# Washington State

Base Year 2002 County Inventories

(Selection Sections for report)

See the following documentation for methodology descrip tion for the specific area source categories listed below from the 2002 Washington inventory (From the Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories, Prepared by Washington State Department of Ecology Air Quality Program, Sally Otterson, Beth Stipek, July 15, 2004, (3-3-2006: locomotive correction)).

 Locomotives (3.7)

 Prescribed Burning (there was no growth projection for this category) (3.8)

 Residential Yard and Trash waste (3.10 and 3.11)

 Architectural coatings (3.13)

 Commercial/Consumer solvents (3.14)

 Residential Wood Combustion (3.15)



# Prepared by Washington State Department of Ecology Air Quality Program
contact: Sally Otterson, Beth Stipek

July 15, 2004

3-3-2006: locomotive correction

## Table of Contents

TT1 Introduction

............................................................................................................... .............. 3 1.1 Background and Purpose ................................................................................................ 3

1.2 Pollutants and Sources .................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Spatial Resolution ......................................................................................................... .. 5 1.4 Temporal Resolution....................................................................................................... 6 2 County Demographics and Other General Activity Indicators............................................... 7

3 Base Year 2002 Emissions Estimates................................................................................... 12

3.1 Point Sources .............................................................................................................. .. 13

3.2 Onroad Mobile Sources ................................................................................................ 15

3.3 Paved Road Dust........................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Unpaved Road Dust ...................................................................................................... 33 3.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources, Excluding Ships, Locomotives and Aircraft....................... 37 3.6 Ships...................................................................................................................... ........ 42

3.7 Locomotives................................................................................................................ .. 44 3.8 Prescribed Burning ....................................................................................................... 48 3.9 Agricultural Burning..................................................................................................... 50 3.10 Residential Yard Waste Burning .................................................................................. 56 3.11 Residential Trash Burning ............................................................................................ 58 3.12 Dry Cleaning.............................................................................................................. ... 60 3.13 Architectural Surface Coating ...................................................................................... 61

3.14 Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use ...................................................................... 69

3.15 Residential Wood Combustion ..................................................................................... 74 3.16 Agricultural Tilling Operations .................................................................................... 78 3.17 Livestock and Poultry Waste ........................................................................................ 80

3.18 Soil Ammonia Emissions.............................................................................................. 84 3.19 Fertilizer Application.................................................................................................... 86

3.20 Notable Sources Not Inventoried.................................................................................. 89 4 National Inventory Format (N IF) General Information........................................................ 89

5 Emissions Summaries .......................................................................................................... . 89

5.1 Annual Emissions ......................................................................................................... 90

5.2 Seasonal Source Per cent Contributions ........................................................................ 90 5.3 County Summary Tables............................................................................................... 91

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### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

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## 1 Introduction

1.1 Background and Purpose

An em issions inventory is part of an overall air quality management program. Emissions

inventories are used in SIP attainment/mainten ance planning, other AQ planning and rule efforts, public information, point source fee generation, and to meet federal air quality reporting requirements. A complete emissions inventory c ontains emissions from point, area, mobile and biogenic sources of air pollution.

During 1998-9 Ecology HQ prepared statewide, count y-level inventories of point, area, mobile and biogenic sources of criteria pollutants and ammonia for base year 1996 and projected year 2010. During 2001-2 the 1996 inventory was revise d and the projection was updated to 2018. The inventories were used in several major efforts including 1) the state Visibility Protection SIP Reviews submitted to EPA in 1999 and 2002, 2) review and update to the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and Western Regional Air Partners hip (WRAP) inventory, and 3) served as the baseline inventory in AIRQUEST (formerly No rthwest Regional Modeling Center) projects. The inventory was also used in many in-house analyses, public information requests, and in Canadian analyses of cross-border air quality.

To continue the work above, and in response to the new federal emissions inventory reporting rule (40 CFR 51.1 - 51.45), Ecology updated the base year inventory to 2002. As resources allowed, air toxics emissions were inventoried. Similar to the 1996 inventory, this inventory will have many end-uses, including optional use by local air agencies to fulfill EPA reporting requirements.

## 1.2 Pollutants and Sources

The inventory includes estim ates of criteria pollutants, ammonia, and some air toxics for sources

as shown in the table below.

Table 1-1: Sources and Pollutants Inventoried

Source Category Pollutants

Point Sources SORR 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, NH 3 , toxics

Onroad Mobile Sources SO 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, NH 3 , toxics

Paved Road Dust PM 10 /PM 2.5 Unpaved Road Dust PM 10 /PM 2.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources, Excluding Ships, Locomotives
and Aircraft SO 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO

Ships SO 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO

Locomotives SO 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, toxics Prescribed Burning PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, toxics Agricultural Field Burning PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO Residential Yard Waste Burning PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, toxics Residential Trash Burning SO 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, toxics Dry Cleaning toxics Architectural Surface Coating VOC, toxics

Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use VOC, toxics

Residential Wood Combustion SO 2 , NOx, PM 10 /PM 2.5 , VOC, CO, toxics Agricultural Tilling Operations PM 10 /PM 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Waste NH 3 Soil Ammonia Emissions NH 3 Fertilizer Application NH 3



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## 1.3 Spatial Resolution

The inventory was developed at the county level.

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## 1.4 Temporal Resolution

The inventory was developed for each of the four seasons, and annual total. Seasonal em issions were calculated as seasonal totals and as seasonal average daily emissions (except as noted in the text). Generally, Dec-Feb was classified as winter, Mar-May as spring, Jun-Aug as summer and Sep-Nov as fall.

Abbreviations used are tpy (tons per year), tps (tons per season) and tpsd (tons per season day).

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

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## 2 County Demographics and Other General Activity Indicators

Em issions estimation methods for many source categories rely on surrogate parameters as indicators of activity. For example, to estimat e the amount of woodstove activity, the number of households is required. County demographic and other general parameters used in emissions

calculations described under Section 3 are presented here. The number of persons per household was calculated with 2000 Census population and housing data. 1 , 2 

## This number in turn was divided into the population estimates for 2002 to estimate the number of households in 2002. 3



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

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### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

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## Table 2-1: Population and Housing, 2002

Population Households (HH) County Name Incorp Unincorp Incorp Unincorp Persons/HH

Adams 8,555 8,045 2,725 2,562 3.14

Asotin 8,455 12, 245 3,437 4,978 2.46

Benton 112,990 34,610 41,848 12,819 2.7

Chelan 37,935 29,665 14,261 11,152 2.66

Clallam 25,930 38,970 10,895 16,374 2.38

Clark 187,690 175,710 69,258 64,838 2.71

Columbia 2,845 1,255 1,180 521 2.41

Cowlitz 54,915 39, 485 21,203 15,245 2.59 Douglas 12,561 20, 539 4,518 7,388 2.78 Ferry 975 6,325 379 2,461 2.57

Franklin 38,385 12, 915 11,527 3,878 3.33

Garfield 1,515 885 623 364 2.43

Grant 39,775 36,625 13,438 12,373 2.96 Grays Harbor 41,375 27,025 16,484 10,767 2.51

Island 22,606 50,494 8,762 19,571 2.58

Jefferson 8,455 18, 145 3,791 8,137 2.23 King 1,422,625 351,675 583,043 144,129 2.44 Kitsap 73,355 161,345 27,371 60,203 2.68

Kittitas 20,280 14,520 8,145 5,831 2.49

Klickitat 6,580 12, 720 2,570 4,969 2.56

Lewis 28,280 41,920 10,835 16,061 2.61

Lincoln 5,637 4, 563 2,301 1,862 2.45

Mason 8,495 41,305 3,255 15,826 2.61 Okanogan 15,862 23,938 6,031 9,102 2.63

Pacific 7,060 13,940 3,056 6,035 2.31

Pend Oreille 3,065 8,735 1,211 3,453 2.53

Pierce 395,792 329, 208 147,135 122,382 2.69

San Juan 2,045 12, 555 938 5,759 2.18 Skagit 59,895 45,205 22,602 17,058 2.65

Skamania 1,837 8, 063 698 3,066 2.63

Snohomish 327,540 300, 460 121,311 111,281 2.7 Spokane 224,147 201,453 87,901 79,001 2.55

Stevens 9,422 30, 978 3,529 11,602 2.67

Thurston 94,365 117, 935 37,152 46,431 2.54

Wahkiakum 560 3,240 228 1,317 2.46

Walla Walla 39,110 16,290 13,918 5,797 2.81

Whatcom 95,482 76, 718 36,866 29,621 2.59

Whitman 34,252 6, 348 12,828 2,378 2.67

Yakima 137,326 87, 674 45,623 29,128 3.01

State Total 3,617,974 2, 423,726 1,402,876 925,720 2.58



## References

1 

### Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94- 171) Summary File, 2000 Census of Population and

