NISTNCSTAR1-1F

Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the

World Trade Center Disaster

Comparison of the 1968 and Current

(2003) New York City Building Code

Provisions

Joseph C. Razza

Raymond A. Grill

National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administrofion • U.S. Deportment of Commerce

NIST NCSTAR 1-1F

Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the

World Trade Center Disaster

Comparison of the 1968 and Current

(2003) New York City Building Code

Provisions

U.S. Department of Commerce

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

Technology Administration

Michelle O'Neill, Acting Urider Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

William Jeffrey, Director

Joseph C. Razza

Raymond A. Grill Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc.

September 2005
Disclaimer No. 1

Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document,

however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline.

Disclaimer No. 3

Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is "voluntarily provided safety-related information" that is "not directly related to the building failure being investigated" and that "disclosure of that information would inhibit the

voluntary provision of that type of information" (15 (JSC 7306c).

In addition, a substantial portion of the evidence collected by NIST in the course of the Investigation has been

provided to NIST under nondisclosure agreements.

Disclaimer No. 4 NIST takes no position as to whether the design or construction of a WTC building was compliant with any code

since, due to the destruction of the WTC buildings, NIST could not verify the actual (or as-built) construction, the

properties and condition of the materials used, or changes to the original construction made over the life of the

buildings. In addition, NIST could not verify the interpretations of codes used by applicable authorities in determining

compliance when implementing building codes. Where an Investigation report states whether a system was

designed or installed as required by a code provision, NIST has documentary or anecdotal evidence indicating

whether the requirement was met, or NIST has independently conducted tests or analyses indicating whether the requirement was met.

Use in Legal Proceedings

No part of any report resulting from a NIST investigation into a structural failure or from an investigation under the

National Construction Safety Team Act may be used in any suit or action for damages arising out of any matter mentioned in such report (15 USC 281a; as amended by P.L. 107-231).

National Institute of Standards and Technology National Construction Safety Team Act Report 1-1

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Natl. Constr. Sfty. Tm. Act Rpt. 1-1F, 92 pages (September 2005)

CODEN: NSPUE2

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 2005

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov — Phone: (202) 512-1800 — Fax: (202) 512-2250

Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
Abstract

This report was prepared to support the analysis of building and fire codes and practices of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation. The report provides a comparison and summary of significant differences between the 1968 Building Code of the City of New

York (detennined to be the current building code at the time of construction of WTC 1 and WTC 2) and

the provisions of the 2003 (current) edition of the Building Code of the City of New York.

Keywords: Building code, emergency power, fire alarm, fire protection, fire suppression, interior finish, means of egress, reference standard, sprinklers, standpipe. World Trade Center.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation iii
Abstract

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iv NISTNCSTAR 1-1F. WTC Investigation
Table of Contents

Abstract iii

List of Figures vii

List of Tables ix

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xi

Glossary xiii

Preface xv

Executive Summary , xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences 3

2.1 Referenced Standards 3

2.2 Compartmentation 3

2.3 Construction 3

2.4 Means of Egress 3

2.5 Fire Suppression Systems 3

2.6 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems 4

2.7 Emergency Power 4

2.8 Smoke and Heat Venting 4

Chapter 3 References 5

Appendix A

Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences 7

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F. WTC Investigation v
Table of Contents

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vi NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
List of Figures

Figure P-1 . The eight projects in the federal building and fire safety investigation of the WTC

disaster xvii

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation vii
List of Figures

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vni NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
List of Tables

Table P-1. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the WTC disaster xvi

Table P-2. Public meetings and briefings of the WTC Investigation xix

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation ix
List of Tables

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X NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronyms

ASTM ASTM International

BCNYC Building Code of the City of New York (Local Law No. 76)

HVAC heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

LL Local Law to amend the Administrative Code of the City of New York

MER Mechanical Equipment Room

NC noncombustible

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NR no requirement

NR not rated PANYNJ Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

RS Reference Standard to the Building Code of the City of New York

UL Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. WTC World Trade Center

WTC 1 World Trade Center 1 (North Tower)

WTC 2 World Trade Center 2 (South Tower)

WTC 7 World Trade Center 7

Abbreviations

cfm cubic feet per minute

ft foot

ft^ square foot .

gal gallon

gpm gallons per minute

h hour

in. inch

in." square inches

psi pounds per square inch

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation xi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

rpm revolutions per minute

V volt

xii NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Glossary

combustible - A material that will ignite and bum when subjected to fire or heat.

fire resistance rating - The time in hours that materials or their assembhes will withstand fire exposure

as detennined by a fire test.

fireproofing - A method used to provide a fire resistance rating to a building component.

firestop - A solid or compact, tight closure to retard the spread of flames or hot gases within concealed

spaces.

noncombustible - A material that does not ignite or burn when subjected to fire and heat.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation xiii
Glossary

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XIV NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Preface

Genesis of This Investigation

Immediately following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 1 1, 2001, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the American Society of Civil Engineers began

planning a building perfonnance study of the disaster. The week of October 7, as soon as the rescue and

search efforts ceased, the Building Perfonnance Study Team went to the site and began its assessment. This was to be a brief effort, as the study team consisted of experts who largely volunteered their time

away from their other professional commitments. The Building Performance Study Team issued its report in May 2002, fulfilling its goal "to detennine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of

fiiture investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings

against such unforeseen events."

