A111D3 QflfiTSD

NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

Abstracted Reports and Articles of the

HUD Modular Integrated Utility Systems

(MIUS) Program

^BS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 489

A111 03088950

/Abstracted reports and articles of the

I QC100 ul? N6.489, 1977 C.I NBS-PUB-C 19 Jg^^g

National Bureau of Standards

prepared for DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT

Office of Policy Development and Research

Solid Waste

Waste Water
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and

technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the

Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research — Laboratory Astrophysics- — Cryogenics' — Electromagnetics" — Time and Frequency'.

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' Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersbuig, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

' Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.
OF STANDARDS

. UBRABY

SEP 1 1977

Abstracted Reports and Articles of the not

HUD Modular Integrated Utility Systems

(MIUS) Program j^^

/f 77

J.D. Ryan and B. Reznek, Editors ^

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Prepared For

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

(/ ^NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued August 1977
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 489

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 489, 153 pages (Aug. 1977) CODEN. XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1977

For sale by the Supcrintcnilcnt of Documents, U.S. Go^'ernincnt Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

Price $3—Stock No. 003-003-01830-9
FORWORD

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is conducting the

Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) Program to develop and demonstrate the advantages of integrating community systems for providing

utility services. The utility services include electric power, heating

and cooling, potable water, liquid waste treatment and solid waste

management. The objective of the MIUS concept is to provide the desired

utility services consistent with reduced use of critical natural resources, protection of the environment and minimization of cost.

Under HUD direction, several agencies are participating in the HUD-MIUS

Program including the Energy Research and Development Administration,

Department of Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of

Health, Education and Welfare, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and National Bureau of Standards. The National Academy of

Engineering has provided an independent assessment of the Program.

Drafts of technical documents are reviewed by the agencies participating

in the HUD-MIUS Program. The draft of this publication received such

a review and all comments were resolved with HUD.

The HUD-MIUS Program and its related activities has been underway at

HUD since 1970. This publication provides a means to access the large

amount of material prepared to date by this effort. HUD and the

National Bureau of Standards will continue their collection and dissemination of information in support of the continuing Program, now

moving into the demonstration and implementation phases. This publication will be updated in the future to insure that those concerned with

MIUS technology are able to keep abreast of available reports.

Ernest Ambler, Acting Direator

National Bureau of Standards

CONTENTS

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Quality Control of HUD-MIUS Reports 1

1.2 Classification of Reports 2

1.3 Format for Report Listing 3

1.4 Availability and Procurement 4

2. PROGRA^l/ CONCEPT DESCRIPTION REPORTS 7

3. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS REPORTS 37

4. TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION REPORTS 71

5. HARDWARE EVALUATION & DEMONSTRATION REPORTS 125

V
LIST OF ACRONYMS

AAAS - American Association for the Advancement of Science; 1515

Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005

ACES - Annual Cycle Energy System

AEC - Atomic Energy Commission (also see ERDA)

AIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 1290 Avenue

of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019

AIChE - American Institute of Chemical Engineerings; United Engineering

Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Engineers; United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street,

New York, N.Y. 10017

ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers; United Engineering

Center; 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017

CBD - Central Business District

COSMIC - Computer Software Management Information Center, Barrow Hall

University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30601

DSC - Decision Sciences Corporation

"E-CUBE" - "Energy-Equipment-Economics" (Computer Program)

EIS - Environmental Impact Statement

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency; 401 M Street, S.W., Washington,

D.C. 20460

ERDA - Energy Research and Development Administration (also see AEC)

;

20 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20545

ESOP - Energy Systems Optimization Program (for computer)

FAQS - Federal Air Quality Standards

GPO - (U.S.) Government Printing Office

HEW - (U.S. Department of) Health, Education and Welfare; 330 Independenc

Avenue, S.W. , Washington, D.C, 20201

HUD - (U.S. Department of) Housing (and) Urban Development; 451 7th St.

S.W., Washington, D.C. 20410

HVAC - Heating, Ventilating (and) Air Conditioning

vi
IDHA - International District Heating Association

lECEC - Intersoclety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers; United

Engineering Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017

lUS - Integrated Utility System

lUSB - Integrated Utility Systems Board (of NAE)

JSC - (Lyndon B.) Johnson Space Center (of NASA); also see NASA and USPO

LHV - Lower Heating Value (of a fuel)

MIST - MIUS Integration and Subsystems Test (laboratory)

MIUS - Modular Integrated Utility Systems

NAE -' National Academy (of) Engineering

NAS - National Academy (of) Science

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (also see JSC and

USPO); 600 Independence Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20546

NBS - National Bureau of Standards (U.S. Department of Commerce);

Washington, D.C. 20234

NBSLD -. NBS's Load Determination (Program for Computer)

NOx - Nitrogen Oxides

NTIS - National Technical Information Service

ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Operated by Union Carbide Corp.

for AEC and its successor ERDA) ; P.O. Box "X"; Oak Ridge, Tenn.

37830

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration; 200 Constitution

Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210

SINDA - Systems Improved Numerical Differencing Analyzer

SMSA - Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area

SRR - Systems Requirements Review

T.A. - Technology Assessment

T.E. - Total Energy

vll
TES - Thermal Energy Storage

USPO - Urban Systems Project Office (also see NASA and JSC)

viii
Abstracted Reports and Articles

of the HUD Modular Integrated

Utility Systems (MIUS) Program

J.D.Ryan and B.Reznek

ABSTRACT

This document provides a complete listing of reports and articles relating to the HUD-MIUS Program. Reports from 1970 through August, 1976 are

included. The entry for each report contains an abstract and other pertinent information, including procurement sources and procedures. Reports are presented by 4 general subject categories: Program and Concept Description, Systems Analysis, Technology Evaluation, and Hardware

Evaluation and Demonstration. The reports are further classified into

3 publication/availability categories: government publications (Published Reports), non-government publications and articles (Outside Publications) and unpublished reports and data (Open-File Reports).

Keywords: Abstracted reports and articles; HUD Modular Integrated

Utility Systems (MIUS) program; total energy; utility systems.

1 . INTRODUCTION

This is a list of abstracted reports and articles of the HUD-MIUS Program and its HUD-sponsored related activities in the area of T.E. Systems. This list includes all formal publications and selected unpublished

reports which are accessible in the files of agencies participating in

the MIUS Program. Significant articles and reports concerning MIUS

which were published outside the Program are also included. Agency

press releases, newspaper articles and new items in periodical publications are generally excluded, as are reports which are not a direct part

of HUD-MIUS Program.

1.1 Quality Control of HUD-MIUS Reports

In order to merit recognition as a formal HUD-MIUS Program publication

through use of the HUD-MIUS logo on the cover, documents are subjected

to certain quality control procedures. HUD has established the Coordinated Technical Review (CTR) process to serve as the formal mechanism

for quality control of HUD-MIUS documentation. During the preparation

of formal reports, draft reports are submitted to all participating

agencies for review. Comments are received and assembled by NBS into a CTR for resolution by the group preparing the report. Unresolved com- ments are included separately in the foreword to the final published report, along with a brief statement describing the CTR process.

Almost all formal published documents of the HUD-MIUS Program have com- pleted the CTR process. In a few instances, in which reports were of a very detailed nature, comments were provided by peer groups outside the

HUD-MIUS Program as an informal alternative to the CTR process. In a

1
few other cases, the need for timely publication meant that the CTR process was curtailed before the document revision process was completed.

Documents prepared before the existence of the HUD-MIUS Program (prior to

mld-1972) were published without a formal multi-agency review process although normal Intra-agency review procedures were usually followed.

1.2 Classification of Reports

To facilitate accessing the report entries, the reports and articles are classified by subject matter Into four categories representing the type

of effort or program phase under which the report was prepared. Separate

sections of this list are devoted to each of the categories and within

each of these four sections, the abstracts are listed In reverse chronological order. The categories are defined and explained as follows:

Program & Concept Description - these reports provide background on

the goals and objectives of the HUD-MIUS Program Including program

structure, approach, schedules and relationships with other federal

agency programs. Also provided are the technical rationale, estimated

Impacts and Implementation considerations.

Systems Analysis - these reports provide data and evaluations

of MIUS systems, subsystems or components usually In terms of

the economic, environmental or energy conservation aspects of

a MIUS serving community utility loads for a typical year.

Trade-offs and systems' effects of various equipment configurations, climates, loads, types of buildings are often presented. .

Technology Evaluation - these reports generally focus on a particular subsystem or component which could be part of a MIUS.

Surveys of equipment availability with performance data and costs are included in this category along with more generic studies

and surveys of control systems, computer methods and performance

specifications. These reports provide basic data and methodologies

for Systems Analysis work.

Hardware Evaluation and Demonstration - these reports deal with

one of three projects: the NBS-conducted HUD-MIUS Total Energy

full-scale Demonstration in Jersey City, N. J. ; the ORNL-conducted

coal-fired MIUS laboratory and pilot plant research in Oak Ridge,

TN; and the NASA- conducted MIST test-bed research on MIUS subsystems & components at JSC, Houston, TX. Reports provide overall

goals, test plans, schedules and progress as well as actual

research and evaluations.

Several documents could be classified into more than one subject category.

This is particularly true of reports dealing with Hardware Evaluation & Demonstration, since some of these reports are technology evaluation or systems analysis studies conducted prior to obtaining actual research results. Such reports are kept in the Hardware Evaluation & Demonstration

category. Overall, care has been exercised to properly classify documents

into subject category by the major thrust of the document with an eye

2
towards the various users of this list & how their interests are likely

to channel.

The reports and articles in this list also have been classified into

three major classifications corresponding to availability. The classifications are described below:

Published Reports (P) ; publications and reports made available

through established government document sources. The reports include those prepared by Federal agency staff personnel and those

prepared by others under contract. Most publications in this

classification have completed either the HUD-MIUS CTR process or

an outside technical review.

Outside Publication (PO) : reports and articles published by non- government organizations. Articles include those by agency staff

personnel and those authored by others (often largely based on interviews and material supplied by HUD-MIUS participants). These

reports and articles are published in technical periodicals, re- search journals, professional society transactions and other nongovernment sources. Most items in this classification have not

been subjected to the technical review process.

Open-File Reports (OF) ; unpublished reports that are being made

available, for reference only, at certain agency offices/libraries.

These reports are of limited interest outside the Program. In

many cases they provide detailed data and calculations which are summarized in formal published reports. These OF's may also be

of an incomplete or informal nature, unreviewed and not intended

for formal publication and widespread outside distribution.

Most of these items have not been subjected to a technical review

process

1.3 Format for Report Listing

One numbered page is generally devoted to each report. The following

information is provided:

Title

*Author (s)

Date of Issuance

^Document Prepared By

^Responsible Organization (s)

^Procurement Source; Accession No.

Other Identification

Total Pages

Total References Cited

Classification of Document

Abstract

* items are explained on the following pages

3
Author (s) ; Indicates authorship as stated on the report.

Where no entry is made, no author is cited in the report.

Document Prepared By : indicates the organizational affiliation of the author or the organization which prepared the report

in the case of anonymous authorship.

Responsible Organization : indicates the HUD-MIUS participating

agency which sponsored a report prepared mainly by others

under contract. This item is left blank for all reports other

than outside consultant /contractor reports.

Procurement Source; Accession Number : indicates the procurement source and accession number for obtaining reports. Detailed information is provided in Availability and Procurement

Notes. For Open-File Reports, this item is entitled: Reference

Source; Accession Number to properly indicate that physical

procurement is often not possible, but the reports are available

for review and reference.

l.A Availability and Procurement Notes

Published Reports are available from either the GPO or from NTIS , as indicated under the Procurement Source item. The number following the source acronym is the one to be used in ordering the report from the

indicated source.

Those reports indicated as being available from GPO are available only

while still in print. Once they are out of print, they may be obtained

from NTIS. Orders for GPO publications should be made out to:

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402

Remittances for publications should be by coupon, postal money order,

express money order or check. Postage stamps will not be accepted.

Publications cannot be mailed before remittances are received. Foreign

remittances should be made either by international money order or draft

on an American bank.

The letter symbol, publication number, full title of the publication,

SD catalog number, and SD stock number MUST be given when ordering.

The Superintendent of Documents allows a discount of 25 percent on orders of 100 or more copies of one publication. Persons who make re- quent purchases from the Superintendent of Documents may find a deposit

account convenient. Deposits of $25 or more are accepted, against which

orders may be placed without making individual remittances or first

obtaining quotations. Order blanks are furnished for this purpose.

After the order has been processed, the order itself is returned, showing the publications supplied, explanations regarding those not sent,

the amount of charge, and the balance on deposit.

4
No charge is made for postage on documents sent to points in the United

States and its possessions. In computing foreign postage, add one- fourth of the price of the publication to cover the cost of shipping

and handling charges.

Those reports indicated as being available from NTIS can be obtained in

either a paper copy (PC) or microfiche (MF) form. The size of the microfiche film sheet is 105. x 148.75 mm (about 4x6 inches). Orders for

publications should be made out to:

National Technical Information Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

Springfield, VA 22161

Orders for publications purchased from NTIS can be prepaid or billed

later. Please note that if an order is not accompanied by payment, an additional $5.00 ship and bill charge will be added. Orders can also

be charged to American Express Card accounts, please provide card expiration date, account number and authorized signature. Detailed information concerning NTIS can be obtained directly from NTIS. It is advisable to call (703) 557-4660 to establish prices prior to ordering.

Normal delivery time takes three to five weeks. It is vital that items

be ordered by number or the order will be manually filled, insuring delay. You can opt for airmail delivery for a $1.00 charge per item.

For fastest service, call the NTIS Rush Handling Service, (703) 557-

4700. For a $10.00 charge per item, and order will be airmailed within

48 hours. Or, you can pick up an order at the Washington Information

Center & Bookstore or at the NTIS Springfield Operations Center within 24 hours for a $6.00 per item charge. Orders may also be placed by

telephone or TELEX. The order desk number is (703) 557-4650 and the

TELEX number is 89-9405.

Outside Publication Reports and articles may be obtained from the publishing organization, subject to availability. Articles which are un- available can often be purchased at a nominal price through library

lending/duplication services or from the Library of Congress Photoduplication Service; information about this latter source may be obtained from:

Photoduplication Service

Library of Congress

Washington, D.C. 20540

Open-File Reports are available for reference only, during regular

office hours, at certain HUD-MIUS participating agency offices and/or

libraries. These reports may not be removed from these locations.

The individual researcher may be able to make copies of a limited a- mount of this material depending on circumstances. The National Bureau

of Standards maintains a complete file of all HUD-MIUS Program Open

File reports. Other agencies participating in the program maintain

a reference file of the reports for which they were responsible. This

5
is indicated in the Reference Source items. To obtain access to the

reports please contact the following, as indicated below. For any (OF)

Reports in this list:

C.W.Phillips

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg , Maryland (location)

Washington, D.C. 20234 (mail)

For those (OF) Reports for which NASA-JSC is indicated as the Reference

Source

H. E. Benson

Systems Evaluation Office

National Aeronautics & Space Administration

Johnson Space Center

Clear Lake City, Texas (location)

Houston, Texas 77058 (mail)

For those (OF) Reports for which HUD is indicated as the Reference

Source

Jerome H. Rothenberg

Division of Energy, Building Technology

and Standards Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

451 7th St. S.W. , Rm. 8158

Washington, D.C. 20410

For those (OF) Reports for which ORNL is indicated as the Reference

Source

W. R.Mixon

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box X

Bldg. 3550

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

6
2. PROGRAM/CONCEPT

DESCRIPTION REPORTS

7

TITLE: Recycling Energy through Modular Integrated Utility Systems

AUTHOR(S) : J. Rothenberg

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: "HUD Challenge", Volume VII, No. 6, June 1976;

pages 8&9

TOTAL PAGES: 2 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT

This article by the HUD-MIUS Program Manager concisely reviews the

"historical" background, goals and on-going projects that are associated

with the MIUS programs.

It states that MIUS goals are intended to provide for:

a) options in the provision of utility services for urban/suburban

development

b) more efficient utilization of energy and other resource;

c) reducing the total cost of utilities;

d) improving the quality of the environment.

9
TITLE: Integrating Community Utilities

AUTHOR(S): J.R. Schaefgen

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/NBS

P^SPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; PB-256898

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Proceedings of the Third National Conferences on Complete Water Reuse; Cincinnati, Ohio; June 27-30, 1976; LCC //76-21203

TOTAL PAGES: 19 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 9 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

The paper broadly describes the roles played by separate conventional

utility services in the generation of electricity, wastewater and potable

water treatment and solid waste disposal. The application of MIUS con- cepts in the integration of these same utilities is explained.

MIUS performance requirements^ as compared to those of "conventional"

utilities^ are stated to include conservation of fuel and other

natural resources, reduction of environmental degradation, decreasing

the total public costs, satisfactory reliability, capability for keepingup with community development and greater flexibility during intensive

land development projects.

It is pointed out that the greater benefits of a MIUS result from the

strong integration of the electrical and thermal subsystems. Several

studies are briefly summarized to illustrate the integratiion principles.

The. water treatment aspects of MIUS are stated to include the potential

for water conservation through water reuse. Wastewater that has

received advance treatment can be reused for such end purposes as lawnwatering, fire-fighting, MIUS and industrial process applications and

recreational facilities.

An active project in its initial states is described, which is intended

to demonstrate MIUS benefits to prospective users of MIUS installations.

!

10

I
TITLE: A New Look at Modular Integrated Utility Systems (MIUS)

AUTHOR (S): W.R. Mixon

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3rd. Quarter, 1975

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "District Heating" Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 8-11; Keynote Address at IDHA

66th. Annual Conference in Skytop, Penn. on June 23, 1975

total pages: ^ total references cited: 3 class. of document: (po)

abstract"!

This "keynote address" summarizes the objectives and scope of the entire

MIUS program. The primary objectives are delineated, a list of the

various government and private professional group participants is given

and selected analytical results are presented. A series of concluding

statements concisely summarizes the advantages and limitations of MIUS,

with the net balance said to distinctly favor the MIUS concept.

11
TITLE: IlIUS: Darkhorse in the Nation's Energy Future?

AUTHOR(S): M.D. Zimmerman (Editor)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: klYl ll'b

DOCU>IENT PREPARED BY: "Machine Design" Magazine

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "M.D." Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 20-25; V. 47, //9

TOTAL PAGES: 5 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

This article is a semi-technical summary of T.E. and MIUS . It covers

the history and basic MIUS concepts and the roles played by the major

participants in the HUD programs which are investigating MIUS feasibility. A selection of generalized dataj in percentage format^ is cited

to illustrate the limitations and potentialities of the concepts.

12
TITLE: MIUS Utilities Breakthrough

AUTHOR(S) : D. Koral (Editor)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/74 + 1/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: "Building Systems Design" Magazine

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "B.S.D." Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 5-12; V. 72, #1

TOTAL PAGES: 8 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

This article presents the MIUS concepts, highlights its most prominent

characteristics, and outlines the potential utility of MIUS to architects, developer /builders , engineers, management personnel concerned

with utilities and their regulation^ and manufacturers of equipment that

is likely to be used in a MIUS.

The paper contains a description of a HUD- implemented T.E. plant at

Jersey City, N.J. which includes a cost summary, a listing of major

equipment and their suppliers, and flow plus schematic diagrams of its

automatic vacuum-collection system.

A concise summary is provided for the major subsystems applicable for

"near-term" MIUS installations.

13
TITLE: Modular Integrated Utility Systems

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1974

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. ; GPO;2300-00268

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD-PDR-29-14

TOTAL PAGES: 21 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (P)

I ABSTRACT |

This brochure presents the MIUS concept, highlighting its most prominent

characteristics, and outlines the potential utility of MIUS to architects, developers, builders, manufacturers, engineer, and management

personnel concerned with utilities and their regulation.

14
TITLE: Total Energy Systems

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : GPO; 023-000-00284-1

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD-381-PDR

TOTAL PAGES: 17 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 2 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I abstract"!

This booklet describes the total energy concept and its potential use

to housing developers, local government officials and others concerned

with efficient use of energy resources. The role of HUD in demonstrating and evaluating Total Energy through a demonstration facility

in New Jersey is decribed. The MIUS concept is introduced as a further development of the T.E. concept.

15
TITLE: Evaluating Integrated Utility Systems

AUTHOR (S)

:

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/74 (Reprinted, with corrections, 12/75)

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: lUSB of NRC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : HUD

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PB-238765

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD-PDR-77 (2) ; HUD Contract H-1875

TOTAL PAGES: 122 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 59 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (P)

ABSTRACT

[NOTE: This report derives from a study approved by the Executive

Committee of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) . Members of

the study committee who conducted the project and prepared the report were selected for recognized competence and with due consideration for

the balance of disciplines concerned].

Four major areas were surveyed by NAE's Integrated Utility Systems

Board (lUSB) in preparing this report. These areas were: A) a determination of the technical feasibility of complete systems, components

and subsystems; B) an evaluation of alternative concepts with regard

to costs, environmental impact, energy savings and other criteria;

C) the identification of potential institutional constraints/incentives

which might impede or encourage implementation; D) a formulation of

effective plans and strategies for conducting demonstrations. A

detailed list of the Board's "Findings and Recommendations" is included

as part of the Report.

