Importation of Live Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets on 

Approved Growing Media from Mexico into the Continental 

United States

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

October 22, 2014

Version 2

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks 

associated with importing live, commercially produced, greenhouse-grown grafted tomato 

plantlets, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), in approved growing media from Mexico into 

the continental United States. The intended use of the tomato plantlets is commercial greenhouse 

fruit production in the United States. Based on the market access request received from Mexico, 

we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: tomato plantlets 

are sown, grafted, and grown inside pest exclusionary commercial-grade greenhouses from 

certified seeds in APHIS-approved growing media. At the time of export, the tomato plantlets 

will be between 25 to 40 days old and will not have flowers or fruit. We considered the effects of 

all production specifications (double insect screening, insect sticky traps, sealed grafting tunnels, 

workers entering the greenhouse through sanitation control stations, etc.) and processes (sowing, 

grafting, and acclimating) on the likelihood that pests would be associated with the exported 

commodity. All processes and conditions considered during the risk assessment process become 

mandatory conditions for entry of the commodity.

Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the 

government of Mexico, we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory status

for the continental United States that are known to occur in Mexico and that are known to be 

associated with Solanum lycopersicum anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and 

further analyzed seven organisms that appeared to have a reasonable likelihood of being 

associated with live plantlets of Solanum lycopersicum.

The pests selected for further analysis were: Aleurodicus dispersus, Bemisia tabaci (including 

biotypes B and Q), and Trialeurodes vaporarium (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Liriomyza 

huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae); Maconellicoccus hirsutus, and Paracoccus marginatus

(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); and Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). We determined that 

all of those pests are not candidates for additional risk mitigation because they received

Negligible risk ratings for likelihood of introduction (i.e., entry plus establishment) into the 

endangered area via the import pathway.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are 

part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Table of Contents

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Initiating event...................................................................................................................... 1

1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity.................... 2

1.4. Description of the pathway................................................................................................... 2

2. Pest List and Pest Categorization............................................................................................ 4

2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list ................................................................ 5

2.2. Pest list ................................................................................................................................. 7

2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list............................................................................. 16

2.4. Pests selected for further analysis ...................................................................................... 17

3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential ................................................................................................. 18

3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 18

3.2. Assessment results.............................................................................................................. 19

4. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment................................................................... 26

5. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 27

6. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 27

7. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 44

Appendix A. Pests with non-actionable regulatory status......................................................... 44

Appendix B. Seed sources for tomato plantlet production in Mexico (SAGARPA, 2012b).... 60

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

1. Introduction 

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), to evaluate the risks associated with 

the importation into the continental United States of live, commercially produced, greenhousegrown, grafted tomato plantlets, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) from Mexico, grown in 

APHIS-approved growing media (AGM) from certified seed.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, 

specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on “Pest Risk 

Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified 

Organisms” (IPPC, 2011). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the 

“Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms” (IPPC, 2012). 

Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation;

Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the 

requirements of Stages 1 and 2. 

This is a qualitative risk assessment. We express the risk based on qualitative ratings for the 

likelihood and consequences of pest introduction via the imported live, greenhouse-grown,

grafted tomato plantlets in APHIS-approved growing media from Mexico. The details of the 

methodology and rating criteria are found in the Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Assessment of 

Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities, Version 6.0 (PPQ, 2012).

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that 

pest. Identification of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken in 

Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not covered in this risk assessment. Risk management will be 

specified in a separate document.

1.2. Initiating event

All plants in growing media imported into the United States must be approved by APHIS and 

must comply with all requirements under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 

319.37-8 (7 CFR § 319.37-8, 2013). Currently, under this regulation, the entry of tomato 

plantlets from Mexico into the continental United States is not authorized. This pest risk 

assessment was prepared in response to a request from Dr. Javier Trujillo Arriaga, Director of 

the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), the 

national plant protection organization of Mexico, to change the Federal Regulation to allow entry 

(SAGARPA, 2010).

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

Weed risk assessments do not need to be conducted for plant species that are widely established 

(native or naturalized) or cultivated in the pest risk assessment (PRA) area, for commodities that 

are already enterable into the PRA area from other countries, or when the plant part(s) cannot 

easily propagate on their own or be propagated. We determined that a weed risk assessment is 

not needed for the tomato plantlets because tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (syn.: Lycopersicon 

esculentum Miller), is widely cultivated in the United States (USDA-NRCS, 2013).

1.4. Description of the pathway

The IPPC (2011) defines a pathway as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest.” In 

the context of commodity pest risk assessments conducted by APHIS, the pathway is the 

commodity to be imported, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes that may 

have an impact on pest risk. The description of the pathway focuses on the conditions that may

affect plant pest risk, including morphological and physiological characteristics of the

commodity, as well processes the commodity will undergo from production in Mexico through

importation and distribution in the continental United States. These conditions provided the basis 

for creating the pest list and assessing the likelihood of introduction of the pests selected for 

further analysis; therefore, all components of the pathway, as described below, should be 

considered mandatory conditions for importation of the commodity.

In this risk assessment, the specific pathway of concern is the importation from Mexico into the 

continental United States of live, commercially produced, greenhouse-grown, grafted tomato 

plantlets for planting grown from certified seed in APHIS-approved growing media (AGM) (7 

CFR § 319.37-8, 2013). At the time of export, the tomato plantlets will have the following plant 

parts: roots, stems, and leaves. They will not have flowers or fruit. Plantlets will be imported into 

the continental United States for commercial greenhouse tomato fruit production. The movement 

of this commodity provides a potential pathway for the introduction and/or spread of plant pests. 

The market access request from Mexico covers two production phases at two or more different 

locations in Mexico. During the pilot phase, the tomato plantlets will be grown in pest 

exclusionary commercial-grade greenhouses following the production system outlined by the 

Mexican NPPO (SAGARPA, 2010, 2012a, 2012b, 2013). Once the pilot phase is concluded and 

an analysis confirms the project feasibility, tomato plantlet production will be shifted to one or 

more yet-to-be constructed pest exclusionary commercial-grade greenhouses elsewhere in 

Mexico. This pest risk assessment assumes that the tomato plantlet pest exclusionary 

commercial-grade greenhouses elsewhere in Mexico will have the same specifications and 

follow the same production procedures as outlined below (SAGARPA, 2010, 2012a, 2012b, 

2013).

The production specifications are as follows:

1. Tomato plantlet production follows strict sanitation protocols (SAGARPA, 2010) – see 

below for details on growing tomato plantlets.

2. Plantlets used as rootstock and scion are started from certified seed germinated inside the 

greenhouses (SAGARPA, 2010).

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

3. Water used in the greenhouse is either spring or well water and is disinfected with 

chlorine and ultraviolet light (SAGARPA, 2010).

4. Workers enter greenhouse through sanitation stations (SAGARPA, 2010). 

5. Greenhouse perimeter and all clean areas have double insect screening, including 

ventilation ports (SAGARPA, 2010).

6. Screen openings are small enough to exclude the entrance of thrips into the area, 

therefore also excluding aphids, whiteflies and larger Hemiptera (SAGARPA, 2013).

NOTE - Screen openings that exclude some of these arthropods would be 0.2 mm in size

(Berlinger et al., 1999).

7. Greenhouses have automated sprinkling systems (SAGARPA, 2010).

8. Insect traps near entrances and throughout the greenhouse are used to monitor the 

presence of insects – yellow to attract aphids and whiteflies and blue to attract thrips

(SAGARPA, 2010, 2013).

9. Biological control agents are released inside the greenhouses on a bi-weekly basis 

(SAGARPA, 2013).

10. Insecticides are available for pest control in the event of pest presence – these include 

pyrethroids, neem extracts, insecticidal soaps, spinosad, sulphur and bacterial pesticides 

(SAGARPA, 2013).

The current production system is also used to propagate and grow plantlets of watermelon, 

pepper, melon, and cucumber in peat moss and rock wool. Production facilities are divided into 

different rooms—separated from each other with physical barriers (plastic, insect screening - to 

isolate plantlets by species, growth stage, and customer. If bamboo sticks are used they are 

treated with pasteurization to eliminate regulated pests (SAGARPA, 2010).

Growing the tomato plantlets. The plantlets are grown according to the following steps: 

1. Seeds: Certified tomato seeds (see Appendix B for seed sources) are purchased in 

Mexico. Seeds could be contaminated with Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis, 

Xanthomonas campestris versicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae, Tobacco mosaic virus, or 

Tomato mosaic virus, which are pathogens that can be present in tomato seed. According 

to documentation received from SAGARPA, seeds will be disinfected following the 

protocol developed by B. N. Dhanvantari of the Agriculture & Agri-Food Research 

Centre in Harrow, Ontario, Canada (SAGARPA, 2010).

2. Sowing rootstock and scion seeds: Rootstock seed for tomato plantlets is the cultivar 

‘Maxifort’ - Lycopersicum hirsutum. Main scion variety seeds used by EuroFresh are 

Komeett, Campari, Prunus, Rojito, and Torero, all of which are S. lycopersicum. Seeds 

are planted in trays, with 240 cells per tray, on rock wool plugs; plantlets originating 

from GSPP (good seed and plant practices) and non-GSPP sources (see Appendix B) may 

be grown in separate trays; once planted seeds are covered with vermiculite and the trays

are placed on benches on top of concrete floors and covered with plastic sheeting to avoid 

dehydration. Plastic is removed after seed germination. Plants are thinned from 240 to 80 

per tray.

3. Grafting: Grafting takes place in restricted access areas, with controlled climatic 

conditions and on work tables atop concrete floors. The grafting area is continuously 

washed and disinfected; grafting usually occurs at about 17 days after sowing, but timing 

must account for differences in development between rootstock and scion. For grafting, 

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

scion and rootstock must be at the same developmental stage. Grafting is done out of 

direct sunlight. Rootstock and scion are cut at a 45-degree angle. A continuously 

disinfected knife is used for cutting. The grafts are held together with clean disinfested 

grafting clips. Trays of grafted plantlets are sprayed with water.

