[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 18

- 14994 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 4:18

- cv - 00136

- HLM WILLIAM JOHNSON, Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus COUNTY OF PAULDING, GEORGIA, BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR PAULDING COUNTY, PAULDING COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT, S HERIFF GARY GULLEDGE, in his official and individual capacity, OFFICER AL GONZALEZ, in his official and individual capacity, MAJOR SHELIA CRATON, in her official and individual capacity, Defendants

- Appellees.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________ (July 12, 2019) Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 1 of 72 Before MARCUS , BRANCH and GRANT , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: William Johnson , pr oceeding pro se , appeals the district court’s orders granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss and motion for summary judgment dismissing his ten

- count § 1983 complaint , which sought relief for violations of his First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendme nt rights for being illegally arrested without probable cause, jailed, and charged with crimes he did not commit. On appeal, Johnson argues that : (1) his false arrest claim and McLaughlin 1
claim were not barred by the statute of limitations because the li mitations period began to run after he was released from pre

- trial custody ; (2) his false arrest claim was not barred by Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 (1994) ; (3) a judicial officer never made a probable cause determination for his probation warrant , for purposes of his McLaughlin claim ; and (4) his First Amendment claim is documented in the trial court pleadings and his habeas corpus action. After careful review, we affirm. We review summary judgment decisions de novo , view ing the facts and infere nces in the light most favorable to the non

- moving party. United States v. One Piece of Real Prop. Located at 5800 SW 74th Ave., Miami, Fla. , 363 F.3d 1099, 1101 (11th Cir. 2004)

. Summary judgment should be granted only if “there is no

1 Cty. of Riverside v. McLaughlin , 500 U.S. 44 (1991) (requiring a judicial probable cause hearing within 48 hours of arrest).

Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 2 of 73 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Once the movant satisfies its initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to “come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Allen v. Tyson Foods, Inc. , 121 F.3d 642, 646 (11th Cir. 1997) (quotati on omitted). “A mere scintilla of evidence supporting the [nonmoving] party ’ s position will not suffice .” Id . (quotation omitted).
We will not consider an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time on appeal. See Access Now, In c. v. Sw. Airlines Co. , 385 F.3d 1324, 133 1 (11th Cir. 2004) . In addition, “ t he law is by now well settled in this Circuit that a legal claim or argument that has not been briefed before the court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed.” Id

. at 1330 ; Mesa Air Grp., Inc. v. Delta Air Lines, Inc. , 573 F.3d 1124, 1130 n.7 (11th Cir. 2009) (holding that an argument not made in the initial brief is waived). First, we are unpersuaded by Johnson’s claim that the district court err ed in granting summary judgment as to Johnson’s false arrest and McLaughlin claims on
statute

- of

- limitations grounds

. All constitutional claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are subject to the statute of limitations governing personal injury actions in t he state where the § 1983 action has been brought. Powell v. Thomas , 643 F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2011). In Georgia, actions for injuries to the person shall be brought

Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 3 of 74 within two years after the right of action accrues. Ga. Code § 9

- 3

- 33 (2010). The statute of limitations for claims brought under § 1983 begins to ru n when facts supporting the cause of action are or should be reasonably apparent to the claimant. Brown v. Ga. Bd. of Pardons & Paroles , 335 F.3d 1259, 1261 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). Fourth Amendment false arrest claims brought pursuant to § 1983 ac crue when the claimant is detained pursuant to a legal process , not later upon his release from custody

. Wallace v. Kato , 549 U.S. 384, 389

- 91 (2007). Additionally, the Fourth Amendment requires that judicial determinations of probable cause must be cond ucted within 48 hours of a warrantless arrest. McLaughlin , 500 U.S. at 56. Here, Johnson alleged that he was falsely arrested for driving under the influence (“DUI”) on January 28, 2016. This means that Johnson would have been detained by legal process on January 28, 2016, and that it would have been apparent
to him that he pote ntially had a false arrest claim on January 28, 2016