An evaluation of lUS is included which covers the HUD-MIUS Program,

MIUS benefits and limitations, the various institutional parameters

that play a part, and proposed MIUS "demonstrations" . Additionally

there is a sioramary of MIUS Technology which deals with energy

systems, solid-waste management and liquid-waste treatment.

16
TITLE: Energy Systems for Development

AUTHOR(S): J. A. Orlando; D.R. Limaye

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/Mathematlca , Inc. (Philadelphia, Pa.)

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Instrument Society of America

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Part 2 of Proceedings of Pittsburgh Conference

on Modeling & Simulation; University of Pittsburgh; April 24-26, 1974;

pp. 673-678

TOTAL PAGES: 6 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 4 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT j

Historically the United States has been a nation of continued development and growth. Recently, because of increased concern for the environmental impact of development and overall economic downturns, that growth

has been essentially arrested. One major problem, even at a slowed

development pace, is that of providing adequate utility services at

maximum efficiency and minimal impact.

This paper discusses one solution to the above problem*, the MIUS concept. This is a concept being advanced by HUD which includes T.E.

Systems with onsite water and waste processing systems. The integration

of all utility needs into a single on-site system permits "waste" from

one subsystem to be used in a second subsystem. For example, excess heat from the power generation subsystem is used for building heating

and cooling; solid wastes are used as a fuel for heating and cooling

or for sewage sludge incineration. In addition to increased

efficiency, MIUS minimizes environmental impact by confining, treating

and utilizing "wastes" at the source.

The paper describes the nature of a MIUS system, reports on analytic

investigations of its economics and describes some of the institutional

problems which offer impedements to its widespread use.

17
TITLE: HUD Energy Conservation Research

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGAlvIIZATION(S) :

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Institute of Gas Technology (Chicago,

Illinois); Session VII, paper no. 5

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Proceedings of the Third Conferences on Natural

Gas Research and Technology; Dallas, Texas; March 6-8, 1974

TOTAL PAGES: 7 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

The paper describes major HUD research programs underway and planned,

which aim at anticipating new energy demands and developing alternative

strategies for meeting them. The research focuses on:

1) Identifying present residential energy consumption patterns and

possible conservation measures;

2) Demonstration and evaluation of the energy-saving MIUS concept and

its potential role in community development;

3) Demonstration at a Jersey City multi-family residential complex of

a major element of IiIUS, namely a T.E. system:

4) Demonstration of the potential for large-scale recycling of solid

wastes to generate steam and electricity for residential use;

5) Demonstration of the potential of solar energy utilization, as an alternative source of energy for housing.

A brief outline is included of the current projects, intended to implement

the research program, along with their governmental, utility and,

private-sector research participants.

18
TITLE: Modular Integrated Utility Systems Program

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASHRAE

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: ASHPvAE Journal; pp. 43-46

total pages: 4 total references cited: class. of document: (po)

abstract"!

The paper gives a brief background report of the energy supply situation in the U.S., particularly for electricity, and its relationship

to the demand for utilities services. It then describes alternative

approaches to the current techniques for suppling utilities and relates

them to HUD's MIUS Program.

The major research/development phases of the Program are summarized.

The paper also briefly discusses MIUS's probable market area, potential for savings of energy and money, program goals, feasibility demonstrations and other significant parameters such as environmental impact.

19
TITLE: The Modular Integrated Utility System - A New Approach to the

Supply of Utility Services

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.; AIAA

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: 8th lECEC Proceedings; pp. 648-652; #739147

TOTAL PAGES; 5 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT \ This paper provides a generalized overview of the MIUS Program. The

Program, sponsored and directed by HUD, is intended to effect widespread

application of the MIUS concept via a limited number of demonstrations.

The MIUS is described as a combined processing plant that generates

electricity, utilizes residential and recycled energy for heating, air

conditioning and hot water, treats water, and processes solid and liquid

wastes. The MIUS Program in its predemonstration Phase I is being

carried out for HUD by numerous Government agencies: AEC, through the

Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Environmental Protection Agency; Department of Commerce, through the National Bureau of Standards; the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration.

MIUS is primarily concerned with near-term solutions to the problems

caused by increasing costs, depletion of resources, environmental effects

and increasingly overloaded centralized utility systems. The document

states that MIUS appears to have the potential to provide major improvements in all utility services as contrasted to concepts which satisfy

only one or two major objectives.

20
TITLE: Integrated Utilities for Remote Alaskan Villages

AUTHOR(S): D.R.Wright

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /EPA

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION ( S)

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: AIAA

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: 8th lECEC Proceedings; pp. 643-647; #739146

TOTAL PAGES: 2 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

The report points out that widespread pollution and disease, brought on primarily by the use of polluted water in Alaska's rural villages, has

resulted in a weakened and disease-inflicted people, with a life span

about half that of the population in the "lower" 48 states. The EPA,

through Public Law 92-500, has implemented three projects to demonstrate

methods to provide central coimnunity facilities for safe water and the

elimination or control of pollution. The facilities include provisions

for safe community water-supply systems, toilets, bathing and laundry

facilities, sewage disposal facilities and solid waste disposal. This

paper discusses and includes data on the final design, initial operation of the facilities at two of the projects, capital and operation/

maintenance costs and social-political aspects.

Incorporation of the MIUS concept into future utility services for

Alaskan Villages, as related to the Alaska Village Demonstration Project

(AVDP) central community facilities, is also discussed.

21
TITLE: The Design of Modular Integrated Utility Systems

AUTHOR(S): E.L. Hays; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 7/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

;

REFERENCE SOURCE: ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at the 8th lECEC, Philadelphia, Pa,

8/13-16, 1973. Not printed in the Proceedings.

TOTAL PAGES: 24 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; CLASS. OF DOCUI-!ENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This paper briefly describes an effort to determine the potential value

of the MIUS approach by preparing conceptual designs capable of meeting

the utility requirements of specific building types. The effort compared

these various designs with conventional utility systems and evaluated

potential resource savings. In these conceptual designs, the minimization of energy consumption was the optimization criteria. The result

of this effort was a set of feasible ITLVS designs for a variety of

facility types. These designs were carried out only in sufficient

detail to permit the assessment of potential energy savings on an annual

basis

.

The procedure and results of the effort are shown through an illustrative

exam.ple of the analysis for one of the building types, a garden apartment.

22
TITLE: Statement of Alan R. Siegel before Subconraiittees of U.S. House

of Representatives

AUTHOR(S): A.R. Slegel

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Subcommittee on Space Science & Applications

and Subcommittee on Energy

TOTAL PAGES: 12 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCU^IENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

The Statement dealt with the subject of energy and briefly presented the

highlights of the MIUS Program, which HUD believes to be an extremely

timely and significant research activity.

Background information is provided related to the utilities needs of

housing and the effects of cost increases and energy shortages on such

needs. The goals of HUD's Utilities Research Program are summarized,

along with "guidelines" for executing research and demonstration efforts

in these areas. The three major phases of the multiagency MIUS Program are described.

MIUS objectives are listed as: a) conservation of natural resources;

b) reduction of primary energy requirements; c) minimization of environmental impact by a MIUS; d) providing utility services in phase

with community growth; e) utilization of land not presently developable

because "conventional" utility services are either nonexistent or are under local restrictive edicts; f) providing a transportable system

for emergencies.

It is stated that the MIUS Program is concerned with "near-term"

solutions to the problems caused by: spiraling costs, depletion of

natural resources, environmental constraints, deteriorating underground infrastructures and increasingly overloaded centralized utility

systems. Additionally, MIUS appears to have the potential to attain

simultaneously a large number of major Improvements in the delivery of

utility services, in contrast to most projects which satisfy only one

or two major objectives.

23
TITLE: Statement of Alan R. Siegel before Subcommittees of U.S. House

of Representatives

AUTHOR(S): A.R. Siegel

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/19/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGAIHZATION (S) :

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Subcommittee on Energy and Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Resources

TOTAL PAGES: 8 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (OF)

ABSTRACT [

The Statement briefly presents the highlights of research activities in

the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) as they relate

to energy conservation.

Background material is given relating to municipal utilities, the

existing "bleak" energy picture and the need for new approaches in

supplying answers to the problems arising from energy shortages. HUD's

goals in its Utilities Research Program are described, along with the

guidelines to be used in carrying out the research and demonstration

efforts that form part of the Program.

Major programs were reviewed for the benefit of the Committee. These

were: Residential Energy Consumption, Urban Use of Powerplant Waste

Heat, T.E., MIUS and "long-range" efforts that can directly or indirectly! affect the use of energy.

24
TITLE: Energy Utilization and Conservation Research Program of the

Department of Housing and Urban Development

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton

DATE OF ISSUAlvICE: 6/1/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 50 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 12 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT! (OF)

ABSTRACT

The report outlines the goals and objectives of HUD's Energy Research

Programs as of June 1973 « The major areas covered were those for:

Total Energy (T.E.), Residential Energy Consumption and Modular Integrated Utility Systems (MIUS)

It is pointed-out that HUD's research efforts are mainly oriented

towards more efficiency in energy use rather than on procedures for

increasing energy production.

The major HUD research programs are focused on evaluating the following

alternatives for residential energy supply and demand:

a) optimization (i.e., minimization) of residential energy consumption;

b) evaluation of the role in community development of small-scale

energy systems;

c) community utilization of waste heat from central station powerplants;

d) investigation of the potential for recycling solid and liquid wastes

into energy;

e) assessment of integrated utility systems (lUS)

f) energy supply strategies;

g) utility installation practices.

25
TITLE: Response to Questions from Subcoiranlttee of U.S. House of

Representatives

AUTHOR (S):

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/19/13

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Subcommittee on Energy and Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Resources

TOTAL PAGES: 47 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

j ABSTRACT |

This document lists HUD's response to certain questions from the House

of Representatives' Subcommittees on Energy and on Conservation and

National Resources. These questions and answers dealt with how HUD's

activities relate to the development of T.E. systems for multiple

dwelling units and for commercial/industrial buildings.

The report summarizes HUD's efforts in the T.E. area, which include:

the evaluation of existing plants, sponsorship of Operation

"BREAKTHROUGH" and an examination of whether developers would be

justified in investing money for feasibility studies of T.E. systems.

HUD's MIUS Program is described in detail. The description includes:

a) the guidelines and design criteria to be followed; b) a list of

objectives to be pursued; c) a look at the major phases of the multiagency program schedule; d) roles to be played by the various participating groups from the Federal Government and private sectors.

26
TITLE: The Modular Integrated Utility System Program

AUTHOR(S): G.S.Leighton

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/3/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at ASHRAE Spring Conference (1973);

Vol. 79, Part II, Page 7 (Abstract Only)

TOTAL PAGES: 86 TOTAL REFERNCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

j ABSTRACT |

This informal document presents an overall review of the early design

and demonstration concepts intended to integrate the supply of all

energy and waste disposal services for a community's needs. Possible

methods of energy conservation, through the use of the residual heat

from electric power generation for supplying heating and cooling, are discussed along with the reuse of water and heat-generation from solid

waste disposal plants. The technologies required for integrated systems

to service communities ranging up to 1000 families are considered part

of the MIUS project.

Data is given on electrical, gas, water and solid-waste utility growth

and their attendant problems.

The HUD Programs dealing with T.E. are discussed, with particular emphasis on major research programs which focus on evaluating alternatives

for residential energy supply. Operation "BREAKTHROUGH" (and its demonstration site at Jersey City, N.J.) is reviewed. The T.E. system

associated with this site is explained in detail.

The paper contains a brief review of an economic evaluation of T.E. Its

objective is the preparation of guideline criteria for the determination,

by private and public sectors of the U.S. economy, of the applicability

of T.E. systems to residential developments.

The potential markets for MIUS are summarized. The impacts of MIUS,

extrapolated to about 1986, are listed and concisely described. The

MIUS Program Plan is outlined in detail. The generic MIUS Integration

and Subsystem Test (MIST) concept is discussed.

27
TITLE: NASA Studying Urban Utility Designs

AUTHOR(S): E.J. Bulban

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/9/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: "Aviation Week & Space Technology" Magazine

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "A.W.S.T." Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 56-57

TOTAL PAGES: 2 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PQ)

ABSTEACTI

The paper presents a brief summary of the MIUS program at NASA's JSC.

It states that "space technology and systems integration techniques are being applied to the design of urban utilities services for the future".

28
TITLE: Washington Wants Products that Conserve Energy

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton + Editorial Staff of A.&R. B.

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/73

DOCU>IENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "Air Conditioning & Refrigeration

Business" Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 61-63 + 69

TOTAL PAGES: 4 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCLl^NT : (PO)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a first-hand look at governmental research on residential energy conservation and on the evaluation of improvements in the

efficiency of heating/cooling equipment. It states that HUD and its

research contractor, Hittman Associates, was in process of completing a report that pinpoints every major use and waste of residential energy

along with recommendations for cutting-down on such waste. HUD's intent

is to use data from studies of this type to promote changes in Building

Standards so that they would cover energy-conserving building techniques

plus equipment improvements. A preliminary listing of such recommendations is included in the paper, along with a summary of savings within

a "characteristic" house.

29
TITLE: Engineered Comunities: Modular Integrated Utilities - Panacea

for the Energy Crisis?

AUTHOR(S): D-R- Heinly (Editor)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: "Actual Specifying Engineer" Magazine

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "A.S.E." Magazine

other identification: pp- 89-90

total pages: 2 total references cited: class. of document: (po)

abstract"

This paper is a brief description of various aspects of MIUS and T.E.

It covers "modularized" utility systems proposed for certain Alaskan

villages 5 the Jersey City T.E. Demonstration Plant, generalized MIUS

concepts, and the three phases (planning/technology, project demonstration and commercialization) of the MIUS Program.

30
TITLE: HUD Takes Total Energy Concept One Step Beyond: Evolution of an Idea

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION(S):

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "Air Conditioning & Refrigeration

Business" Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 81-84; Vol. 30, No. 1

TOTAL PAGES

4 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT \ The paper describes a HUD research program devoted to developing a single, combined-package plant for supplying a full range of "conventional" building utilities. This (MIUS) program also embodies the treatment of water and liquid-waste, the processing of solid-wastes, and

clarifies the use of residual and recycled energy to do a large part of

the job.

The report summarizes (1971) residential operating costs and provides

general background statistics for the solid-waste problem as of 1970.

Various major phases of the planned MIUS research/development /demonstration program are described.

31
TITLE: Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) Program Description

AUTHOR(S)

:

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

:

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 20 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCmiENT: (OF)

I abstract""

The report states that the combined pressures of rapid population growth

and the mobility of the U.S. population indicate a need for large-scale

community development such as; new communities , additions to existing

ones, and large-scale redevelopment. To make such developments

livable certain utilities are required, namely; electricity, environmental conditioning (heating and/or air conditioning), water and waste

treatment, and disposal. The distribution networks to dispense these

services must also be provided.

The overall objectives of the MIUS Program are stated as: 1) the

provision of improved utility services with resultant advantages in

total cost, decreased environmental impact, and increased efficiency in

the utilization of natural resources; 2) installing such services at a pace equal to the rate of growth of the new development; 3) allowing

for releasing land for development that is not now being serviced by

conventional utility systems.

32
TITLE: Total Energy Systems: A Review of Recent NBS Activities

AUTHOR(S): J.E.Snell; P .R. Achenbach

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Drexel University

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Proceedings of Effective Energy Utilization

Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa., 6/8-9, 1972,

Pages 201-233

total pages; 33 total references cited: class. of document: (pq)

( abstractI

This paper (briefly) reviews and reports on the status of several NBS

activities in the area of T.E. systems, as they relate to the theme of

the Symposium.

A recent review of the state of the art in such systems applications

indicated the need for good, concise operating and performance data to serve as a basis for more effective utilization of this concept for

saving energy. HUD requested NBS to assist in the development of a T.E.

system on the BREAKTHROUGH housing site at Jersey City, N.J. and to

conduct a full-scale field study with appropriate instrumentation to

obtain engineering, cost and maintenance data.

In a related effort, NBS, AEC, EPA and NASA are supporting HUD in ct new effort entitled the MIUS program. The premise of this 3-phase

effort is to demonstrate the potential energy, resource and cost

economies of combining energy-generating facilities and waste disposal

facilities on a modular-basis so as to keep pace with changing patterns

and rates of urban growth.

33
TITLE: Urban Energy Utilization and Conservation

AUTHOR(S): G.S. Leighton

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Institute of Gas Technology (Chicago,

Illinois); Session II, paper no. 2

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Natural

Gas Research and Technology; Atlanta, Georgia, June 5-7, 1972

TOTAL PAGES: 13 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 3 CLASS. OF DOCmiENT: (PO)

1 ABSTPvACT

hud's responsibility for improving the present and future well being

of existing, and yet-to-be-built urban areas, requires that strict

attention be paid to energy sources and their efficient use. The objective of hud's research, which presently covers the spectrum from

an analysis of individual dwelling unit energy utilization through MIUS

,

is not presently directed towards the development of component technology

The objective is to assure that the quantities and types of energy that are required to satisfy current and future population needs are available

This, it is believed, can be accomplished by the evaluation of existing

and developing technologies and by working to affect institutional

change.

The paper summarize HUD's efforts in the general areas of T.E. and MIUS.

Descriptions of T.E. demonstration projects are included along with a description of the three primary elements of the JHUS program, namely:

planning and technology assessment; demonstrations; commercialization.

34
TITLE: Total Energy and Pneumatic Waste Collection Demonstrations

AUTHOR (S):

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: HUD

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 21 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 4 CLASS. OF DOCTOIENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This booklet describes two innovative technologies being investigated by

HUD: 1) the use of a Total Energy (T,E.) plant to provide electricity,

heat and air-conditioning to a residential complex; 2) an automatic

pneumatic waste-collection system. Operation "BREAKTHROUGH" (HUD's

major research/development/demonstration effort for improving every

phase of planning/production/delivery of housing) afforded an opportunity to carry out demonstrations of the two technologies. Both were

to be used at the Jersey City, N.J. prototype site.

In its discussion of T.E. in residential complexes, the report covers:

a) the basic concepts of T.E. and its practical uses; b) the nature of

a representative T.E. plant; c) HUD's energy programs; d) a description

of the Jersey City site and its T.E. plant.

In discussing community waste collection, the following areas were

covered: a) comparison of "old" and "new" collection procedures; b)

HUD's Waste Systems Study; c) pneumatically-powered trash collection

procedures; d) future possible approaches for pneumatic collection

setups.

35
TITLE: Environmental Control in Manned Spacecraft - Its Potential

Contribution to Pollution Control

AUTHOR(S): E.L. Hays (NASA-JSC) and H.!T. Myrick (University of Houston)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 10/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREIIENT SOURCE- ACCESSION NO.: AIAA; Paper No. 71-1012

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at AIAA 8th Annual Meeting and Technology

Display, Washington, D.C., 10/25-28, 1971

TOTAL PAGES: 28 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 14 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT : (PO)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to consider the application of the concept

of planned resource utilization, as practiced in the manned spacecraft

programs, to a living community on earth. Basically, integrated water

and waste management, thermal environmental control, toxic environmental

control, personal and occupational safety, power generation, and waste

heat rejection systems in the spacecraft have provided a very habitable

environment that includes use, then extensive reuse, of natural and

available secondary resources.

36
3. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

REPORTS

37

TITLE: MIUS Systems Analysis-The Effects of Thermal Energy Storage and

Solid Waste Incineration Options on MIUS Cost and Fuel Consumption

AUTHOR(S) : C.L. Segaserj W.R. Mixon

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 7/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/ORt^L

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-26

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72;

ERDA-40-333-72

TOTAL PAGES: 59 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 23 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT |

Water is the preferred thermal energy conveyance fluid between a MIUS

district heating and cooling plant and the consumer. Water was also

chosen as the thermal energy storage medium for MIUS in preference

to one of the available latent-heat of phase-change materials because

of its abundance, cheapness and unique thermal properties.

This Memorandum presents the results of a parametric system analysis

(which uses the ORNL 1973 MIUS hourly comparative energy computer

program) to evaluate the effects on fuel consumption in a representative

MIUS model due to the application of a sensible heat thermal energy

storage (TES) device using water as the TES material. An economic

evaluation is included for several cases, with and without solid waste

incineration and heat recovery, over a range of storage capacity and

fuel cost.

The analysis indicates that a significant saving in fuel consumption

can accrue from the storage of excess waste heat for subsequent use during periods when the available heat from the engine-generators is

inadequate to satisfy the demand. If one also utilizes the heat energy

available from the incineration of solid wastes, a fuel savings of up

to 5%/year can result. However, the breakeven cost of the fuel assumed

to be natural gas, should be at least $2.25 per thousand cu ft, in order

to economically justify the installation.

The economic analysis was also used to compare costs of various options

of solid waste incineration for the pertinent MIUS and consumer models.

These options included combinations of cases with and without heat

recovery, thermal storage and supplemental fuel consumption. The

incremental fuel cost, or credit, for each option was based on the

difference in total fuel consumption from that of a MIUS model without

incineration.