4. Fusion: Plantlet trays are placed inside grafting tunnels made from clear plastic sheeting; 

tunnels are between 30 and 50 cm high. Shading the tunnels may be necessary. Relative 

humidity inside the tunnels is 80 percent or higher. Tunnels are closed to maintain 

humidity and should remain closed for at least 3 days; between days 4-6 tunnels should 

be gradually opened and plantlet vigor should be monitored. Plantlets might require 

additional misting with water. When plantlets are hardened/acclimated (usually 9 days 

after grafting or 26 days from sowing date), they leave the grafting tunnels and remain 

inside the greenhouse until ready to ship.

Shipping and Delivery. Plantlets are ready to ship/deliver approximately 10 days after grafting

(SAGARPA, 2012b). Plantlet trays are placed on carts, which are loaded into controlled 

environment trailer(s) and shipped by truck. Once in the United States, plantlets will be used to 

produce tomato fruit. 

Figure 1. The described pathway, based on information provided by the exporter, for the 

importation of live tomato plantlets from Mexico into the continental United States.

2. Pest List and Pest Categorization 

In this section, we identify the plant pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental 

United States that could potentially become established in the continental United States as a 

result of the importation of live greenhouse-grown tomato plantlets from Mexico, and we 

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

determine which of these pests meet the criteria for further analysis. Pests are considered to be of 

regulatory significance if they are actionable at U.S. ports-of-entry. Actionable pests include 

quarantine pests, pests considered for or under official control, and pests that require evaluation 

for regulatory action.

2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. was reported to cause fruit rot in New 

Zealand (Damm et al., 2012). Colletotrichum boninense was reported as present in the United 

States [Florida] (Tarnowski and Ploetz, 2007) and Mexico (Silva-Rojas, 2011), but the pathogen

was later categorized as C. karstii (Damm et al., 2012). Colletrichum karstii is present in the 

United States and Mexico (Farr and Rossman, 2012).

2.1.1. Pests with weak evidence for association with tomato or for presence in Mexico

Aleurodicus cocois (Curtis). Aleurodicus cocois is present in Mexico (Evans, 2007; Mound and Halsey, 

1978) but the evidence for its association with tomato is weak (Evans, 2007). Other sources indicate that 

preferred hosts for A. cocois are in the families Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, and

Palmae (Mound and Halsey, 1978). Therefore, we did not include A. cocois on the pest list.

Paracoccus lycopersici Ezzat & Mc Connell. Paracoccus lycopersici was described as a new species 

from material collected in Mexico (Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992). We found one report that 

associates this pest with tomato in Mexico (Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992). This same report is 

cited in many other publications without additional evidence of association. Little is known about P. 

lycopersici including its host range. Therefore, without stronger evidence associating the pest with the 

commodity we did not include P. lycopersici on the pest list.

Phytophthora mexicana Hotson & Hartge. Reported on tomato fruit intercepted in Seatle in 1917 and 

reported by Hotson in 1923 (Hotson and Hartge, 1923). Since that time, no new isolations of P. mexicana

have been made in Mexico (Mchau and Coffey, 1995). This is the only record of the presence of this 

pathogen on tomato and in Mexico. Additional reports of P. mexicana in Mexico by Oudemans (1991), 

Mchau (1995), and Blair (2008) were due to the use of the P. mexicana isolate P646 from American Type 

Culture Collection. This is not enough evidence of host-pathogen association. 

Protambulyx strigilis L. Protambulyx strigilis is present in Mexico (Gomez-Nucamendi et al., 1999; 

Zhang, 1994) but the evidence for its association with tomato is weak (Zhang, 1994). Additional sources

indicate hosts are in the family Anacardiaceae (Cary, 1951). Therefore, we did not include P. strigilis on 

the pest list.

2.1.2. Organisms with non-actionable regulatory status

We found evidence of the organisms listed in Appendix A being associated with tomato and 

being present in Mexico; however, because these organisms have non-actionable regulatory 

status for the continental United States, we did not include them in Table 2 of this risk 

assessment.

2.1.3. Organisms identified only to the genus level

In commodity import risk assessments, the taxonomic unit for pests selected for evaluation 

beyond the pest categorization stage is usually the species (IPPC, 2011), as assessments focus on 

organisms for which biological information is available. Therefore, generally, we do not assess 

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

risk for organisms identified only to the genus level, in particular if the genus in question is 

reported in the import area. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if 

the unidentified species occurs in the import area and, consequently, whether it has actionable 

regulatory status for the import area. On the other hand, if the genus in question is absent from 

the import area, any unidentified organisms in the genus can have actionable status; however, 

because such an organism has not been fully identified, we cannot properly analyze its likelihood 

and consequences of introduction.

In light of these issues, we usually do not include organisms identified only to the genus level in 

the main pest list. Instead, we address them separately in this sub-section. The information here 

can be used by risk managers to determine if measures beyond those intended to mitigate fully 

identified pests are warranted. Often, however, the development of detailed assessments for 

known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage 

pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar 

but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche.

Table 1. Organisms identified to the genus level that are reported on Solanum lycopersicum in 

Mexico and that have actionable or undetermined regulatory status.

Pest name Evidence of presence 

on tomato in Mexico

Genus present 

in US?

Regulatory 

status1

Plant part(s) 

association2

On 

exported

plant 

part(s)?3

Remarks

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Diabrotica sp. McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Yes (Arnett Jr. 

et al., 2002)

U Flower, Leaf

(Capinera, 2001; 

King and 

Saunders, 1984)

No

Epitrix sp. Garcia-Martell, 1974; 

McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Yes (Arnett Jr. 

et al., 2002)

U Leaf, Root

(Saunders et al., 

1983

No

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Blapstinus sp. PestID, 2012b Yes (Arnett Jr. 

et al., 2002)

U Fruit (PestID, 

2012b)

No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Tetraleurodes 

sp.

McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Yes (PestID, 

2012a)

U Leaf (Hoddle, 

2006)

Yes

Trialeurodes sp. McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Yes (Capinera, 

2001)

U Leaf (Saunders 

et al., 1983)

Yes

1 A=Actionable, U=Undetermined. If the genus does not occur in the United States, the organism has actionable 

status. If the genus occurs in the United States, the organism has undetermined regulatory status, because we 

cannot know if the unidentified species is one that occurs in the United States. 2 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as 

from plant part association on other plant species, this is noted. 3 “Yes” indicates the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested plant part(s).

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of presence 

on tomato in Mexico

Genus present 

in US?

Regulatory 

status1

Plant part(s) 

association2

On 

exported

plant 

part(s)?3

Remarks

Hemiptera: Miridae

Halticus sp. McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Yes (Capinera, 

2001)

U Leaf, Stem

(Capinera, 2001)

Yes

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Manduca sp. McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Yes (CABI, 

2012a)

U Fruit, Leaf

(Capinera, 2001)

No

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

Gryllus sp. PestID, 2012b Yes (CABI, 

2012a)

U Fruit (PestID, 

2012b)

No

Nematodes

Trichodorus sp. CABI, 2012a Yes (CABI, 

2012a)

U Root (CABI, 

2012a)

No

2.2. Pest list

In Table 2, we list the actionable pests associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that occur 

in Mexico. The list comprises those actionable pests that occur in Mexico on any host and are 

reported to be associated with tomato whether in Mexico or elsewhere in the world. For each 

pest, we indicate 1) the part of the imported plant species with which the pest is generally 

associated, and 2) whether the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated, in viable 

form, with the exported commodity. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, 

port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Mexico.

Pests in shaded rows are pests identified for further evaluation, as we consider them reasonably 

likely to be associated with the exported commodity; we summarize these pests in a separate 

table (Table 3). 

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Table 2. Actionable pests reported on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (in any country) and 

present in Mexico (on any host).

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

ARTHROPODA

Insecta

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Diabrotica adelpha

Harold

King and 

Saunders, 

1984; 

Saunders et 

al., 1998

King and 

Saunders, 1984; 

Saunders et al., 

1998

Flower, Leaf 

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984; 

Saunders et 

al., 1998)

No. Adults are 

5-7 mm long 

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984; Saunders 

et al., 1998).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Lema eremita 

Jacoby

Maes et al., n. 

d.-b

Saunders et al., 

1983

Leaf 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults are 

4.2 mm long 

(Jacoby, 1880).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Omophoita 

aequinoctialis 

(Linnaeus)

Saunders et 

al., 1998

Saunders et al., 

1998

Leaf 

(Saunders et 

al., 1998)

No. Adults are 

6-8 mm long 

(Saunders et 

al., 1998).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Systena basalis 

Duval

Furth and 

Savini, 1998

Saunders et al., 

1983

Leaf, Root 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults of 

the genus 

Systena are 

between 3-8 

mm long 

(Jacoby, 1880).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Systena s-littera 

(Linnaeus)

King and 

Saunders, 

1984

King and 

Saunders, 1984; 

Saunders et al., 

1983

Leaf, Root

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984; 

Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults are 

4 mm long 

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984; Saunders 

et al., 1983).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Faustinus 

ovatipennis

(Champion) (= 

Colabismodes 

ovatipennis

Champion)

O'Brien and 

Wibmer, 

1982a

Dias-deAlmeida et al., 

2009; Saunders 

et al., 1983

Bud, Leaf, 

Stem 

(Saunders et 

al., 1998)

No. Adults are 

4-5 mm long

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

4 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as 

from plant part association on other plant species, this is noted. 5 “Yes” indicates simply that the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity; the level 

of pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (low, medium, or high) is qualitatively assessed in risk element 

A1 as part of the likelihood of introduction assessment (section 3).

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

Faustinus 

rhombifer 

(Champion) (= 

Colabismodes 

rhombifer

Champion)

King and 

Saunders, 

1984; O'Brien 

and Wibmer, 

1982a

Gallego and 

Velez, 1992; 

King and 

Saunders, 1984; 

Saunders et al., 

1983

Bud, Leaf, 

Stem 

(Saunders et 

al., 1998)

No. Adults are 

4-5 mm long

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Faustinus 

subparallelus 

(Champion) (= 

Colabismodes 

subparallelus)

King and 

Saunders, 

1984

Saunders et al., 

1983

Stem 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults are 

4-5 mm long

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Phyrdenus 

muriceus 

(Germar)

King and 

Saunders, 

1984; 

McGuire Jr. 

and Crandall, 

1967

King and 

Saunders, 1984; 

Saunders et al., 

1998

Stem, Root 

(King and 

Saunders, 

1984; Monte, 

1944; 

O'Brien, 

1961)

No. Adults are

3.5-7.8 mm 

long (Monte, 

1944; O'Brien, 

1961).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Present in 

Arizona and 

Florida (O'Brien, 

1961; O'Brien and 

Wibmer, 1982b).

