IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Submitted On Brief, July 8, 2015

IN RE A.C.S. ET AL.

Appeal from Juvenile Court for Chester County

No. 2014JV1266 Larry F. McKenzie, Judge

No. W2015-00487-COA-R3-PT – Filed September 23, 2015

This is a termination of parental rights case. The trial court terminated 

Appellant/Mother‘s parental rights on the grounds of: (1) abandonment; (2) substantial 

non-compliance with the permanency plan; (3) persistence of conditions; and (4) severe 

child abuse. We vacate the termination of Mother‘s parental rights on the grounds of 

substantial non-compliance with the permanency plan and failure to support. However, 

the remaining grounds for termination of Mother‘s parental rights are met by clear and 

convincing evidence, and there is also clear and convincing evidence that termination of 

Mother‘s parental rights is in the best interest of the children. Therefore, we affirm the 

termination and remand for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court is

Vacated in part; Affirmed in part; and Remanded

KENNY ARMSTRONG,J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN STAFFORD, 

P.J., W.S., and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., joined.

Lena Beal-Cavness, Lexington, Tennessee, for the Appellant, M.S.

Lanis L. Karnes, Jackson, Tennessee, for the Appellees, J.R. and K.R.

MEMORANDUM OPINION1

 

1 Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee provides:

This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm, reverse 
2

I. Background

The children at issue in this case, A.C.S. and E.C.R.S.,

2 were born to M.S. 

(―Mother‖ or ―Appellant‖) in April of 2006 and October of 2008, respectively. In May of

2009, the Tennessee Department of Children‘s Services (―DCS‖) investigated the 

childrens‘ living conditions after receiving a report indicating that Mother had been using 

crack cocaine and that she and the children were without a stable residence. On May 10, 

2009, Mother was arrested for domestic assault against her own mother. On May 12, 

2009, DCS confirmed by report that Mother was using crack cocaine and did not have 

stable housing. Due to Mother‘s drug use, lack of a stable home, and the possibility of 

severe child abuse, the children were removed from Mother‘s custody and placed in foster 

care with the Appellees. On May 19, 2009, DCS filed a petition to adjudicate dependency 

and neglect and for change of custody. In an order dated May 21, 2009, the trial court 

placed the children in the custody of J.R and K.R. (―Appellees‖). On June 15, 2009, the 

trial court appointed Mr. Carl Seely as Guardian ad Litem for the children. 

On September 29, 2009, the trial court found, by clear and convincing evidence, that 

the children were dependent and neglected. The trial court found that Mother had been 

using crack cocaine and that she and the children were without a stable residence. 

Evidence presented at the dependency and neglect hearing showed that A.C.S. had 

twenty-six rotten teeth and suffered from developmental and learning disabilities. 

According to medical records and testimony presented at the dependency and neglect 

hearing, E.C.R.S. tested positive for cocaine and exhibited delayed bone growth and failure 

to thrive; these conditions required E.C.R.S. to be treated at LeBonheur Children‘s 

Hospital after his removal from Mother‘s custody. The trial court did not adjudicate 

severe child abuse at the initial dependency and neglect hearing and, instead, reserved the 

issue. 

On April 7, 2010, Mother filed a motion for review, alleging that she was drug-free 

and seeking to regain custody of the children. The trial court denied Mother‘s motion, but

she was granted two hours of supervised visitation per week by order of June 10, 2010. 

The trial court also ordered a home study of Mother‘s residence and required her to submit

to an alcohol and drug assessment and random monthly drug tests. As a result of the home 

 

or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal opinion 

would have no precedential value. When a case is decided by memorandum opinion it shall 

be designated ―MEMORANDUM OPINION‖, shall not be published, and shall not be 

cited or relied on for any reason in any unrelated case.

2

In termination of parental rights cases, it is the policy of this Court to remove the names of minor children 

and other parties in order to protect their identities.
3

study, which was conducted from April of 2010 to July of 2010, DCS found Mother‘s 

home to be hazardous and an immediate threat to the health and safety of the children due 

to a lack of a fire extinguisher, non-functioning smoke detectors, a lack of child-proof 

safety locks, no safety wall outlet covers, and insufficient cooling inside the home. 

On August 25, 2011, after Mother‘s failure to make reasonable efforts to improve 

her living situation and her relationship with the children, the trial court relieved DCS of its 

obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunite Mother with the children. According to 

the Child and Family Team Meeting Summary from August 25, 2011, Mother had refused 

to accept assistance for job, education, and mental health counseling, and she stopped 

visiting the children in April of 2011. During this time, the children remained in 

Appellees‘ custody. 

