* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has

determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the

determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). 

The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and

judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,

res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive

value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

December 4, 2007

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JUSTIN B. GERBER,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 06-4269

(D.C. No. 2:06-CV-709-DAK)

(D. of Utah)

ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*

Before HENRY, TYMKOVICH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

Justin B. Gerber, a federal inmate proceeding pro se, seeks a certificate of

appealability (“COA”) to challenge the denial of his habeas corpus petition under

28 U.S.C. § 2255. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). Our jurisdiction arises under

28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. 
1 See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972); Howard v. U. S.

Bureau of Prisons, 487 F.3d 808, 815 (10th Cir. 2007).

-2-

Construing his pro se filings liberally,1 we conclude that Mr. Gerber failed

to make “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id. §

2253(c)(2). Accordingly, we deny Mr. Gerber’s application for a COA and

dismiss the appeal. 

I. BACKGROUND

Pursuant to a plea agreement, Mr. Gerber pleaded guilty to distribution of

methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B). Under

the terms of the plea agreement, Mr. Gerber waived his right to appeal and to 

collaterally attack his sentence. As to the latter, Mr. Gerber specifically agreed to

“knowingly, voluntarily and expressly waive [his] right to challenge [the]

sentence, and the manner in which the sentence is determined, in any collateral

review motion, writ or other procedure, including but not limited to a motion

brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.” See Statement by Defendant in Advance of

Plea of Guilty at 4 (Nov. 29, 2004) (attached as Ex. B to Pet. Mem. of P. & A. in

Supp. of Mot. to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence) [hereinafter Statement by

Defendant]. After accepting Mr. Gerber’s plea agreement, the district court

sentenced him to 84 months’ imprisonment, followed by a term of 48 months’

supervised release. 
-3-

Despite the plea agreement’s waiver language, Mr. Gerber filed a notice of

appeal. He argued that “the district court erred in calculating his criminal history

category, and that the sentence imposed [wa]s unreasonable because the trial

judge applied the sentencing guidelines to the exclusion of other factors which

should have been considered pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553.” United States v.

Gerber, Case No. 05-4080, at 2 (10th Cir. Jan. 3, 2006). 

The government filed a motion to enforce the plea agreement’s appeal

waiver. In response, Mr. Gerber argued that “his appeal [wa]s not within the

scope of the waiver and that to enforce the waiver would result in a miscarriage

of justice.” Id. We concluded that Mr. Gerber’s arguments lacked merit. 

Accordingly, we granted the government’s motion and dismissed Mr. Gerber’s

appeal. 

Mr. Gerber next sought to collaterally attack his sentence under 28 U.S.C. §

2255, claiming that his attorney’s conduct in relation to the sentencing proceeding

was constitutionally ineffective under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668

(1984). Put succinctly, Mr. Gerber predicated his Strickland argument on his

attorney’s failure to argue for a downward adjustment to his Guidelines offense

level for his role in the offense, pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 3B1.2,

after his attorney allegedly promised Mr. Gerber that he would make this

argument. Mr. Gerber described this circumstance as his attorney’s failure to
-4-

present his “alternate defense.” See, e.g., Pet. Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot.

to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence at 2-3 (dated Aug. 18, 2006) [hereinafter

Mem. of P. & A. Mot. to Vacate]. 

Mr. Gerber acknowledged the collateral-attack waiver provision of his plea

agreement. Citing our decision in United States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179

(10th Cir. 2001), however, Mr. Gerber contended that he was not bound by the

waiver “because he entered into the Plea Agreement upon believing that [his

attorney] would file a pre-sentencing motion for a mitigating role adjustment . . .

and because of believing that his former attorney would present this crucial

alternate defense [at the sentencing proceeding].” Mem. of P. & A. Mot. to

Vacate at 3-4.

The district court concluded that the collateral-attack waiver provision of

Mr. Gerber’s plea agreement was “valid and enforceable” and barred his

sentencing challenge. R., Vol. I, Doc. 3, at 3 (Dist. Ct. Order, dated Oct. 13,

2006) [hereinafter Dist. Ct. Order]. It noted that Mr. Gerber “d[id] not argue that

entering into his plea was unknowing or involuntary.” Id. at 2. Further, electing

to reach the merits, the court found that the conduct of Mr. Gerber’s attorney was

not constitutionally deficient – he acted “within the wide latitude this court must

give counsel to make tactical decisions for their clients” under Strickland. Id. at

3. Mr. Gerber timely sought a COA from this court. 
-5-

II. DISCUSSION

Federal law requires a defendant to first obtain a COA before appealing the

denial of a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct a sentence under 28 U.S.C. §

2255. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1). This mandate is jurisdictional. See Miller-El

v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003) (noting COA review is distinct from a

merits review of petition). In order to obtain a COA, Mr. Gerber must make “a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. §

2253(c)(2). 