Trichobaris 

championi 

Barber

McGuire Jr. 

and Crandall, 

1967; O'Brien 

and Wibmer, 

1982a

Barber, 1935; 

McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967

Stem 

(Barber, 

1935)

No. Adults are 

4-6 mm long 

(Barber, 1935).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Coleoptera: Meloidae

Epicauta ocellata

(Dugès)

Pinto, 1980a; 

MacGregor 

and Gutierrez,

1983

MacGregor and

Gutierrez, 1983

Leaf, Flower 

(Capinera, 

2001)

No. Adults are 

8-14 mm long 

(Pinto, 1980b).

Plant part affected 

is for the genus 

Epicauta. See 

additional 

discussion below 

in section 2.3.

Epicauta vitticolis 

(HaagRutenberg)

Adams and 

Selander, 

1979; Maes et 

al., n. d.-b

Adams and 

Selander, 1979; 

Saunders et al., 

1983

Flower 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983), 

Leaf (Adams 

and Selander, 

1979)

No. Adults are 

20-22 mm long

(Adams and 

Selander, 

1979).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Phyllophaga 

aequata (Bates)

King and 

Saunders, 

1984

Saunders et al., 

1983

Root 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Phyllophaga 

dasypoda

(Bates)

King and 

Saunders, 

1984

Saunders et al., 

1983

Root 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 9
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Blapstinus 

punctulatus 

DuVal (= B.

fortis)

Maes et al., n. 

d.-a

Koch and 

Waterhouse, 

2000

Root, seeds, 

seedlings

(Capinera, 

2001)

No. Adults of 

Blapstinus are 

3.5-9.5 mm 

long (Davis, 

1976).

Present in the 

United States–no 

states specified

(Maes et al., n. d.-

a).

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Liriomyza 

huidobrensis 

(Blanchard)

Hernández 

Regalado et 

al., 2009; 

Lopez et al., 

2010

Capinera, 2001; 

Koch and 

Waterhouse, 

2000; Spencer, 

1973

Leaf 

(Spencer, 

1973)

Yes Present in 

California;

unknown if 

populations are 

established 

(Lonsdale, 2011).

Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

MX (Chiapas).

Quarantine 

pest in MX 

(TrujilloArriaga and 

Bech, n. d. )

Orono et al., 

2006

Fruit (Orono 

et al., 2006)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Present in Hawaii

(CABI, 2012a). 

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurodicus 

dispersus

Russell

Evans, 2007; 

SEL, N. D.

Mware et al., 

2010

Leaf (CABI, 

2012a)

Yes Present in Florida 

and Hawaii

(CABI, 2012a).

Bemisia tabaci

(Gennadius)

(including 

Biotypes B and 

Q)

CABI, 2012a; 

MartinezCarrillo and 

Brown, 2007

CABI, 2012a; 

Hodges, n. d.

Leaf (CABI, 

2012a)

Yes This whitefly 

(both biotypes) is 

present in the 

United States 

(CABI, 2012a; 

Martinez-Carrillo 

and Brown, 

2007), but 

because it can 

vector quarantine 

diseases (see 

references for 

viruses in Table 

2), we consider it

an actionable pest 

in this 

assessment.

Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum

Westwood

CABI, 2012a CABI, 2012a; 

MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983

Leaf (CABI, 

2012a)

Yes Present in the 

United States 

(CABI, 2012a).

See regulatory 

note for B. tabaci.

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 10
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Agallia modesta 

Osborn & Ball

King and 

Saunders, 

1984; Maes, 

2004b

Maes, 2004b; 

Saunders et al., 

1983

Leaf 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults are 

3-3.75 mm long

(Oman, 1933).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Draeculacephala 

clypeata Osborn

Maes, 2004b; 

Young and 

Davidson, 

1959

Maes, 2004b Leaf (PeanutCropGermplasmCommittee, 

2003)

No. Adults are 

4.8–8.5 mm 

long (Young 

and Davidson, 

1959).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Empoasca prona 

Davidson & 

DeLong

McKamey, n. 

d.

Saunders et al., 

1983

Leaf 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults are 

3.5 mm long 

(Davidson and 

DeLong, 1940).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Macunolla 

ventralis 

(Signoret)

Maes, 2004b King and 

Saunders, 1984; 

Maes, 2004b

Leaf 

(Saunders et 

al., 1983)

No. Adults of 

the genus 

Macullona are 

5.8-6.5 mm 

long (Young, 

1977).

See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus 

neobrevipes

Beardsley

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012; 

Williams and 

Granara de 

Willink, 1992

Williams and 

Watson, 1988

Flower, Fruit, 

Leaf, Stem

(Kessing and 

Mau, 2007)

No. Broadly 

oval shaped 

insect; 3.5 mm 

(Williams and 

Watson, 1988).

Present in Florida

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2012) and Hawaii 

(Ben-Dov, 1994).

Maconellicoccus 

hirsutus (Green)

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012; 

CABI, 2012a

Hoy et al., 2008 Whole Plant 

(Hoy et al., 

2008)

Yes Present in 

California, 

Florida, Georgia, 

Hawaii, 

Louisiana, and 

Texas (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2012; 

CABI, 2012a).

Paracoccus 

marginatus

Williams & 

Granara de 

Willink

Williams and 

Granara de 

Willink, 1992

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012; Walker et 

al., 2003

Fruit, Leaf, 

Stem (BenDov et al., 

2012; 

Muniappan et 

al., 2008; 

Walker et al., 

2003)

Yes Present in Florida 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2012), Hawaii

(Muniappan et al., 

2008), and Illinois

(glasshouse)

(Walker et al., 

2003).

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis

(Guenée)

Marcano, 

1991

Marcano, 1991 Fruit 

(Marcano, 

1991)

No. See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 11
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Chaetanaphothrips 

signipennis

(Bagnall)

CABI, 2012a Hara et al., 2002 Fruit (Hara et 

al., 2002)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Present in Florida

and Hawaii

(CABI, 2012a). 

Thrips palmi Karny CABI, 2012a Capinera, 2001; 

Martin and Mau, 

2007

Flower, Fruit, 

Leaf, Stem,

(Martin and 

Mau, 2007)

Yes. Present in Florida

and Hawaii

(CABI, 2012a).

MOLLUSCA

Veronicellidae

Sarasinula plebeia 

(Fischer)

NaranjoGarcia et al., 

2007

Naranjo-Garcia 

et al., 2007

Leaf, Stem, 

Root (CABI, 

2012a)

No. Slugs are 

large and 

weigh 4-15 

grams 

(Capinera et 

al., 2011).

Present in Florida 

and Texas 

(Capinera et al., 

2011; NaranjoGarcia et al., 

2007).

BACTERIA

Ralstonia 

solanacearum 

(Smith) 

Yabuuchi et al. 

Race 3 Biovar 2 

CABI, 2012a;

CABI, 1999; 

EPPO, 1997d; 

EPPO, 2006 ; 

Meng et al., 

2008; Milling 

et al., 2009; 

Xu et al., 

2009; 

Sanchez-Perez 

et al., 2008;

Perea et al., 

2011

CABI, 2012a; 

Perea et al., 

2011

Leaf, Root, 

Stem (CABI, 

2012a)

No This pathogen is 

highly unlikely to

be present on the 

approved growing 

media, or in the 

production system.

See discussion in 

section 2.3. 

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 12
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

FUNGI AND CHROMISTAS

Puccinia 

pittieriana Henn.

(≡ Micropuccinia pittieriana

(Henn.) Arthur 

& H.S. Jacks.)

CABI, 2012a; 

EPPO, 1997c; 

Thurston, 

1973; 

Wellman, 

1977

Type 2 (CABI, 

2012a; EPPO, 

1997c; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; 

Thurston, 1973; 

Wellman, 1977)

Fruit, Leaf, 

Root, Stem

(CABI, 

2012a)

No A report from 

Brazil on tomato 

is not valid 

(Hennen et al., 

2005). Butiricá 

(2012) indicates 

that this pathogen 

occurred on 

tomato in Ecuador 

only under special 

conditions (above 

3,000 meters over 

sea level), and 

therefore is highly 

unlikely to be on 

this commodity.

Thecaphora solani 

(Frank) Donk 

CABI, 2012a CABI, 2012a; 

CABI, 2012b; 

Andrade - V. et 

al., 2012

Root (CABI, 

2012a)

No This soil-borne 

pathogen is highly 

unlikely to be 

present on AGM, 

or in the 

production 

system.

NEMATODES

Globodera 

rostochiensis 

(Wollenweber) 

Behrens

CABI, 2012a; 

CFIA, 2006; 

Ferris, 2011; 

NuñezSanchez et al., 

2003; RuedaPuente et al.,

2006; SosaMoss, 1987

CABI, 2012a Root (CABI, 

2012a)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3.

This pest is under 

official control in 

the United States 

(CABI, 2012a).

Nacobbus aberrans 

potato Pathotype

(Thorne) Thorne 

& Allen 

CABI, 2012a; 

EPPO, 1997b; 

CristobalAlejo et al., 

2006; Inserra 

et al., nd

CABI, 2012a; 

EPPO, 1997b; 

Cristobal-Alejo 

et al., 2006

Root (CABI, 

2012a;

EPPO, 

1997b)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3.

Radopholus similis 

(Cobb) Thorne

CABI, 2012a CABI, 2012a Root (CABI, 

2012a)

No See discussion in 

section 2.3. 

