NBSIR 75-761

The Demonstration of Experimental

Lead Paint Hazard Abatement

IVIethods in Wasliington, D. C.

Thomas H. Boone

Harvey W. Berger A. Phi lip Cramp

Herbert A. Jackson

Office of Housing Technology

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D,C. 20234

June 1975

Sponsored by

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

NBSIR 75-761

THE DEMONSTRATION OF EXPERIMENTAL

LEAD PAINT HAZARD ABATEMENT

METHODS IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

Thomas H, Boone

Harvey W. Berger A. Phi I ip Cramp

Herbert A. Jackson

Office of Housing Technology

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

June 1975

Sponsored by

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary

James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Table of Contents

Page

List of Tables iv

List of Figures v

SI Conversion Units vi

Abstract viii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 The Experimental Hazard Abatement Program (EHAP) ... 3

1.2.1 Department of Housing and Urban

Development Responsibilities 3

1.2 2 Boeing Aerospace Company's

Responsibilities and Activities 4

1.2.3 National Bureau of Standards

Responsibilities and Activities 5

1.3 Selection of Washington, D.C. for the

Experimental Hazard Abatement Program. . . 6

1.3.1 Role of National Capital Housing

Authority (NCHA) 7

2. Dwelling Unit Selection 8

2.1 NCHA Housing Stock 8

2.2 Housing Selection Criteria and Sampling Plan 9

2.3 Screening and Selection Process 11

2.4 Dwelling Unit Sample Characteristics and

Conditions. , 13

2.4.1 Lead Paint Locations and Levels 18

3. Abatement Processes 20

3.1 Paint Removal Methods 21

3.1.1 Solvent Based Paint Rem.over 21

3.1.2 Paint Removal with Electric Heat Gun 22

3.1.3 Paint Removal by Dip Tank Method 23

i
3.2 Replacement of Components 24

3.3 Barrier Materials 24

3.3.1 Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric 25

3.3.2 Cement Impregnated Glass Fabric 25

3.3.3 Gypsum Wallboard 26

3.3.4 Melamine Coated Hardboard 26

3.3.5 Gypsum Veneer Plastic 27

3.4 Package Plans 27

4. Abatement Method Assignment .... 27

5. Evaluation of the Abatement Processes . 30

5.1 Suitability of Abatement Process Assignment 30

5.2 Adequacy of Specifications 33

5.3 Implementation Characteristics 34

5.3.1 Implementation Characteristics Rating Sheet . . 35

5.3.2 Discussion of Implementation Characteristics. . 43

5.3.2.1 Solvent Paint Remover 43

5.3.2.2 Paint Removal with Electric Heat

Gun 45

5.3.2.3 Removal of Paint on Doors by Dip

Tank Method 47

5.3.2.4 Components Replacement 48

5.3.2.5 Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric and

Cement Impregnated Glass Fabric ... 52

5.3.2.6 Melamine Coated Hardboard 52

5.3.2.7 Gypsum Wallboard 56

5.3.2.8 Gypsum Veneer Plaster 59

5.4 Lead Paint Hazard Abatement Effectiveness 59

5.4.1 Physical Properties of Materials Used

for Hazard Abatement 62

5.4.2 Lead Paint Removal 62

6. Preliminary Conclusions and Recommendations 65

6.1 Solvent Based Paint Remover 65

6.2 Paint Removal with Electric Heat Gun 65

6.3 Removal of Paint on Doors by Dip Tank Method 65

11
6.4 Replacenent of Components 66

6.5 Gypsun Impregnated Jute Fabric and Cement

Impregnated Glass Fabric 66

6.6 Gvpsum tailboard 66

6.7 Xelamine Coated Eardboard 66

6.8 G^-psum Veneer Plaster 66

7. Acknowledgements 68

8. References. ................ 69

9. Appendices, Specifications for Abatement Xethods Used in

'Tashington , D.C.. 70

Section 0101 - General Requirements . 71

Section 0922 - Solvent Based Paint P.emover 74

Section 0923 - Paint P.emoval by Electric

Heat Gun 75

Section 0925 - Paint P^^emoval of Doors in

Dip Tank. . 76

Section 0919 - Painting ....... .... 77

Section 0906 - Gvpsum-Jute Fabric 83

Section 0901 - G^.-psum Wallboard .85

Section 0905 - Xelamine Coated Eardboard. ........ 89

Section 0912 - G>-^sum Veneer Plaster with

Bonding Agent , 92

iii
List of Tables

Page

1. Housing Sample Selection Plan 12

2. Housing Characteristics 15

3. Housing Conditions 17

4. Lead Paint Locations and Levels

(Before Abatement) 19

5. Average Lead Level on Surfaces Selected

for Abatement in Washington, D.C 20

6. Abatement Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Meeting Housing Selection Classification I 28

7. Abatement Package Plans for Dwelling Units

Meeting Housing Selection Classification II 29

8. Abatement Methods - Package Plan and Dwelling

Unit Assignment for Housing Meeting Selection

Classification I

9. Abatement Methods - Package Plan and Dwelling

Unit Assignment for Housing Meeting Selection

Classification II 32

10. Summary Ratings of Implementation Characteristics

of Abatement Process 44

11. Physical Properties of Materials 63

12. Effectiveness of Lead Paint Removal - Before & After Readings (mg/cm^) 64

iv
List of Figures

Page

1. Recording Form for Interior Surfaces 14

2. Implementation Characteristics Rating Sheet

(2A, 2B, and 2C 36

3. Scraping Lead Paint Softened by Electrical

Heat Gun 46

4. Right, Interior Door before Paint Removal,

Left, Interior Door after Paint Removal

by Dip Tank Method 49

5. Installing Wood Double Hung Window and Trim 50

6. Installing Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric over Painted

Plaster Wall 53

7. Final Appearance of Kitchen Wall after Installation of

Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric Barrier Material 54

8. Applying Latex Based Aqueous Adhesive to Gypsum Jute

Fabric 55

9. Adhesive Bead being applied to Gypsum W^allboard. Wallboard

is placed directly on Old Walls, Nailed, Joints Filled and

Taped. Joint Compound is applied to all depressions and

Joints to a Uniform Surface, and Sanded to Provide Surface

Ready for Painting 57

10. Gjrpsum Veneer Plaster being applied over Old Painted

Plaster Wall 60

11. Table Used for Mixing Plaster and Water on the Job-Site . . 61

V
SI Conversion Units

The conversion factors and units contained in this report are in

accordance with the International System of Units (abbreviated SI for

Systeme International d'Unites). The SI was defined and given official

status by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures which met

in Paris in October 1960. For assistance in converting U.S. customary

units to SI units, see ASTM E 380, ASTM Standard Metric Practice Guide,

available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race

Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19103. The conversion. factors for the units

found in this Standard are as follows:

Length

1 in = 0.025A* meter

1 ft = 0.3048* meter

1 mil = 0.001* in

Area

1 in^ = 6.4516* x 10"'^meter^

1 ft^ = 0.9290* meter^

Volume

1 in^ = 1.638 X lO'^meter"^

1 liter = 1.000* x 10"\eter^

Mass

1 grain = 6.479 x 10 ^kilogram

_2

1 ounce-mass (avoirdupois) = 2.834 x 10 kilogram

1 pound-mass (avoirdupois) = 0.4535 kilogram

Pressure or Stress (Force/Area)

2 1 inch of mercury (60°F) = 3376 newton/meter

2 1 pound-force/inch (psi) = 6894 newton/meter

*Exactly

vi
Energy

1 inch-pound-force (in-lbf) = 0.1130 joule

Plane Angle

_2

1 degree (angle) = 1.7^5 x 10 radian

Power

1 watt = 1.000* X lo"^ erg/second

Temperature

°C = 5/9 (Tenperature °F - 32)

*Exactly

vii
The Demonstration of Experimental Lead

Paint Hazard Abatement Methods in Washington, D.C.

Thomas H. Boone, Harvey W. Berger, A. Philip Cramp, Herbert A. Jackson

Abstract

This report describes the first stage of an experimental lead paint

hazard abatement program carried out in 30 dwelling units in Washington,

D.C. The entire program will ultimately involve the abatement of lead

paint hazards in a total of approximately 250 dwelling units located in

three or more cities.

The procedures, demonstrated in Washington, included: paint removal methods using chemical solvents and a heat producing device; the

replacement of components such as windows, doors and wood trim and;

the installation of flexible sheet and rigid board barrier materials

over existing lead paint on wall.

The report presents procedures and the forms used in inspecting

and selecting dwellings for lead paint hazard abatement, evaluations of

the suitability and implementation characteristics of the abatement

methods and recommendations for their use.

Subsequent reports will present the results of comparable programs

in additional cities and a final report will compare the cost-effectiveness of the alternative abatement methods.

Key Words: Abatement; barrier materials; building materials; children;

housing; lead-based paint; lead poisoning; paint removal.

viii
The Demonstration of Experimental Lead

Paint Hazard Abatement Methods in Washington, D.C.

1. INTRODUCTION

This report describes the process of a field demonstration of lead

paint hazard abatement methods carried out in thirty dwelling units

located in Washington, D.C. This on-going Experimental Hazard Abatement

Program (EHAP) , will ultimately involve the treatment of lead paint hazards in about two-hundred and fifty dwellings located in a number of

major cities. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is

sponsoring the Program and the housing in Washington was supplied by the

National Capital Housing Authority (NCHA)

.

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) is providing technical

assistance to HUD on the Program and is primarily responsible for the

evaluation of the performance of the abatement methods and the determination of the comparative cost effectiveness of the methods being

demonstrated. Housing and code officials, who are directly concerned

with lead poisoning control in their own communities, require technical

guidance in lead based paint hazard abatement. This report will serve:

1) to provide background on the EHAP and clarify HUD's objectives; 2) to

begin to provide specific recommendations, and technical advice to

decision makers, on hazard abatement processes; and 3) to provide an

example to others who may be interested in carrying out their own hazard abatement evaluation programs.

Following this report, subsequent reports will present the results

of comparable programs in the additional cities. Although cost data was

collected during the implementation of this program, and will be collected

1
in each of the other cities, the final cost analysis will not be carried

out until all of the data is aggregated. A final report will compare the

cost-effectiveness of the alternative abatement used in the 250 dwelling

units in all the cities included in the EHAP.

1.1 BACKGROUND

Lead poisoning resulting from the ingestion of lead-based paint

is a serious national health problem. It primarily affects children

between the ages of one through seven who live in housing where lead

paint is a hazard due to deteriorating painted surfaces.

In January 1971, Congress enacted the "Lead-Based Paint Poisoning

Prevention Act" (PL 91-695) Cammended as PL 93-151 in 1973) to provide

Federal assistance to help eliminate this serious problem.

Title III of this Act requires HUD to conduct a research program

to determine the nature and extent of lead paint hazards in housing

and to identify and recommend effective methods for its abatement.

The key to the abatement and prevention of lead paint poisoning is

the removal of the hazard which exists in the form of dried, aged, lead

based paint on residential surfaces. This paint may be found on various

substrates such as plaster, gypsum board, wood, metal, or any other type

of building material. It may be found on interior and exterior walls,

ceilings, floors, doors, and door frames, window and window frames, trim

molding, porches and other surfaces found in a home.

Participating directly in the implementation of the Washington Phase

of the EHAP were: HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research; NBS'

Center for Building Technology; the Field Operations and Support Division of the Boeing Aerospace Company and the National Capital Housing

Authority (NCHA) . 2
1.2 THE EXPERIMENTAL HAZARD ABATEMENT PROGRAM

1.2.1 HUD'S RESPONSIBILITIES

hud's legislative mandate requires that it carry out appropriate

research activities to determine the feasibility, engineering properties,

cost and effectiveness of materials, techniques and systems that can be

used for the elimination of lead paint hazards in existing dwelling

units. In addition, as the major Federal agency concerned with housing,

HUD has the overall responsibility of providing technical guidance to

housing authorities and the general housing community on technology,

progress and policies that relate to this housing problem. HUD has

the leadership role in developing technical information which is required

to determine the most appropriate selection of abatement procedures and

the optimum use of fmds and resources to eliminate lead paint hazards

in housing. The Experimental Hazard Abatement Program, to be conducted

in Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Georgia and other cities is intended to

contribute to the accomplishment of these goals.

HUD's operational responsbilities with regard to the implementation

of the entire EHAP includes : overall planning and management ; selection

of cities for the Program; arrangements for the cooperation of the local

housing officials in the selection of suitable housing units for the

Program; management and direction of NBS's technical efforts and Boeing's

field operations.

HUD is responsible for coordinating all of the phases of the Program

and disseminating information and technology to the constituency that

requires such assistance. Finally, HUD will make decisions and recommendations, based on the results of the Program, relating to which hazard

3
abatement methods are most cost effective under specific circumstances

relative to hazardous situations.

1.2.2 BOEING AEROSPACE COMPANY'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACTIVITIES

The Boeing Aerospace Company was contracted by HUD to provide field

management for the EHAP. Boeing was selected subsequent to an evaluation of competitive proposals submitted to HUD for carrying out the

scope of work developed by HUD and NBS.

The Boeing staff's first activity was to evaluate the suitability

of the dwellings proposed by NBS for the Program in Washington and to

make a final selection of appropriate units.

Using NBS technical and materials use specifications, Boeing prepared job specifications for each dwelling unit, which identified the

abatement operations required and stipulated, in detail, the procedures

for each part of the operation.

Local subcontractors were hired on a competitive basis to carry

out the abatement work in the units. The subcontractors were supervised

to assure that the abatement was conducted under conditions required

by HUD, that the work conformed with the specifications and that it

was completed on schedule. As the abatement program progressed, Boeing

made technical observations, collected material specimens and verified

the cost information supplied by the subcontractors. After the hazard

abatement work was completed, Boeing assembled lead content measurements

on appropriate surfaces in the units before and after the abatement

operation, and conducted a general engineering review of the abatement

operations and specific abatement methods.

