction thermocouples made from 0.05 mm wire were

chosen to minimize thermal radiation errors in the measurement of air

temperatures in the room fires [9]. Identical thermocouples were located

at distances of 25, 51, 102, 203, 305, 457 and 610 mm below the center

of the ceiling. These thermocouple trees were used to ascertain the

most suitable heights in the doorway and inside the room for measuring

the peak air temperatures. The thermal flux at the floor, measured with

water-cooled, total heat flux gauges of the Gardon type, was also taken

to characterize the room environment.

In previous work [1], a full-scale fire test room was assumed to

measure 3.05 m x 3.05 m x 2.44 m high with a 762 mm x 2032 mm high

opening at the middle of one wall. However, based on recent recommendations by the ASTM E 5 committee on fire standards, a standard fullscale fire test room shall have dimensions of 2.44 m x 3.66 m x 2.44 m

high with the same size opening at the middle of the 2.44 m wide wall.

It is expected that this change should have little effect on the fire

development as the floor area is decreased by only 4 percent and the air

flow into the room depends mainly on the doorway opening which remains

unchanged. All four walls and the ceiling were fabricated from 6.4 mm

thick aluminum alloy plate or sheet mounted over 51 x 102 mm steel

spacer studs 0.41 m apart. The floor consisted of 3.2 mm thick aluminum

sheets over a concrete slab. The room was constructed within a large

building, so that the effects of temperature extremes and wind were

eliminated. The test room was located adjacent to a large 3.66 ^

x 4.88 m

exhaust collector hood having an exhaust capacity of about 3.0 m / s.

3
The stack to the hood and the room were instrumented similarly to that

used with the quarter-scale test. The full-scale test arrangement and

instrumentation layout are given in figures 2 and 3.

2.2 Calibration of Exhaust Collector Hoods for

Heat Release Rate Measurements

The exhaust collection stack for the quarter-scale test was calibrated for measurement of heat release rate using the quarter-scale

methane burner , described in section 2.4.1, positioned directly under the

hood as well as inside the room. The same burner was also used as the

ignition source for the room fire tests. The burner operated at a heat

release rate of 16.5 kW based on a flow rate of 490 mJl/s of methane to

the burner. The rate of heat release from the burner can also be

determined from the measurement of the volume flow rate and the oxygen

depletion of the air passing through the stack [10] . The calculated

value based on this latter technique was 17.1 kW, or 4 percent larger

than the actual value based on the methane flow rate, for the burner

located directly under the hood. When the burner having the same methane flow rate was positioned at the center of the floor, the

calculated value was 15.8 kW, or 4 percent smaller than the actual rate.

The +4 percent accuracy is well within an estimated +10 percent experimental uncertainty. Thus, the measurement of heat release rate with the

hood system was found to be adequate, and no calibration factor was

needed. For the full-scale exhaust system, the stack was calibrated in

another study [9]. The study indicated that the flow in the full-scale

stack was highly non-uniform and the heat release rate measurements had

to be multiplied by 0.77 to give the actual values. That calibration

was used for the calculations of heat release rate in this report.

2.3 Test Materials

The materials selected by the Navy and used in the room and

laboratory fire tests are described in table 1. The acoustic materials

conforming to specification MIL-I-22023 are general purpose insulations.

Materials TS-GM and M-AL are currently in use, while the M, TS-MG, and

TS-GMG are candidate materials. The W-l and W-2 materials conform to

MIL-A-23054 and are used primarily in the ventilation equipment spaces.

Of the five insulations listed under the heading of hull insulation,

material G is mainly for surface ship application. The B2II and cork

are utilized on submarines. The hydrophilic polyurethane H and the

silicone rubber SR are candidate materials. The six damping materials

are used more on board submarines than on surface ships. The adhesives

and coatings listed are presently used shipboard materials with the

exception of the 0-1001, which is a candidate coating. On board ship,

glass cloth conforming to MIL-C-20079 is used to cover the joints

between insulation sections for all of the acoustic materials and the

hull insulation G. The other insulations and the damping materials do

not have taped joints.

4
2.4 Experimental Tests

2.4.1 Room and Laboratory Fire Test Procedures

In both quarter-scale and full-scale room fire tests, the test

material fully covered the walls and ceiling. As much as possible, the

materials were mounted in the same manner as on board ship. For the

quarter-scale room test, a 76 mm x 76 mm diffusion flame gas burner,

with its horizontal surface located 76 mm off the floor, was positioned

snugly against one back corner of the test room such that there was no air gap between the burner and the two walls. This burner served as the

ignition source and was left on throughout the test period. A flow rate

of 150 ml/s (0.32 CFM) of methane was metered to the burner to produce a constant heat input of 5.6 kW. This represented 1/16 of the rate for a full-scale room burner, based on previously developed scaling principles

[1]. The test duration was chosen to be 1800 s except when flashover

occurred earlier or when the fire environment posed a danger to the

structural integrity of the quarter-scale test facility, at which time

the test was terminated. The test was also stopped after 900 s for

materials that did not appear to burn significantly by that time. In the

full-scale room test, 2.4 5,/s (5.1 CFM) of methane corresponding to 90

kW was metered to a 305 mm x 305 mm x 305 mm high diffusion flame burner

positioned snugly against a rear corner of the room. As in the quarterscale test, the burner was left on over the duration of the test. The

full-scale facility was intended to withstand severe fire exposures over

a long period of time. Consequently, all full-scale tests were conducted

over the 1800 s duration, regardless of the fire environment. Measurements

in the full-scale and quarter-scale room tests, using the instrumentation

described in section 2.1, were recorded continuously. In addition, four

pieces of crumpled newspaper on the floor served as visual indicators of

flashover

.

Only currently used laboratory fire tests with published test

procedures were used in this study. Consequently, these procedures were

employed for the ease of ignition test, the ASTM E 162 and E 84 tests,

the rate of heat release calorimeter, potential heat and smoke generation

tests.

2.4.2 Room and Laboratory Fire Tests

Twenty-nine quarter-scale tests and three full-scale room fire

tests were performed. Nine of the quarter-scale and all of the fullscale tests were on insulations with painted surfaces. Descriptions of

the full-scale room tests and their counterpart quarter-scale tests are given in table 2. A listing of all of the tests with the quarter-scale

enclosure is given in table 3. For the insulations used in full-scale

tests FS-2 and FS-3 and quarter-scale tests 1 to 9, 13, 5R and 7R, the

test material was impaled on 44.5 mm long, 2.4 mm diameter steel studs

fastened to the aluminum enclosure at locations 76 mm away from the

corners and edges and at 0.305 m maximum spacing between studs everywhere

5
else. Where the spacing was greater than 0.305 m but less than 0.61 m, a stud was used midway. Steel clips were then used over the studs to keep

the test material in place. All other materials were glued to the

enclosure surface using the M-30 adhesive. Test 20 also had the material

mechanically attached to the enclosure using screws to prevent separation

during the fire exposure.

Data on heat release rate, smoke, and carbon monoxide could not be

measured reliably in tests 1 though 10 due to flow measurement difficulties. Of these 10 tests, numbers 5 and 7 were particularly important

as they were counterpart tests for two of the three full-scale tests.

Consequently, tests 5R and 7R, the repeat runs of tests 5 and 7, were

conducted to give data on heat release rate, smoke, and carbon monoxide

production and to verify other data from tests 5 and 7. Tests 14R, 16R,

22R, and 27R were also repeat tests of runs 14, 16, 22 and 27 and were

performed to verify near-f lashover situations. Test 21R was run to

verify the finding in test 21 that the B2II insulation did not lead tq

f lashover

Tests 7, 8, and 9 were stopped at 900 seconds when steady state

conditions appeared to have been reached. In test 12, a section of the

test foam insulation on the ceiling directly over the gas burner fell

off exposing the aluminum substrate at 780 seconds. The test was terminated at 900 seconds to protect the test enclosure. Test 14 was stopped at 780 s, when flaking from the ceiling surface ignited the

newspaper f lashover indicators. In test 19, some of the material was hanging off the ceiling and small pieces were dropping off by 1140

seconds. By 1320 seconds, large pieces were falling and burning on the

floor; at 1380 seconds, the test was terminated.