Present in the 

United States 

(CABI, 2012a).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 13
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

VIRUSES

Chino del tomate 

begomovirus 

(CdTV) (Syn: 

Tomato leaf 

crumple virus

(TLCrV) 

Pringle, 1998)

Brown and 

Nelson, 1988; 

Holguín-Peña 

et al., 2006c; 

Paplomatas et 

al., 1994; 

GarzónTiznado et al., 

2002; 

SAGARPA, 

2010

Brown and 

Nelson, 1988; 

Holguín-Peña et 

al., 2006c; 

SAGARPA, 

2010

Whole Plant

(Brown and 

Nelson, 

1988; 

Holguín-Peña 

et al., 2006c)

No CdTV is 

transmitted by 

Bemisia tabaci 

and is not seed 

transmitted 

(Brown and 

Nelson, 1988). 

Tomato chino La 

Paz begomovirus

(ToChLPV)

Mq King et 

al., 2011; 

Lebsky et al., 

2011a; 

Holguín-Peña 

et al., 2006a

Mq King et al., 

2011; HolguínPeña et al., 

2006a

Whole Plant

(Mq King et 

al., 2011; 

Lebsky et al., 

2011a)

No ToChLPV is 

transmitted by 

Bemisia tabaci 

and is not seed 

transmitted 

(Brown and 

Nelson, 1988). 

Tomato leaf curl 

begomovirus 

(TLCV)

SAGARPA, 

2010

SAGARPA, 

2010; Brunt et 

al., 1996

Whole Plant

(Brunt et al., 

1996)

No TLCV is 

transmitted by 

Bemisia tabaci 

and is not seed 

transmitted 

(DAFF, 2011). 

Tomato leaf curl 

Sinaloa 

begomovirus

(TLCSV) (= 

Sinaloa tomato 

leaf curl virus

(STLCV) (Green 

and Kalloo, 

1994))

Holguín-Peña 

et al., 2006c; 

Brown et al., 

1993; Idris 

and Brown, 

1998

Holguín-Peña et 

al., 2006c; Idris 

and Brown, 

1998

Whole Plant

(HolguínPeña et al., 

2006c; Idris 

and Brown, 

1998)

No TLCSV is 

transmitted by 

Bemisia tabaci 

and is not seed 

transmitted 

(Brown and 

Nelson, 1988). 

Tomato marchitez 

torradovirus 

(ToMarV)

(= Tomato apex 

necrosis virus 

(ToANV) (Mq 

King et al., 

2011))

Verbeek et 

al., 2007

Verbeek et al., 

2007; Verbeek 

et al., 2008; 

Turina et al., 

2007; Batuman 

et al., 2010

Whole Plant

(Verbeek et 

al., 2007; 

Verbeek et 

al., 2008; 

Turina et al., 

2007)

No ToMarV is 

closely related to 

ToTV, which is 

transmitted by 

Bemisia tabaci 

(Falk et al., 2009) 

and Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum 

(EPPO, 2012). It 

is unknown if 

ToTV can be seed

transmitted 

(EPPO, 2012).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 14
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Pest name Evidence of 

presence in 

Mexico

Pest association 

with S. 

lycopersicum

Plant part(s) 

association4

On exported 

plant?5

Remarks

Tomato severe leaf 

curl 

begomovirus

(ToSLCV)

MauricioCastillo et al., 

2006; 

SAGARPA, 

2010

MauricioCastillo et al., 

2006; Mq King 

et al., 2011; 

SAGARPA, 

2010; Fauquet et 

al., 2003

Whole Plant

(MauricioCastillo et al., 

2006; Mq 

King et al., 

2011)

No ToSLCV is 

transmitted by B.

tabaci. It is not 

known to be

seed transmitted

(USDA-APHIS, 

2009). 

Tomato torrado 

torradovirus 

(ToTV)

Amari et al., 

2008; 

Batuman et 

al., 2010; 

SAGARPA, 

2010

Amari et al., 

2008; Batuman 

et al., 2010; 

SAGARPA, 

2010

Whole Plant

(Amari et al., 

2008; 

Batuman et 

al., 2010)

No ToTV is 

transmitted by B.

tabaci and T.

vaporariorum 

(Pospieszny et al., 

2007; Amari et 

al., 2008). 

Transmission to 

tomato plants for 

export via B. 

tabaci and D. 

vaporarium is 

highly unlikely

(See discussion 

below in 2.3).

VIROIDS

Tomato planta 

macho viroid 

(TPMVd) (= 

Mexican papita 

viroid (MPVd)

(Verhoeven et 

al., 2011))

Galindo A. et 

al., 1982; Ling 

and Zhang, 

2009; 

MartinezSoriano et al., 

1996; 

Verhoeven et 

al., 2011

Galindo A. et 

al., 1982

Whole Plant

(Galindo A. 

et al., 1982; 

Ling and 

Bledsoe, 

2009 )

No Seed transmission 

has not been 

demonstrated 

(Matthews-Berry, 

2010).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 15
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list and other risk mitigation factors

2.3.1. Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2

This pest could only be introduced into the production system area via contamination of either

growing media, plant sources, irrigation water, or materials brought by workers. Contamination 

is highly unlikely to happen for the following reasons.

Growing media. Soil is not an approved growing media for this purpose. The production 

protocol indicates that the media and pots used for the production of these plants will be new 

inert material. Unused media is highly unlikely to be a source of inoculum for R. solanacearum

R3B2 (or any soil-borne pathogen).

Plant sources. In this production system, tomato plants will be produced from seed inside 

greenhouses. To date we have no evidence that R. solanacerum R3B2 is seed transmitted, 

therefore the tomato plants for export are highly unlikely to be sources of inoculum.

Irrigation water. Water sources described by the NPPO of Mexico meet the conditions for the 

protocol for plants in growing media, and are therefore highly unlikely to be contaminated with 

R. solanacerum R3B2. 

Worker-introduced materials. The production system for tomato plantlets includes a series of 

sanitation procedures for tools and other implements that greatly reduce the likelihood of 

contamination by R. solanacearum R3B2.

2.3.2. Tomato torrado torradovirus (ToTV)

A preliminary study indicated that seed transmission in tomato was possible (Pospieszny, et al., 

2013). We reviewed the evidence, and consulted several experts, and concluded that insufficient 

evidence exists to conclude that ToTV is seed transmitted.

2.3.3. Comments on exported commodity

As indicated in section 1.4, the live tomato plantlets will be grown from certified seed (see 

Appendix B), planted in approved growing media, and grafted and hardened/acclimated inside a

pest exclusionary commercial-grade greenhouse (SAGARPA, 2012a). At the time of export, 

tomato plantlets will not have flowers or fruit, and because the plants are grown in approved 

growing media, root pests should not be present. Pests in that category include root-feeding 

insects—Scarabaeidae (Phyllophaga aequata and P. dasypoda) and root nematodes (Globodera 

rostochiensis, Nacobbus aberrans potato pathotype and Radopholus similis)—and fruit-feeding 

Diptera (Ceratitis capitata; Tephritidae) and Lepidoptera (Neoleucinodes elegantalis; Pyralidae).

These pests should not be associated with the exported commodity due to the production 

practices outlined above (Section 1.4) and will not be analyzed further.

2.3.4. Greenhouse screens

Greenhouse screens protect crops from insects and are typically manufactured from woven 

plastic yarns that leave openings both in the screen’s warp and weft. In commercial settings, 

screen openings are required to be smaller than the (smallest) insect body size (about 0.2 mm for

whiteflies) but must allow air and light transmission (Berlinger et al., 1999). Bethke and Paine

(1991) state that glasshouse screens designed to exclude Bemisia tabaci also exclude most larger 

insects such as moths (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), leafminers (Agromyzidae), aphids

(Aphididae), and leafhoppers (Cicadellidae).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 16
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

The technical information provided through the Mexican NPPO (SAGARPA, 2013) indicates 

that the screens in the commercial-grade greenhouses are or will be “small enough to exclude the 

entrance of thrips into the growing area, therefore also excluding the larger Hemiptera insects –

aphids and whiteflies”. As such, we assume that the commercial-grade greenhouses in Mexico

(Michoacán and Sonora) use or will use screens with openings that are 0.2 mm or smaller.

We collected evidence on the size (length and sometimes width) and body shape of the 

dispersing stage (mostly flying adults) for arthropod pests listed in Table 2 and, based on this 

information, eliminated a number of actionable pests from the pathway. Additional information 

for each group is found in Table 2 and also below.

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. We found no evidence that Chrysomelidae are pests of 

greenhouse-grown plants (Berlinger et al., 1988; Brodsgaard and Albajes, 1999). According to 

Crenshaw (2006), screening can exclude flea beetles (Chrysomelidae). Furthermore, adults of the 

five species listed in Table 2 are ovoid in shape (Capinera, 2001) and too large to get through 

conventional greenhouse screen mesh openings (Berlinger et al., 1999; Bethke and Paine, 1991).

Coleoptera: Curculionidae. Adults of the five species listed in Table 2 are ovoid in shape 

(Capinera, 2001) and too large to get through conventional greenhouse screen gaps (Berlinger et 

al., 1999; Bethke and Paine, 1991).

Coleoptera: Meloidae. Adults of the two species of blister beetles listed in Table 2 are ovoid in 

shape (Capinera, 2001) and too large to get through conventional greenhouse screen gaps 

(Adams and Selander, 1979; Pinto, 1980b).

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae. Adults of Agallia are too large and wide (Capinera, 2001) to get 

through conventional-sized screen gaps (Berlinger et al., 1999; Bethke and Paine, 1991).

Conclusions. We conclude that the Chrysolemidae, Curculionidae, Meloidae, and Cicadellidae

listed in Table 2 are highly unlikely to be associated with the exported commodity and 

consequently we will not analyze them further.

2.4. Pests selected for further analysis 

As stated in section 2.3, the technical information provided through the Mexican NPPO 

(SAGARPA, 2013) indicates that the screens in the commercial-grade greenhouses are or will be 

“small enough to exclude the entrance of thrips into the growing area, therefore also excluding 

the larger Hemiptera insects – aphids and whiteflies”. For the purposes of analysis we assume 

that screens used in the exclusionary commercial-grade greenhouses in Mexico have or will have 

openings that are 0.2 mm or smaller. Based on the size (length and sometimes width) and body 

shape of the dispersing stage we eliminated a number of actionable arthropod pests from the 

pathway. Specifically, those arthropods whose size (length and sometimes width) was larger than 

3.0 mm were not analyzed further. We did, however, more carefully examine arthropods whose 

dispersing stage is much smaller than 3.0 mm. Using this criteria, we identified seven pests for 

further analysis (Table 3). 