On August 21, 2002, with funding from the U.S. Congress through FEMA, the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) announced its building and fire safety investigation of the WTC

disaster. On October 1, 2002, the National Construction Safety Team Act (Public Law 107-231), was

signed into law. The NIST WTC Investigation was conducted under the authority of the National

Construction Safety Team Act.

The goals of the investigation of the WTC disaster were:

• To investigate the building construction, the materials used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster.

• To serve as the basis for: - Improvements in the way buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, and used; - Improved tools and guidance for industry and safety officials; - Recommended revisions to current codes, standards, and practices; and - Improved public safety.

The specific objectives were:

1. Determine why and how WTC 1 and WTC 2 collapsed following the initial impacts of the

aircraft and why and how WTC 7 collapsed;

2. Determine why the injuries and fatalities were so high or low depending on location,

including all technical aspects of fire protection, occupant behavior, evacuation, and

emergency response;

3. Determine what procedures and practices were used in the design, construction, operation,

and maintenance of WTC 1,2, and 7; and

4. Identify, as specifically as possible, areas in current building and fire codes, standards, and

practices that warrant revision.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation XV
Preface

NIST is a nonregulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce's Technology Administration. The

purpose of NIST investigations is to improve the safety and structural integrity of buildings in the United

States, and the focus is on fact finding. NIST investigative teams are authorized to assess building

perfonnance and emergency response and evacuation procedures in the wake of any building failure that has resulted in substantial loss of life or that posed significant potential of substantial loss of life. NIST

does not have the statutory authority to make findings of fault nor negligence by individuals or

organizations. Further, no part of any report resulting from a NIST investigation into a building failure or from an investigation under the National Construction Safety Team Act may be used in any suit or action

for damages arising out of any matter mentioned in such report (15 USC 281a, as amended by Public

Law 107-231).

Organization of the Investigation

The National Construction Safety Team for this Investigation, appointed by the then NIST Director, Dr. Arden L. Bement, Jr., was led by Dr. S. Shyam Sunder. Dr. William L. Grosshandler served as Associate Lead Investigator, Mr. Stephen A. Cauffman served as Program Manager for Administration,

and Mr. Harold E. Nelson sei"ved on the team as a private sector expert. The Investigation included eight

interdependent projects whose leaders comprised the remainder of the team. A detailed description of

each of these eight projects is available at http://wtc.nist.gov. The purpose of each project is summarized

in Table P-1, and the key interdependencies among the projects are illustrated in Fig. P-1.

Table P-1. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the WTC disaster.

Technical Area and Project Leader Project Purpose

Analysis of Building and Fire Codes and

Practices; Project Leaders: Dr. H. S. Lew

and Mr. Richard W. Bukowski

Document and analyze the code provisions, procedures, and

practices used in the design, construction, operation, and

maintenance of the structural, passive fire protection, and

emergency access and evacuation systems of WTC 1, 2, and 7. Baseline Structural Performance and

Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis; Project Leader: Dr. Fahim H. Sadek

Analyze the baseline performance of WTC 1 and WTC 2 under

design, service, and abnormal loads, and aircraft impact damage on

the structural, fire protection, and egress systems.

Mechanical and Metallurgical Analysis of

Structural Steel; Project Leader: Dr. Frank

W. Gayle

Determine and analyze the mechanical and metallurgical properties

and quality of steel, weldments, and connections from steel recovered from WTC 1, 2, and 7. Investigation of Active Fire Protection Systems; Project Leader: Dr. David

D. Evans; Dr. William Grosshandler

Investigate the performance of the active fire protection systems in WTC 1 , 2, and 7 and their role in fire control, emergency response, and fate of occupants and responders.

Reconstruction of Thermal and Tenability

Environment; Project Leader: Dr. Richard

G. Gann

Reconstruct the time-evolving temperature, thermal environment,

and smoke movement in WTC 1 , 2, and 7 for use in evaluating the

structural performance of the buildings and behavior and fate of

occupants and responders.

Structural Fire Response and Collapse

Analysis; Project Leaders: Dr. John

L. Gross and Dr. Therese P. McAllister

Analyze the response of the WTC towers to fires with and without

aircraft damage, the response of WTC 7 in fires, the performance

of composite steel-trussed floor systems, and determine the most

probable structural collapse sequence for WTC 1, 2, and 7. Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency

Communications; Project Leader: Mr. Jason

D. Averill

Analyze the behavior and fate of occupants and responders, both

those who survived and those who did not, and the performance of

the evacuation system.

Emergency Response Technologies and

Guidelines; Project Leader: Mr. J. Randall Lawson

Document the activities of the emergency responders from the time

of the terrorist attacks on WTC 1 and WTC 2 until the collapse of

WTC 7, including practices followed and technologies used.

XVI NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Preface

Figure P-1. The eight projects in the federal building and fire safety

investigation of the WTC disaster.

National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee

The NIST Director also established an advisory coinmittee as mandated under the National Construction

Safety Team Act. The initial members of the committee were appointed following a public solicitation. These were:

• Paul Fitzgerald, Executive Vice President (retired) FM Global, National Construction Safety

Team Advisory Committee Chair

• John Barsom, President, Barsom Consulting, Ltd.