Finally, Boeing was responsible for returning all of the housing

4
units which had been abated to the NCHA in an acceptable condition.

Sufficient flexibility had to be maintained throughout the Program

so that adjustments made necessary by unforeseen circumstances could

be made in the operating conditions. These included such circumstances

as

(a) Conditions or situations encountered at the dwelling units

which were unfavorable to the application of the abatement

systems intended for that unit.

(b) The failure of an abatement method at the outset of the Program

(c) Entrance to the housing units not being possible when abatement work was scheduled.

Any significant changes in plans made necessary by such circumstances

were discussed with NBS and HUD before putting them in effect.

1.2.3 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACTIVITIES

NBS's role in the EHAP is broad and touches on every aspect of its

operation. As HUD's primary technical resource, NBS has major responsibilities for defining the program scope, presenting and explaining

the program objectives and procedures to all parties involved, providing

technical support and consultation on operational problems to all parties

involved and finally, carrying out the technical evaluation and reporting

on the results of the Program.

Prior to the initation of the Washington phase of the EHAP, Boeing's

management and technical staff was briefed on the overall program and on

the use of the specifications, data collection forms and other information gathering techniques to be used during the Program. The NCHA was

also briefed on the types and numbers of dwelling units required for

5
the Program and on procedures to be used for inspecting for lead paint

hazards.

In Washington, NBS staff inspected the units made available by the

NCHA and provided Boeing with the information and data required for

their final selection of the housing sample.

NBS' major technical responsibility in the EHAP is to evaluate and

analyze the effectiveness and costs of the lead paint hazard abatement

methods. This process involves a study of the physical properties of

the products or systems, their implementation characteristics, costs,

long-term durability and physical effectiveness.

The physical properties of the products and systems used in Washington were determined by means of laboratory testing prior to the Program [1]*. The field operation aspects of the EHAP have provided an opportunity to observe and evaluate the nature and performance of the

abatement methods under "real-world" conditions.

In order to accomplish this evaluation and analysis, NBS staff has

been directly involved in: housing inspections, (before, during and

after abatement work) ; debriefing of subcontractors (including workmen

and foremen) and discussions with the manufacturers of the products

and systems.

1.3 SELECTION OF WASHINGTON, D.C. FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL HAZARD ABATEMENT PROGRAM

Washington, D.C. was selected as the first city in which the EHAP

was to be carried out for several practical reasons. It has a varied

*Numbers in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of

this paper.

6
stock of housing types which are likely to contain lead paint hazards

appropriate for the Program.

Another important factor leading to the selection of Washington

was its relatively high per capita incidence of children with elevated

lead levels in their blood. In addition, liaison had previously been

established between HUD, NBS and the National Capital Housing Authority

when NBS conducted a pilot demonstration of lead paint hazards abatement methods in two dwelling units under the jurisdiction of the

Authority [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

.

A further advantage of beginning the EHAP in Washington was logistical. NBS is located in a suburb of Washington and HUD is located

in the city itself. Both agencies had ample opportunity to observe

the Program's progress and make the adjustments and modifications required to resolve problems and enhance the achievements of the Program.

As a result of early monitoring, significant changes were made in the

following areas:

(a) Techniques for screening and selection of housing units.

(b) Forms for recording data.

(c) Liaison techniques with contractors

(d) Determination of occupant reaction to unit screening

and monitoring the contractors activities.

1.3.1 ROLE OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL HOUSING AUTHORITY

The NCHA is a public agency which m.anages and maintains public

housing for low- income families in Washington, D.C. In this capacity

it is also responsible for the construction of new housing and the

leasing of housing from private landlords according to the needs of

the city. 7
In Washington, direct authorization to conduct the experimental

hazard abatement program was obtained from the NCHA. Liaison was

established with the Director of the Division of Management and staff

from his office was assigned to assist NBS personnel in the review,

inspection and selection of the housing stock for this program.

The NCHA participated in the EHAP in a number of very important

ways. Following the dwelling unit selection guidelines for the Program,

NCHA personnel reviewed their stock of public housing and single family

attached units, and selected housing units which were likely to meet

the EHAP requirements.

Housing tours for NBS and HUD inspection teams were arranged and

scheduled by the NCHA which also assigned personnel to accompany the

teams and assured their entrance to housing units. The NCHA staff

interpreted NCHA repair policies as they applied to some units which met

necessary criteria for the Program but also required extensive repairs

before being readied for lead paint abatement. Copies of the contracting

documents for the deleading operations were issued to the NCHA for their

review and approval prior to the deleading operation. These documents

contain the specifications and scopes of work governing the abatement

work.

The NCHA assured accessibility of the units to Boeing personnel

for purposes of inspection and also arranged for subcontractors to

conduct the abatement work at the convenience of both the subcontractor

and dwelling unit occupants.

As a final responsibility NCHA personnel inspected the subcontractor's work, and informed NBS and HUD of its progress and quality from

their point of view. 8
2. DWELLING UNIT SELECTION

2.1 NCHA HOUSING STOCK

A brief review of the NCHA files on approximately 12,000 public

housing units was made in order to select properties for preliminary

screening and selection. For the most part the properties are large

apartment complexes comprised of garden-type walk up apartments and high

rise apartment buildings. Approximately 3% of the housing units (300

to 400) are single family units which are scattered throughout the city.

Only 10 out of about 50 apartment complexes were built before

1945: 29 were constructed during or after 1960. The single family

houses varied in age and were built from the 1880 's to the late 1940' s.

2.2 HOUSING SELECTION CRITERIA AND SAMPLING PLAN

A series of criteria were developed to control the selection of

the housing sample in order to assure an appropriate number of housing

units with a variety of construction types, ages, extremes in the conditions which are believed to contribute to lead paint poisoning. In

addition, it was especially desirable to have units in which abatement

would be carried out in wet areas* such as kitchens and bathrooms, as

well as, dry areas such as bedrooms, living rooms, dining rooms and hallways.

A criterion was established for the minimum amount of surface

area to be abated in each dwelling unit in order to assure an adequate

amount of work which would lead to reliable cost data and a demonstration

within each dwelling unit of the feasibility of the abatement methods.

*Areas frequently exposed to high humidity and splashing water.

9
As pointed out earlier the cost data will be evaluated as part of

the final report while the factors considered in this report are basically

procedural and technical.

The criteria listed below assured that the dwelling units selected

for abatement in Washington were representative of housing that is believed to contribute to lead paint poisoning and were, in fact, hazardous

by virtue of their lead paint content and condition of deterioration.

CRITERION 1: Lead Content

A dwelling unit shall be selected if it is found to have interior

painted surfaces which contain at least 2.0 milligrams of lead per

square centimeter of surface area and the surfaces satisfy both

CRITERIA 2 and 3 below. [The surfaces shall be measured with a

portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) lead detector as described in

Section 2.3 below,]

CRITERION 2: Physical Conditions and Locations

A dwelling unit shall be selected if it meets CRITERION 1 and the

paint on wall surfaces, is cracked, scaling, peeling or chipping

and/or if the painted trim, such as windows, window sills, doors,

door frames, and molding, although tight, is within five feet of

the floor.

CRITERION 3: Surface Dimensions

A dwelling unit shall be selected if it meets CRITERIA 1 and 2

and one or more of the following requirements:

(a) At least 500 square feet of interior wall surface will

require abatement.

(b) At least 50 linear feet of interior trim will require

abatement . 10
(c) Four interior doors will require abatement

(d) Four windows will require abatement.

In addition to meeting the CRITERIA listed above, the units to be

selected in Washington were required to fulfill a housing sample selection

plan (Table 1) which specified the types and ages of dwelling units to

be used in the Program.

2.3 SCREENING AND SELECTION PROCESS

The inspection procedure for screening and selecting housing units

for use in the Washington Phase of the Program was as follows. A NCHA

representative selected a sufficient number of housing units (six to

eight) from his housing stock for a day's work and arrangements for the

inspection were made by phone, prior to the inspection day,, with the

occupants of these units. On visits to single family housing the NCHA

representative introduced the inspection team to the housing occupant,

explained the purpose of the visit, and gained entrance for the team.

The procedure for the inspection of apartment units was slightly

different. In such cases the local project manager accompained the

team. His presence assured easy access to the units and the team could

take advantage of his detailed knowledge of the housing under his jurisdiction in appraising their condition and noting their history of

construction and maintenance.

In accordance with CRITERION 1, only those walls whose painted

surfaces were in a deteriorating condition were measured to determine

their lead content. If none of the walls were found to be in such a

condition, after a quick walk-through of the dwelling unit, the inspectors proceeded directly to the measurement of lead on doors, windows

11
Table 1

Number of Dwelling Units in

Housing Sample Selection Plan

Year of Construction

1920-

1940

1941-

1950

1951-

1960

MFLR1 5 15 5

MFHR^ 2 6 2

^MFLR

^MFHR

Multifamily Low Rise - A multiple dwelling with

or without elevator service and not exceeding

three stories in height.

Multifamily High Rise - A multiple dwelling with

or without elevator service and exceeding three

stories in height.

12
and trim in each interior room.

If the XRF readings of lead content fell below 1.0 mg/cm^ on all

surfaces, the dwelling was eliminated as a potential candidate for the

program. If, on the other hand, certain surfaces rendered single XRF

readings greater than 1.0 mg/cm^, more detailed XRF measurements were

made according to the following procedure:

Value of "Initial"

XRF Reading Number of "Additional Readings

mg/cm^ at a Single Point"

<1 . 0 None

1.0 to 3.4 2

>3 . 4 None

For each surface which indicated an average lead paint content of

2.0 mg/cm^ or above (or single readings of 3.4 mg/cm^ or above) additional information was recorded on its total area in square feet or

length in linear feet. All of this information was recorded on an "Interior Surfaces" form (Figure 1.)

In addition, other potentially important information was noted on;

the types and conditions of the substrates and surfaces in each room;

the general condition of each dwelling unit including major structural

defects, clearly representing an immediately dangerous situation; roof

and plumbing leaks and the nature and conditions of electrical wiring,

heating, and plumbing systems.

2.4 DWELLING UNIT SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS

The general characteristics of the dwelling units selected for

abatement in Washington are shown in Table 2. Twenty-four of the units

were built during the period 1920-40. Five were built prior to 1920

13
2^ ^

< <t 2 > s

f- U CO Q. ©@(i)@(D

Q Q D

oc uj D O < O cc m X u.

c/) U cc m X

Q Z

-a

CO

00 <

o

E

o

o

cc

W

©"

GO

LU

CD<

CO

cco

14
TaMe 2

Housing Characteristics

c

•H

I—1 T-l o ::;

Approx,

Age Defects Kitchen

PlumbingHeating

c

•r-i 4-> O

1^ s &

a.

a-, 1^

a-.

l-H

1 o

t—

CLP,

CT. o

OV

I—

O 03 c a;

C I/) •H ^

Cabinets Ranges

o c~ w

^

O

•M

TO

•r-i

CC

tr, ct K

i-H 1—

(

+-' u

<D

I—! P4

(Jul MFLR A

(JUZ MFLR A 003 r'lrLK UU4

• SFA A A

orA

k A A

014 SFA * A A UX J orA

' ——

—

A —

A m o Ulo MFLR * A A

019

1 MFLR —

'

1 * * A MrLK * A

\)i.± * A

uzz MrLK * A MrLK *

J A A MFLR

' A A A

1 UdU SFA * * A A 061 blA

. *

1 ,

, A

i * 1 * A X

063 brA — I-

*

1 A A —

A 064 SFA * A A

t A 065 SFA —1—

* A A A Oat ^6/

'-^uoy

u / u

SFA —*

i— * A A A SFA *

r '

--^ A A ii A SFA i *

h

1 '—t

1 * A

5 A 1 A SFA 1 * A . hn

i A 071 MFLR

, * A ! A A A MFLR

' .

- * A

i * A A Its" MFLR !

• *

.

r-—

*

*

i A

A

A A 074 i*irLK

r —1

! *

J j

4-—

i * A A 077 MFLR i *

1 A i A A : A A 078 MFLR

\ *

-

L- *

A : A 1 A * i 079

- - -r Total

MFLR A

1 — ^

^ * i *

1-

1 A 13 17 UF 1 6 j 1 30 29 13 ^ 17 i 19 30

15
and one was built in the period between 19A0-50.

The thirteen SFA (single family attached) units were located

throughout the city. The seventeen KFLR units were located at two sites:

twelve in the northeast section of the city, in a development called the

Langston Dwellings, and the other five in the southeast section of the

city in the Ellen Wilson Dwellings.

Although the original sample plan called for the selection of

multifamily high rise and low rise (MFHR and MFLR) apartments in Washington, only SFA and MFLR units could be found that met the selection

criteria pertaining to lead levels and the amounts of leaded surfaces.

The exclusion of MFHR units from the sample resulted in a lost

opportunity to evaluate engineering and operational problems, costs

and other factors involved in transporting and handling materials and

equipment, and abating lead paint hazards above the third floor.

The single family attached units were built between the years of

1900 and 1940 and it can be assumed that they were originally intended

for occupancy by upper income families. The architectural style is

traditional for that period and the interiors of these units have ornamental trim on windows and door frames, base molding etc.

Of the thirty dwelling units selected for this program, twentyseven were occupied. This situation limited, somewhat, the opportunities

for comparisons of costs, ease or difficulty of implementation of the

abatement procedures, and probably other factors, if the balance between

occupied and unoccupied units had been more even.

Additional information of the housing characteristics and their

conditions is presented in Table 3. The physical conditions of the

16
Table 3

Housing Conditions

W A L L S v; I >: D 0 v: s D 0 n R S T R I

T>pe jCondition. T>-pe ;'ondition T\T)e Cond'n

- Zond 'r.

