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NBS MONOGRAPH 21

Specific Heats and Entiialpies of J

Technical Solids at Low Temperatures

A Compilation From the Literature

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS f|
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THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Specific Heats and Enthalpies of

Technical Solids at Low Temperatures

A Compilation From the Literature

Robert J. Corruccini and John J. Gniewek

National Bureau of Standards Monograph 21

Issued October 3, 1960

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 20 cents

specific Heats and Enthalpies of

Technical Solids at Low Temperatures'

A Compilation From the Literature

Robert J. Corruccini and John J. Gniewek

Tables are given of the specific heat, Cp, and the enthalpy of 28 metals, 3 alloys, 8 other inorganic substances, and 8 organic substances in the temperature range, 1° to 300° K.

Introduction

This publication was designed to fill a need

among designers of cryogenic equipment for a

compilation of heat capacity data on cryogenic

materials. Previous compilations by Kelley (1950)

and SchifTman (1952) are useful, but, for the

i present purpose, suffer from being limited to pure

substances and from being presented at such

' widely spaced temperatures as to prevent accurate

I interpolation.

Our pm-pose has been thwarted to some extent

by the distribution of available data which also

favors pure substances and has led to a greater

emphasis in this compilation on metallic elements

than is justified by their relative usefulness (see table 1). From the engineering point of view,

data are needed on many commercial alloys and

plastics which are not listed in this compilation.

We have arbitrarily omitted data for the solid phases of substances which are usually used in cryogenics as fluids, i.e., helium, hydrogen, deuterium, neon, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, fluorine, argon, oxygen, air, and methane. Data on all phases of these substances are being compiled by

others at this laboratory. Nor have we presented

i data on the superconducting state of metals unless

' the transition temperatm-e was higher than 1° K.

Whenever possible, we have presented the data

throughout the interval 1° to 300° K. However,

the region 1° to 100° K is the region of our pri-

' mary interest, and substances have been omitted

for which the available data did not extend to temperatures within this range. For most engineering purposes, the enthalpy is used directly

(i.e., in heat balances). Consequently, we present

as our primary datum the enthalpy relative to that of the same phase at absolute zero, H—Ho=

CpdT. In a few cases, higher base temperatures had to be used. The specific heat, c^, is less useful than the enthalpy but is also presented

since it is obtained as an intermediate step.

The compilation is a critical one in that the

• This work was partly supported by funds from Wright Air Development

' Center, Air Research and Development Command, U.S. Air Force.

data presented are based on selected sources listed under each table as "Sources of above data."

Other sources which may be of some current in- terest but which did not influence the tabulated

data are listed as "Other references." Papers

which are only of historical interest have not been

listed. This includes most papers published before 1925. Schiffman's bibliography is quite complete and should be consulted for such references.

The selection of best references will not be justified in individual cases. In general, selection was

based on such factors as the precision of the data,

the original authors' estimates of accuracy, the

purity and state of subdivision of the samples, and

whether or not heat-exchange gas was used. The

use of heat-exchange gas may result in spurious

heat effects due to absorption or desorption. These

are significant with finely-divided samples. In

addition, finely-divided samples may show size

effects (Keesom and Pearlman (1956). Another

factor influencing selection was the extent of agree- ment with the Debye-Sommerfeld model, where

applicable, with 9 varying with temperature only

in restricted ways illustrated, for example, by

Blackman 1955 and by Keesom and Pearlman

1956.

The metals were usually measured in the annealed state. There have been a few comparative

studies on cold-worked and annealed metals (see for example Maier and Anderson 1934, Martin

1960, and Eucken and Werth 1930) and one on a precipitation-hardening alloy (Otter 1959). In

these studies the specific heats for the two conditions differed by zero to a few percent, the differ- ences being not much more than the experimental

precision. Cold-working lowered the specific heat.

We may conclude that the effect of varying physical condition will not usually be significant in the

uses envisioned for this compilation.

Smoothing and interpolation were necessary in many cases. At the lower temperatures, the

following equation was used for many of the substances in the normal state

:

c^=yT^-aD(e/T)

In this, D(6/T) is the Debye specific heat function

and 7 and a are constants. The parameter 6 is

1
derived from the experimental points and is a weak function of temperature. It was smoothed

graphically and substituted back into the equation

at the desired values of T. At higher temperatures, smoothing and interpolation were done

graphically. In some cases high-temperature

data from Kelley's 1949 compilation were taken

into account in establishing the trend of the

specific heat values at ambient temperature.

Table 3 gives the constants of the DebyeSommerfeld equation in the limit of zero temperature,

for some of the substances in the normal state, as well as the maximum temperature to which the

equation can be used with the limiting value

of 6. Although an accuracy of 1 percent is adequate

for most engmeering uses, the number of significant

figures presented in the specific heat is usually

sufficient to preserve the accuracy of the original

data. This accuracy is at best about 1 percent up

to 20° K and 0.2 percent above 40° K. However,

in many cases, only data of lower accuracy were

available. The enthalpy is given to more places

than its absolute accuracy warrants in order to avoid loss of accuracy in taking small differences.

Eegarding units, the intended technical utilization, as well as the presence of alloys and plastics

in the compilation, clearly dictated a mass rather

than molar basis. Beyond this, oiu- choice was

simplified by a requirement that centimeter-gramsecond system units be used. Many engineers*

prefer British units, but those engaged in cryo-l

genics often find it convenient to mix metric and

British units. Since it was obviously not possible

to please everyone, we have contented ourselves

with being self-consistent. Conversion factors are given in table 2. In converting from other

energy units and temperatm-e scales, we have'

observed, whenever possible, the distinctions

between the various kinds of calories and the,

various values of the number relating the Kelvin

and Celsius scales that have been used, even though the effects were much smaller than thCj

usual calorimetric uncertainties.

The bibliography is believed to be complete for the period 1930 to 1958. The literature search was based on Physics Abstracts and Chemicali

Abstracts for those years not covered by the,

bibliographies of Kelley and Schiffman.

'

The authors acknowledge the assistance of V. D.^

Arp, E. M. Sitzberger, and W. R. Slinkman.

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3
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Comm. No. 213c. 3°-20° K. Keesom, W. H., and van den Ende, J. N.; The specific heats of solids at temperatures obtainable with liquid helium. IV. The atomic heat of tin and zinc, Leiden

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specific heats of silver from 1.35° to 20.3° K, Leiden

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solids at low temperatures, 7th Cong, intern. Froid,

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of alloys of nickel with copper and with iron from 1.2

to 20° K, Physica 7, 1003 (1940) or Leiden Comm. No.

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latent heat of tin in passing from the supraconductive to . the non-supraconductive state, Physica 3, 371-384

(1936). 2.6°-3.4° K. Keesom, W. H., and van Laer, P. H.; Measurements of the

latent heat of tin while passing from the superconductive j to the non-superconductive state at constant temperature, Physica 4, 487-493 (1937). 1.2°-3.0° K. Keesom, W. H., and van Laer, P. H.; Measurements of the atomic heats of tin in the superconductive and in the non-superconductive state, Physica 5, 193-201 (1938). l.l°-3.9° K. Keesom, P. H., and Pearlman, N.; Atomic heat of ger- manium below 4° K, Phys. Rev. 91, 215 (1953). Abstract. Keesom, P. H., and Pearlman, N.; Atomic heat of bismuth ' between 1° and 4° K, Phys. Rev. 96, 897-902 (1954). Keesom, P. H., and Pearlman, N., Anomaly in the low

temperature atomic heat of silver, Phys. Rev. 98, 548

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capacity of solids. Encyclopedia of Physics, Vol. XIV,

Low temperature physics I (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, t 1956) . Review.

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(1959). 0.5°-4.2° K.

Kelley, K. K.; The specific heats at low temperatures of manganese, manganese selenide, and manganous telluride, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61, 203 (1939). 53°-290° K.

Kelley, K. K. ; The specific heat of tantalum at low temperatures and the effect of small amounts of dissolved hydrogen, J. Chem. Phys. 8, 316-22 (1940). 53°-

298° K.

Kelley, K. K. ; The specific heat of pure iron at low temperatures, J. Chem. Phys. 11, 16-18 (1943). 54°-296° K.

Kelley, K. K.; Specific heats at low temperatures of ti- tanium and titanium carbide, Ind. Eng. Chem. 36, 865-6

(1944). 51°-298° K.