Regarding the issue of severe child abuse, which had been reserved, the trial court 

reviewed the June 8, 2011 evidentiary deposition of Dr. Lisa Piercey, a child maltreatment 

and pediatrics expert. Dr. Piercey found that the level of crack cocaine found in 

E.C.R.S.‘s system was high enough to suggest direct ingestion. Dr. Piercey considered 

E.C.R.S.‘s condition to be a result of severe child abuse. Accordingly, in an order entered 

on September 2, 2011 in the dependency and neglect proceedings, the trial court found 

E.C.R.S. to be a victim of severe child abuse perpetrated by Mother.

 

On October 24, 2012, Mr. Carl Seely, the children‘s first Guardian ad Litem,

3

filed

a Petition for Termination of Parental Rights, naming Mother and the children‘s biological 

fathers as respondents.

4

 Although Mother was incarcerated in the Chester and Henderson 

County jails from January of 2013 to July 23, 2013 for violation of probation and 

aggravated burglary, she answered the petition on February 20, 2013. During her 

incarceration, Mother completed the Teen Challenge program, parenting classes, and some 

GED testing. She was also was baptized during that time period. On August 1, 2013,

nine days after being released from jail, Mother tested positive for amphetamines. She is 

now on probation until July of 2018. 

 

3 Mr. Seely also represented Petitioners when this particular petition was filed. On September 

10, 2013, Mother filed a petition to relieve Mr. Seely as Guardian ad Litem and counsel for the 

petitioners, citing a conflict of interest. On November 12, 2013, the trial court granted Mother‘s 

motion, relieving Mr. Seely of his duties as both Guardian ad Litem for the children and as counsel 

for the Appellees. The trial court found that Mr. Seely did not commit any wrongdoing by his 

actions. 

4 On March 17, 2014, the trial court terminated the rights of both biological fathers by default 

order for failure to respond. Mother is the only party to this appeal.
4

On July 25, 2013, Mother filed a petition to establish visitation. On February 5, 

2014, the trial court denied Mother‘s petition for visitation and found that her testimony 

and prescription history were inconsistent. Mother is prescribed hydrocodone and 

Flexeril for back pain, and she is prescribed Lexapro and Wellbutrin for depression. The 

trial court was concerned by both her hydrocodone use and her failure to seek drug 

treatment despite her history of abusing crack cocaine. 

The trial court heard the petition for termination of parental rights on December 17, 

2014. Although Mother was given specific information regarding the date, time, and 

location of the hearing, she appeared almost two hours late. Allegedly, Mother had 

mistakenly gone to her lawyer‘s office in Lexington, Tennessee. She claimed that her 

transportation left, leaving her no way to get to the courthouse. The trial court initially 

stated that it would enter default judgment against Mother because of her failure to timely 

appear, however, upon Mother‘s arrival in the courtroom, the trial court allowed the parties 

to present proof. Lack of transportation has been a constant issue for Mother. Mother 

testified that she does not have a driver‘s license and has not seen the children since 2010 

or 2011. Due to her erratic appearance upon arrival at the hearing, the trial court granted 

an oral motion to have Mother immediately drug tested. The drug screen was negative.

Mother testified that since May of 2009, she has lived in only one place for longer 

than six months. For example, upon release from jail, Mother lived in two locations, 

both of which required extensive repairs. She lived in a house she allegedly bought from 

her brother. Mother also lived in an apartment, which she testified needs repairs before it 

is habitable. After she left the apartment, she moved into a house with a former inmate

she met in jail. Prior to the filing of the petition, Mother lived with various family 

members, including her mother, with whom she has had several physical altercations. At 

the time of the hearing, Mother testified she was living with a woman with whom she had 

been incarcerated. Mother also testified that she received $696 every month from Social 

Security as well as $130 in food stamps, and that was her only income. Mother testified 

that she believes she can support both herself and the children on her monthly income.

Appellees testified that the last time Mother visited the children was in 2011 and 

that the last time Mother contacted them to see the children was in August of 2012. 

During cross-examination, Mother claimed that she attempted to visit with the children 

multiple times, but the trial court found her testimony ―not credible in any shape, form or 

fashion.‖ Appellees also testified that Mother had not paid any support since 2009. 

However, they said that she brought food and ―little knickknacks‖ for the children when 

she visited them in 2010. 

Appellees testified that the children have shown improvement in all areas of their 

lives since coming into their custody. According to medical and school records, the 
5

children are drug-free, developing properly, and succeeding in school. Appellees stated

that the children never ask about their mother. K.R. testified that A.C.S. believes Mother 

is his sister. Appellees stated that the children consider Appellees to be their parents. 

The trial court found that ―it would be devastating beyond repair for them to leave the 

[Appellees] and that it would cause the minor children great harm to be removed from the 

[Appellees] due to the stability they have there and as they know no other parents.‖

 

By order of March 10, 2015, the trial court terminated Mother‘s parental rights on 

grounds of (1) abandonment; (2) substantial non-compliance with the permanency plan; 

(3) persistence of conditions; and (4) severe child abuse. The trial court also found, by 

clear and convincing evidence, that termination of Mother‘s parental rights was in the 

children‘s best interests. Mother appeals. 