• John Bryan, Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland

• David Collins, President, The Preview Group, Inc.

• Glenn Corbett, Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

• Philip DiNenno, President, Hughes Associates, Inc.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation xvii
Preface

• Robert Hanson, Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan

• Charles Thornton, Co-Chairman and Managing Principal, The Thomton-Tomasetti Group,

Inc.

• Kathleen Tiemey, Director, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Infonnation Center,

University of Colorado at Boulder

• Fonnan Williams, Director, Center for Energy Research, University of California at San

Diego

This National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee provided technical advice during the Investigation and commentary on drafts of the Investigation reports prior to their public release. NIST

has benefited from the work of many people in the preparation of these reports, including the National

Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee. The content of the reports and recommendations,

however, are solely the responsibility of NIST.

Public Outreach

During the course of this Investigation, NIST held public briefings and meetings (listed in Table P-2) to

solicit input from the public, present preliminaiy findings, and obtain comments on the direction and

progress of the Investigation from the public and the Advisory Committee.

NIST maintained a publicly accessible Web site during this Investigation at http://wtc.nist.gov. The site contained extensive information on the background and progress of the Investigation.

NIST's WTC Public-Private Response Plan

The collapse of the WTC buildings has led to broad reexamination of how tall buildings are designed,

constiTjcted, maintained, and used, especially with regard to major events such as fires, natural disasters,

and ten'orist attacks. Reflecting the enhanced interest in effecting necessary change, NIST, with support

from Congress and the Administration, has put in place a program, the goal of which is to develop and

implement the standards, technology, and practices needed for cost-effective improvements to the safety

and security of buildings and building occupants, including evacuation, emergency response procedures,

and threat mitigation.

The strategy to meet this goal is a three-part NIST-led public-private response program that includes:

• A federal building and fire safety investigation to study the most probable factors that contributed to post-aircraft impact collapse of the WTC towers and the 47-story WTC 7

building, and the associated evacuation and emergency response experience.

• A research and development (R&D) program to (a) facilitate the implementation of

recommendations resulting from the WTC Investigation, and (b) provide the technical basis

for cost-effective improvements to national building and fire codes, standards, and practices

that enhance the safety of buildings, their occupants, and emergency responders.

XVIU NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Preface

Table P-2. Public meetings and briefings of the WTC Investigation.

Date Location Principal Aj^enda

June 24, 2002 New York City, NY Public meeting: Public comments on the Draft Plan for the pending WTC Investigation.

August 21, 2002 Gaithersburg, MD Media briefing announcing the formal start of the Investigation.

December 9, 2002 Washington, DC Media briefing on release of the Public Update and NIST request

for photographs and videos. April 8, 2003 New York City, NY Joint public forum with Columbia University on first-person interviews. April 29-30, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on plan for and progress on WTC Investigation with a public comment session. May 7, 2003 New York City, NY Media briefing on release of May 2003 Progress Report.

August 26-27, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on status of the WTC

investigation with a public comment session. September 17, 2003 New York City, NY Media and public briefing on initiation of first-person data

collection projects.

December 2-3, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on status and initial results and release of the Public Update with a public comment session. February 12, 2004 New York City, NY Public meeting on progress and preliminary findings with public

comments on issues to be considered in formulating final recommendations.

June 18,2004 New York City, NY Media/public briefing on release of June 2004 Progress Report. June 22-23, 2004 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on the status of and

preliminary findings from the WTC Investigation with a public

comment session. August 24, 2004 Northbrook, IL Public viewing of standard fire resistance test of WTC floor system at Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. October 19-20, 2004 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on status and near complete

set of preliminary findings with a public comment session. November 22, 2004 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee discussion on draft annual report to Congress, a public comment session, and a closed session to discuss pre-draft recommendations for WTC Investigation.

April 5, 2005 New York City, NY Media and public briefing on release of the probable collapse sequence for the WTC towers and draft reports for the projects on

codes and practices, evacuation, and emergency response. June 23, 2005 New York City, NY Media and public briefing on release of all draft reports for the WTC towers and draft recommendations for public comment.

September 12-13,

2005

Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on disposition of public

comments and update to draft reports for the WTC towers. September 13-15,

2005

Gaithersburg, MD WTC Technical Conference for stakeholders and technical community for dissemination of findings and recommendations

and opportunity for public to make technical comments.

• A dissemination and technical assistance program (DTAP) to (a) engage leaders of the construction and building community in ensuring timely adoption and widespread use of

proposed changes to practices, standards, and codes resulting from the WTC Investigation

and the R&D program, and (b) provide practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities

to respond to future disasters. The desired outcomes are to make buildings, occupants, and first responders safer in future disaster events.

NIST NCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation xix
Preface

National Construction Safety Team Reports on the WTC Investigation

A final report on the collapse of the WTC towers is being issued as NIST NCSTAR 1. A companion

report on the collapse of WTC 7 is being issued as NIST NCSTAR lA. The present report is one of a set that provides more detailed documentation of the Investigation findings and the means by which these

technical results were achieved. As such, it is part of the archival record of this Investigation. The titles of the full set of Investigation publications are:

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Final Report on the Collapse ofthe World Trade

Center ToM'ers. NIST NCSTAR 1. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center 7. NIST NCSTAR 1 A. Gaithersburg, MD.