Kelley, K. K. ; Contributions to the data on theoretical metallurgy. X. High temperature heat-content, heat- capacity and entropy data for inorganic compounds,

U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. No. 476 (1949). Compilation

298° K and up. Kelley, K. K.; Contributions to the data on theoretical metallurgy. XI. Entropies of inorganic substances. Revision (1948) of data and methods of calculation, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. No. 477 (1950). Compilation. 10°-298° K. Kok, J. A., and Keesom, W. H.; Measurements of the atomic heats of platinum and copper from 1.7° to 20° K,

Physica 3, 1035-45 (1936). Kok, J. A., and Keesom, W. H.; Measurements of the ^ atomic heat of aluminum from 1.1° to 20° K., Physica 4,

'

835-42 (1937). Kothen, C. W., and Johnston, H. L.; Low temperature

heat capacities of inorganic solids. XVII. Heat

capacity of titanium from 15° to 305° K, J. Am. Chem.

Soc. 75, 3101-2 (1953). Lange, F.; Investigation of specific heats at low temperatures, Z. phys. Chem. 110, 343-362 (1924) . 10°-290° K.

Lange, F., and Simon, F; The specific heat and chemical

constant of cadmium, Z, phys. Chem. 134, 374-80 (1928)

.

10°-300° K.

Lewis, E. J.; Some thermal and electrical properties of berylHum, Phys. Rev. 34, 1575 (1929). 97°-283° K.

' Maier, C. G., and Anderson, C. T.; The disposition of work

energy applied to crystals, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 513-27

(1934). 54°-141° K.

Martin, D. L.; Thermal effects of the martensitic transition

in sodium, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 4-5 (1958). 40°-

100° K.

Maxwell, E., and Lutes, 0. S., Threshold field properties of some superconductors, Phys. Rev. 95, 333-8 (1954). Meads, P. F., Forsythe, W. R., and Giauque, W. F.;

4
The heat capacities and entropies of silver and lead from

15° to 300° K, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 1902-5 (1941). Mendelssohn, K., Specific heat of supra-conductive tanta- lum, Nature 148, 316 (1941). 3.5°-5.5° K.

Mendelssohn, K., and Gloss, J. O.; Calorimetric investigations at liquid helium temperature, Z. phys. Chem.

B19, 291 (1932). Mendelssohn, K., and Simon, F.; Energy content of lead near the superconducting transition, Z. phys. Chem.

B16, 72-6 (1932). 7° K.

Misener, A. D.; The specific heat of superconducting

mercury, indium and thallium, Proc. Eov. Soc. A174,

262 (1940). l°-4° K.

Noer, R. J., Dempsey, C. W., and Gordon, J. E.; Low

temperature specific heats of three plastics, Bull. Am.

Phys. Soc. 4, 108 (1959). Abstract. 1.4°-4.2° K.

Otter, F. A.; Variation of low temperature heat capacity

with hardness in an aluminum alloy, Thesis. U. Illinois (1959) or ASTIA Document No. AD 217470. Parkinson, D. H., and Quarrington, J. E.; Specific heat of polvmerized Araldite and Woods metal between 1.5° and

20°- K, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 5, 219-20 (1954). Parkinson, D. H., and Quarrington, J. E.; The atomic heat

of sodium, Proc. Phys. Soc. A68, 762-3 (1955). Letter. 1.4°-20° K.

Parks, G. S., and Kelley, K. K.; The heat capacities of some metallic oxides, J. Phys. Chem. 30, 47-55 (1926). 94°-291° K.

Pearlman, N., and Keesom, P. H.; The atomic heat of

silicon below 100° K, Phys. Rev. 88, 398-405 (1952). 1°-100° K.

Phillips, N. E.; The heat capacity of copper and aluminum

between 0.3° K and 4.2° K, Low Temperature Physics

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Pickard, G. L., and Simon, F.; The atomic heats of palladium, sodium, and mercury at low temperatures,

Proc. Phys. Soc. 61, 1-9 (1948). 2°-90° K.

Pitzer, K. S.; The heat capacity of diamond from 70° to 300° K, J. Chem. Phys. 6, 68-70 (1938). Ramanathan, K. G., and Srinivasan, T. M.; A new vacuum

calorimeter for low temperatures, Phil. Mag. 46, 338-40

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of bismuth at liquid helium temperatures, Phys. Rev.

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Rands, R. D., Jr., Ferguson, W. J., and Prather, J. L.; Specific heat and increases of entropy and enthalpy of the synthetic rubber GR-S from 0° to 330° K, J. Research NBS 33, 63-70 (1944). 12°-330° K. Rayne, J. A.; The specific heats of metals below one degree

absolute, Phys. Rev. 95, 1428-34 (1954). Rayne, J. A.; The heat capacity of copper below 4.2° K,

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Rodebush, W. H., and Michalek, J. C; The atomic heat

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Silvidi, A. A., and Daunt, J. G.; Electronic specific heats

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Simon, F.; Specific heats at low temperatures, Ann.

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Simon, F.; The chemical constants of some monatomic

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20° K.

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References received too late for inclusion in

table 4

Clusius, K., and Franzosini, P.; Low temperature research. XXIII. Atomic and electronic heats of molybdenum

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5
Table 1. Lint of Suhslances

Metals Aluminum

Beryllium Bismuth Cadmium

Cliromium

Copper Germanium

Gold Indium

a-Iron 7-Iron Lead Magnesium

a-Mangane^e

/S-Manganese 7-Manganese Mercury Molybdenum

Nickel Niobium

Palladium Platinum Rhodium

Metals (Continued)

Silicon Silver Sodium

Tantalum

Tin (white) Titanium

Tungsten

Zinc

Alloys Constantan Monel

Wood's metal

63S Aluminum alloy

Other Inorganic Substances Carbon dioxide Charcoal, activated Diamond

Graphite

Ice Magnesium oxide, MgO

Pyrex glass Quartz, SiOj

Silica glass, SiOj

Orqanic Substances

Araldite Bakelite varnish Glyptal GR-S rubber

Lucite Natural rubber hydro- carbon

Polyethylene

Polystyrene Polyvinyl alcohol Teflon

Table 2. Conversion Factors

To Convert jig to— Multiply by—

j/lb 453.6 BtuAb 0.4299

cal/g .2390

Table 3. Constants of Debye-Sonnnerfeld equation

C ,=yT-{-aT^\ a = 127r<i?/5eo'; 0<T<Ti

Substance y 106a 9o T„a,

Metals: jg-ideg-^K mjg-atom->(leg-2 K jg->dcg-i K deq K deg K

Aluminum.. 50.4 L36 0.93 426 4 Beryllium 25 0. 226 .138 1160 20 Bismuth 0. 32 .067 5. 66 118 2 Cadmium 5.6 .63 2.69 186 3 Chromium _ 28.3 1.47 0. 165 610 4 Copper _ 10. 81 0. 687 .746 344.5 10 Germanium (") (a) .528 370 2 Gold 3. 75 0.74 2. 19 165 15 Indium 15.8 1.81 13.1 109 2 a Iron. 90 .5.0 0. 349 464 10 Lead. _ ._ .. 15.

1

3.

1

10.6 96 4 Magnesium 54 1.32 1.19 406 4 aManganese Molybdenum

251 13.8 0. 328 476 12 23 2. 18 .238 440 4 Nickel 120 7.0 .39 440 4 Niobium 85 7.9 .64 320 1 Palladium . ... . 98 10.5 .89 274 4 Platinum 34.1 6.7 .72 240 3 Rhodium. __ 48 4.9 .173 478 4

Silicon _ . {•) (a) .263 640 4 Silver 5. 65 0. 610 1.68 225 4 Sodium » 60 1.37 21.4 158 4 Tantalum 31. 5 5.7 0.69 250 4 Tin (white) 14, 7 1.75 2. 21 195 2 Titanium 71 3.4 0. 54 420 10 Tungsten 1.3 .16 405 4 Zinc 9.6 0.63 1. 10 300 4

Alloys: Constantan « 113 6.9 0. 56 384 15 Monel « 108 6.5 .62 374 20 Other inorg. subs.

:

Diamond 0. 0152 2200 50 Ice - . 1.5.2

3. 14

27

35

63

19? 10

5

44

4

Pyrex

Organic subs.: Glyptal

Lucite - Polystyrene .