39

I
TITLE: MIUS Systems Analysis; Comparison of MIUS and Conventional Utility

Systems for an Existing Development

AUTHOR(S): E.C.Hise: et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-20

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72

ERDA 40-333-7

TOTAL PAGES: 170 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 66 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (p)

ABSTRACT

The Walden Development (in Schaumburg, 111.) contains an occupied com- plex of apartments, townhouses and commercial space served by conventional

utilities. The Live Model is the same complex as "served" by an analytically substituted, unoptimized, total-energy system having district

heating/cooling, solid-waste incineration and liquid waste treatment.

The conventionally-served Walden Development and the Live Model are compared in this report.

The electrical and space heating and cooling loads were calculated for

the complex. The equivalent fuel consumption and cost of the utility

equipment to satisfy these loads were estimated for both utility systems.

Several sensitivity analyses are also presented, covering variations

of indoor design temperature and of utility system characteristics.

The Live Model study indicates a savings of about 17% of the fuel now

required by Walden. The increased owning and operating costs of LiveModel energy-type utilities are found to be small relative to the total

owning and operating costs for the Walden development and relative to

the degree of refinement of design/cost estimates. Incineration of

solid waste v/ould be more expensive but with little change in fuel

consumption. On-site, biological, liquid waste treatment would cost

about the same as the conventional biological system; physical-chemical

treatment would be more expensive but would yield a higher quality

effluent

Environmental effects of the Live Model are discussed and compared to

those from the conventional utilities. It is estimated that the Live

Model does not change local air quality markedly from that estimated

for Walden and that the air quality would be well within the Federal

Air Quality Standards (FAQS)

40
TITLE: MIUS Community Conceptual Design Study

AUTHOR(S): T.E. Redding, et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; NASA TM X-58174

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-10650

TOTAL PAGES: 565 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (P)

[ ABSTRACT |

This design study was performed to determine the feasibility, practicality and applicability of the MIUS concept to a "satelittle" new-community development with a population of approximately 100,000. Two MIUS

design options [a 29-MIUS unit (option I) and an 8-MIUS unit (option

II) facilities] were considered. Each results in considerable resource

savings when compared to those for a conventional utility system. The

results of economic analyses indicated that the total cash outlay and

operations and maintenance costs for these two options were considerably

less than for a conventional system. Computer analyses performed in

support of this study provided corroborative data for the study group.

An environmental impact assessment was performed to determine whether

the MIUS meets or will meet necessary environmental standards. The MIUS

can provide improved efficiency in the conservation of natural resources,

while not adversely affecting the physical environment.

Electrical power, HVAC, solid-waste and water systems criteria are con- ceptually discussed. Pyrolysis of solid-waste, vacuum collection of

wastewater, use of heat in wastewater treatment and water saving/reuse

techniques are covered.

41
TITLE; MIUS Systems Analysis: Initial Comparisons of Modular-Sized

Integrated Utility Systems and Conventional Systems

AUTHOR(S): G. Samuels; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-6

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 260 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 30 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

i ABSTRACT

This memorandum presents the results of a preliminary study of the com- parative economics, fuel requirements and environmental impacts of MIUS

and conventional energy systems. No final conclusions were reached

since the results were only intended to help determine the requirements

for additional modeling and analyses of utility system performance and

costs

The primary analytical effort was placed on determining the cost and

energy ' requirements associated with several methods for supplying

electricity, space heating, domestic hot water and air conditioning

services to garden and high-rise apartments.

The study was also limited to a site having the climate of Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania. A total of 11 cases (or models) were examined with all

of them being evaluated on the basis of present marginal costs and fuel

energy requirements • Two of the models were also studied for environmental impact. The evaluations and comparisons are preliminary and

approximate being based on "country-wide average" present marginal cost

figures and a single, fairly average, United States climate.

No attempt has been made in these preliminary analyses to compare

system costs on the basis of present or projected market prices for

electricity or fossil fuels supplied to various types of customer.

The calculations also made no allowances for possible reductions in cost

that might be derived from the mass production of standardized MIUS

units nor for possible reduced costs of electricity that may eventually

occur due to the use of improved planning procedures similar to those

used in large electric utility company systems.

42
TITLE: Initial Comparisons of Modular-Sized Integrated Utility Systems

and Conventional Systems for Several Building Typ.es

AUTHOR(S): H.E. Benson; L.G. Monford, Jr.

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S):

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N76-24082

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-09076; NASA TM X-58140

TOTAL PAGES: 89 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: . CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (P)

ABSTRACT | This report reviews the results of six MIUS conceputal design studies

applied to a: garden-apartment complex, high-rise office building, highrise apartment building, shopping center, high school and hospital.

The main purpose of the studies was to determine the performance of

a MIUS and to compare this performance to that of a conventional utility

system. The basic studies incorporated Houston, Texas weather data.

In addition, the size and location of the garden apartment's design were

varied to examine their effects on performance.

The studies showed that a MIUS design could be expected to save from

'^>18 to 36% of "conventional" energy needs. The heating and air-conditioning systems were such that heating was supplied in large part from

waste heat recovered from solid waste incineration and power generation. Trash removal from the site was estimated to be 80%. Water

saving was estimated to be as much as 50% through reusing treated waste

water in cooling towers.

In parallel with the design study, new construction was surveyed to

determine where MIUS systems could be applied for the largest market

potential. This indicated that the largest percentage of new construction is for single-family dwellings. Apartments represent a significant portion of new construction ('^'15%) and constitute the second

largest dollar value.

Finally, the environmental effects of the design were established.

The basic environmental impact of a MIUS was that local thermal emissions

and air pollution will be increased but total thermal and air pollution

in the city will be reduced.

43
TITLE: MIUS System Analysis: Effects of Unfavorable Meteorological

Conditions and Building Configurations on Air Quality

AUTHOR(S): L. Breitstein; R.E. Gant

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/76

DOCWffiNT PREPARED BY: Authors/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-29

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Addendum II of ORNL/HUD/MIUS-6 ; ERDA 40-333-72;

Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 77 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: .18 CLASS OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

This analytical study compares the highest ground-level concentrations

of atmospheric pollutants that would result from the exhaust gases

of the thermal electric subsystems of both a hypothetical reference

MIUS and a conventional utility system model. Both systems are assumed

to serve a large complex of garden-type apartments, under a variety of

meterological conditions, with emphasis being given to those conditions

which were most likely to induce poor air quality. Estimates are included for the possible effects of aerodynamic downwash of exhaust

gases and of building configurations on air quality with an apartment

complex served by MIUS. Calculated concentrations of pollutants have

been compared to the appropriate air quality standards established by

EPA.

[NOTE: This memorandum is an addendum to a more general document,

"Initial Comparisons of Modular-Sized Integrated Utility Systems and

Conventional Systems," ORNL/HUD/MIUS-6.]

44
TITLE: Economic Objectives of Utility Companies and Developers in

Evaluating a MIUS

AUTHOR(S): B.J.Bartter

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 11/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PB 246864

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NBSIR 75-721

TOTAL PAGES: 31 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 7 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

This report provides information on the economic decision-making process

for implementation of a MIUS by utility companies, developers and a combination of these two groups.

The scope of this study is relatively narrow. For example, neither

technological nor legal barriers are discussed although both could be

important in the adoption and implementation of a MIUS. Its purpose is

to provide a perspective of the economic interests of potential

participants such as utility companies and developers.

Five participants and three roles are identified namely; the private

utility company, public utility company, private speculative developer,

private nonspeculative developer and the governmental developer.

Roles they might play include "owner /operator" and "ultimate consumer".

Information was obtained related to participants economic analysis of

utility investment alternatives. This data was synthesized into

economic criteria which are perceived by each participant to be most

important in evaluating alternative utility investments. From the

analysis of these economic criteria, and without references to any legal

barriers, the possible combinations of participants and roles in the

implementation of a MIUS are specified. These combinations are ranked

according to the degree of likelihood that each method will actually be

employed.

45
TITLE: Final Environmental Statement - Application of Modular

Integrated Utility Systems Technology

AUTHOR(S): T.H. Row; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 10/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; HUD-PDR-EIS-75-lF

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 236 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 146 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT ; (P)

ABSTRACT

This "Environmental Statement" was prepared by HUD in accordance with the

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) and in support of HUD's

proposal to proceed with a MIUS demonstration. The statement is a generic

environmental assessment of the consequences of applying MIUS technology.

The document assesses the environmental impact from installation and

operation of the MIUS in a generic sense. Local consequences are evaluated through use of a hypothetical housing development, with

assumed typical climatic conditions, and a reference MIUS model which

has been designed to provide complete utility services. The effects of

the use of alternative MIUS components, subsystems and processes were

also examined. Results of the analysis of the single hypothetical

application were then extended to provide an evaluation of nationwide

utilization of the MIUS concept subject to constraints of the projected

market. This document is of a generic nature. Environmental statements

for actual MIUS installations, at specific sites, will be completed as required.

46
TITLE: Effects on Air Quality from MIUS and Conventional ThermalElectric Systems

AUTHOR(S): J.O. Kolb

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: IEEE; 75CHO 983-7 TAB

OTHER IDEIvITIFICATION: Record of the 10th lECEC; pp. 269-277; #759043

TOTAL PAGES: 9 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 7 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of local air

quality from combustion emissions of the thermal/electric subsystem of

a MIUS, and compare this with several conventional utility system models.

The consumer model used in this study is a garden-apartment complex

housing ^^2500 people.

The MIUS thermal/electric subsystem provides district space heating/

cooling, domestic hot water and all electrical requirements. MIUS

prime-movers considered were diesel engines or spark-ignition gas

engines. Emissions and their effects on air quality were evaluated

both with and without incineration of solid wastes from the MIUS's

residential consumers.

Conventional utility electricity was assumed to be provided by a mix of

new coal and nuclear-fueled central generating plants projected for

the near future. The analysis of these conventional utilities covered

several building service models with the following equipment: district

space heating/cooling and domestic hot water; space heating and hot

water from building boilers; space cooling from individual apartment

air conditioners; an all-electric model, with individual apartment heatpumps.

The major conclusions of this study are concerned with: a) emissions

quantities, b) distribution of pollutants and c) effects on air quality,

as they are related to Federal Air Quality Standards (FAQS).

47
TITLE: Guide to the Preparation of a Site-Specific Environmental

Statement for a Modular Integrated Utility System Demonstration

AI]THOR(S): W.R. Mixon; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 7/8/75

DOCUlffiNT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ORNL

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 65 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This document gives general guidance for the preparation of an environmental statement related to the specific site and design of the first

MIUS demonstration. The outline does not address every item of concern that may arise as a result of particular site problems. It was

written, using the experience gained in the ORNL "Environmental Statements Project", to set forth suggested areas for analysis. It notes

that the first step in performing the environmental analysis of any

site will be to tailor the outline to the individual nature of the

system and its location, once their special characteristics have been

determined. This ORNL guide was intended to serve as an instructive

outline for the authors contributing to the Statement, as well as an outline of the planned approach to the site-specific Statement task

for review and comment by other Program agencies.

48
TITLE: Data Requirements for Evaluating the Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Community Impacts of the MIUS Total Utilities

System

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/12/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NBS

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NBS

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: EPA Contract No. 68-01-2942

TOTAL PAGES: 94 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCmiENT : (OF)

ABSTRACT

This report is intended to serve as a basis for assessing the technical,

economic and institutional feasibility of the MIUS concept in a broader

range of applications.

The report defines the data that should be provided to the government

by the developer of a prototype MIUS under the HUD/MIUS demonstration

program. Data requirements are developed for several potential impact areas including: Occupational, Environmental, Reliability, Community,

Land development, Single-point management. Economic, Comparison of MIUS

with conventional utilities and Institutional impact areas.

Evaluating the performance of the prototype MIUS will require the collection of a substantial amount of data in the various potential impact

areas. Much of this data will have to be provided by the developer who

will construct and operate the prototype. In order to ensure that such

data will be available, it will be necessary to specify (e.g., as part

of the developer's contract with HUD) the desired information^ Such

information would include details as to the access to the plant and its

related development

49
TITLE: Social Cost Considerations and Legal Constraints in Implementing

Modular Integrated Utility Systems

AUTHOR(S): N.W.Lede; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/Texas Southern Univ., (Houston, Texas)

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N75-15503

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NASA-CR-140894. Contract No. NGR-44-016-016

TOTAL PAGES; 243 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 390 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (vci>t

I ABSTRACT |

Social costs associated with the design, demonstration and implementation of MIUS are considered; these factors include the social climate

of communities, leadership patterns, conflicts and cleavages, specific

developmental values, MIUS utility goal assessment and the suitability

of certain alternative options for use in a program of implementation.

General considerations are discussed in the field of socio-technological

planning. These include guidelines for understanding the conflicts

and population diversity, some relevant goal choices and ideas useful

to planners of the MIUS facility.

50
TITLE: Application of the Integrated Utilities Concept to CommunitySize Developments

AUTHOR(S): T.E. Redding (USPO)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of the 9th lECEC; pp. 493-498; #749016

TOTAL PAGES: ^ TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCLEMENT : (PO)

ABSTRACT \

As a part of a conceptual design study, NASA has investigated the application of MIUS concept to a large new Community Model. The complete

community consists of a central business district with a number of sur- rounding villages. Two different MIUS installation options are defined

which differ in the number, type and location of their MIUS installations

and^ to some extent, in their utility details. Each MIUS installation

included multiple diesel-engine/generator units with heat recovery,

solid-waste incinerators with heat recovery^ optimized space heating/

cooling installations, combined biological and physical/chemical wastewater treatment; also supervisory plus local control systems. Each MIUS

design option was evaluated relative to a conventional utilities system

approach. It was concluded that compared to the conventional system:

MIUS energy savings would be "^38%, water savings ^^^17%, effluent reduction ^^17% and solid-waste load reduction "^^80%.

51
TITLE: Economic Guidelines for Total Energy Systems

AUTHOR(S): J.L. Oplinger; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/DSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION(S):

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASHRAE

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: ASHRAE Transactions; V. 80, Part 2; pp. 212-223

TOTAL PAGES: 12 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 12 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT \ Even though T.E. has potentially valuable resource conservation and

environmental impact characteristics, it must also be justified economically. In most cases residential project developers do not seriously

consider T.E. because of the technical complexities of such economic

evaluation. Recognizing this situation HUD called for a study with

the overall objective being "preparation of guide criteria for the

determination, by the private and public sectors of the economy of the

applicability of T.E. systems for residential development".

The paper emphasizes that the primary purpose of the analysis was not

to replace project-specific feasibility studies but rather to identify

those situations in which a full technical and economic study would be

apparently justified.

The paper defines the bounding parameters of the analysis e.g., size

of projects to which T.E. systems are to be applied. It also points

out that the basic purpose of the study was to provide easily usable

guidelines for evaluating T.E. system opportunities over a wide range

of conditions. Additional discussions are concerned with maintenance

costs, waste-heat utilization, project density effects, commercial

space considerations and distribution system facets.

52
TITLE: Housing Data for Modular Integrated Utility Systems (MIUS)

Economic Analysis

AUTHOR (S ) : D.R. Glenn; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/74 (Vol. I) 12/73 (Vol. II)

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/Decision Sciences Corp.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : HUD

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PB-242392 (Vol. I)

PB-242393 (Vol. II)

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD-DSC-3; HUD Contract No. H-1776

TOTAL PAGES: 963 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 10 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT |

The purpose of this study was to establish a "baseline" definition of

the multi-family housing construction industry. Particular emphasis is

placed on data bases for the existing market, and on the incremental

growth patterns during the period 1968-1973 (roughly) , when this type

of housing experienced its greatest advance. The increase was from

40% to almost 54% of total new housing.

The report is presented in three volumes. Volume I consists of three

sections, in addition to the Executive Summary, Section I. Section II

presents a detailed analysis of the various physical and marketing as- pects influencing the multi-family housing industry. Included are summaries of the findings from extensive data collection and analysis

efforts, ranging from national coverage down to the Standard Metropolitan

Statistical Area (SMSA) level. Each major multi-family dweling category

is reviewed to determine its relation to other housing, and to factors

impacting the selection of design approaches including their marketing

and physical constraints. Section III documents the in-depth study

conducted in Atlanta and Philadelphia. These two cities were used to

determine the common and extraordinary setups of the multi-family

housing industry as represented by the largest builder /developer organizations operating in each of these areas. Topics included in this investigation were site selection criteria, construction phasing /scheduling

historical background and anticipated future trends.

Volume II contains selected SMSA data which has been compiled into two

groupings, by census region and climatic (temperature) zones.

53
TITLE: Housing Data for Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS)

Economic Analysis, Vol. Ill

AUTHOR(S): D.R. Glenn; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/Decision Sciences Corp.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION(S);

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: HUD; HUD-DSC-3

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Volumes I and II available from NTIS.

TOTAL PAGES: TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS -OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

I ABSTRACT

Volume III has two sections. The first presents the detailed statistics

of selected SMSA's which were, in turn, used to compile statistics in

the Volume II groupings. The second contains the SMSA project profile

data sheets for the metropolitan areas having multifamily construction

activity; the data covers a spectrum of dwelling types. Each of number

of living units and dwelling types (e.g. low or high rise; 3 and 4

living units) . Most of the data analysis is presented in statistical

form so as to facilitate its application to marketing studies, design

calculations for heating/cooling loads, land requirements, cost tradeoffs and the related requirements for other data.

54
TITLE: Public Utility Regulation: Potential and Problems for Modular

Integrated Utility System (KIUS) Ownership

AUTHOR(S): R.J. King

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1973

DOCUIIENT PREPARED BY: L.B.J. School of Public Affairs; University of

Texas at Austin

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : L.B.J. School/NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: EZ/JC-74-148

TOTAL PAGES: 80 TOTAL PJlFEPvENCES CITED: 17 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

I ABSTRACT

Anyone wishing to provide the many services incorporated into a MIUS will

be confronted with many governmental regulations and requirements. The

degree of such regulation depends on the character of MIUS and its

customers, the method of operation and owner (s). The following basic

questions are addressed by this report: What is meant by a public business and what requirements are public businesses obliged to fulfill?

How much regulation can be avoided or when is it unavoidable? Who can

best own and/or operate a MIUS and under what conditions of regulation?

Part I covers the general history of the regulation of businesses affecting the public. It attempts to define certain legal or constitutional

regulation limits so that, in the future, they can be applied to cases which are as yet unforeseen.

Part II is divided into three sections dealing with regulation at the

Federal, state and local levels which will directly affect MIUS ownership.

Primarily it concentrates on particular problems which are only imposed

under specific circumstances which may be controlled. It is the goal

of this report to recommend what type or class of owner can best own and/

or operate a MIUS under the various circumstances considered.

Basically this report is concerned with two classes of owner/operators,

namely private developers and public utilities. Privat^ developers are defined as private individuals or corporations whose major business is

other than the provision of the MIUS type services usually furnished by

public corporations. The report outlines the possible levels of regulation which may be imposed on private developers as certain features are

added to his MIUS services and. will suggest ways to avoid "public"

classification and the resulting regulation.

[NOTE: This report was sponsored by the University of Houston at the

request of the Director of Administration and Program Support at NASA's
TITLE: Economic Analysis of MIUS and Conventional Utility Systems in

Minneapolis, Washington, D.C., Houston, and New York City

AUTHOR(S): W.C. Rochelle; R.D. Stallings

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 10/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Lockheed Electronic Co., Inc.; Aerospace Systems

Div.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC/L . E . Co., Inc.; TM 3070

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: LES-ASD 1197; Project No. 3375; Contract No.

NASA 9-12200

TOTAL PAGES: 84 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 13 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This report covers an economic analysis used to determine the costs for

constructing and operating a MIUS intended to provide utility services

for five sizes of garden-level apartment complexes. For each system,

four locations were considered, namely; Minneapolis, Washington, D.C.,

Houston and New York City. For comparison purposes, the cost of providing utility services by conventional means was also determined.

Included in the study were the effects of varying the prime-mover

size and their number, f uel/electricity/solid-waste disposal/water/

sewage-rates, and city cost indexes. The data generated were used in

determining yearly cash flow, and in performing a profitability analysis

for each complex size and each location.

The results indicate a savings in the yearly cost of utilities (O.&M.,

interest, depreciation and income taxes) for a MIUS - over a conventional

system for New York City and Washington having complex sizes greater

than about 180 and 480 units, respectively. For Houston and Minneapolis,

it does not appear possible to have a savings for the garden-level apartment complexes

56
TITLE: Preliminary Environmental Statement on the Use of MIUS in a Model New Community

AUTHOR (S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 110 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 23 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This document serves as a Preliminary Environmental Impact Statement

dealing with a model of a new community and a set of models of MIUS(s)

which support this community. The impact of the community on the

existing environment and infrastructure are evaluated together with

the environmental effects of supporting the community with a MIUS.

[NOTE: For this design study, the community is assumed located in

the Washington, D. C. area.]