1

i

1

1 .5

4- o

4- c

Dwell

inp, ^ i

-t-" ! cr,

! c3 ^ i " i

1

g

C

CC

U

CZ G

ex. a:

g ^ E

CJ o

G

4-^ c; (A U

G

I—! O ^

£

c

IT.

c

f-c

+-c

c

c ^

c

c

c

CI. vC

-SIsH

c

c

'c So

c/: c

^ - cc

t—

re c

in

c

001

' . i A

L_.- A A A A A *

002 * ii —

1

« A

'

1 A A A A

003

f * 1 —

r

* i A A A A A A

] 004 A ' 1 r A ' A

1 A A A A

1 012 A

1 _J

1 A A A A A A

I 014 * 1 A A

'

A A A A

] 015

' ^ * i

: A A A A A A

1 018 A A

i i 1

—^—

A A A A *

] 019 K

' i A A A A A

j 020 * A

1—.—

,

A

.—. ! A A A A

i

1 021

r * 1

1 A

, 1 * A A —

i 022

i A A

i * A *

1- '

I 023

1 A —_

A 'T '

i A —^ i A A

j

1 024 * i A A A A ! * A A

1 060 A

1 A

1 A r

—I

A —

A ——

j 061 * i —

1 * A A A A

I A

j 063

-— - - - — j A

: . A

i A

1

1 * A A ; A

^ 064 A

A

A A A A A A

065 —

M A A

i

, -——

A A

:

06" A

. * A ! * A

i , A * 068 A A A

1 A A A A A

069 A A A A A A A A

070 =^ A A A

i

1

! A A

1 A A 071 A * A A 1 A A * A

:

i 072 A A A i A h A

' A

'

\—

i

0^3 A A A !

j A A

" —

A A 074 ! *

1

A * f A

i

1

1 A •k

077 1 A A

1 \ A ; A ^ •k A A —

078 A A

1 j A ! A A

. -

079 A A hi * A A A A

. JQSAL 21 1 12 1 u 25 I D 1 -IS- 12 30 12 6 12

1 30

1

17
dwelling units were generally fairly good. With only minor exceptions,

plaster walls were sound. (The walls in three units had minor cracks

and the walls in unit Number 020 had both cracks and holes caused by

occupant abuse.) The steel casement windows in five units were considered

non-workable and beyond repair. The doors, molding and other trim in the

30 selected units were also sound.

Other than the hazard of lead-based paint on various surfaces there

were no major safety hazards or structural defects. There were no weak

or unsafe floors, or falling plaster from the ceilings. The walls were

not bulging, buckling, or collapsing. Six of the dwelling units had

roof and plumbing leaks and attendant wall and ceiling deterioration which

were repaired by the NCHA before the Program was underway.

The relatively good condition of the dwelling units severely limited

the opportunities for meaningful comparisons of costs and ease or difficulty of implementation of the abatement procedures under the wide range

of housing unit conditions which are typically found in Washington.

2.4.1 LEAD PAINT LOCATIONS AND LEVELS

Table A lists the lead paint locations and levels in each of the

units which satisfied the selection criteria in Section 2.2. Only sixteen dwelling units contained walls which met the selection criteria and

these were located in kitchen and bathroom areas. All of the units had

doors, door frames, windows or window frames which satisfied the selection criteria. The painted surfaces which provided the highest lead

measurements are indicated in Table 4 by asterisks.

The average lead levels found in the dwelling units are shown in

Table 5.

18
Table 4 Lead Paint Locations § Levels

(before abatement)

Dwelling Unit

Dwelling Unit Type

Kitchen

(Walls)

Bathroom (Walls)

Doors Door

Frames

Windows Windows Frames Baseboards

Chair Rails

Cabinets

N'FT R r\U U V 0 UUZ luTCT D MtLK 0 0 0 0

003 MFLR 0 0 0 0

A

004 SFA Q r\\J m 7 0

* 0 0 0

A

* A A 0

015 SFA * * A A

uxo MPT R o 0 0 0 0

A m Q MFT R 0 0 0 0

020 MFLR 0 0

*

021 \fFT R 0 0 U u 0

022 ^^FLR 0 0

A 0

023 MFLR 0

* A A A A

\fPT R 0 0 0 0

060 SFA

I

i * CiVJ A 061 SFA * * * A A Wo 0 0

A A

1

U04 orCPAA * A 0

Uob brA A 0

067 SFA A A A

1 *

uuo r\U

A A A 0

069 SFA A A A A A 070 SFA * A A A

071 MFLR 0 0

* A A

072 MFLR 0 0

*

073 MFLR 0 0

074 MFLR 0 0

*

077 MFLR 0 0

A

078 MFLR 0

* 0

079 MFLR 0 0 0 0 6 0

0 Denotes Lead Levels in Range of 2.0 - 5.0 m.g/cm^

* Denotes Lead Levels in Range above 5.0 mg/cm^

19
The hazardous areas were primarily found on walls in wet areas

(kitchens and bathrooms) , on windows and doors and on most interior trim

(door and window frames and base moldings)

.

Table 5

Average Lead Levels Found on Surfaces Selected

for Abatement in Washington, B.C.-

Average Lead Levels

Hazardous mg/cm

Areas SFA MFLR

Kitchen Walls 3.5 3.5

Bathroom Walls 2.8 4.0

Doors 11.0 5.8

Door Frames 12.3 4.3

Windows 12.1 3.0

Window Frames 10.2 4.0

Cabinets 7.0 4.0

The Program plan for Washington called for the abatement of wall

surfaces in dry areas (dining, living and bedrooms), as well as wet areas

and a number of barrier materials were selected specifically in order to

evaluate their adaptability and performance in such locations. Because

there were no hazardous dry wall areas, all of the barrier materials

were used in kitchens and bathrooms. For this reason, the housing sample

for the Washington Phase of the Program was unsatisfactory in terms of

the research needs for hazardous surfaces in a variety of dwelling locations representing areas which would not have high exposure to moisture

and water.

20
3. ABATEMENT PROCESSES

The materials and techniques which were selected for demonstration

in Washington, were chosen in part on the basis of the results of an

extensive laboratory testing program carried out by NBS in which the

performance and properties of seventeen potential lead paint hazard abatement methods were determined. The results of that work were reported

in NBS Technical Note 808 entitled Potential Systems for Lead Hazard

Elimination: Evaluations and Recommendations for Use [ 1]

.

The procedures and materials used in Washington are described below

and include: three techniques for removing paint; the process of removing and replacing interior components such as doors, windows and

trim; and five barrier materials for application to walls. Detailed

material and installation specifications of the processes used in Washington are presented in Appendix 1.

3.1 PAINT REMOVAL METHODS

The safety of workm-en and dwelling occupants was the primary consideration in the selection of paint removal methods to be demonstrated

as part of this Program. The general intention was to avoid any procedures which might result in lead poisoning due to the inhalation or

absorption of lead fumes or dust and there was concern for the potential

fire hazard associated with the use of open flames.

3.1.1 SOLVENT BASED PAINT REMOVER

A marine-industrial grade paint remover, containing methylene

chloride and methyl alcohol, as its principle ingredients, was used for

the removal of lead paint from windows, doors and other wood trim and

components. The particular product used was a "water wash paint remover"

21
meaning that it is emulsifiable with water and can be cleaned up by

washing. This type of product is reasonably safe for use on interior

surfaces in occupied units when workmen take proper precautions with

regard to open flames and adequate ventilation.

The product has good wetting properties and penetrates old paint

finishes fairly well. However, depending on the nature and number of

paint layers to be removed, more than one application of the remover

may be required to strip the paint down to the bare wood.

After a reaction time of approximately one-half hour, the softened

and blistered paint was removed with a hand scraper. Paint and remover

residue on the stripped surfaces was sufficiently small to require

only light sanding prior to repainting. Water was not used to wash

the stripped surfaces because of the concern for damage to surrounding

furnishings.

3.1.2 PAINT REMOVAL WITH HEAT

When paint is heated sufficiently, it softens, swells and usually

blisters so that it can be removed easily from its substrate with metal

scrapers. Several techniques are available for removing paint from doors,

windows and other wood surfaces, by means of heat generation.

Until recently, the use of propane torches has been quite widespread

for this purpose but they are falling into disfavor because of the extreme hazard of open flames (especially in occupied and furnished dwellings) and the danger of over-heating paints to the point of vaporization

of the lead pigments. A somewhat less hazardous device also uses a propane torch but the open flame is recessed behind a wire screen which becomes heated and, in turn, radiates thermal energy to the surface being

22
stripped of its paint. Another device uses high intensity electric lamps

to generate sufficient temperatures to blister paint. The amount of light

produced is in itself an extreme hazard and workmen and bystanders must

wear protective eyewear.

A portable flameless electrical hot air blowing device was selected

for this Program because of its effectiveness as demonstrated in laboratory tests and its low risk of fire and injury to the operator or bystanders.

This commercially manufactured device consists essentially of

an air blower attached to a reinforced flexible plastic hose through

which cold air flows to a cylindrical electric heater at the outlet

nozzle. The heater is heavily insulated, so that is can be hand held

while in operation. This apparatus is mounted on a stand which is quite

mobile. It is capable of producing a strong stream of hot air at- temperatures of between 175° and 540°C (350° and 1000°F) . The electric

heater has two heating rates, and the rate of air flow through the hose

can be varied. Electrical circuits or portable generators supplying

20 ampere currents at 115 volts AC are required for operation of the

hot air blower.

3.1.3 PAINT REMOVAL BY DIP TANK METHOD

Commercial furniture stripping plants have facilities for removing

old paint and varnish by totally immersing the component in large tanks

containing heated alkaline solvents in an aqueous medium.

Doors which were stripped by this process required two to three

hours of treatment during which time they were alternately soaked and

scrubbed with heavy bristle brushes. The total stripping time is

dependent on the nature of the paint, the number of paint layers and the

23
temperature and strength of the solvent bath. The doors can be stripped

with hinges and other hardware still attached to it. After the paint is

completely removed the doors are washed with water, allowed to air dry

and then returned to the dwelling from which they were taken.

3.2 REPLACEMENT OF COMPONENTS

Removal of doors, windows and trim and replacement with new components was carried out as an abatement process in this Program in order

to serve as a comparison with other abatement techniques. Windows

and doors which were found to be seriously deteriorated or damaged

so that they could no longer function were replaced. Interior doors

were replaced with new plywood veneer hollow core type doors which

were reinstalled on existing frames. Carpentry skills were necessary

for rehanging, fitting, and remounting hardware. Carpentry was

also required for replacing wooden sash windows and frames in single

family units. Metal windows, which were replaced in the apartment

units, were standard sizes ordered from a manufacturer. They were

replaced in existing metal frames by workmen specializing in such window

installations

.

3.3 BARRIER MATERIALS

Materials that are applied over existing lead painted surfaces are

intended to act as barriers, that is, they are required to prevent

access to the lead paint beneath it by virtue of their strength and

durability. The barriers also act to contain leaded paint beneath

them which might also chip or become separated from the substrate at

a later time if not so contained. The five barrier materials, which

were demonstrated in Washington, are representative of only a small fraction

24
of the commercially manufactured products which could be applicable for

this purpose. Nevertheless, they do represent a wide range of physical

properties and. include rigid board-like panels as well as flexible sheet

goods.

3.3.1 GYPSUM IMPREGNATED JUTE FABRIC

This wall covering product consists of jute fabric which is impregnated wwith unhydrated gypsum. It is applied to walls, in the same

manner as wallpaper,, with a water base adhesive which is recommended by

the manufacturer of the fabric. As the gypsum absorbs moisture from its

environment it hydrates and hardens to become a fairly rigid and impregnable material .

There are no safety hazards associated with the material and it can

be used in occupied and unoccupied dwellings if adequate space is available in which to lay it out, cut it to length and apply the adhesive.

A clean substrate, in good repair, is necessary for adequate

adhesion. The covering will, however, bridge minor voids and mask minor

substrate imperfections.

The product is supplied in 120 cm (48 inches) wide rolls wrapped in

polyethylene bags to prevent premature hydration of the gypsum. The

product is available in several pastel colors and may also be painted.

A clear surface protective coating can be applied if the material is to

be used in wet areas.

3.3.2 CEMENT IMPREGNATED GLASS FABRIC

This product is similar in appearance to the gypsum jute fabric described above. It consists of glass fabric impregnated with portland cement and develops into a rigid, strong material by absorbing moisture from

25
its environment. The general comments regarding safety, application,

intended use and finishing are the same for this product as for the

previous one.

3.3.3 GYPSUM WALLBOARD

Gypsum wallboard is a product which is comprised of a thick layer

of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) to which paper or other materials

are bonded to provide a finished or finishable surface. It is intended

for use on walls, ceilings or partitions and can be applied directly to

existing surfaces or furring strips of wood or metal.

Gypsum wallboard has been used extensively as a barrier material for

lead paint hazard abatement in cities throughout the country. Its advantages are: low materials cost; familiarity with the product among contractors; and particulary, its low flammability with regard to fire protection. The product used in Washington was regular, tapered edge,

3/8-inch thick, (9.5 mm) available in 4 by 8 feet (1.2 x 2.4 m) sheets.

It was applied directly to existing wall with adhesives and nails.

The installed wallboard was prepared for painting by finishing the

joints between the sheets with joint tape and compound, covering nail

heads with compound and sanding to a smooth finish.

Gypsum wallboard was included in the Program to serve as a reference

against which the performance and costs of other barrier materials could

be compared.

3.3.4 MELAMINE COATED HARDBOARD

This product is a 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) thick tempered hardboard to

which a 1 1/2-mil (.038 mm) thick melamine film has been laminated to

provide a serviceable, decorative finish. The material is supplied in
4x8 feet panels (1.2 x 1.^^ r.) and is applied to existing vails with an

adhesive. Preformed strips are used to cover vertical butted seans and

as a molding at the ceiling line. Wood baseboards are applied over the

paneling along the floor line.