Lew, H. S., R. W. Bukowski, and N. J. Carino. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of

the World Trade Center Disaster: Design, Construction, and Maintenance ofStructural and Life Safety

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Fanella, D. A., A. T. Derecho, and S. K. Ghosh. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Design and Construction ofStructural Systems.

NIST NCSTAR 1-1 A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Ghosh, S. K., and X. Liang. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Comparison ofBuilding Code Structural Requirements. NIST

NCSTAR 1-lB. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Fanella, D. A., A. T. Derecho, and S. K. Ghosh. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Maintenance and Modifications to Structural

Systems. NIST NCSTAR I-IC. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Fire Protection and Life Safety Provisions Applied to the Design and

Construction of World Trade Center I, 2, and 7 and Post-Construction Provisions Applied after Occupancy. NIST NCSTAR 1 -ID. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Razza, J. C, and R. A. Grill. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Comparison of Codes, Standards, and Practices in Use at the Time ofthe Design and Construction of World Trade Center 1, 2, and 7. NIST NCSTAR 1-lE. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., D. A. Johnson, and D. A. Fanella. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Comparison ofthe 1968 and Current (2003) New

XX NIST NCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Preface

York City Building Code Provisions. NIST NCSTAR 1-lF. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: Amendments to the Fire Protection and Life Safety Provisions of the New

York City Building Code by Local Laws Adopted While World Trade Center 1, 2, and 7 Were in Use. NIST NCSTAR 1-lG. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Modifications to Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems

of World Trade Center I and 2. NIST NCSTAR 1-lH. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., D. A. Johnson, and D. A. Fanella. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation

ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Modifications to Fire Protection, Life

Safety, and Structural Systems of World Trade Center 7. NIST NCSTAR 1-1 1. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Design, Installation, and Operation ofFuel System for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7. NIST NCSTAR 1-1 J. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Sadek, F. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster:

Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center

Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Faschan, W. J., and R. B. Garlock. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Reference Structural Models and Baseline Performance Analysis of

the World Trade Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-2A. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Kirkpatrick, S. W., R. T. Bocchieri, F. Sadek, R. A. MacNeill, S. Holmes, B. D. Peterson, R. W. Cilke, C. Navarro. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety' Investigation ofthe World Trade

Center Disaster: Analysis ofAircraft Impacts into the World Trade Center Towers, NIST

NCSTAR 1-2B. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gayle, F. W., R. J. Fields, W. E. Luecke, S. W. Banovic, T. Foecke, C. N. McCowan, T. A. Siewert, and

J. D. McColskey. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Mechanical and Metallurgical Analysis ofStructural Steel. NIST NCSTAR 1-3. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Luecke, W. E., T. A. Siewert, and F. W. Gayle. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Contemporaneous Structural Steel

Specifications. NIST Special Publication 1-3 A. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

NIST NCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation xxi
Preface

Banovic, S. W. 2005. Federal Building and Five Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Steel Inventoiy and Identification. NIST NCSTAR 1-3B. National Institute of Standards

and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Banovic, S. W., and T. Foecke. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Damage and Failure Modes ofStructural Steel Components. NIST

NCSTAR 1-3C. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Luecke, W. E., J. D. McColskey, C. N. McCowan, S. W. Banovic, R. J. Fields, T. Foecke,

T. A. Siewert, and F. W. Gayle. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Mechanical Properties ofStructural Steels. NIST NCSTAR 1-3D.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Banovic, S. W., C. N. McCowan, and W. E. Luecke. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Physical Properties ofStructural Steels. NIST

NCSTAR I-3E. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Evans, D. D., R. D. Peacock, E. D. Kuligowski, W. S. Dols, and W. L. Grosshandler. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Active Fire Protection

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Kuligowski, E. D., D. D. Evans, and R. D. Peacock. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Fires Prior to September II, 2001. NIST NCSTAR 1-4A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Hopkins, M., J. Schoenrock, and E. Budnick. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation

ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Fire Suppression Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-4B. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Keough, R. J., and R. A. Grill. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Fire Alarm Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1 -4C. National Institute of Standards

and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Ferreira, M. J., and S. M. Strege. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Smoke Management Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-4D. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gann, R. G., A. Hamins, K. B. McGrattan, G. W. Mulholland, H. E. Nelson, T. J. Ohlemiller,

W. M. Pitts, and K. R. Prasad. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade

Center Disaster: Reconstruction of the Fires in the World Trade Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-5. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Pitts, W. M., K. M. Butler, and V. Junker. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of

the World Trade Center Disaster: Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, and Timeline Analysis.