Housing, Technical Documentation . US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau. Census block information available from ftp website: files ssgeo.upl (where ss = state).2GCT-H5: General Housing Characteristics. Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1). Geographic Area:Washington. Occupied housing units.3April 1 Population of Cities, Towns, and Counties. Washington State Office of Financial Management.June 2002. Estimate of 2002 population.Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 10Table 2-2: Average Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled in thousands, 2002RuralUrbanCountyInterstPrin ArtMin ArtMajColMin ColLocalInterstFree/ExprPrin ArtMin ArtColLocalTotalAdams56140101821661280000001,438Asotin027363716280032562918279Benton789118816588611284126266283552723,713Chelan05601652384413502242922338411,698Clallam05480207295003415252111401,223Clark61619111339762871,7951,0341,1487714757017,390Columbia0880304845000000210Cowlitz1,429377028945414182211922191851533,297Douglas0333401111001860130823026281,063Ferry026519948113000000336Franklin035702327882287159245150791021,769Garfield0880293627000000180Grant56732044531422718077688515527532,518Grays Harbor07362002654071017310013467501,837Island042002595386008211940181,078Jefferson0414118914443006106235868King1,1564771,070278410913,7825,6677,9356,6012,9434,32344,345Kitsap0766105275306509948266162553304,261Kittitas1,982141017297137130666026182,711Klickitat0268232416971000000672Lewis69737811926458807800140140104692,830Lincoln25617870149128124000000905Mason0496442298036001723035241,146Okanogan0365415146952220000001,242Pacific03151011223134000000602Pend Oreille01071135726108000000412Pierce36419185827047963,4712,2743,2463,0608301,82416,531San Juan00053182000000091Skagit93228924238784513881751093501761063,289Skamania01620241757000000261Snohomish1,031730612698671284,4738011,4981,8781,1261,29014,333Spokane581720954871421581,480922,5591,5693667669,015Stevens04471273051141180000001,110Thurston93440124643767451,3482515646783103975,678Wahkiakum087026125000000129Walla Walla039510999843909216112240611,202Whatcom591190206693746362003584701882063,658Whitman04750217144111001084226181,143Yakima834298291794169123359896696101972944,726State Total13,32212,4226,2739,3632,7813,36429,41812,88821,24418,7648,11511,237149,189

## Table 2-3: Land Area in Washington (in square kilometers)

County Water Urban Barren Transitional Forest Shrubland Grassland Urban

Grass Agric., ex.

Orchards Other

Adams 12 65 1 0 3 1,921 162 0 2,714 7

Asotin 18 22 0 10 201 630 422 1 325 0

Benton 166 147 3 0 5 1,971 444 7 1,702 32

Chelan 213 44 425 80 4,548 962 1,232 0 12 192

Clallam 2,296 44 49 207 4,064 49 41 4 109 21

Clark 58 166 1 70 1,084 42 24 7 261 19

Columbia 13 11 3 9 600 524 245 0 842 0

Cowlitz 87 52 47 390 2,158 49 22 0 77 17 Douglas 97 38 4 0 40 2,081 862 2 1,619 53 Ferry 159 15 3 337 4,126 351 618 0 99 3

Franklin 72 92 0 0 3 1,351 65 3 1,752 6

Garfield 19 6 3 33 360 414 371 1 680 0

Grant 314 154 4 0 14 3,132 642 7 3,047 110 GraysHarbor 733 60 34 406 4,149 54 23 2 120 87

Island 852 56 12 8 372 15 8 10 73 15

Jefferson 939 22 158 214 3,970 87 87 2 19 47 King 440 729 88 385 3,654 180 161 25 160 38 Kitsap 469 151 1 32 782 26 6 7 11 10

Kittitas 105 57 56 288 2,458 2,108 548 2 378 16

Klickitat 102 45 6 141 2,076 1,417 611 0 642 17

Lewis 75 41 34 491 5,032 98 41 1 410 20

Lincoln 76 60 2 2 269 2,208 256 0 3,155 22

Mason 255 39 6 215 2,149 47 28 2 21 31 Okanogan 187 63 191 182 7,141 2,722 2,696 0 294 173

Pacific 664 26 123 91 2,175 23 13 0 46 48

Pend Oreille 80 18 2 231 3,054 68 73 0 113 8

Pierce 343 380 119 314 2,967 126 116 22 142 150

San Juan 1,061 11 1 5 358 12 7 2 55 9 Skagit 431 70 213 255 3,325 168 165 2 336 100

Skamania 82 9 123 546 3,338 115 69 0 9 16

Snohomish 168 313 197 186 4,052 182 178 9 229 70 Spokane 59 314 5 81 1,234 719 307 16 1,736 34

Stevens 168 50 5 365 4,990 248 330 2 545 15

Thurston 96 138 1 74 1,492 41 31 6 228 38

Wahkiakum 81 2 1 33 615 5 2 0 54 14

Walla Walla 57 63 1 0 102 905 149 2 2,005 45

Whatcom 960 84 369 88 3,621 298 268 4 410 216

Whitman 62 60 0 0 21 862 298 2 4,352 2

Yakima 50 185 143 176 4,156 3,112 1,400 3 1,373 396

State Total 12,121 3,902 2,433 5,945 84,758 29,324 13,021 152 30,155 2,099



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## 3 Base Year 2002 Emissions Estimates

To estim ate emissions, four basic tasks were completed for each source category. The four tasks were: 1) estimate the activity level, 2) adjust/allocate the activity level (or emissions) temporally and spatially, 3) determine emission rates per the activity, and 4) estimate emissions. The tasks are described below for each source category. Emissions estimates may be found in Section 5

.

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## 3.1 Point Sources

Stationary point sources are large, stationary sources that can em it both criteria and toxic air pollutants into the atmosphere. Point sources can be defined by their potential to emit criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutants. Major point sources are those with the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any one criteria pollutant or a combination of criteria pollutants, and/or point sources with the potential to emit 10 tons per year or more of any single Hazardous Air Pollutant, or 25 tons per year or more of a combination of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Section 112, CAA). Facilities with a major source potential-to-emit are included in Title V Air Operating Permit (AOP) programsunless a facility voluntarily adopts federally enforceable permit limits that reduce their potential-toemit below the criteria and HAPs thresholds. Facilities that adopt these limits are called Synthetic

Minor sources.

Local Clean Air Agencies, Ecology Regional Office s, and Ecology’s Industrial Section report the data for facilities in their jurisdictions according to state and local regulations and air operatingpermit programs. Title V AOP facilities report air emissions annually to Ecology on a pointsegment level by Source Classification Code (SCC). Data is reviewed and compiled in the Washington Emissions Data System (WEDS) database.

Stationary point sources included in the 2002 base year inventory are Title V sources (major) and some Synthetic Minor sources dependent upon the data each agency has submitted for the 2002 reporting year.

3.1.1 Activity Level


## Individual facility throughputs and production rates determine the activity level for each facility. Emissions are tracked and calculated at a point -segment level by SCC, including specific stack parameters, operating schedules, production rates and throughputs. The point source summary in the 2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) does not include detailed information such as throughput data, or operating schedules. The final NEI 2002 report to EPA will include these data for facilities that do not consider their throughput as confidential.

3.1.2 Temporal Allocation


## Point source emissions are not adjusted according to a temporal allocation profile. Individual facility operating schedules will be reported to EPA and show percentages per season of total annual operations at each facility. Individual facility operation schedules can be used to determine their percent contribution of regional emissions during the year, however, they do not affect facilities’ base year 2002 pollutant summaries.

3.1.3 Emission Rates and Estimates


## Criteria and HAP emissions estimates for each facility are calculated using any number of emissions estimation methods: mass balance, EPA emission factors (AP-42), CEMs, Best Professional Judgment (BPJ), stack test data, ma nufacturer’s specification, speciation profiles, and/or other state, manufacturer, research group emission factors. The facility pollutant summaries do not include this level of detail, however, it can be provided by request.

The emission summaries were compiled by query from an Access database. Each facility’s emissions estimates were summed by pollutant for each facility. The final emission summary

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### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

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## includes a total in tons per year for each pollutant and facility. Below is an example of the structure

from the main database table.

Table 3-1: Point Source Summary Table Structure Example

YR AGENCY ID FIPS
Code SOURCE

NO PLANT NAME PM PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NOX VOC CO

2002 S 031 9999 SMITH Inc 391 297 189 555 450 74 1781



## Note: PM emissions estimates are reported as filterable, condensable, or total suspended particulate. These parameters are not considered in the PM emissions totals for facilities.

## 3.2 Onroad Mobile Sources

Onroad m obile source emissions are those generated by operating vehicles on public roadways. Emissions from fuel combustion and evapora tion, and brake and tire wear were estimated.

3.2.1 Activity Level and Spatial Allocation


## The activity measurement for onroad mobile sources is the number of miles driven. The units are typically given in average daily vehicle miles traveled (ADVMT). ADVMT is normally estimated from traffic counts collected over a sampling area, or through use of travel demand models, which simulate vehicle travel patterns based on demographic and economic parameters and are validated

with traffic counts.