Where the district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds, as

well as on the merits of the underlying constitutional claim, a petitioner must

show that reasonable jurists would find debatable both (1) whether the petition

states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right, and (2) whether the

district court was correct in its procedural ruling. Cf. Slack v. McDaniel, 529

U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (where district court reached only the procedural issue,

holding that petitioner must establish that the court’s rulings on both that issue

and the merits are reasonably debatable). The Supreme Court has instructed

courts to resolve the procedural issue first. Id. at 485 (citing Ashwander v. TVA,

297 U.S. 288, 347 (1936)).

In seeking a COA, Mr. Gerber asserts a violation of the Sixth Amendment

based on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. In particular, Mr. Gerber’s
-6-

application outlines two reasons for granting a COA: (1) his attorney’s alleged

“failure to seek a reduction” in Mr. Gerber’s sentence under U.S. Sentencing

Guidelines § 3B1.2 based upon his “minor participation in the offense”; and (2)

his attorney’s alleged “failure to conduct a reasonable investigation into the facts

and circumstances relevant to the minor participation issue.” See Application for

COA at 2 (dated Feb. 2, 2007).

“[A] waiver of collateral attack rights brought under § 2255 is generally

enforceable where the waiver is expressly stated in the plea agreement and where

both the plea and the waiver were knowingly and voluntarily made.” United

States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179, 1183 (10th Cir. 2001). There is, however,

an exception to this rule – where the § 2255 petition is “based on ineffective

assistance of counsel claims challenging the validity of the plea or the waiver.” 

Id. at 1187. 

The district court reasoned that the collateral-attack waiver provision of

Mr. Gerber’s plea agreement barred his action, because the waiver provision was

clearly set out in the plea agreement and Mr. Gerber did not allege that his plea

was unknowing or involuntary. In particular, regarding the plea agreement, the

district court noted that Mr. Gerber “acknowledged that he understood its

contents.” Dist. Ct. Order at 3. The Cockerham exception did not apply,

reasoned the district court, because Mr. Gerber’s “sole basis for challenging his
-7-

sentence” related to his attorney’s sentencing-related conduct involving “the

omission of []his alternate defense.” Id. at 2 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

In other words, in the district court’s view, the Cockerham exception was not

implicated because Mr. Gerber’s allegations of ineffective assistance did not

involve his attorney’s conduct in the negotiation of the plea agreement or its

collateral-attack waiver. 

We conclude that Mr. Gerber has failed to show that the district court’s

determination that the collateral-attack waiver bars his action is reasonably

debatable. We do not need reach the merits of Mr. Gerber’s constitutional claims,

and we decline to do so.

 The two grounds on which Mr. Gerber seeks COA – relating to his

attorney’s allegedly deficient conduct in connection with his sentencing

proceeding – fall squarely within the broad scope of Mr. Gerber’s collateralattack waiver. They challenge the propriety of Mr. Gerber’s sentence and, at least

conceivably, the manner in which his sentence was determined. And, because

these claims do not specifically question the representation of Mr. Gerber’s

counsel concerning the negotiation of, or Mr. Gerber’s entry into, the plea

agreement or collateral-attack waiver, they do not directly implicate the

Cockerham exception. As to these two grounds, this exception is inapposite. 
-8-

However, construing Mr. Gerber’s pro se pleadings liberally, our analysis

cannot end there. Although Mr. Gerber expressly sought COA on only the two

grounds noted above, Mr. Gerber does appear to argue with reference to

Cockerham that his guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered

because of his counsel’s ineffective advice during the plea process. Specifically,

one may reasonably construe Mr. Gerber’s pleadings as asserting that Mr. Gerber

was induced to enter into the plea agreement – and, more specifically, to sign off

on the collateral-attack waiver – by his attorney’s ultimately-hollow promise that

he would seek a downward adjustment to Mr Gerber’s sentencing offense level

based upon his role in the offense. See, e.g., Mem. of P. & A. Mot. to Vacate at

2-3. 

 Furthermore, contrary to the district court, we conclude that Mr. Gerber

did raise this challenge to the knowing and voluntary nature of his plea in his §

2255 motion. On appeal, in his tendered Opening Brief, Mr. Gerber leaves no

doubt that he disputes the knowing and voluntary nature of his guilty plea:

Petitioner submits his plea was only made knowing and voluntary

upon the advice of counsel in that he would make a mitigating role

adjustment argument for minor participant at sentencing. Failure to

meet this obligation rendered the plea waiver unknowing and

involuntary, for the simple fact that this pivotal concession is the

only reason defendant agreed to enter into such a waiver. 

Aplt. Opening Br. at 9. 
-9-

In our treatment of pro se habeas pleadings seeking COA, where a

collateral-attack waiver is in place, it seems that a petitioner’s failure to expressly

identify counsel’s plea-related ineffectiveness as a proposed COA ground has not

been treated as a fatal misstep under Cockerham, so as long as petitioner’s

pleadings otherwise raised that ineffectiveness claim. Cf. United States v.

Clingman, 288 F.3d 1183, 1185-86 (10th Cir. 2002) (where petitioner expressly

complained in his § 2255 motion that counsel “failed to move to dismiss the

indictment on speedy trial grounds” and “failed to investigate” a “viable defense”

related to defendant’s work as a confidential informant, court concluded from

review of the pleadings that the gravamen of petitioner’s objection was that “he

received inadequate advice from his trial counsel regarding speedy trial rights and

the alleged confidential informant defense” and, thus, the collateral-attack waiver

did not bar his claim). 