" See notes under table 4.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy

Metals

T

Aluminum Beryllium Bismuth Cadmium

tp H—Ho Cp H—Ho Cp H~Hd Cp H—Hi)

" K jg -'deg ~' K jg-i jg -Heg -1 K jg-i jg -'deg K jg -1 jg -'deg -' K jg-'

1 0. 000 10»

1 . uUU Uol 0. UUU U2o 0. 000 025 0. 000 013 0. 000 00598 0. 000 00158 0. 000 008 0. 000 003

2 . UUU iUo Ann lAc

. UUU 1U5 . 000 051 . 000 051 . 000 0461 . 000 0233 . 000 033 . 000 022

3 . 000 176 . 000 246 . 000 079 . 000 116 . 000 170 . 000 123 . 000 090 . 000 082

4 . UUU iiOl AAA AC^. OOU Abd . 000 109 . 000 209 . 000 493 . 000 432 . 000 21 . 000 22

6 . 000 50 .001 21 . 000 180 . 000 496 . 002 14 . 002 88 . 001 30 .001 5 8 . UUU oo . 002 6 . 000 271 . 000 944 . 005 47 . 010 2 . 004 3 . 007 0

10 . 001 4 . 004 9 . 000 389 . 001 60 . 010 4 . 025 9 . 008 0 . 019

15 ..004 0 . 018 rtAn O Alt

. OUO 842 . 004 57 . 023 8 . Ill . 025 . 102 20 . 008 9 . 048 . OOi 61 . 010 5 . 036 3 . 262 . 046 . 28

25 .017 5 .112 . 002 79 .021 2 .047 7 .472 .066 .56

30 . 031 5 . 232 . 004 50 . 039 2 . 057 2 . 734 . 086 . 94

35 . 051 5 . 436 40 . 077 5 . 755 . 009 96 . 109 . 072 7 1. 38 . 117 1. 96 50 . 142 1. 85 . 019 2 . 253 . 084 6 2. 17 . 141 3. 26

60 .214 3. 64 .034 1 .523 .093 5 3.06 . 159 4. 76

70 . 287 6. 15 . 056 2 . 971 . 100 4. 03 . 172 6. 43

80 . 357 9. 37 .090 6 1. 69 . 105 5. 05 . 182 8. 20 90 . 422 13. 25 . 139 2. 82 . 108 6. 12 . 190 10.

1

100 . 481 17. 76 . 199 4. 51 . Ill 7. 21 . 196 12. 0

120 580 28 4 345 9 87 114 9 45 . 205 16. 0 140 !6.54 40^7 !525 18^5 ;ii6 1L8 .211 20.2

160 .713 .54.4 .723 31.0 . 118 14.

1

.215 24.4

180 .760 69.2 .921 47.4 . 119 16.5 .219 28.8 200 .797 84.8 1. 11 67.8 . 120 18. 9 .222 33.2

220 .826 101.0 1. 29 91.8 . 121 21.3 .224 37.6 240 .849 117.8 1. 47 120 . 122 23.7 .226 42.1 260 .869 13.5.

0

1.64 151 . 122 26.2 .228 46.7

280 .886 152.5 1.81 185 . 123 28.6 .229 51.2 300 .902 170.4 1. 97 223 .124 31.1 .230 55.8

Sources Giauque & Meads 1941 Critescu & Simon 1934 Anderson 1930 Bronson & Wilson 1936

of above Maier & Anderson 1934 Hill & Smith 1953 Armstrong & Grayson-Smith Craig, Krier, Coffer, Bates, &

data Phillips 1958 1949 Wallace 1954 Bronson & MacHattie 1938 Smith 1955 Kallnkina & Strelkov 1958 Keesom & Pearlman 1954 Keesom & van den Ende 1931

Other Goodman 19.55, 1957 Le^^is 1929 Ramanathan & Srinivasan 1955 Lange & Simon 1928

refs. Kok & Keesom 1937 Simon & Ruhemann 1927 Rodebush 1923

See notes at end of table.

553568—60 2
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Metals—Continued

T

Chromium Copper Germanium t Gold

Cp rt —130 Cp tl —/io rt —£10 li —rio

jg -^deg -i K jg -1 jg ~^deg ~^ K jg -1 g -^deg -i K jg -tdeg K jg-i

u. uuu uzoo n nnn r\iAO

u. uuu Vl^ji n nnn ni o U. UUU uiz n Ann nnfi u. uuu uuo n AAA AAA KOQ U. UUU UUU OZo A AAA Ann 1 u. UUU uuu ioZ n nnn nnR u, uuu UUD A nnn nno U. UUU UUJ

2 . uuu Uoo nnn nf;7fi

. UUU Ud/o nnn noQ . uuu UiiO Ann AOR . UUU yjZQ Ann nA/1 0*^. uuu UU^ nnn aao 1

1

. UUU UU^i li nnn no . UUU UiO AAA fil d . UUU Ulb

3 . uuu uoy nnn iqi . uuu iol nnn nR") . UUU UDo nnn c\p,a

. uuu UO'l Ann r\iA A . UUU U11 ^ AAA A1 A 7 . UUU UiU / AAA A7n . UUU U/U AAA AAl . UUU UOl nnn i oa , uuu iZ'l nnn oqt . uuu io/ nnn aoi . UUU uyi . 000 l3 nnn n'iA a

. UUU UO'l 1 AAA AQ/1 Q . UUU Uo4 O . 000 16 . 000 17

g . 000 206 . 000 567 . 000 23 . 000 44 . 000 125 . 000 179 . uoo 50 . 000 78 g nnn Qi o . UUU oiz . 001 07 . 000 47 . 001 12 nnn r

. uuu ooo nnn ri o . UUU DlZ . 001 2 . 002 4 10 nnn aki . uuu ^Oi . 001 82 nnn qp.

. uuu oo . 002 4 AAA Ql Q . uuu Olo . 001 69 . 002 2 . 005 6 15 . 001 02 . 005 28 . 002 7 . 010 7 . UU4 40 . 013 6 . 007 4 . 028

20 . 002 10 .012 8 .007 7 .034 . 012 5 . 054 0 . 015 9 .086

25 . 003 92 .027 4 .016 .090 .024 0 .145 .026 3 . 191 30 nnR CQ . UUD oo . 053 2 . 027 . 195 036 6 . 037 1 . 349

40 . 017 1 . 163 . 060 . 61 . 061 7 . 786 . 057 2 . 821 50 . UoO 0 . 421 . 099 1. 40 . 085 8 1. 52 . 072 6 1. 47

60 .062 1 .904 . 137 2. 58 . 108 2. 50 .084 2 2. 25

70 .093 1.68 . 173 4. 13 . 131 3.70 .092 8 3. 14 80 . 127 2. 77 . 205 6. 02 1 RQ 5. 12 . 099 2 4. 10 90 . 161 4. 21 . 232 8. 22 . 173 6. 74 . 104 3 5. 12

100 . 193 5. 98 . 254 10. 6 . 191 8. 55 . 108 3 6. 18

120 .249 10.4 .288 16. 1 . 222 12.7 . 113 7 8. 41 140 . 296 15 9 313 22 1 . 247 17 4 117 5 10. 72 160 .332 22.2 !332 28^ 5 !264 22^5 '. 120 2 13! 10 180 . 361 29.