For this inventory, ADVMT was estimated through use of the national Department of Transportation’s Highway Performance Monito ring System (HPMS) as obtained from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). 4 

## HPMS is a system of traffic counts collected over several urban and rural sampling areas. The sampling areas do not coincide with county boundaries. WSDOT makes estimates of county ADVMT by functional classification from HPMS, 5, 6 

## although they caution that they do not carry the same validity that the HMPS data by sampling area does. The WSDOT county estimates were used in this inventory and are shown in

Table 2-2

.

A further spatial breakout of ADVMT was m ade to incorporate the vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs which are operated in areas of Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish, and Spokane Counties. The fraction of total ADVMT within the I/M area of each county was determined using link-level ADVMT available from local transportation planning agencies. 7, 8, 9



## The fractions are shown in Table 3-2 below. In the Puget Sound area (King, Pierce, Snohomish Counties), the program started in a smaller geographic area in 1983 and expanded to the current area in 1993; thus, there are two programs listed for these counties.

Table 3-2: I/M Program Area County Fractions

County no I/M I/M I/M expansion*

Clark 0.04 0.96 n/a King 0.07 0.73 0.20

Pierce 0.09 0.00 0.91

Snohomish 0.21 0.31 0.48 Spokane 0.26 0.74 n/a * refers to Puget Sound 1993 expansion area



### 3.2.2 Temporal Allocation


## WSDOT provided monthly ADVMT adjustment f actors for the 1990 carbon monoxide and ozone nonattainment area base year inventory efforts. 10 

## The factors were compared to similar data for

1994 11 

## and showed very little change. The WSDOT adjustment factors were multiplied by the ADVMT estimates and the average number of days per month (365/12) to estimate total monthly VMT, which in turn was used to estimate seasonal ADVMT.

Table 3-3: WSDOT Monthly VMT Adjustment Factors

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 15Adjustment Adjustment Month Freeway Arterial/Local Month Freeway Arterial/Local

Jan 0.878 0.914 Jul 1.083 1.061

Feb 0.896 0.947 Aug 1.114 1.077

Mar 0.963 1.001 Sep 1.044 1.013 Apr 0.997 1.020 Oct 1.020 0.987 May 1.013 1.024 Nov 0.975 0.950

Jun 1.057 1.065 Dec 0.959 0.942



### 3.2.3 Emission Rates: MOBILE6.2


## Emission rates in grams per mile were generated using the EPA model MOBILE6.2. 12 

## Emission rates were generated for unique combinations of: county, month, facility type, vehicle type, speed, pollutant, pollutant type (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, tire wear) and I/M area.

Local data was used for the following input para meters: evaluation month, registration distribution, temperature, humidity, inspection and maintenance (I/M) program, speed by facility type, and fuel parameters for Reid vapor pressure (RVP), fuel program, diesel sulfur content, oxygenated fuel program, Tier 2 phase-in, and gasoline composition parameters necessary for air toxics estimates. The parameters are described below.

3.2.3.1 Evaluation Month


## The MOBILE model can calculate emission factors that represent a January 1 or July 1 fleet. The evaluation month affects the age of the fleet (and how reformulated gas is modeled when applicable). Reformulated gas does not apply in Washington, therefore the evaluation month only affects fleet age. Emissions for January through March were calculated with the January 1 setting. The remaining months were calculated with the July 1 setting.

3.2.3.2 Registration Distribution


## Washington has a substantially older fleet than the national average. To model the effect of the older fleet, local data from the Washington Stat e Department of Licensing (DOL) was used to calculate the July 1 vehicle age registration distribution. 13 

## Because DOL does not register all transit and school buses, alternate sources of information were obtained. Transit bus data came from Federal Transit Administration Annual Report data. 14 

## For school buses, a Washington-specific

2001 distribution was used. 15



### 3.2.3.3 VMT Fractions


## VMT fractions are the fractions of VMT allocated to each vehicle and facility type. Local data was not deemed suitable for developing reliable VMT fractions; therefore, the MOBILE6.2 default was

assumed.

3.2.3.4 Temperature and Humidity


## Average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures for 2002 from several meteorological stations in Washington were used to develop the MOBILE6 input temperature parameters. 16


## Because information required to calculate average monthly humidity values for 2002 were not readily available, long-term average (1961-1990) humidity, and pressure from several meteorological stations in Washington, Oregon a nd Idaho were used to develop the MOBILE6 input humidity parameters. 17



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## The hum idity value required in MOBILE6 is a mixing ratio in mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air. A calculation formula based on relative hum idity, temperature and pressure was distributed

with MOBILE6. 18 

## EPA guidance for calculating the ratio states that the lowest ratio of the day(s) should be used (humidity is a daily, not hourly input). As an alternate, the highest ratio that does not result in a relative humidity greater than 100% can be used. 19



## Data from reference 17 was used to calculate the ratios. Average monthly relative humidity is available for four different hours: 4, 10, 16 and 22. In the vast m ajority of cases, hour 4 relative humidity is the highest, and hour 16 is the lowest. These hours roughly compare with the expected hours of the minimum and maximum temperatures. Using hour 4 and 16 relative humidity with the average daily pressure, and minimum and maximum temperatures, respectively, ratios were calculated. The minimum temperature and hour 4 relative humidity produced the lowest ratio, and kept the relative humidity from exceeding 100% even at the maximum temperature of the day. The calculation using the maximum temperature and hour 16 relative humidity produced a higher ratio, but often exceeded 100% relative humidity at the minimum temperature. The alternate guidance of using the highest ratio that does not result in a relative humidity greater than 100% produced higher ratios than the hour 4 calculations, but actual relative humidity rarely is 100%; therefore, the alternate EPA guidance was not used.

It should be noted that use of the guidance produces ratios that are well below the MOBILE6.2 default of 75, and in some cases produces ratios that are lower than the lowest acceptable value of 20 in MOBILE6. All values lower than 20 were set to 20 for MOBILE6.2 modeling.

County assignments were made on the basis of predominant areas of traffic and population, e.g., Clallam and Jefferson Counties were assigned SeaTac meteorological data since most of the population lies in the easternmost portions of the counties. County assignments to each meteorological station are shown below.

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## Table 3-4: County Meteorological Station Assignments

Temperature
Station Humidity
Station County Assignments

SeaTac SeaTac, WA Clallam, Island, Jefferson, Ki ng, Kitsap, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish,

Whatcom Olympia Olympia, WA Cowlitz, Lewis, Skamania, Thurston

Vancouver Portland, OR Clark Quillayute Quillayute, WA Grays Harbor, Mason Raymond Astoria, OR Pacific, Wahkiakum Spokane Spokane, WA Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, K lickitat, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens

Yakima Yakima, WA Adams, D ouglas, Grant, Lincoln, Yakima Pomeroy Lewiston, ID Asotin, Columbia, Garfield, Whitman

Kennewick Pendleton, OR Benton, Franklin, Walla Walla



## Table 3-5: Average Monthly Humidity Mixing Ratios, Longterm Averages

month Astoria Quillayute Olympia Portland SeaTac Spokane Yakima Lewiston Pendleton

Jan 26 25 23 24 24 14 14 18 17

Feb 28 27 25 26 26 17 17 20 20

Mar 29 27 25 29 28 19 19 22 22 Apr 32 30 28 32 31 22 21 26 25 May 39 36 33 40 38 30 27 35 31

Jun 46 43 42 49 46 38 36 45 38

Jul 52 48 46 55 52 40 40 45 38 Aug 53 49 47 64 54 39 40 43 37 Sep 46 43 40 49 48 32 33 37 32

Oct 38 35 32 39 39 24 24 30 27

Nov 32 30 27 31 30 20 19 24 22

Dec 27 26 24 25 25 15 15 19 18



## Table 3-6: Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, 2002

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima

Jan 46.5 44.5 41.4 45.4 45.9 44.7 35.2 44.8 43.8

Feb 50.7 48.5 46.6 48.6 50.6 48.2 38.9 51.7 48.6

Mar 53.0 48.9 45.1 47.2 50.1 47.5 41.9 51.0 52.1 Apr 66.4 57.7 58.2 53.4 57.5 55.7 56.1 59.5 63.9 May 72.5 62.1 65.0 56.8 60.5 60.8 62.8 64.5 69.4

Jun 84.0 72.4 75.8 64.1 66.2 70.2 74.9 73.8 81.2

Jul 93.2 76.6 87.2 68.0 72.0 74.2 86.1 80.1 90.4 Aug 87.6 78.0 81.8 67.5 73.6 75.7 80.9 80.2 85.8 Sep 80.4 72.1 75.5 65.1 70.7 70.1 72.2 76.4 77.2

Oct 64.3 60.1 59.8 58.2 60.1 57.9 56.5 63.1 63.7

Nov 50.5 53.8 50.0 55.6 54.3 53.4 45.2 55.2 51.1

Dec 45.4 46.7 41.4 48.7 48.2 47.8 37.8 48.8 40.2



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## Table 3-7: Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, 2002