II. Issues

The sole issue for review is whether the trial court erred in terminating Mother‘s 

parental rights.

III. Standard of Review

Under both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a parent has a 

fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Illinois, 

405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); Nash–Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tenn. 1996). 

Thus, the state may interfere with parental rights only if there is a compelling state interest. 

Nash–Putnam, 921 S.W.2d at 174-75 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). 

Our termination statutes identify ―those situations in which the state‘s interest in welfare of 

a child justifies interference with a parent‘s constitutional rights by setting forth grounds on 

which termination proceedings can be brought.‖ In re W.B., Nos. 

M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)). A person seeking to 

terminate parental rights must prove both the existence of one of the statutory grounds for 

termination and that termination is in the child‘s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 

36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 

539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

Because of the fundamental nature of the parent‘s rights and the grave consequences 

of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of proof in deciding 

termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Consequently, both the ground(s) for 

termination and the best interest inquiry must be established by clear and convincing 

evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-113(c)(1); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546. Clear 

and convincing evidence ―establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable . 
6

. . and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions 

drawn from the evidence.‖ In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). 

Such evidence ―produces in a fact-finder‘s mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the 

truth of the facts sought to be established.‖ Id. 

In light of the heightened standard of proof in termination of parental rights cases, a 

reviewing court must modify the customary standard of review as set forth in Tennessee 

Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(d). As to the trial court‘s findings of fact, our review is de 

novo with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). We must then determine whether the facts, as found by the trial 

court or as supported by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly 

establish the elements necessary to terminate parental rights. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 

835, 838 (Tenn. 2002). Furthermore, when the resolution of an issue in a case depends 

upon the truthfulness of witnesses, the trial judge, who has had the opportunity to observe 

the witness and his or her manner and demeanor while testifying, is in a far better position 

than this Court to decide those issues. McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 

(Tenn. 1995); Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The 

weight, faith, and credit to be given to any witness‘ testimony lies in the first instance with 

the trier of fact, and the credibility accorded will be given great weight by the appellate 

court. See Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d at 837; see also Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 

(Tenn. 1997). Accordingly, appellate courts will not re-evaluate a trial judge‘s 

assessment of witness credibility absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. 

See Humphrey v. David Witherspoon, Inc., 734 S.W.2d 315, 315–16 (Tenn. 1987); 

Bingham v. Dyersburg Fabrics Co., Inc., 567 S.W.2d 169, 170 (Tenn. 1978); Wells v. 

Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999).

IV. Analysis

We note at the outset that although the trial court‘s order contains clear conclusions 

of law, it does not contain sufficient factual findings to support those conclusions. In this 

regard, the trial court‘s order fails to comply with Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 

52.01, which requires that ―[i]n all actions tried upon the facts without a jury, the court 

shall find the facts specially and shall state separately its conclusions of law...‖ Id.

(emphasis added). This Court has previously held that the requirement to make findings 

of fact and conclusions of law is ―not a mere technicality.‖ In re K.H., No. W2008–01144–

COA–R3–PT, 2009 WL 1362314, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 15, 2009). Instead, the 

requirement serves the important purpose of ―facilitat[ing] appellate review and 

promot[ing] the just and speedy resolution of appeals.‖ Id.; White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 

187, 191 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); Bruce v. Bruce, 801 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

1990). ―Without such findings and conclusions, this court is left to wonder on what basis 

the court reached its ultimate decision.‖ In re K.H., 2009 WL 1362314, at *8 (quoting In 
7

re M.E.W., No. M2003–01739–COA–R3–PT, 2004 WL 865840, at * 19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Apr. 21, 2004)).

Generally, the appropriate remedy when a trial court fails to make appropriate 

findings of fact and conclusions of law is to ―vacate the trial court‘s judgment and remand 

the cause to the trial court for written findings of fact and conclusions of law.‖ Lake v. 

Haynes, No. W2010–00294–COA–R3–CV, 2011 WL 2361563, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

June 9, 2011). However, this Court ―may  ̳soldier on‘ when the case involves only a clear 

legal issue, or when the court‘s decision is  ̳readily ascertainable.‘‖ Hanson v. J.C. 

Hobbs Co., Inc., No. W2011-02523-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 5873582, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. Nov. 21, 2012) (quoting Simpson v. Fowler, No. W2011-02112-COA-R3-CV, 2012 

WL 3675321, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 28, 2012)). Although the trial court‘s order in 

this case does not make enough specific findings of fact to facilitate appellate review, after 

reviewing the record, we have determined that the trial court‘s decision is ―readily 

ascertainable.‖ Because the record is thorough and the trial court‘s decision is readily 

ascertainable with regard to several of the grounds for termination, we elect to ―soldier on‖

as possible and resolve this case on the merits, especially in light of the fact that the case 

involves minor children, whose living arrangements have been unsettled for many years.