1

.346 35.3 .278 27. 9 . 122 1 15.52 200 .385 36.6 .356 42.4 .289 33.6 . 123 5 17.98

220 .404 44.5 .364 49.6 .299 39.5 . 124 7 20. 46

240 .419 52.7 .371 58.9 .307 45.5 .125 7 22. 96

260 .431 61.2 .376 64.4 . 313 51.7 . 126 7 25. 49

280 .441 70.0 .381 72.0 .318 58.0 .127 6 28. 03

300 .450 78.9 .386 79.6 .322 64.4 .128 5 30. 59

t>oiirces Anderson 1937 Corak, Garfunkel, Satterth- Estermann & Weertmann 1952 Corak, Garfunkel, Satterof 3ib0V6 Rayne& Kemp 1956 waite, & Wexler 1955 Flubaoher, Leadbetter, & Mor- thwaite, & Wexler 1955 Wolcott 1955 Dockerty 1933, 1937 rison 1959 Geballe & Giauque 1952 Rayne 1956 Keesom & Seidel 1959 Other Estermann, Frledberg, & Gold- Aoyama & Kanda 1941 Aigrain & Dugas 1950 Clusius & Hartek 1928

refs. man 1952 Estermann, Frledberg, & Cluslus & Piesbergen Simon & Ruhemann 1927 Goldman 1952 Critesou & Simon 1934 Weertman, Burk & Goldman Eucken & Werth 1930 Estermann & Friedberg 1952

1952 Giauque & Meads 1941 Hill & Parkinson 1952 Kok & Keesom 1936 Keesom & Pearlman 1953 Maier & Anderson 1934

Phillips 1958

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Metals—Continued

Indium a-Iron « 7-Iron d Lead

X H-Hi H—Ho Cp H—I320 C„ H—Ho K j] -Heg -I K jg -^deg -1 K jg -I jg ~^deg ~i K in -1 7/7 -I

1 0. 000 029 0. 000 Oil 0. 000 090 0. 000 045 0. 000 026 0. 000 010

1 «. 000 019 ». 000 006 s. 000 012 a. 000 003

2 . 000 138 . 000 085 . 000 183 . 000 181 . 000 12 ; 000 07 2 000 141 000 073 «. 000 09 a. 000 05

. 000 28

3 . 000 410 . 000 341 . 000 279 . 000 412 . 000 33 ». 000 23

3 ». 000 464 ». 000 357 «. 000 31

' 3. 40 .000 584 . 000 537

3. 40 ». 000 669 000 581

4 .000 95 .000 99 . 000 382 .000 742 .000 7 .000 8

4 «. 000 7 000 7

5 . 001 5 . 001 8

5 001 5 ». 001 8

6 .003 59 .005 20 . 000 615 . 001 73 .002 9 .003 9

6 ». 003 0 ». 004 0

. 004 8 . 008

* «. 005 0 ^008

8 . 008 55 .017 0 .000 90 - .003 23 .007 3 .014

10 .015 5 .040 8 .00124 . 005 37 .013 7 .034

15 .036 7 .170 . 002 49 .014 5 .033 5 .150

20 . 413 . 004 5 . 031 6 0. 007 0 . 053 1 . 368

zo .085 7 .778 .007 5 .061 .068 1 .672 30 .108 1. 265 .012 4 .110 .016 .11 .079 6 1. 042 40 . 141 2.52 .029 .31 .041 .39 .094 4 1.920

50 .162 4.04 .055 .73 .090 l.Oa .103 2. 91

fin .176 5.73 .087 1.43 . 13; 2. Is . 108 3. 97 70 .186 7.53 .121 2.46 . 18o 3. 75 . 112 5. 07 80 .193 9.42 .154 3.84 .218 5. 74 . 114 6. 20 90 .198 11. 38 .186 5. 55 .255 8. li . 116 7. 35

100 .203 13.39 .216 7. 56 .28s 10. 8 .118 8. 53

120 .211 17.53 .267 12.40 .345 17.1 .120 10. 91 140 .217 21.81 .307 18.16 .388 24.4 .121 13. 32

160 .220 26. 18 .339 24.63 .42: 32.

»

. 123 15. 76 180 .223 30. 61 .364 31.67 .450 41.4 .124 18. 22 200 .225 35. 08 .384 39.2 .47o 50.0 .125 20. 71

220 .227 39.59 .401 47.0 .126 23.21 240 .229 44. 14 .415 55.2 .127 25. 73 260 .230 48. 72 .428 63.6 .128 28. 28 280 .232 53.34 .439 72.3 .129 30. 85 300 .233 58.0- .447 81.1 .130 33. 43

bources Clement & Quinnell 1953 Duyckaerts 1939 Eucken & Werth 1930 Horowitz, Silvidi, Malaker, &

of above Clusius & Schachinger 1952 Keesom & Kurrelmeyer 1939 Daunt 1952 data Kelley 1943 Meads, Forsythe, & Giauque

1941 Other Clement & QuinncU 1950, 1952 Austin 1932 Bronson & Wilson 1936

rels. Eucken & Werth 1930 Clement & Quinnell 1952 Eodebush & Michalek 1925 Dolacek 1955, 1958 Simon 1928 Keesom & van den Ende 1928, Simon & Swain 1935 1930, 1931 Mendelssohn & Simon 1932 Simon 1924

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy —Continued

Metals—Continued

Magnesium a-Manganese ' e 7-Manganese > Mercury

T H-Ho Cp Cp H—Ho

K jg -'deg K jg ~^deg ~i K jg ~J if] - idea ~i K jg ~^ jg ~^deg ~i IC In ~l jy

1 0. 000 055 0. 000 027 d. 000 25 0. 000 13 0. 000 036 0. 000 0125

1 000 029 ». 000 0042

2 . OOO 117 . 000 112 . 000 50 . 000 50 . 000 480 . 000 184 2 ». 000 480 a. 000 175

3 . 000 19 . 000 26 . 000 75 . 001 12 . 002 07 . 001 37 3 a. 002 09 «. 001 38

4 . 000 29 . 000 50 .001 01 . 002 01 . 004 09 . 004 38

4 =. 004 17 004 45

• 4. 16 . 004 63 . 005 07

4. 16 i. 004 71 =. 005 16

6 . 000 59 . 001 36 . 001 56 .004 6 .010 9 .019 4 8 . 001 08 . 003 00 . 002 16 .008 3 .017 6 .047 7 10 .001 9 .005 9 . 002 82 .013 3 .023 5 .088 6

15 . 005 8 . 023 7 . 005 2 . 032 7 . 038 0 . 243 20 .015 .074 .009 0 .067 0. 01 0. 05 .051 5 . 468 25 .032 . 189 .014 7 . 126 . 063 3 . 756 30 .059 .415 .023 .219 .025 . 19 .073 7 1. 10 35 .095 .795

40 . 138 1. 37 . 050 . 57 . 053 . 55 . 089 5 1. 92

50 .235 3. 23 .087 1. 25 .092 1.27 . 099 3 2. 87 60 .336 6. 10 .129 2. 32 .133 2. 39 . 107 3. 90

70 .430 9.9 .171 3. 82 .172 3. 92 . 112 4. 99

80 .613 14.6 .214 5. 75 .208 5. 82 . 116 6. 13

90 .586 20.

1

.257 8.11 .240 8. 06 . 118 7. 30

95 '.273 ' 9. 44

100 .646 26.3 .267 10. 79 .270 10. 61 .121 8. 50 120 .741 40.2 .312 16.6 .318 16.5 . 125 11.0 140 .812 55.8 .349 23.2 .356 23.3 . 128 13. 5

160 .862 72.5 .379 30.5 .386 30.7 . 130 16.1 180 .901 90.2 .402 38.3 .410 38.6 .133 18.7 200 .932 108. 5 .420 46.5 .430 47.0 . 136 21.4 220 .955 127.4 .435 55.

1

.447 55.8 . 139 24.

1

i 234 3 . 142 26.

1

234.

3

. 142 37.6

240 .975 146.7 .448 63.9 .463 64.9 . 142 38.4

260 .992 166.4 .460 73.0 .477 74.3 . 141 41.2

280 1. 007 186. 4 .470 82.3 .490 84.0 .140 44.0 300 1.021 206. 7 .480 91.8 .503 93.9 .139 46.8

Sources Craig, Krier, Coffer, Bates, & Booth, Hoare, ii Murphy, 1955 Shomate 1945 Busey & Giauque 1953

of above Wallace 1954 Guthrie, Friedberg, & Gold- Misener 1940 data Smith 1955 man 1955 Smith & Wolcott 1956 Shomate 1945 Other Clusius & Vau|'hen 1930 Armstrong & Grayson-Smith Carpenter & Stoodley, 1930

refs. Estermarm, Friedberg, & Gold- 1949 Maxwell & Lutes 1954 man 1952 Elson, Grayson-Smith, & Wil- Pickard & Simon 1948 helm 1940 Simon 1922, 1923 Kelley 1939 Wolcott 1955

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enlhalpy—Continued

Metals—Continued

Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Palladium

T Cp H-Ho

"K iy-i deg-^ K Jr' jg-' deg-'K jg~> deg-'K jg-i jg-' deg-'K jg-'

1 0. 000 0229 0. 000 0105 0. 000 120 0. 000 060 0. 000 09 0. 000 04 0. 000 099 0. 000 0493