3.3.5 gypsum: \^t:er plaster

The gypsun plaster used in this Prograr. was a one-cocponent prepackaged material which becomes plastic when mixed vrith water so that it

can be trowel applied to form a highly polished finish or can be worked

to achieve a textured finish. It was applied to sound plaster walls

which were first treated with a vinyl pol^Tner bonding compound to ir.prove

adhesion to the existing painted surfaces. The finished thickness of the

plaster was approximately 1/8-inch (3.2 rxi) . Skilled workmen are required for the satisfactory application of this product.

3.4 PACKAGE PLAN'S

The abatement methods being demonstrated in this Program were

grouped in a manner to assure that specific com-binations of techniques

would be carried out in assigned dwelling units. The groupings or "package plans" shown in Tables 6 and 7 indicate which abatement techjiiques

were carried out in a single dwelling after classification of the unit,

according to the housing selection criteria previously discussed. This

approach simplified decision making concerning the manner by which the

hazard in each unit was to be abated, and ensured that each r.ethod was

tested in the desired variety of housing units.

4. abate>2:nt >IETE0D ASSIGXMENT

A total of 35 housing units was originally required for the Washington Program. Fifteen were intended for use in demonstrating package

27
COo w

PS

U

Pio

<J

Pi

p^

PiH

COHwc

CO

PiH

COHZ>1-1 ow Pi

0)

CO oHOHH

CO

CO§HHOww

COo!z; H

COIo&H

:si COHIma

<:

p^H

<3

w

CO

u

<C oo p^w

Pi

<;O

pq < B

H

CO

>< p^

M

Pi >^ < Q o Ph

w<

P4w

Pi

IE

Pi

PiW

W

H

W CO a < > fU

Pi

PiW

W

H

CO S <C > PM

wu

<!

Phw

PiHM

<:owMM<

Ph

i-J I

CO

PL,

CO

PhM

PiH

COH

law>oM

P-( HMH

laM

<:

PhH

pj

H

;aM<PL. PJ

Pi

HM PJCO

<;

p; pa u

Ph

pyM

Pi > HM p:i

PJ P3 U

<dJ

F Ph S

PJ

M

Pi >

CO<oI HQOS "

Ph Ph I M I QI PhI 1

28
Table 7

ABATEMENT PACKAGE PLANS

FOR

DWELLING UNITS MEETING HOUSING SELECTION CLASSIFICATION II

WINDOWS DOORS

REPLACE REPLACE

REPLACE REPLACE

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT ,

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

DIP TANK

REPAINT

BASEBOARD ALL OTHER TRIM

REPLACE WITH

WOOD

REPLACE WITH

WOOD

REPLACE WITH

VINYL

REPLACE WITH

VINYL

VINYL REPLACE WITH

WOOD

SOVLENT STRIP

REPAINT

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

HEAT GUN

REPAINT

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

SOLVENT STRIP

REPAINT

29
plans I-A, I-B, I-D, I-F and I-G. The remaining 20 units were to be

used for demonstrating package plans II-A through II-G. Unfortunately

only 15 units meeting the criteria for Classification II could be found

during the time allotted for housing selection and, therefore, a total of

30, instead of 35 units were included in the Washington Program. In 15

of these units. Package Plans series II were assigned to abate the lead

paint hazard on walls, doors, windows and trim.

The detailed assignment of the package plans and abatement methods,

to all 30 units, are shown in Tables 8 and 9.

5. EVALUATION OF THE ABATEMENT PROCESSES.

This section of the report is a critique and commentary on the

effectiveness of the plans and systems under test for lead paint hazard

abatement in the Washington Program. It contains discussions of the

suitability of the abatement process assignments, adequacy of the abatement specifications, implementation characteristics of the abatement

methods and the effectiveness of the lead abatement techniques.

5.1 SUITABILITY OF ABATEMENT PROCESS ASSIGNMENT

The significance of the selection and assignment of specific package plans to the 30 dwellings in Washington was severely limited by the

lack of variance in the physical characteristics and conditions of the

units and the surface areas for which the hazard was to be abated.

Barrier materials which were primarily intended for use in dry areas

were applied in kitchens and bathrooms because of the nonexistence of

hazardous lead paint in bedrooms and dining rooms. The almost consistent

condition of sound walls in the units resulted in almost no opportunity

for engineering judgement in the selection of abatement methods to be

30
Table 8 ABATEMENT METHODS

Package Plan and Dwelling Unit Assignment

for Housing Meeting Selection Classification T

WALLS DOOR DOOR

TRIM

WINDOW WINDOW

TRIMS

Pkg.

,Plan

Dwelling

Unit No. BARRIERS SQ.FT KIT BATH

Replaced

(number)

Replaced

(LF) * Replaced

(number)

Replaced

(number^

I-A 022

078

p" vn ^51 itdT^ o p T f1 550

550

1

j_

1

1

88

4

2 TOTALS 1,100 2 2 16 6

I-B 023

U/ / .Veneer - Plaster

550

_/ _/ w

1

1

11

' 88

3 3

L J iLUU 0z

0

z. 16 3 3

I-D 071

072

073

Gypsum/Jute

fabric

550

550

550

11

1

1

1

1

1 6

4

6

1 c X J

9

TOTALS 1,650 3 3 16 15 2

Solvent

on-site

Solvent

' on-site

Solvent

on-site

I-F

063

069

074

Melamine

200

300

600

1

1

1

1

3

25

3 11 12

TOTALS 1,100 2 2 10 14 12

site

on- site Replace

I-G

018

019

021

020

061

Cement /Glass

Fabric

500

550

550

575

510

' 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

56 10

8

1

2

1

1

2

33

2

34

2

Solvent (2). on-site

TOTALS

1

2,685 5 4 29 4 3 8 9 (2)

* Linear Feet

31
Table 9

ABATEMENT METHODS

Package Plan and Dwelling Unit Assignment for Housing Meeting Selection Classification II

DWELLING

UNIT

ASSIGNMENT DOORS

DOORS

TRIM WINDOWS

WINDOWS

TRIM CABINETS ^ PKG. DESIGN- REPLACED REPLACED REPLACED REPLACED SOLVENT

PLAN ATION (Number) (LF)* (No) (Number) (Number) DIN— b lit,

1 1-

001

on?

003

024

8

1±

8

1

155 10

X X ^ 158 10

78 5

6

3

74

6

3

74 Kitchen

Medicine

TOTALS 18 504 31 20 20

II-B

064

065

067

31

1

142 10

224 15

176 12

14

8 148

Kitehen

Medicine.

D z7 z9 22

SOLVENT

-ON-SITE

(Number)

SOLVENT

ON-SITE

(LF) (No)

SOLVENT

ON-SITE

(Number)

SOLVENT

ON-SITE

(LF) (No)

II-C

114

060

068

070

58 10

140 14

80 8 210 21

90 9

4 10

7

34 4 47 10

66 13

33 7

Medicine

kitchen

Medicine.

TOTALS 23 520 52 21 180 34

II-D 004 3

i

1 5 1 33 5

HEAT

(Number)

HEAT

(LF) (No) ,

HEAT

(LF) (No)

II-E 015 3 40 4 1 6 1

II-F [ 079 60 6 1 64 6

r Kiccnen

[ ipedicine

SOLVKHT

(Number) on off

SOLVENT

(LF) (No)

Number

SOLVENT

(LF) (No)

Number

r

II-G I 012 6 3 120 12 4 18 4

1

* Linear Feet 32
used in particular cases. In short, there were no substantive decisions

made in the match-up of dwellings with package plans at the beginning

of the Program.

In spite of the limited opportunities, some important lessons were

learned as a result of abatement method assignments that were less than

optimal. Doors that were removed for stripping at the off-site dip tank

had to be temporarily replaced in occupied units. That process should

have been limited to use for only unoccupied dwellings. In a few cases,

sound ornamental wood trim was replaced with non-ornamental molding and

deteriorated trim was stripped and left in place.

5.2 ADEQUACY OF SPECIFICATIONS

The specifications used by the contractor in Washington were prepared by the Boeing field team. Using instructions for the use of materials and equipment and directions on safety precautions, waste disposal

and conditions of work (supplied by NBS) , Boeing developed the scope of

work for each of the 30 dwelling units.

The materials and installation specifications for all of the abatement methods (as presented in Appendix 1) include the following:

*Window, door and trim replacement are covered in part five of this

specification.

Specification Title Specification No .

General Requirements

Solvent Based Paint Remover

Electrical Heat Gun

Dip Tank Stripping of Doors

Painting

Gypsum Impregnated Jute Fabric

Gypsum Wallboard

Melamine Coated Hardboard

Gypsum Veneer Plaster with

0101*

0922

0923

0925

0919

0906

0901

0905

0912

Bonding Agent

33
Six contract document packages, each containing work scopes and

specifications for three to six dwelling units per package, were prepared

for the 30 dwellings. The completed documents were reviewed by HUD

and NBS before the abatement contracts were advertised for competitive

bids. Although each package received separate bids, the award for all

six packages was made to one contractor who was the low bidder in each

case.

During the contracting process the contractor was contacted several

times to ascertain his suggestions, comments, or criticism of the specifications. Neither he or his foremen had any criticism.

Technical and work related problems did occur during the Program but

none of the problems were related to a failure or inadequacy of the

specifications. In fact, most of the problems were caused by failure

of the contractor to follow the specifications.

5.3 IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS

One of the major objectives of the field demonstrations of lead

paint hazard abatement methods is the evaluation of the technical feasability and operational characteristics associated with the implementation of each method.

Implementation characteristics pertain to the working aspects of

lead paint hazard abatement. The field engineer or evaluator is primarily

concerned with functions such as: materials availability; the transportation of materials and equipment to the work-site; the process of

applying materials or techniques to surfaces which require abatement;

waste disposal; safety; finished appearance and other issues.

Implementation data and information were obtained for each abatement

34
method demonstrated in the Washington Program by on-the-job observations

both during and after the completion of the work in each dwelling unit.

The final ratings were based not only upon the observations and conclusions of those filling out the rating sheets, but also on information

and opinions acquired as a result of debriefings of the contractor's

workmen, their supervisors and representatives of the NCHA.

The major responsibility for rating the abatement methods was that

of the NBS field staff. NBS personnel attempted to keep abreast of the

progress of the work, in each of the 30 units, through frequent contact

with Boeing, the contractor and the NCHA so that they could plan to

be on hand to inspect each job at important stages of the work. This

was in fact difficult to accomplish because the contractor could not

maintain meaningful schedules due to: poor planning; late materials

deliveries; unscheduled vacations by workmen, and occasional denial of

entrance to the units by the tenants.

5.3.1 IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS RATING SHEET

A rating sheet was developed, based on the Matrix Priority Rating

System described by Dunford [4], in order to record and evaluate the performance of field demonstrated lead paint hazard abatement methods. The

basic attributes by which the characteristics of a lead paint hazard

abatement method can be defined are: safety; cost; appearance; physical

properties and the effectiveness of abatement. Of these attributes only

the first three (safety, cost and appearance) relate specifically to the

work aspects or implementation of the abatement.

The implementation factors shown in Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C are

derived from the three broad attribute catagories of safety, cost, and

35
-o

M 0)

Q

ai

u

M n! H 3 O iH

to> o H«

•rf o M M 0) EH

n)M ^ Osu M w

<u ^1 3 O

o* 4-) •H to c 3

j: i-H o to a> > H

to •H 4-1 ^

'-' < (1) 60

M t4-i (U -H > -o

0) o > -H

to 4J

to to

(U OJ

to s:

to 1-1

14-1 ^4 >4H tU -H > -a > • S o c c

to lU

36
U M-l <U -H > -o

iH 14-1 U ^

T-l -ri to -a

P.

to ir

O J3

r3 4-1

<u to > e e u ^ O to 0) "O O 14-^ > to

10 -a

(U fU -a

to to

CO (U

to &0

•H to

to 1 o. -a B to

4-1 c

Q) dl B

di oa

•H3 >>

ou

QJ to OS c

•H

4-1 •a c u m o BaH o 3

CT u T3

<U rH <U

to s •HOaa

CO l-( w

HI

to to

1-1 -H c -H

<u

37
> -H 3d

<I) 0) HI

l-l rH o u (U

4-1 4-1 U •o U) m c ra c y-t o HI o

•H U) 4J o 4-1 0) a c

4-> (0 3 c •H O

a)

Q e 1

<u <U

I-lD. « e to M 3O

)^

O »-< 4-1 o o tu CO Uh 14-1 4J OJ

lU (0 CO ;-i X. X CO (0 OO c 4-1 c » O

0) -H <U -H <u 01 o. > X. m CO •H 01

ai CO tu to o >

4J

X X. 1 1 CO c t3 c 01 •H •H o •H o •H l-l o m u M Otl

01 (1) OJ 4J 4-1 4J 4-1 4-1 (0 03 <D CO CO

>^

u 1-. Q) <u 0) OJ OJ TJ 'a t; o T3 o o O

t= e g E

1-H rH i-i iH

iH rH

n) ro to CO to e e E g g

to CO to

01 <p cu c c c c o o o o 0 c c < <: < < < 2 o C30

to

to

tu ^4

4-1 o 01 tH U

t/1 tog

J3 •H O iH >>

•(—) e u 4-1 CO XI

<y to

X 01

t:

m

4-1 r-\ 3 c CO to P OJ u

Co E O E a. tu CO c

•H o. tn 01 3 tfl o o O cr D. J m u H o -H o

QJ t4-) TJ 3

4-1 4J P (U 01 cw c

tw 4-1

O 01 Tj to c CO B

U) to CO 4-)

a 3 1-1 •H

ta tCn cw o 3

•H •HH CJ CH cr

4J 4-1 Si

H

B 01 c c X o

CI <u X) o o o V4

tu

V to o o o CU 01 •Ha

-<r in VO c»

CNI CN t>J

38
appearance. For example, preparation work, material supply and ease of

installation will clearly impact the cost of hazard abatement. The

factors for safety and appearance are self evident.