A summary of the tests with the ease of ignition apparatus, the

ASTM E 162 radiant panel, the ASTM E 84 tunnel, the rate of heat release

calorimeter, and the potential heat and smoke generation tests is given

in tables 4 and 5. As surface flammability could be measured with

either the E 162 or E 84 test, it was decided to conduct E.162 tests on all the test materials and E 84 tests only on selected acoustical

insulations. The E 84 test evaluated materials in an overhead con- figuration which made it unsuitable for damping insulation, which is

used only on vertical surfaces. In addition, the E 84 test required a relatively large quantity of material which made test evaluation costly

for expensive materials like the damping insulations. As for hull

insulations, similar insulations had been evaluated with both tests in an earlier study [1] with the finding that the E 84 test performed no better than the E 162 test in predicting full-scale room fire behavior.

On the other hand, acoustical insulations have not been tested with both

surface flammability tests. Consequently, the Navy requested that

selected acoustical insulations be evaluated with both the E 162 and E

84 tests.

6
3.1 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fire Performance Evaluation of Materials 3.1.1

Quarter-Scale Room Fire Test

Quarter-scale room test results are given in table 3. Test 5R with

the painted TS-GM, test 10 with the cork, and tests 22, 27 and 27R with

the painted B2II produced room flashovers in about 100 s or earlier.

The remaining tests which reached flashover, i.e., test 11 with the SR,

tests 16 and 16R with the BR2-1, and test 14R with the BR1-1 took over

500 s to reach flashover. Near flashover situations were achieved in

test 5 with the painted TS-GM, test 14 with the BRl-1, and test 22R with

the B2II having two coats of paint. Tests 5, 14, and 22R reached peak

interior air temperatures of 770°C, 650°C, and 540°C, respectively, with

none of the newspaper flashover indicators igniting in those three

tests. Repeat runs of those room fires, tests 5R, 14R and 22 did

experience flashover. Tests of two other materials resulted in a moderate rise in air temperature. Test 19 with the LK-1 had peak

interior and doorway air temperatures of 500°C and 340°C, respectively.

Test 21R with the B2II had maximum interior and doorway air temperatures

of 440°C and 330°C, respectively. Evidence from previous studies [1,2]

has shown that the quarter-scale test is less severe than its counterpart full-scale test. This is further substantiated by the data given

in section 3.2, showing that full-scale tests required less time to

reach flashover than their corresponding quarter-scale tests. Consequently, there is the possibility that the LK-1 and B2II materials could

become borderline fire hazard materials when evaluated with full-scale

room fire tests.

Material thickness could have a significant effect on the room fire

development. Tests 14, 14R, 16, and 16R with the 9.5 mm BRl-1 and the

8.0 mm BR2-1 damping materials experienced flashover or near flashover.

The 15.9 mm BR1-2 and 12.7 mm BR2-2 were similar to the BRl-1 and BR2-1,

respectively, except the former two materials were thicker. Fire tests

of rooms lined with the BR1-2 and BR2-2 did not approach flashover

conditions. All four materials have a high thermal conductivity as heat

was readily transferred to the test enclosure when these materials were

used. Consequently, the thick materials would reach lower temperatures,

because of their greater mass, than the thinner materials for the same quantity of heat absorbed.

3.1.2

Laboratory Fire Tests

Data from the ease of ignition test, the ASTM E 162 and ASTM E 84

flame spread tests, and the ASTM E 662 smoke density chamber test are given in table 4. The heat release rates and potential heats for the

materials used in the room fire tests are presented in table 5. Results

of the ease of ignition tests in table 4 showed that only the painted

TS-GM, the B2II with three coats of paint, CK, SR, and one of three

specimens of the BR2-1 produced measurable fuel contribution. The

quarter-scale room fire tests of these five materials, i.e., tests 5R,

7
27 and 27R, 10, 11, and 16 and 16R, resulted in room flashover. One of

the two quarter-scale tests of the B2II having two coats of paint also

resulted in room flashover even though the ease of ignition test showed

no fuel contribution from the painted material. The same situation

occurred with the BR1-1 material. An earlier study [1] demonstrated

that the ease of ignition test could sometimes show fuel contribution

for materials which would not flashover in the quarter-scale and fullscale room fire tests.

The correlation between flame spread tests and quarter-scale room

fire tests is poor. Materials listed in table 4 which flashed over in

the quarter-scale room fire tests had E 162 flame spread indices (I ) ranging from values as low as five for the B2II having three coats of

paint and 21 for the SR to values as high as 97 for the painted TS-GM

and 347 for the CK material. Materials which did not lead to room flashover had E 162 indices ranging from one for TS-GM, W-2, and the G

insulation coated with 0-1001 to values of 60 for the BR1-2 and 103 for

the M acoustical material. Limited data were obtained with the ASTM E

84 test. Of the five insulations evaluated with this test, only the

painted TS-GM had a flame spread classification (FSC) which exceeded the

"fire-safe" FSC rating of 25. This painted insulation had a FSC of 35

and did flash over in the room fire test. However, another study [1]

demonstrated that room flashover could occur with a material having a "fire-safe" FSC rating of 25.

There is also no direct relation between the data from the rate of

heat release calorimeter and room fire development. For materials in

table 5, which flashed over in the quarter-scale room^fire tests, the

peak rate of heat release varied from 1^9 to 353 kW/m , the maximum 60 s average rate ranged from 52 to ^50 kW/m , and the peak 180 s average

rate varied from 20 to 235 kW/m . However, for materials wh^ch did not

exhibit flashover, the peak rat^s varied from 40 to 267 kW/m , the 60 s rate ranged from 14 to 248 kW/m , and the 180 s rate varied from 9 to

240 kW/m . Similarly, there is no direct relation between potential

heat of a material and the contribution of the material to room fire

growth. For materials which flash over in the room fire test, the

potential heat values varied from 7040 to 27000 kJ/kg. ' The potential

heat for the rest of the materials in table 5 ranged from about 2000 to

14130 kJ/kg. Potential heat values are accurate to within + 200 kJ/kg.

Thus, e.g., any real difference in the values existing between the two G

insulations having the two and three coats of paint would be obscured by

the experimental variation inherent in the measurement.

The rate of smoke production in the quarter-scale room fire tests

depends to a great extent on whether flashover occurred. In every case

in this study where room flashover occurred, the peak smoke generation

equalled or exceeded an optical density per meter, O.D./m, value of 13.8

over a path length of 0.15 m. All the material which resulted in room

flashover, with the exception of the painted TS-GM, had peak specific

optical density, D , values ranging from 220 to 570 for the flaming

8
exposure and 152 to 538 for the smoldering exposure with the E 662 smoke

density chamber test. The painted TS-GM had D values of 43 and 66 for

the flaming and smoldering exposures, respectively. On the other hand,

materials which did not lead to flashover had O.D./m values of 4.4 or less in the room tests, but had D values as high as 572 and 582 for the

flaming and smoldering modes with the E 662 test. These findings

clearly show the difficulty in correlating smoke data from a laboratory

test like the E 662 test with smoke production from the quarter-scale

room fires.

3.2 Full-Scale Tests and Comparisons with Quarter-Scale Tests

The three painted hull insulations shown in table 2 were firetested in the full-size room to evaluate the room fire environment and

generation of heat, smoke, and carbon monoxide for these insulations.

Counterpart quarter-scale tests were conducted and comparisons were made

with the full-scale tests to further demonstrate their ability to

simulate full-size fires. Table 2 and figures 4 to 16 summarize the

full-scale results and compare them with the results from their corresponding quarter-scale tests. In table 2 and in the following discussion,

peak or maximum values refer only to those maximum values occurring at

times up to and including the time of flashover, unless stated otherwise. The principal interest was in the peak level of fire buildup

achievable up to and including room flashover. However, the fire

development over the entire test duration of 1800 s for each of these

tests was also of interest to the Navy and was included in figures 4 to

16.