. See Kato , 549 U.S. at 391; Brown , 335 F.3d at 1261. Because Johnson did not bring this action until June 5, 2018, his false arrest claim was raised outside of the two

- year statute of limitations. See Ga. Code § 9

- 3

- 33 (2010)

. As for his McLaughlin claim, the case law provides that if J ohnson was arrested without a warrant , then he was entitled to a judicial probable cause determination with in 48 hours of his arrest. See McLaughlin , 500 U.S. at 56. Since he was arrested on January 28, 2016, it would have been apparent to Johnson that h e

Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 4 of 75 potentially had a McLaughlin claim on January 30, 2016. Because Johnson did not bring this action until June 5, 2018, his McLaughlin claim also was raised outside of the two

- year statute of limitations. See Ga. Code § 9

- 3

- 33 (2010). Thus, the district court did not err in holding that the statute of limitations barred both of these claims. Nor do we find any merit to Johnson’s argument that the district court erred in rejecting his First Amendment claim. “ It is now clearly establis hed that prisoners have a constitutional right of access to the courts ,” which requires prison authorities to assist inmates in the preparation and filing of meaningful legal papers by providing adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from persons tr ained in the law. Barbour v. Haley , 471 F.3d 1222, 1225 (11th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). To
assert an access - to

- the

- courts claim, an inmate must first establish an actual injury. Lewis v. Casey , 518 U.S. 343, 34 8

- 49 (1996). “At the summary judgment stage, general factual allegations of injury will not suffice; rather, the plaintiff must set forth by affidavit or other evidence specific facts, which for purposes of the summary judgment motion will be taken to be true .” Barbour , 471 F.3d at 1225 (quotation s omitted). Further , a party ’s appellate brief may not incorporate by reference arguments made in other pleadings so as to have us “ferret out and review any and all arguments,” to assess which ones may have merit. Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts, B.V. v. Consorcio Barr S.A. , 377 F.3d 1164, 1167, n.4 (11th Cir. 2004)

Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 5 of 76 (holding that mere citation to and incorporation of documents filed in the district
court does not comply with the various Federal Rules of Appellate Pro cedure). Here, Johnson’s pleadings in the district court and this Court are insufficient to maintain his First Amendment claim. Our case law is clear that at the summary judgment stage, “ the plaintiff must set forth by affidavit or other evidence specific facts, which for purposes of the summary judgment motion will be taken to be true , ” Barbour , 471 F.3d at 1225 (quotations omitted) , and if the plaintiff “come [s] forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial , ” summary judgment should be denied

. Allen , 121 F.3d at 646 (quotation omitted) . As the record reflects , Johnson respond ed to the defendants’ summary judgment arguments concerni ng his First Amendment claim by saying only that his habeas corpus action stated sufficient evidence to support his claim , without providing any of th e relevant evidence

. Th is
response -- which includ ed no specific facts whatsoever

-- failed to satisfy Jo hnson’s burden of demonstrat ing to the district court that summary judgment was not warranted

. Barbour , 471 F.3d at 1225 ; Allen , 121 F.3d at 646

. Moreover, in his brief in this Court, Johnson failed to brief the issue on appeal or raise any argument as to how the district court erred in its grant of summary judgment. See Access Now,
Inc

. , 385 F.3d at 1330. Accordingly, we affirm. 2

2 We add that Johnson abandoned his right to appeal the district court’s dismissal of claims against County of Paulding, Georgia, Board of Commissioners for Paulding County, Paulding County Sheriff’s Department, and the individual defendants in their official capacity based on

Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 6 of 77 AFFIRMED

.

Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity, his Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fo urteenth Amendment claims, and state law claims. This is because he failed to provide argument on the issues in his initial brief. See Access Now , 385 F.3d at 1330; Mesa Air Grp. , 573 F.3d at 1130 n.7.

Case: 18-14994 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 7 of 7