The total point value, for the criteria weight, is 200. The distribution of points is as follows:

Safety - 200

Cost - 700

(labor-450; materials- 150; and equipment-100)

Appearance -100

The allocation of these criteria weights was, of necessity, based on

engineering judgement and an intuitive feeling for those factors which

are most significant in evaluating and judging alternative and varied

abatement methods. The evaluation system for implementation characteristics is flexible and criteria weights can be changed as experience

demands. The implementation characteristics, shown in Figures 2A, 2B,

and 2C, are grouped into eight categories, (A through H as defined

below)

.

A. Preparation of substrate prior to application - This includes

surface and substrate pre-treatment , and relocation or modification of fixtures, utilities or heat outlets (if necessary)

prior to application of the abatement technique, system, or

material. Barrier and replacement systems and paint removal

techniques generally require relocation or modification of fixtures, utilities or heat outlets.

B. Materials Supply - This deals with the relative availability of

the materials in the quantities required and the sources of

supply (local or not)

.

39
C. Materials and Equipment Handling and Transportation - This category refers to the ease of transportation of materials and

equipment to the job sites and the relative resistance of materials to damage during transportation to, and handling at the

job site.

D. Relative Ease of Installation - This category covers such characteristics as: ease of cutting or shaping materials; ease of

application of materials generally; ease of application to contoured surfaces; impairment or destruction of areas adjacent to

those being abated; amount of finishing work required; need for

non-standard fabrication of parts or components and familiarity

(of the contractor) with, or adaptability to, the deleading

system being evaluated.

E. Special Equipment Requirement - This category considers the need

for both ordinary and special power tools and equipment. The

scores for this category grade from a maximum for those systems

requiring no power tools of any kind to a minimum for those

which require special power tools for installation.

F. Finished Appearance - For brevity, the lead paint hazard removal

techniques or systems being evaluated in this project are named

to describe only the hazard removal part of the procedures (e.g.,

paint removal: solvent method; replacement of doors, windows,

etc.) with no reference to any finishing procedures necessary

to complete the task. However, for most systems, finishing work

is required. Consequently the term "finished appearance" means

the appearance of the completed job after the finishing work,

40
such as painting, planing, or the application of beading, if

necessary, has been done.

G. Waste Disposal and Cleanup - Waste disposal and cleanup consists

of the following factors: amount of waste; ease of waste removal and disposal; ease of cleanup after job completion. This

category is particularly important insofar as it affects labor

costs and the possible need for special containers for handling

the waste accumulated from an abatement method.

H. Safety - This important category includes consideration of the

following factors: potential danger of materials and equipment

used for the job; need for safety equipment at the job site;

need for special handling of toxic waste disposal; discomfort

of workmen and/or occupants caused by materials or equipment.

A potential danger of injury, from the use of hazardous

equipment or materials required for implementation of lead

paint hazard abatement method, is a major consideration

in obtaining an overall rating for the method. The safety

of not only the workmen but also the tenants (especially

children) is extremely important. The need for great deal

of caution on the job, including special safety equipment,

and special handling of waste, can cause very expensive

job delays.

41
A numerical value called a "criterion weight" is assigned to each

implementation factor. This value was based upon engineering judgement

of the relative importance of each criterion in obtaining a total rating

for each system. Ranking answers were assigned to each implementation

factor and numerical "ranking rates" to each rank.

In using the rating sheet to evaluate a system, a ranking rate is

decided upon for each implementation factor. A score is obtained by

multiplying the criterion weight by the value of the ranking rate. The

scores for each implementation factor are totalled for each of the eight

categories in the rating sheet, (i.e.. Preparation, Materials, Supply,

etc.), and these, in turn are added together to obtain the total rating

for the system. The higher the score obtained, the better are its implementation characteristics. A space is given on the right hand side of

the rating sheet for pertinent remarks, if any, which might assist in

increasing the accuracy of the appraisal of a system.

Some systems (paint removal is an obvious example) require no

cutting or shaping. Consequently the meximum score available is given

to such systems for this characteristics. Where ease of application,

of materials, to contoured surfaces does not apply for a system, (for

example in replacement of doors, windows, and trim,) the maximum score

possible is given.

42
5.3.2 DISCUSSION OF IMPLEMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ABATEMENT METHODS

The summary ratings of eleven lead paint hazard abatement methods in

each of eight implementation characteristic categories are presented in

Table 10. The numerical values are composites of the evaluations of

the NBS technical staff and the Boeing field team. The first five entries

in the Table represent barrier materials which are intended for use in

abating lead paint hazards on walls. The remaining six techniques are

intended for the abatement of lead paint hazards on windows, doors, trim,

and similar surfaces. Although the evaluation ratings of the two groupings (barrier materials vs. replacement of paint removal) are not directly comperable, the actual values do indicate general relationships among

the abatement methods.

The ratings are consistent with the general engineering sense and

intuition arising from a great deal of exposure to the implementation

process and the related field work. Indeed, the general consensus of

the evaluators was that the fabric wall coverings were easiest to install

and the replacement of windows entailed the greatest number of problems.

A general discussion of the implementation characteristics of the

abatement methods and the significance of particular ratings follows.

5.3.2.1 SOLVENT BASED PAINT REMOVER

Viscous paint removers are applied to vertical and horizontal painted wood surfaces with a brush. After about twenty minutes the softened

paint is scraped with a variety of metal tools and the solvent-paint

waste is collected on polyethylene drop cloths.

ADVANTAGES - Paint removal using solvent-based strippers is a commonly

used procedure which is extremely familiar to all types of redecoration

43
Table

10

Summary

Ratings

of

Implementation

Characteristics

(Abatement

Processes)

;

Score

f- r-^

00

00

oo

oo

00

oc

bOc

oo c

00

ra-, ^ oo oo c

r- to

1

C0, c

<+ o

w. ^

oo oo oo

(NJ c. c

rj

oo oo <30 vC

to c (NJ OO

Waste

Disposal

\

Clean-up (50) LO

hO

oo

rsi ooto

CNJ to (NJ oto o (NJ

Finished

Appearance (TOO) c

oc ooo oo o o o

oo o

oo coo

(Z. vC

CL

Special

Equipment

Required

(100) OOI 100 o

oo 100 [ - o

a. ocr. a. o

OUI

Relative

ease

of

Installation (200) \Coo

I—

(

vC

oo

rH I-H

a.o

t-H

toc

t-H

1—

rH

to

I-H

Maximum

Possibl(

Materials

§

Equip.

Handling

%

Transportation (50) LO LOto

I-H rH ro

VI- to oLO

Materials

Supply(100)' o

oo coo OOI OCT OOI 001 OOI o(NJ C

oo OOI O

CO

Preparation (200) LO

LO

—I

LO

LO

I-H oI-H o

I-H oI-H t-H o[-~- I-H oo

I-H o

I-H o

o(NJ o

(Nl o(—1

Datement Methods

Gypsum

Impregnated

Jute

Fabric

Cement

Impregnated

Fiberglass

Melamine

Coated

Hardboard Gypsum

Wallaboard Gypsum

Veneer

Plaster

with

Bonding

Agent Trim

Door

§

Window

Frames Door Window

Electric Heat

Blower

1

Solvent

Dip

Tank

1

< q.uaui SDBiday XBAOuisy
and renovation workers. It is easily done by a single unskilled laborer

and no special tools or equipment are required. Adequate solvents are

readily available at local wholesale and retail building r:aterials supply

outlets.

D I SADVANTAGE

S

- Solvent-based strippers used in Washington were not capable of removing multiple layers of paint with a single application. The

general experience was that the cycle (of solvent application, reaction

time and scraping) had to be repeated 3 to 4 times on typical multi-layer

painted surfaces.

The solvent-paint combination is gummy and somewhat difficult to

handle and dispose of. The waste accumulated on the drop cloths does

not dry hard and tends to be tracked throughout the dwelling unit.

Significant safety precautions must be followed in order to control

the hazards inherent in the use of solvents. Adequate ventilation is

necessary, smoking and the use of open flame must be avoided as well as

direct skin contact with either the solvent or solvent-paint combination.

In general, extensive stripping of paint surfaces with solvents was

a cause of discomfort and displeasure to the w-orkmen. This lack of acceptance by the workmen could have been the cause of poorer workmanship

and less efficiency compared to the use of the heat gun.

5.3.2.2 PAINT REMOVAL l-TLT^ ELECTRIC EEAT GIT

The electric heat gun delivers forced hot air at temperatures which

are high enough to soften paint so that it can be scraped and removed

from wood substrates vrith a variety of metal tools. (See Figure 3)

ADVA>TTAGES - Very thick layers of paint, consisting of multiple coats,

can be stripped from wood surfaces at a single pass. In fact, it was

45

generally observed that the ease of stripping increased with increasing

paint thickness probably because of the greater absorption and retention

of heat and the greater entraprr.ent of solvents in the old coatings.

The device is portable and is easily operated by a single unskilled

laborer. The nozzle from which the heated air emanates is held in one

hand, and the other hand is used for scraping the paint immediately after

it is softened.

Aside from the minimal danger of being injured by misdirected hot

air the entire procedure is relatively free of hazards. The paint scrapings are hazardous by virtue of their lead content but they are dry and

hard almost immediately after removal from, the substrate and they are

easily collected and disposed of. There is no significant fire hazard.

In general the device is easily controlled, there are minimum discomforts to the operators, and target areas can be stripped quickly and

neatly without damage to the substrates or adjacent areas.

PI S ADVANTAGE

S

- In addition to the overall disadvantages inherent in all

paint removal methods (need for refinishing, waste disposal, etc.) the

use of the heat gun often requires auxilary electrical power. The device

draws 20 amperes at 115 volts AC which m.ost of the dwellings that require

lead paint hazard abatement do not have. Portable generators and sufficient elecrical cable is required to reach rooms in multiple storied

buildings

5.3.2.3 REMOVAL OF PAINT ON DOORS BY DIP TANK METHOD

Selected doors were removed from their locations and taken to a local

furniture stripping firm, where they were immersed in large solvent filled

tanks in order to remove the lead paint. Door knobs were taken off but

47
hinges were allowed to remain on the door. The stripped doors were dried

returned to the dwelling units, and rehung in their original locations,

(see Figure 4)

.

ADVANTAGES - Except for the fact that the removal and disposal of lead

paint occurs at a location away from the dwelling unit, no significant

advantage was gained from the use of the off-site commercial paint strip

ping procedures in Washington. The development of dip tanks ( for use

especially on doors) which could be brought to the work site might lead

to greater speed, efficiency and applicability to lead paint hazard abat

ment objectives.

DISADVANTAGES - Commercial furniture stripping establishments are not

geared to the stripping of large numbers of doors which are heavily

coated with pigmented paints. The turn-around time, from, removal to replacement was one week. During that time, temporary doors had to "be

hung in the dwelling units in order to maintain privacy and security.

The prolonged exposure of the doors to aqueous based alkaline solvents resulted in excessive swelling of the wood. Carpenters were required to plane the doors before they could be rehung in their original

locations.

In general, what was hoped would be a mass-production process, turn

ed out to be a time consuming one requiring individual skilled attention

to each individual door.

5.3.2.4 COMPONENT REPLACEMENT

Selected windows, wood doors and miscellaneous wood trim were removed and replaced with components which were chosen or constructed to

resemble the original items as closely as possible (See Figure 5, typi48
4-1 (U C 4J •a

•H U-i o

cfl CB

CL, 4-1

)-i 0)

(U O

U O

O o <4-l c

!-i (0 O H

•H u U P. o (U •H o 4-1 P

p cM :^ u

o

•H 4J

!-i (U > u ^ o

C e M <u

i-H

4-1 > 4-) o c

e •H

•H rt Pi u P.

cal wooden window installation) . Steel casement windows were replaced

with aluminum double hung windows.

ADVANTAGES - Wood trim and wood doors were removed and replaced easily

and quickly by skilled carpenters. Plain trim and doors were readily

available at local wholesale and retail building materials suppliers.

The avoidance of paint stripping eliminates the hazards of fire and

toxicity and the difficulties of clean-up and simplifies the problem of

hazardous waste transportation and disposal.

The replacement of inoperative or heavily damaged windows with a

functional component enhances the safety (in term.s of emergency egress)

and comfort control of a dwelling.

DISADVANTAGES - Ornate trim in older housing is very difficult to replace

with similar or comparable trim. Such replacements are often unaesthetic

and unacceptable to the dwelling occupants or owners.

Replacement doors were usually hollow core types which are not as

sturdy and secure as the solid hardwood doors usually found in older

dwellings.

Steel casement windows were taken out by removing bolts that hold

the assembly in place. These bolts were usually corroded and difficult

to loosen. Wood double hung windows were replaced by first ripping or

prying away the trim molding around it. This process usually entailed

considerable damage to the plaster walls around the window. Broken glass

was both an inconvenience and a hazard.

The storage of replacement trim, doors and windows is a problem in

occupied dwellings. There was usually insufficient work space for custom

carpentry. In cases where standard or commonly available replacement

51
windows are not acceptable, the procurement of special order items can

cause prolonged delays.

5.3.2.5 GYPSUM IMPREGNATED JUTE FABRIC AND CEMENT IMPREGNATED GLASS FABRIC

The impregnated jute and glass fabric are applied to walls in the

same manner as wallpaper or any heavy duty wall covering. (See Figures

6 and 7). The two products demonstrated in Washington were supplied by

the same manufacturer and were installed by the same workmen with no

differences in techniques or procedures. The following comments refer

to both materials because of the similarity of their installation.

ADVANTAGES - The jute and glass fabrics are capable of bridging minor

cracks and wall surface imperfections. The wall coverings are very

easily applied by workmen who are familiar with wallpapering. Only one

skilled workman is required to handle the job but a helper increases

speed and efficency to a significant degree. The materials are cut easily and adhesive is applied by roller. (See Figure 8). No toxic waste is

generated, no other hazards are involved and cleanup is minimal.