Full-scale tests FS-2 and FS-4 reached flashover conditions in 58

and 51 s, respectively. Their corresponding quarter-scale counterpart

tests 5R, 27, and 27R took between 79 and 94 s to reach flashover. The

quarter-scale test 5, which also scaled the full-size test FS-2, did not

have sufficient fuel from the paint to maintain the fire long enough to

ignite the newspaper flashover indicators. Each coat of paint used in

test 5 was only about 0.08 mm in thickness versus the 0.10 to 0.13 mm

thickness used in tests 5R and FS-2. However, test 5 did experience a peak interior air temperature of well over 600°C, a condition which is

frequently indicative of flashover. The doorway air temperature for

test 5 was unavailable due to a malfunction of the thermocouple. Table

2 showed that full-scale test FS-3 experienced a maximum interior air

temperature of only 310°C. Interior air temperatures in the counterpart

quarter-scale tests 7 and 7R reached peak values of 380 and 400°C,

respectively. ' A peak doorway air temperature of 260°C was attained in

FS-3. This compared with maximum doorway air temperatures of 260 and

290°C in tests 7 and 7R, respectively. The aforementioned results

reinforced the conclusion from another study [2] that materials which

resulted in rapid flashover in the full-scale tests also did so in the

quarter-scale room fire tests, while those materials which did not

contribute significantly to the full-scale room fire development also

did not contribute much to the model room fire growth. The same study

concluded that time to reach flashover took, longer in the quarter-scale

test, which was also the case here.

9
Heat release rates as high as 2570 kW and 3450 kW occurred in fullscale tests FS-2 and FS-4, respectively, by the time of flashover.

Quarter-scale tests 5R and 27, corresponding to FS-2 and FS-4, respectively, had peak full-scale equivalent heat release rates of 1220 and

2100 kW, respectively. The repeat run, 27R, of test 27 gave a peak

full-scale equivalent of 4430 kW. The total heat production or time

integrated heat release, however, was about the same for tests 27 and

27R. All of these rates were well above steady state rates needed for

flashover. Room fires with just gas burners as the fire source have

shown that when steady state rates of heat release were employed, a rate

as low as 340 kW maintained for about 300 s or, in the case of a rapid

fire buildup, a rate of about 650 kW maintained for 45 s could cause flashover in this size room [2]. For test FS-3, the peak rate of heat

production was 160 kW including the 90 kW from the ignition burner. Its

corresponding quarter-scale test 7R had a maximum full-scale equivalent

heat release rate of 110 kW.

Thermal radiation levels at the floor in test FS-2 reached 38 kW/m2 at the time of flashover compared with a level of 34 kW/m2 in its

corresponding quarter-scale test 5R. The floor radiation reached

31 kW/m2 at the time of flashover in test FS-4, but the counterpart

quarter-scale tests 27 and 27R achieved radiation levels of only 18 and

14 kW/m2

, respectively, at the onset of flashover. However, the radiation flux at the floor for tests 27 and 27R was increasing rapidly at

flashover, and the observed times for flashover were accurate only to

within one or two seconds. Thus, the radiation levels for tests 27 and

27R could have been higher than 20 kW/m2 when the newspaper flashover

indicators ignited. This would then be consistent with the fact that

newspaper ignites over a range of fluxes between 17 and 25 kW/m2 [11]

For test FS-3, the radiation level at the floor peaked at 2.1 kW/m2

. Floor flux levels in its counterpart quarter-scale tests 7 and 7R

reached maximum levels of 2.3 and 2.2 kW/m2

, respectively.

Peak carbon monoxide production at times up to and including

flashover is shown in table 2 and was about 27 g/s for both FS-2 and FS4. This compared with the peak full-scale equivalent values of 40, 24,

and 42 g/s in the quarter-scale tests 5R, 27, and 27R, respectively.

However, little carbon monoxide was produced in test FS-3 and in its

corresponding quarter-scale test 7R. Smoke data were not available for

the full-scale tests due to a malfunction of the smoke measurement

system. Peak smoke concentrations were available for the quarter-scale

tests 5R, 7R, 27 and 27R and are shown in table 2. The smoke levels in

tests 5R, 27, and 27R exceeded the limit of 16.4 OD/m for the measurement

system. Only test 7R produced little smoke. The data on smoke, heat

release, and generation of carbon monoxide from the quarter-scale fire

tests 5 and 7 were not available, as reliable means for measuring these

quantities were not ready until after tests 1 through 10 were completed.

10
3.3 Effect of Paint on Fire Performance of Hull Insulation

An earlier study, involving quarter-scale room fire tests of

insulations [1] , indicated that decorative paints over two types of

nitrile foams increased the surface flaming to the extent where flashover was imminent or had occurred in six of the seven cases (tests 6 to

9 and 11 to 13) where these foams were painted. The room fire tests of

the unpainted nitrile foams (tests 4, 5, and 10) in that study resulted

in interior and doorway air temperatures of less than 300°C. A 3.9 kW

ignition source was used for those tests. In the current work, a 5.6 kW

ignition source was used for the tests shown in table 3. Comparisons of

test 5R with test 2 and tests 27 and 27R with tests 21 and 21R in table

3 support the findings from the earlier study that decorative paints

could often cause insulations to fail the criterion of no flashover over

an 1800 s exposure to a moderately large fire.

The effect of paint on the fire development could have little

effect on the room fire, as in test FS-3, or it could result in rapid

transitory fire buildup to flashover with temperatures and thermal flux

levels receding rapidly when the paint is consumed, as in test FS-2.

Coatings of paint could also result in the fire involvement of the

insulation such that a much more serious shipboard fire threat occurs,

as in test FS-4. Figure 10 shows that in full-scale test FS-2, with the

TS-GM insulation and coatings of 0-634 and chlorinated alkyd 124 paints,

the coatings enhanced the fire such that the radiant flux to the floor

exceeded 20 kW/m2

, the threshold value for flashover, for a post-flashover duration of 50 s. For full-scale test FS-4 with the B2II insulation

and 0-634 coating, the fire reached flashover in 51 s. After the paint

was consumed, the interior and doorway air temperatures receded until

about 135 s at which time fire involvement of the B2II insulation began

to increase dramatically due to the intense thermal environment in the

room. Figure 12 shows that the flux to the floor in test FS-4 gradually

increased to above the threshold value of 20 kW/m2 after reaching a low

of about 11 kW/m2 at 165 s. It was 420 s into the test before the flux

level at the floor receded below 20 kW/m2 again.

The quarter-scale counterparts of FS-2 and FS-4, i.e., tests 5R,

27, and 27R, also experienced flashover. For tests 7 and 7R, the room

was lined with fibrous glass hull insulation G and covered by two coats

of the vapor barrier 0-1001. These tests, like their corresponding

full-scale test FS-3, did not exhibit flashover. Test 8 was similar to

tests 7 and 7R, except that its surface had an additional topcoat of

chlorinated alkyd 124 paint over the 0-1001. The chlorinated alkyd

paint did not increase the fire risk of the insulation G. Test 6, with

the TS-GMG material painted with 2 coats of 0-9788, also did not approach

flashover conditions. Tests 22, 22R, 27, and 27R, with the painted B2II

insulations, demonstrated the importance of paint thickness to room fire

growth. Tests 22 and 22R had 2 coats of the 0-634, but only test 22

achieved room flashover. Tests 27 and 27R, with 3 coats of 0-634,

reached flashover in 91 s and 79 s, respectively, compared with a time

of 101 s for test 22.

11
3.4 Test Protocol for Quarter-Scale Test

A recommended test protocol on the determination of the flashover

potential of hull insulation using the quarter-scale room fire test

is given in the appendix. The following discussion gives some of

the rationale for the protocol development. In the construction of

the room, there is a need to simulate the actual construction as much as is possible. Shipboard hull insulation is generally attached

to metal bulkheads with adhesive or impaled on metal studs on the

bulkhead. Thus, the quarter-scale room should be constructed from

either aluminum or steel sheet or plate to assure proper adhesion

between the insulation and the metal substrate when adhesives are used and to provide a similar substrate which has a high thermal

sink. Aluminum construction is recommended for its lower weight

for the same wall thickness, making refitting operations easier.

As for burner location the center of the floor is not suitable as the flames from any reasonably sized fire cannot directly contact

the wall material. Placement of the ignition source against the

back wall or in a rear corner are two practical alternatives.

Corner placement appears to be more desirable as the wall insulation

would be evaluated under the more demanding fire exposure for any

given rate of heat release for the burner. The severity of the

ignition source should be large enough to adequately assess the

fire hazard potential of materials, but should not be so large as

to overwhelm the material being evaluated. The 5.6 kW source recommended in the protocol represents approximately the quarterscale version of a small upholstered chair burning in a room. A

5 . 6 kW burner rate in the corner of the room, maintained for 300 s, represents about one-fourth of the rate needed for flashover of a quarter-scale room lined with fire-exposed fibrous glass hull board

[2]. The test insulation itself must then contribute three times

the burner rate of heat release in order to achieve flashover of

the room. (Fire-exposed hull board is fibrous glass insulation

which has had much of the organic binder burned off, leaving a relatively inert material. This was accomplished by subjecting the

room lined with the insulation to a 11.3 kW burner exposure for

900 s several hours before actual testing began.)

