[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-11740

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

ALAN GRAYSON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

NO LABELS, INC., 

PROGRESS TOMORROW, INC., 

UNITED TOGETHER, INC., 

NANCY JACOBSON, 

MARK PENN, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11740

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 6:20-cv-01824-PGB-LHP

____________________

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit 

Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Alan Grayson appeals the summary judgment against his 

second amended complaint of defamation, defamation by implication, and civil conspiracy by No Labels, Inc., its founder, Nancy Jacobson, her husband, Mark Penn, and two defunct political action 

committees, Progress Tomorrow, Inc., and United Together, Inc.

Grayson alleged that his reputation was tarnished and he lost his 

seat in the United States House of Representatives because the defendants falsely denounced him for profiteering and for spousal 

abuse. The district court ruled that the defendants’ reference to reliable publications in their mailings and online postings evidenced 

they acted without actual malice and were not liable for defamation and that Grayson’s claim of civil conspiracy failed as a matter 

of law. We affirm.

Grayson filed a complaint in a Florida court against the defendants, who removed the action to federal court, see 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1332, and then moved to dismiss. The district court dismissed 

Grayson’s complaint without prejudice for failure to state a claim 

of defamation, invasion of privacy, cyberstalking, civil conspiracy, 

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22-11740 Opinion of the Court 3

or fraudulent transfer. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Grayson’s 

amended complaint of defamation, invasion of privacy, and civil 

conspiracy suffered a similar fate. See id. 

With leave from the district court, Grayson filed a second 

amended complaint against the defendants for defamation, defamation by implication, and civil conspiracy. Grayson alleged that 

the defendants, “acting through Progress Tomorrow,” disparaged 

him using the mail, internet postings, and the website “FloridaDeservesBetter.org.” Those materials touted that a “Congressional 

Ethics Investigation Found Alan Grayson Abused His Office for Financial Gain” and “to enrich himself,” that he “[h]id income on his 

public disclosures,” and that he “[u]sed taxpayer resources to conduct his high-risk investor scheme.” One mailing depicted Grayson 

sitting in a chaise lounge on the beach in Grand Cayman with a 

drink close at hand. A two-sided mailing had, on one side, a man 

carrying an attache case striding to a jet bound for Grand Cayman

and, on the otherside, an opened attache case containing a passport 

bearing Grayson’s photo with dollar signs for eyes and 15 stacks of 

$100 bills. A third mailing accused Grayson of abusing his former 

wife. On Facebook, the defendants touted that Grayson “used international government travel to drum up business for his hedge 

fund,” “used Congressional staff to work for the fund,” and had a 

hostile incident with a reporter.

Progress Tomorrow moved for summary judgment and argued there was no evidence that its publications were false or distributed with actual malice, and the other defendants moved for 

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4 Opinion of the Court 22-11740

similar relief on the ground they were uninvolved in the publications. Progress Tomorrow submitted copies of its mailings and

online postings, which cited to various news websites and directed 

readers to visit “FloridaDeservesBetter.org,” which contained hyperlinks to a congressional report and news articles about Grayson 

and his divorce proceedings. The defendants also submitted copies 

of articles about Grayson’s business and personal affairs in the New 

York Times, Politico, Washington Post, Orlando Weekly, and Vanity Fair; police reports; and his former wife’s deposition. 

Some of the defendants’ mailings urged readers to examine 

a “nearly 1,000 page report” produced after a “congressional ethics 

investigation” of Grayson. Investigators found that Grayson, “an 

attorney who often worked on litigation involving the federal government,” created a hedge fund during his first term in office from 

which “on at least one occasion . . . [he] appear[ed] to have received 

compensation”; he “managed a Virginia-based corporation that 

used the Grayson name and provided legal services involving a fiduciary relationship”; and he “agreed to receive contingent fees in 

cases in which the federal government had a direct and substantial 

interest . . . during his time in Congress.” The report described 

omissions from “Grayson’s annual financial disclosure forms concerning assets, income, agreements and positions” “significantly related to . . . the Grayson Hedge Fund and . . . [his] interest in law 

firms and pending litigation” and Grayson’s role as a “limited partner in three energy-sector limited partnerships, all of which had 

agreements with the federal government” while he was a member 

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22-11740 Opinion of the Court 5

of Congress. The report also described “multiple instances in which 

a congressional staffer[,] . . . who was also employed by the Grayson Hedge Fund, used official time and resources to work for the 

hedge fund” and for Grayson and how Grayson misused campaign 

resources. 