In general, there are no significant problems associated with the

use of these products. They are easily manipulated and applied.

D I SADVANTAGE

S

- Surfaces must be adequately prepared prior to installation in order to assure proper adhesion. Loose or cracked paint must be

scraped and damaged areas have to be repaired, sealed or primed. Dirty

or grease laden surfaces require cleaning.

5.3.2.6 MELAMINE COATED HARDBOARD

This rigid board product was applied to flat wall surfaces with

adhesive. Trim molding was nailed to the hardboard and through to the

walls at the ceiling, floor, and wall corners and edges.

52

mm

H I

cd 0) tH S M n) p. tH S u

CO(X u

00 -HU

M-l >-i o nj u

C

to o o

J-i -H -H

to .W >-( CU to ^

a< rH CO a- iH M-l to (0 •U (U iH CO 4-1 to C 3

C -H -r-

(U (U

I 4J 4-1 M-l CO

to c

0)

)-i 00

•H

ADVANTAGES - As in the case of similar rigid board products, with high

impact resistance, this material can be applied directly over seriously

deteriorated walls, with large voids, without prior repair. The melamine surface is factory applied and offers an attractive, durable finish.

The product is non-toxic and presents no significant hazard to workmen

or occupants during the installation. It is readily available at local

retail and wholesale building materials suppliers.

DISADVANTAGES - Melamine coated hardboard cannot be installed easily

with nails or other metal fasteners. The use of adhesives necessitates

a fair amount of surface cleaning and other preparation (scraping loose

paint) to assure proper adhesion. The product should be installed by

skilled workmen because errors in measurement and cutting, and damage to

the melamine surface, cannot be compensated for or repaired easily, as in

the case of gypsum wallboard.

Power tools are required to cut the hardboard. A properly finished

job includes the installation of trim molding at the floor and ceiling

and at all corners and edges.

There are difficulties in manipulating, cutting and placing large

rigid boards in the confined working environment of occupied dwellings.

5.3.2.7 GYPSUM WALLBOARD

This rigid board product was applied to flat wall surfaces with adhesives and nails. (See Figure 9).

ADVANTAGES - This material can be applied directly over seriously deteriorated walls, with fairly large voids, without prior repair. It is

easily cut with hand tools and can be nailed easily to a wall surface by

hand or with automatic staplers. Although gypsum wallboard is usually

56
igure 9 - Adhesive bead being applied to

gypsum wallboard. Wallboard is placed

directly on old walls, nailed, jointsfilled and taped. Joint compound is

applied to all depressions and joints

to provide a uniform surface, and

sanded to provide a surface ready for

painting.
installed by skilled workmen, damages and mis-cuts can be repaired easily

and it can, therefore, be applied by semi-skilled workmen.

Gypsum wallboard is widely available in various thicknesses and

lengths at local retail and wholesale building materials suppliers.

Contractors are extremely familiar with the product and the procedures

for its installation and finishing. There are no toxic hazards involved

in its application.

DISADVANTAGES - Installation with adhesives and nails was the method of

choice by the sub-contractor on the job. The use of adhesives necessitated surface preparation, including scraping loose paint and cleaning

dirt and grease, which would not have been necessary if only nailing had

been done.

A substantial amount of finishing work was required including:

spackling nail holes; spackling and taping joints; installing and spackling corner beads; finish sanding and finally applying at least two

coats of paint.

The product is heavy and is difficult to manipulate, cut and place

in the confined working environment of occupied dwellings. The various

stages of installation and finishing usually involves various building

trades and several days elapsed time between each operations which is

generally an inconvenience to occupants.

A considerable amount of gypsum dust results from cutting, and cleanup is a problem. Baseboard trim must be removed prior to installation

and then replaced. Electrical switch plates, outlet plates and heat

registers have to be reset outwards to accomodate the thickness of the

wallboard

.

58
5.3.2.8 GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER

This product is applied to wall surfaces, with a trowel, to a thickness of 3/32 inch (0.79 ram) after the application of a bonding agent which

is used to improve the adhesion between the old painted surfaces and the

plaster. The one-component plaster is mixed with water at the job-site

and is immediately applied as shown in Figure 10.

ADVANTAGES - Veneer plaster can be applied to curved as well as planar

wall surfaces. It can fill cracks and can fill other minor voids in otherwise sound substrates. It can be applied rapidly and provides an excellent surface for final finishes.

Because it is essentially a thin coating it can be feather-edged

into trim and other molding and there is no necessity for resetting

cover plates for electrical fixtures or heat registers. It can be

applied easily in confined work areas and around cabinets and other fixtures in kitchens and bathrooms.

D I SADVANTAGE

S

- In addition to the application of a bonding agent, other

preparatory work, including scraping loose paint and repairing major wall

damage, is required prior to troweling on the plaster. A fairly large

work area is needed to set up a work table for mixing and preparing the

plaster and the work must be done by skilled workmen. (See Figure 11)

After drying, of three to seven days, at least two coats of paint must

then be applied and the total elapsed time is generally an inconvenience

to occupants. A substantial amount of plaster dust and waste results in

a difficult clean-up problem.

5.4 LEAD PAINT HAZARD ABATEMENT EFFECTIVENESS

The effectiveness with which a hazard abatement method prevents a

child's access to lead paint depends on either, the degree to which the

59
60
61
lead is removed from the child's environment, or the permanence of the

physical barrier set up to prevent that access.

The permanence or durability of barrier materials is a function not

only of its basic strength and resistance to abuse but its adhesion to

the lead paint coated substrate it is meant to defend against. Physical

properties, measured in the laboratory can be indicative of the potential

performance of a material in actual use. Nevertheless, a real environment

may present conditions and forces, which are unpredictable or unreproducible

in the laboratory, that may be the cause of the ultimate failure of

materials in the field.

A long-term evaluation of the materials used in the dwellings in

Washington, by means of periodic inspections, is within the framework of

hud's research objectives. However, at this time, only the results of

laboratory tests are available upon which to base an estimate of the

durability and performance of those materials.

5.4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED FOR HAZARD ABATEMENT

The data in Table 11 is abstracted from NBS Technical Note 808 [1]

to which the reader is referred for additional details on test methods

and conclusions.

5.4.2 REDUCTIONS OF LEAD PAINT CONTENT BY REMOVAL METHODS

Table 12 presents average measurements of lead paint content of

specific surfaces before abatement and after paint removal, with solvents,

with the electric heat gun or by the dip tank method. Surfaces which

were covered with barrier materials were not measured after abatement.

With the exception of the work dpne in one dwelling unit (Number 069)

the paint removal methods achieved reductions of substantial amounts of

62
Table H

Physical Properties of Materials

Physical

Properties

Materials

Gypsum

Wallboard VeneerPlaster

Gypsum

Impregnated

Jute

Max. Supported

Impact

Resistance

in-lbf.

(joule)

80*

(9.0)

80+

(9.0)

80+

Max. Unsupported

Impact

Resistance

in-lbf.

(joule)

38

(4.4)

<1

(0.11)

12

(1.4)

Max. Adhesion

Bond

Strength

PS I (MN/m2)

(a)

40+

(.28)

45

(.31)

20

(.14)

NOTES: Physical properties of cement impregnated glass fabric are comparable to

gypsum impregnated jute fabric.

Laboratory data on Melamine coated

Hardboard are not available but should

be comparable to that of 1/4 in. (6.350

mm) tempered hardboard.

(a) - For adhesive systems only

63
T,r.bl^ 12 Effecflveness of

Lead Paint Removal

(Before § After Readings mg/cm^)

Methods c

•r-l -M

.—1 -H

IXc

O

Cc

!/; C/

>- E, O S

CC PV'indo\\'s Window Frames

Baseboards

rbair

Rails

Cabinets

B A B A B A n

A/\ r> A

/< DD A B A

Solvent

001 NIFLR

5.2

0.7 003 0.4 004

012

MFLR

SFA

SPA

2.2 1.4

1 2.5 1.3 2.9 1.5 3.2 1.3

4.6 0.9

_3J_

12.7

_ 0^_7_ 0.7

_3,_7_ 7.5

1,4__ 0.8

3.1 0.6 ..-Z..J_ 4.7

0.6

014 SFA 6.9 0.8 0.] 060

061 063

'

SFA

SFA

5.7 4.7 0.7 3,6 1.0 8.2 0.4

8.5 1.0 13.9 1.7 9.8 1.3 SFA 3.7 0.8 1.7_ 10.9 r,8~

064^^ SFA 3.4 0.5

067

068 069

SFA 13.2 1.1 SFA 2.4 0.8 6.9 0.2 8.6 0.5 12.5 0.8 6.0 0.6 SFA 22.1 2.6 19.6

10.1

5.4 1.725.5

6.7

" 4.4

070 SFA 8.7 0.4 9.0 0.3 1.7 17.6 1.8 —\—

Heat Gun

015 SFA 19.0 : 0.4 20.0 1.0 19.5 0.8 20.9 1.0 1

079 MFLR 2.9 . 0.0 4.1 0.2 3.2 0.2 3.5 0.4 3.2 0.1 3.2 0.2

DipTank

012

018 019 020

021

SFA MFLR8.5 0.1 4.0 0.7

r

.

MFLR 4.0 0.9 MFLR 6.1 ^0.7

MFLR 4.6 ' 0.9

1 , ' 061" SFA 11.6 1 1.4

t

i

SFA - Single Family Attached ^1FLR - Multifamily Low Rise

B- Before XRF Reading A - After XRF Reading

64
lead paint to less than 2.0 mg/cwr. Residual le\-els of lead are probably

due to the presence of lead vrhich penetration into the voce fi'bers during

the first application of lead-containing sealers or prir.ers. Sub-surface

lead pigments or cocpounds cannot be re-oved vith solvents or the heat

gxsn but this low level residue is net likely to represent a real lead

poisoning hazard. Obviously the hazard fron chipping and flaking paint

is eliminated.

6. PRELE-HNARY conclusions and RECOMMEm)ATIONS

The following conclusions and recomendations , pertaining to the

abatement methods demonstrated in '^rashington, are prelirn.nary because of

program plans to demonstrate the sane r.ethods in the subsequent stages of

the EHAP. Variations in the capabilities and responsiveness of sub-contractors; variations in housing conditions and other unpredictable factors

will impact the implementation of the abatement methods and consequently

their tecbjnical evaluation. Final recommendations will be presented at

the conclusion of the Program.

6.1 SOLVENT BASED PAINT REMOVER

Solvent based paint remover should be used primarily when only small

amounts of trim require abatement, and should be avoided in occupied

units.

6.2 PAINT RE>!OVAL BY ELECTRIC HEAT GL'N

Paint removal by electric heat gun is the method of choice for paint

removal from trim, especially in occupied or furnished dwellings. Portable electrical generators should be readily accessible because of 20 ampere

current requirement.

6.3 PAI^TT REMOVAL CF DOORS IN DIP TANK

Paint removal of doors in dip tank should be done only if a local
firm can be found which will assure a 1 to 2 day turn-around time for

large numbers of doors.

6.4 REPLACEMENT OF COMPONENTS

Windows - should be done primarily if they are no longer functional.

Doors - replacement is preferable to paint removal only if the

quality or f unctionability of the door will be up-graded.

Trim - replacement is the abatement method of choice unless ornate

trim cannot be replaced with an equivalent or acceptable

substitute.

6.5 GYPSUM IMPREGNATED JUTE FABRIC AND CEMENT IMPREGNATED FIBERGLASS

FABRIC.

Gypsum impregnated jute fabric and cement impregnated glass fabric

are the materials of choice when walls are in sound condition and there

is minimal or (preferably) no peeling paint. They should not be used on

walls or ceilings where there is high moisture content or direct water

contact such as in tub-shower areas.

6.6 GYPSUM WALLBOARD

Gypsum wallboard is the material of choice when walls are in poor

to bad condition with large voids and peeling paint beacuse of it's ease

of application with adhesive and/or mechanical fasteners. VJhen coated

with water resistant enamel paint it is suitable near tub-shower areas.

6.7 MELAMINE COATED HARDBOARD

Melamine coated hardboard offers no outstanding physical advantages

over coated gypsum wallboard,

6.8 VENEER PLASTER

Veneer plaster offers no outstanding advantage over gypsum wallboard

66 .
except for its applicability over curved surfaces. It's use should be

avoided in occupied dwellings.

67
7 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their sincere appreciation to Mr. Marcellus

Manley, Architect, NCHA, for his very valuable contribution to the

Program in scheduling inspection tours of housing, assisting in the

inspections, and help in monitoring the lead abatement work in Washington. Special thanks are also extended to Mr. Stefan Williams, Manager,

Langston Dwellings, for his cooperation and help in inspections of the

housing, and monitoring the lead paint abatement work at Langston

Dwellings

.

68
REFERENCES

Waksman, D., Ferguson, J.B., Godette, M. and Reichard, T., "Potential Systers for Lead Hazard Elinination: Evaluation and Recommendations for Use" National Bureau of Standards Technical

Note 808, (December 1973).

Boone, T.H., Ray, T.R., and Street, W.G., "Pilot Demonstration of

Lead-Based Paint Hazard Elimination Methods, Report on Field

Study No. 1", National Bureau of Standards Report, NBSIR 73-231,

June 1973.

Boone, T.H., Ray, T.R. , and Street, V.G., "Pilot Demonstration of

Lead-Based Paint Hazard Elimination Methods, Report on Field

Study No. 2", National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR 74-A38,

December 1973.

Dunford, R.R., "Decisions, Decisions", Industrial Research p. 27,

(July 1974).

69
9. APPENDICES

Specifications for Abatement Methods used in

Washington, D.C.

70
Appendix

SECTION 0101

General Requirements

General

Work Included in This Section:

Work included under this section of these specifications include providing all utilities, security, safety services, and

waste disposal required to complete work covered in statement

of work and not specifically eliminated in this section of

these specifications.