Measurement of the degree of fire buildup up to and including

the time of flashover, if it should occur, can be obtained by

monitoring the rise in air temperature at the doorway and near the

center of the ceiling. Although 0.05 mm wire thermocouples were

used in this study for precision measurement of air temperatures,

they are difficult to prepare and are vulnerable to breakage. It

is suggested that thermocouples fabricated from 0.25 mm diameter

chromel and alumel wires be used for durability. For the room test

lined with the fire-exposed fibrous glass and a burner rate of 5.6

kW, steady temperature conditions are reached by 1200 s. In order

to get an indication of the variability of air temperatures expected

under such steady conditions for facilities following the recommended

test protocol as given in the appendix, the above test with the

fire-exposed insulation was run at three facilities. These facilities

were the National Bureau of Standards, the David Taylor Naval Ship

Research and Development Center in Annapolis, Maryland, and

12
the Bath Iron Works in Maine. At 1200 s into the test, the air

temperatures, as measured with 0.25 mm wire thermocouples at these

three facilities, were all within + 10°C of 240°C at 25 mm below

the doorway and within + 10°C of 355°C at 25 mm below the center of

the ceiling.

The basic criterion for limiting the fire growth potential of

shipboard interior finish materials requires that the insulation or combination of insulation and coating materials must not lead to

flashover of the room over the exposure period of 1800 s using the

prescribed burner rate of heat release of 5.6 kW. However, the

degree of fire buildup that is achievable, short of flashover, is

also important in determining the fire hazard of materials. It has

been demonstrated that the air temperatures inside the room and in

the doorway provide reliable indications of the degree of fire

buildup [1,2]. Table 3 gives a comparison of peak air temperatures

near the ceiling and near the top of the doorway for all of the

quarter-scale room fire tests. Earlier work [1] suggested that

flashover conditions could be expressed in terms of the temperature

levels for the hot air at the doorway and inside the room. In that

work, the data showed that even interior air temperatures of about

600°C could result in the ignition of the flashover indicators in

the room. For example, tests 45, 33, and 30 in that study had peak

interior air temperatures of 587, 604, and 616°C, respectively, at

times up to and including the time of flashover. The same study

showed that peak doorway air temperatures could be as low as 427 to

451°C at times up to and including the time when flashover occurred.

For instance, tests 20 and 36 in that test series exhibited peak

doorway air temperatures of 427 °C while test 33 had a maximum

doorway air temperature of 451°C. All three tests experienced

flashover and had interior air temperatures of over 600 °C.

An examination of the data in table 6 further substantiated

such a correlation between room interior air and doorway air temperatures

and flashover conditions. Tests 5R, 10, 11, 14R, 16, 16R, 22, 27,

and 27R in table 6 experienced flashover. Of these tests, all

experienced interior and doorway air temperatures of at least 650 °C

and 430°C, respectively, except for test 16. Test 16 reached

flashover at 550 s and had peak interior and doorway air temperatures

of 590 and 410°C, respectively. A repeat test, 16R, of test 16

experienced flashover at 1485 s and peak air temperatures of 790

and 480°C at the interior and doorway, respectively. There was a chance that burning material in the form of surface flaking may

have ignited the newspaper flashover indicators in test 16, as pieces of material began falling from the ceiling as early as 390 s into the test. It is also possible to have interior temperatures

much higher than 600 °C and with no ignition of the flashover indicators,

as in test 5. Test observations indicated that flames in that test

were localized and spread only near the interior thermocouple

before receding. Unfortunately, the doorway air temperatures were

unavailable at the 25 mm and 51 mm locations below the doorway to

help in understanding the fire development. The thermocouples at

these locations malfunctioned. However, the doorway thermocouple

at the 104 mm location gave a reading of only 60°C versus the

lowest recorded value of 340°C (test 14) at that location for those

tests where flashover occurred. Thus, flashover in the quarterscale test could be defined as the room condition where the peak

13
interior air temperature is at least 600°C and the maximum doorway air

temperature is also at least 400°C. The latter requirement is used to

help avoid giving a flashover classification to the room fire condition

where localized fire involvement along the ceiling resulted in interior

air temperatures exceeding the "flash-over threshold" of 600°C without

an accompanying flashover. From the aforementioned discussion, it

appears then that the fire risk potential of hull insulations and coatings

can be assessed solely by the peak air temperatures achievable in the

quarter-scale test.

Measurement of the peak air temperatures in the quarter-scale test,

however, is complicated by the stratification of air temperatures

inside the room and at the doorway. Boundary layer effects, thermal

losses to the surface, and out-gassing or fuel generation at the surface

also affect the temperature gradient near the ceiling. Constriction of

the flow through the doorway and stratification of the hot air affect

the temperature gradient at the doorway. Consequently, the room fire

test data were analyzed to find the most suitable heights at the doorway

and below the ceiling in the room for measuring peak air temperatures

with a minimum number of thermocouples. The data in table 6 showed that

peak doorway air temperatures usually occurred at 25 mm below the doorway

lintel. However, in tests 5R, 10, and 14R, the peak value occurred at

the 51-mm location. Maximum interior temperatures usually occurred at

the 25-mm location below the ceiling, but in many cases, the peak values

were measured at greater distances away from the ceiling. Sometimes

this may be a consequence of the material separating from the ceiling

and then possibly burning in the vicinity of the lower thermocouples,

e.g., in test 19. More often, it may be the result of an inverted

thermal stratification arising from the burning behavior of the material.

At any rate, the quarter-scale test should have the capability of

detecting these peak temperatures which affect the radiation flux to the

lower part of the room which in turn determines the degree of fire

buildup. The data in table 6 show that the maximum air temperatures

could occur at an elevation as low as 51 mm below the doorway lintel and

at 51 to 102 mm below the ceiling. Based on these data, as well as on past observations of quarter-scale fire tests, it is recommended that,

in the test protocol developed for the quarter-scale test, thermocouples

be used at the 25 and 51 mm locations below the top of the doorway and

at 25 mm and 76 mm below the ceiling.

4 . CONCLUDING REMARKS

1. No reliable correlations exist between the laboratory materials

fire property test performance and full-scale or quarter-scale room

fire test behavior of the shipboard insulations evaluated. This

is in accord with earlier findings involving hull insulation [1].

2. Quarter-scale room fire testing demonstrated that it is a reliable

indicator of full-scale room fire behavior for the three cases discussed in this report where there was flashover in two tests

14
and only a low level fire buildup in the third test. This was consistent with prior studies involving a variety of materials

[ 1 , 2 ].

3. Cork, silicone rubber SR, and the polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl

acetate BR1-1 and BR2-1 tiles failed the requirement of no flashover in the quarter-scale room fire test over a 1800 s test period.

4. Vapor barrier 0-1001 did not significantly affect the fire performance of fibrous glass hull board.

5. Decorative paints such as 0-634 and the Navy's chlorinated alkyd

formula 124 could transform an otherwise fire-safe insulation into

a fire-risk material.

6. A test protocol has been developed for the quarter-scale room fire

test and is included in the appendix.

7. Round robin evaluation of the quarter-scale room fire test among at

least three participating laboratories is recommended as a logical

follow-up to this work. The study should involve a variety of

materials having a wide range of fire properties with at least

three tests of each material. The results from all three laboratories should be analyzed to demonstrate the repeatability of

results within each laboratory and the reproducibility among

laboratories before this protocol is adopted for general use in

material specifications. The acceptable level of reproducibility

should be determined from the fire situations being replicated.

5 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Appreciation is expressed to Mr. Charles Veirtz, who performed the

quarter-scale tests; to Messrs. Charles Veirtz and Oscar Owens for con- ducting the full-scale tests, and to Mr. J. N. Breese for the data

reduction and preparation of most of the figures in the report.

This study was supported by the Naval Sea Systems Command, Department

of the Navy, under the direction of Messrs. William Dunham and John Pinto.

6. REFERENCES

1. Lee, B.T.; Breese, J.N.; Submarine Compartment Fire Study - Fire

Performance Evaluation of Hull Insulation. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

NBSIR 78-1584; 1979 May.