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 17
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Table 3. Pests selected for further analysis.

Pest type Taxonomy Scientific name

Arthropod Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurodicus dispersus

Bemisia tabaci (including biotypes B and Q)

Trialeurodes vaporarium

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Paracoccus marginatus

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Thrips palmi

3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential

3.1. Introduction

For each pest selected for further analysis, we estimate its overall pest risk potential. Risk is 

described by the likelihood of an adverse event, the magnitude of the consequences, and 

uncertainty. In this risk assessment, we first determine for each pest if there is an endangered 

area within the import area. The endangered area is defined as the portion of the import area 

where ecological factors favor the establishment of the pest and where the presence of the pest 

will result in economically important losses. Once an endangered area has been determined, the 

overall risk of each pest is then determined by two separate components: 1) the likelihood of its 

introduction into the endangered area on the imported commodity (i.e., the likelihood of an 

adverse event), and 2) the consequences of its introduction (i.e., the magnitude of the 

consequences). In general, we assess both of these components for each pest. However, if we 

determine that the risk of either of these components is negligible, it is not necessary to assess 

the other, as the overall pest risk potential would be negligible regardless of the result of the 

second component. In other words, if we determine that the introduction of a pest is unlikely to 

have unacceptable consequences, we do not assess its likelihood of being introduced. Likewise, 

if we determine there is negligible likelihood of a pest being introduced, we do not assess its 

consequences of introduction.

The likelihood and consequences of introduction are assessed using different approaches. For the 

consequences of introduction, we determine if the pest meets the threshold (Yes/No) of likely 

causing unacceptable consequences of introduction. This determination is based on estimating 

the potential consequences of introduction in terms of physical losses (rather than monetary 

losses). The threshold is based on a proportion of damage rather than an absolute value or 

amount. Pests that are likely to impact at least 10 percent of the production of one or more hosts 

are deemed “threshold pests.”

For likelihood of introduction, which is based on the likelihoods of entry and establishment, we 

qualitatively assess risk using the ratings Negligible, Low, Medium, and High. The risk factors 

comprising the model for likelihood of introduction are interdependent and, therefore, the model 

is multiplicative rather than additive. Thus, if any one risk factor is rated as Negligible, then the 

overall likelihood will be Negligible. For the overall likelihood of introduction risk rating, we 

define the different categories as follows:

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 18
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

High: Pest introduction is highly likely to occur.

Medium: Pest introduction is possible, but for that to happen, the exact combination of 

required events needs to occur.

Low: Pest introduction is unlikely to occur because one or more of the required events 

are unlikely to happen, or the full combination of required events is unlikely to 

align properly in time and space.

Negligible: Pest introduction is highly unlikely to occur given the exact combination of 

events required for successful introduction. 

3.2. Assessment results

3.2.1. Aleurodicus dispersus

We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of A. dispersus to be Negligible. We 

present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is 

Negligible, we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Aleurodicus dispersus into the endangered 

area via the importation of greenhouse-grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element A1: Pest 

prevalence on exported

commodity (= the baseline 

rating for entry) 

Negligible MC We considered the effects of all 

greenhouse specifications described 

in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of A. 

dispersus with the exported 

commodity. We conclude that the 

specialized exclusionary structures 

and plantlet production systems 

(including insect traps used to detect 

insects after entry) make it highly 

unlikely that A. dispersus, although 

quite small [1-1.25 mm (Russell, 

1965)], would be able to enter and 

infest the commodity. As such, we 

rated this element Negligible.

Risk Element A2: Likelihood 

of surviving post-harvest 

processing before shipment 

N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood 

of surviving transport and 

storage conditions of the 

consignment

N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk 

rating for likelihood of entry 

Negligible N/A

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 19
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Establishment 

Risk Element B1: Likelihood 

of coming into contact with 

host material in the 

endangered area

N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood 

of arriving in the endangered 

area

N/A

Risk Element B: Combined 

likelihood of establishment

N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction 

Combined likelihoods of

entry and establishment

Negligible N/A

a

C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2.2. Bemisia tabaci including biotype B and Q, and Trialeurodes vaporarium

We determined the overall likelihoods of introduction of Bemisia tabaci, B. tabaci (biotype B), 

B. tabaci (Biotype Q), and Trialeurodes vaporarium to be Negligible. We present the results of 

this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, we did 

not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Bemisia tabaci, B. tabaci (biotype B), B. 

tabaci (biotype Q), and Trialeurodes vaporarium into the endangered area via the 

importation of greenhouse-grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element A1: Pest 

prevalence on exported

commodity (= the baseline 

rating for entry) 

Negligible MC We considered the effects of all 

greenhouse specifications described 

in Section 1.4. We concluded that the 

screen size (Bethke and Paine, 1991), 

exclusionary structures, and plantlet 

production systems (including insect 

traps used to detect insects after entry) 

make it highly unlikely that these 

vectors would be able to enter and

infest the commodity. Thus, we rated 

this element Negligible.

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 20
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Risk Element A2: Likelihood 

of surviving post-harvest 

processing before shipment 

N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood 

of surviving transport and 

storage conditions of the 

consignment

N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk 

rating for likelihood of entry 

Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment 

Risk Element B1: Likelihood 

of coming into contact with 

host material in the 

endangered area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood 

of arriving in the endangered 

area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined 

likelihood of establishment

N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction 

Combined likelihoods of

entry and establishment

Negligible N/A

a

C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2.3. Liriomyza huidobrensis

We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of L. huidobrensis to be Negligible. We 

present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is 

Negligible, we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Liriomyza huidobrensis into the endangered 

area via the importation of greenhouse-grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element A1: Pest 

prevalence on exported

commodity (= the baseline 

rating for entry) 

Negligible MC We considered the effects of all 

greenhouse specifications 

described in Section 1.4 on the 

prevalence of L. huidobrensis on

the exported commodity. We 

conclude that the specialized 

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 21
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

exclusionary structures and plantlet 

production systems make it highly 

unlikely that L. huidobrensis, 

although quite small [adults 

measure 1.7-2.1 mm in length and 

wing length is 1.7-2.25 mm 

(Capinera, 2001)], would be able to 

enter and infest the commodity.

Therefore, we rated this element 

Negligible.

Risk Element A2: Likelihood 

of surviving post-harvest 

processing before shipment 

N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood 

of surviving transport and 

storage conditions of the 

consignment

N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk 

rating for likelihood of entry 

Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment 

Risk Element B1: Likelihood 

of coming into contact with 

host material in the 

endangered area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood 

of arriving in the endangered 

area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined 

likelihood of establishment

N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction 

Combined likelihoods of

entry and establishment

Negligible N/A

a

C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2.4. Maconellicoccus hirsutus

We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of M. hirsutus to be Negligible. We present 

the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is 

Negligible, we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 22
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Maconellicoccus hirsutus into the 

endangered area via the importation of greenhouse-grown live tomato plantlets from 

Mexico

Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element A1: Pest 

prevalence on exported

commodity (= the baseline 

rating for entry) 

Negligible MC First instar nymphs, the dispersing 

stage, are 0.3 mm (EPPO, 2005); 

females are 2.0-3.0 mm long and 

0.9-2.0 mm wide, and males, 

which have one pair of wings, are 

smaller than females (Capinera, 

2001).

We considered the effects of all 

greenhouse specifications 

described in Section 1.4 on the 

prevalence of M. hirsutus on the 

exported commodity. We 

concluded that the specialized 

exclusionary structures and plantlet 

production systems make it highly 

unlikely that M. hirsutus would be 

able to enter and infest the 

commodity. As such, we rated this 

element Negligible.

Risk Element A2: Likelihood 

of surviving post-harvest 

processing before shipment 

N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood 

of surviving transport and 

storage conditions of the 

consignment

N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk 

rating for likelihood of entry 

Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment 

Risk Element B1: Likelihood 

of coming into contact with 

host material in the 

endangered area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood 

of arriving in the endangered 

area

N/A N/A

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 23
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Risk Element B: Combined 

likelihood of establishment

N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction 

Combined likelihoods of

entry and establishment

Negligible N/A

a

C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2.5. Paracoccus marginatus

We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of P. marginatus to be Negligible. We 

present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is 

Negligible, we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Paracoccus marginatus into the endangered 

area via the importation of greenhouse-grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element A1: Pest 

prevalence on exported

commodity (= the baseline 

rating for entry) 

Negligible MC We considered the effects of all 

greenhouse specifications described 

in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of P. 

marginatus on the exported 

commodity. We concluded that the 

specialized exclusionary structures 

and plantlet production systems make 

it highly unlikely that P. marginatus, 

although quite small [adults are 2.2 

mm long (Walker et al., 2003)], 

would be able to enter the 

exclusionary structure and infect the 

commodity. As such, we rated this

element Negligible.

Risk Element A2: Likelihood 

of surviving post-harvest 

processing before shipment 

N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood 

of surviving transport and 

storage conditions of the 

consignment

N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk 

rating for likelihood of entry 

Negligible N/A

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Establishment 

Risk Element B1: Likelihood 

of coming into contact with 

host material in the

endangered area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood 

of arriving in the endangered 

area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined 

likelihood of establishment

N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction 

Combined likelihoods of

entry and establishment

Negligible N/A

a

C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2.6. Thrips palmi

We determined the overall likelihood of introduction of T. palmi to be Negligible. We present 

the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is 

Negligible, we did not analyze the consequences of introduction.

Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Thrips palmi into the endangered area via 

the importation of greenhouse-grown live tomato plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element A1: Pest 

prevalence on exported

commodity (= the baseline 

rating for entry) 

Negligible MC We considered the effects of all 

greenhouse specifications described 

in Section 1.4 on the prevalence of T. 

palmi on the exported commodity.