NIST NCSTAR 1-5 A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

xxu NIST NCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
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Hamins, A., A. Maranghides, K. B. McGrattan, E. Johnsson, T. J. Ohlemiller, M. Donnelly,

J. Yang, G. Mulholland, K. R. Prasad, S. Kukuck, R. Anleitner and T. McAllister. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and

Modeling ofStructural Steel Elements Exposed to Fire. NIST NCSTAR 1 -5B. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Ohlemiller, T. J., G. W. Mulholland, A. Maranghides, J. J. Filliben, and R. G. Gann. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Fire Tests ofSingle

Office Workstations. NIST NCSTAR 1-5C. Nationallnstitute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gann, R. G., M. A. Riley, J. M. Repp, A. S. Whittaker, A. M. Reinhom, and P. A. Hough. 2005.

Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Reaction of

Ceiling Tile Systems to Shocks. NIST NCSTAR I-5D. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Hamins, A., A. Maranghides, K. B. McGrattan, T. J. Ohlemiller, and R. Anleitner. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and

Modeling ofMultiple Workstations Burning in a Compartment. NIST NCSTAR 1-5E. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

McGrattan, K. B., C. Bouldin, and G. Forney. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Computer Simulation ofthe Fires in the World

Trade Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-5F. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Prasad, K. R., and H. R. Baum. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Fire Structure Interface and Thermal Response of the World Trade Center

Towers. NIST NCSTAR I -5G. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Gross, J. L., and T. McAllister. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade

Center Disaster: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence ofthe World Trade Center

Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-6. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Carino, N. J., M. A. Stames, J. L. Gross, J. C. Yang, S. Kukuck, K. R. Prasad, and R. W. Bukowski.

2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Passive

Fire Protection. NIST NCSTAR 1-6A. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gross, J., F. Hervey, M. Izydorek, J. Mammoser, and J. Treadway. 2005. Federal Building and

Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Fire Resistance Tests ofFloor Tniss

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-6B. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Zarghamee, M. S., S. Bolourchi, D. W. Eggers, O. O. Erbay, F. W. Kan, Y. Kitane, A. A. Liepins,

M. Mudlock, W. I. Naguib, R. P. Ojdrovic, A. T. Sarawit, P. R Barrett, J. L. Gross, and

NIST NCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation xxiii
Preface

T. P. McAllister. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Component. Connection, and Subsystem Structural Analysis. NIST NCSTAR 1-6C.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Zarghamee, M. S., Y. Kitane, O. O. Erbay, T. P. McAllister, and J. L. Gross. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety' Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Global Structural

Analysis ofthe Response ofthe World Trade Center Towers to Impact Damage and Fire. NIST

NCSTAR 1-6D. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

McAllister, T., R. W. Bukowski, R. G. Gann, J. L. Gross, K. B. McGrattan, H. E. Nelson, L. Phan,

W. M. Pitts, K. R. Prasad, F. Sadek. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade

Center?. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6E. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD.

Gilsanz, R., V. Arbitrio, C. Anders, D. Chlebus, K. Ezzeldin, W. Guo, P. Moloney, A. Montalva,

J. Oh, K. Rubenacker. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade

Center Disaster: Structural Analysis ofthe Response of World Trade Center 7 to Debris Damage

and Fire. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6F. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD.

Kim, W. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Analysis ofSeptember II, 2001, Seismogram Data. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6G.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD.

Nelson, K. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: The Con Ed Substation in World Trade Center 7. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6H.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD.

Averill, J. D., D. S. Mileti, R. D. Peacock, E. D. Kuligowski, N. Groner, G. Proulx, P. A. Reneke, and

H. E. Nelson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster:

Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communication. NIST NCSTAR 1-7. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Fahy, R., and G. Proulx. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety' Investigation of the World Trade

Center Disaster: Analysis ofPublished Accounts ofthe World Trade Center Evacuation. NIST

NCSTAR 1-7A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Zmud, J. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center

Disaster: Technical Documentation for Sur\>ey Administration. NIST NCSTAR 1-7B. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Lawson, J. R., and R. L. Vettori. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: The Emergency Response Operations. NIST NCSTAR 1-8. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

xxiv NIST NCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Executive Summary

As part of the analysis of building and fire codes and standards of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation, this report supports the effort by providing

a summary of the relevant provisions of the Building Code of the City of New York (BCNYC) that was in effect at the time of the design of the WTC buildings. This report also documents the requirements of the 2003 BCNYC. The purpose of this report is to provide a comparison of these codes vis-a-vis the relevant requirements and to identify significant differences.

It has been previously established that WTC 1 and WTC 2 were designed and constructed in accordance

with the BCNYC as enacted by Local Law No. 76 for the year 1968, effective December 6, 1968. The

Building Code is a part of the Administrative Code of the City of New York.

The code requirements identified and compared in this report focus on fire protection and life safety related issues. These include but are not limited to:

• Use and occupancy criteria.

• Height and area limitations and associated construction types.

• Fire resistance ratings for various building elements.

• Fire protection system requirements. (Project 1 of the NIST WTC Investigation focuses on

the macro requirements for fire protection systems in the WTC buildings. Other projects are focused on the specific requirements of the various fire protections systems.)

• Means of egress requirements including occupant load determination and egress capacity and

travel distance limitations.

• Emergency lighting and power requirements.

• Elevator provisions in case of emergency.