2. Lee, B.T. Quarter-Scale Modeling of Room Fire Tests of Interior

Finish. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) NBSIR 81-2453; 1982 March.

15
3. Lawson, J.R.; Parker, W.J.; Development of an Ease of Ignition

Test Using a Flame Exposure. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) NBSIR 82-

2503; 1982 June.

4. Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. ASTM E 162. Philadelphia, PA: American

Society for Testing and Materials; 1981.

5. Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building

Materials. ASTM E 84. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for

Testing and Materials; 1981.

6. Tordella, J. ; Twilley, W. ; Development of a Calorimeter for Simultaneously Measuring Heat and Mass Loss. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

NBSIR in preparation.

7. Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials. NFPA

259-1976. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association; 1976.

8. Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated

by Solid Materials. ASTM E 662. Philadelphia, PA: American

Society for Testing and Materials; 1979.

9. Lee, B.T. Effect of Ventilation of the Rates of Heat, Smoke, and

Carbon Monoxide Production in a Typical Jail Cell Fire. Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.) NBSIR 82-2469; 1982 March.

10. Parker, W.J. Calculations of the Heat Release Rate by Oxygen Consumption for Various Applications. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) NBSIR

81-2427-1; 1982 March.

11. Fang, J.B. Fire Buildup in a Room and the Role of Interior Finish

Materials. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 879; 1975 June.

16
APPENDIX A

Test Protocol on the Determination of the Flashover

Potential of Shipboard Hull Insulation Using a Quarter-Scale

Room Fire Test

Al. SCOPE

Al.l Scope . This method describes a procedure to determine the

flashover potential of shipboard hull lining materials subjected to a fire exposure in a mock-up room.

A1.2 The method gives an indication of the potential room fire

buildup up to and including room flashover. It yields a time from the

introduction of the fire exposure until the moment of flashover, or until the peak room air temperature is reached, if flashover does not

occur.

A2 . JUSTIFICATION

A2.1 In the interest of reducing both the set-up time and cost

associated with fire testing in a full-size room, herein defined as a 3.0 x 3.0 x 2.4 m high enclosure having a 0.76 x 2.03 m high doorway, a one-quarter scale room fire test was devised for determining the flashover

potential of lining materials exposed to fire.

A3. EQUIPMENT

A3.1 The quarter-scale room shall be constructed from 6.4 mm aluminum or steel sheet and shall form a box having a ceiling and four

sides with air tight joints. The box shall sit on a floor fabricated

with the same material. The interior dimensions of the fully lined

quarter-scale room are 0.76 x 0. 76 x 0.61 m high. A doorway is located

at the center of one wall and must be 0.50 m wide and 0.45 m high to

secure the proper ventilation and fire development. The distance between

the finished ceiling and the top of the doorway must be 178 mm. The

floor of the model room must extend at least 0.30 m outside of the

doorway. The box is removable to allow for application of paint and/or

ceiling and wall covering. The entire base of the box in contact with

the floor shall be made air tight.

A3. 2 A porous ceramic plate diffusion flame burner shall be used

as the fire source. The burner shall be 89 x 89 x 76 mm high consisting

of a horizontal porous plate area of 76 x 76 mm with a 6.4 mm wide steel

plate perimeter and steel plate sides and bottom.

A3. 3 Four chromel-alumel thermocouples, fabricated from 0.25 mm

diameter (Brown and Sharpe 30 gage) wire, shall be used — 25 and 76 mm below the center of the overhead and 25 and 51 mm below the top of the

doorway.

17
A4 . PROCEDURE

A4.1 The test material shall fully line the walls and ceiling. As

much as possible, the material shall be mounted in the same manner as is

used on board ship.

A4 . 2 Prior to testing, the fully lined test room shall be conditioned

for at least 24 hours at a relative humidity between 50 + 10 percent and

a temperature of 23 + 5°C.

A4.3 The diffusion burner shall be positioned on the floor snugly

against one rear corner of the test room such that there is no air gap

between the burner and the two walls. A flow rate of 150 ml/s (0.32

CFM) of methane shall be used to produce a constant heat input of 5.6 kW

(320 Btu/min) for the duration of the test.

A4.4 The test data from the four thermocouples shall be recorded

continuously during the test.

A4.5 The primary data generated by this test will be the time to

room flashover, if it occurs, and the maximum temperature if flashover

is not reached. Flashove^is characterized by thermal flux levels equal

to or greater than 20 kW/m at the floor level. This corresponds to

interior temperatures of 600 °C and higher and doorway temperatures of

400°C and higher. For the purpose of qualification/acceptance, flash- over is defined here as that fire condition where one of the interior

thermocouple measurements reaches 600°C and one of the doorway measurements reaches at least 400°C. For qualification/acceptance of a material,

room flashover shall not occur within 1800 s.

A4.6 Color 35 mm slides be taken at 15 s intervals during the

first 180 s and at 30 s intervals thereafter to document the growth of

the fire.

A5 . SUMMARY

The quarter-scale room test procedure described here provides a relatively low cost, and generally reproducible, method for determining

the flashover potential of materials used to line the interior surfaces

of shipboard compartments. The lining materials may be insulation,

paint (used over lining materials), sheathing, acoustic panels, or the

like.

18
TEST ROOM EXHAUST HOOD

Station

1

2

3

4 to 7

8

GAS

All dimensions in meters

SIDE VIEW

Instrument

- Vertical strand of seven 0.05 mm thermocouples at 25,

51, 102, 203, 305, 457 and 610 mm down from center of

ceiling

.

- Vertical strand of six 0.05 mm thermocouples located

along the centerline of the doorway at distances of

25, 51, 102, 203, 254, and 356 mm below the top of the

doorway

.

- Thermal flux gauge on floor.

- General vicinity for newspaper flashover indicators on floor.

- The rmo coup le , pitot tube, gas sample port (O

2

, CO, CO^)

,

and smoke meter in stack.

Figure 1. Layout and Instrumentation for Quarter-Scale Test

19
20

Fig.

2

Quarter-Scale

and

Full-Scale

Room

Fire

Tests
BURN ROOM EXHAUST HOOD

All dimensions in meters ~H 1-2 H~

SIDE VIEW

Station Instrument

1

2

3

4 to 7

8

- 0.51 mm (24 gauge) thermocouples at 0, 0.03, 0.10,

0.60, 0.90, 1.20, 1.50, 1.80, 2.10, 2.34, and 2.44 m

below center of ceiling. 0.05 mm thermocouples at

0.10, 0.60, 1.20, 1.80 and 2.34 m below center of

ceiling

.

- 0.51 mm (24 gauge) thermocouples at 0.03, 0.10, 0.30,

0.50, 0.70, 0.90, 1.10, 1.30, 1.50, 1.78, and 1.90 m

from top of doorway. 0.05 mm thermocouples at 0.10,

0.50, 0.90, 1.30 and 1.78 m from top of doorway.

- Thermal flux gauge on floor.

- General vicinity for newspaper flashover indicators

on floor.

- Thermocouple, pitot tube, gas sample port (O

2

, CO,

CO

2 ), and smoke meter in stack.

Figure 3. Layout and Instrumentation for Full-Scale Test

11
o0 *:janiva3dnai

CN

22

Figure

4.

Air

temperatures

near

center

of

ceiling

for

full-scale

test

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
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a a o o a o a o a o D o

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o CD 00 r* lO U5

' (n CM —4

23

Figure

5.

Air

temperatures

near

center

of

ceiling

for

full-scale

test

3

and

corresponding

quarter

-scale

tests
o o o

0o ‘3aniva3dW3i

o O a o a a o o D a a o a

o O o o a o o o O a o o

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24

Figure

6.

Air

temperatures

near

center

of

ceiling

for

full-scale

test

4

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
o o a

o a a o a O o O O o o O o

o o a o o O o O o a o O

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25

Figure

7.

Air

temperatures

near

top

of

doorway

for

full-scale

test

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
ooaoooooooooo o o

cm

*•1 r-t — atnanr-iOLn^p-iCM • 1 0a '3arUVtf3dH3l

m

26

Figure

8.

Air

temperatures

near

top

of

doorway

for

full-scale

test

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
TIME.

ooooooooooooo o o

o. '3aniva3dH3i

27

Figure

9.

Air

temperatures

near

top

of

doorway

for

full-scale

test

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
28

Figure

10.