 

A. Default Judgment

Appellant‘s brief argues that the trial court erred in granting default judgment 

against her for her failure to arrive at court on time. While the trial court did state on the 

record that it would enter default judgment against Mother, its order does not indicate that 

it entered a default judgment. Instead, the trial court‘s order decided the case on the 

merits. A trial court ―speaks through its order, not the transcript.‖ In re Adoption of 

E.N.R., 42 S.W.3d 26, 31 (Tenn. 2001). 

―A judgment must be reduced to writing in order to be valid. It is inchoate, and has 

no force whatsoever, until it has been reduced to writing and entered on the minutes of the 

court, and is completely within the power of the judge or Chancellor.‖ Cunningham v. 

Cunningham, No. W2006-02685-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2521425, *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

June 25, 2008) (quoting Broadway Motor Co., Inc. v. Fire Insurance Co., 12 Tenn. App. 

278, 280 (1930)). When there is a discrepancy between the trial court‘s oral ruling and its 

written ruling, unless the oral ruling is incorporated into the written ruling, then this Court 

will only review the written ruling. See Cunningham, 2008 WL 2521425, at *5. 

Accordingly, we treat this appeal as it was decided on the merits. Therefore, Appellant‘s 

challenge to the trial court‘s oral ruling that it would enter default judgment is moot.
8

B. Grounds for Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

As noted earlier, the trial court relied on three statutory grounds in terminating 

Mother‘s parental rights: (1) abandonment; (2) substantial noncompliance with the 

permanency plan; and (3) persistence of conditions. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 

36-1-113(g)(1), (2), (3). The Tennessee Supreme Court has instructed this Court to

review every ground relied upon by the trial court to terminate parental rights in order to 

prevent ―unnecessary remands of cases.‖ In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 251 n.14 

(Tenn. 2010). Accordingly, we will review each of the three grounds.

1. Abandonment by Willful Failure to Visit and Support

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(1) provides that termination of 

parental rights may be based upon the ground of ―[a]bandonment by the parent or guardian, 

as defined in § 36-1-102. . . .‖ Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) 

defines abandonment, in relevant part, as follows:

(i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the 

filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the 

parent or parents or a guardian or guardians of the child who is the subject of 

the petition for termination of parental rights or adoption, that a parent or 

parents or a guardian or guardians either have willfully failed to visit or have 

willfully failed to support or have willfully failed to make reasonable 

payments toward the support of the child.

Id. 

Failure to visit or support a child is ―willful‖ when a person is aware of his or her 

duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no 

justifiable excuse for not doing so. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 864 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

2005). Willfulness depends upon the actor‘s intent, and intent is seldom capable of direct 

proof. Id. Therefore, the trier-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, 

including a person‘s actions or conduct. Id. ―Whether a parent failed to visit or support 

their child is a question of fact. Whether a parent‘s failure to visit or support constitutes 

willful abandonment, however, is a question of law.‖ In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 

S.W.3d 636, 649 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (citing In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 

793, 810 (Tenn. 2007)). Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-102(1)(H) provides 

that ―every parent who is eighteen (18) years of age or older is presumed to have 

knowledge of a parent‘s legal obligation to support such parent‘s child or children.‖

 

In the instant case, the trial court found that ―there were missed opportunities with 
9

respect to visitation. . . .‖ Appellant failed to visit the children in the four months 

preceding the filing of the Appellees‘ petition. Although she was granted supervised 

visitation in 2010, the Appellees‘ testimony established that Mother stopped visiting the 

children in 2011. Afterwards, Mother‘s only contact with the Appellees was a token 

gesture in August of 2012, requesting that the children be brought to meet her at some 

future date. This token gesture, however, does not negate her long history of 

non-visitation. According to both Appellant and Appellees‘ testimony, Appellant had

Appellees‘ contact information, but simply did not use it. Appellees testified that they 

have not prevented Appellant from visiting the children. Because Appellant was given 

multiple opportunities to visit the children but failed to do so, we conclude that her failure 

to visit was willful.

With regard to the Appellant‘s failure to support, the trial court found that Appellant 

had the ability to earn an income to care for the children but failed to do so. As discussed 

above, however, the trial court did not make enough specific factual findings in its order to 

support its conclusion that the Appellant failed to support her children. While we have 

elected to soldier on in reviewing this case, the record does not provide us with many facts 

regarding this particular ground. Therefore, the trial court‘s conclusion with regard to this 

ground is not ―readily ascertainable.‖ Accordingly, we vacate the trial court‘s termination 

of Appellant‘s parental rights with respect to the ground of failure to support.