The major areas discussed are:

(1) Project Summary and Description

(2) Regional Growth Trends

(3) MIUS Locations, Descriptions and Phasing

(4) Ecological Information; Inventory and Synthesis

(5) Design Concept and Land Use

(6) Management of Environmental Impacts

(7) Societal Factors Bearing on the Project

(8) Fiscal Impact

(9) Environmental Effects Requiring Research

(10) Probable Adverse Environmental Effects Which Cannot Be Avoided

(11) Alternatives to Proposed Actions

(12) The Relationship Between Short-Term Uses of the Environmental and

the Maintenance of Long-Run Productivity

(13) Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources, as a Result of the Proposed Action

57
TITLE: MIUS Garden Apartment Size and Location; Parametric Study

AUTHOR(S) : W.C. Rochelle et al (L.E. Co., Inc.); A.E. Brandli et al

(USPO)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: NASA-JSC /Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: L.E. Co., Inc . /NASA- JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NASA-MIUS Program Working Paper JSC 08098; 73-

EZ3-001

TOTAL PAGES: 164 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 4 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

Results are given for a MIUS parametric analyses of garden-level

apartments. Five sites in the United States were considered, encom- passing a wide range of climatological data and geographical locations,

namely, Houston, Washington, D.C. , Denver, Seattle and Minneapolis.

Four sizes of apartment complexes (300, 648, 1720 and 3000 units) were

investigated, assuming the use of diesel engines or gas turbines or steam-power plants as prime movers. The best MIUS for each complex

was found to be composed of: 1) a boiler for its heat source, 2) a diesel prime-mover plus generator for electrical energy, 3) an incinerator for waste burning and 4) a "floating ratio" of absorption/

compression air conditioning. The study indicated annual energy

savings, for the best MIUS, of nearly 30% over the conventional

(commercial) power source.

Another finding was that the Northern climates were better for construction of a MIUS. There was no clear indication as to which size complex

would be preferable since such preference is largely dictated by the

overall efficiency of the off-the-shelf diesel prime movers which are compatible with each complex size.

The remainder of this report presents details of the MIUS concept, the

method of analysis used (including a short description of the ESOP

Program), study criteria and a discussion of results. Appendices are

included which primarily deal with the detailed results of energy and

cost savings, seasonal information and input data.

58
TITLE: Heating and Air Conditioning Loads on Community Buildings

AUTHOR(S):

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/21/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S ) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC AMD/069

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: 820812201

TOTAL PAGES: 77 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 1 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

The heating and air conditioning load (on 16 buildings in a planned

community which was located in the Washington, D.C. area) have been

plotted by the CALCOLIP Potter, based on calculations obtained by using

the loads portion of the ESOP. The building types included: 1) single

residences, 2) elementary school, 3) townhouse, 4) garden-level apartment complex, 5) lO-story high-rise apartment complex, 6) mid-school,

7) high school, 8) high-rise office building, 9) recreation area, 10)

local shopping center, 11) hospital, 12) regional mall, 13) 20-story

high-rise apartment complex, 14) college, 15) low-rise inn and 16) highrise inn. ! The loads shown for single family residences are the total

loads for 713 residences.

Heating and cooling loads were plotted for each building for a 24-hour

period for the following seasonal cases: 1) winter-mean temperature;

2) winter-2a low temperature and no cloud cover; 3) winter-2a low

temperature and full cloud cover; 4) spring-mean temperature; 5) summermean temperature, 6) summer-2c high temperature and no cloud cover;

7) fall-mean temperature. The mean temperature cases correspond to

the following percentages of cloud cover: 1) winter-58%, spring-55%,

summer-51% and fall-47%. In addition to the load plots, input ESOP

data are included for each case.

59
TITLE: Economic Evaluation of Total Energy; Guidelines

AUTHOR (S):

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 7/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Decision Sciences Corp.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : HUD

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; FB 228 683

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD-DSC-2; HUD Contract No. H-1776

TOTAL PAGES: 53 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 6 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

The report describes a computer simulation approach leading to the

development of a set of graphs which greatly simplifies the evaluation

of T.E. systems for residential projects. The information required to

carry out this type of evaluation is readily available in the early

stages of project planning. The required input information is simply:

1) Geographic Region.

2) Project Size; e.g., the number of dwelling units.

3) Gas Cost; e.g., in cents per thousand cubic feet (<?/MCF)

.

4) Oil Cost; e.g., in cents per gallon (c/gal.).

5) Purchased Electricity Cost; e.g., in cents per kilowatt hour (c/KTO).

The basic evaluation procedure is a simple five-step process. It has

been developed so that people with little technical training will be

able to use the previous information to quickly obtain a preliminary

project estimate of T.E. economic feasibility. Based on the preliminary

indication of T.E. feasibility, a decision can then be made as to

whether a full-scale engineering feasibility study should be undertaken.

A number of secondary factors which may influence the results for a particular project are also discussed- These secondary factors can be

used to correct the initial results determined via the five-step evaluation procedure.

60
TITLE: Economic Evaluation of Total Energy; Technical Report

AUTHOR (S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/12/13

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Decision Sciences Corp.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : HUD

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PB 228 893

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD-DSC-1; HUD Contract No. H-1776

TOTAL PAGES; 481 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 33 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT : (P)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this report is to discuss the analysis methddology used

to develop Total Energy (T.E.) economic evaluation guidelines. Such

guidelines are intended to enable a user to obtain a preliminary estimate of T.E. feasibility prior to a full-scale engineering feasibility

study. These guidelines are separately published as HUD-DSC-2. The

discussion of this methodology in the present report includes an identification of the critical assumptions and a summary of intermediate

results which are not included in HUD-DSC-2.

The report is organized into seven major sections. Section I, "Introduction" , covers the general overview and background of the document

Section II, "Information Base and Assumptions", serves as a central source

of the data required for economic evaluation of T.E. systems. The design

methodology for both conventional and total energy systems is presented

in Section III, "Energy System Design Methodology and Results", along

with a description of the many energy systems which were synthesized and

evaluated during the study.

Computer simulation analysis was used in the study to evaluate energy

system designs and determine energy demand and consumption levels. The

computer simulation analysis process is decribed and simulation results

are presented in Section IV, "Energy System Performance Evaluation".

"Economic Evaluation Methodology and Results" are presented in Section

V. Capital cost and operating cost information is presented. Final

results show the internal rate of return as a function of energy costs,

climate and project size.

61
TITLE: MIUS Performance Study for 300, 648, 1720, and 3000 Unit Garde

Level Apartment Complexes

AUTHOR(S): W.C. Rochelle; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc.; Aerospace

Systems Div.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: L.E. Co., Inc.; TR 3003

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: LEC 0315: Project No. 3377; Contract No. NAS 9-

12200

total pages: 168 total references cited: 11 class. of document: (of)

"abstract 1

The report contains the results of a MIUS parametric analysis for gardenlevel apartments. Five U.S.A. sites (with unique climatological data

and geographical locations) were studied, namely: Houston; Washington,

D. C; Denver; Seattle; Minneapolis. Apartment complexes with 300, 648,

1720 and 3000 units were investigated in which diesel engines, gas

turbines and steam-power plants were each assumed to be the prime movers.

Within the scope of this study , which essentially considered only energy

consumption, the following conclusions were reached:

1) For maximum energy savings, MIUS construction is more favorable

in a cold climate than in either a warm or mild climate;

2) Energy savings per apartment are relatively independent of apartment

complex size;

3) Energy savings are primarily dependent on the overall efficiency

(i.e., electrical efficiency plus waste-heat recovered) of the

prime mover and secondarily on climate;

4) For the MIUS configurations which were evaluated, the diesel prime

movers appear to have lowest energy consumption.

It was concluded that the best MIUS for each complex would be composed

of: 1) a boiler for heat source, 2) a diesel prime mover for electrical energy, 3) an incinerator for waste burning and 4) a floating ratio

of absorption/compression air conditioning. The best MIUS was found

to have annual energy savings of 30% over the conventional/commercial

power source .

62
TITLE: Economic Techniques for Evaluation of Alternative Utility

Service Systems: An approach for the comparison of a MIUS to

a conventional utility service system

AUTHOR(S): M.H. Grannatt, 3rd

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/25/73

DOCUllENT PREPARED BY: Author /NBS

RESPONSIBLE 0RGA1^IZATI0N(S) :

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NBS

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: "Working Paper"

TOTAL PAGES: 28 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 1 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on three Issues: 1) the data necessary to conduct

an analysis; 2) the proper techniques to employ that will assure correct/

consistent analyses which are sensitive to the viewpoints of various

"decision-makers" such as utilities companies, consumers, developers,

etc.; 3) recommendations for additional econbmic analysis that should

help to isolate problem areas, prior to their becoming unresolved or difficult to handle.

[NOTE: This "working paper" was written for submission to the lUSB's

Task Force on Economic Feasibility and is based In part on the output

from workshops on Economic Techniques held at HUD and NBS, in May 1973.

The paper's recommendations represent the opinions of economists in

NBS's Building Economics Section but such opinions are not necessarily

those of others attending the conferences.]

63
TITLE: The Effect of Stage Construction in the Cost of District Heat

to the Hypothetical Reference City Described in ORNL-HUD-14

AUTHOR(S): H.P. Payne

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/73

DOCWIENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORl^L

P.ESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) :

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : ORNL; ORNL-HUD-MIUS-10

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72

(Research)

TOTAL PAGES: 12 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCU>IENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This memorandxim estimates heating costs for a spectrum of assumptions

which cover the initial size and growth pattern of the hypothetical

reference city (of 400,000 people) described in a report, ORNLHUD-14, entitled "Use of Steam Electric Power Plants to Provide

Thermal Energy to Urban Areas," Simultaneous completion of the dualpurpose power plant and the large city were assumed for purposes of

cost estimates in said report.

The results of these estimates indicate that if as little as 20% of

the city were completed at the same time as the dual-purpose plant,

and that if the city grew to full size over a period of 10 to 20 years,

then the price of district heat would not be greatly increased over

that for a city whose completion coincided with that of the dualpurpose plant. For smaller initial city sizes, such as might be served

by MIUS, the cost of starting with a large dual-purpose plant is shown

to be much higher than that for the original simultaneous completion

assumption.

64
TITLE: Total Energy Systems, Urban Energy Systems, Residential Energy

Consumption: Federal Council on Science and Technology

AUTHOR (S):

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 10/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: F.C. on S . &T . Committee on Energy Research and

Development Goals Subpanel

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PB-221-374

OTHER IDEOTIFICATION: Contains reprints of NBS Report 10402 & NBS

Special Publication 361, Vol. 1, pp. 419-430; these are abstracted

separately in this list.

TOTAL PAGES: 353 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 76 CLASS OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

This print is the product of a technology evaluation effort by three

subpanels of the FCST Committee on Energy Research & Development. These

subpanels, led by HUD, investigated Total Energy Systems, Urban Energy

Systems and Residential Energy Consumption.

The report is largely made up of the three detailed subpanel reports.

The subpanel report on Total Energy Systems, chaired by NBS, contains

Task Submittals by individual subpanel participants. These include a Task

Submittal from NBS dealing with Total Energy, refrigeration technology,

insulated heat distribution, energy storage, R&D needs, and evaluation of

Total Energy. Other Task Submittals deal with technical problems

(Gamze, Korobkin and Caloger) , socio-legal problems (Edison Electric

Institute) , market potential (ORNL) , research and development required

(Surndstrand Corp.).

The subpanel reports on Urban Energy Systems (OPxNL) and Residential

Energy Consumption (Hittman Associates) are included along with supplementary reports from the American Gas Association, Electric Energy

! Association and NBS.

i

65
TITLE: NASA Report on Housing Development - A Study for the President's

Domestic Council, Volume 1 of 2

AUTHOR (S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/16/71

DOCmiENT PREPARED BY: NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 37 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUIIENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT {

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aerospace team

has extensive capabilities in systems engineering, environmental control,

water supply, waste management, materials, structures, habitability

,

and electrical power generation and distribution, which are directly

applicable to many present-day housing problems. It is felt that these

talents can enhance the Department of Housing and Urban Development

(HUD) activity. Accordingly, a program is proposed in which aerospace

management techniques, systems engineering, and aerospace hardware

technology will be applied to the design of housing. The goal of the

program is to assist HIT) in the development of improved housing systems

aimed at natural resource conservation, pollution reduction, and en- hanced fire and personal safety. This report also illustrates how

this space technology and experience could be applied to develop new

housing concepts which have the potential to decrease the domestic use

of water and electrical power, to decrease domestic gaseous pollution,

to reduce the burden on central sewage (wastewater) treatment plants,

and thus to minimally impact the community utilities and the national

ecology.

66
TITLE: NASA Report on Housing Development - A Study for the President's

Domestic Council, Volume 2 of 2

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/16/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 81 TOTAL REFEP>ENCES CITED; 3 CLASS. OF DOCUIIENT ; (OF) ABSTRACT

To delineate the manner in which NASA might contribute to the solution

of national problems of natural resource conservation, pollution abatement, and household safety as related to housing, a design for an apartment complex has been developed as an illustrative example with these

specific problems considered. The example apartment complex contains

approximately 500 apartment units and would be intended for construction

in an area in which a substantial increase in the public utility requirements would have a serious impact on the surrounding urban environment

This volume presents one example of a design approach for providing

housing for 500 families in a manner which would minimize the impact

on the environment and the demand for natural resources, yet increase

the safety and durability aspects of the household. It is shown in the

example that "integrated" water conservation and reprocessing concepts

can reduce the volume of municipal water required for household use by

94 percent and yet not impose a hardship of restricted use on the

residents. Also shown is that local waste incineration and electrical

power generation will yield advantages. A preliminary economic assessment of this integrated utility system shows that, although the initial

installation costs are increased by approximately $600,000 and the annual

maintenance costs are also greater, the annual operating savings (compared

with present-day costs) to the consumer make the integrated concept

economically practical.

67
TITLE: Thermal Effects of Various Air-Conditioning Methods Used in

Conjunction with an Electric Power Production and District Heating Facility

AUTHOR ( S ) : M . E . Lackey

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCES; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; ORNL-HUD-13

TOTAL PAGES: 47 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 4 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT \

This study was conducted for HUD to determine the effects on thermal

energy requirements, waste heat utilization, and waste heat disposal of an energy plant that, in addition to its other functions, is designed

to supply energy for air conditioning.

Three steam cycles that encompass the range of cycles used with fossilfired plants presently in commercial operation were considered as energy

sources. The steam cycles considered are typical of the best large

fossil-fueled plants in operation, advanced nuclear reactors under

development (such as the liquid-metal fast breeder, advanced gas-cooled

reactors, and molten-salt thermal breeder), and the light-water reactors

presently in operation.

Two locations of the refrigeration equipment relative to the reactor

site were used to determine the effects on the reactor site waste heat

disposal requirements. One of the locations considered was at the

reactor site with chilled water exported to the remote consumption sites.

The other location considered was at the many consumption sites; this

required that the energy for the operation of the refrigeration equipment be exported from the reactor site in the form of steam or hot water

in a district heating system.

Calculations were made of the energy required for air conditioning and

the waste heat disposal impacts of the various energy source and re- frigeration cycle combinations.

68
TITLE: Use of Steam Electric Power Plants to Provide Thermal Energy to

Urban Areas

AUTHOR(S) : A.J.Miller; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; ORNL-HUD-14

TOTAL PAGES: 222 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 75 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study for the Department of Housing and Urban

Development was to determine the feasibility of providing thermal energy,

as well as electricity, to urban areas from steam-electric power plants.

The economic feasibility is based simply on electricity and heat costs;

no cost credits were taken for reductions in environmental pollution.

The considerations of resource conservation and environmental improvement were principal elements in this study.

Heat-electric systems, their efficiencies, and heat rejection characteristics were examined first. The consumption of heat in several

applications is then discussed in some depth. Information is presented

on the siting, reliability and costs of nuclear stations and on the design

and cost of hot-water piping systems. Finally, all this information is integrated in a highly conceptual "new city" with light-water

reactors in an "energy center" supplying heat and electricity for the

city needs.

An analysis was made of a 1980 reference city of 389,000 people with

a climate similar to that of Philadelphia. Variations in this base

case were examined with respect to city size, distance from energy center

and climate.

This study has shown that with coordinated planning of energy centers

and new cities, it would be feasible to provide thermal energy from

steam-electric power plants to urban areas. With nuclear plants the

siting with respect to nearby populations could be in accordance with

present-day practice.

69

4. TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION

REPORTS

71
ii
TITLE: MIUS Wastewater Technology Evaluation

AUTHOR(S): J.C.Poradek

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION 1^0.: NTIS; NASA TM X-58130

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-09304

TOTAL PAGES: 125 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 281 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT |

The key to process selection in the wastewater treatment area is the

general requirement for operation in close proximity to densely populated areas, and the integration of wastewater treatment with other

MIUS subsystems. Such integration lends itself to some form of reuse o the treated wastewater, to compact systems with reduced manpower re- quirements and to use of waste outputs of other processes within the

MIUS.

The paper is intended to be an evaluation of the present state-of-the

art for wastewater treatment, as applicable to a MIUS. The opinions

presented herein are those of NASA's USPO and are based on an 18 month

review of various processes, which are examined with respect to several

MIUS applications including: garden and high-rise apartment buildings,

shopping centers, hospitals, office buildings and a community mixture.

This document attempts to determine the worth of the various processes

and process groupings with respect to MIUS applications, rather than

to survey such processes and then allow the reader (who has perhaps

only a limited understanding of the integration or the interconnected

aspects of MIUS) to make this own evaluation. With this in mind, the

authors state that: new technology will (probably) change the present

document's conclusions, some processes may be slighted and others

perhaps overemphasized and that each decision can be reexamined. Never

theless, they feel that the information presented is worthwhile.

73
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Thermal Energy Conveyance

AUTHOR(S): J.T. Meador

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.; NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-22

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72

(Research); ERDA 40-333-72

TOTAL PAGES: 95 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 39 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT

Thermal energy produced by MIUS can be distributed at moderate temperatures, with low-pressure steam or water most adaptable as energy transfer media. This report discusses the types, cost and performance of

several types of conduits for thermal energy conveyance. Conduits,

applicable to MIUS water conveyance of thermal energy, are evaluated

from data on characteristics and economic factors related to district

heating and cooling systems for housing developments.

Types of conduit that are most prevalent, both in older systems that are still in operation and in more recent installations, are illustrated

and discussed. Information on long-term performance is included, where

available, from inspection reports on various existing systems.

Materials of construction are considered according to the demands of

the three major requirements of a conduit. These requirements are:

(1) conveyance of the heat transfer media, (2) insulation from thermal

losses and (3) encasement to protect the pipe and insulation from both

external loads and the underground environment.

Illustrative analyses are presented that include most of the design

parameters involved in thermal conveyance so as to put in perspective

the most important features of such systems. Prefabricated conduits

made of mild steel with corrosion resistant coatings , or those made of

fiberglass reinforced epoxy , seem most likely to meet the requirements

of a MIUS for "low-temperature" hot water service. Conduits made of

asbestos-cement , or a thermoplastic such as polyvinyl chloride , are considered adequate and less expensive for chilled-water service.

74
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Preliminary Subsystem Recommendations for Near Term Concepts

AUTHOR(S): G. Samuels; W.J. Boegly, Jr.

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /OPJIJL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PR0CUREI4ENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; 0RIIL/HLT)/MIUS-17

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72

(Research) ; ERDA 40-333-72

TOTAL PAGES: 54 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 18 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (P)

ABSTRACT

Various considerations , based on a series of technology evaluations and

model analyses , are discussed and used to select suitable subsystems

as candidates for near- term MIUS application. These subsystems are to

provide dwelling units plus associated commercial facilities with

electricity, space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, potable

water, fire-protection water and liquid/solid waste disposal.

Internal-combustion piston engines (gas, diesel oj: dual fuel) are recommended for the prime movers, with a final selection dependent on

the availability and dependability of fuel supplies. The best choice

for the heat-recovery system will probably be a 240°F to 250°F system

suitable only for single-stage absorption chillers. Heat rejection

from the system may be by cooling tower or to a pond. A pond, in

addition to serving as the heat rejection system, may be used as a source of water for fire protection, to store storm water and possibly

to serve as a solar energy collector and water supply for a water source heat-pump system.

The final selection of the various utility subsystems of a MIUS

installation will depend on climate, population density and size, consumer mix or demand, local geology, and local resources such as water, natural gas and land.

75
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Water Supply and Treatment

AUTHOR(S): A.L. Compere; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCTOIENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-21

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72

(Research); ERDA 40-333-72

TOTAL PAGES; 139 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 118 CLASS. OF DOCTOIENT : (P)

j ABSTRACT j Water treatment is one of the services which may be performed within a MIUS, assumed to serve from 100 to 3000 dwelling units and their

associated facilities. The relatively small size and self-contained

MIUS creates special situations with respect to the application of

innovative water treatment and distribution technologies. This report

evaluates current and future technology on the basis of its suitability

for application as part of a MIUS development with emphasis on the

present state of the art.

The conventional technology evaluated in this report is, for the most

part, appropriate to the treatment of the surface water supplies; in

fact, the small pre-engineered plants described are designed primarily

for surface water treatment. Although commercially available preengineered plants would be suitable for treatment of many surface water

supplies, separate evaluation should be made of the degree of treatment

necessary for each MIUS.

In some situations, separate components (rather than a complete preengineered plant) may be most appropriate when designing a MIUS supply.

A MIUS potable water treatment system might include disinfection, coagulation and f locculation, solids separation and filtration. These separate

processes are discussed and evaluated.

Overall water supply systems considerations are also discussed. Among

the points discussed are water source quality, treatment plant complexity,

personnel skill levels, economies of scale, water transmission costs,

fire protection water supply, and economic evaluation considerations.