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima

Jan 32.5 34.0 27.4 35.9 34. 3 36.7 25.9 34.5 25.7

Feb 29.6 30.2 25.9 34.4 32. 0 35.5 23.8 33.2 25.1

Mar 34.8 32.0 29.1 34.0 33. 5 36.2 26.9 34.3 26.5 Apr 42.3 35.5 35.3 37.2 37. 7 41.8 34.6 40.0 33.6 May 48.1 40.0 41.0 40.3 41. 0 45.3 40.2 43.5 41.0

Jun 57.8 46.7 48.0 47.3 46. 8 52.0 49.6 49.9 49.6

Jul 63.5 50.0 52.7 49.8 51. 2 55.7 56.6 54.5 54.8 Aug 59.6 47.2 48.5 49.8 47. 8 54.7 51.9 51.9 49.5 Sep 52.3 43.0 43.1 45.9 42. 9 51.1 44.7 45.5 42.5

Oct 38.7 37.7 29.8 40.5 37. 3 44.8 29.3 38.6 29.3

Nov 35.5 35.3 28.0 40.1 34. 8 40.7 28.3 35.7 30.6

Dec 35.2 35.6 30.4 36.6 33. 4 38.2 29.7 35.4 31.9



### 3.2.3.5 Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Program


## Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program s are operated in areas of Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish, and Spokane Counties. Input parameters have been tracked to allow modeling of the

program. 20, 21, 22



## MOBILE6.2 allows specification of up to seven I/M record sets to define an overall I/M program. 23


## The 2002 program could be captured using six I/M record sets as shown in Table 3-8 through Table

3-10 . In the Puget Sound area (King, Pierce, Snohomish Counties), the program started in a smaller geographic area in 1983 and expanded to the current area in 1993. The expansion area files are identical to the original area files except for the start year.

Table 3-8: I/M Program Parameters: King, Pierce and Snohomish Counties

Parameter set 1 set 2 set 3 set 4 set 5 set 6 Prog Start Yr 1982 original 1993 expand 2002 1982 original 1993 expand 2002 1982 original 1993 expand 2002

Prog End Yr 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 Test Freq biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial Program Type test only test only test only test only test only test only Test Type ASM 2525 phase-in* gas cap OBD exhaust ** OBD Evap + gas cap** 2500/idle gas cap

Model Yrs 1968-1995 1968-1995 1996-2050 1996-2050 1968-2050 1968-2050 Vehicle Types light duty gasoline light duty gasoline light duty gasoline light duty gasoline heavy duty gasoline heavy duty gasoline Stringency 28% n/a 28% n/a 28% n/a Compliance 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%

Waiver pre-81 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

Waiver 1981+ 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% Exempt Age 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs Grace Age 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs

Tech Training yes yes yes yes yes yes * ASM = acceleration simulation mode ** OBD = on-board diagnostics



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 19

## Table 3-9: I/M Program Parameters: Clark County

Parameter set 1 set 2 set 3 set 4 set 5 set 6 Prog Start Yr 1993 1998 1993 2002 1993 1998 Prog End Yr 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 Test Freq biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial Program Type test only test only test only test only test only test only

Test Type ASM 2525 phase-in* gas cap OBD exhaust ** OBD Evap + gas cap** 2500/idle gas cap

Model Yrs 1968-1995 1968-1995 1996-2050 1996-2050 1968-2050 1968-2050

Vehicle Types light duty gasoline light duty gasoline light duty gasoline light duty gasoline heavy duty gasoline heavy duty gasoline Stringency 36% n/a 36% n/a 36% n/a Compliance 93% 93% 93% 93% 93% 93%

Waiver pre-81 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%

Waiver 1981+ 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% Exempt Age 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs Grace Age 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs Tech Training yes yes yes yes yes yes * ASM = acceleration simulation mode ** OBD = on-board diagnostics



## Table 3-10: I/M Program Parameters: Spokane County

Parameter set 1 set 2 set 3 set 4 set 5 set 6 Prog Start Yr 1985 2002 1985 2002 1985 2002 Prog End Yr 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 Test Freq biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial biennial Program Type test only test only test only test only test only test only Test Type ASM 2525 phase-in* gas cap OBD exhaust ** OBD Evap + gas cap** 2500/idle gas cap

Model Yrs 1968-1995 1968-1995 1996-2050 1996-2050 1968-2050 1968-2050 Vehicle Types light duty gasoline light duty gasoline light duty gasoline light duty gasoline heavy duty gasoline heavy duty gasoline Stringency 32% n/a 32% n/a 32% n/a Compliance 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96%

Waiver pre-81 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%

Waiver 1981+ 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Exempt Age 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs 25 yrs Grace Age 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs Tech Training yes yes yes yes yes yes * ASM = acceleration simulation mode ** OBD = on-board diagnostics



### 3.2.3.6 Facility Type and Speed


## The ADVMT data was provided by HPMS functional classification. The HPMS classifications were modeled using the Freeway, Arterial and Local facility classes in MOBILE6.2.

EPA's estimated average speeds by vehicle type and facility type in the documentation of the 1996 National Emissions Trends (NET) Inventory and 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) were compared to speed information from Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC). 24, 25, 26 

## For most

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 20

## roadway types, the speeds were sim ilar. Where differences existed, the PSRC speeds were supported by other local transportation planning agency speed information.

The speeds chosen for this inventory were a combination of MOBILE6.2 fixed speeds, the EPA speeds and the PSRC speeds. EPA speeds were used for all functional classifications except urban arterials, collectors, and local roads. Urban lo cal roads are fixed at 12.9 mph in MOBILE6. (EPA guidance assigns rural local roads to the Arterial category in MOBILE6.2). PSRC speeds were used for the urban arterials and collectors; however, th e EPA relationship of a 5 mph drop in speed for heavy duty vehicles was retained (PSRC sp eeds were not provided by vehicle type).

MOBILE6.2 uses several major classes of facility type: freeway with ramp, freeway without ramp, arterial, and local. EPA provided a mapping of HPMS facility types to the MOBILE6.2 classes 19


## For HPMS facility types grouped into the MOBILE6 "freeway with ramp" category, the MOBILE6 default of 8% ramps - 92% freeway split is assumed. The mapping and average speeds are shown

in the table below.

Table 3-11: HPMS-MOBILE6 Facility Type Classifications and Speeds

HPMS Class MOBILE6.2 Class LDV LDT HDV

RURAL

interstate freeway & ramp 60 55 40 other principal arterial freeway & ramp 45 45 35

minor arterial arterial 40 40 30 major collector arterial 35 35 25

minor collector arterial 30 30 25

local local 30 30 25

URBAN

interstate freeway & ramp 45 45 35 other freeways freeway & ramp 45 45 35 other principal arterial arterial 30 30 25

minor arterial arterial 30 30 25

collector arterial 30 30 25

local local na na na LDV = light duty vehicle LDT = light duty truck HDV = heavy duty vehicle



### 3.2.3.7 Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)


## RVP varies by year, geographic area and time of year. RVP values are determined using a combination of legal limits, voluntary agreements and fuel survey information.

Legal RVP Limits The legal summertime (May - Sept.) RVP limit for gasoline in Washington is 9.0 psi. Because of the proximity to Portland, Clark County gasoline was assumed to follow Portland RVP requirements. In Portland the limits are 9.0 psi for May and 7.8 psi for June – Sept. 27



## Voluntary Programs Beginning in 1999, the Western States Petroleum A ssociation entered into a voluntary agreement with the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency to supply gasoline with RVP 7.8 psi during July and August. King, Pierce, and Snohomish Counties are covered by the agreement. (It is possible that

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 21

## other counties m ay also be receiving the 7.8 psi RVP gasoline due to gasoline distribution network patterns, but information about this was not readily available.)

Fuel Surveys Fuel surveys to determine actual RVP are performed periodically. Survey data from the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) was made available through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for 1999. 28 

## EPA did not collect data for 2002 and the data is expensive; therefore, the 1999 survey values were retained for 2002.

RVP Determinations EPA provided a methodology to calculate monthly RVP values in the 1996 NEI. The methodology

remained the same in the 1999 NEI. 26 

## The methodology used the ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) schedule of seasonal and geographical volatility classes to interpolate summer

and winter RVP values. 29, 30 

## Wintertime (January) RVP values were set to the 1999 survey values for all counties. Summertime (July) RVP values were set to the survey values for all counties with two exceptions: 1) Clark County RVP was set to the legal limit of 7.8 psi, and 2) King, Pierce and Snohomish County RVP was set to the voluntary agreement level of 7.8 psi. All RVP assignments

are shown in Table 3-12

.