We concluded that the specialized 

exclusionary structures and plantlet 

production systems (including insect 

traps used to detect insects after entry) 

make it highly unlikely that T. palmi, 

although quite small [0.87-1.1 mm in 

length and 0.11-0.14 mm in width 

(Murai and Toda, n.d.)], would be 

able to enter and infest the 

commodity. As such, we give this risk 

element a rating of Negligible and the 

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Risk Element Risk 

Rating

Uncertainty 

Ratinga

Justification for rating and 

explanation of uncertainty (and 

other notes as necessary) 

analysis stops at this point.

Risk Element A2: Likelihood 

of surviving post-harvest 

processing before shipment 

N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood 

of surviving transport and 

storage conditions of the 

consignment

N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk 

rating for likelihood of entry 

Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment 

Risk Element B1: Likelihood 

of coming into contact with 

host material in the 

endangered area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood 

of arriving in the endangered 

area

N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined 

likelihood of establishment

N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction 

Combined likelihoods of

entry and establishment

Negligible N/A

a

C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

4. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment

Of the organisms associated with tomato worldwide and reported in Mexico, we identified 

organisms that are actionable pests for the continental United States and have a reasonable 

likelihood of being associated with the commodity. We further evaluated these organisms for 

their likelihood of introduction (i.e., entry plus establishment) and their potential consequences 

of introduction. Pests that meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of 

introduction and receive an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negligible are 

candidates for risk management. The results of this risk assessment represent a baseline estimate 

of the risks associated with the import commodity pathway as described in section 1.4. The 

imported commodity in this risk assessment are live tomato plantlets that are grown from 

certified seed, planted in APHIS approved growing media, grafted and hardened/acclimated 

inside a highly sophisticated exclusionary commercial-grade greenhouses (SAGARPA, 2012b, 

SAGARPA, 2013). At the time of export the tomato plantlets will be between 25-40 days old and 

will not have flowers or fruit.

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Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Of the pests selected for analysis, we determined that those identified in Table 4 are not

candidates for further risk management (beyond those practices described in the pathway and

contained in 319.37-8) because they received a Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of 

introduction into the endangered area via the import pathway. We summarize the results for each 

pest in Table 4.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are 

part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

Table 4. Summary for pests selected for further evaluation and determined not to be candidates 

for risk management.

Pest Reason the pest is not a candidate for 

risk management

Uncertainty 

statement (optional)a

Aleurodicus dispersus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

Bemisia tabaci including

Biotypes B and Q, and

Trialeurodes vaporarium

Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

Liriomyza huidobrensis Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

Paraccocus marginatus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction

Thrips palmi Negligible Likelihood of Introduction a

The uncertainty statement, if included, identifies the most important source(s) of uncertainty.

5. Acknowledgements 

Authors Walter Gutierrez, Plant Pathologist, Risk Analysta

Stephanie Bloem, Entomologist, Risk Analysta

Reviewers Cynthia Landry, Risk Analysta

Betsy Randall-Schadel, Risk Analysta

a Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ

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7. Appendices

Appendix A. Pests with non-actionable regulatory status

We found some evidence of the below listed organisms being associated with tomato and being 

present in the Mexico; however, because these organisms have non-actionable regulatory status 

for the United States, we did not list them in Table 2 of this risk assessment.

Below we list these organisms along with the references supporting their potential association 

with tomato, their potential presence in Mexico, their presence in the United States (if 

applicable), and their regulatory status for the United States. For organisms not present in the the 

United States, we also provide justification for their non-actionable status.

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Eriophyidae

Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Lindquist et al., 1996; MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983; Zhang, 2003).

Acari: Phytoseiidae

Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini & 

Fanzago)

Present in MX and US (deMoraes et al., 1986); reported on 

tomato (deMoraes et al., 1986).

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) Present in MX (Pena et al., 2002); reported on tomato (Capinera, 

2001; Zhang, 2003); present in US (CABI, 2012a).

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Childers et al., 2003).

Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Childers et al., 2003).

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Childers et al., 2003).

Acari: Tetranychidae

Bryobia praetiosa Koch Present in MX and US (Bolland et al., 1998); reported on tomato 

(Bolland et al., 1998).

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Zhang, 2003).

Tetranychus desertorum Banks Present in MX and US (Bolland et al., 1998); reported on tomato 

(Bolland et al., 1998).

Tetranychus ludeni Zacher Present in MX and US (Bolland et al., 1998); reported on tomato 

(Bolland et al., 1998; Gallego and Velez, 1992).

Tetranychus marianae McGregor Present in MX and US (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2012a).

Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & 

Nikolskii)

Present in MX and US (Bolland et al., 1998); reported on tomato 

(Bolland et al., 1998).

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Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Tetranychus urticae Koch Present in MX and US (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2012a; Zhang, 

2003).

Insecta

Coleoptera: Anobiidae

Stegobium paniceum Linnaeus Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a).

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Acalymma trivittata (Mannerheim) Present in MX and US (Rodriguez-del-Bosque and MagallanesEstala, 1994); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 

1983; Saunders et al., 1983). Non-actionable in the United States 

(PestID, 2012a).

Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Saunders et al., 1983). 

Cerotoma ruficornis (Olivier) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983), US (King and 

Saunders, 1984); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 

1983).

Diabrotica balteata LeConte Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Garcia-Martell, 1974; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 

1967). 

Diabrotica undecimpunctata 

Mannerheim

Present in MX (Rodriguez-del-Bosque and Magallanes-Estala, 

199) and US (Capinera, 2001); reported on tomato (Saunders et 

al., 1983).

Disonycha glabrata (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004a); reported on tomato 

(Saunders et al., 1983).

Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) Present in MX (Furth, 2009) and US (Arnett Jr., 2000); reported 

on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; Saunders et al., 

1983).

Epitrix fasciata Blatchley Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (CABI, 1981); 

reported on tomato (Gallego and Velez, 1992).

Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) Present in MX (CABI, 2012a) and US (Arnett Jr., 2000); reported 

in tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Lema nigrovittata (GuérinMéneville)Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US 

(Wickham, 1896); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 

1983).

Lema trilineata (Olivier) Present in MX (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967) and US (GBIF, 

2012); reported on tomato (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967).

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Systena blanda Melsheimer Present in MX (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967) and US (CABI, 

2012a; Knodel et al., 2010); reported on tomato (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 1983; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967).

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Anthonomus eugenii Cano Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a).

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Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Phyrdenus divergens (Germar) Present in MX and US (O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982a); reported on 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Coleoptera: Meloidae

Epicauta immaculata Say Present in MX (Garcia-Martell, 1974) and US (Selander and 

Mathieu, 1969); reported on tomato (Garcia-Martell, 1974).

Epicauta temexa Adams & Selander Present in MX and US (Adams and Selander, 1979); reported on 

tomato (Adams and Selander, 1979).

Epicauta vittata (Fabricius) = 

Epicauta lemniscata (Fabricius)

Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US

(Selander and Mathieu, 1969; Capinera, 2001); reported on 

tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Pyrota divirgata (Villada et Peñafiel) Present in MX (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967) and US (GarciaParis et al., 2007); reported on tomato (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 

1967).

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a).

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Bothynus gibbosus (De Geer) Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2001); reported in tomato 

(Capinera, 2001).

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Liriomyza munda Frick Present in MX (Garcia-Martell, 1974; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 

1967) and US (Stegmaier Jr., 1968); reported on tomato (GarciaMartell, 1974; Stegmaier Jr., 1968).

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato 

(Capinera, 2001; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; Spencer, 

1973).

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Spencer, 1973).

Diptera: Anthomyiidae

Hylemya platura (Meigen) = Delia 

platura (Meigen)

Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Diptera: Muscidae

Atherigona orientalis Schiner Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Forsyth, 1966).

Diptera: Otitidae

Euxesta stigmatias Loew Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2001); reported on tomato 

(Capinera, 2001).

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) Present in MX and US (Evans, 2007); reported on tomato (Evans, 

2007).

Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) Present in MX and US (Evans, 2007; Mound and Halsey, 1978); 

reported on tomato (Evans, 2007; Mound and Halsey, 1978).

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis craccivora Koch Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 46
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Aphis fabae Scopoli Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Aphis gossypii Glover Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Aphis spiraecola Patch Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale 

(Sasaki)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2012a).

Hemiptera: Berytidae

Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee Present in MX and US (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000); reported on 

tomato (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000).

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Aceratagallia sordida Oman Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Maes, 

2004b).

Agallia albidula Uhler Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (Nielson, 

1968); reported on tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Agallia lingula Van Duzee Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (McKamey, n. 

d.); reported on tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Agallia nielsoni Freytag Present in MX (Maes, 2004b) and US (Cramer et al., 2003); 

reported on tomato (Maes, 2004b).

Circulifer tenellus (Baker) = 

Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker)

Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (Cramer 

et al., 2003); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 

1983).

Empoasca fabalis (De Long) Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Maes, 

2004b).

Empoasca kraemeri (Ross & Moore) Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984; Maes, 2004b); 

reported on tomato (Maes, 2004b; Saunders et al., 1983).

Hortensia similis Walker Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Maes, 

2004b).

Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a).

Plesiommata mollicella (Fowler) Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Maes, 

2004b).

Sanctanus fasciatus (Osborn) Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Maes, 

2004b).

Xerophloea viridis (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Maes, 

2004b).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 47
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Present in MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2012) and US (Gimpel et al., 

1974) ; reported on tomato (Stathas et al., 2003); deregulated 

(PestID, 2013a).

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012).

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell = 

Pulvinaria grabhami Cockerell

Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (BenDov et al., 2012); reported on tomato (Williams and Watson, 

1990).

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000); reported on 

tomato (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000).

Acanthocephala femorata (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (McPherson et al., 2011); reported in 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Leptoglossus conspersus Stal Present in MX and US (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000); reported on 

tomato (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000).

Leptoglossus phyllopus (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US (Mead, 1999); reported on tomato 

(MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; Saunders et al., 1983).

Leptoglossus zonatus 

(Dallas)

Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; Saunders et al., 

1983) and US (Buss et al., n. d.); reported on tomato (MacGregor 

and Gutierrez, 1983; Saunders et al., 1998).