76
TITLE: Total Energy Systems for Buildings (Citations from the

Engineering Index Data Base)

AUTHOR(S): A.S.Hundermann

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY; Author /NTIS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE: ACCESSION NO,: NTIS; PS-76/0275

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES; 148 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 55 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; Cpq)

{ ABSTRACT |

Technology for total energy systems as applied to residential complexes

and industrial plants is discussed. These systems employ a primary

source of energy, such as oil, natural gas, or solar heat to provide

comprehensive energy requirements in the form of light, heating, cooling,

air conditioning, drying, process heat, and power for an industrial

plant or for a commercial or public building. Included are schemes for

electricity generation, waste- heat recovery, and direct power drive of

mechanical equipment coupled to a prime mover. Modular Integrated

Utility Systems (MIUS) are covered, including studies on gas turbines

for use in MIUS systems- Computerized simulation studies are also discussed. (Contains 55 abstracts.)

77
TITLE: Total Energy Systems for Buildings (Citations from the NTIS

Data Base)

AUTHOR ( S ) : A . S . Hundermann

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/NTIS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PS-76/0274

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Update of NTIS PS-75/215 COM-74-11138 and COM73-11582, See also page 77 of this listing.

TOTAL PAGES: 137 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 46 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

Technology and economics associated with total energy systems are discussed. These systems employ a primary source of energy, such as oil,

natural gas, or solar heat to provide comprehensive energy requirements

in the form of light, heating, cooling, air conditioning, drying, process heat, and power for an industrial plant or for a commercial or public building. Included are schemes for electricity generation,

waste heat recovery, and direct power drive of mechanical equipment

coupled to a prime mover. Abstracts primarily pertain to Modular

Integrated Utility Systems (MIUS) technology as applied to residential

complexes; a few abstracts deal with MIUS technology for military

facilities and commercial buildings. Topic areas cover social costs,

energy conservation potential, and the use of solar energy in total

energy systems. (Contains 46 abstracts)

78
TITLE: Investigation of Storage System Designs and Techniques for

Optimizing Energy Conservation and Integrated Utility Systems:

3 Volumes

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/10/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL)

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S ) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC; NASA 9-14628

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: T-1139,3: Contract No. NASA 9-14628

TOTAL PAGES: 387 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 315 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This is a three volume set comprising the final report on the entitled

study. The research program was sponsored by the USPO. The volumes

are entitled: I-Executive Summary; II-Application of Energy Storage to

lUS; Ill-Assessment of Technical and Cost Characteristics of Candidate

lUS Energy Storage Devices.

The potential for further improving performance and reducing the cost

of lUS installations through the use of energy storage devices was

examined and the results are summarized in this report. Candidate energy

storage .concepts in the general areas of thermal, inertial, superconducing magnetic, electrochemical, chemical and compressed air

storage were assessed. The storage of thermal energy as the sensible

heat of water was selected as the primary candidate or near-term

application to lUS.

Volume II includes: 1) descriptions of the two (no-storage) lUS baselines utilitized in the study; 2) discussions of the chosen assessment

critieria and selection framework; 3) a summary of the rationale for

selecting water storage for near-term application to lUS; 4) discussion

of the integration aspects of water storage systems; 5) an assessment

of lUS, with water storage, in alternative climates.

Volume III contains monographs which discuss each of the energy storage

categories assessed in the study. It summaries the basic theory of

operation of each of the categories and contains a broad list of

references which serve as a guide to the information currently available.

79
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Comparison of Trenching Costs for

Separate and Common Trenching

AUTHOR (S): J.T.Meador

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-15

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 81 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 10 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

Estimates are reported for the combined costs associated with excavating,

backfilling and compacting several classes of soil in utility trenches.

These costs include estimates for the earth moving equipment and for

operating labor. Published cost rates are applied to applicable trench

sections in order to estimate total earthwork costs. The derived

trenching cost data are then used to estimate the possibility of

savings in cost through application of common trenching methods to

several configurations of one section of mains, sized to meet the demands of a large garden apartment complex served by a MIUS. [Note: The

assumed trench cross sections comply with Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) Standards.]

The results indicate that earthwork costs could be reduced by about one- third through use of a common trench with moderately compact spacing

between utilities rather than by providing separate trenches for each

type of utility. Closer spacing would lead to lower accessibility for

maintenance, whose costs are not included in this study. Potential

savings were small or negligible in installations having large spacing

between utility service mains to provide ready accessibility for maintenance.

80
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Compression Refrigeration Systems

for Air Conditioning

AUTHOR(S): C.J. Claffey; C.L. Segaser

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-19

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

total pages: 43 total references cited: .19 class. of document: (p)

abstract"!

This evaluation describes the current status, performance and costs of

the types of compression refrigeration equipment considered suitable for

use in MIUS to provide residential space cooling.

The technology of compression-type refrigeration for air conditioning

systems is well established. Its widespread application in warmer

climates attests to its general acceptance is a reliable means of

providing comfort air conditioning. The existence of the many competing manufacturers assures a wide selection of machines to suit any

air conditioning application. With the exception of some "room-size"

air conditioners, compression machines operate in an efficient manner

significant percent of the small-capacity machines are also notably

efficient.

The report summarizes the fundamental refrigeration cycle and the various

types of mechanical refrigeration compressors and their driving prime

movers. The selection of refrigerant fluid is covered. Efficiencies,

performance values and energy flow are discussed. Capital, operating

and maintenance costs are given. Manufacturers of compression-type air

conditioning equipment and their products are listed.

81
TITLE: Energy Conservation in the Single Family House

(Task Report)

AUTHOR (S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Clovis Heimsath Associates, Inc . (Houston, Tx.)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA JSC

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. NAS 9-14643

TOTAL PAGES: 56 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 13 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

[ ABSTRACT ]

A representative energy consumption model of a single family house was designed to analyze numerous energy conservation techniques for practical application within the near future. The baseline model was designed

so that effects of construction in three climate zones could be analyzed

for conservation practice cost effectiveness. For this study the effects of zoning, wall insulation changes, roof area reduction (single

story to 2-story scheme), window area reduction, weather stripping,

window orientation, and air lock entry vestibules were investigated.

Summarization of the results indicate that very significant energy savings are possible with the single family house with some of the techniques analyzed. The energy model and methodology lend themselves to

a more extensive analysis using additional energy conservation materials and techniques.

82
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation; Thermal Energy Storage Materials

and Devices

AUTHOR(S): C.L. Segaser

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 11/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-23

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 65 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: .29 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

The generation of electricity by an on-site power plant results in a considerable amount of waste-heat energy being released from the primeraover/coolant system and from exhaust gases. A MIUS can effectively

utilize such heat for domestic space and water heating and, with less

efficiencyj for domestic air-conditioning by use of an absorption

chiller. If the amount of waste heat that can be recovered does not

quite closely match the heat demand, excess heat must be rejected

either to the environment or to be stored until it is required. A

heat deficiency must be made up from said storage or an auxiliary

heat-source such as a boiler. This report presents an evaluation

for MIUS applications of the technologies relevant to the design of

thermal energy storage (TES) devices and the selection of TES media.

Several TES materials are commercially available in large quantities

are relatively inexpensive, and have properties which make them suitable

for consideration in a MIUS. The techniques for TES may involve the

sensible heat of water or available nonporous solids or may utilize

the latent heat of fusion of one of the available phase-change materials.

(PCMs)

One can conclude that water is a logical choice for thermal energy

storage in a MIUS based partly on the fact that water is a low-cost

material. Also, because water is the most likely thermal energy conveyance medium between a MIUS district heating and cooling plant and the

point of use, the TES containment unit can be a simple large district

storage tank that does not require an intermediate heat exchanger;

83
TITLE: Wastewater Recycling and Water Conservation

AUTHOR(S): D.L. Brown; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 11/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: National Sanitation Foundation, NSF

Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105;

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Paper presented at 2nd National Conference on Individual 0ns it e Wastewater Systems

TOTAL PAGES: 9 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 3 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

The paper describes an alternative to the "traditional" approaches of

supplying utility services to communities, including sewage treatment

and disposal. This alternative has been developed by HUD under its MIUS

Program. The MIUS program is formulating a limited-size, integrated

concept for providing utility services to a community designed to con- serve energy and natural resources. This paper summarizes the integrated concepts that have been identified for the wastewater treatment

subsystem of a MIUS. These include waste-heat utilization, wastewater

recycling and methane gas generation.

84
TITLE: Integrated Waste Management Systems - On site MIUS Application

AUTHOR(S): J.H. Rothenberg (HUD); W.R.Mixon; W.J.Boegly, Jr. (ORNL)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 11/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/HUD/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGAIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Authors/AIChE

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Paper presented at Institute's 68th Annual Meeting; Los Angeles, Calif.; 11/16-11/20, 1975

TOTAL PAGES: 22 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 12 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

I ABSTRACT |

A series of evaluation studies on the major components and subsystems of

utility technologies applicable to MIUS has been completed as a part of

the Program. Some of the more important general conclusions from these

studies are discussed and each of the major utility subsystems of MIUS

are examined with respect to their potential for integration with other

subsystems and as to the advantages resulting from such integration.

The paper summarizes the following major areas o^ investigation:

Electric-Thermal Subsystem; Solid-Waste Subsystem; Liquid-Waste Collection and Disposal; Potable-Water Treatment; Common Trenching for utilities; and Common Advantages of subsystem integration.

Results of the evaluations indicate that MIUS can meet many of the program objectives while providing services at about r.he same cost as alternative conventional utilities. Although MIUS is not proposed as a direct competitor (or even as a complete substitute) for conventional

utilities, there are believed to be a significant number of applications

for which MIUS would be of public benefit. It is expected that municipalities and utility companies, as well as private developers, would

consider this option.

85
TITLE: The Annual Cycle Energy System

AUTHOR (S): H.C. Fisher

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: IEEE; 75CHO 983-7 TAB

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 10th lECEC; pp. 251-259; #759041

TOTAL PAGES: 9 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT

The Annual Cycle Energy System (ACES) is a residential and commercial

space heating, air-conditioning and potable water heating system. The

energy transfer utilizes an electrically driven heat-pump, which obtains

its heat from water stored "in situ" in an underground insulated tank.

The basis for the system is that water frozen during the winter heating

season can be stored as ice and can provide air-conditioning in the summer

The resulting annual COP (Coefficient of Performance) of the heat-pump

can be as high as 5, since both heating and cooling outputs of the heatpump are used; this concept relies on a heat balance around the structure on an annual basis. In 80% of the USA, the heating and cooling

requirements are in (or can be brought into) balance for a well- insula ted

building.

Topics discussed in this paper include: 1) an analysis of the icefreezing process, wherein calculations are compared to experimental test

results; 2) the results of analysis on the heat leak into the ice

storage tank; 3) the effect of latitude on the heat balance in the

buildings as related to the size of storage tank, insulation of

storage tank, supplemental solar panels and cost of operation; 4) a discussion of alternative ACES applications.

Cost calculations (based on a 9%, 20-year mortgage and associated costs

and credits) are shown which indicate that the system breaks even when

compared with ones using electric resistance heating and individual air

conditioners, with electricity at about 2.5 to 3.5 cent/kWhr.

86
TITLE: Technology Survey of Electrical Power Generation and Distribu--

tion for MIUS Application

AUTHOR(S): W.L. Gill; T.E. Redding

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 7/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

:

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N75-31573

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-08661; NASA TM X-58127

TOTAL PAGES: 64 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 25 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (?)

ABSTRACT 1

This report describes likely electrical generation power systems for

the MIUS program, divided into two classes: conventional and experimental. Conventional power systems include the use of Rankine , Brayton, and binary cycles, reciprocating internal combustion engines and

electric generators. Heat-recovery apparatus associated with such

conventional power systems and their supporting equipment are also

discussed. Experimental power systems include: electrochemical setups, nuclear energy sources, thermionics, thermoelectricity, solar

energy, magnetohydrodynamics plus hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal and wind power. Power distribution aspects are briefly discussed.

Steam and organic Rankine cycle systems, open-and closed-cycle gas

turbines, diesel and natural gas engine/generators and fuel cells cur- rently appear to be the most universally applicable pov/er sources for

MIUS.

Energy storage devices may be applicable for MIUS plants. These include

batteries, hydrogen/oxygen generators (i.e., water electrolysis) and

heat storage devices.

87
TITLE: Feasibility Study of Solar Energy Utilization in Modular Integrated Utility Systems (Final Report)

. AUTHOR(S) :

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/30/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Arthur D. Little, Inc.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N-75-28518

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: A.D.L. Inc.; Report No. 78036/Contract No. NAS

9-14524

TOTAL PAGES: 186 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 2 CLASS. OF DOCmiENT: (F)

i ABSTRACT

The study evaluated applications of solar energy in MIUS. The primary

intent was to examine the potential performance of solar energy

systems as elements of the major MIUS subsystems. Detailed interaction

studies, and design iterations of the entire MIUS incorporating the

solar thermal energy system, were excluded. The four major MIUS subsystems examined for solar energy applications were wastewater and solidwaste management, power generation, and HVAC.

A "Village Complex" MIUS, located in the Washington, D.C. area > was selected for use as a baseline system since extensive background information for it had been generated in past studies performed by the USPO.

Load and performance . requirements were determined for the major subsystems and their elements. Preliminary solar thermal-energy concepts were defined and described.

In considering non-technical issues such as public acceptance, architectural integration and institutional constraints , attention was directed

to characteristics of solar energy peculiar to Implementation in the

MIUS. Two key issues were identlfed: 1) economic com.petltiveness and

2) allocation of land usage. Recommendations are given for continued

activities, with emphasis on situations that are specific to the needs

and applications of MIUS.

88
TITLE: Study of Fuel Cell Powerplants with Heat Recovery (Final Report)

AUTHORCS): J.M, King; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/2A/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Power Utility Div. of United Aircraft Corp.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: P.U.Div.; FCR-002 /NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NASA Contract NAS 9-14220

TOTAL PAGES; 109 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 1 CLASS. OF DOCmiENT: (OF)

I ABSTRACT

The report shows that heat can be recovered from fuel cell powerplants

by simply replacing the air-cooled heat exchangers in current designs

with units which transfer the heat to an integrated utility system (lUS)

.

A study of energy availability for a 40 KW powerplant showed that the

total usable energy, at rated power, represents 84% of the fuel's lower

heating value: 38% as electric energy, 24 as heat at temperatures suitable for absorption air conditioning and 22 as usable heat at lower temperatures. Total usable energy increases to 96% of the fuel's lower

heating value for powerplants with ratings in the megawatt class. The

effects of design variables on heat availability were shown to be small.

Additionally, design requirements were established for the heat recovery

exchangers. Among other things, the characteristics of two candidate

fuel cell coolants after exposure to fuel cell operating conditions were

measured. The tests also disjtlosed that these coolants are acceptable for

use in fuel cell powerplants.

A test program was defined to assess fouling and other characteristics

of fuel cell heat exchangers, as needed to confirm heat exchanger designs

for heat recovery. [NOTE: This report was prepared for NASA's JSC/USPO

by the Power Utility Division of United Aircraft Corporation.]

89
TITLE: Annual Cycle Energy System (ACES) for Residential and

Commercial Buildings

AUTHORCS): H.C. Fischer

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/18/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : Author/ORNL

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Workshop on Solar Energy Storage Subsystems for

the Heating and Cooling of Buildings; Univ. of Va. April 18, 1975

TOTAL PAGES: 17 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 2 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT ; (OF)

ABSTRACT

The paper describes the Annual Cycle Energy System (ACES) as consisting

of a residential and commercial, heating and air-conditioning system

also providing for domestic hot-water. The energy transfer system

utilizes a heat pump, which obtains its heat from water stored in an underground insulated tank. The water frozen in the tank during the

winter heating season is used to provide air-conditioning in the summer.

The resulting annual COP of the heat-pump can be as high as 5 to 6, since

both heating and cooling outputs of the heat-pump are used. This concept

relies on a heat balance around the structure on an annual basis. The

paper points out that in 80% of the USA, the heating and cooling

requirements are in, .or can be brought into, balance for a well-insulated

building

Topics discussed in this paper include: 1) an analysis of the icefreezing process; 2) the results of analysis on the heat leak into the

ice storage tank; 3) the effect of latitude on the heat in the building;

4) a discussion of alternative ACES applications.

i Cost estimate calculations based on a 9%, 20-year mortgage and associated!

costs and credits are shown which indicate that the system breaks even when compared with ones using electric resistance heating and individual

air conditioners, with electricity at about 2c/kWhr.

90
TITLE: Technology" Survey of Computer Software as Applicable to the MIUS

Proj ect

AUTHOR(S): B.E. Fulbrlght

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N75-21159

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-09213 ; NASA TM X-58159

TOTAL PAGES: 15 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 29 CLASS OF DOCUMENT: r?^

ABSTRACT

Computer simulations are necessary for MIUS development, design, demonstration and operation. Several existing programs that could be used, or modified slightly, for MIUS use are examined in this report.

This TM represents a first look at existing computer software that could

be applied to a MIUS simulation. The report is not intended as a comprehensive list but as a survey of the available types of programs either

from governmental or private sources. Included are brief descriptions

of several programs and subprograms together with the areas of simulation to which they might be applicable. This survey has been conducted

to familiarize cognizant personnel with such programs.

91
TITLE: SINDA Systems Simulator Computer Program for MIST Test Laboratory (4 Volumes)

AUTHOR(S): W.C. Rochelle; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc; Aerospace Systems

Div.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S ) : NASA-JSC

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC/L.E. Co., Inc.; TM 5007

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: LEG 5521; Project Nos. 3375 & 3377

TOTAL PAGES: 854 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 18 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This document provides a program description of the SINDA systems simulator computer model as applied to the MIUS Integration and Subsystems

Test (MIST) Laboratory. The document consists of: Vol. I - Engineering

Description of Model; Vol. II - Programmer's Manual; Vol. Ill - User's

Manual; Vol. IV - Test Case Analysis Report.

Vol. I contains a general technical description, including MIST equipment performance data used in the model and MIST sensor /SINDA nodal

correspondence and modes of operation of the model. The basic details

of the SINDA model are described, including piping and nodal network,

equipment flow-rate and flow-rate and temperature logic, mixing valve

control logic, loads logics and pressure prediction technique. This

volume provides the model without the details of programming logic,

user's input or program results. j

Vol. II has the program listings for the SINDA/MIST model and other

information of special interests to a programmer. This material includes

a basic description of the SINDA Program, including general program logic

differences between steady-state and transient models and flow chart. ^ The program's network solution techniques are discussed, for both j steady-state and transient models and the model's subroutines are presented. 1

Volume III presents the details of the SINDA/MIST computer program from

the user's standpoint. Input data requirements, deck setup and output

data features are described in detail. Core storage limitations are also discussed. A description of the input is presented, along with a discussion of all output.

92
The purpose of Volume IV was three-fold; (1) to illustrate the use of

the model; (2) to show the types of output data; (3) to correlate

results from the steady^-state and transient features.

93
TITLE: Production of Gaseous Fuel by Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid

Waste; Final Report

AUTHOR(S): T.H.Crane; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/20/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/Barber Colman Co.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : B.C. Co. /NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. NAS 9-14305; EZ/75-37

TOTAL PAGES: 66 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 10 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT \

This report covers work done for JSC's USPO by the Resource Recovery

Systems Division of the Barber-Colman Company. It evaluates the quantity

and quality of fuel gas produced by an already-constructed solid waste

pyrolysis system.

Pilot-plant tests were conducted on a simulated solid waste consisting

typically of a mixture of 50% shredded newspaper, 5% wood waste, 3%

polyethylene plastics, 10% crushed glass, 8% steel turnings and 24%

water. All tests were conducted at 1400°F in a lead-bath pyrolyzer.

About 80% of the feed's organic content was converted to gaseous

products: benzene, toluene and a medium-quality 500 Btu/cu. ft. fuel gas;

8% remained a partially pyrolyzed char and tars and 12% as water. The

gaseous products contain over 90% of the energy inherent in the incoming waste. Less than 50% of the energy available in the products must

be used as fuel to sustain the system. Actual system efficiency ranges

from '\j50 to 70%, depending on the efficiency of utilization of the sen- sible heat of the flue gas from the pyrolyzer 's radiant heaters.

Over 40% of the carbon in the feed is converted to benzene and toluene.

In ten tests, benzene production exceeded 10% of the weight charged to

the pyrolyzer; this represents a potential credit of $25 or more per

ton of solid waste.

94
TITLE: ESOP (Energy Systems Optimization Program); Its Description and

Comparative Analysis

AUTHOR (S) : B.E. Fulbright (NASA-JSC) ; S.L. Ferden and R.D. Stallings

(Lockheed Electronics Co.)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY; Authors /NASA-J SC /L. E. Co.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: 1975 ASHRAE Transactions, Part 1, p. 25, (Abstract

only). Presented at the ASHRAE (Atlantic City, N.J.) meeting of 1/75.