Table 3-12: County Fuel RVP Assignments, psi

month Clark King, Pierce, Snohomish All Other

Jan 13.8 13.8 13.8

Feb 12 13.8 13.8

Mar 12 12 12.2 Apr 12 12 12.2 May 8.5 8.5 8.5

Jun 7.8 8.5 8.5

Jul 7.8 7.8 8.5 Aug 7.8 7.8 8.5 Sep 7.8 8.5 8.5

Oct 9.6 9.6 10.1

Nov 12 12 12.2

Dec 13.8 13.8 13.8



### 3.2.3.8 Oxygenated Fuels


## The oxygenated fuel program began in 1992 for five counties in Washington: Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish and Spokane. 31 

## The program was discontinued in all of the counties except Spokane County in 1996. In Spokane County, the program runs from Sept. 1 to Feb. 29. The legal limit is 3.5% oxygen by weight. 32 

## Alcohol blends are used as the oxygenate.

3.2.3.9 Tier 2 Low Sulfur Fuel Phase-in


## In calendar year 2000, gasoline sulfur content began to be affected by federal controls (Tier 2 low sulfur fuels rule). The rule phases in lower sulfur fuels over a several year period. Several western states and counties in bordering states have been identified in an alternate, slower phase-in area. 33


## These areas are modeled with the fuel program option "Conventional Gasoline West" in MOBILE6. All other counties are modeled as "Conventional Gasoline East." Counties in the western phase-in

area are:

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 22

## Adam s Asotin Benton Chelan Columbia Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Kittitas Klickitat Lincoln Okanogan Pend Oreille Spokane Stevens Walla Walla

Whitman Yakima

3.2.3.10 Diesel Sulfur Content


## The Western Regional Air Partnership contracted with Environ to prepare onroad mobile source

inventories for 1996. Environ collected information on summer and winter diesel sulfur content for each county. 34 

## Winter and summer were not explicitly defined, and are therefore defined similar to the RVP season as May-Sep and Oct-Apr, respectively. There was one set of values for eastern Washington and another for western Washington. Clallam County appeared to be in error in the table, as it was classified with the eastern Washington counties. Summer and winter fuel sulfur

contents are shown in the table below.

Table 3-13: 1996 Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content Combinations (in ppm)

Combination Summer ppm Winter ppm

eastern WA 310 310

western WA 260 320



## County assignments were made as follows:

Eastern WA: Adams, Asotin, Benton, Chelan, Cl allam, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, Walla Walla, Whitman, Yakima Western WA: Clallam, Clark, Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Thurston, Wahkiakum, Whatcom

3.2.3.11 Gasoline Parameters for Toxics Modeling



## The six MOBILE6.2 toxics were modeled (Benzene, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether, 1,3-Butadiene, Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acrolein). Additional gasoline fuel parameters are required to model air toxics. The requirements include the volume percent of aromatic compounds, olefin compounds, and benzene; and the vapor percentage of gasoline at 200 and 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Fuel oxygenate volume percent (not oxygen percent), and market share for each of four oxygenates: MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether), ETBE (Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether), ETOH (Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol) and TAME (Tertiary Amine Methyl Ether) are also required. An option input is allowed to specify whether an RVP waiver may be granted to oxygenated fuel.

EPA posted these fuel parameters for 1990, 1996 and 2007 in a spreadsheet (r02011.xls) with the draft release of MOBILE6.2. The parameters were part of an EPA air toxics study. 35 

## In the technical guidance document (EPA420-R-02-011), EPA notes two sources for the fuel parameter information: the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) and TRW/NIPER. 36, 37 

## EPA also posted fuel parameters used to develop the 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). 38 

## The same two data sources, AAM and TRW/NIPER were referenced in the NEI work

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 23

## A com parison of the 1996 MOBILE6.2 and NEI fuel data showed some differences. Former inhouse research showed that there can be a fair amount of variability among the various fuel parameter sources. For this work, the 1999 NEI parameters were adopted.

A few changes to the NEI data were made. Th e NEI work erroneously assigned TRW District 13 (Pacific Northwest) data to eastern WA, except Adams County. Adams County was assigned to District 9. Most of the fuel in eastern WA comes from sources in District 9 (Northern Mountain States); therefore, District 9 values for Adams County were assigned to all eastern WA counties, except for Spokane winter values. 39 

## For Spokane winter, Missoula values (except ETOH parameters) were used since they had an oxygenated fuel program and were in District 9. Spokane's oxygenated fuel program values were used for the ETOH parameters ( 3.2.3.8 ). In western WA, the AAM values for Puget Sound (King Co.) were used for all counties. This was consistent with

W RAP county assignments in their Sec tion 309 Regional Haze SIP inventory work.

The data was divided into 4 groups based on oxygenated fuel requirements and Tier2 sulfur requirements:

Table 3-14: Fuel Parameter Assignments for Modeling Air Toxics

Group Counties

1 eastern WA - all other counties

2 eastern WA - Spokane Co.

3 western WA - all other counties

4 western WA - Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish



## Summer months were defined the same as for RVP, i.e.,. May - Sep. Spokane was an exception since no winter non-oxygenated fuel values were available. For Spokane summer is Apr. - Aug.

Table 3-15: Gasoline Fuel Parameters for Toxics Modeling

Month Summer Winter

Parameter Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Aromatics % 28 28 31 31 24 23 30 30

Olefins % 8 8 5 5 7 8 9 9

Benzene % 1.7 1.7 2 2 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.9

E200 % 48 48 47 47 56 60 49 49

E300 % 83 83 86 86 87 87 83 83

MTBE % 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.2 0 0.1 0.1 oxygen % 0.02 0.02 0 0 0.04 0 0.02 0.02

market share 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

ETBE % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oxygen % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

market share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EtOH % 0 0 3.7 3.7 0 10.2 0 0 oxygen % 0 0 1.3 1.3 0 3.5 0 0

market share 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

TAME % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oxygen % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

market share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 24

### 3.2.3.12 Additional Air Toxics Modeling


## Additional air toxics were modeled using the air t oxics VOC and PM fractions distributed with the MOBILE6.2 model release. The toxics in these files are the same as those provided in the preliminary 2002 NEI NMIM emission rate and ratios release. 40 

## The base fuel file (hap_base.csv) was used for all counties and months except for Sept. – Feb. in Spokane. The oxygenated fuel file was used for Spokane during those months (hap_e th1.csv). At the advice of Rich Cook of EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality, mercur y and arsenic were removed from the toxics fractions since they are not considered very reliable at this time. 41 

## Particulate toxics were modeled

as PM 10 

## fractions. Dioxin and furan emission factors were extracted from the preliminary 2002 NEI

NMIM emission rate and ratio release and added to the MOBILE6.2 additional HAPs external files.

The additional toxics modeled were:

Table 3-16: Additional Air Toxics Modeled for Onroad Sources

acenaphthene pyrene 1,2,3,4, 7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran acenaphthylene ethyl benzene 1,2,3, 4,7,8-Hexachlor odibenzo-p-Dioxin

anthracene hexane 1,2,3,6, 7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran benz[a]anthracene styr ene 1,2,3,6,7, 8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin benzo[a]pyrene toluene 1,2, 3,7,8,9-Hexach lorodibenzofuran benzo[b]fluoranthene xylenes (mixture of o, m, and p isomers) 1,2, 3,7,8,9-Hexachlo rodibenzo-p-Dioxin benzo[g,h,i,]perylene chromium VI 1,2,3,7,8-Pent achlorodibenzofuran benzo[k]fluoranthene chromium III 1, 2,3,7,8-Pentachl orodibenzo-p-Dioxin chrysene manganese 2,3,4, 6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran dibenzo[a,h]anthracene nickel 2,3,4,7,8-Pentac hlorodibenzofuran

fluoranthene 2,2,4-trim ethylpentane 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

fluorine propionaldehyde 2,3, 7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyr ene 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H eptachlorodibenzofuran Octachlorodibenzofuran naphthalene 1,2,3,4,6, 7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo- p-Dioxin Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. phenanthrene 1,2,3, 4,7,8,9-Heptachl orodibenzofuran



### 3.2.3.13 Additional Parameters Required for PM, SO 2 

### and NH 3 

### Modeling


## Using the PARTICULATES command in MOBILE6.2, all components of particulate, and SO 2 

## and

NH 3 

## emission rates were calculated. The default particulate emission factors in MOBILE6.2 were

utilized.