2 . 000 0472 . 000 0445 . 000 242 . 000 241 . 000 18 . noo 17 . 000 203 . 000 200 2 ». 000 015 000 005

3 . 000 0745 . 000 105 . 000 369 . 000 546 .000 28 . 000 40 . 000 318 . 000 459

3 000 088 «. 000 049

4 .000 106 . 000 194 . 000 503 . 000 98 . 000 40 . 000 73 . 000 447 . 000 840

4 a. 000 27 ». 000 22

5 . 000 56 .001 20

5 >. 000 56 000 62

6 . 000 191 . 000 484 . 000 82 . 002 28 . 000 77 . 001 86 . 000 891 . 002 31 6 ». 000 98 001 38

7 . 001 02 . 002 75

7 =>. 001 5 002 6

8 . 000 317 . 000 981 .001 19 . 004 28 .001 4 . 003 93 . 001 41 . 004 60 8 ». 002 3

a. 004 5 9 .001 7 . 005 5 9 ». 003 2 ». 007 2

10 .000 498 . 001 78 . 001 62 . 007 1 .002 2 .007 4 . 002 10 . 008 07

15 .001 31 .006 10 .003 1 .018 5 .005 5 .026 . 004 71 .024 5 20 .002 87 .016 1 .005 8 .041 .011 3 .066 . 009 22 . 058 6 25 .005 77 .037 4 .010 1 .079 .021 . 145 .016 0 . 120

30 .009 60 .072 9 .016 7 . 145 .035 .28 .025 8 .223 40 .023 6 .232 .038 1 .413 .068 .80 . 050 7 .600

50 .041 0 . 554 .068 2 .937 .099 1. 63 .077 7 1.24 60 .061 9 1.07 . 103 1. 79 . 127 2. 76 . 101 2.14

70 .083 8 1.80 . 139 3. 00 . 152 4.2 . 122 3. 26

80 . 104 2.74 . 173 4. 56 . 173 5.8 . 139 4. 56

90 . 123 3.88 .204 6. 45 . 189 7. 6 . 154 6. 03

100 . 139 5.20 .232 8.63 . 202 9. 6 . 167 7. 63

120 . 168 8. 27 . 278 13. 76 . 221 13.

8

. 188 11. 2 140 .187 11.8 .314 19.70 .234 18.3 .202 15. 1 160 .202 15.7 .342 26. 28 .243 23.

1

.213 19.2 180 .213 19.9 .365 33. 35 . 249 28.0 .221 23.6

200 .222 24.2 .383 40.82 .254 33.1 .227 28.1

220 .229 28.7 .397 48.6 .258 38.2 .232 32.6 240 .236 33.4 .410 56.7 .261 43.4 .236 37.3 260 .240 38.1 .422 65.0 .264 48.6 .239 42.1 280 .243 43.0 .433 73.6 .266 53.9 .241 46.9

300 .246 47.9 .445 82.4 .268 59.2 .243 51.7

Sources Horowitz & Daunt 1953 Busey & Giauque 1952 Ghou, Wliite, <SI Johnston 1958 Clusius & Schachinger 1947

of &bove Rayne 1954 Keesom & Clark 1935 Hoare & Yates 1957 data Simon & Zeidler 1926 Rayne & Kemp 1956 Pickard & Simon 1948 Rayne 1954 Other Clusius & Goldman 1936 Brown, Zemansky, & Boorse Hoare 1955

refs. Duyckaerts 1945 1952 Pickard 1936 Eucken & Werth 1930 Keesom & Kok 1936

See notes at end of table.

11
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Metals—Continued

Platinum Rhodium Silicon ' Silver

T H-Ho H-Ho Cp H-

°K jg-i de<r'K jr' deg-^ K jg-' deg-i K

1 0. 000 035 0 000 0175 0. 000 048 0. 000 024 0. 000 000 263 0. 000 000 0658 0. 000 0072 0 000 0032

2 . 000 074 000 071 . 000 097 . 000 096 . 000 002 10 . 000 001 05 . 000 0239 000 0176

3 . 000 122 000 168 . 000 147 .000 218 . 000 007 09 . 000 005 32 . 000 0595 000 0574

4 . 000 186 000 320 . 000 201 . 000 392 . 000 016 8 . 000 016 8 . 000 124 000 146

6 . 000 37 000 85 . 000 32 . 000 91 . 000 059 6 . 000 085 3 . 000 39 000 62

8 . 000 67 001 88 . 000 47 . 001 70 . 000 140 . 000 279 . 000 91 001 87

10 . 001 12 003 65 . 000 65 . 002 81 . 000 275 . 000 679 .001 8 004 52

15 .003 3 013 5 . 001 35 . 007 65 . 001 09 . 003 74 .006 4 023 3

20 .007 4 039 5 . 002 71 . 017 4 . 003 37 . 013 8 . 015 5 076

25 .013 7 092 . 005 61 .037 3 . 008 49 . 042 3 .028 7 185 30 .021 2 182 .010 6 .077 1 .017 1 . 105 .044 2 368 40 . 038 48 .026 6 .256 .044 0 .400 .078 979

50 .055 95 .048 9 .633 .078 5 1.00 . 108 1 91

60 .068 1 56 . 072 4 1. 238 . 115 1. 97 . 133 3 12 70 .079 2 29 .094 2. 07 . 152 3.31 . 151 4 54 80 .088 3 12 . 114 3. 11 .188 5.01 . 166 6 13 90 .094 4 02 . 132 4.34 .224 7. 06 .177 7 85

100 . 100 5 01 . 147 5. 74 .259 9. 47 . 187 9 67

120 . 109 7 10 .171 8. 93 .328 1.5.3 .200 13 55

140 . U6 9 37 . 189 12.54 .395 22.6 .209 17 65

160 . 121 11 8 .202 16. 46 .455 31.1 .216 21 91 180 . 125 14 2 .212 20.60 .509 40.7 .221 26 29

200 . 127 16 7 .220 24.92 . 556 51.4 .225 30 75

220 . 129 19 3 .226 29. 38 . 597 62.9 .228 35 28 240 .130 21 9 .232 33. 96 .632 75.2 .231 39 86

260 . 131 24 5 .236 38. 63 .663 88.

1

.234 44 50 280 . 132 27 1 .240 43. 38 .691 102 .235 49 20 300 . 133 29 8 .243 48.2 .714 116 .236 53 91

Sources Koli: & Keesom 1936 Clusius & Losa 1955 Flubacher, Leadbetter, & Corak, Garfnnkel, Satterof above Ramanathan & Srinivasan Wolcott 1955 Morrison 1959 thwaite, & Wexler 1955 data 1959 Keesom & Seidel 1959 Meads, Forsythe, & Giauque Simon & Zeidler 1926 1941 Rayne 1956 Other Rayne 1954 Anderson 1930 Eucken, Clusius, & Woitineok

refs. Pearlman & Keesom 1952 1931 Keesom & Kok 1932, 1934 Keesom & Pearlman 1955 Mendelssohn & Closs 1932 Hoare & Yates 1957

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Metals—Continued

Sodium m Tantalum Tin (white) Titanium T

Up rl — 0 n. —/7 0 tl —/1

0

Op F/ F/n

o ^ jg -\de(} ~' K jg -1 jg -I jg -1 in ~^df(i ~i K jg -1

2 U. UUU Uoi U. UUU UoO n nnn n'io U. UUU Uo.i n nnn nifi U. UUU UID n nnn n i 7n U. UUU Ui /u n nnn nn70 U. UUU UU /

3

n nnn nvi U. UUU u/

1

n nnn U. UUU UoO

1

a nnn nnfiQ UUU UU0i5 a nnn UUU nnoi UUZl a nnn UUU nnUU^iln ^.a nnn nnnn UUU uuuy

2 nnn oqo . UUU ^oy nnn on i

. UUU zU4 . 000 068 . 000 065 nnn i\Ai . UUU UI/ nnn nQijQ . UUU Uooo nnn 1 ip. . UUU ilD nnn i A'i

. UUU 110 2 «. 000 054 ': 000 026 000 048 a. 000 0228

. 000 76 . 000 70 . 000 112 . 000 155 . 000 109 . 000 113 . 000 226 . 000 329

3 000 178 a. 000 138 a, 000 151 a, 000 116

° 3 72 .000 198 . 000 221

3. 72 >.000 285 ".000 270

4 .001 60 .001 84 000 171 nnn oq^ . UUU zyo nnn 94 ^ . UUU Z'iO nnn oft^ . UUU zoo . nnn UUU oil ^17 nnn f;QQ