In any event, we need not definitively speak to the import of Mr. Gerber’s

failure to expressly identify as a COA ground his counsel’s alleged plea-related

ineffectiveness. Because, even if that ineffectiveness claim were properly eligible

for COA consideration, we would conclude that a COA grant is not warranted. 

We have held that when defense counsel provides erroneous sentencing

information to a client, that conduct, standing alone, does not render a plea

involuntary. See Wellnitz v. Page, 420 F.2d 935, 936-37 (10th Cir. 1970) (per
2 To be sure, “if an attorney recklessly promises his client that a

specific sentence will follow upon a guilty plea, or otherwise unfairly holds out

an assurance of leniency in exchange for a confession of guilt, the question may

arise . . . whether such representation may be deemed constitutionally

ineffective.” Wellnitz, 420 F.2d at 936. Mr. Gerber’s ineffective-representation

allegations, however, do not suggest that his counsel acted recklessly or in an

unfair manner.

3 Indeed, the reasoning of Bridges and Cortez would appear to apply

with even greater force here, because in those cases defense counsel allegedly

promised sentencing outcomes – that is, guaranteed that the sentencing court

would render a specific desired sentence. Bridges, 68 F. App’x at 900 (where

defendant alleged “his attorney promised him . . . he would receive no more than

a 60 month sentence”); Cortez, 31 F. App’x at 619 (where the “key issue raised

by” the defendant was “whether Ms. Greek [defendant’s attorney] promised Mr.

Cortez a three-year sentence to induce his assent to the waiver”). Such promises

certainly would seem to be more likely to persuade a defendant to plead guilty

than what Mr. Gerber contends was at work here: a promise from defense counsel

to seek court action regarding a sentencing variable, with no guarantee that in

fact the court would take the desired action. Nonetheless, after reviewing the plea

paperwork and the colloquy, the Bridges and Cortez panels of our court rejected

defendants knowing-and-voluntary challenges. The same result should obtain

(continued...)

-10-

curiam).2 In particular, we have turned aside defendants’ challenges to the

knowing and voluntary nature of their pleas or plea waivers, where the challenges

are predicated on their defense counsel’s purported pre-plea sentencing promises,

when their plea paperwork and colloquies clearly belied their challenges. See

United States v. Bridges, 68 F.App’x 896, 900 (10th Cir. 2003); United States v.

Cortez, 31 F.App’x 611, 617-18 (10th Cir. 2002); see also United States v.

Aparicio, 214 F. App’x 866, 868 (10th Cir. 2007). 

We discern nothing to suggest that Mr. Gerber’s claim should lead to a

different result.3

 Mr. Gerber’s plea agreement and the change-of-plea colloquy
3

(...continued)

here.

4 The government attached the transcript of Mr. Gerber’s change of

plea proceeding to its motion to enforce, which was filed in relation to Mr.

Gerber’s prior appeal, Case No. 05-4080. We have exercised our discretion and

taken judicial notice of this transcript. See United States v. Ahidley, 486 F.3d

1184, 1192 n.5 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e may exercise our discretion to take

judicial notice of publicly-filed records in our court . . . concerning matters that

bear directly upon the disposition of the case at hand.”), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct.

424 (2007).

-11-

leave no room for doubt that Mr. Gerber entered into his plea agreement

knowingly and voluntarily. Statement by Defendant at 4-7; Tr. of Change of Plea

Hearing at 6-11, 14.4

 More specifically, at the change-of-plea hearing, the district

court engaged in a clear discussion with Mr. Gerber concerning his waiver of

appellate and collateral-attack rights. Tr. of Change of Plea Hearing at 8 (Mr.

Gerber responding affirmatively when asked by the court: “[Y]ou are waiving

your right to appeal or either directly or indirectly attack your sentence. Do you

understand that?”(emphasis added)). 

Indeed, both in his plea agreement and before the district court, Mr. Gerber

represented that no promises had been made to him (other than those found in the

agreement) to induce him to plead guilty. Id. at 14 (Mr. Gerber responding, “No,

sir,” when asked by the court: “Has anyone made any promises to you in

connection with your guilty plea other than those we have talked about here

today?”); Statement by Defendant at 7 (Mr. Gerber stating, “No threats or

promises of any sort have been made to me to induce me or to persuade me to
-12-

enter this plea.”). Therefore, even if it could be said that Mr. Gerber was enticed

to plead guilty by his attorney’s allegedly hollow assurances that he would argue

for a reduction in his offense level, we are satisfied that Mr. Gerber knowingly

and voluntarily entered his guilty plea. 

Thus, having concluded that Mr. Gerber’s plea was knowing and voluntary,

and that the two issues he seeks to raise are within the scope of his collateralattack waiver, we hold that Mr. Gerber is barred by his plea agreement from

raising a Sixth Amendment challenge to his counsel’s effectiveness. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Mr. Gerber’s COA application and

DISMISS his appeal. 

Entered for the Court

Jerome A. Holmes

Circuit Judge