Workmanship

All work performed under this contract shall be accomplished

by qualified craftsmen for each task performed and shall be

in accordance with good workmanship.

Codes

All work shall be accomplished in accordance with all applicable national and local codes.

Permits

The contractor shall obtain and pay cost of all required

building permits.

Safety;

The contractor shall take all necessary precautions to assure

all work is accomplished in a safe manner and that all materials

are used and stored in accordance with the manufacturer's recom- mendation.

No poisonous or harmful material or dangerous equipment shall be

left accessible to tenant of occupied units. All such material

and equipment shall be removed from the site at the end of each

work day.

The contractor shall provide all required safety equipment for

his workmen to assure that the workmen are not exposed to hazard

Utilities

Public Housing :

In public housing units which are occupied, normal potable water

and 120 volt, 15 amp , single phase power (convenience outlets)

will be available for use by the contractor at no cost.

71
In public housing units which are vacant, it shall be the

responsibility of the contractor to provide all utilities

as required to accomplish work.

2.2 FHA Acquired Properties :

In acquired property units the contractor shall provide all

utilities required to accomplish all work covered under this

contract at no additional cost.

Part 3 Security

3.1 Public Housing :

In public housing units which are occupied, the contractor

shall take every precaution to safeguard property of the

occupant during construction. Care must be taken to assure

no door or windows are left unsecured when room is not

occupied. No window shall be left open at the end of the

shift which will expose tenant to danger of falling.

In public housing units which are not occupied, the contractor

shall have total responsibility for security during the con- struction period. It shall be his responsibility to assure

the building is secured (locked) at the end of each work day.

Boards removed from doors and windows must be replaced at the

end of each work shift. The contractor will not be responsible

for vandalism which is deemed beyond his control.

3 . 2 Acquired Properties :

The contractor shall have total responsibility for the security

of the dwelling during the construction period. Where units

are "boarded up" the contractor shall replace any removed boards

at the end of each work shift to prevent any unauthorized entry.

This contractor will not be responsible for any vandalism which

is deemed beyond his control.

3.3 Materials and Equipment ;

The contractor shall be responsible for the security of all

construction equipment and materials stored on site.

Part 4. Dimensions

All dimensions shown in the Technical Scope of Work are approxmate; exact dimensions shall be verified by the contractor.

72
Part 5 Window, Door, and Trim Replacement

All windows, doors, and trim to be replaced shall be replaced

with like qualitj' and to m^tch existing, except where specified

other^rf-se in Technical Scope of Work. VJhere vinyl base is

specified, base shall be 4" top set cove base as m.anuf actured

by the Burke Co. or equal. The contractor shall submit to con- struction engineer, for approval, all replacerient items not specified herein.

The contractor shall remove all waste material from the v7ork site

and dispose of it in a safe manner.

Material containing lead-based paint shall not be salvaged.

The follo^'ri.ng definitions are for clarification and shall apply

to all references herein and the Technical Scope of Work.

Window - (wood) - shall include the glass and the wood casing

holding the glass in place.

Window Frame - (wood) - shall include the head, jamb, sill, and

all associated trim of frame.

Door Frame - (wood) - shall include the jamh and head and all

associated trim of the frame.

Door Stiles - shall include the vertical edges of all doors.

- shall include edges and both faces of panel doors.

- shall include edges and minimum of 4" from edges

of flush doors.

Part 6 Disposal of Waste Material

Part 7 Definitions

73
SECTION 0922

Part 1.

1.1

1.2

Part 2

2.1

Part 3

3.1

3.2

Part A

4.1

Solvent Based Paint Remover

GENERAL

Work Covered Under Other Sections;

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paint by scraping after the paint has been softened with a water

wash paint remover, as called out in these specifications.

PRODUCTS

/ Water Wash Paint Remover :

Remover shall be Marine-Industrial grade and shall contain methylene

chloride, methyl alcohol, and an agent to cause the paint to emulsify

with water.

EXECUTION

Paint shall be allowed to blister and soften.

Softened paint shall be removed down to the substrate surface as completely as possible using scraping or brushing. In some cases,

pigment may remain embedded in wood grain and similar porous materials.

DAMAGES

The contractor shall protect adjacent areas from damages from

solvent during the course of his work.

74
SECTION 0923

Part 1.

1.1

1.2

Part 2.

2.1

2.2

Paint Removal by Electric Heat Gun

GENERAL

Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove lead bearing

paint by scraping after heating and softening with an electrically operated heat blower gun as called out in these specifications.

EXECUTION

Paint shall be allowed to blister and soften.

Softened paint shall be removed down to the substrate surface as completely as possible using scraping and/or brushing. In some

cases, pigment may remain embedded in wood grain and similar

porous materials.

75
SECTION 0925

Paint Removal of Doors in Dip Tank

Part 1 GENERAL

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to remove paints with a hot alkaline solution complete as called out in these specifications.

Part 2 PRODUCTS

2 . 1 Paint Remover :

A hot alkaline process shall be used.

2 . 2 Neutralizer :

Shall be as recommended by the paint remover manufacturer.

Part 3 EXECUTION

3.1 All metal components that could be attacked by paint remover

shall be removed or treated as recommended by the paint remover manufacturer.

3.2 Paint shall be allowed to blister and soften.

3.3 Softened paint shall be removed as completely as possible using

scraping or brushing. In some cases, pigment may remain embedded

in wood grain and similar porous materials.

76
SECTION 0919

Painting

Part 1. General

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of vrork for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of

all labor, materials, and equipment required to paint over surfaces previously covered with lead based paint as called

out in these specifications.

Part 2. Products

2.1 Acceptable >^anufacturers and Materials:

Except as otherwise specified, materials shall be equivalent

to the "best line" or "first line" products of the following

manufacturers

Benjamin Moore & Co.,

Sherwin Williams

,

Glidden, or PPG, Industries or Sears, Roebuck & Co.

>Iaterials selected for coating system.s for each type surface

shall be the product of a single manufacturer.

Select types of coatings listed for specific application in

Part 3 - Execution of this specification.

Paint shall contain no m.ore than 0.5% lead by weight.

2.2 Colors:

As called out in the Technical Scope of Work.

2.3 Mixing and Tinting :

Deliver paints and emamels ready-m.ixed to job sites.

Use tinting colors recommended by manufacturer for the

specific type of finish.

Fungicidal agent, when applicable, shall be incorporated into

the paint by the manufacturer.

77
Execution

Inspection :

Examine surfaces scheduled to receive paint and finishes for

conditions that will adversely affect execution, permanences

or quality of work and which cannot- be put into an acceptable

condition through preparatory work as included in Article 3.2,

Preparation.

Do not proceed with surface preparation or coating application

until conditions are suitable.

Preparation of Surfaces :

Wood: •

Clean soiled surfaces (with alcohol wash)

.

Except where rough exterior surface is specified, sand to

smooth and even surface, then dust off.

Apply knot sealer to all knots, pitch and resinous sapwood

before priming coat is applied.

Fill nail holes, cracks, open joints, and other defects

with wood filler after priming coat has dried. Color to

match finish color.

Plaster (and Gypsum Wallboard)

Fill narrow, shallow cracks and small holes with spackling

compound

.

Rake deep, wide cracks and deep holes. Dampen with clear

water. Fill with then layers of patching plaster. Fill

with thin layers of drywall joint cement.

Allow to dry. Sand smooth. Do not raise nap of paper on wallboard

.

Ferrous Metal Surfaces:

Perpare surface in accordance with recommendations of

directions of manufacturer of rust-inhibitive primer.

Feather edges of sound paint by grinding, if necessary.

78
3.2 Continued

Galvanized Metal:

Clean surface with mineral spirits to remove oily residue.

Dry with clean cloth.

Aluminum;

Clean surface with mineral spirits.

3 . 3 Application :

General Requirements

Do not apply initial coating until moisture content of surface is within limitations recommended by paint manufacturer.

Apply paint enamel (stain) and varnish with suitable brushes,

(or) rollers, (or spraying equipment).

Rate of application shall not exceed that as recommended

by paint m-anuf acturer for the surface involved.

Keep brushes 5 (and) rollers, (and spraying equipment),

clean, dry, free from contaminates and suitable for the

finish required.

Apply stain with brush, or as recomm.ended by manufacturer.

Comply with recommendation of product manufacturer for drying

time between succeeding coats.

Sand and dust between each coat to remove defects visible

from a distance of 5 feet.

Finish coats shall be smooth, free of brush marks, streaks,

laps or pile up of paints, and skipped or missed areas.

Leave all parts of molding and ornaments clean and true to

details with no undue amount of paint in corners and depressions.

Make edges of paint adjoining other materials or colors clean

and sharp with no overlapping.

Change colors at locations where colors differ between adjoining spaces or rooms and where door frames do not match

wall colors.

Painted Work:

Back prime all exterior woodwork with house paint primer.

Back prime all interior trim.

Runs on face not permitted.

79
3.4 Cleaning ;

Touch up and restore finish where damaged. Remove spilled,

splashed, or splattered paint from all surfaces. Do not mar

surface finish of item being cleaned. Leave storage space clean

'

, and in condition required for equivalent spaces in project.

3.5 Painting Schedule:

A. Surfaces not to be painted:

Face Brick

Pre-finished wall, ceiling and floor coverings.

Items with factory applied final finish.

B. Paint Schedule:

Exterior Wood:

Woodwork including siding and trim where leaded paint

is removed.

Painted

First coat exterior wood primer compatible with

intended finish coat.

Second coat exterior flat latex wood finish.

Stained and varnished .

First coat exterior wood stain

second coat (stained) paste satin varnish

Third and fourth coats exterior satin varnish

Rub between coats with steel wool or extra fine sandpaper.

Painted trim, shutters, doors, windows, etc.

First coat exterior latex enamel wood primer.

Second coat exterior glass latex enamel.

2. Exterior Ferrous Metals.

First coat metal primer .

Touch up shop coated ferrous metals with a primer

compatible with shop coat.

Second and third coats exterior enamel.

Minimum total dry film thickness shall be 5 mils.

80
3. Galvanized Metal:

First coat galvanized metal primer.

Second coat exterior enamel.

Total minimum dry film thickness shall be 5 mils.

4. Exterior Aluminum:

First coat wash primer

Second coat exterior enamel

5. Exterior Copper:

First and second coats copper clear finish.

6. Interior Wood:

Woodwork (trim) (paneling) and (doors)

.

First coat enamel undercoater.

Second and third coat semi-gloss latex interior

enamel.

7. Interior (concrete) (concrete masonry units) (plaster) - Enamel

First coat primer-sealer

(Primer not-required over block filler)

Second and third coats semi-gloss latex interior enamel.

8. Interior (concrete) (concrete masonry units (plaster)

flat finish:

First and second coats interior flat latex wall paint.

9. Interior Gypsum Wallboard - Enamel:

First coat primer sealer, second and third coats

semi-gloss interior enamel.

10. Interior Gypsum Wallboard - Flat Finish:

First cost primer-sealer, second and third coats

interior flat latex wall paint.

81
Interior Ferrous Metals:

First coat metal primer.

Touch up shop primed metals with primer compatible

with shop coat.

Second coat enamel undercoat. Third coat semigloss interior enamel. Mimimum total dry film thick- ness shall be 5 mils.

82
SECTION 0906

G3rpsuE - Jute Fabric

Part 1. General

1.1 Work Covered Under Other Sections :

The scope of work for providing terrporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

1.2 Work Included Under This Section:

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials , and equipment required to apply gypsum-jute

fabric complete as called out in these specifications.

1.3 Storage and Handling :

>Iaterial shall be stored and handled in accordance with manufacturer's specification.

1.4 Environmental Conditioning :

Provide heat to miaintain a minimxnn surface tenperature of 40°F

for a period of 12 hours before and after application of gypsumimpregnated fabric wall covering.

1.5 Maintenance Instructions :

The owner shall be furnished a copy of the fabric manufacturer's

maintenance instructions containing the fabric manufacturer's

recommended cleaning materials and application methods including

precautions in the use of cleaning materials which may be detrimental to the surface if improperly applied.

Part 2. Products

Materials

Gypsim-Jute Fabric shall conform to the following:

Color: selected by construction engineer.

Total wall covering weight: 21 oz/sq. yd.

Fabric Backing (count): 9x9 1/2

Fabric Backing: Stainless Jute

Fabric Backing Weight: 7.5 oz/sq. yd.

Coating Weight: 13.5 oz/sq. yd.

83
Fire Hazard Classification: As tested by ASTM E84-61 as applied

with manufacturer's approved adhesive in accordance with application instructions provided with the adhesive.

A. Flame Spread: 15 (Class 1)

B. Fuel Contributed: 0

C. Smoke Development: 0

Adhesive shall be as recommended by wall covering manufacturer.

Gypsum-jute shall be as manufactured by Flexi-Wall Systems

Division of Wall and Floor Treatment, Inc., Greenville, S.C.

Adhesive shall be recommended by the wall covering manufacturer.

Execution

Surface Preparation : ^

Loose paint or scale, and any abnormal surface protrusions and

water sensitive materials or pigments that bleed in water or oil

shall be removed. Enamel or gloss paint surfaces shall be dulled

and rinsed with clear water. Complete all other trade work that

penetrates the substrate before beginning fabric installation.

Starting work shall indicate acceptance of a suitable substrate

surface.

Installation ;

Fabric shall be installed in accordance with the recommendations

of the manufacturer.

84
SECTION 0901

Gypsum Wallboard

GENERAL

Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety, and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to install gypsum wallboard complete as called out in these specifications.

PRODUCTS

Gypsum Wallboard :

Wallboard shall be in accordance with ASTM C 36-70 or Federal

Specification SS-L-30C, Type III, Grade R, Class 1, and shall

be 3/8-inch thick (directly on walls) and 1/2-inch (when furred

attachment is used.)