. UUU oyy 4

«'000 352 ".OOO 400

o J. QQ nnn on

i

. UUU ZUi . nnn qrq UUU ODO

ft nnn /Iqq UUU 'ioo a nnn kk^ UUU OOo

. 002 98 . 004 08 .000 54 .000 65

. 005 1 . 008 1 . 000 333 . 000 776 . 001 27 .001 51 . noo 54 . 001 45

8 . 012. 2 . 024 7 . 000 648 . 001 73 . 004 2 . 006 8 . 000 84 . 002 81

10 . 023 8 . 060 2 . 001 17 . 003 52 .008 1 . 019 0 .001 26 .004 89

12 .039 7 . 123

14 . 063 . 225

15 . 003 60 .014 5 . 022 6 . 093 .003 3 .015 6 16 . 093 . 380

18 . 124 . 597

20 . 155 .875 . 008 23 .043 2 .040 . 251 .007 0 .040 25 . 259 1. 90 . 015 3 . 102 . 058 . 498 . 013 4 .090 30 364 3. 45 . 024 0 . 202 . 076 . 834 .024 5 . 182 40 . 544 8. 03 .043 0 . 540 . 106 1. 75 .057 1 . 581 50 . 695 14. 2 ] 060 4 1. 06 . 130 2. 93 .099 2 1. 358

60 .793 21,7 .075 4 1.74 . 148 4. 33 . 146 7 2. 592

70 . 86 30. 0 . 087 9 2. 56 . 162 5. 88 . 189 4. 27 80 . 91 38. 9 . 097 6 3. 49 . 173 7. 55 . 230 6. 37

90 . 95 48.

2

. 105 4. .50 . 182 9. 33 . 267 8. 86

100 98 57.

9

. Ill 5. 58 . 189 11. 18 .300 11.69

120 1.03 78 0 . 119 7. 88 . 198 15. 05 .352 18.24

140 1.06 98.9 . 125 10.4 .204 19. 1 .391 25. 69

160 1.09 120. 5 . 128 12. 9 .208 23.2 .422 33.84

180 1. 12 142.6 . 131 15.5 .212 27. 4 .446 42, 54 200 1. 14 165.2 . 134 18. 1 .214 31.7 .465 51.66

220 1.16 188.2 . 136 20.8 .216 36.0 .480 61, 11 240 1. 18 211.6 .1.37 23.6 .218 40.3 .493 70,84 260 1.20 235. 4 . 138 26.3 .220 44.7 .504 80.82

280 1.22 259.6 . 139 29. 1 .221 49.

1

.614 91.01 300 1.24 284.2 . 140 31.9 .222 53.6 . 522 101.39

Sources Eastman & Rodebush 1918 Kelley 1940 Corak & Satterthwaite 1956 Aven, Craig, Waite, & Wallace

of Roberts 19.57 White. Chou. & Johnston 1958 Goodman 1957 1956 above Simon & Zeidler 1926 Keesom & van den Ende 1932 Kothen & Johnston 1953 data Lange 1924 Wolcott 1955 Rodebush 1923

Other Dauphinee, MacDonald, & Clusius & Losa 1955 Keesom & van Laer 1936, 1937, Estermaim, Friedberg, & Goldrefs. Preston-Thomas 1954 Desirant 1947 1938 man 1952 Martin 1958 Keesom & Desirant 1941 Ramanathan & Srinivasan Kelley 1944 Parkinson & Quarrington 1955 Mendelssohn 1941 1955

Piclfard & Simon 1948 Wolcott 1955 Rayne 1954 Worley, Zemansky, & Boorse

1955

See notes at end of table.

13
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Metals—Continued

1 Tung sten Zinc T

Cp

" K j deg~^ K j g-l j g-i deg-^ K j !r'

1 0. 000 0074 (1, 000 0037 0. 000 Oil 0.000 005

2 .000 0158 . 000 0152 . 000 028 . 000 023

3 .000 0262 .000 0360 . 000 058 . 000 065

4 .000 0393 . 000 0685 . 000 11 .000 14

6 .000 0783 . 000 182 . 000 29 .000 53 8 . 000 141 . 000 396 .000 96 .001 6 10 . 000 234 !000 765 . 002 5 . 005 0 15 .000 726 .002 97 . on . 034

20 .001 89 .009 27 . 026 . 125 25 .004 21 .023 7 .049 .31 30 .007 83 . 053 4 .076 .62 40 .018 4 .181 . 125 1. 62

60 .033 2 .436 . 171 3. 11

60 .048 3 . 843 . 208 5. 01 70 .060 5 1. 39 .236 7.23

80 !071 5 2. 05 .258 9.70

90 .081 0 2. 81 . 277 12. 38

100 .088 8 3. 66 . 293 15. 24

120 . 101 5. 57 . 319 21. 38

140 '. 110 7. 68 .337 27. 96

160 . 117 9. 95 . 350 34. 85 180 .122 12.3 !360 4L95

200 . 125 14.8 .367 49.22

220 . 128 17.4 .373 56. 62 240 . 130 20.0 .378 64. 12 260 .132 22.6 .382 71.71 280 .134 25.3 .386 79. 39 300 . 136 28.0 .390 87.15

Sources ol Horowitz & Daunt 1953 Bronson & Wilson 1936 above Lange 1924 Clusius & Ilarteck 1928 data Rayne 1954 Silvidi & Daunt 1950 Wolcott 1955 Smith 1955

Other Sllvidi & Daunt 1950 Keesom & Kok 1934

refs. Zwikker 1928 Keesom & van den Ende 1932

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Alloys p

Constantan <> t 60 Cu 40 Ni

H-Ho

Monel ' '67 Ni 30 Cu 1.4 Fe IMnWood's metal »

' 12.5 Sn 12.5 Cd 25 Pb 50 Bi

0.000 11

. 000 23

. 000 35

. 000 49

. 000 80

. 001 19

. 001 69 .003 58

.006 8 .013 1 .021 6 .047 6 .083

.119 .153

.184 .213 .238

.279

.310 .333

.349

.362

.37 .38

.39

.40

.41

0. 000 06

jg-1-deg K

0. 000 11

.000 23

. 000 52

. 000 94

. 002 21

. 004 19

. 007 04

.019 8

.044 6 .093 6

.179

.514 1.166

2. 18 3.54

5.23

7. 21

9. 47

14.64 20.56

27.00 33.83

40.94

48.3

55.9- 63.6

71.5

. 000 22

. 000 34

. 000 47

. 000 78

.001 2 .001 7 .003 7

.007 1 .013

.021 .045 .078

.11 .15

.18

.21 .24

.28

.31 .34

.36

.37

.39 .40

.41 .42

.43

jg

0. 000 054

. 000 22

. 000 50

. 000 90

.002 15 .004 1 .007 0 .020 0

.046

.095 .178

.50 1.11

2. 06

3.4

5.0 7.0

9.3

14.5

20.5 27.0

34.0 41.3

48.9

56.8

64.9

73.1

81.5

0.000 02

. 000 06

. 000 24

. 000 62

.002 9 .007 6 .013 4 .029 7

.046 0

Eucken & Werth 1930. Keesom & Kurrelmeyer 1940. Hampton & Mennie 1932. Keesom & Kurrelmeyer 1940. Parkinson & Quarrington 1964.

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Other inorganic substances »

T

Carbon dioxide Diamond " Graphite Ice

ri — rio n —xio 11 —tio H~Ho

° K

12

3

4

6

8

1012

14

15

16

18

20

25

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 110

120

130

140 150 160

170

180 190 200

220

240

260

270

273. 15 280 300

jg -^deg K jg-i jg -^deg -i K jg -^deg -i K ft ftftft ftftc; U. UUU UUO

. UUU U//

. 000 070

.000 144

. 000 33

. 000 64

. 001 14

jg-'

ft ftftft ftftO U. UUU uu/

ftftft ftl

. UUU Uio

. 000 062

. 000 168

. 000 61 .001 56

.003 3

jg ~'d€g ~' K

0.000 015

. 000 12

, 000 41

ftftft no . UUU 98

.003 3 .007 8 .015 2

.026 5 .043

%. 000 004

. 000 061

. 000 31

ftftft OQ . UUU 98

.004 9 .015 6 .038

.079

.148

0.000 018 0.000 17

0.051 0. 22 . 000 053 . 000 66 .003 3 .014 2 .065

.090

. 114

.255

.410

.117 . 615 .203

.294

.446

.580 .683

.758

.816

.866

. 906

. 943

. 980

1. 015

1. 050

1. 083

1. 119

1. 158

1.199

1.243

.63 1.43

2. 67 6.40

11.65 17.89

25.11

32. 99 41.41

50. 3

59. 5

69.