Heat

flux

on

floor

for

full-scale

test

2

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
ooaooooaooo O <T> 00 f'' ID ID •>» (D cm —

•

'xmj 1V3H

29

Figure

11.

Heat

flux

on

floor

for

full-scale

test

3

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
o

*xmj J.V3H

30

Figure

12.

Heat

flux

on

floor

for

full-scale

test

4

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

test
TIME,

rnln

o LO «/6 ‘3ivu moij ssvr» 31vds a3iavno

a u> o m a • • • • • • m

31

Figure

13.

Mass

flow

rate

of

carbon

monoxide

for

full-scale

tests

2

and

3

and

their

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests

.
•/& '3iva moij ssvw 3*ivos a3j.dvoo

o o o a o o

i/> ^ m cm —

s/6 *31VH MO’IJ SSVfi 31VDS 110.1

32

Figure

14.

Mass

flow

rate

of

carbon

monoxide

for

full-scale

test

4

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
ooos

am *3sv3i3a iv3h jo 3iva 3ivos b3iayno

o a o o o

*7 m <ni AM ‘3SV333U 1V3H JO 31V« 31VDS 110J

33

Figure

15.

Rate

of

heat

release

from

full-scale

tests

2

and

3

and

their

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
FULL

SCALE

TEST

4

(B2M.

0-034)

QUARTER

SCALE

TEST

27

(B2II.

0-634)

QUARTER

SCALE

TEST

27R

(B2H.

0-634)

o

otn oin

M>1 '3573130 1V3H 30 3iV0 31V3S 03L0VOO

a

m

o

U3

CM a

o

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in o

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Cm

03

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34

Figure

16.

Rate

of

heat

release

from

full-scale

test

4

and

corresponding

quarter-scale

tests
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pc; o 60 44

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X •H

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u

X

W rCu 44 0) 13 3 H 44 03 •H O tH X *H & G & 44 CJ B G e 03 34 44 •H 60 TO 03 6 00 3 3 QJ cd rC (3

QJ QJ CO 3 3 0) kO £ 44 •H

03O 00 i—1 *H •H 03 cd CJ Co cd CO 60 o 3 e rH X 60 B cd 3 44 • c • *H 3 .X X B 13 CJ 44

03 o O *H

O rH i—I o 44 QJ o •H ,—1

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a 44 *

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!-i •H •H •H •H

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cQ 03 QJ 03 TJ 44

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O 44 CO 43

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X qj

b QJ 03 M3 rH QJ 03 rH

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03 03 0) 0!

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03 44 CO 44 rH •H o 9s •H rH 03

X 60 S . 03 i—1

60 CM 03

H 60 03 44 cd i—1 i—1 r O 9s rH O A W 9s cd •H 9\ o

60 60 • 60X • ex 60 60 03 ,—1 5 60 60 44

QJ 3 o 3 CJ rH

B 3 a, 13 3 60 13 13 i—1

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O i—1 *H •H QJ rP 43 44 X 44 X Q0 cj 44 44 44 ft T3 1 44 44 i—!

cd 60 44 44 44 44 QJ 44O 44 43 QJ

g 44 44 •H

H •H 0) *H cd 44 rH CO ,—1

cd •H 44 cd cd ft

0)

X & X |

0) Cd

X o X 144 a) 03X 43 44 S 34 •H ft cd •H

44 03

X 03

O 34 03 CO 03 4*1 o CO COC

X 03 44 03 00 44 QJ 03 CO 03 CJ 44 QJ 03 CO 4«i 60 -K 0) O 0) CO >4 44 cd co cd •H ft B «d cd CJ ft

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X

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B e> 60 e> 44 ex C/3 60 e> (ft CJ

QJ rH 44 CJ

cd *H

H

•H 03 44

ft

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qj ex 3

44

B

O

cd o CJ g o C

35

Hydrophilic

polyurethane

N/A

2.5

0.136
un» g a *^s +

co

CO o o CO uo

<u /->

m a>

O r>*

m ro pH pH i-H CN S 6 m 00 CN a> >3- O o o O ^ o • • • • • • 1 1 • • • O w o rH o rH o rH 1 1 o o o o c fO OV PQ o OV o m vO r-

•H VO rH pH Ov o •u co CO r-» O CO PH CN CO rH CN a i 1 1 1 < < < 1 •H CM 2 2 2 2 2 < < w V Mh 1 1 1 1 Z Z z 1 •H pJ pJ i-3 i-3 p3 O M PH H H ph

<Urv * * ss £ £

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013c

Ps

fO

Nm

O'

sj

<7\

mrHOOI mrHO01

rH 4H CU CO,

CC3 •H 00 > oc •H CO c •H VO c pH 00 U O •H rH CN rH CN CO CO •H <r o oo Cm (U Q. a 1 1 1 1 pH CN 0t o o 4-J co O a> cu u s e H H CN CM 1 1. 43 co CO cd i—

43

a

CO o cd P5 05 Pi Pi 34

a 1 o CN i 1 1 4J ca S u Q CQ PQ PQ PQ p3 pJ < S Pm CJ rH o o o o H

HW

•K

X)3

pHO3*K

OaKK*

43

cd tHVu c0

Mi cu rH CN Mm 0) rH

u 4-1 1 1 M •o rH

V-P cd pH

H rH •H

4-1 <U CO 2 2 rH e mh

rH <U pH CO PQ PQ CO <U at U 4-1 ID CO a us

0t Cd *rt c <3 CO 0) 1 3 4J pH 4-1 J2 cd cd a 4J T3 •H

43 pH

u

MM

a (U co >

ca pH •H CU cu Cl at •H CO H a JZ i a •H 4J iH cd O at /“N •H (0 4J cd « 43 a M a rH Ss 0) > CO co CO 4H •H M U cd 4J ^ cd H cd cd 4J rH cd pH pH o 0) cu M a HQ q at rH c o u HH co CO CU 0 at •a 0) 00 fo o a •H •H rH 4H cu M o •rl a c

•H -a 4J 3 3 •H > O co 3 (U •H o U - 0t a U E U 4J •H a at •H 4J cd Cu cu 4J CU CU CU a 4-1 cd a T3 cd pC

•H x) cd

u JZ 43 CO a) X5 cd > 3 u Cd o 4J

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m > So

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So <U *r cd cd cd cd 3 pH cd 4J So C 4-* CO CN CN a co pQ 4d C -O 4J 4J u rH •H CO rH

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a c cd

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36
Table 2. Comparison of Results from Full-Scale Room Fire Tests and their Counterpart Quarter-Scale Tests*

Ignition Time Max . +

Time .. . .4*Max * Time

to Time Ambient Room Condition

for Flashover Upper Air Doorway Air to Test Material Indicator Temp. , T. T

1 Temp., T, T

2 Flameover Duration Temp. Relative

Test Scale Composite Coating (8) CC) 1 (8) CC) ‘

(8) (8) (8) (°c) Humidity (%)

FS-2 F.S. TS-GM coat 0-634, 2 coats 58 800 58 680 58 58 1800 28 65

124

5 Q.S. TS-GM None 770 73 -- None 1800 25 65

5R Q.S. TS-GM " 94 770 94 570 94 89 1800 24 41

FS-3 F.S. G 2 coats 0-1001 None 310 1730 260 1691 None 1800 27 60

7 Q.S. G

" None 380 704 260 673 None 900 27 58

7R Q.S. G

» None 400 419 290 853 None 1800 22 52

FS-4 F.S. B2II 3 coats 0-634 51 880 39 610 51 43 1800 24 28

27 Q.S. B2II > 91 900 60 630 91 73 1800 24 32

27R Q.S. B2II " 79 850 79 430 79 74 1800 23 25

Time to Peak Smoke in Stack***

Cone. O.D./m

Time

(s) Test Scale Material Composite Coating

Release Rate Q

(kW) Q*

(8) in Stack

(g/s) Stack CO*

(s)

FS-2 F.S. TS-GM 1 coat 0-634, 2 coats 2570 57 27 44 — —

124

5 Q.S. TS-GM " " — " " — — —

5R Q.S. TS-GM ... " 76(1216)** 94 2.5(40) ** 94 >16.4 65

FS-3 F.S. G 2 coats 0-1001 160 68 <1.0 347 — -

7 Q.S. G

" - — — “ . —

7R Q.S. C 7 (112) 40 <0.2(<3) 349 0.7 199

FS-4 F.S. B2II 3 coats 0-634 3450 33 27 33 — —

27 Q.S. B2II 131(2096) 91 1.5(24) 91 >16.4 51

27R Q.S. B2II 277(4432) 79 2.6(42) 79 >16.4 36

+Peak values of T^ T

2

, Qg, CO, and O.D./m measured at times prior to or at ignition of newspaper flashover indicator. ^

measured at 25 mm below celling, and T

2 measured at 25 mm below doorway for quarter-scale tests. ^

and T

2 measured at 102 mm

for full-scale tests.