3.2.3.14 Example Emission Rates


## Sample fleet average summer (July) and winter (January) emission factors produced by MOBILE6.2 on arterials at 30 mph are shown in Table 3-17 below for several counties (with I/M for Clark, King and Spokane Counties). The wi nter em ission factors reflect the fleet age distribution on January 1, 2002. The summer factors reflect the fleet age distribution on July 1,

2002.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 25

## Table 3-17: Sample Arterial Emission Factors at 30 mph in grams per mile

January 1, 2002 July 1, 2002 pollutant

Clark King Spokane Yakima Clark King Spokane Yakima

ammonia 8.59E-02 8.59E-02 8.59E-02 8.59E-02 8.60E-02 8.60E-02 8.60E-02 8.60E-02

carbon monoxide 3.25E+01 3.10E+01 3.00E+01 4.14E+01 2.01E+01 1.92E+01 2.10E+01 2.74E+01 nitrogen oxides 3.33E+00 3.30E+00 3.45E+00 3.52E+00 2.89E+00 2.89E+00 2.93E+00 3.04E+00 primary pm10 7.80E-02 7.80E-02 7.79E-02 7.79E-02 7.62E-02 7.62E-02 7.65E-02 7.65E-02 primary pm2.5 5.87E-02 5.87E-02 5.86E-02 5.86E-02 5.71E-02 5.71E-02 5.74E-02 5.74E-02

sulfur dioxide 9.76E-02 9.76E-02 9.67E-02 9.67E-02 9.29E-02 9.29E-02 9.69E-02 9.69E-02 volatile organic compounds 2.46E+00 2.40E+00 2.33E+00 2.97E+00 2.16E+00 2.08E+00 2.34E+00 2.81E+00

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodi benzofuran 5.07E-08 5.07E-08 5.07E-08 5.07E -08 5.10E-08 5.10E- 08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenz o-p-dioxin 1.49E-07 1.49E- 07 1.49E-07 1.49E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodi benzofuran 4.87E-09 4.87E-09 4.87E-09 4.87E -09 4.91E-09 4.91E- 09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09

1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenz ofuran 2.02E-08 2.02E-08 2.02E-08 2.02E- 08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08

1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin 6.43E-09 6.43E-09 6.43E-09 6.43E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09

1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenz ofuran 9.81E-09 9.81E-09 9.81E-09 9.81E- 09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09

1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin 1.26E-08 1.26E-08 1.26E-08 1.26E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08

1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenz ofuran 5.38E-09 5.38E-09 5.38E-09 5.38E- 09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09

1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin 2.24E-08 2.24E-08 2.24E-08 2.24E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzof uran 6.34E-09 6.34E-09 6.34E-09 6.34E- 09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin 4.65E-09 4.65E-09 4.65E-09 4.65E -09 4.69E-09 4.69E- 09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09

1,3-butadiene 1.11E+01 1.08E+01 9.65E+00 1.32E+01 8.04E+00 7.94E+00 9.00E+00 1.12E+01 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 8.64E+01 8.44E+01 8.67E+01 1.10E+02 6.78E+01 6.62E+01 7.16E+01 8.87E+01

2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenz ofuran 1.39E-08 1.39E-08 1.39E-08 1.39E- 08 1.40E-08 1.40E-08 1.40E-08 1.40E-08
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzof uran 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E- 08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08 1.23E-08

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 1.54E -08 1.54E-08 1.54E-08 1.54E-08 1.55E-08 1.55E-08 1.55E-08 1.55E-08
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin 5.85E-09 5.85E-09 5.85E-09 5.85E -09 5.89E-09 5.89E- 09 5.89E-09 5.89E-09
acenaphthene 1.08E-02 1.08E-02 1.08E-02 1.08E-02 1.07E-02 1.07E-02 1.07E-02 1.07E-02 acenaphthylene 5.77E-02 5.77E-02 5.77E-02 5.77E -02 5.71E-02 5.71E- 02 5.71E-02 5.71E-02 acetaldehyde 1.08E+01 1.06E+01 2.70E+01 1.39E+01 1.26E+01 1.24E+01 9.19E+00 1.11E+01

acrolein 1.59E+00 1.56E+00 1.61E+00 1.97E+00 1.22E+00 1.21E+00 1.25E+00 1.49E+00

anthracene 1.29E-02 1.29E-02 1.29E-02 1.29E -02 1.28E-02 1.28E- 02 1.28E-02 1.28E-02
benz[a]anthracene 2.93E-03 2.93E-03 2.93E-03 2. 93E-03 2.86E-03 2.86E- 03 2.87E-03 2.87E-03

benzene 1.06E+02 1.04E+02 7.34E+01 1.08E+02 9.24E+01 9.08E+01 8.39E+01 1.02E+02 benzo[a]pyrene 1.91E-03 1.91E-03 1.91E-03 1. 91E-03 1.88E-03 1.88E- 03 1.88E-03 1.88E-03
benzo[b]fluoranthene 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2. 13E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E- 03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03 benzo[g,h,i,]perylene 3.84E-03 3. 84E-03 3.84E-03 3.84E-03 3.79E- 03 3.79E-03 3.79E-03 3.79E-03
benzo[k]fluoranthene 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2.13E-03 2. 13E-03 2.10E-03 2.10E- 03 2.10E-03 2.10E-03

chromium +6 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03 1.85E- 03 1.85E-03 1.85E-03

chromium iii 2.77E-03 2.77E- 03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 2.77E-03 chrysene 1.70E-03 1.70E-03 1.70E-03 1.70E -03 1.68E-03 1.68E- 03 1.68E-03 1.68E-03
dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 1.96E-06 1. 96E-06 1.96E-06 1.96E-06 1.89E- 06 1.89E-06 1.89E-06 1.89E-06 ethyl benzene 3.62E+01 3.54E+01 3.20E+01 4.56E+01 2.89E+01 2.82E+01 3.06E+01 3.77E+01

fluoranthene 1.36E-02 1.36E-02 1.36E-02 1.36E -02 1.35E-02 1.35E- 02 1.35E-02 1.35E-02

fluorine 2.26E-02 2.26E-02 2.26E-02 2.26E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 formaldehyde 3.17E+01 3.10E+01 3.87E+01 4.19E+01 2.82E+01 2.78E+01 2.78E+01 3.38E+01

hexane 2.83E+01 2.80E+01 1.94E+01 3.19E+01 2.92E+01 2.79E+01 3.30E+01 3.85E+01 indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 1.09E-03 1.09E-03 1.09E-03 1.09E-03 1.08E -03 1.08E-03 1.08E-03 1.08E-03

manganese 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 1.58E-03 methyl tert-butyl ether 6. 20E-01 6.00E-01 1.41E+00 5.10E -08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08
naphthalene 1.49E+00 1.49E+00 1.42E+00 1.47E+ 00 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07 1.50E-07

nickel 3.51E-03 3.51E-03 3.51E-03 3.51E- 03 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09 4.91E-09

octachlorodibenzofuran 5.78E-08 5.78E-08 5.78E-08 5.78E-08 2.04E -08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08 2.04E-08
octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 7.03E -07 7.03E-07 7.03E-07 7.03E-07 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09 6.47E-09
phenanthrene 3.73E-02 3.73E-02 3.73E-02 3.73E-02 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 9.87E-09 propionaldehyde 1.80E+00 1.76E+00 1.85E+00 2.20E +00 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08 1.27E-08



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 26

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 27 January 1, 2002 July 1, 2002 pollutant
Clark King Spokane Yakima Clark King Spokane Yakima

pyrene 1.89E-02 1.89E-02 1.89E-02 1.89E- 02 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09 5.42E-09
styrene 7.52E+00 7.33E+00 7.14E+00 9.78E+ 00 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08 2.25E-08

toluene 2.48E+02 2.42E+02 2.21E+02 3.15E+ 02 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 6.38E-09 xylenes (o, m, and p isomers) 1.40E+02 1.36E+02 1. 25E+02 1.78E+02 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09 4.69E-09



### 3.2.4 Emissions Estimates


## The emission rates in grams per mile calculated with M6.2 were multiplied by the temporally adjusted ADVMT estimates to calculate individual pollutant emissions for each the eight MOBILE5b vehicle types and twelve HPMS facility types.

As stated in Section 3.2.3 , emission rates were generated for unique combinations of: county,

m onth, facility type, vehicle type, speed, pollutant, pollutant type (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, tire wear) and I/M area. The monthly ADVMT by county, facility type, and I/M area described in

Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 was further categorized using th e MOBILE6.2 output vehicle type (and related speed) fractions. The em ission rates were matched to the ADVMT based on county, month, facility type, vehicle type, speed, and I/M area to produce the final seasonal (average daily and seasonal total) county estimates.
References

4 

### 2002 HPMS Mileage and Daily Travel Summary . Washington State Department of Transportation. July

2003.

5 

### 2002 HPMS DVMT by County and FC - estimated . Spreadsheet. Washington State Department of Transportation. July 29, 2003.

6 

### HPMS Miles and VMT by County . Washington State Department of Transportation. Information from 2002 HPMS database. July 1, 2003.

7 

### Email from Mark Harrington, Southwest Regional Transportation Council to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. ADVMT estimates for 2000. June 6, 2003.

8 

### Email from Kris Overby, Puget Sound Regional Counc il to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. ADVMT estimates for 2000. July 11, 2003.

9 

### Email from Eve Nelson, Spokane Regional Transportation Council to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. ADVMT estimates for 2002. July 1, 2003.

10 

### Hertzog, Barbara and Borden, Hank. Adjustment Factors for Vehicle Miles Traveled . Washington State Department of Transportation. July 1992.

11 

### Annual Traffic Report . Washington State Department of Transportation. Pages XVI - XX (monthly traffic count data). 1994 data report.

12 

### MOBILE6.2. US Environmental Protection Agency . Model executable file dated September 24, 2003.

13 

### Department of Licensing electronic data. Database snapshot July 2002.

14 

### National Transit Database Data Tables. Table titled Age Distribution of Active Revenue Vehicle Inventory: Details by Transit Agency Directly Operated Service . Federal Transit Administration. Data table for 2001. http://www.ntdprogram.com/NTD/nt dhome.nsf/Docs/NTDPublications?OpenDocument.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 28 15 

### Spreadsheet schoolbuses2001.xls. Registration data provided by the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency.