2. Abandonment by Failure to Establish a Suitable Home and Lack of Concern

The trial court found ―by clear and convincing evidence that grounds for 

termination of her parental rights exist due to. . . her abandonment by failure to establish a 

suitable home.‖ Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii) further defines 

―abandonment‖ for purposes of termination of parental rights as follows:

(ii) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or parents or a 

guardian or guardians as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in 

which the child was found to be a dependent and neglected child, as defined 

in § 37-1-102, and the child was placed in the custody of the department or a 

licensed child-placing agency, that the juvenile court found, or the court 

where the termination of parental rights petition is filed finds, that the 

department or a licensed child-placing agency made reasonable efforts to 

prevent removal of the child or that the circumstances of the child‘s situation 

prevented reasonable efforts from being made prior to the child‘s removal; 

and for a period of four (4) months following the removal, the department or 

agency has made reasonable efforts to assist the parent(s) or guardian(s) to 

establish a suitable home for the child, but that the parent(s) or guardian(s) 

have made no reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home and have 
10

demonstrated a lack of concern for the child to such a degree that it 

appears unlikely that they will be able to provide a suitable home for the 

child at an early date.

Id. (emphasis added).

This Court has previously held that ―in determining whether grounds for 

termination of the parental rights of a biological parent are established, both the trial court 

and this Court must look to the evidence of the parent‘s past actions, rather than the 

parent‘s future aspirations.‖ In re Adoption of Logan A.S., No. 

W2009-02661-COA-R3-PT, 2010 WL 3984712, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2010). As 

discussed above, the children were taken from Mother‘s custody in 2009 and were 

adjudicated dependent and neglected, in part, because of Mother‘s failure to provide a 

stable home. At the termination hearing, Mother described the residences she has lived in

since her children were removed from her custody, all of which she knew were 

uninhabitable before moving into them. Mother admitted during her testimony that, since 

May of 2009, she has only lived in one residence for longer than six months. Just prior to 

her incarceration in 2013, Mother testified that she moved into a home that was ―full of 

mold.‖ Mother was aware of the mold problem prior to moving into this home. 

After Mother was released from prison in 2013, she moved into a rental home. 

Mother admits that she was aware this property had a broken front door, a broken back 

door, and a broken refrigerator and that she moved in despite these deficiencies. Mother 

lived at this location for two months before moving in with a woman with whom Mother 

was incarcerated. Mother does not know why her roommate was incarcerated. Mother 

stated that she plans for the children to reside with her at this house until the repairs on the 

doors and refrigerator are completed at her apartment. Mother testified that she 

eventually wants to move back into a house she bought from her brother in January of 

2014, however, she acknowledged that this house needs extensive repairs and that she is 

not currently residing at that house. 

The trial court found that ―there is no likelihood that the minor children, A.C.S. and 

E.C.R.S., could ever return to [Appellant].‖ From the record, it does not appear that 

Mother is able to establish stable housing, and we conclude that there is clear and 

convincing evidence in the record to support the trial court‘s finding that Mother has failed 

to establish a suitable home.

In addition to the housing issues, the trial court also found that Mother has shown a 

lack of concern for the children. In 2011, DCS was relieved of its obligation to make 

reasonable efforts toward reunification— the sole reason being Mother‘s failure to put 

forth reasonable efforts to avail herself of the services offered. Mother does not appeal the 
11

trial court‘s decision to relieve DCS of its usual obligation to provide reasonable efforts. 

However, the record clearly establishes that in the four months preceding the filing of the 

petition, Mother did not have a stable residence and did not visit the children. In addition, 

Mother‘s failure to arrive on time for the termination hearing demonstrates a continued 

lack of concern for the children. The trial court found that, ―even though this should be 

the most important day of her life, she did not appear in Court at the appointed time, made 

excuses why she wasn‘t there, she did not arrive in Court until 10:45 a.m. . . . and the Court 

finds this series of events  ̳incredible.‘‖ Based on the totality of the circumstances, we 

conclude that there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to support the trial 

court‘s finding that Mother has abandoned these children by failing to establish a suitable 

home, and by demonstrating a continuing lack of concern for them.

3. Substantial Noncompliance with the Permanency Plan

Mother‘s parental rights were also terminated on the ground of failure to 

substantially comply with her responsibilities as set out in the permanency plans. 

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(2) states that the permanency plan must 

be entered ―pursuant to the provisions of title 37, chapter 2, part 4.‖ Section 37-2-402(9) 

defines ―Plan‖ or ―Permanency Plan‖ as ―a written plan for a child placed in foster care 

with the department of children‘s services or in the care of an agency as defined in 

subdivision (3) and as provided in § 37-2-403. . . .‖ Section 37-2-402(3) defines 

―agency‖ as ―a child care agency, as defined in title 71, chapter 3, part 5. . . regardless of 

whether such agency is licensed or approved, and includes the department of children‘s 

services.‖ Further, Section 71-3-501(4) defines ―child care agency‖ as:

a place or facility, regardless of whether it is currently licensed, that is 

operated as a family child care home, a group child care home, a child care 

center, or a drop-in center, as those terms are defined in this part, or that 

provides child care for five (5) or more children who are not related to the 

primary caregiver for three (3) or more hours per day....

Id.