1

79.

89.

4

100.

111. 1 122. 5

134.3

146.5

. UUU iZZ

. 000 235

. UUU 4U'±

. 000 979

. 001 95

. 003 41

. 005 92

. 009 34

. 014 0 .020 4

. 001 87

. 004 38

. UUo 87 .027 8

. 068 8 .144

. 276

.489

. 821 1.31

. 006 3 .010 3

. 015 5 .027

. 042

.058

. 077

.097

. 118 .140

. 038

.079

. 143

.36

. 70 1.20

1. 87

2. 74

3. 81 5.10

. 229

.340

. 440

.535

. 627

.716

. 801 .882

Z. OO

5. 18

Q no y. uy

13. 97

19. 78

26. 49

34. 06

42. 47

.039 0 2. 97 .188 8. 37 1. 03 61.6

. 065 8 5. 94 . 240 12. 65 1.16 83.5

. 102 10.7 .296 18.0 1. 29 108.0

.145 17.8 .355 24.5 1.43 135.2

.195 .252

.314

.380

27.5 40.3

56.6

76.5

.414

.474

.535

.595

32.2

41.

1

51. 2

1.57 1.72

1.86

165.

1

197.9 233.7

272.4 292.8

299.4

62.5 2.01 2.08

2. 10 .447 .518

100

128 .656.716

75.0 88.7

Sources of above

data.

Giauque & Egan 1937. Burk & Friedberg 1958. Desnoyers & Morrison 1958. De Sorbo 1953.Keesom & Pearlman 1955. De Sorbo & Tyler 1953. Giauque & Stout 1936. Simon 1923.

Other

refs. Eucken 1916. Eucken & Hauck 1928. Berman & Poulter 1953. Pitzer 1938. Robertson, Fox, & Martin

1936.

Bergenlid, Hill, Webb, &

Wilks 1954. .Jacobs & Parks 1934.

Barnes & Maass 1930. Duyckaerts 1945.

See notes at end of table.
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy-—Continued

Other inorganic substances—Continued

Magnesium oxide" MgO Pyres glass Quartz, Si02 Silica glass, Si02

H-Ho H-Ha

20 0. 0022 0.011

25 .0036 .025

30 .0059 .048 35 .0090 .084 40 .0131 .139 45 .0182 .217

50 .0243 .322

60 .041 .64

70 .073 1.20

80 .113 2. 13 90 .159 3.48

100 .208 5. 31

120 .312 10.5 140 .42 17.8 160 .51 27.0 180 .60 38.1 200 .68 50.9

220 .74 65.1 240 .80 80.6

260 .85 97.2

280 .90 114.7

300 .94 133.1

0. 000 0031

. 000 025

. 000 084

. 000 201

.000 753

. 002 09 .004 19 .013 7 .027 4

0. 000 0008

. 000 013

. 000 064

.000 201

.001 04

.003 94

.010 0 .052 5 .154

-I K jg -Heg K

0. 0007

.0040 .0113

.0221

.0353

0.001

.012

.049

.131

.273

.0653 .773

. 129 .162

. 195 .228

.261

.325

.385

.441 .494

.543

.631

.671 .709

.745

1.583

2. 71 4.17

5. 95

8. 07

10.51

16. 37

23. 48

31. 75 41.1 51.5

62.8

75.0

88.0

101.8

116.4

0. 0045

.0126

.0244

.0379

.0519

.111

.141 .172

.204

.236 .268

.331

.391 .446

.497 .544

.588

.629 .668

.704 .738

Giauque & Archibald 1937 Smith & Wolcott 1956 Anderson 1936 Westrum 1955 Simon 1922 Simon & Lange 1926 Westrum 1955

Parks & KeUey 1926 Gunther 1921

See notes at end of table.

17
Table 4. Specific heat and enthalpy—Continued

Organic substances

T

Araldite Bakelite varnish

»

Glyptal GR-S rubber^'

H-Ho H-Ho

" K

11.5

2

34

5

68

10

1520

2530

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

140

160

180 200

210 212

220

240

260

280 300

Jg -^deg -i K jg -Heg -i K jg-i jg -^deg K

0. 00003 0. 000007

jg -^deg -i K jg-^

0.000 06

.000 24

.000 89

. 002 25

0. 000 01

. 000 08

.000 60

. 002. 10

.0002

.0007 .002

. 00011 .0006

0. 0046 0 .002

0.004 0.005

.008 2 .016 9 .027 2

.054 2

.081 1

.011 7

. 036.

7

.080 7

.284

.623

.0086

.0134 .0192

.0418

.0667 .093

.121

. 179

.237

.293

.347 .400

.449

.0130

.0347

.0672

.216

.487

.886 1.42

2. 91

4.99

7. 64 10.8 14.6

18.8

.007

.014

.02

.06

. 11 .16

.20 .29

.38

.49 .62

.79

.97

1.15

.010

.03

.07

.26

.67 1.3 2.2

4.7

8.1 12

18

2534

44

.028

.070 .113

.155

.196

.272

.338

.399

.455

.509 .562

.612

.711 .811

.911

1.01

I.I2 1.34

b'l. 68

1.68

1.73 1.78

1.84

1.90

.07

.31

.77 1.44

2. 32

4.66

7. 72

11.40

15.68 20.50

25. 86

31.74

45.0 60.2

77.4

96.

7

118.0 130.0

133.3

146.1

180.1 215.2

251.4

288.7

Soui'ces above

data

Parkinson & Quarrington 1954 Hill & Smith 1953 Keesom & Seidel 1959 Pearlman & Keesom 1952 Rands, Ferguson, & Prather

1944

See notes at end of table.

\

18
Table 4, Specific heat and enthalpy—-Continued

Organic substancesC— Continued

T

Natural rubber hydrocarbond' Polyetbylene Polyvinyl alcohol Teflon (molded)

H-Ht, H-H60 H-Hm H-Ho

°K

510

1520

25

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

120

140 160

180

190

195

200

205

210 220 240

260

280

290 300

310

jg -'deg -i K jg-i jg -Heg -i K jg -Heg K iff-' jg -^deg K

0. 0024

.018

.048

.076

.102

.125

.165 .202

.238

.274 .312

.350 .386

.457

.525

.598

.677

jg-i

0.003

.047

.21

.52

.97

1.54

2.99

4. 83 7.02

9. 59

12. 52

15. 83 19.51 27.9

37.7

49.0

61.7

0.073

.117

0. 32

.80

.204

.282 .352

.418

.480

. 537 .596 .646

. 75

.84

.94 1.03

1.08

1.10

1. 44

1.60

1. 61 1.64

1.70

1.75

1.81

1.84

1.89

2. 41 4.84

8.01

11.87

16. 36

21.45

27. 12

33. 34 47.3

63.2

81.0

100.7

0.418

.496

.561 .619 .676

.778

.872

.971 1.07

0

4.57

9.84

15.7 22.2 36.8

53.2

71.7

92.1

0. 257

.331 .388

.436

.478

.546

.624

.713 .798

0

2. 95

6. 55 10.7

15.3

25.5

37.2

50.5

65.7

1. 17 114 . 879 82. 4 .741 75.9

155.0 188.4

222.9 258.4

276.6

295.3

1.28

1.43

1.63

139 166

196

.959

1.05

101 121 .798

.853

.913

1.01

91.3 107.8

125.

5

144.6

1.02 179.3

Sources

of above

data

Bekkedahl & Mattheson 1934 Sochava & Trapeznikova 1957 Sochava & Trapeznikova 1957 Furukawa, McCoskey, & King

1952

Other

refs. Noer, Dempsey, & Gordon1959

« Superconducting.

b n germanium the electronic specific heat is markedly dependent

on impurities. The values given are for pure germanium (negligible electronic specific heat).