16 

### Climatological Data, Washington. January - December 2002. Volume 106, Numbers 01 - 12. ISSN 0364-5320. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administ ration. National Environmental Satellite, Data

and Information Service. National C limatic Data Center, Asheville, NC.

17 

### Western Climatic Data Center, Western US Climate Historical Summaries, Local Climate Data Summaries (June 20, 1997).

18 

### Spreadsheet Rel_hum1.xls . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Spreadsheet dated Jan 16, 2002.

19 

### Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBI LE6 for Emission Inventory Preparation . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Offi ce of Transportation and Air Quality. January, 2002.

20 

### IM Compliance Rate . Audit of Vehicles with July 1998 Expiration Date. Department of Ecology Air Quality Program. Aug. 4, 1999.

21 

### 1999/2000 Emission Test Data for Washington State - (Puget Sound, Spokane, Vancouver) - GVW <

8501 . Washington State Department of Ecology. March 20, 2002.

22 

### personal conversations with J ohn Raymond, Department of Ecology.

23 

### User's Guide to MOBILE6.0 Mob ile Source Emission Factor Model . United States Environmental Protection Agency. Air and Radiation. EPA420-R-02-001. January 2002.

24 

### Puget Sound Regional Council. 1995 VMT data via Sierra Research.

25 

### National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document 1900-1996 . Section 4.0: National Criteria Pollutant Estimates, 1985-1996 Methodology. USEPA. O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park NC 27711. June 1997.

26 

### Documentation for the 1999 National Emissions In ventory Version 2.0 for Criteria Air Pollutants and Draft Version 3.0 for HAPs. Onroad Sources . Prepared for: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Prepared by: E.H. P echan & Associates, Inc., 5528-B Hempstead Way, Springfield, VA 22151. October 2002.

27 

### 40 CFR 80.27.

28 

### personal conversation with Maureen Mullen, Pechan and Associates (under contract to EPA). 1996 and 1999 winter and summer survey data from the Ameri can Automobile Manufacturers' Association. January 4, 2001.

29 

### 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , American Society for Testing and Materials, Section 5: Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels; Volume 05.01: Petroleum Products and Lubricants (I): D 56 - D 1947. ASTM Standard D 439 - 86. Philadelphia, PA, 1988.

30 

### User’s Guide to MOBILE4 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model) , EPA-AA-TEB-89-01, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, February 1989. Appendix

2B: RVP and ASTM Class Determination Guidance.

31 

### Washington Administrative Code 173-492-070.

32 

### Spokane County Air Pollution Control Authority rule. Section 616.

33 

### Federal Register/Vol. 66, No. 72/. Friday, April 13, 2001.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 29 34 

### Printout from Environ file: F:\WRAP MSE\Task 3\Default inputs\WRAP_County_Fuel_sulfur.xls:Gasoline. Onroad gasoline and diesel fuel sulfur levels for winter and summer by county.

35 

### Analysis of the Impacts of Control Programs on Mo tor Vehicle Toxics Emissions and Exposure in Urban

Areas and Nationwide . Prepared for U. S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, by Sierra Research, Inc., and Radian International Corpora tion/Eastern Research Group. Report No. EPA 420 –R99-029/030. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/r99029.pdf. 1999

36 

### Technical Description of MOBILE6.2 and Guidance on It s Use for Emission Inventory Preparation, Draft Report . USEPA Air and Radiation. EPA420-R-02-011. February 2002.

37 

### Documentation for the 1999 National Emissions In ventory Version 2.0 for Criteria Air Pollutants and Draft Version 3.0 for HAPs. Onroad Sources . Prepared for: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Prepared by: E.H. P echan & Associates, Inc., 5528-B Hempstead Way, Springfield, VA 22151. October 2002. Attachment A: County-Specific Fuel Parameters for 1990, 1996, and 1999 Toxic Emissions Modeling (Preparation for MO BILE6.2 Model Runs). Prepared for: Emission Factor and Inventory Group (D205-01), Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Prepared by: Eastern Research Group, Inc., 1600 Perimeter Park Drive, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560. October 9, 2002.

38 

### Final_Fuel1996V3.xls as posted to the 1999 NEI HAPs Website.

39 

## Conversation with Michael Boyer, Washington Department of Ecology. April 2003.

40 

### Preliminary 2002 National Emissions Inventory NMIM m odel data release. US Environmental Protection Agency. Spreadsheet "county20031204a.xls."

41 

### Email from Rich Cook. Office of Transportation and Air Quality, US Environmental Protection Agency to Sally Otterson, Washington State De partment of Ecology. March 2, 2004.

## 3.3 Paved Road Dust

Dust em issions are generated as vehicles pass al ong paved roadways and disturb the layer of loose material on or near the road surface. This material contains particulate matter from soil, brake and tire wear, exhaust, and other substances. The paved road dust calculation excludes emissions from exhaust and brake and tire wear since they are estimated as onroad mobile sources emissions (see

Section 3.2 ).

3.3.1 Activity Level, Temporal and Spatial Allocation


## The measures of activity, activity level, and temporal and spatial allocation for paved road dust

emissions calculations are identical to those discussed in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 of the Onroad Mobile Source category.

The HPMS ADVMT estim ate includes travel over both paved and unpaved roads; however, they cannot be distinguished from one another. By usi ng HPMS as the paved road activity level, a slight overestimation of ADVMT does occur. The overestimation is not serious since unpaved ADVMT is only estimated to be approximately 0.7% of the all ADVMT (see Section 3.4 ).

3.3.2 Emission Rates



## The PM 10 

## emission rate in grams per mile was calculated using equation 2 in EPA's UUAP42

. 42


## Equation 2 estimates an emission rate for annual average conditions by incorporating a precipitation correction factor. This equation was used to calculate monthly emission rates. The AP42 equation

is shown below.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 30

## E = k (sL/2) 0.65 

## (W/3) 1.5 

## – C equation (1) E = [k (sL/2) 0.65 

## (W/3) 1.5 

## - C ][1-(P/4N)] equation (2)

where E is the emission factor in g/VMT k = particle size multiplier (7.3 for PM 10 

## , 1.8 for PM 2.5 

## ) sL = silt loading in g/m 2


## C = material from exhaust, brake and tire wear in g/mi (AP42 default: 0.2119 for

PM 10 

## , 0.1617 for PM 2.5 

## ) W = mean vehicle weight (tons) P = number of days with at least 0.01 inches of precipitation in the given month N = number of days in the given month

AP42 defaults were used for mean vehicle weight (2.2 tons) and the "C" term. AP42 provides recommended values for average and worst-case silt loading on roads in several different average daily traffic (ADT) classes. For this inventory, the average silt loading values were used. The HPMS facility types were classified into th e ADT classes by dividing the number of ADVMT by the roadway mileage. The classifications are shown Table 3-18 . Individual urban sampling areas are not shown in the table; however, with only m inor exceptions, they each showed the same ADT classification as the urban average.

Days per month of precipitation greater than 0.01 inches in 2002 were obtained. 16 

## Generally, 2002 was a drier year than the longterm average. 17 

## Precipitation days are shown in Table 3-19 . County assignm ents were made as shown below:

SeaTac: Clallam, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish,

Whatcom Olympia: Cowlitz, Lewis, Skamania, Thurston

Vancouver: Clark Quillayute: Grays Harbor, Mason Raymond: Pacific, Wahkiakum Spokane: Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, Klickitat, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens Yakima: Adams, Douglas, Grant, Lincoln, Yakima Pomeroy: Asotin, Columbia, Garfield, Whitman Kennewick: Benton, Franklin, Walla Walla

PM 10 

## emission rates in g/mi calculated with Equation 2 ranged from 0 to 1.884. PM 2.5 

## emission rates in g/mi calculated with Equation 2 ranged from 0 to 0.355.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 31

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 32 

## Table 3-18: Estimated Average Daily Traffic

Rural Interstate Prin Art Mi n Art Maj Coll Min Coll Local

Miles 501 2,080 1, 974 8,382 6,377 43,692 ADVMT (in 1,000s) 13,322 12,422 5,950 10, 062 2,783 3,352

Estimated ADT 26,591 5,972 3,014 1,200 436 77

ADT Class > 10,000 limited

access 5,000 - 10,000 500 - 5,000 500 - 5,000 < 500 < 500 silt loading (g/m 2 ) 0.015 0.06 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6

Urban Interstate Free/Expr Prin Art Min Art Collector Local

Miles 263 314 1,108 2,145 2,043 13,302 ADVMT (in 1,000s) 29,418 12,886 21,246 19, 044 8,348 11,240

Estimated ADT 111,856 41,038 19,175 8,878 4,086 845

ADT Class > 10,000 limited

access > 10,000 limited

access > 10,000 5,000 - 10,000 500 - 5,000 500 - 5,000 silt loading (g/m 2 ) 0.015 0.015 0.03 0.06 0.2 0.2



## Table 3-19: Precipitation Days Greater Than 0.01 Inches

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima

Jan 4 27 14 26 27 19 13 27 5

Feb 5 16 8 18 17 18 10 13 5

Mar 3 21 13 22 25 13 14 16 1 Apr 4 13 10 15 15 14 6 11 7 May 3 14 11 17 14 14 11 15 7

Jun 8 7 9 14 10 10 7 4 5

Jul 3 3 3 7 4 4 2 2 3 Aug 1 1 6 2 3 3 3 2 0 Sep 0 6 3 8 8 5 6 5 2

Oct 2 8 5 13 11 8 2 7 1

Nov 5 13 11 16 16 13 11 13 4

Dec 17 23 18 24 27 19 15 24 16

Year 55 152 111 182 177 140 100 139 56



### 3.3.3 Emissions Estimates


## Daily and monthly emissions were calculated using the equations below. Seasonal and annual emissions were calculated by summing the appropriate months (see Section 1.4 ).