The district court granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. The district court ruled that the defendants’ “reasonable reliance on previously published reports from . . . independent, reputable sources rebut[ted] the presence of actual malice” and rendered Grayson’s “defamation claims not viable.” The 

district court declined to consider Grayson’s “various theories and 

conjectures regarding [the] Defendants’ liability” that lacked evidentiary support, Grayson’s “cease and desist letter characterizing 

Defendants’ publications as defamatory,” or his allegations of additional defamatory statements in his opposition to summary judgment. The district court also ruled that, without any actionable defamation, Grayson’s “civil conspiracy claim also fail[ed].” 

We review de novo the summary judgment against Grayson’s second amended complaint and view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to him as the nonmovant. See Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, 848 F.3d 935, 943 (11th Cir. 2017). Summary 

judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to 

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

Florida provides causes of action for defamation and defamation by implication. Defamation requires publication of a 

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6 Opinion of the Court 22-11740

defamatory statement that is false and that causes its subject actual 

damages. Jews For Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So. 2d 1098, 1106 (Fla. 

2008). Defamation by implication occurs when “literally true statements are conveyed in such a way as to create a false impression 

. . . .” Id. at 1108.

For a public figure like Grayson to prevail on his claims of 

defamation, he must prove that the defendants acted with actual 

malice. See Berisha v. Lawson, 973 F.3d 1304, 1312, 1314 n.6 (11th

Cir. 2020); Rapp, 997 So. 2d at 1106, 1108. In New York Times Co. 

v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), the Supreme Court held that the 

First Amendment requires a public figure to prove that a defamatory statement was made with actual malice to recover damages.

Id. at 279–80. That standard applies equally to the media and nonmedia because both decide what “facts to include in their publication.” Turner v. Wells, 879 F.3d 1254, 1271 (11th Cir. 2018); see 

Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 558 U.S. 310, 352 (2010).

A public figure must prove “—well beyond a preponderance of the 

evidence—that the defendants published a defamatory statement 

either with actual knowledge of its falsity or with a high degree of 

awareness of its probable falsity.” Berisha, 973 F.3d at 1312 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

The district court did not err by granting summary judgment against Grayson’s claims of defamation and defamation by 

implication. Grayson submitted no evidence from which a jury 

might plausibly infer that the defendants distributed statements 

“with knowledge that [the statements] were false or with reckless 

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22-11740 Opinion of the Court 7

disregard of whether [they were] false or not,” Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 

279–80. The defendants’ mailings and online postings cite source 

materials, including an official congressional report, articles in wellknown newspapers and magazines, and police reports. The defendants’ “reliance on these many independent sources, alone, . . . defeat[s] any claim of actual malice.” Berisha, 973 F.3d at 1313. And it 

does not matter that, as Grayson argues, republication of defamatory statements is defamation because “a reasonable juror would 

not conclude (clearly and convincingly) that [the defendants

would] h[ave] serious doubts about the truth of” the information

they were repeating. See id. at 1312.

Grayson argues that the district court “‘cherry-picked’ the 

defamatory statements as to which it considered actual malice,”

but we disagree. The district court correctly refused to consider defamatory statements Grayson alleged in his opposition to summary 

judgment that he had omitted from—and never sought to add by 

amendment to—his second amended complaint. See Dukes v. Deaton, 852 F.3d 1035, 1046 (11th Cir. 2017). Grayson identifies no allegedly defamatory statement in his second amended complaint

that the district court overlooked.

The district court also correctly entered summary judgment 

against Grayson’s claim of civil conspiracy. “Under Florida law, the 

gist of a civil conspiracy is not the conspiracy itself but the civil 

wrong which is done through the conspiracy which results in injury to the Plaintiff.” Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 

1043, 1067 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

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Because “a claim that is found not to be actionable cannot serve as 

the basis for a conspiracy claim,” id., and Grayson cannot prove 

actual malice to support his claims of defamation, his claim of a 

civil conspiracy fails as a matter of law. 

Grayson’s challenges to the dismissal of his claims of invasion of privacy, cyberstalking, and fraudulent transfer are not 

properly before us. “[A]n amended pleading supersedes the former 

pleading; the original pleading is abandoned by the amendment, 

and is no longer a part of the pleader’s averments against his adversary.” Pintando v. Miami-Dade Hous. Agency, 501 F.3d 1241, 1243 

(11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Dresdner Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG in 

Hamburg v. M/V OLYMPIA VOYAGER, 463 F.3d 1210, 1215 

(11th Cir. 2006)). Grayson abandoned his claims of cyberstalking 

and fraudulent transfer by failing to replead them in his amended 

complaint. And Grayson abandoned his claim of invasion of privacy by omitting it from his second amended complaint.

We AFFIRM the summary judgment in favor of No Labels, 

Jacobson, Penn, Progress Tomorrow, and United Together.

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