TOTAL PAGES: 11 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 24 CLASS. OF DOCmiENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

Energy and cost savings can be realized by integrating various utility

services (i.e., space heating and cooling, electrical power generation,

solid waste disposal, potable water preparation and wastewater treatment) into a single unit which provides buildings or groups of buildings

with these services. This paper presents a description of a computer

program developed to support analyses of such an integration plus the

results of the efforts of verification of this program. ESOP was

developed to support MIUS. The program predicts energy requirements,

equipment sizes and life-cycle costs of alternate methods of providing

these utility requirements.

The references are intended to provide general background information

to the interested reader and are not directly keyed to the text.

I

95
TITLE: Heat Value of Sludge

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1974

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: EPA

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NBS

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Technical Brief

TOTAL PAGES: 6 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTFJ^CT

This Technical Brief first reviews the current wastewater sludge disposal procedures and then discusses the useful heat potentialities of

such sludges.

It states that the heat-value of sludge depends on the amount of combustible elements such as carbon, hydrogen and sulfur present in the

sludge. [NOTE: The combustible elements are chemically combined in the

organic sludge as grease, carbohydrates and protein. ] The combustible

portion of sewage sludge has a BTU content about equal to that of

lignite coal. However, when inert chemicals are used in the pretreatment steps, the weight of the sludge increases by about 10% and the heat

content of the sludge is reduced accordingly.

96
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Collection, Treatment and Disposal

of Liquid Wastes

AUTHOR(S): w.J. Boegly, Jr.; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-16

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 160 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 190 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT:(p)

ABSTRACT

The relatively small size, self-contained MIUS creates special situations

for liquid waste collection and treatment technologies. This report

evaluates current and future technology on the basis of its suitability

for application to a MIUS but the emphasis is on the present state of

the art. Technology evaluation is a continuing process for the MIUS

program; this report summarizes the work done, as of July 1973.

Introductory material is presented on the quantities and composition of

sewage that might be generated in housing complexes along with a discussion of water-saving devices. Pressure and vacuum sewers, as possible

alternatives to the current use of gravity-flow sewerage systems, are

discussed.

Individual unit processes that might be used in wastewater treatment

and disposal are described and discussed along with flow sheets for

systems producing effluents of various qualities 3.nd at various costs

plus related information on electrical and thermal requirements. An

analysis of commercially available, small, sewage treatment plants using

the various unit processes is included . Costs of the plants are given , and a method is outlined for estimating the relative economy of on-site

processing as compared with transporting the sewage to an existing

treatment plant. Finally, possible schemes are discussed for the reuse of treated liquid waste effluents from MIUS on-site plants.

New wastewater systems have been developed that provide effluents of

high enough quality to be reused for fire protection, irrigation, cooling,

recreational purposes, etc. Direct recycling of effluents for use as potable water is feasible but needs further study.

97
TITLE: Pyrolysis System Evaluation Study (Final Report)

. AUTHOR(S) :

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Hamilton Standard Div. of United Aircraft Corp.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. NAS 9-14305; EZ/75-356

TOTAL PAGES: 589 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 40 CLASS. OF DOCmiENT: (OF)

I ABSTRACT

Hamilton Standard, a Contractor for NASA's research and technology effort

for the USPO, conducted an evaluation of two different pyrolysis concepts

intended to recover energy from solid waste in order to determine their

merits for inclusion as part of an Integrated Utility System (lUS) . The

two concepts were (1) a Lead Bath Furnace Pyrolysis System being designed

and tested by Barber Colman Company and (2) a Slagging Vertical ShaftPartial Air Oxidation Pyrolysis System demonstrated by the Urban Research

and Development Corporation (URDC). Fuel gases which can be used to

offset primary fuel consumption are produced from both lUS solid waste

and sewage sludge in addition to sanitary disposal of the waste. However, the reported results clearly indicate that the URDC concept is a better pyrolysis system for development and integration into an lUS.

The study evaluated the thermal integration of each concept, as well as the economic impact on the lUS resulting from such integration.

The major portion of this final report summarizes the pertinent results

of the study and the general logic behind said results. Detailed technical and economic discussions supporting the study summary are organized by topic and are presented in the Appendices. The Appendices

also include consultant comments and some supporting test information.

[NOTE: In the conduct of the study, Hamilton Standard employed the

services of Arthur D. Little as chemical process consultants/ and URDC,

for certain preliminary design information concerning the URDC concept.]

I

98
TITLE: Energy Systems Optimization Program (ESOP) User's Guide

(3 Volumes)

AUTHOR(S): R.D. Stallings; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 11/74 (Vols. I & II) ; 1/75 (Vol. Ill)

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc.; Aerospace

Systems Div.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NASA-JSC

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : COSMIC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: LEG 5041; Project No. 3375

TOTAL PAGES: 305 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 13 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT : (PO)

I ABSTRACT

This report documents the preliminary system design program used at

NASA for design and analysis of MIUS. This program is referred to as the

ESOP (Energy Systems Optimization Program)

.

This document is presented in three volumes, with contents as follows:

Volume I - Discussions of the energy analysis performed by ESOP,

program input data and output data, along with samples of

output data and input listing;

Volume II - A complete computer listing of all subroutines of the

energy analysis program plus a flow chart of the analysis

computations

;

Volume III - A discussion of the Economic Analysis (ECOBAS) and Financial Analysis (FINANS) programs, plus a program input

guide, sample input, sample output and a program listing.

ESOP was written for the purpose of calculating facility load requirements and then evaluating the yearly operational characteristics of a MIUS design to satisfy said loads. Based on average hourly/daily/

monthly /seasonal/yearly loads, the energy analysis will predict the

fuel requirements for a MIUS as well as for a conventional-type commercial system which will also satisfy these loads. The ECOBAS will

determine the capital and yearly operational and maintenance costs and

the FINANS will perform a financial analysis.

The general analytical componenets of the energy analysis are siaimnarized,

namely; waste disposal, heating/cooling loads, energy requirements,

power generation, conventional utility systems and wastewater treatment.

99
TITLE: Technology Evaluation of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

for IIIUS Application

AUTHOR(S): W.L. Gill; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 11/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N75-10135

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-08571; NASA TM X-58128

TOTAL PAGES: 51 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 20 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

This report describes likely heating, ventilation and air-conditioning

systems plus major components associated with their support. The various

types of air-conditioning machinery that are available for use in MIUS

are enumerated • Mvantages and disadvantages peculiar to MIUS are

considered.

Heating boilers are briefly reviewed because they will be used only to

augment recovered heat from MIUS prime-mover systems. Building spaceheating methods, including fan-coil units, electrical heating, gas,

infrared and solar heating, are also discussed. The use of the heat pump

to provide both heating and cooling is examined. Other items considered

are heat-rejection, air-distribution and ventilation requirements and

techniques, humidity control, air filtration and odor control. A brief

discussion of overall system control requirements , and NASA research and

development technology applicable to this area , concludes this survey of

the state of the art. i

f A combination of compression and absorption space cooling, together with

the use of recovered engine heat for space heating, appears to be the

most efficient means of air conditioning a building complex served by a MIUS . !i

,

':!

,i:

100
TITLE: Technical and Institutional Aspects of Common Trenching

AUTHOR(S): W.J.Boegly; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /ORNL

^SPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) :

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS ; ORNL-HUD-28

TOTAL PAGES: 226 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 84 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is responsible for the application of new technology to the solution of urban

housing problems. As a part of their research effort, studies were

initiated on the application of new underground utility installation

practices such as the installation of multiple utilities in the same

trench (usually called common trenching or joint trenching) or the use

of utility tunnels. The information in this report represents the results obtained in evaluating the potential role of common trenching as

an improved utility installation practice, strategies for implementation, and recommendations for future action.

Major technical considerations in the use of common trenching are reviewed. These considerations are: installation and maintenance practices, compatibility, and design of the trench itself. Although modifications of current installation practices appear necessary, none re- presented a deterrent to common trenching. Although it was found that

the technological problems associated with common trenching of utilities

were generally amenable to solution, the report's extensive study of

institutional constraints in the coordination, application, and administration of these systems were found to limit their use.

The report further makes estimates of the capital cost savings from

common trenching and analyzes the results of a trial demonstration of common trenching in East Tennessee. Strategies and incentives for

implementation are explored and several recommendations are made.

Prinicipal conclusions and recommendations are: (1) an organization to

gather, validate, and disseminate information on common trenching; (2)

the formation and development of federal, state, and local coordinating

committees; (3) development of better equipment for the installation of

common-trenched utilities; (4) development of standards and criteria

for common trenching; (5) federal incentives provided to states and

local areas requiring compulsory undergrounding.

101

I
TITLE: Technology Evaluation of Control/Monitoring Systems for MIUS

Application

AUTHOR(S): L.M. Pringle, Jr.

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; N74-32715

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-08973;NASA TM X-58135

TOTAL PAGES: 55 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 13 CLASS*. OF DOCUMENT; (P)

ABSTRACT

This report is a general survey of the possible systems and hardware

required for control/monitoring in a MIUS. The purpose of the survey is

to familiarize engineers who will undertake the design and analysis work

specific to MIUS with appropriate techniques and hardware for monitoring

and control of the individual processes that are applicable to MIUS; i.e.,

power generation, solid-waste treatment, etc.

A general description is given of the requirements for a MIUS control/

monitoring system, control/monitoring hardware including logic controls,

central control stations, subsystem hardware and actuators.

Several operational control/monitoring systems were visited during the

survey and are described herein. The results of the initial survey show

that only one major hardware development is required, namely, the automatij

monitoring of waste and water treatment processes, computer modeling of

MIUS subsystems is a needed software development.

In keeping with the use of articles of commerce in the development of the j MIUS design, the survey has shown that a wide range of capabilities exists

that will provide the MIUS with a control/monitoring system using mainly

"off-the-shelf hardware". Baseline systems have been selected.

i This report should be considered as a first look at control/monitoring

system technology. It is not intended to be the final engineering/economic assessment of such technology. It is anticipated that the HUD/MIUS

project will continue an in-depth study of this field. j

102
TITLE: Integrated Waste Management Systems

AUTHOR(S): P.M.Tobin; C.E.Meyers

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /EPA

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME; Paper No. 74-ENAs-47

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at ASME Meeting 7/29-8/1, 1974;

Seattle, Washington

TOTAL PAGES; 12 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 19 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (PC)

I ABSTRACT |

This report reviews past work on Alaska Village Demonstration Projects,

siting of public and private utilities and new solid waste collection

techniques. MIUS (under joint sponsorship with HUD) and other new concepts are discussed including the use of solid waste as a supplement

fuel source, recovery of methane from organic material and pyro lysis

of organic wastes. Finally, reports are presented on several communities

which plan to use the integrated waste management systems approach. To

date the approach of examining pollution control, through the total

waste management concept, appears to be practical and has received

enthusiastic acceptance.

103
TITLE: Application of a Numerical Differencing Analyzer Computer Program

to a Modular Integrated Utility System

AUTHOR(S): A. A. Brandli (USPO) ; C.F. Donham (The Boeing Co.)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCU>IENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NASA-JSC /The Boeing Co.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME ;

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 9th lECEC; pp. 547-552; //749059

TOTAL PAGES: 6 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (-po^

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the adaption of SINDAy a numerical differencing

analyzer computer program, to the thermal analysis of a MIUS model.

The MIUS model evaluated was one which would support a 648-unit garden

complex.

SINDA (Systems Improved Numerical Differencing Analyzer) is a general

purpose systems analyzer which lends itself well to any system which

can be represented as a lumped-parameter nodal network governed by

diffusion equations , generally referred to as a resistor/capacitor

network

The objective in developing this program was to have the means to

thermally analyze the response of a MIUS to varying externally

impressed loads and to provide a wide range of operational flexibilities

in order to give the capability of accurately determining the use of

energy throughout the system. The SINDA model in this paper was specifically for a garden apartment in Houston, Texas but, with minor

modifications in the program input, its range of applicability can be

altered and considerably expanded to include a variety of other building

complex types and geographic locations.

In order to implement the chosen model the MIUS was represented as several major networks. Each network was inputed Independently but was then connected to other networks as needed to integrate the total

MIUS. The networks which are simulated in this model are: a) PrimeMover Waste Heat Unit; b) Air-Conditioning Condenser Cooling Water; c)

Air-Conditioning Chilled Water.

104
TITLE: The Energy Systems Optimization Computer Program (ESOP) for

Modular Integrated Utility Systems (MIUS) Analysis

AUTHOR(S): S.L. Ferden; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /Lockheed Electronics Co.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S ) : NASA-JSC

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME ;

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 9th lECEC; pp. 541-546 #749058

total pages: 6 total references cited: 21 class. of document: (po)

abstractI

The report states that significant energy and cost savings can be obtained by integrating the various utility services such as space-heating/cooling, electrical power generation, solid-waste disposal, potable water

and wastewater treatment into a single unit which services buildings or groups of buildings. A computer program is described which has been

developed jointly by Lockheed Electronics Co. (LEC) and the USPO of

NASA/JSC. The computer program is entitled the Energy Systems Optimization Program (ESOP).

The ESOP program predicts the loads, energy requirements, equipment

sizes and life-cycle costs of alternative methods of meeting these

utility requirements. The program has been used extensively for performing energy analyses of MIUS, which is a concept sponsored by HUD.

This paper presents a general description of ESOP, including the utility

requirements determined by the program for a single building or a group

of buildings. Alternative methods of meeting said requirements are discussed along with the energy analysis. A description is included

of an economic data base for evaluating capital costs and operating and

maintenance (O&M) costs for MIUS and conventional systems. A financial

analysis routine for determining the yearly cash flow, rate of return,

yield, payback and net present-value of the systems is discussed.

105
TITLE: General Survey of Solid-Waste Management

AUTHOR(S): T.G.Reese; R.C.Wadle

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; N74-24523

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC-08696; TM X-58133

TOTAL PAGES: 27 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 21 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this report is qualitatively describe the technology of

modern solid-waste management systems. This technology description is

written to relate various solid-waste management systems to MIUS . When

comparing the system concepts to determine the optimum system for a MIUS

consideration will be given to the economics of operation including

capital costs, efficiency, maintenance, reliability and needed development effort.

Likely solid-waste collection, transportation and disposal systems are described. The various types of solid waste processing equipment available for use in a MIUS are presented. Automated collection systems are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of the various systems

are enumerated. Reclamation and recycling of solid wastes are discussed,

with emphasis on the processes used to separate solid waste into its

various fractions. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of

incinerators are covered. Pyrolysis, which provides for the recovery

in the form of gas, oil and char, is considered.

The characteristics and special considerations for MIUS solid-waste

system components are described.

In conducting this technology survey several government and prviate

organizations were contacted and visited. The discussions with these

agencies and firms provided relevant information concerning the solidwaste management systems in use today and the applicability of these

systems to MIUS. A list of these contacts is given.

106
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Prime Movers

AUTHOR(S): G. Samuels ; J .T . Meador

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY:

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORlTL-HUD-MIUS-11

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 66 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 55 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

Prime movers suitable for driving electric generators , whose ex- haust heat can be used to heat and cool relatively small communities

served by a MIUS , are evaluated from the standpoints of performance

and economics

.

Present ecomonic and technologic considerations limit the logical

selection of prime movers in the 150-kW to 1000-kW range to gas and

steam turbines, spark- ignition gas engines , and compression-ignition

diesel and dual-fuel engines. Small steam turbines are of some interest

in applications in which the ratio of heat to electrical usage is rather

large ('^15 to 20). Small gas turbine units, having relatively low

electrical efficiency (a/20%) and high excess air requirements are primarily of interest for applications in which heat usage is four to

five times that for electricity. Internal-combustion piston engine

units are the most efficient of the available prime movers, having

good electrical ('V'30%) and overall thermal efficiencies ('\^80%)*.

Two other types of prime movers, which may become available for use in

MIUS applications are also discussed: the Stirling engine and the

organic Rankine cycle system using a turbine-generator.

Fuel economy data, maintenance and equipment costs are included for gas

turbine-generator units for various internal-combustion engine-generator units.

Overall thermal efficiency = (electrical output + heat-recovery rate)

7 fuel-heat input.

107
TITLE: Impact of Environmental Protection Agency Solid Waste Management Programs on MIUS Demonstration Project

AUTHOR (S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 3/7/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: EPA

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: EPA

OTHER IDENTIFICATION:

TOTAL PAGES: 5 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

i ABSTRACT |

This is an informal report which summarizes the specific Federal regulations related to solid wastes, viz: "Clean Air Act", "Water Pollution

Control Act" and "Solid Waste Disposal Act." It points out that although solid-waste was not covered by direct Federal standards, as of

March 1974, Federal programs encourage local governments and private

corporations to adopt environmentally acceptable methods for handling

and disposing of such wastes, including recovery of useful materials

therefrom. The report also contains a group of questions submitted to

EPA, with its answers, relative to MIUS solid-waste.

108
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption

Refrigeration

AUTHOR (S): h.R. Payne

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; ORNL-HUD-MIUS-7

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 32 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 14 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

Absorption refrigeration air conditioning, which can utilize the heat

recovered from engines and from the incineration of solid waste , can

be included in a MIUS. This report reviews the suitability of

lithium bromide plus water for such an application.

The types and sizes of manfactured units and their availability are discussed. Single-effect lithium bromide plus water absorption systems

are available from domestic manufacturers, and double-effect systems

probably will be manufactured in the near future. Capital, operation

and maintenance costs are given for such single-effect systems.

With waste heat available from electric power generation, a total energy

system will use less fuel over a wide range of conditions than a comparable conventional system supplying electric power and using compressive

refrigeration. Fuel consumption comparisons are made between total

energy and conventional systems providing the same service.

109
TITLE: MIUS Technology Evaluation: Solid Waste Collection and Disposal

AUTHOR(S): W.J. Boegly, Jr.; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; OR^JL-HUD-MIUS-9

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TOTAL PAGES: 88 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 90 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

The report briefly examines residential-municipal waste generation and I follows with a more in-depth discussion of the -various types of equipment and materials handling methods used in solid waste collection.

Included are both collection within buildings and between-building transfers. Equipment and methods are discussed in general terms of availability, operating characteristics, relative economic, performance data

etc. '

Solid waste disposal is discussed at length with emphasis on heat recovery

incineration. The various types of incinerators are presented in terms ; of current status/availability, capital and O&Il costs, combustion & heat j recovery efficiency, etc. Operation in discussed in terms of refuse | charging, ash removal, auxiliary firing, air pollution abatement equip- ji ment. ij

System economic comparisons are made for various sizes of incinerators, [ with fit without waste heat recovery compared to saintary landfills with I various haul distances.

!l

I

110
TITLE: Techno.logy Evaluation for MIUS

AUTHOR (S ) : A.J. Miller; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; CONF-730811-4

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: 8th lECEC Proceedings; pp. 653-659; #739149

TOTAL PAGES: 7 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

I abstract"!

This paper presents a summary of the results to date of an evalution

of utility technologies with respect to use in MIUS. The MIUS may be

sized to accommodate perhaps 100 to 3000 multifamily dwelling units plus

nearby single-family housing and associated commercial facilities.

111
TITLE: Electrical Gri'd Tie-in Summary Report

AUTHOR(S) :

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO . : NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: JSC EZ2-73-153

TOTAL PAGES: 15 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTPJ^CT I

This is a study to determine MIUS to conventional utility electrical

interconnections, options and mutual benefits. Several possible

configurations were identified and a list of advantages/disadvantages

to MIUS and conventional utility companies was compiled. [NOTE:

Although the method of interconnection may be relatively independent

of the facility type being served, for energy and cost analysis

purposes a base-line MIUS system (648 unit garden apartment) with

known operating characteristics was used,]

Computations were made for annual energy savings, "delta" capital cost,

installation costs and capacity for each of six options. The paper

presents a summary of the results and assists in the identification

of similarities with .other; on-going studies related to interconnecting MIUS plants to serve a community.

112
TITLE: Coiranunity MIUS System Specification

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NASA-JSC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NASA-JSC/USPO-0001-001

TOTAL PAGES; 46 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

The MIUS community system specification, discussed in this document,

is to be used to establish overall system requirements and the interfaces with city-wide services for the separate neighborhood, village

center and central business district MIUS installations. The city is

to be a new planned community of 100,000 population.

This specfication is the primary requirements document for a group of

MIUS units serving a new community. It covers: 1) the basic MIUS

units; 2) the facilities required to house, control, service and maintain the system; and 3) cabling/piping/ducting peculiar to the system

up to and including switches, relays, valves and other interface

components needed to connect MIUS to city-wide services. [NOTE: The

city-wide services associated with MIUS are also included.]

Although the specification does not lock into a fixed hardware configuration, a baseline system is described consisting of 29 MIUS units.

Utilities provided by the baseline MIUS units consist of electrical

power generation, HVAC, solid-waste incineration, and sewage treatment

subsystems. The city-wide systems included in the baseline are a fuel storage/distribution system, a conventional potable water system,

and an electrical distribution grid which interfaces with all MIUS

installations. Anything within the dwelling units and the storm

sewerage system is excluded.

In summary, the purpose of this document is to define the requirements

for a group of MIUS installations intended to serve a community, as defined in the NASA Community Conception Design Study. This document

is considered representative and will be used as a basis for a product

specification for a MIUS equipment designer.