This Court has repeatedly held that when a party ―is relying on substantial 

noncompliance with the permanency plan as a ground for terminating parental rights, it is 

essential that the plan be admitted into evidence.‖ In re A.J.R., No. 

E2006-01140-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 3421284, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 28, 2006) 

(citing Dep't of Children's Services v. D.W.J., No. E2004-02586-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 

1528367, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 29, 2005)). Furthermore, this Court has held that it is

―inappropriate to terminate parental rights based on the ground of substantial 

noncompliance. . . where DCS did not take the child into State protective custody, did not 
12

create a  ̳permanency plan‘ that satisfied the requirements of the statute, did not obtain 

court approval of any permanency plan. . . .‖ In re Kaleb N.F., No.

M2012-00881-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 1087561, at *21 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 12, 2013).

In the instant case, although the trial court provided requirements for Appellant to 

regain custody through a court order dated June 10, 2010, those requirements do not fall 

within the definition of ―permanency plan‖ found in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 

37-2-402(9). Furthermore, the record does not contain a copy of any document satisfying 

the statutory requirement set out above for a permanency plan. We cannot determine 

whether Mother failed to comply with the permanency plan if we do not have access to the 

plan as part of the appellate record. Therefore, we reverse the trial court‘s termination of 

Mother‘s parental rights on the ground of failure to substantially comply with the 

permanency plan under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(2).

4. Persistence of Conditions

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(3) provides that termination of 

parental rights may be based upon persistence of conditions. Persistence of conditions is 

defined as:

(3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by 

order of a court for a period of six (6) months:

(A) The conditions that led to the child‘s removal or other conditions that in 

all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to further 

abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child‘s safe return to the care 

of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;

(B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early 

date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in 

the near future; and 

(C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship greatly 

diminishes the child‘s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and 

permanent home.

Id.

In In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 872 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), this Court held that, 

based upon the statutory text and its historical development, the ground of persistence of 

conditions found in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(3) provides a ground 

for termination of parental rights only where the prior court order removing the child from 

the parent‘s home was based on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or abuse. Here,

by order of September 29, 2009, the trial court found the children to be dependent and 
13

neglected based on Mother‘s use of crack cocaine, her inability to provide a stable home, 

her domestic assault arrest, and the likelihood of severe child abuse. Mother did not 

appeal the dependency and neglect finding by the Juvenile Court of Chester County. 

Since the October 2012 filing of the petition to terminate her parental rights, 

Appellant has not lived in one place for longer than six months. While Appellant did 

complete the Teen Challenge program while incarcerated and tested negative for drugs on 

the day of the hearing, she has been unable to secure stable living conditions or

transportation. In addition, Mother‘s failure to communicate with the children or their 

foster parents since August of 2012 evidences a continuing lack of concern on Mother‘s 

part. In its order, the trial court stated that Mother has exhibited ―a lifetime of neglect of 

the children and [that] the [Appellant‘s] inability or lack of concern for herself and her 

living conditions,‖ and explained that these issues were the reason she has been denied 

visitation and custody, ―not because of one single thing.‖ Further, the trial court found 

that Appellant ―has never had the ability to parent the minor children . . . and will never 

have said ability to parent them.‖ From the totality of the circumstances, it is clear that 

Mother has not improved the majority of the conditions that led to the removal of the 

children; therefore, these conditions persist, making return of the children to Mother‘s 

custody impossible. 

The purpose behind the ―persistence of conditions‖ ground for terminating parental 

rights is ―to prevent the child‘s lingering in the uncertain status of foster child if a parent 

cannot within a reasonable time demonstrate an ability to provide a safe and caring 

environment for the child.‖ In re Arteria H., 326 S.W.3d 167, 178 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010), 

overruled on other grounds by In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533 (Tenn. 2015). The 

children have been in Appellees‘ custody since May of 2009. Although Appellant has had 

six years to improve her living conditions, she has failed to do so. As of December of 

2014, Appellant is temporarily living with an individual she met while incarcerated, 

waiting to get repairs on two other locations. Furthermore, she has not obtained a driver‘s 

license or a job. Based on her own testimony, it appears unlikely that she will be able to 

provide suitable living conditions for the children in the near future. 

 

Finally, the continuation of a parent-child relationship between Mother and the

children will only threaten their ability to permanently integrate into a stable home. It is 

clear from the record that Mother and children have no relationship. Mother cannot even 

remember when she last saw the children, testifying that it was either 2010 or 2011. K.R.

testified that A.C.S. thinks that Mother is his sister. The children have lived in Appellees‘ 

home for the past six years. The children consider Appellees to be their parents and 

Appellees‘ children to be their siblings. Because each of the elements of Tennessee Code 

Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(3) is met by clear and convincing evidence, we conclude that 

conditions persist making it unsafe and unstable for the children to be returned to Mother.
14

5. Severe Child Abuse

Finally, the trial court terminated Appellant‘s parental rights on the ground of 

severe child abuse pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(4). 