Molding :

Corner bead shall be U.S. Gypsum No. 101 Dura-bead or equal.

Casing bead shall be U.S. Gypsum No. 200A m.etal trim or equal.

Molding shall be installed with formed m.itered, tight, smooth

comers, and splices.

Furring

Furring strips shall be 1" x 2" comm.on 2.a.iii (PS 20-70) grade.

Adhesive :

Adhesive for bonding paneling to framing or to existing surfaces

shall be as recommended by the wallboard manufacturer.

Nails :

Wallboard fastened directly to furring and framing shall be

fastened with smooth shank nails, ASTM C514-70, 1 1/4" long

in 3/8" wallboard, and 1 3/8" long in 1/2" wallboard.

85
Wallboard fastened over existing wall surfaces shall be fastened

with smooth shank nails and shall penetrate framing a minimum of

7/8".

Screws :

Screws shall be self-tapping, bugle head for use with power

driven tool.

Type S - 1" long, shall be used to fasten wallboard to sheetmetal.

Type W - 1 1/4" long, shall be used to fasten wallboard to wood.

Type G - 1 1/2" long, shall be used to fasten wallboard to wallboard.

Type G shall be used to fasten wallboard to an existing plaster wall;

minimum penetration into framing shall be 5/8".

Joint Treatment Materials :

Perforated joint tape or tape in accordance with ASTM C475-70 or

FS SS-J-570A, Type 11 shall be used.

Joint compound shall be in accordance with ASTM CA75 or FS SS-J570, Type I, or equal.

Laminating Adhesive ;

Laminating adhesive shall be in accordance with wallboard manufacturer's recommendation or ASTM C557-67.

EXECUTION

Surface Preparation ;

Remove foreign material, loose plaster, and loose paint.

Where plaster has been removed, install shims (by fastening to

framing) of the same thickness as the removed plaster to provide

a level surface.

Frame around utility piping obstructing panel installation.

Wallboard shall be conditioned prior to application by storing

in the room in which wallboard is to be applied.

Panels shall be stored vertically and separated with furring

strips.

86
3.2 Installation Method:

Direct Adhesive Attachment: (Preferred Method)

This method is to be used when surface level and areas of loose

surface materials do not prevent positive bonding of contact adhesive.

Test for soundness of paint bond where condition is questionable:

Apply 3/8" wide x 3" long bead of adhesive to 8" square of

gypsum wallboard and press wallboard square onto wall surface. Allow setting time per adhesive manufacturer's instructions. Pull square away from wall. Paint bond is

acceptable if paper surface of wallboard square is separated

from wallboard square. Repeat procedure wherever wall surface is questionable.

Attachment to Furring: (Alternate Method)

Install furring horizontally over existing wall surface. Space

furring 16" on center. Use wooden shims to plumb furring strips.

Furring fasteners shall penetrate at least 3/4" into existing

framing members, with two nails at each framing member intersection.

Install 2" X 3" or 2" x 4" vertical studs flat where surface

cannot be levelled and plumbed with shims. Studs shall be

16" o.c, and nailed to top and bottom wall plates.

3.3 Wallboard Installation;

General

Wallboards of maximum lengths shall be used to minimize end

joints.

End joints shall be staggered and located as far as possible

from center of wall or ceiling.

Secure all ends and edges of wallboards panels.

Direct Adhesive Attachment (Preferred Method)

Each sheet of wallboard shall be fitted before applying adhesive.

The adhesive bead shall be 3/8" diameter and installed 16" o.c. or on all framing.

One bead shall be installed at each abutting edge.

87
Press wallboard firmly into contact with adhesive. Nail top and

bottom edges 8" o.c.

Nail Attachment (Alternate Method)

Nail wallboard directly to studs with 1 3/8" smooth shank nails.

Spacing of nailing shall be 8" o.c. top and bottom and 12" o.c. elsewhere along framing.

Wallboard attached to furring shall be with 1 3/8" smooth shank

nails. Spacing of nailing shall be 8" o.c. top and bottom and

Wallboard installed over existing wall surface, nails shall be

sized to penetrate a minimum of 7/8" into existing framing.

Spacing of nails shall be 8" o.c. along edges and 16" o.c. elsewhere along framing.

Screw Attachment (Alternate Method)

Screw spacings shall be as specified above for nailed attachment.

Joint System:

"V" grooves formed by abutting rounded edges of wallboard shall

be filled with prefilled joint compound.

Prefill joint compound shall be permitted to harden prior to

application of tape.

Compound shall be applied to all joints and angles to be reinforced in a thin uniform layer and reinforcing tape applied

immediately.

Skim coat shall be applied immediately following tape embedment.

Dry embedding coat shall be applied prior to application of fill

coat

.

Fastener depressions shall be raised level with the surface by

three separate applications of joint compound.

Two finish fill coats shall be applied and adequate time shall

be allowed for drying between coats.

All joint compound surfaces shall be sanded to provide flat sur- faces ready for decoration.

88
SECTION 0905

Part 1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

Part 2.

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

Melamine Coated Hardboard

General

Work Covered Under Other Sections:

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section ;

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of

all labor, materials, and equipment required to install Melamine paneling over existing interior walls as called out

in these specifications.

Samples :

The sub-contractors shall submit to the construction engineer

for approval prior to start of work the manufacturer's descriptive literature, a 12" x 12" sample of paneling and a 6"

long sample of molding.

Products

Melamine paneling shall be 1/8" thick, tempered hardboard

with thermosetting synthetic resin finish of not less than

1 1/2" mils. The paneling shall be "Marlite" as manufactured

by the Masonite Corporation or approved equal.

Finish:

The paneling finish and color shall be selected by the con- struction engineer. Nails shall be finish type, color to

match paneling. Putty stick color shall match paneling.

Molding:

Molding shall be as recommended by the manufacturer and shall

match the approved paneling sample.

Furring:

Furring strips shall be 1" x 2", common 2.a.iii (PS-20-70)

grade.

Adhesive

Adhesive for bonding paneling to framing or existing surface

shall be as recommended by the paneling manufacturer.

85
2.6 Nails:

Paneling attached directly to furring and framing shall be

fastened with 3d finish nails. If one end of the panel must

be nailed, do not nail other end. Panels must be free for

expansion.

Part 3 Execution

3.1 Surface Preparation ;

Remove foreign material, loose plaster and, if Direct Adhesive

Attachment is used, loose paint.

Where plaster has been removed, install shims of same thick- ness as removed plaster to provide a level surface.

Fit paneling around existing utility piping and install

escutcheon plates.

Paneling shall be stored in the room to recieve paneling application for a period of 24 hours minimum. The paneling

shall be stored in a vertical position. Separate each panel

with furring strips.

3 . 2 Installation Methods ;

Direct Adhesive Attachment (Preferred Method);

This method is to be used when surface level and areas of

loose surface materials do not prevent positive bonding of

contact adhesives.

Test for soundness of paint bond where condition is questionable;

Apply a 3/8" wide x 3" long bead of adhesive to a 8" x 8"

square of gypsum wallboard, press wallboard square onto

wall surface. Allow setting time per adhesive manufacturer's instructions.

Pull square away from wall. Paint bond is acceptable

if paper surface of the wallboard square is separated

from wallboard square. This procedure shall be re- peated wherever wall surface is questionable.

Attachment to Furring (Alternative Method)

Install furring horizontally over existing wall surface.

Space furring 16" o.c. Use wooden shims to plumb furring

strips.

90
Furring fasteners shall penetrate at least 3/4" into framing

menbers, attached with two nails at each framing member

intersection.

3.3 Panel Installation:

General

Panel clearance shall be 1/8'' top or bottom. Clearance gap

shall be covered with molding or base as appropriate.

Panel shall be aligned such that vertical edges are over framing or existing studs.

Direct Adhesive Attachxient (Preferred Method)

Each panel shall be fitted before apply adhesive. Adhesive

application shall be as recommended by the r:anufacturer

The adhesive bead shall be 3/8" diameter and installed 15"

o.c. or on all furring, where applicable.

One bead shall be installed at each abutting edge but not

trithin 1" of edge.

Press firmly into contact with adhesive.

3.4 Molding:

Molding shall be installed vrith formed mitered, tight, smooth

comers and splices.

91
SECTION 0912

Gypsum Veneer Plaster with Bonding Agent

GENERAL

Work Covered Under Other Sections ;

The scope of work for providing temporary utilities, security,

safety and disposal of waste materials is covered under Section

0101 of these specifications.

Work Included Under This Section :

Work included under this section includes the furnishing of all

labor, materials, and equipment required to apply a plaster

veneer coat complete as called out in these specifications.

Product Storage, and Handling: ^

Plaster and other cementitious materials shall be kept dry until

ready to be used, and wet or deteriorated materials shall be re- moved from project sites.

Job Conditions :

Temperature: Gypsum plaster shall not be applied unless a minimum

temperature of 55°F has been and continues to be maintained in

building for a minimum of two days prior to plaster application,

during plastering, and a minimum of seven days after plaster is dry.

Ventilation: In glazed buildings, windows shall be kept open

approximately 2 in. top and bottom and 4 in. for side pivoted

or sliding windows.

Enclosed areas and during freezing weather, ventilation shall

be provided by mechanical means.

In unglazed buildings subject to hot, dry winds or temperature

differentials of 20°F or more, openings shall be screened with

plastic film.

Gypsum Plaster :

Materials installed over radiant heating systems shall withstand temperatures of 115 degrees F.

PRODUCTS

Materials ;

Gauging plaster shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 28-68.

92
2.1 Continued

Normal Finishing Hydrated Lime shall conform to the requirements

of ASTM C 6-49, Type N.

Veneer Plaster shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 587-68.

Bonding Agent shall conform to the following:

Must be an aqueous phase, film forming, non-oxidizing, nondeteriorating, ready-to-use composition suitable for spary,

brush, or roller application.

Must re-emulsify when touch dry (approx. 40 min. after applying) and anytime up to 10 days following application.

Must demonstrate a two-hour fire rating in an assembly tested

according to ASTM E 119.

Film must remain flexible indefinitely and be free from tendency

to harden or craze crack.

Must be capable of 5 cycles freeze (-10°F) and thaw with no effect on bonding performance.

Must be tested in bond from -35°F to +310°F without failure.

Must be unaffected by alkalinity of cement and of resistants

to mild acids.

Must have tensile strength of 600 psi, ASTM C 190.

Must have shear strength of 400 psi, ASTM C 109.

Must have flexural strength of 600 psi, ASTM C 78.

Must be color tinted for identification.

2.2 Mixing

General

Batches shall be sized for complete use within a maximum of one hour after mixing and to set within a maximum of four hours.

Partially set plaster shall not be retempered or used.

Frozen, caked, or lumpy material shall be removed from job

site immediately.

Factory-prepared plaster shall be mixed in accordance with

manufacturer's written instructions for type of surface to

which applied.

93
Mechanical mixing

Mixer shall be cleaned of set or hardened materials before

loading materials for new batch.

Mixer shall be maintained in continuous operation while

adding and mixing materials.

Hand Mixing

Hand mixing shall be prohibited unless authorized by the

construction engineer.

Mix Proportions

Veneer Plaster: Factory manufactured veneer plaster specified be manufacturer.

White Skim Coat (Alternate material to veneer plaster) shall

be mixed using 80 lbs. dry line and 60 lbs. gauging plaster,

and sufficient water to apply.

Bonding agent shall be mixed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

EXECUTION

Surface Preparation :

All foreign material shall be removed including dirt, dust, oil,

grease, wax, efflorescence, loose paint, plaster, casein, other

water soluable paint, glue, size, and wallpaper.

Recently painted surfaces shall be allowed to cure at least 60

days before application of bonding agent.

Glossy surfaces shall be dulled with an abrasive.

Sealer shall be applied over chalky paints.

Application of Bonding Agent :

Bonding agent shall be applied over the entire surface in a con- tinuous film with brush, roller or spray.

Application of one-coat plaster :

Plaster shall be applied within a week after bonding agent is

dry (no longer tacky) ; preferably immediately.

Veneer Plaster (preferred Method)

A minimum 3/32-in. thick finish coat shall be applied.

A uniformly thick, dense, and polished surface shall be provided.

94
3.3 Continued

White Skim Coat (Alternate Method) :

A 1/16 to 3/16-in. thick coat shall be applied. A uniform, dense,

and polished surface shall be provided, or textured to match

existing wall surfaces.

95

NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

•U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 75-761

2..Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4, TITLE AND SUBTITLE

The Demonstration of Experimental Lead Paint Hazard

Abatement Methods in Washington, D.C.

5. Publication Date June 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)Thoma<? H Rnnnp HaT-vrov U 'Ro-»-croT- A P'^^^1^n r-r-^m-r, Herbert A.. Jaclc^on

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 75-761

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. tOUotUU

11. Contract/Grant No. IAA-H-35-75

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Interim FY' 75

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary ol most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This report describes the first stage of an experimental lead paint

hazard abatement program carried out in 30 dwelling units in Washington,

D.C. The entire program will ultimately involve the abatement of lead

paint hazards in a total of approximately 250 dwelling units located in

three or more cities.

The procedures, demonstrated in Washington, included: ' paint re- moval methods using chemical solvents and a heat producing device; the

replacement of components such as windows, doors and wood trim and; the

installation of flexible sheet and rigid board barrier materials over existing

lead paint on wall.

The report presents procedures and the foims used in inspecting

and selecting dwellings for lead paint hazard abatement, evaluations of

the suitability and implementation characteristics of the abatement

methods and recommendations for their use. Subsequent reports will present the results of comparable programs

in additional cities and a final report will compare the cost-effectiveness of the alternative abatement methods.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Abatement; barrier materials; building materials; housing; lead-based paint; lead

poisoning; paint removal

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

jCX! Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

102

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price $5.25

, ^ ^

' '

. USCOMM-DC 29042-P74

r. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975—210-801/53