113
TITLE: Status of Comparative Analysis (Hourly) of Loads and MIUS

Energy Requirements

AUTHOR(S): J.V. Wilson

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE: ACCESSION NO.: ORNL

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: AEC-5

TOTAL PAGES: 20 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 9 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT |

The' main purpose of this memorandum is to describe the progress made in

developing an ORNL computer program (1973 MIUS "Fotran IV" Program)

which calculates MIUS energy requirements from hourly data on: use of

electricity, availability of directly recoverable heat, availability

of heat from solid waste, use of hot water and the needs for space

heating and cooling as based on hourly Weather Bureau data. Additionally,

the report includes the status of steps to make operational at ORNL two

other computer programs developed elsewhere so that the results from

all three programs might be compared.

114
TITLE: A Method for Computing the Cost of Hot Water Conveyance

AUTHOR(S); M.E. Lackey

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/OPvNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ORNL; ORNL-HUD-MIUS-8

OTHER IDENTIIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72

(Research)

TOTAL PAGES; 11 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUI-IENT : (OF)

. ABSTRACT

This memorandum describes a preliminary look at methods whereby

estimates of thermal energy conveyance costs for a MIUS might be

systematized and computerized. It also furnishes some preliminary

data on the influence of distribution and transmission distances upon

the capital costs of a district hot-v;ater heating system. Calculation

procedures are illustrated through use of a simple system having uniform

loads equally spaced along a constant-size distribution header.

115
TITLE: Technology and Economics of Utility Tunnels and Common Trenching

AUTHOR(S): W.J. Boegly, Jr.; W.L. Griffith

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Authors /ORNL/IECEC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of the 7th lECEC; pp. 1230-1235; #729184

TOTAL PAGES: 6 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 9 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

I ABSTRACT |

The paper states that expansion of conventional underground utility

systems plus the possibility of installing additional utilities (such as central heating/cooling, solid-waste collection and pneumatic maildelivery) will produce increased "competition" for available urban

installation space. Such competition is now a problem of increasing

seriousness for utility companies operating in the dense areas of our larger cities. In suburban areas the problem is not as acute but, with

increased emphasis on the underground placement of all utilities, it is seen that improved installation practices will be required e.g., the use of utility tunnels or the common installation of multiple utilities

in the same trench.

Such utility tunnels, if properly designed, offer the potential for

installation and maintenance of underground utilities without further

excavation but they are more costly than conventional methods. Also, the are problems in compatibility between utilities, safety, financing and

coordination. A design study for a utility tunnel system in White Plains

New York was used to illustrate the application of this concept. Cost

differences between conventional buried utilities and utilities installed

in tunnels were also presented.

Common or joint trenching presents many of the same problems as the

utility tunnel. Its main advantage appears to be the reduction in the

amount of excavation required plus its potential for a minimum disruption

of the surface. Safety and coordination problems, however, have also

restricted the use of common trenching. Current practices and research

into the deterrents to common trenching are described along with

suggested modified practices and anticipated economic gains.

116
TITLE: Urban Utilization of Extracted Heat and Waste Heat from Central

Station Power Plants

AUTHOR(S): S.E. Beall, Jr.; A.J. Miller

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: Authors /ORNL/ lECEC

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 7th lECEC; pp. 1223-1229; #729183

total pages: 7 total references cited: 9 class. of document: (po)

abstract"!

The paper presents an analysis by ORNL of the feasibility of providing

thermal energy and electricity to urban areas from central station

steam-electric power plants. Consideration is given to the use of the

thermal energy for applications such as industrial processes, building space-heating, air conditioning, sewage treatment, agriculture and

aquaculture.

The analysis Indicated that, compared to conventional systems , the use

of such dual-purpose plants significantly reduces the consumption of

fuel and lessens the environmental impact of providing energy. Areas

of multifamily dwellings and other multistoried buildings could be

served in new cities, or renewed old cities, at costs comparable to

those for more conventional separate systems. However, it would require more planning of facilities and coordination of diverse organizations than is now normally employed. The diversity of costs and dislocations associated with retrofitting existing cities would cause

each such city to be a separate analysis case.

117
TITLE: Total Energy Applications - Industrial, Urban, Agricultural

AUTHOR(S): S.E.Beall, Jr.

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 6/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; CONF-730211-1

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at a Symposium on "Effective Energy

Utilization", at Drexel University; Philadelphia, Penn. 6/8-6/9

TOTAL PAGES: 31 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 9 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (-pp)

I abstract"!

Improved energy utilization (recycling energy intensive products, better

insulation, more efficient air conditioning, etc.) and combined uses

of heat and electricity were studied. Applications for the heat that

remains after electricity is generated provide possibilities for significant savings. Heat from a dual-purpose plant costs less than heat

generated in a separate burning of fuel because less is consumed and be- cause capital investment and operating charges are shared by the two

functions; also there is less air pollution and less waste discharged

to the environment.

The beneficial use of waste heat was explored, with emphasis on study

of the large steam-electric generating systems. The smaller total

energy systems, with emphasis on heat recovery and use, are also being

evaluated.

Different ways of making heat available in an electrical-generating

system are shown. The penalty in electrical capacity that results from

back-pressuring is illustrated. It is shown how steam at different

temperatures can be removed from various stages of a turbine, making

available a range of temperatures varying from perhaps 75° at the

condenser to several hundred degrees F, if high-pressure steam is ex- tracted.

118
TITLE: Comparison of the Thermal Efficiencies of a Closed-Cycle and an Open-Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Used in a District Heating

System

AUTHOR(S): M.E. Lackey

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/17/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ORNL

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: ORNL-CF-72-2-21

TOTAL PAGES: 13 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

The u^e of total energy systems has been proposed for small housing

developments as a means of reducing the central conversion systems.

Two power coaversion systems readily adaptable to small systems are

the open-cycle and the closed-cycle regenerative gas turbine power

plants coupled to a district heating system, A study of the overall

thermal efficiency of these cycles has been made to determine if one

has a fuel advantage over the other when operating under similar

conditions. It was concluded that factors other than fuel advantage

must be studied before the most desirable system could be selected to

suit the needs of a specific application.

119
TITLE: The Use of Heat as Well as Electricity from Electricity Generating Stations

AUTHOR(S): S.E.Beall, Jr.; A.J. Miller

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ORNL

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Symposium on the Energy Crisis; Phila. , Penn.

12/29/71; Annual Meeting of AAAS

TOTAL PAGES: 19 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 9 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (OF)

I ABSTRACT |

This report examines means by which fuel consumption and energy wastage

might be reduced. One such means is to make use of the heat as well as the electricity from electrical generating plants; less fuel will then

be burned to heat buildings, energize industrial processes etc. Much

of this heat could be supplied to urban areas and industries by extracting steam from future nearby power plants. Generating electricity would

be somewhat less efficient but the efficiency of energy utilization

would be markedly increased.

An examination by ORNL of the use of heat-electric systems to provide

thermal energy to urban areas has led to the conclusion that areas of

multi-family dwellings (and other multistory buildings) in new cities,

or renewed old cities, could be served at costs comparable to those

incurred with the more conventional separate systems. However, it

would require more planning of facilities and coordination of diverse

organizations than has normally been employed in connection with the

development of a new city or large urban area redevelopment.

Since new communities tend to grow in "modules" of several hundred (up

to a few thousand) dwelling units, ORNL is evaluating the concept of

energy system modules in which prime-movers such as gas turbines and

fossil fueled engines would be used to supply energy in the form of

electricity, heat and air conditioning. The heat intensive of portions of

the system would make use of exhaust and coolant heat from the generation of electricity by the prime-mover. Expansion of the energy system

modules and eventual use of the infrastructure with large central systems are among the possible modes of urban growth that bear examination.

120
TITLE: System Requirements for Underground Utility Installations

AUTHOR (S ) : W.J.Boegly; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; ORNL-HUD-19

TOTAL PAGES: 103 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 47 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

As a part of an effort to assess the state of the art of new tunneling

technology and to determine the applicability of tunneling methods to

utility installation, system requirements for the installation of underground utilities have been developed. The characteristics of typical

utility systems are described and analyzed to determine areas where

certain methods of installation may provide advantages over other alternatives .

The report reviews current practices, in the areas of utilities' installation and excavation. Both trenching and tunneling techniques as a means

of providing the installation space are assessed. Emphasis is placed on tunneling as a potential means for reducing surface excavation and the

attendant traffic interference and noise associated with trenching.

Estimates are made of future underground utility installation and the

potential benefits of advanced utility installation systems.

The report concludes that if several utilities are to be directly buried

i in the same right-of-way, the joint or common use of the same trench

{appears to offer advantages. Conduit systems capable of containing

jboth cables and pipes also offer a potential for minimizing the excavaItion necessary for installation and maintenance.

i

121
TITLE: Uses of Waste Heat

AUTHORCS): S.E. Beall, Jr.

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/ 21^/10

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SORUCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME; ASM Paper 70-WA/Ener-5

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Energetics Division of ASME; ASME Winter Meeting;

New York, N.Y. ; 11/29-12/3, 1970

TOTAL PAGES: 8 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 8 CLASS. OF D0CUI4ENT : (PO)

i ABSTRACT

This paper discusses a variety of possible applications for the warm

water (or "waste heat") being discharged in enormous quantities from

steam-electric power stations. It summarizes the results of HUD-ORNL

studies on heating/cooling cities, recycling of sewage and waste

waters, and heating/cooling of enclosed environmental structures for the

cultivation of plants, poultry and animals. The current U.S. work

in open-field irrigation and soil heating with warm water, and in

aquaculture, are reviewed. The paper concludes that the combination

of several such uses could consume, or otherwise dispose of, all heat

from a large power station, rendering a conventional cooling installation unnecessary.

122
TITLE: Solid Waste Management Practices: An Annotated Bibliography and

Permuted - Title and Key Word Index

AUTHOR(S) : W.J.Boegly; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/70

DOCUMENT REPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE: ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL-HUD-12

TOTAL PAGES: 375 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT j

In 1968 the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

initiated a study at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to review the

problems associated with solid waste collection and disposal in highdensity urban areas and to suggest areas where advanced technology could

be applied. As a part of this effort, a review of the literature on solid waste practices was performed.

This Bibliography represents a compendium of abstracts of about 2200

articles published between 1958 and the beginning of 1970. Many of the

abstracts included were taken directly from Chemical Abstracts and

Engineering Index with permission of the publishers, and from other

bibliographies of solid waste literature, such as those prepared by the

U.S. Public Health Service and their research contractors. However, many

of the articles had not been abstracted in published works, and abstracts

were prepared for inclusion in this Bibliography.

In general, this Bibliography covers references pertaining to municipal

refuse collection and disposal practices. No attempt was made to cover

in detail the literature on agricultural or industrial solid wastes;

however, some articles on these subjects have been included. Articles

prior to 1958 and many foreign articles are not included. Also, in the

references are extensive bibliographies on incineration and composting;

the majority of these articles are not included.

The document consists of a bibliography section, author index and key

word index. The references in the bibliography section are grouped into

11 major fields and into several minor fields under each major heading.

Bibliographic information includes the title, supplemented by descriptors,

authors, reference, abstract and source of abstract.

123
I

I
5. HARDWARE EVALUATION

AND

DEMONSTRATION REPORTS

125
I
TITLE: An Expandable Total Energy Data Editor

AUTHOR(S): R.H.F. Jackson

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; PB-256-295

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NBSIR 75-735

TOTAL PAGES: 138 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 3 CLASS. OF DOCWIENT ; (P)

ABSTRACT

This report documents the Total Energy Data Editor as of (early) 1975.

The "Editor" is a computer program developed to process the data to be

collected by the ongoing T.E. Project at NBS. Consisting of a mix of

FORTRAN and RAYTHEON machine- language subroutines, the Editor is a powerful, interactive program written to be run on a Raytheon 704 minicomputer

with two tape drives and a disk pack. Since this document is also meant

as a user's manual, it includes: a dictionary of commands, complete

discussions and listings of individual subroutines and an explanation of

the workings of the program. Also included in this document is the

editor design philosophy, an explanation of the editing process, a description of instructions to the editor, a description of typical edit and

error messages.

The design concept that was paramount in developing the Editor was flexibility through simplicity. This was required because, by the nature

of the project for which it was developed, many of the data problems to

be handled could not be identified in advance. Those which were

"classical" problems in data collection could be anticipated and allowed

for in the program design but many others would only be discovered once

the data collection, editing and analysis processes had begun and these

problems would then require resolution in a "real-time" mode.

127
TITLE: Fluidlzed Bed Gas Turbine Experimental Unit for MIUS Applications: Quartely Progress Report for Period 4/1/75-6/30/75

AUTHOR(S): A. P. Fraas

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS: ORNL/HUD/MIUS-31

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72, ERDA

40-333-72; ERDA Contract No. E (49-18)-1742

TOTAL PAGES: 24 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 3 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

A program for developing a coal-fueled MIUS at ORNL is being jointly

sponsored by HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research and ERDA's

Office of Fossil Energy (formerly Office of Coal Research of the

Interior Department). Phase I of this program, "Concept Preliminary

Evaluation", entailed the evaluation of various ways in which coal and

coal-derived fuels might be employed in MIUS systems. Following approval

of the Phase I study, ORNL was authorized to proceed with Phase II,

the development of a firm conceptual design and cost estimate for the

construction of a system for test and evaluation.

In this quarter, the Phase II design work was at a modest pace pending

formal transfer of funds to ORNL for the latter portion of the Phase

II effort. Detailed analyses for the fluidized bed furnace design

chosen have proceeded together with negotiations with vendors for

system components. Cold flow tests have been performed on a small

clear plastic model of the fluidized bed furnace and the results indicate that it should be possible to turn the furnace down to about 1/3

of full power. System layout studies for several possible locations

for the test facility are continuing. Bench testing of the first

component for a coal feed system has been initiated.

128
TITLE: Fluidized Bed Gas Turbine Experimental Unit for MIUS Applications: Quarterly Progress Report for Period 1/1/75-3/31/75

AUTHOR(S): A. P. Fraas

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ERDA; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-30

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72, ERDA

40-333-72; ERDA Contract No. E (49-18) -1742

TOTAL PAGES: 18 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 3 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

A program for developing a coal-fueled MIUS at ORNL is being jointly

sponsored by HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research and ERDA's

Office of Fossil Energy (formerly Office of Coal Research of the Interior

Department). Phase I of this program, "Concept Preliminary Evaluation",

entailed the evaluation of various ways in which coal and coal-derived

fuels might be employed in MIUS systems: this work was completed at the

end of July, 1974. ORNL was authorized, in January 1975, to proceed

with Phase II, covering the development of a firm conceptual design

and cost estimate for the construction of a system for test and evaluation.

Phase II efforts have initially centered on: a detailed analysis of

elements of the fluidized bed furnace and heater assembly; negotiations

with vendors leading to the selection of a turbine-generator unit, the

heat exchangers required and the coal feed equipment; coal flow and

bench tests of key components; system layout installation, instrumentation and control studies. During this quarter, a fourth layout for

the furnace was evolved to give the most favorable design developed to

date and the first to meet all of the design conditions envisioned.

An analytical solution suitable for handling fluidized bed pulsation

problems has been developed, procurement of components for bench tests

has been initiated and contractual arrangements with the Air-Research

Division of Garrett Corporation have been nearly completed calling

for them to analyze several different ways of adapting their engines

to the fluidized bed furnace application.

129
TITLE: Use of Coal and Coal-Derived Fuels in Total Energy Systems for

MIUS Applications; Volume I, Summary Report

AUTHOR(S): A. P. Frass, et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-27

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72, ERDA

40-333-72; ERDA Contract No. E (49-18)-1742

TOTAL PAGES: 47 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 9 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

1 ABSTRACT

A program for developing a coal-fueled MIUS is being jointly sponsored

by HUD and ERDA, Fossil Energy (formely Office of Coal Research of the

Interior Department). The objectives of Phase I of the program, "Concept Preliminary Evaluation," were the investigation and evaluation of

various ways in which coal and coal-derived fuels might be employed in

MIUS systems. The results of this Phase I evaluation are presented in

this report of the work. The principal conclusions of the study are:

1. MIUS systems based on small, on-site coal gasification or liquefaction plants would have much higher capital and operating costs

than systems in which coal is burned directly.

2. A fluidized bed combustion system, in which coal is burned in a bed of limestone, appears to be the most attractive set-up for

direct utilization of coal. Such a system would include the

possibility of reducing the sulfur emissions in the stack gas

along with the ability to burn any type of coal, lignite or solid

waste.

3. A closed cycle gas turbine, coupled to a fluidized bed coal combustion unit, appears to be the most promising system for using coal

for MIUS applications. Analyses indicate that this system will

convert '^30% of the energy in the fuel to electricity and "^50% into

heat that can be used for domestic hot water and for building

heating and cooling.

130
TITLE: Use of Coal and Coal^Derlved Fuels in Total Energy Systems for

MIUS Applications; Volume II

AUTHOR(S): A. P. Fraas, et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/76

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY; Authors /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREIIENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; ORNL/HUD/MIUS-28

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: HUD Interagency Agreement No. IAA-H-40-72, ERDA

40-333-72; ERDA Contract No. E (49-18)-1742

TOTAL PAGES: 360 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 144 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT

A program for developing a coal-fueled MIUS is being jointly sponsored

by HUD and ERDA, Fossil Energy (formerly Office of Coal Research of the

Interior Department). The objectives of Phase I of the program, "Concept Preliminary Evaluation," were the investigation and evaluation of

various ways in which coal and coal-derived fuels might be employed in

MIUS systems. The results of this Phase I evaluation are presented in

this report. Volume I is a summary of the results and Volume II is a complete report of the work.

The report is detailed developed the summary material presented in

Volume I. The report beguns with an examination of the availabilityand costs of the coal & coal-derived fuels. A technical background

comparisons is presented of the various types of coal combustion systems

with particular emphasis on sulfur removal and particulate emission

control.

MIUS requirements are developed and used as a basis of comparing the

performance and cost of typical power units using different fuels.

Both off-the-shelf and advanced concepts are examined and compared.

Detailed system performance and cost analysis are performed for the

chosen fluidized bed combustion gas turbine system. A conceptual

design is executed and specific problem areas are addressed: hot

corrosion, isntrumentation & control, etc.

131
TITLE: An Engineering Economy Study of a Commercial Coal Fueled MIUS

Concept

AUTHOR(S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1975

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Gilbert Associates,. Inc. (Reading, Penn.)

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : ERDA

REFERENCE SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ERDA; FE-1742-1

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: ERDA Contract No. E (49-18) -1742

TOTAL PAGES: 271 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCTOIENT: (OF)

ABSTRACT

This study provides a working basis for evaluation and direction for

future studies of a MIUS fueled by coal. It also presents a base case conceptual design for future comparative purposes. Finally, it includes

a comprehensive analysis technique which incorporates a complete con- ceptual design, a detailed cost estimate and a comprehensive economic

analysis of the estimated cost compared with the cost of conventionally

supplied electricity.

NASA, utilizing ESOP, had previously characterized typical electrical,

heating, air conditioning and potable hot water demands. Based on these demands a complete conceptual design was prepared. This effort

produced system descriptions and plant layout drawings.

Upon completion of the design, a detailed budget estimate was prepared

and escalated to 1985, the hypothetical MIUS installation date. Estimates of conventionally supplied electricity rates based on a typical

eastern utility were also prepared. Standard accounting procedures were applied to the cost data, and an estimated yearly rate of return

was established. This economy analysis^ and the preparation of the

conceptual design^ led to certain specific conclusions which gives

the following general picture of IJIUS : Coal fueled MIUS facilities

can be made economically viable; MIUS facilities represent relatively

high initial investments and government support may be required to

enhance investment appeal; MIUS can be fiscally sound and future

comprehensive analysis of coal fueled MIUS economies will be justifiable by ERDA on a selective basis as the overall HUD/MIUS program

develops

132
TITLE: Conceptual Design of a Coal-Fired Gas Turbine for MIUS Applications

AUTHOR(S) : A.P.Fraas; R.S.Holcomb

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.; NTIS; CONF-751213-2

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at the Fourth International Conferences

on Fluidized Bed Combustion, McLean, Va.,

12/9-12/11, 1975

TOTAL PAGES: 60 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 22 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

I ABSTRACT \

Phase II of the program to develop a coal-fired gas turbine for MIUS

applications was initiated in January 1975, following HUD and Office

of Coal Research approval of the Phase I study which had concluded that

a closed-cycle gas turbine, coupled to a fluidized bed coal combustion

chamber, appears to give the most promising system for coal-fueled

MIUS installations. The objective of Phase II was to evolve a firm

conceptual design and cost estimate for an experimental unit designed

to investigate the feasibility of the concept. This report summarizes

the information presented in eleven "topical" reports, which have been

prepared to present the results of the principal elements of the Phase

II study.