Severe child abuse is a ground for termination when a ―parent or guardian has been found 

to have committed severe child as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a 

court...against the child who is the subject of the petition or against any sibling or 

half-sibling of such child....‖ As defined by Tennessee Code Annotated Section 

37-1-102(b)(21)(A)(i), ―severe child abuse‖ is ―the knowing exposure of a child to or the 

knowing failure to protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious 

bodily injury or death....‖ 

On August 11, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on the issue of whether Mother 

had committed severe child abuse. In an order dated September 2, 2011 in the 

dependency and neglect proceedings, the trial court found, by clear and convincing 

evidence, ―that [E.C.R.S.] is a victim of severe abuse as perpetrated by [Mother].‖ In the 

order, the trial court noted that its ―finding of severe abuse is particularly based upon the 

testimony of Dr. Lisa Piercey in which she opined the the child‘s exposure to cocaine 

would constitute severe abuse.‖ Mother argues in her brief that there is no evidence that 

she is the one who exposed E.C.R.S. to cocaine. We note, however, that Mother did not 

appeal the September 2, 2011 order finding that the children were dependent and neglected 

based upon the finding that they were victims of severe child abuse perpetrated by mother.

When a parent does not appeal a finding of severe child abuse, that finding becomes res 

judicata. See In re Eric J.P., No. M2012-02082-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 1788547, at *4 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 24, 2013). Because the adjudication of severe child abuse was not 

appealed, the September 2, 2011 order stands. 

Again, Tennessee Code Annotated 36-1-113(g)(4) provides that severe child abuse 

may be a ground for termination if the parent ―has been found to have committed severe 

child abuse...under any prior order of a court....‖ In light of the September 2, 2011 order, 

severe child abuse was a proper ground for termination of Mother‘s parental rights to 

E.C.R.S. Not only does the adjudication of severe child abuse apply to the victim, but, 

under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(4), it also applies to any siblings 

and half-siblings of the victim. Because A.C.S. is E.C.R.S.‘s half-sibling, this ground 

applies to the termination of Mother‘s parental rights to A.C.S. as well. Because there is a 

prior order in the record finding that mother committed severe child abuse against 

E.C.R.S., and because A.C.S. is a half-sibling of E.C.R.S., we conclude that there is clear 

and convincing evidence to support this ground for termination. Accordingly, we affirm 

the trial court. 
15

C. Best Interests of the Children

When at least one ground for termination of parental rights has been established, the 

petitioner must then prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination of the 

parent‘s rights is in the child‘s best interest. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 1994). When a parent has been found to be unfit upon establishment of a ground 

for termination of parental rights, then ―the interests of parent and child diverge.‖ In re 

Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. The focus shifts to the child‘s best interest. Id. Because 

not all parental conduct is irredeemable, ―Tennessee‘s termination of parental rights 

statutes recognize the possibility that terminating an unfit parent‘s parental rights is not 

always in the child‘s best interest.‖ Id. However, when the interests of the parent and the 

child conflict, courts are to resolve the conflict in favor of the rights and best interest of the 

child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d). ―The child‘s best interest must be viewed from 

the child‘s, rather than the parent‘s, perspective.‖ White, 171 S.W.3d at 194.

The Tennessee Legislature has codified nine factors courts should consider in 

ascertaining the best interest of the child. Applicable factors in this case include, but are 

not limited to:

(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of 

circumstance, conduct, or conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the 

child‘s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment 

after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such 

duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;

(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other 

contact with the child; 

(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established 

between the parent or guardian and the child;

(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to 

have on the child‘s emotional, psychological and medical conditions;

(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent 

or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or 

psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in 

the family or household[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. §36-1-113(i)(1)-(6). This Court has noted that ―this list [of factors] is 

not exhaustive, and the statute does not require a trial court to find the existence of each 

enumerated factor before it may conclude that terminating a parent‘s rights is in the best 

interest of a child.‖ In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). 

Depending on the circumstances of an individual case, the consideration of a single factor 
16

or other factors outside the enumerated, statutory factors may dictate the outcome of the 

best interest analysis. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. 

Additionally, the Tennessee Supreme Court‘s recent opinion in In re Kaliyah S.

states that:

proof of reasonable efforts is not a precondition to termination of parental

rights of a respondent parent. As with other factual findings made in 

connection with the best interest analysis, reasonable efforts must be proven 

by a preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence. 

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861. After making the underlying factual 

findings, the trial court should then consider the combined weight of those 

facts to determine whether they amount to clear and convincing evidence 

that the termination is in the child‘s best interest (citations omitted).

In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 555 (Tenn. 2015). 