The 2003 BCNYC is the 1968 Code incorporating amendments enacted through 2003. Changes to the 2003 BCNYC have been made over time through passage of Local Laws. The report, NIST

NCSTAR 1-lG, Amendments to the Fire Protection and Life Safety' Provisions of the New York City

Building Code by Local Laws Adopted While WTC 1. 2, and 7 Were in Use, discusses the evolution of the changes of the BCNYC. This report documents the differences in the areas of fire protection and life safety between the 1968 and 2003 codes.

NIST NCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation XXV
Executive Summary

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xxvi NIST NCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Chapter 1 Introduction

One of the goals of the World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation led by the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) was to recommend appropriate revisions to current codes, standards,

and practices used in the industry. Prior to recommending such changes, one of the objectives of the investigation was to identify the codes and standards that were used during the design and construction of

the WTC, identify local and national codes and standards that were available at that time, and identify areas in current building and fire codes, standards, and practices that warrant revision.

As part of the Investigation, it has been detemiined that WTC 1 and WTC 2 were constructed in accordance with the Building Code of the City of New York (BCNYC) that was enacted by Local Law

No. 76 for the year 1968, effective December 6, 1968.

One of the tasks of the Investigation was to review and document relevant provisions of the building

codes relevant to the WTC and to summarize significant differences. This report provides a comparison

of the 1968 (then current) BCNYC and the 2003 (current) edition of the BCNYC.

The comparison is in tabular format and provides a comparison of the following fire protection and life safety related topics: building codes, reference standards, occupancies, construction, interior finish, means of egress, fire suppression systems, fire alann, detection and signaling systems, elevators and

escalators, emergency electrical and standby power systems, and special features such as parking garages

and atria.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 1
Chapter 1

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2 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Chapter 2

Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

This chapter summarizes key differences between the codes compared in this report. The side-by-side

comparison of the requirements is provided in tabular fonnat in Appendix A of this report.

2.1 referenced standards

Referenced standards have been updated to later editions of the national standards.

2.2 COMPARTMENTATION

The 2003 Building Code of the City of New York (BCNYC) includes a requirement for compartmentation (subdivision of floors by fire rated construction) for new and existing unsprinklered

Class E (Office) buildings exceeding 1 00 ft in height.

2.3 construction

The height and area limits in the 2003 BCNYC are reduced from the 1968 BCNYC. New office buildings exceeding 75 ft in height are required to be provided with automatic sprinklers by the 2003 BCNYC. The 2003 BCNYC would have allowed the WTC buildings to be constructed as Type IC

Construction. This would allow reductions in fire resistance for various elements of the structure as

identified in the comparison in Appendix A.

2.4 MEANS OF EGRESS

The 1968 BCNYC required doors in scissor stairs to be at least 15 ft apart. The 2003 BCNYC requires

exits to be separated by the greater of 30 ft or one-third the maximum exit travel distance of the floor.

The 2003 BCNYC requires exit signs and exit illumination in new buildings and existing Class E

buildings to be provided with emergency power. This was not required in the 1968 BCNYC.

2.5 FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

Automatic fire sprinklers are required by the 2003 BCNYC in new Class E buildings exceeding 75 ft height or exceeding 100,000 ft" in total area and in existing Class E buildings exceeding 100 ft in height if the floors are not provided with compartmentation. The 1968 BCNYC only required sprinklers in underground spaces.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 3
Chapter 2

2.6 FIRE ALARM, DETECTION, AND SIGNALING SYSTEMS

The 2003 BCNYC requires a Class E fire alarni system in new Class E buildings more than 75 ft in height

and existing Class E buildings more than 100 ft in height. The systems are required to include loud

speakers for voice communication, two-way voice communication, and a fire command station. The

1968 BCNYC contained no requirements for fire alarm or voice communication systems.

Requirements for elevator lobby smoke detectors and elevator recall criteria were added to BCNYC by

Local Law No. 5 (1973).

2.7 EMERGENCY POWER

The 2003 BCNYC requires emergency power in new Class E high-rise buildings with capacity to simultaneously supply fire pumps, at least three elevators at one time with manual transfer to all elevators,

alarm and communication equipment, emergency lighting, ventilation systems used for smoke venting or

control and stair pressurization equipment. The 1968 BCNYC had no requirements for emergency power.

The 2003 BCNYC includes requirements for smoke and heat venting for new and existing Class E office

buildings that were not in the 1968 BCNYC. Requirements for smoke shafts and stair pressurization are provided. Smoke shafts were required in the 1 968 BCNYC and stair pressurization was added as an

alternative to these shafts by Local Law No. 5 (1973).

2.8 SMOKE AND HEAT VENTING

4 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Chapter 3

References

1. Building Code of the City of New York. 2003. New York City Department of Buildings.

2. City Publishing Center Department of General Services. 1968. The City of New York Building Code.

New York, NY, December 6.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 5
Chapter 3

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6 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Appendix A

Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant

Differences

This is a side-by-side comparison of requirements from the 1968 (then current) and 2003 (current) edition

of the Building Code of the City of New York.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 1
Appendix A

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8 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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14 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

U. L. !/3

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 15
Appendix A

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16 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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18 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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20 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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22 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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24 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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<— cn

— <u

TO r- d o — X 77 — ^ O OJ .x 2 E li o >

o

GOft

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0

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s •= ^

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1^ e -O CnI o o

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in CJ

CO cn C

TO P

NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 25
Appendix A

U. L, 0 7 w

01 u ^

^ U u.