-H-Includes ignition gas burner rate of heat release of 90 kW in full-scale test and 5.6 kW in quarter-scale test.

*Times to peak rate of heat release (based on oxygen consumption) and peak CO production have been adjusted for the transit

times of these gases in the sampling lines.

**Values in parenthesis represent full-scale equivalent values which are 16 times greater than the quarter-scale values.

***Sraoke attentuation over path length of 152 mm.

37
Table

3A.

Summary

of

Quarter-Scale

Test

Results

c

03 4J ^

03 <13 CO H U ^

<u u B a> •H > u H O O

JZ U

C CO <0 O <TJ U

*H H *H W ft, T3

•H C

C >-* M

00 O

0)>

0J o e o

•H U C0 to H «J

U

*H f—

I

f

# C H

X 3* • <g a

S a s a Q) o H

03 -H

*H (0

>-1 o

a> a

B

sS o

O O O O Q O

o o o o o o

00 00 00 00 00 00

0)c

o = z

c

o = z

ion nco I O O co I N so VO VO I

H H H |

m in o no co cn n in m n

CM CO

o o o o o

r''. i"*- vO >3- r" co co co co r>.

a a <r

z o j z

o z <3 o

Z I I I I W C/3 s 03 H H H

h n n 'j m

m

o o o o o vO o o o o o vO

00 ON 00 On ON

0)cZ

<13 c

o r r r z

vo co co oo mm O m v£> no no

CM NO 00 00 CM

o o o o o o CM nO ON CM CM CM

rH CM CM fH N N

O <f ON 00 HOH*J oo m

o o o o o o

iH oo o co r* so

>3- CO ^ CO CO 00

co co o o u u<0o

a <r

CM CM CM fH

0

1 o o o I M

Z o

m o o o •-« o 'JOOOO'OO P** O' 00 ^ H 00

Q) m c

<r o r r- Z

<U o c

co o r

r^* Z

a) rH C

= no o

rH Z

0) o c

oo o:

r- Z

co o o <r m

'J CO CO CO 00 N rH n N H ^

o o o o o o m vo h co oo n

m cm co m m cm

co co co r* o ov

r>* cv <r oo vo »h <r

o o o o o o

oo r>. o »h m o

vo co 't m *f

CM iH rH CM

06 Z I I I I M = 233 C0 03 CO *

00

rH H CM O Nj ^ m rH rH i—| «H Oh rH <r

38

m o o o o m rH o oo o m m oo co oo 8800 00

Q) on m c

oo o: m z

O' H >J O N vj co m vo n

m <r m cm rH

o o o o o H CO <f O'

<r <r cm co rH

o m co pn

CM CO O' H rs m sf >0* co

o O o oo oo oo

Q>C rH O ON z

CO nO

no r*^ m

m rH

rH ON

CM

o o o CM CO CO co no <r

co m vj CM CM CM

O © © © Q O o <r od «o o m

oo m on oo

sr

roNO ^ <r ^ CO CO CO

vo NO NO

I I I o o o

CM CM CO CO

0) CO U 4J

<d <0 O O

2S233

no on o

H Oi H rH CM O

CM CM CM CM CM CM

CO CQ CQ pQ CO CO

06

*3-

>s

X*

+Peak

values

measured

at

times

up

to

and

including

ignition

of

newspaper

flashover

indicator.

T^

measured

at

25

below

ceiling,

and

T„

measured

at

25

mm

below

doorway.
Stack

Peak

Heat

•

Peak

CO

In

Stack

Peak

Smoke

in

Stack

Ambient

Room

Condition

Material

Release

Rate

Q

Mass

Flow

Time**

Cone.

Time

Temp.

Relative

Humidity

Composite

Coating

(kW)

S

(s)

(g/s)

(s)

(O.D./m)

(s)

(°C)

(%) <r cn o m rH <r m m vo vo

so oo N oo vO co

so m m <1

- cs cn m cnj <r oo r> h co cn cn cn cn co O O so O

(N n m so m m cn h

so m m so

cm m

co cn

CN CN CN CN CN CN n cn <r m m

CN CN CN CN CN CN <r o cn <r m so

CN CN CN CN CN CN

>d* <r r"* r>* CN CN CN CN CN so rs so CN

CN CN CN CN

cn

CN CN

I I I I I

00

<r

cd <d o o

u a

<r <3- co co

sO vO

i I o o

cd cd o o

o a

s o ^ s s

o s < o o SI I I I cn cn ^ cn cn H H H H

H CN CO Sf in '

I Os |

l cn i

l oo l i

l m I l co

**

•KO

m

i i o i

i i i

o o o

CO CO CO U ±J u

cd cd cd o o o

o o o

0

S

O i—I ^

1 O O O I u

2

3

00 SO I CN CO CO

CO 00 I N CN sO

r>. r». fH <*

co o I sO so co

•H I H H

A A

CN rH

CN CO

iH n oo m

00 00 CO VO O <t

•K*

*

CN CO

cn <r

CN CN | 00 00 H

CN H I O 00 sO

cn r-^ o

® I l l I 3 3 * 2

CQ PQ CQ

*

00 H CN CO Nf oi in

rH r-H rH rH <J" iH

in 00 CN H

co n o ^ m cn m m

<f o n

so so CO CN I i—I rH I A A

co m rs o> o CO 00 so SO rH N- H nsO so os 00 CO

so CN CO H

O CO O O O

cn m o oo cn n oo oo cn so

sj <f CN

rH rH CN rH CN

I I I I I CN CN CN ^ ^ ptS & & hJ

CQ CQ OQ

sO Cd n Os O

H vO rH r-H CN

co m <r

00 SO -O', so

rH A

rH <r -<r rH rH SO

O O rH o

<r m rH oo <r so o co

<r ^ co co

so SO O O

cn co U 4J

cd cd o o o o

-d- <r

SO so

o oo

CNrH CN

cd cd o o

o u

39

*Tests

in

parenthesis

are

repeat

runs;

e.g.,

test

18

is

a

repeat

of

test

14

and

is

denoted

by

14R.

**Time

has

been

adjusted

for

the

transit

time

for

the

exhaust

to

reach

the

gas

analyzers.

***Rate

of

heat

release

and/or

mass

flow

rate

of

CO

still

rising

by

this

time

(when

the

data

acquisition

was

terminated)

due

to

the

transit

delay

time.
Table

4.

Ignitability

,

Flame

Spread,

and

Smoke

Characteristics

of

Materials

Used

in

Room

Fire

Tests

*3Ha

00 CJ

CO

oj u.

•H

O CO

QJ C a a) w Q

(U *-H o o ^ § CT3 I 2, !

M M

aw

s

U

§ C

§1 HI

hi

31

•HI CO M I'-' HI

ai 31

I

I

•H

COOa

So

CJ

60e

•H CO T3 iJ C CO O <D a H

CO

a) s m o u o

o as CJ

££££

O cn *H m cm cn

CO H rs vfi o

H

CMN H00 o nn <N H

£ Z ON Z

Sill C/3 C/0 CO H H H

| <r o

I (N CM

£££

CO vO vO vO Os Os

cn

cm n n

H O O

Z Z Z

! S3 ggg I s 4i

I TVDIXSnOOOV

£ ££

n m \0 o

o o

o o

I I o o

£ z £

00 CM N

oo m cm H H H

O O CO CM CM cn

CM N CM

NlON

CM -fr cn *0"0 H

U1 O•tf

<r 5;oo

CM

55 Z 55 I 55 O

££

o cn

cn m

cm cn

o oo m

CM CM

z m

CM

*<r -a- cn cn

v£> sO

I I o o

CO CO H 4J

(0 CO o o

a o

05

C5 rH

c*. oo cm

05

EX3 C/3

05 C5

NOIIVinSNI TlflH

c* cm oo cm oo cn lOiOlO

o oo o N\om m m m

o o oo < & "G

3

cn h © cm m <r

AC*©

z z o’

£32 CQ CQ CQ

z z z

c^ cn so

cn cn cn

un cn cn

(L| Pu C&4 cm cn ^ n rs cn m cn cn

cm un

so <r cm

m cm © ^ cn cm

z z z

CN rH CVI 233

rH m rH I P^ Os O

I 3NIJWVQ

40

+

N=No

fuel

contribution

*

F=f

laming

exposure,

NF

=

nonflaming

exposure

**

Only

one

of

three

tests

had

fuel

contribution.