In its order, the trial court made several findings concerning the best interests of 

A.C.S. and E.C.R.S. With regard to the first statutory factor, i.e., whether the parent has 

made an adjustment of conditions so as to make it safe and in the child‘s best interest to be 

in the parent‘s home, the trial court found that, throughout these children‘s lives, Mother 

has neglected them and has shown a lack of concern for them. We have previously 

discussed the instability of Mother‘s living conditions and her failure to avail herself of 

opportunities to visit the children and to establish a parent-child relationship. The 

evidence clearly supports the trial court‘s finding that Mother has not made an adjustment 

of circumstances, conduct, or conditions so as to make it safe and in the children‘s best 

interests to be returned to Mother‘s care. 

Concerning the second statutory factor, i.e., ―whether the parent has failed to effect 

a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by social services agencies for such duration of 

time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible,‖ it is clear from the 

record that Mother has consistently failed to make lasting adjustments in her life to ensure 

a stable and safe environment for these children. Mother lost custody of the children 

because of her crack cocaine use and failure to provide a stable home. DCS provided 

assistance to her from May of 2009 until August of 2011, when the trial court relieved DCS 

of its duties because of Mother‘s failure to comply and a lack of effort on her part. Even 

after the filing of the petition to terminate her parental rights, in October of 2012, Mother

made no effort to avail herself of the assistance and opportunities provided to her. The 

trial court found that Mother ―has never had the ability to parent the minor children, A.C.S. 

and E.C.R.S., and will never have said ability to parent them.‖ From the totality of the 

circumstances, there is clear and convincing proof to support the trial court‘s finding
17

regarding this statutory factor.

The trial court also made findings concerning the third factor, i.e., ―whether the 

parent has maintained regular visitation or other contact with the child.‖ Specifically, the 

trial court found that Mother has not maintained regular visitation or contact. Indeed, the 

record shows that Mother has not visited the children since 2011 and has made no effort to 

visit since 2012. As such, factor three supports termination of Mother‘s rights by clear 

and convincing evidence.

With regard to the fourth statutory factor, i.e., ―whether a meaningful relationship 

has otherwise been established between the parent . . . and the child,‖ the trial court found 

that there is not a meaningful relationship between the Mother and the children due to the 

lack of visitation. Mother and children do not have a relationship because she did not 

make efforts to form a bond with the children despite many opportunities to do so. In fact, 

the bond is so tenuous that these children do not recognize her as their Mother. Her failure 

to contact, visit, and support the children has created a situation where reuniting the 

children with her is not an option. According to the evidence, the children, perhaps for the 

first time in their young lives, have stability due to the efforts of the Appellees. The 

upheaval that would result from removing them from this stability would likely have a very 

negative impact on them.

With regard to factor five, i.e., ―the effect a change of caretakers and physical 

environment is likely to have on the child‘s emotional, psychological and medical 

conditions,‖ the trial court‘s findings on this factor support termination of Mother‘s 

parental rights. As discussed above, Appellees have provided the children stability, which 

has resulted in their physical, mental, and academic improvement. The trial court found

by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the best interest of the 

minor children and that it would be devastating beyond repair for them to 

leave the [Appellees] and that it would cause the minor children great harm 

to be removed from the [Appellees] due to the stability they have there and as 

they know no other parents.

Because the children are in a ―loving and nurturing environment‖ with Appellees 

(who seek to adopt them), it would be extremely detrimental to their well-being to be 

removed from a stable environment and placed into Mother‘s care. Since the children‘s 

removal from Mother‘s care in 2009, they have been drug free, have familial relationships 

with the Appellees and the Appellees‘ other foster children, and excel in school. Placing 

the children with the Mother, who is still unstable and lacks a suitable home, would likely 

cause many of the resolved problems to resurface. The evidence clearly and convincingly 

supports the trial court‘s finding, based on factor five, that termination of Mother‘s parental 
18

rights is in the best interest of the children.

 

Concerning factor six, i.e., ―whether the parent or guardian, or other person 

residing with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional, or 

psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or 

household,‖ this factor also weighs in favor of termination of Mother‘s parental rights. 

The adjudication of dependency and neglect in September of 2009, and the trial court‘s 

order finding that E.C.R.S. is a victim of severe child abuse as perpetrated by Mother in 

September 2011 raise serious concerns as to whether reunification would be in the 

children‘s best interests. Placing the children back in a situation where such neglect and 

abuse could occur again is not a risk this Court is willing to take.

From the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that there is clear and 

convincing evidence in the record to support the trial court‘s finding that termination of 

Mother‘s parental rights is in the children‘s best interests.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court‘s termination of Mother‘s 

parental rights on the ground of substantial non-compliance with the permanency plan. 

We affirm the trial court‘s termination of her parental rights on the remaining grounds and 

further find that termination of Mother‘s parental rights is in the children‘s best interest. 

The case is remanded to the trial court for such further proceedings as may be necessary 

and are consistent with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed against Appellant,

M.S. Because Mother is proceeding in forma pauperis in this appeal, execution for costs 

may issue if necessary.

_________________________________

KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE