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NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 395

U.S.

ARTMENT

OF

3MMERCE

National

Bureau

Standards

Design

for a Variable-Output-Coupling

Far-Infrared Michelson Laser
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NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 395

ISSUED JANUARY 1971

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 395, 23 pages (Jan. 1971)

CODEN: NBTNA

Design for a Variable-Output-Coupling

Far-Infrared Michelson Laser

J. S. Wells, K. M. Evenson, L. M. Matarrese,

D. A. Jennings, and G. L. Wichman

Quantum Electronics Division

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

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DESIGN FOR A VARIABLE-OUTPUT-COUPLING

FAR-INFRARED MICHELSON LASER

J. S. Wells, K. M. Evenson, L. M. Matarrese,

D. A. Jennings, and G. L. Wichman

A technique for varying the coupling of power

from far-infrared gas lasers and the design and construction of these lasers are described. The coupling

method is based on Michelson' s interferometric principle and permits a continuously variable coupling

of the available power from the laser. The present

laser design is the result of evolution over the last

year and a half.

Key words: HCN lasers; HO lasers; infrared lasers;

variable coupling lasers.

The first section of this note describes a method for extracting

energy from far infrared gas lasers that has none of the disadvantages

of the usual hole-coupling schemes. The second section includes

detailed drawings of the laser and some construction explanations.

The energy extraction method employs a Michelson interferometer configuration with a polyethylene or polypropylene beam splitter.

A simple film beam splitter had been previously used by the group at

NPL . The configuration is similar to the Smith mode selector

with the beam splitter perpendicular to that in the Smith design, and

the use of identical mirrors at the beam splitter end. Some of the
advantages are: (1) Diffraction losses are kept to a minimum because

the full internal beam diameter is utilized. (2) Mode distortion is

minimized. (3) The coupling may be continuously adjusted from zero

to four times that of a simple beam splitter. (4) The output coupling is

easily varied. (5) Line identification is simplified, as will be explained

in a later part of the note. (6) The output beam is linearly polarized,

a useful feature in some applications, such as in coupling to the whisker

(3) diodes used in frequency measurements. (7) Finally, the device is

relatively easy and inexpensive to build.

Figure 1 shows the design we have successfully employed for

H O and HCN lasers operating from 28 to 373|jm. The flat mirrors

A and B can be translated by micrometer heads with a resolution of

about 0. 2urn. Mirror B serves to tune the resonator B-C. Mirror

A varies the power coupled out of the polyethylene lens (the lens may

be replaced by a flat window if a focused beam is not desired, ) by

varying the relative phase of the waves returning to the beam splitter

from mirrors A and B. Since resonator AC has such a low Q,

frequency pulling by AC is negligible. The dielectric beam splitter,

which is set at an angle of 45 to the laser tube axis, is a taut polyethylene or polypropylene membrance of such a thickness that provides

constructive interference of the beams reflected from each of its

surfaces. This thickness is an odd multiple of
t = 1/4 X

Q

(n

2

- 1/2)" 1/2

, (1)

where X. is the vacuum wavelength of the laser radiation, and n is the

refractive index of the beam splitter material (about 1.5). For example, our HCN laser {\ = 337 um= 13.3 mil) has a membrane 2. 5 mil

thick. The HO laser (X =28 urn = 1. 1 mil) uses a membrane approximately 0. 6 mil thick, which is about 3 times the value given by Eq. (1),

since we were unable to obtain thinner polyethylene or polypropylene

film of suitable quality.

As an example of the operation of the coupling control, we show

in figure 2 recorder traces of the power coupled out of an HCN laser

(337|jm) as function of displacement of mirror A, with laser tube current as parameter. When the two waves recombining on the beam

o splitter are 180 out of phase, there is practically complete cancellation of the output at current setting. Halfway between, where constructive interference is at a maximum, the laser is actually overcoupled, a

desirable condition since one is then sure of obtaining maximum laser

output at some intermediate setting of mirror A. If the laser gain is

not high enough, there will be no oscillation in the overcoupled region.

This is seen in figure 2 at laser currents of less than 0. 2A, and is

the normal situation with the 78- and 118-um lines of the HO laser.

(The water vapor laser only lases on the 28um line unless the three
mirrors are all precisely aligned. ) The table shows the powers we

have been able to obtain from various lasers using this coupling

method.

The side mirror has also proved useful in simplifying line

identification. With mirror B fixed, one need only measure the

o translation of mirror A from one 180 phase point to the next as on

figure 2.

The power relectivity of the film at these wavelengths is about

4% so that the maximum fraction of power coupled out of the laser is

about 16%. This can be increased even more, if the laser gain permits,

by using a compound beam splitter, - that is two parallel membranes

with the appropriate interspace between them.