c/2 ^ 5

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r; -3 00

o

o

CO

.= O

'= ^

^ V- — O

CO «^

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re ^

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1/5 <~-J

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^ o >^

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flj c« ^ « CJ ^ -a £ CO o

O o ^ CM

dj m — (U

o t«

5 i

P- U3 _S -a c'

£: o

CO

aj

o

o -t: >> O ,re X

OJ 3

t; 5: U

5 .2 .£ -=

jj re i2 o 2 're =

C/3 c/3

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26 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

U. L_ i/5

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 27
Appendix A

3 ^

C/2 ^

>

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u

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CO (u " .a r- i:^ o :2 ^ fc

a y. O

^ oj

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o •§ c

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its i 00c

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28 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

CO "^^ 60 <U O

O

(U D. 3

X p c

(11 — • r"

50 O

(U

00C w

a. X) O °

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 29
Appendix A

C/3 ^

-a

OJ '> -a o c

a. ^

OJ _ ~ _

^ « ^

o

X3

o —

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5 I -I UNO

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re c/3

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c/3 Tn

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30 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

>

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 WTC Investigation 31
Appendix A

(/3 ^

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32 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

SUMMAUN

OlSICINII

ICAN

I

DIM

FRFNCRS

CURRFNT

BCNYC

A

fraction

less

than

'/a

may

be

neglected

when

constituting

less

than

10%

of

the

total

required

number

of

egress

units).

Egress

capacity

factors

-

capacity

per

egress

unit

(27-357,

27-359).

One

unit

of

egress

width

is

equal

to

22

in.

(27-359).

Doors

to

outdoors

at

grade:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

-

75

persons

per

unit.

Occupancy

Groups

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

-

100

Other

exit

and

corridor

doors:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

- 60

Occupancy

Group

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

- 80

Stairs

and

escalators:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

- 45

Occupancy

Groups

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

- 60

Ramps,

corridors,

exit

passageways,

horizontal

exits:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

- 75

Occupancy

Groups

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

-

100

When

ramp

slope

exceeds

1

in

10.

the

capacity

shall

be

reduced

by

25%

(Table

6-1

notch).

THEN

CURRENT

BCNYC

A

fraction

less

than

'A

may

be

neglected

when

constituting

less

than

10%

of

the

total

required

number

of

egress

units).

Egress

capacity

factors

-

capacity

per

egress

unit

(C26-601.1,

C26-60I.3).

One

unit

of

egress

width

is

equal

to

22

in.

(C26-601.3).

Doors

to

outdoors

at

grade:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

-

75

persons

per

unit.

Occupancy

Groups

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

-

100

Other

exit

and

corridor

doors:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

- 60

Occupancy

Group

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

- 80

Stairs

and

escalators:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

- 45

Occupancy

(iroups

C

(Mercantile),

[•.

(Business),

and F

(Assembly)

- 60

Ramps,

corridors,

exit

passageways,

horizontal

exits:

Occupancy

Group

B

(Storage)

- 75

Occupancy

Groups

C

(Mercantile),

E

(Business),

and

1*

(Assembly)

-

100

When

ramp

slope

exceeds

1

in

10,

tlie

capacity

shall

be

reduced

by

25%

(Talile

6-1

note

b).

Egress

VViddi

and

Capacity

(con(inncd)

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F. WTC Investigation 33
Appendix A

- u Z Is, 5

o

o

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<D (U S J= rn

r- O •- I

a> ^

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c/: E

o

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5 —

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34 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

fc, L, !/3

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 35
Appendix A

fc.

^ U £

< t D£ ^ ^ td ^ Z t, ^ U t

>

z

u

E-z

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—1 >-> (U

Si — QJ rl'^ —

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p2 r2 •"" Co'" o o

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ore 5

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as -a-o

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nd red 5j

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36 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

tfa L. > ^ z

5 ^ u

^ fa. 0£ ^ ^ w <C tfc ^ U u. 3 - - ^ ^ O

5 s

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 37
Appendix A

3 ,

03 C/3

o o

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£ i2 S

<• in

'c5 5 ? i: y =

o — -o S r- c5 y <^ X)o

S C3 —

o

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00

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c3 "a

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pa

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38 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

U. L,u ^

^ t OS ^ ^ w — Z, fc, ^

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 39
Appendix A

fc, L. O 75 ^

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40 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

C/3 ^

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 41
Appendix A

o z

t/5 ^

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ca

f-z

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r--

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E 0)

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42 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

^ -a

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 43
Appendix A

fc. h- ^

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O TO 3

TO o re = CJ H

P '3 TO 3 >^ = .TO =

-ae

u 3

Ml

44 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

U. L_

< U. OS ^ ^ td I

O

C/3 Co 5

2P g = CXJ

'5 E > =

C -a 3 o U O

00

^ S c

° £ S ^

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O (D -3 <u

t« o ^

g S P ^

o i S .2?