Phthia picta (Drury) Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (Brailovsky, 

2009); reported on tomato (Saunders et al., 1998).

Spartocera fusca Thunberg Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato 

(Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000).

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a).

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a).

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Williams and Watson, 1988).

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012).

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (Ben-Dov et al., 2012).

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 

(Targioni Tozzetti)

Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012).

Hemiptera: Membracidae

Antianthe expansa (Germar) = A. 

humilis Fowler

Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (Wallace, 

2011); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; 

Saunders et al., 1998; Wallace, 2011).

Spissistilus festinus (Say) Present in MX and US (Stewart et al., n. d.); reported on tomato 

(Saunders et al., 1983).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 48
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Hemiptera: Miridae

Cyrtopeltis notatus (Distant) Present in MX and US (Garcia-Martell, 1974; King and Saunders, 

1984); reported on tomato (Garcia-Martell, 1974; King and 

Saunders, 1984).

Dicyphus minimus (Uhler) = D. 

minimum

Present in MX (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967) and US 

(Johnson, 1930); reported on tomato (Johnson, 1930; McGuire Jr. 

and Crandall, 1967).

Engytatus geniculatus Reuter Present in MX (Garcia-Martell, 1974) and US (Ilingworth, 1929); 

reported on tomato (Garcia-Martell, 1974).

Halticus bractatus (Say) Present in MX (Garcia-Martell, 1974; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 

1967) and US (Capinera, 2008); reported on tomato (Capinera, 

2008; Garcia-Martell, 1974; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967).

Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de 

Beauvois)

Present in MX and US (Dixon, 2009); reported on tomato 

(Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000).

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Insignorthezia insignis (Browne) = 

Orthezia insignis Browne

Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Acrosternum marginatum (Palisot de 

Beauvois)

Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; Saunders et al., 1998).

Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer) Present in MX and US (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000); reported on 

tomato (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000).

Euschistus bifibulus (Palisot de 

Beauvois)

Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported in 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1998).

Euschistus servus (Say) Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2001); reported on tomato 

(Capinera, 2001).

Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (CABI, 

2012a); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) Present in MX and US (Miller et al., 2002); reported on tomato 

(Williams and Watson, 1988); Deregulated (PestID, 2013b).

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992).

Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & 

Cockerell

Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; Pena and Wadill, 

1982); reported on tomato (Ben-Dov et al., 2012).

Phenacoccus madeirensis Green Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992).

Phenacoccus parvus Morrison Present in MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2012) and US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2005); reported on tomato (Queensland-Government, 2003); 

Deregulated (PestID, 2013c).

Phenacoccus solani Ferris Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992).

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 49
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Planococcus citri (Risso) Present in MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2012) and US (Miller et al., 

2005); reported on tomato (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; Williams and 

Granara de Willink, 1992).

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Present in MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2012) and US (Stocks and Roda, 

2011); reported on tomato (Stocks and Roda, 2011).

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel 

& Miller

Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel 

d’Herculais

Present in MX and US (Ben-Dov et al., 2012); reported on tomato 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2012).

Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) = 

Paratrioza cockerelli Sulc

Present in MX and US (Abdullah, 2007); reported on tomato 

(Abdullah, 2007).

Hemiptera: Putoidea

Puto lasiorum (Cockerell) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (BenDov et al., 2012); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 

1983).

Hemiptera: Tingidae

Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984; Pena and 

Wadill, 1982); reported on tomato (King and Saunders, 1984).

Gargaphia solani Heidemann Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2001); reported on tomato 

(Capinera, 2001).

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Loxostege similalis (Guenée) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (Smith 

and Franklin, 1954); reported on tomato (MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983).

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(Garcia-Martell, 1974; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (CABI, 

2012a); reported on tomato (CABI, 2012a; Carter, 1984; 

MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Tildenia glochinella Zeller Present in MX and US (Zhang, 2003); reported on tomato 

(Zhang, 2003).

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; King and Saunders, 1984); 

reported on tomato (CABI, 2012a; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Agrotis malefida Guenée Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Koch and Waterhouse, 2000; Saunders et al., 1983).

Agrotis repleta Walker Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (Brou Jr., 

1994); reported on tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 50
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Anicla infecta (Ochsenheimer) Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Zhang, 2003).

Chrysodeixis includens Walker = 

Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)

Present in MX (Sanchez-Pena, 1990) and US (CABI, 2012a); 

reported on tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Eudocima materna (Linnaeus) = 

Othreis materna (Linnaeus)

Present in MX (Powell and Brown, 1990) and US (Brou Jr.,

1994); reported on tomato (Forsyth, 1966; Robinson et al., 

2001).

Feltia subterranea Fabricius = 

Agrotis subterranea

Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Koch and Waterhouse, 2000; Zhang, 2003).

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Garcia-Martell, 1974; Robinson et al., 2001).

Heliothis subflexa (Guenée) Present in MX and US (Groot et al., 2007); reported on tomato 

(Saunders et al., 1983).

Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith) Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2001); reported on tomato 

(Capinera, 2001).

Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) = 

Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Capinera, 2006); reported 

on tomato (CABI, 2012a; Saunders et al., 1983).

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Pseudaletia includens (Walker) Present in MX and US (Powell and Brown, 1990); reported on 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Spodoptera latifascia (Walker) = 

Prodenia latifascia Walker

Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (King and 

Saunders, 1984); reported on tomato (King and Saunders, 1984).

Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2005; Zhang, 2003); reported 

on tomato (Saunders et al., 1983; Zhang, 2003).

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Gallego and Velez, 1992).

Trichoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) = 

Agrapha oxygramma

Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Carter, 1984).

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Achyra rantalis (Gueneé) Present in MX and US (Capinera, 2001); reported on tomato 

(Capinera, 2001).

Lineodes integra (Zeller) Present in MX and US (Maes, 2004b); reported on tomato (Koch 

and Waterhouse, 2000).

Pilemia periusalis (Walker) Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 51
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Manduca quinquemaculata

(Haworth)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Zhang, 2003); reported on 

tomato (CABI, 2012a; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; Zhang, 

2003).

Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000; MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983).

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Platynota stultana Walsingham Present in MX (Shotwell, 1930) and US (CABI, 2012a); reported 

on tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) Present in MX (Shotwell, 1930) and US (CABI, 2012a); reported 

on tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius) = 

Acheta assimilis

Present in MX and US (King and Saunders, 1984); reported on 

tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) Present in MX and US (Hoddle et al., 2006); reported on tomato 

(Saunders et al., 1983).

Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a).

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Frankliniella schultzei Trybom = 

Frankliniella insularis (Franklin)

Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (Kakkar et al., 

2010); reported on tomato (Saunders et al., 1983).

Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) Present in MX (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967) and US (Reitz, 

2008); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

Thrips simplex (Morison) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported on tomato (Buss, 

n. d.).

Thrips tabaci Lindeman Present in MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983) and US (CABI, 

2012a); reported on tomato (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983).

MOLLUSCA

Helicidae

Cornu aspersum (Müller) = 

Cantareus aspersus Muller

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

BACTERIA

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.

michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al.

Present in MX (CABI, 2012a; Holguín-Peña et al., 2006b; EPPO, 

1997a) and US (CABI, 2012a; EPPO, 1997a); reported in tomato 

(Holguín-Peña et al., 2006b; EPPO, 1997a).

Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) 

Burkholder

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pectobacterium ananatis pv.

ananatis Trüper and De Clari 

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van 

Hall) Gardan et al.

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 52
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. 

carotovorum (Jones) Hauben et al.

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) 

Stapp

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 

van Hall (= P. syringae van Hall)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 

(Wolf & Foster) Young et al.

Present in MX (King and Saunders, 1984) and US (King and 

Saunders, 1984); reported in tomato (King and Saunders, 1984).

Rhizobium radiobacter Beijerinck & 

van Delden) Young et al. (= 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens [Smith 

& Townsend])

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Corynebacterium fasccians (Tilford) 

Dowson Syn: Rhodococcus 

fascians (Tilford ) Goodfellow

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) 

Dowson [= Phytomonas 

vesicatoria (Doidge) Bergey et al.]

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a; Wellman, 1977 ).

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keiss Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a; Wellman, 1977 ).

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (= 

A. macrospora [Sacc.] Sawada)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Alternaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. 

Groves & Skolko

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Alternaria solani Sorauer Syn: 

Macrosporium solani (Ellis & 

Martin)

Present in MX (Alvarez, 1976; CABI, 2012a) and US (CABI, 

2012a); reported in tomato (King and Saunders, 1984).

Alternaria subtropica E.G. Simmons Present in MX and US (Simmons, 2000); reported in tomato 

(Simmons, 2000).

Alternaria tomato (Cooke) Jones Present in MX and US (Wellman, 1977; Farr and Rossman, 

2012); reported in tomato (Wellman, 1977; Farr and Rossman, 

2012).

Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Boeremia lycopersici (Cooke) 

Aveskamp et al. Syn: Ascochyta 

lycopersici (Plowr.) Brunaud];

Syn. Phoma lycopersici Cooke; 

Teleomorph: Didymella 

lycopersici Kleb.

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 

1977); reported in tomato (Alvarez, 1976; Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Wellman, 1977).

Cercospora physalidis Ellis = C. 

capsici Heald & F.A. Wolf

Present in MX (Alvarez, 1976; Farr and Rossman, 2012) and US 

(Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Alvarez, 1976).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 53
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Thielaviopsois basicola (Berk. & 

Broome) Ferraris. Sinamorph:

Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W.B. 

Kendr.

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & 

Haasis Anamorph: Curvularia 

lunata (Wakker) Boedjin

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Cochliobolus pallescens (Tsuda & 

Ueyama) Sivan. [≡ 

Pseudocochliobolus pallescens

Tsuda & Ueyama; Anamorph:

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn]

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Mendes et al., 1998; Norse, 1974).

Colletotrichum lycopersici Chest. Present in MX (Alvarez, 1976; Farr and Rossman, 2012) and US 

(Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Alvarez, 1976).

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) 

Shughes Syn: Colletotrichum 

phomoides (Sacc.) Chester.

Present in MX (Alvarez, 1976; Farr and Rossman, 2012) and US 

(Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Alvarez, 1976).