A disadvantage of this scheme which we have noticed is the

tendency for drumhead resonances to appear in the membrane if the

plasma current is modulated. These can be eliminated, but at a

sacrifice of output power, by using a much thicker membrane.

Construction notes and detailed drawings comprise the remainder of this note.

The vacuum seals involve O- rings which have been lightly

greased. The laser tube has O- rings clamped between a flat surface

and a 45 chamfered surface which causes a seal between the O-ring

and the glass and at the same time allows the glass to slide as it heats
and expands in length. A similar detail allows the micrometer rods

to pass thru on O- ring seal. The cathode and anode seals contact

O- rings which rest on a 30 mm flared section of glass with differential

pressure performing the previous function of the clamp. Other O- ring

seals are in conventional grooves.

Epoxy is used to provide a seal at the interface of a ground

glass donut and the curved mirror, C. Epoxy (or type W black wax

of the low pressure variety) is also used to fasten the mirrors A and

B to aluminum mounting disks which are attached to coupling rods to

the micrometers.

Pairs of ball bushings (supporting the rods to which hold the

mirrors) were quite effective in insuring proper translation of the

mirrors. Two ball bushings were needed to overcome the changing

torque and resulting mirror tipping as the relatively massive mirror

was moved axially.

The beam splitter polyethylene is kitchen variety wrapping

material. Typically this material will have dents and imperfections

when taken from the container. Our technique is to stretch this

tightly and attach it to a frame with two-sided adhesive tape, then

heat it slightly with a hot air gun until the dents and imperfections

disappear. It is then attached to the beam splitter frame with rubber

cement.
The laser is aligned by tightening screws which compress the

O-- rings separating the laser proper from supports for the mirrors.

Once the laser is aligned optically, three reference screws are

tightened and used as stops for automatic alignment after subsequent

laser disassembly and reassembly.

The water cooled cathodes are constructed almost entirely

from standard copper plumbing items; the lone exception is the item

into which the 1/4" water lines feed. A standard quick connect makes

the water seal at the upper end. This permits one to change the insert

(consisting of the inner pipe with the reducer hard soldered to it) by

merely changing one soft solder joint and redoing it. Under certain

discharge conditions, an electron beam from the cathode has melted

a hole in the glass. This possibility has been eliminated by placing a

semicircular stainless steel insert about 3cm. long below the cathode.

We have found the following alignment procedure to be very

useful:

o

1. Align the end mirrors B and C with a 6328 A laser or

sighting down the bore and use the reference screws to precisely

reposition the first mirror aligned. If mirror C is aligned first,

mirror A may be aligned at the same time as mirror B by causing

reflected laser light from mirror A to be superposed on that from B
and the beam splitter at some distance from the laser. Mirror C is

then accurately repositioned by the reference screws.

2. With the laser oscillating on the 337(am line for HCN or

28(jm line for the HO laser, mirrors B and C are alternately slightly

readjusted until the output power is maximized.

3. Liquid crystal is positioned at the focal point of the polyethylene lens for the final adjustment. Mirror A is adjusted until beams

from mirrors A and B are superposed as evidenced by a single spot

rather than two on the liquid crystal. Another manifestation of this

alignment is the absence of interference fringes on the liquid crystal

when it is held next to the polyethylene lens rather than at its focal

point. After this step is completed, a detector is placed at the focal

point and mirror A is very finely aligned to give the maximum fluctuation in the output signal as mirror A is translated. The laser then

should be properly aligned.

We would like to thank V. Lecinski for the fine draftsmanship

and K. Gebert for his contributions regarding the cathode construction.
Table: Powers available from HOand HCN Michelson Lasers. The

lasers were 8 meters long and of folded confocal geometry.

The power was measured xsdth an "aquadag" blackened copper

cone calorimeter.

Inside

Laser \ Diameter

HCN 337 um 1 33 mm

HCN 311 Um 133 mm

H

z° 118 um 75 mm

H2° 79 am 75 mm

H2° 78 Um 75 mm

H

z° 28 um 37 mm

Power

Gas

Mixtures

15 mW* Ammonia

and methane

5 0mW* "

20 mW H O vapor

and hydrogen

15 mW "

40 mW "

450 mW " (Multimode)

The HCN laser discharge was adjusted for maximum spectral

purity and not maximum gain. Good spectral purity is evidenced

by stationary striations in the methane and ammonia discharge.
REFERENCES

1. J. E Chamberlain, et. al„ Infrared Physics 6, 195 (1966)

2. P. W. Smith, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, QEI, 343 (1965)

3. K. M. Evenson, J. S. Wells and L. M. Matarrese, Appl. Phys,

Letters, JL_6^ 251 (1970).

4. Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics, Permagon Press (1959)

p. 281
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