<u — ^ O

1^ C ,^ ^ o

C 1^ aj c (u > S — 3 c

« 2 5 a -

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~3 "y "dl o

CO ^ - o is 2

> C3o

53 P o

re o

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re f 1 L —

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3

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nt -3

OX) c/^ re OX)

re ^

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^ ON

OJ

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£ S ^

^ 00

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o 00 S o

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c

a; <

1- « o 5

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o -ac o

o

>/-i A

re 3

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o • = O <U <L) c« C; cj u

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oo

o

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p6

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a.3

oo

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P

CO

3 (L> (U CJ " 2 >.3: o i« re t.

1- — c_

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n, •- ON

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3

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-a ^

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re 00 CJ 're p 3

3 ^

^ -

CO "3 c 00 i .2

fJ _ CJ •3 c« ^

<U l« O 3

H) r3 -3 00 H

aj (D

CJ •S

CDil

C/3

aj CM

UJ X

= o ^

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OJ o -a

o o

c -a

cj re '35 aj 0 .§) 3

< T3

re fN

(U 1

CO £-

.3 o

> ^

^L' 3

re qj

aj •a 3

CO AU

3 > s ^

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00

3 «

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aj

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aj (u X

O ^ ^ .Si

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aj 3

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2^ —

y o 3 r~- 3

2

£ 5 u < a re ^

e

O 3

= — S si.

1/3

S "

O £

= £

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 45
Appendix A

3

(U •—- ^

U N -a

<U ttJ U —

(U _

—> C/3 -2 ^ ^'

t/2 o

I/O (u 'z:

re «

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CO IZl C OS

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^ re .2 — y "5

re c

re 5i ^ -a

E. '> re =^

re rsl

re 5

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re o ^ c

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-5

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<u

yo o O o

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re o

by ed1

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re re (U

u< _u

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c: c:

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re

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c

c

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<-) ^in

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re>

<D

C/) O re d 're :^ to fN

nd

re

c/:

reo

<u o

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re re

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c

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c/o 're 5

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to

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lose

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^ c

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= £ < a.

3'5. a

c

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46 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

-a

ID

C rO =

-1 (U r-

<

OO

o

op 5

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ON c:

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ra re (75

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<u — S ON E I P CM

re 2

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c/3 "re

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m

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re (U 5o o

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y o —

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—ore — <u fi> CJ

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pO O

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lO il-

" o .h . -a cn ^ •- OJ . (U <u >i o •£ re

o —

c«' 53

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re c i:

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o ^

JO in -—

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CA fN —

re fN

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 47
Appendix A

U. L.u £

S ^ td z t, ^ O u.

(/3 00 5

1- [/}

<u

o

o

o w

^ i/^ a 2i

(U —

(3J OJ X

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— fli — ^ C (U

5 o — c o

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> = C3 c3

1)

£= o -5

«^ <u U o c/: § O

P c/: X^ -aa I >

rs

OJ •5 > O

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HI

(Uo

no S

CO& «

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re

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£ 2

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tan

c; upl o res OJ m X n.

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in

48 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

3

V2

E T3 ^

o 2

° c t/i f =:!

_^ ^ 2

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f-

(U C. O

X) o <u D

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sy Ite do

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re

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cx) _^ ^

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re ^

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c.o

pu

ion

fire

re

conr

uo)r rect < b

C3

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t/^ _o •-

CJ O C

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= C — CQ

c/5 c/; CJ

o

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£- (u o X) " 1 g-^

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? >> V CM

c« ^ ~ O

(L) ^ u

re rEx .E — CJ

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for E -a

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star sup

mai (C2

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CJ o o

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< br £

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 49
Appendix A

in ^

U

>

Z

u

caz

u

o «

<u >

>. ON

m

or) re £ —

re . _ c o

-5 "2

£ o

1/1 I« re -a ^

c/2 "p:

73 re

re re

re" O

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S OS

t/3 Ic o c

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re ,o

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2

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c/) £

re

OJ

C3N. O r~-

C/5 o CA 5 O

CA 5 ^5 u

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o 5

o

CA > £ 1- o

CA T-

•p ^ CA ^ 3 CA^ ^

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CA

OJ OJ

<U >

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o

u o c

(U

OJ CA 13 Of) Si ^ re .re ^ O) CA

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CA CJ

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50 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F. WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

[i, r.

< [Z S ^ u

^ til I

U u.

o

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« On co

o

oo -J

by La^ •a

r-- add o\

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lire

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nded oo

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ii 12 O (Al —

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("Ni — r-j r-- o -o

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CO

a-

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F. WTC Investigation 51
Appendix A

if} t/3

52 o H

CO -a — ^ ' J— 'i ^ - c/D P (D 03 r> < £.13 & £

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52 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F. WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

Z

u

csZ

u

= o

£00-5 -£

CO o

= -o — X — 1 s -

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C C3 (U — 00

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CO

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jai = P —

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F. WTC Investigation 53
Appendix A

[i. L. !Z) > < z

s ^ u

^ o t

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in —1

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oJ

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re >,L= O ^ ^ ^ O

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54 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F. WTC Investigation
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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 55
Appendix A

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56 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 57
Appendix A

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58 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
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3

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation 59
Appendix A

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60 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 F, WTC Investigation 61
Appendix A

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62 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F. WTC Investigation
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Appendix A

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64 NISTNCSTAR 1-1F, WTC Investigation

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