133
TITLE: Bench-Scale Model Tests of a Fluldlzed Bed Furnace for the

MIUS Coal-Fired Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

AUTHOR(S): R.S.Holcomb

DATE OF ISSUANCE; 12/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; CONF-751213-1

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, McLean, Va., 12/9-12/11,

1975

TOTAL PAGES: 21 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 5 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PQ)

i ABSTRACT j

Flow visualization studies were performed on a small-scale Plexiglas

model of a coal-burning, f luidized-bed furnace that has been designed

as a heat source for a closed -cycle gas turbine T.E. system for the

HUD-MIUS Program. The test model was 10 in. square, with a tube bundle

of 4 in. OD tubes by 6 rows deep. The bed material was limestone, with

a mean particle size of 370 "mu" meters and a static bed height of 1

ft. The following results were obtained: a static region of bed

material can be used as thernal insulation on the bed plate and around

the turbine air manifolds; the minimum velocity for solids mixing at

the wall was found to be 1.75 ft/sec, allowing a 3:1 turndown of the

furnace; the bed pulsation frequency was observed to be 2 to 3 cycles/

sec, over the operating range of air velocity.

134
TITLE: Flow Visualization Studies of a Fluidized Bed Furnace for a CoalFired Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

AUTHOR(S): R.S.Holcomb

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME; Paper No. 75-WA/Ener-4 nTIS;

CONF-751106-15

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented at ASME Winter Annual Meeting; 11/30-

12/4, 1975

TOTAL PAGES; 7 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED; 5 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT; (PO)

i ABSTRACT 1

Flow visualization studies were performed on a small-scale Plexiglass

model of a coal-burning, fluidized bed furnace designed as a heat source

for a closed cycle gas turbine T.E. system for the HUD-MIUS Program.

The test model was 10 in. square with a tube bundle of 0.25 inch CD,

tubes, 6 rows deep. The bed material was limestone with a mean particle

size of 370 ym and a static bed height of 1 ft.

The following results were obtained; a static region of bed material

can be used as thermal insulation for the bed plate and around the

turbine air manifolds; the minimum velocity for solids mixing at the

wall was 1.75 ft/sec, allowing a 3:1 turndown of the furnace: the bed

pulsation frequency was 2 to 3 cycles/sec, over the operating range of

air velocity.

135
TITLE: Design Study for a Coal-Fueled Closed Cycle Gas Turbine System

for MIUS Applications

AUTHOR (S ) : A.P.Fraas; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: IEEE; 75CHO 983-7 TAB

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 10th lECEC; pp. 260-268; #759042

TOTAL PAGES: 9 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 10 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (^0)

I ABSTRACT

Work has processed at ORNL (under ERDA and HUD sponsorship) and a firm

design for a pilot plant has evolved after considering a wide variety

of possibilities and their relative merits in meeting the basic re- quirements. This paper summarizes that work.

The special requirements of the application include tight control on stack gas emissions and assurance that "dust" will be kept to a very

low levels. The plant must yield a high thermal efficiency for producing electricity and heat for building heating and domestic hot water

over a wide range of load conditions. The reliability must be high for

semi-attended operation. Capital costs must be reasonable. Commerciallysuitable equipment is to be used where practicable with a minimum of

modifications. An exception to this requirement was the novel fluidizedbed coal combustion system and heater assembly.

Particular attention was given to the most important component in the

system, namely the f luidized-bed furnace and heater assembly. Various

current air-tuyere designs were examined, their problems noted, and one was chosen that seemed best suited to the MIUS application. A variety

of coal and limestone feed systems were analyzed and two were chosen for

evaluation in "bench tests" of full scale components. Several configurations for the tubes were considered along with the effects of differential

thermal expansion on thermal stresses. Problems of tube vibration from

both (Von Karman) vortex-shedding and bed pulsation were examined. The

relation between basic f luidized-bed design parameters and the bed pulsations was evolved in the course of this work.

[NOTE: A summary of a feasibility study of the use of a f luidized-bed

coal combustion system (coupled to a closed-cycle gas turbine) for MIUS

applications was presented at the 1974 lECEC meeting.]

136
TITLE: Computer Simulation of Thermal and Fluid Systems for IIIUS

Integration and Subsystem Test (MIST) Laboratory - AUTHOR(S): W.C. Rochelle; et al (Lockheed); A.E. Brandi (USPO)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/NASA-JSC/Lockheed Electronics Co.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: IEEE; 75CHO 983-7 TAB

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 10th lECEC; pp. 461-467; //759073

TOTAL PAGES: 7 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 3 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT 1 This paper describes the application of the SINDA computer program to

simulate the operation of the NASA/ JSC MIST Laboratory. This Laboratory

is designed to test the integration capability of the following subsystems of a MIUS: (1) electric power generation, (2) space heating

and cooling, (3) solid waste disposal, (4) potable water supply and

(5) waste water treatment. The SINDA/MIST computer model is designed

to simulate the response of these subsystems to externally impressed

loads. The model determines the amount of recovered waste-heat from

the prime mover exhaust, water jacket and oil/af tercooler , as well as that from the incinerator. This recovered waste heat is used in the

model to heat potable water for space heating and absorption air

conditioning, for waste-water sterilization and to provide for thermal

storage.

The report also describes the details of the thermal and fluid simulations

of MIST including system configuration, modes of operation modeled,

SINDA model characteristics and the results of several analyses. With

appropriate modification the computer model can simulate MIST performance

when using additional equipment such as "water-fired" absorption

chillers, pyrolysis systems, solar-heat collectors, fuel cells, combinedcycle turbines, etc.

137
TITLE: Site Analysis and Field Instrumentation for an Apartment Application of a Total Energy Plant

AUTHOR(S): J. B. Coble; P .R. Achenbach

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 5/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors/NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; COM-75-10689

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Presented as two papers at 7th lECEC San Diego, CA

9/25-29/1972, (Not in lECEC proceedings);

r^SIR 75-711

TOTAL PAGES: 59 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: .16 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

A feasibility study by NBS-^ sponsored by HUD -developed criteria for

selecting sites for and evaluating the requirements of a total energy

(T.E.) system at one or more housing sites. Six sites were selected

for the feasibility study: Jersey City, N.J.; Macon, Ga.; Memphis,

Tenn.; Indianapolis, Ind .; St. Louis, Mo.: Sacramento, Calif. Parameters used for making the final selection were number of dwelling

units, density of dwelling units, climatic factors, energy utilization,

owning/operating costs and developer's attitude.

Jersey City was chosen as the location for the installation, evaluation

and field study of the T.E. system. The site covers six acres; it has

four apartment buildings (containing 488 dwelling units), 50,000-sq.

ft. of commercial buildings, an elementary school, swimming pool and

the T.E. plant.

The buildings and the T.E. plant have been extensively instrumented to

provide data on fuel utilization, system efficiencies, electrical

and thermal energy generation and energy utilized and rejected. The

environmental impact of the plant with respect to noise, vibration, air

pollution and esthetics is under evalution. The installed system will

be compared with that for several types of conventional energy systems.

138
TITLE: Concept Preliminary Evaluation: Small Coal Burning Gas Turbine

for Modular Integrated Utility System

AUTHOR (S): A. P. Fraas

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/75

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY:

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : HUD + Office of Coal Research (OCR), U.S.

Department of the Interior

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS;' PB-239109.GPO; i63 . 10 : 96/lnt . 1

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: OCR Report No. 96 (Interim Report #1); OCR

Contract 14-32-0001-1742; HUD Contract IAA-H-40-

72 (report for May-Sept, 1974)

TOTAL PAGES: 24 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: .13 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

The paper summarizes a series of on-going design studies, outlines the

principal possibilities for small coal-burning gas turbines, and indicates the effects of major parameters on both capital cost and thermal

efficiency of MIUS plants using such turbines.

A MIUS coal-fired total energy system would supply electricity, hot

water, building heat and air-conditioning 4 to 8 units of 350 to 500

kW(e) capacity would be used to provide the necessary redundancy for

high reliability. To meet environmental standards for sulfur emissions,

implies the use of a f luidized-bed coal combustion-chamber which also

makes it possible to minimize NO^ formation.

The poor efficiency of steam turbines, in relatively small sizes, makes

a gas turbine a logical candidate for the desired themodynamic cycle.

Inasmuch as the air fed to the turbine will be indirectly heated by

the tube bank in the bed, and thus will not contail fly ash from the

the coal, turbine-bucket erosion will not be a problem.

The principal developmental problems considered in the report are those

associated with the fluidized bed combustion chamber. They include

corrosion of the combustion gas-side, the reliability of coal feed

equipment and the extent to which the system can be operated partially

unattended.

139
TITLE: Small Urban Energy Stations to Burn Coal

AUTHOR(S) : Magazine Staff

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 1/15/75

DOCUlffiNT PREPARED BY: "Electrical World" Magazine

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "E.W." Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 74-76 (Energy Marketing)

TOTAL PAGES: 3 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUlffiNT : (PO)

ABSTRACfl

This article summarizes the ORNL's Research and Development programs

related to the fluidized bed combustion of coal and other fuels as the energy source for relatively small closed-cycle gas turbines. It

is planned to couple such turbines to 350 to 500 KW generators which

will supply electricity to T.E. and MIUS installations.

Generalized descriptions are given for the fluidized bed and the overall system design plus the thermodynamic cycle employed and the system's

estimated costs. It is stated that a major purpose of the study has

been to design units capable of semiautomatic operations.

140
TITLE: Survey of Turbine Bucket Erosion, Deposits, and Corrosion

AUTHOR(S): A.P.Fraas

DATE OF ISSUANCE: ll/ld/lh

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/ORNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME; Paper #75-GT-123

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Gas Turbine Division of ASME; Gas Turbine

Conference and Products Show; Houston, Texas (3/2-3/6, 1975)

TOTAL PAGES: 12 TOTAL REFERENCE CITED: 28 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

I ABSTRACT \

This paper summarizes the principal information obtained from a com- prehensive survey of the literature concerned with gas turbine-bucket

erosion, deposits and corrosion. Additionally, it includes personal

discussions with those who have worked in these problem areas.

The primary interest in the subject has to do with the possibility of

employing gas from f luidized-bed coal combustion system to drive a gas turbine, along with the realization that the ash particles (in the

gas) are likely to create serious problems for an "open-cycle" system.

It is concluded that the superior characteristics of the f luidized-bed

system will encourage the practical development of this concept.

141
TITLE: HUD Conducts Evaluation of Total Energy Plant

AUTHOR(S) : M. Rlback

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: "Diesel and Gas Turbine Progress" Magazine

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: "D.G.T.P." Magazine

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: PP • 82-24; vol. 40, no. 9

TOTAL PAGES: 3 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT \

This semi-technical paper summarizes HUD's program for evaluating the

performance of a T.E. plant at Jersey City, N.J. which was selected

from a number of innovative housing projects sponsored by HUD under its

"Operation Breakthrough".

The facility is described and its relation to HUD's MIUS program is

explained as mainly to be a "working laboratory" in which new techniques

can be used, studied and evaluated, while-at the same time-detailed

determinations of energy usage of made.

142
TITLE: Sipall Coal-Burning Gas Turbine for Modular Integrated Utility

Systems

AUTHOR(S): A. P. Frass

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author/OFvNL

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Record of 9th lECEC; pp. 499-507; #749017

total pages: 9 total references cited: 13 class. of document: (po)

abstract"!

The increasingly difficult supply situation for gaseous and liquid

fuel and for electricity introduces a new element of risk into construction and operation of large new residential/commercial complexes. One

logical approach is to develop and employ a total-energy (T.E.) system

that will operate on coal. To meet environmental standards, these

coal systems must include provisions for keeping sulfur emissions

acceptable levels. This implies the use of a fluidized bed coal com.bustion-chamber with crushed limestone in the bed.

This paper reviews f luidized-bed technology, summarizes thermodynamic

cycle analysis, summarizes a series of design studies, outlines the

principal possibilities and indicates the effects of major parameters

on both capital costs and thermal efficiency.

One of the conclusions reached is that the poor efficiency of steam

turbines in small sizes makes a gas turbine a logical candidate for

the thermodjmamic cycle. It is also stated that the fluidized bed

combustion system will operate well with liquid fuel, char, low-sulfur

coal or solid organic waste* It could also be used as an incinerator. A

further conclusion is that '^'85% of the energy in the fuel would be available for use, about one-third as electricity and about two-thirds as heat

in the form of 65°C (149°F) domestic hot water and 120°C (248°F) steam

from a waste-heat boiler.

143
TITLE: The MIST (MIUS Integrated and Subsystems Test) Laboratory: A

Testbed for the MIUS (Modular Integrated Utility System) Program

AUTHOR(S): W.S. Beckham, Jr. (USPO) ; F.A. Keune (Hamilton Standard Div.)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 4/30/74

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Authors /NASA-JSC

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S )

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: ASME; ASME Paper 74-ENAs-44

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: Aerospace Division of ASME; Intersociety Conference

on Environmental Studies; Seattle, Washington; July 29-Aug. 1, 1974

TOTAL PAGES: 8 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (PO)

ABSTRACT 1 The paper states that the MIUS program being conducted by NASA/JSC (and

sponsored by HUD) is intended to develop an economically feasible Integrated Utility System (lUS) . The MIUS concept will integrate utility

services in order to achieve resource, energy and environmental benefits.

Toward this end, the NASA Urban Systems Project Office awarded a contract

to the Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Corporation in 1973

to design and construct a test-bed lUS, called the MIST laboratory. The

facility was completed early in 1974 and has begun a long-term program

to develop data for MIUS. A description of the MIST is presented and the

critical design issues, which can only be verified by test, are discussed in detail; a list of MIST's major equipment is included.

144
TITLE: Survey of Lube Oil Analysis Techniques to be Used at the Department of Housing and Urban Development Total Energy Plant, Jersey

City, New Jersey

AUTHOR ( S) : R.F.Burchill

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 9/73

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /Mechanical Technology, Inc. (Latham, N.Y.)

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NBS

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NTIS; COM-74-10929

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NBS-GCR 74-23; Contract //1-35937

TOTAL PAGES: 21 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 13 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

I ABSTRACT

Lube oil analysis can be important consideration in the preventive

maintenance program of diesel-engine-generators which provide prime

power in MIUS/TE applications. This report surveyed possible lube oil

monitors that would scientifically "inform" plant operators when oil

needed changing rather than changing the oil after a fixed amount of

operating hours.

Several lube oil monitors are discussed. Filter examination is used for

aircraft gas turbine oil analysis; however, in diesel engines, the presence of combustion products requires a high level of detective skill.

Magnetic drain plugs are useful but a failing gear may only result in a small amount of ferrous particles, while normal wear from cylinder

liners, etc. can produce relatively large amounts of ferrous particles.

Other monitor systems discussed are: chip detectors, oil-particle

detectors, spectroscopic oil analysis and ferrographic techniques.

The report recommends that samples of the lube oil be regularly spectroscopically analyzed for wear particles and lubricant degradation and that

the engine lube oil systems be set-up so that other types of lube oil

monitors can also be used, as deemed necessary.

145
TITLE: Mechnlcal and Acoustical Signature Analysis of Engine-Generator

Units to be Used at HUD's T.E. Plant, Jersey City, New Jersey

(Interim Report)

AUTHOR(S): R.F. Burchill

DATE OF ISSUAI^CE: 5/73

DOCmiEMT PREPARED BY: Author /Mechanical Technology, Inc.

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S) : NBS

PROCUREIIEITT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO. : NTIS; COM-74-10934/9

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NBS-GCR 74-22; NBS Contract No. 1-35937

TOTAL PAGES: 351 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P)

ABSTRACT

This report summarizes the acoustical vibration (as well as stack gas

temperature and conditions of each of 5 diesel-electric sets tested in

the vendor's factory. The data in this report were collected simultaneously with data on fuel, cooling water and electrical transients

during the factory acceptance tests. [NOTE: The tests were required

by the purchase specifications and were supervised by the NBS staff.

The purchase specifications were based upon previous total energy performance specifications developed by NBS for this period.]

"Signature" analyses of each engine, over the test load range, were calculated and plotted. The analyses show existing machinery unbalance, rotating component looseness, ball and roller bearing deterioration and gear damage/wear. These analyses can be regarded as baseline

data which will be compared with ones taken at future dates as the

engines age. Changes will be used to predict required maintenance ser- vices .

146
TITLE: The Application of Total Energy Systems to Housing Developments

AUTHOR(S): P.R. Achenbach; J. B. Coble

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 2/72

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: GPO; SD Catalog No. 013.10:361, Vol.

1 (for entire volume)

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: pp. 419-430 of Symposium on "Performance Concept

in Buildings; Vol. 1: Invited Papers (Philadelphia, Pa. : May 2-5, 1972)

TOTAL PAGES: 12 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 5 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT : (P)

ABSTRACT

A pilot invesitation of the performance of a T.E. system was undertaken

by NBS in order to evaluate the potential for decreasing the fuel re- quired to provide the utility services to an apartment complex of 500

units, and to check on noise and air pollution effects. This installation is being made at a site in Jersey City, N.J. as a part of the

BREAKTHROUGH program of HUD. The selection of the site followed a feasibility study of eleven sites distributed over the United States?

and the preparation of a performance specification which set forth

design conditions, requirements for reliability/stability/safety of the

system, as well as the environmental quality that must be attained.

The pilot total energy plant is being extensively instrumented to

determine its thermal efficiency, daily /seasonal/annual load patterns,

stability /reliability of the utility services, level of noise/ pollution control, maintenance/repair requirements, owning/operating costs,

occupant responses to their environments and characteristics of selected

innovative plant components.

147
TITLE: A Feasibility Study of Total Energy Systems for "Breakthrough"

Housing Sites

AUTHOR(S): P.R. Achenbach; et al

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 8/12/71

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: Author /NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NBS; NBS Report 10402

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NBS Project No. 4213402

TOTAL PAGES: 52 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: 7 CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (P^

ABSTRACT \ A feasibility study of the application of total energy systems to the

prototype "BREAKTHROUGH" housing sites of HUD was undertaken by the

Building Research Division of NBS. These systems were investigated as alternative utility systems for future application where low reserves

in conventional energy sources might exist and/or the extension of

conventional utility systems might be impractical.

Originally all 11 sites in the "BREAKTHROUGH" program were considered

but 5 were eliminated in an early screening because of the small number

and low density of the proposed dwelling units on these sites. The 6

remaining sites (Jersey City, Memphis, Macon, St. Louis, Sacramento and

Indianapolis) were studied in relation to 14 different parameters that

were considered to have a bearing on their suitability for a prototype

total energy system. These parameters included factors of technical

administrative and economic significance.

The study resulted in recommendations for the Jersey City site as a first choice for the installation of a diesel-powered total energy

system, with the Memphis site as an alternate first choice using

natural gas as the fuel. The Macon site was recommended as a good

choice for a split system having a typical total energy system for

the more densely-occuplied part of the site and using all-electric

mechanical equipment, served by the total energy system, in the less

densely-occupied areas. The St. Louis site was recommended as a third

choic because the developments of its two parcels of ground were

similar; it thus offered an opportunity for a direct experimental

comparison of a total energy system with a conventional system a few

blocks away.

148
TITLE: A Performance Specification for a Total Energy Plant at the

Jersey City "Breakthrough I" Site

AUTHOR (S)

DATE OF ISSUANCE: 12/28/70

DOCUMENT PREPARED BY: NBS

RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION (S)

PROCUREMENT SOURCE; ACCESSION NO.: NBS; NBS Report 10313

OTHER IDENTIFICATION: NBS Project NO. 4213402

TOTAL PAGES: 17 TOTAL REFERENCES CITED: CLASS. OF DOCUMENT: (y^

ABSTRACT

The report states that the contractor shall design a T.E. plant to

provide all of the energy services as specified for the HUD "BREAKTHROUGH

I" site at Jersey City, New Jersey. This total energy plant is described

as consisting of mechanical equipment for energy generation, conversion

and transfer; a building for housing the mechanical equipment; the system

for distributing the utilities to the dwellings and other buildings on the site. The installation will be the subject of a field study, after

acceptance, which will evaluate its performance with respect to economy,

effectiveness, technical design, reliability, versatility, environmental

factors and occupant acceptance. To prepare for the field study, the

system must be designed to incorporate or provide for the attachment of

certain instruments and transducers as specified by NBS.

Details are summarized for the following guidelines and/or requirements,

namely: costs, design (including utility loads), fuel, selection of

equipment, system reliability, stability of electrical service, maintenajice, noise/vibration control, air pollution control, thermal environment and ventilation, aesthetics, illumination, safety, utility distribution systems, integration of service systems, provisions for future

expansion and quality assurance.

149
*-NBS-114A IREV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP-48 9

2, Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient s Acces.^ion No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLL

Abstracted Reports and Articles of the HUD Modular

Integrated Utility Systems (MIUS) Program

5. Publication Date August 1977

6. Perforining Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

J.D. Ryan and B. Reznek, Editors

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (StrsGt City S(3tG ZIP)

Department of Housing and Urban Development

451 Seventh Street, S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Interim 1970- Aug., 1976

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most sigrtificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This docioment provides a complete listing of reports and articles relating to

the HUD-MIUS Program. Reports from 1970 through August, 1976 are included.

The entry for each report contains an abstract and other pertinent information,

including procurement sources and procedures. Reports are presented by 4 general

subject categories: Program and Concept Description, Systems Analysis, Technology Evaluation, and Hardware Evaluation and Demonstration. The reports are further classified into 3 publication/availability categories: government

publications (Piiblished Reports) , non-government publications and articles (Outside Publications) and unpublished reports and data (Open-File Reports)

17. KEY WORDS fsix to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Abstracted reports and articles; HUD Modular Integrated

Utility Systems (MIUS) program; total energy; utility systems.

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