Colletotrichum karstii Yan L. Yang, 

Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai

Present in MX (Silva-Rojas, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2012) and

US (Damm et al., 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Damm et al., 2012).

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & 

Kimbr.Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi 

Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & 

M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 

1977); reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 

1977).

Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. : Fr. Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 

lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & 

H.N. Hansen

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012; CABI, 2012a); 

reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012; CABI, 2012a; 

Wellman, 1972).

Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. 

Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & 

Malloch Anamorph:Geotrichum 

candidum Link. 

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Gibberella avenacea R.J. Cook 

Anamorph: Fusarium avenaceum

(Corda: Fr.) Sacc.)

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Gibberella fujikuroi var. fujikuroi 

(Sawada) Wollenw. Anamorph: 

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Gibberella zeae (Schwein. : Fr.) 

Petch Anamorph: Fusarium 

graminearum Schwabe 

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato 

(Crozier Jr. and Boothroyd, 1959).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 54
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Gloeosporium phomoides Sacc Present in MX (Alvarez, 1976; Farr and Rossman, 2012), US 

(Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in tomato (Alvarez, 1976; 

Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) 

Spauld. & H. Schrenk. Syn: 

Gloeosporium rufomaculans

(Berk.) Thüm. Anamorph:

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. 

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Farr and Rossman, 2012); 

reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a; Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Farr and Rossman, 2012); 

reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a; Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) 

Goid.

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Mycosphaerella cruenta Latham 

Anamorph: Pseudocercospora 

cruenta (Sacc.) Deighton 

[Cercospora cruenta Sacc.]

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Wellman, 1977).

Eremothecium coryli (Peglion)

Kurtzman Syn: Nematospora 

coryli Peglion

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Wellman, 1977).

Oidium lycopersici Cooke and Mass. Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato 

(Wellman, 1977; Mendes et al 1988; Kiss et al., 2005).

Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss Present in MX (Farr and Rossman, 2012) and US (Jacob et al., 

2008; Kiss et al., 2005; Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Jacob et al., 2008; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kiss et al., 

2005).

Passalora fulva (Cooke) U. Braun & 

Crous. = Cladosporium fulvum

Cooke

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a; Wellman, 1972).

Passalora diffusa (Ellis & Everh.) U. 

Braun & Crous = Cercospora 

diffusa Ellis & Everh.

Present in MX (Alvarez, 1976; Farr and Rossman, 2012) and US 

(Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in tomato (Farr and Rossman, 

2012).

Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Penicillium italicum Stoll Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg.) 

Steyaert

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Phoma destructiva var. destructiva

Plowr. [Syn: Phoma destructiva

Plowr.; Diplodina destructiva

(Plowr.) Petr.] 

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Wellman, 1977).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 55
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Shear) 

Hennebert [≡ Ozonium omnivorum 

Shear; ≡Phymatotrichum 

omnivorum (Shear) Duggar] 

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Wellman, 1977).

Phytophthora capsici Leonian Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de 

Bary

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de 

Haan

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan) 

Deighton

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) 

Fitzp. Syn: Nematosporangium 

aphanidermatum(Edson) Fitzp.;

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Pythium debaryanum Hesse Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato CABI, 

2012a).

Pythium myriotylum Drechsler Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de 

Bary

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Septoria lycopersici var. lycopersici

Speg.

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) 

Lagerh.]

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Farr and Rossman, 2012); 

reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber. 

Teleomorph: Prillieuxina 

winteriana (Pazschke) G. Arnaud

Present in MX and US (Farr and Rossman, 2012); reported in 

tomato (Farr and Rossman, 2012).

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. 

Frank) Donk Anamorph: 

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & 

Berthold

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Verticillium dahliae Kleb Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

NEMATODES

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi 

(Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato CABI, 

2012a).

Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato CABI, 

2012a).

Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & 

Lownsbery) Behrens

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato CABI, 

2012a).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 56
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) 

Sher

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Guzman-Plazola et al., 

2006; del Prado-Vera et al., 2001); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a; Guzman-Plazola et al., 2006; del Prado-Vera et al., 2001; 

Zavaleta-Mejia and Sosa-Moss, 1979).

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) 

Chitwood

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, 

O'Bannon, Santo & Finley

Present in MX (Estañol-Botello et al., 1999; Cuevas-Ojeda et al., 

1997; Sosa-Moss, 1985; Tovar-Soto et al., 1997) and US (ID, OR 

NV, CA, UT, CO, VA) (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato 

(CABI, 2012a).

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; del Prado-Vera et al., 

2001); reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a; del Prado-Vera et al., 

2001).

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & 

White,) Chitwood

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Guzman-Plazola et al., 

2006); reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a; Guzman-Plazola et al., 

2006).

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub,) 

Chitwood

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Guzman-Plazola et al., 

2006; del Prado-Vera et al., 2001); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a; Guzman-Plazola et al., 2006; del Prado-Vera et al., 2001).

Paratrichodorus minor Colbran) 

Siddiqi

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI,

2012a; Chellemi et al., 1993).

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb,) 

Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & 

Oliveira

Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Xiphinema americanum Cobb Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

VIRUSES

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Arabis mosaic virus (ARMV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (Brunt 

et al., 1996).

Beet curly top virus (BCTV) Present in MX and US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012a); 

reported in tomato (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012a).

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Present in MX and US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012a; 

SAGARPA, 2010); reported in tomato (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 

2012a; SAGARPA, 2010).

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a) .

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Lin and Zhang, 2011); 

reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a; Lin and Zhang, 2011).

Pepper golden mosaic virus 

(PepGMV) (= Texas pepper virus 

(TPV); = Serrano golden mosaic 

virus (SGMV))

Present in MX and US (Brown, 1990; Holguín-Peña et al., 2006c; 

Torres-Pacheco et al., 1996; Stenger et al., 1990); reported in 

tomato (Holguín-Peña et al., 2006c; Brown, 1990; Stenger et al., 

1990).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 57
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

Pepper huasteco virus (PHV) Present in MX (Garzón-Tiznado et al., 2002; Holguín-Peña et al., 

2006c; Torres-Pacheco et al., 1993; Garzón-Tiznado et al., 1993; 

Brunt et al., 1996; Méndez-Lozano et al., 2001) and US (TX) 

(Polston and Anderson, 1997; Torres-Pacheco et al., 1996); 

reported in tomato (Garzón-Tiznado et al., 2002; Holguín-Peña et 

al., 2006c).

Pepper mild tiger virus (PepMTV) Present in MX and US (Brown, 1989; Gemini-Biosci, 2005; 

EPPO, 2001); reported in tomato (Gemini-Biosci, 2005).

Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Potato virus Y (PVY) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a).

Tomato chlorosis virus (TCV) Present in MX (Alvarez-Ruis et al., 2006; Wisler et al., 1998), US 

(Wisler et al., 1998); reported in tomato (Alvarez-Ruis et al., 

2006).

Tomato infectious chlorosis virus 

(TICV)

Present in MX (Magallanes-Tapia et al., 2012; Jones, 2003) and

US (Wisler et al., 1998; Brunt et al., 1996); reported in tomato 

(Jones, 2003; Magallanes-Tapia et al., 2012; Wisler et al., 1998).

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Present in MX (SAGARPA, 2010) and US (Kamenova et al., 

2006); Sanders et al., 1992; Ahoonmanesh and Shalla, 1981); 

reported in tomato (SAGARPA, 2010).

Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) 

(TMoV)

Present in MX (Holguín-Peña et al., 2006c; SAGARPA, 2010)

and US (CABI, 2012a; Brunt et al., 1996); reported in tomato 

(CABI, 2012a; Holguín-Peña et al., 2006c; SAGARPA, 2010; 

Brunt et al., 1996; Fauquet et al., 2003).

Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a); reported in tomato (CABI, 

2012a; Brunt et al., 1996).

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Present in MX and US (CABI, 2012a; Momol and Pernezny, 

2006); reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a).

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus 

(TYLCV)

Present in MX (Holguín-Peña et al., 2006c; SAGARPA, 2010)

and US (CABI, 2012a; Duffy and Holmes, 2007); reported in 

tomato (CABI, 2012a; Duffy and Holmes, 2007; Momol and 

Pernezny, 2006).

PHYTOPLASMAS

‘Candidatus Liberibacter 

psyllaurous’ Hansen et al. (= 

‘Candidatus Liberibacter 

solanacearum’ Liefting et al.)

Present in MX (Munyaneza et al., 2009) and US (CABI, 2012a); 

reported in tomato (CABI, 2012a; Munyaneza et al., 2009).

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ MX and US (Santos-Cervantes et al., 2008; CABI, 2012a); 

reported in tomato (Santos-Cervantes et al., 2008; CABI, 2012a).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 58
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Organism Evidence and/or other notes

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma

aurantifolia’

Present in MX (Ochoa-Sánchez et al., 2009), US (Al-Matrooshi, 

2003); reported in tomato (Alhudaib and Razq, 2011)

Permanente del tomate (PT) Syn; 

Permanent Yellowing of Tomatoes 

(Group16SrI-B)

Present in MX (Cárdenas-Valenzuela et al., 2010) and US (Lee et 

al., 2003; Lee et al., 2008), reported in tomato (Holguín-Peña et 

al., 2007; Garzón-Tiznado et al., 2009; Blancard, 2012.

Yucatan tomato phytoplasma (Group 

16Sr III) Syn X-disease 

phytoplasma, (Group 16SrIII)

Present in MX (Tapia-Tussell et al., 2012; Tapia-Tussell et al., 

2010; Lebsky et al., 2011b) and US (Davis et al., 2013). Reported 

in tomato (Tapia-Tussell et al., 2012; Tapia-Tussell et al., 2010; 

Lebsky et al., 2011b; Blancard, 2012).

VIROIDS

Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid

(TCDVd)

Present in MX (Ling et al., 2009) and US (Arizona) (Ling et al., 

2009; Verhoeven et al., 2007). Reported on tomato (Ling et al., 

2009; Candresse et al., 2010).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 59
Pest Risk Assessment for Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Plantlets from Mexico

Appendix B. Seed sources for tomato plantlet production in Mexico (SAGARPA, 2012b).

Ver. 2 October 22, 2014 60