' a-Iron is the form that is thermodynamicaUy stable at low temperatures. It has the body-centered cubic lattice which is the basis

of the ferritic steels.

<i 7-Iron is stable between 910° and 1,400° C. It has the face-cen- tered cubic structure which is the basis of the austenitic steels. Since pure 7-iron is not stable at low temperatures the above values were

calculated by application of the Kopp-Xeumarm rule to e.N;perimental data on two austenitic Fe-Mn alloys and are of imcertain accuracy.

« Superconducting transition temperature.

' a-Manganese is stable at all temperatures up to about 730° C. A

small peak in Cp is found centering at 95° K which is due to an anti- ferromagnetic transition. The data of Armstrong and GraysonSmith, Elson, Grayson-Smith, and Wilhelm, and Wolcott in the

region up to 20° K form a self-consistent set that is 20 to 30 percent higher than the data of Booth, Hoare, and Murphy, and Guthrie,

Freidberg, and Goldman. The latter have been adopted because

these authors presented more conclusive evidence of the chemical and phase purity of their samples.

e /3-Manganese, a form that is stable between 730° and about 1,100° C, was measured by Booth, Hoare, and Murphy (1955) but only in the range 12° to 20° K. Their sample was produced by heating ordi- nary (alpha) manganese to 1,120° C in argon, then quenching in water. FoUowiQg are selected values of C^iajg deg K: 12° K

0.0112; 15° K 0.0135; 20° K 0.0214.

i> -y-Manganese is a ductile form that is stable between about 1,100° and 1,135° C when pure. It is often found as a separate phase in manganese alloys. The sample measured by Shomate was produced

by electrolytic deposition.

' Superconducting transition temperature of mercury.

i Melting temperature of mercury.

k The data of Chou, White, and Johnston cover the range, 1.5° to 30° K while the compilation of Kelley (1949) gives best values for room

temperature and above. Between 30° and room temperature no modern e.xperimental data are to be formd. The values in this region given here are estimates. While the accuracy at 2 to 30° and at 300° K is of order 1 percent, the estimated values between 30° and 300° K

are more imcertain and may be in error by as much as 10 percent in the

region 40° to 100° K.

' In sUicon the electronic specific heat, 7 T, is markedly dependent

on impmities. Values of the coefficient, 7, from zero to 2.4X10-'

jg-^ deg-2 K have been reported. The values in the above table are

for pure silicon (7=0). m It has recently been shown (Barrett 1956, Hull & Rosenberg

1959) that sodium partially transforms at low temperatures from the normal body-centered cubic structure to close-packed hexagonal. The transformation is of the martensitic type and is promoted by

cold-working at the low temperatures. Inasmuch as none of the

calorimetric measmements on sodium were accompanied by crystal- lographic analysis, the tabulated data below 100° K are to some degree ambiguous.

o Superconducting transition temperature of tin.

» Superconducting transition temperature of tantalum.

D In addition to the aUoys in the table, 63S aluminum aUoy (Alloy

6063: Mg 0.7%, Si 0.3%, Fe 0.2% by wt) has been measmed from 2°

to 19° K in the annealed and fully-hardened conditions by Otter

(1959). Except for the region, 5° to 10° K, where his results were

least certain, the specific heats averaged about 2 percent lower than

the data for pure aluminum in table 4. The two conditions were the same within 1 percent. For most engineering purposes the data for pure aluminum should represent this aUoy within a few percent up

to 300° K.

0 The name "Constantan" covers a range of compositions centering on 55 wt percent Cu, 45 wt percent Ni. The above aUoy is an extreme

example. Other Constantans should have specific heats within 5 percent of the values in the table. The published data extended

only up to 200° K. The data given below in the region, 200° to 300° K, were estimated by the Kopp-Neumann rule. Specific heats of other compositions in the Cu-Ni alloy series have been determined by Aoyama and Kanda 1941, Grew 1934, and Keesom and Kurrel- meyer 1940.

' The data from 1° to 20° K result from an interpolation between

the 80K1 20Cu and 60Ni 40Cu alloys measmed by Keesom and

Kurrelmeyer. Between 20° and 90° K, where the data of Hampton

and Meimie begin, the specific heat was estimated by the Kopp- Neumann rule. For both of these calculations, it was assumed that

the composition 70X1 30Cu (by weight) would be adequately

representative.

• There was evidence of a superconducting transition at 4.8° K.

If this interpretation is correct, the tabulated values below this temperature apply to the superconducting state. (Notes continued on page 20)

19
t Weight percent.

u To the data in this table on various forms of carbon may be added measurements on an activated charcoal by Simon and Swain

(1935). No other characteristics of their sample were furnished, and

the data were of low precision. The specific heats of adsorbents prob- ably depend on their structure and surface area, and so may vary from sample to sample. Simon and Swain's specific heats were

nearly linear with temperature and were much higher than those

of the nearest related substance, graphite. Following are selected values in isr' deg-' K 20° K 0.042, 50° K 0.087 , 95° K 0.16.

" Diamond is found in two varieties, known as types I and 11, which differ mainly in their optical properties. It is generally accepted that the specific heats of the two types are practically the same. However, tlie only specific heat measurements in which the

crystals were identified as to type and segregated (Robertson et al.) apparently were of low precision and do not provide satisfactory confirmation of this assumption.

w The data of Parks and Kelley are believed to be the most repre- sentative of bulk crystalline MgO but unfortunately do not e.xtend below 94° K. Accordingly we have used the more complete data of Giauque and Archibald, even though they were obtained using a

fine powder sample and appear to be too high on that account. The

extra specific heat due to the surface can be estimated by comparison

with the data of Parks and Kelley and also by fitting the data below

70° K (approx. eo/12) with the expression C = aTz-|-bT3, in which the

first term gives the surface contribution [Keesom and Pearlman, Handbuch der Physik XIV, 332-3 (1956)]. If this interpretation is correct one finds that the surface term amounts to about one-third

of the total specific heat at 20°, about 5 percent at 100°, iand is negli- gible at 300° K.

» Furukawa, McCoskey, & King (1953) have summarized the

available data on the two elastomers presented here, GR-S rubber and natural rubber hydrocarbon and also Hycar OR-15, polyiso- butylene, two other butadiene-styrene polymers, and two poly- butadienes. Only the GR-S and Hycar OR-15 were commercial

elastomers, and the composition of the latter was unknown. HowBouLDER, Colo., March 23, 1960

ever it may be helpful to note that aU were within about 10 percent

of one another except in the region of their glass transitions (brittle points) where the differences were greater. The transition temperatures of these polymers lay in the region, 190° to 250° K.

y Lucite w-as measured from 1.4° to 4.2° K by Noer, Dempsey, and

Gordon (1959). They found the specific heat in jg-^ deg-' K to be

given by 35X10-«T3.

» Formite V11105.

»' 1-3 butadiene, 25 wt percent styrene.

b' Second-order transformation. Thermal hysteresis occurs at temperatures immediately below this. Polystyrene was measured from 1.4° to 4.2° K by Noer, Dempsey

and Gordon (1959). They found the specific heat in j jr' deg-' K

to be given by 63X10-6 T'.

J' These data apply to pure amorphous hydrocarbon polymer

extracted from latex. Commercial natural rubber differs from this by containing various additives and having been vulcanized. No

low-temperature data for vulcanized rubber have been found, and

the above data are presented as being the closest available approxi- mation. A second-order transformation (glass transformation) occurs

at about 200° K. The data in this region are the least applicable to other varieties of rubber since the temperature and shape of the

transition will be rather strongly affected by compounding and

vulcanization.

e' Furukawa et al., also presented data on powdered, molded-andannealed, and molded-and-quenched Teflon. The effects of heat treatment did not exceed 3 percent and were not significant below

150° K. The data indicate a second-order transition at about 160° K and two first-order transitions between 280° and 310° K. Thermal

hysteresis occurs in these regions. Because of this effect no data

are presented between 280° and 310° K. The values at 5° and 10° K were extrapolated by Furukawa et al. using a Debye function. Their function gives values only one-half as great as the specific heats measured by Noer, Dempsey, and Gordon (1959) from 1.4° to 4.2° K. The latter results are represented "approximately" by the formula

40X10-' r3 for specific heat in ; (r' deg-i K.

20 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960

TCE

I.C{I
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder,

Colo., is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each

section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

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