***

Two

specimens

did

not

exhibit

any

flame

spread,

but

one

specimen

had

flashing

to

a

distance

of

305

mm

along

the

specimen

surface.
Corresponding

Material

Peak^

Max.

60

s

Avg.

Max.

180

s

Avg.

Potential

Heat

Room

Tests

Composite

Coating

kW/m

kW/m^

kW/m2

kJ/kg

I

o o o o

o o o o M N o M

o m n m

o o o

o o o Odd oo co co o o o

o o o ^3“ O'* rd CN H <f

X

•X o o o o o o m m o

H H M

•K•X

•X

•KXX

*

*

•X

X

•X

•X

•X

•X

•X

•X

•X•X

d d O CM d CM

CM CO d

CO rd CM h m \o

(N m

CM 00 CO CO CO

VO rd m cm mom co <j- m CM CM d00 vO CM 00 CM O d d CM

sr vo cm co m cm m cm on m

co CM CM <r co o r-d m

00 rd

on <? O oo co m <f vo

CM CM H

VO O co ON CO H

rd f—I CM

CO CO VO O*

VO CM m rd

rd rd CM rd o oo o

00 <f

<r rd 00

VO rd ON

CM rd O CO VO

rd m rd

CM CO CM

rd ON m m

CM rd

rd oo o VO ON

CO CM rd

CO ON rd CM <J- CM CM rd CM

vO

I O

g s oo s Sill co co co H H H

m cm co m

co ^ 3

l I o o

cd cd o o

u o

Mr MT

co co

VO VO

I I o o

0) w

Tvonsnooov

os a: cm

CM CM

NOIIVinSNI TlflH

41

rd CM rd 322 CQ PQ CQ

m•* rd ** <r vo

rd CM

I I * M

J rJ

e —

3

c *-* <u cd

vm Cd <u >

U 0) e a) o o

o

CD c

3 C

rd Cd cd u

> -X * -X X -X

ONIdKVQ

specimen

splatters

in

test

apparatus
Table

6.

Comparison

of

Peak

Air

Temperatures

at

Several

Elevations

Near

the

Ceiling

and

Top

of

the

Doorway

QJ pH oo OS

d Osd CN Os 00 pHN

m CO oo 1 Px pH pH Os pH CO *d sO Os CO pH 1 ! B (0 CO >o d d so Os os pH vC m CN sO pH 1 m sO pH «

00 OS Os nd vO

d

C

d 1 1 m Os d p** m s£> CO p^ CO rs pp m <r nd CN •d CN CN r*« i H pH * —| rH pH pH

CNo

pH

a o o O

Q s o © o o o o s o o 1 O o o Q o o Q o Q

O o o I B CJ pH CN CN rs O CN SO

CN ch CN Os 1 <r CN PH Os o cH

d SO

d 1 1 o 0 co CO CO m rs CO CO CO CO CN 00 P^ CN PH CN pH CN CN co CO rs co

HC

H

pcd 0)

m

O CN pH

d CO CO pH

m <T CN CO pH 1 sO <rm nd pH CO CN CN Ps

d CO 1 a « co pH pH m sO os pH rs CO sO pH m <r CO I p>* <r oo CN oo OS pH m d sO sO d 1 1 H CN pH co ps sC d <r CO p^ CO pH nd- m nd a o CN CN

•HU

H pH iH pH pH E pH • 0 m a o O o o o o| o o o o o o| o O 1 o O o o o o o o O

O c O l V- s o sO m sO co CO o 00 rs 00 00 SO pH o m 1 m 00 nd- os o m o m 00 pH CN d i l ai o co CO CO CO rs 00 | CO co CO CO CO as| pv CO sO pH co m co nd CN CO d oo d

<uuc

CO iJ CD

mm o so CO

d o d as 00 in os CO CO o Ph o Os o m co so CO

m oo Ps o o

co E m CO

m

m rs Os pH o pH <r pH CO HT CO Ps <r 00 CN 00 os ps

d CNd

d sO oo

•rH •h co CN CO 00 rs

d

m pH P>

m sO pHm •d ^d pH co CN CN

QH•pH pH pH pH

CN

a ^ o o o o O

O o o o o o o OO o O

O o| o o o o o|

OO o ©I o o B © rs rs vO d rs rs pH 00 o co vO 00 r*** pH pH m o ps CO 00 m sO o d 00 d o m

CD o co CO CO CO rs P's

d CO

d CO co oo sO co CO

m Ps 'dl

m

m CO <r cn|

dd 00 m| Os oo

H

CN CO o 00 pH

d

m o Os CO

O sO

m pH 1 o m os

mm Ps pH

d Os pH pH 1 1 P On 00 OS 00 00 Os ps rs CO CN vO so CN I 00 PH 00 Ps •d Ps co m o CN 1 1 •H (0 On rs pH pH d fs m p^ 00 pH r^. m nd sO CN pH m pH O 1 H pH rH pH pH pH pH pH rH rH pH pH pH tH

K CM

pH

O

<u pHa

4J s a o O o o o o 09

O o o O o o o 1 O o 50 s O 50O

O o 80 o O 1 1 C Qj 0 m m m m sO d VO sO sO m m o sO 1 s

co

H pHd rs

d 00 1 1 a H sO co nd pH sO 1

0)m rsd pH 1 d 00 o pHm 00

m

m o 1 o VO OS rH

m pH

d s

CN pH

© 1 I a S (0 oo pH CN 1 OS m 00 Os sO 00 SO < 1 oo Ps nd 00 Ps m pH m o oo 1 1 C •H rs CO d CO m 00 m m p% CO pH pH 'd m *d m CN SO CN m pH pH 0 i

pH

pH pH pH rHH pH pH pH pH

a

m

a 0 s ° o o O o 1 o| o o o o o o| o o 1 o § O P S s o O

O 8 o © j 1 rH CD 0 ps rs sO sO 1 CO 00 os d 00 00 CN *3- pH 1 CN co o CN pH m o es 1 1 0) H rs| pH 00 1 m pH m sO pH *d *d pH CN pH pH pH Ps pH

CQ

0)o 1 0)

m CO CO 00 | d sO co CO oomm co *3* co o ndm OS pH *d s

Ps CO SO pH in pH Os c i a rs o O CO 1 os o l-N m SO sO so <r co OS 00 nd- oo 00 m Ps sO Ps O pH OS rs

CO 1 *H CO rs SO sO sO CN SO oo 00 CN p-» pH pH *dm •dm CN pHm

d pH

r i 4J

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14R
NBS-114A (REV. 2-60) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 83-2642

2. Performing Organ. Report No, 3. Publication Date August 1983

4.

TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Fire Hazard Evaluation of Shipboard Hull Insulation and Documentation

of a Quarter-Scale Room Fire Test Protocol

5.

AUTHOR(S)

B. T. Lee

6.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP)

Ship Damage Prevention and Control

Naval Sea Systems Command

Department of the Navy

Washington, D.C. 20362

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

A variety of shipboard hull insulations including damping and acoustical

materials, painted and unpainted, were evaluated for their flashover potential using a quarter-scale room fire test developed by the Center for

Fire Research at the National Bureau of Standards. Three painted insulations

were also evaluated in full-scale room fire tests. Comparison of full-scale

and quarter-scale fire behavior again demonstrated that the quarter-scale

test can predict full-scale room fire buildup. It was found that decorative

paints, including the Navy's chlorinated alkyd formulation, could seriously

compromise the fire safety of otherwise low fire risk insulations. A

recommended test protocol was developed for determining the flashover potential of hull insulation using the quarter-scale room fire test.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

flammability; flashover; heat release rate; insulation; interior finishes;

paints; room fires; ships; small-scale fire tests

13. AVAILABILITY

|£X] Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[~1 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. C3 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

47

15. Price

$8.50

USCOMM-DC 8043-P80