V x T x E x (lb/454 g) x (T/2000 lbs) - daily em issions V x T x D x E x (lb/454 g) x (T/2000 lbs) - monthly emissions

where V = ADVMT T = monthly VMT adjustment factor (see Table 3-3 )

D = num ber of days in month, and E = emission factor in g/VMT, calculated as described in Section 3.3.2
References

42 

### Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto rs, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources . AP42. Section 13.2.1 (12/03).

## 3.4 Unpaved Road Dust

Sim ilar to paved roads, dust emissions are generated as vehicles pass along unpaved roadways and disturb the layer of loose material on or near the road surface. This material contains particulate matter from soil, brake and tire wear, exhaust, and other substances. The unpaved road dust calculation excludes emissions from exhaust and brake and tire wear since they are estimated as onroad mobile sources emissions (see Section 3.2 ).

3.4.1 Activity Level


## Similar to onroad mobile sources and paved road dust, the measure of activity for unpaved road dust emissions calculations is ADMVT. Travel over unpaved roads is included in HPMS ADVMT estimates, but cannot be separated from the paved road travel. Two agencies were contacted to obtain ADVMT on unpaved roads. The County Ro ad Administration Board (CRAB) provided roadway mileage and ADVMT estimates unpaved road by county. 43 

## WSDOT provided estimates of city jurisdiction unpaved roadway mileage for each county. 44 

## The CRAB data was used todevelop an ADVMT per lane-mile factor. The factor was multiplied by the WSDOT city lanemileage data in order to estimate ADVMT.

Total ADVMT for both county and city jurisdictions are shown in the table below. Because ADVMT over unpaved roads was included in HPMS, it is essentially being double counted under paved roads; however, unpaved ADVMT is only 0.7% of the total ADVMT, so it will not be a

serious error.

Table 3-20: ADVMT by Surface Type – County and City Jurisdiction

County ADVMT County ADVMT

Adams 37,678 Lewis 4,321

Asotin 8,622 Lincoln 48,366

Benton 8,879 Mason 5,059

Chelan 6,129 Okanogan 40,994

Clallam 585 Pacific 5,563

Clark 6,363 Pend Oreille 23,762

Columbia 12,860 Pierce 7,317

Cowlitz 901 San Juan 4,316 Douglas 110,079 Skagit 2,752 Ferry 17,634 Skamania 1,214

Franklin 26,473 Snohomish 2,198

Garfield 17,529 Spokane 162,012

Grant 72,264 Stevens 56,740 Grays Harbor 7,991 Thurston 6,061

Island 635 Wahkiakum 2,606

Jefferson 5,940 Walla Walla 14,729 King 54,198 Whatcom 8,586 Kitsap 2,287 Whitman 144,712

Kittitas 5,674 Yakima 73,670

Klickitat 22,680 State Total 1,040,379



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 33

### 3.4.2 Temporal and Spatial Allocation


## Spatial adjustments were not necessary since the ADVMT was available by county. Monthly temporal adjustments for the arterial/local roadway type were made using the WSDOT temporal adjustment factors shown in Table 3-3 , and used in both the onroad and paved road dust sections.

3.4.3 Emission Rates


## Unpaved road dust emissions were estimated according to Equation 2 in AP42

. 45 

## The equation includes an adjustment for rainfall which acts as a control efficiency term by assuming that emissions occur only on days where the rainfall is below 0.01 inches. The equation was modified in to calculate monthly emission rates. The original and modified AP42 equations are shown

below.

E = [k (s/12) a 

## (S/30) d 

## / (M dry 

## /0.5) c 

## – C] x [(365-p)/365] (original AP42 Equation 2) E = {[k (s/12) a 

## (S/30) d 

## / (M dry 

## /0.5) c 

## ] – C} x [(d-p)/d] (modified AP42 Equation 2)

where E is the emission factor in lbs/VMT k = particle size multiplier (1.8 for = PM 10 

## , 0.27 for PM 2.5 

## )

a = PM 10 

## constant (1)

c = PM 10 

## constant (0.2)

d = PM 10 

## constant (0.5) s = silt content of surface material (%) S = speed C = material from exhaust, brake and tire wear in lb/mi (AP42 default: 0.00047 for

PM 10 

## , 0.00036 for PM 2.5 

## ) d = number of days in given month and p = number of days with at least 0.01 inches of precipitation per month

M dry 

## = surface material moisture content (%)

Monthly days of precipitation greater than 0.01 inches were taken from Table 3-19 . Vehicle speed was not available. The VMT-weighed speed average on local roads for Spokane in 2002 was used

as an estim ate (30 mph). 9 

## The AP42 default was used for mean vehicle weight (2.2 tons).

The surface material silt content (3.2%) and moisture content (1%) were obtained from the

WRAP. 46, 47 

## Silt values used by in EPA in the 1999 NEI were derived from sampling data taken from a database of approximately 200 samples from 30 states. 48 

## Washington was not sampled. EPA used the national average of 3.9% for all states not sampled when they prepared the 1999 NEI. Rather than using the national average for states that were not sampled, the WRAP calculated an average of 3.2% for western states using the silt content database. 46 

## The WRAP value was used in this inventory.

Calculated monthly emission rates are shown in Table 3-21 and Table 3-22 . County assignments

were the sam e as described in Section 3.3.2

.

Table 3-21: Unpaved Roads PM 10 

## Emission Rates in lbs/mi

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima

Jan 0.364 0.054 0.229 0.067 0.054 0.162 0. 242 0.054 0.350



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 34Feb 0.343 0.179 0.298 0.149 0.164 0.149 0. 268 0.224 0.343

Mar 0.377 0.135 0.242 0.121 0.081 0.242 0. 229 0.202 0.404 Apr 0.362 0.237 0.278 0.209 0.209 0.223 0. 334 0.264 0.320 May 0.377 0.229 0.269 0.189 0.229 0.229 0. 269 0.215 0.323

Jun 0.306 0.320 0.292 0.223 0.278 0.278 0. 320 0.362 0.348

Jul 0.377 0.377 0.377 0.323 0.364 0.364 0. 390 0.390 0.377 Aug 0.404 0.404 0.337 0.390 0.377 0.377 0. 377 0.390 0.417 Sep 0.417 0.334 0.376 0.306 0.306 0.348 0. 334 0.348 0.390

Oct 0.390 0.310 0.350 0.242 0.269 0.310 0. 390 0.323 0.404

Nov 0.348 0.237 0.264 0.195 0.195 0.237 0. 264 0.237 0.362

Dec 0.189 0.108 0.175 0.094 0.054 0.162 0. 215 0.094 0.202



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 35

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 36 

## Table 3-22: Unpaved Roads PM 2.5 

## Emission Rates in lbs/mi

month Kennewick Olympia Pomeroy Quillayute Raymond SeaTac Spokane Vancouver Yakima

Jan 0.054 0.008 0.034 0.010 0.008 0.024 0. 036 0.008 0.052

Feb 0.051 0.027 0.045 0.022 0.024 0.022 0. 040 0.033 0.051

Mar 0.056 0.020 0.036 0.018 0.012 0.036 0. 034 0.030 0.060 Apr 0.054 0.035 0.042 0.031 0.031 0.033 0. 050 0.039 0.048 May 0.056 0.034 0.040 0.028 0.034 0.034 0. 040 0.032 0.048

Jun 0.046 0.048 0.044 0.033 0.042 0.042 0. 048 0.054 0.052

Jul 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.048 0.054 0.054 0. 058 0.058 0.056 Aug 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.058 0.056 0.056 0. 056 0.058 0.062 Sep 0.062 0.050 0.056 0.046 0.046 0.052 0. 050 0.052 0.058

Oct 0.058 0.046 0.052 0.036 0.040 0.046 0. 058 0.048 0.060

Nov 0.052 0.035 0.039 0.029 0.029 0.035 0. 039 0.035 0.054

Dec 0.028 0.016 0.026 0.014 0.008 0.024 0. 032 0.014 0.030



### 3.4.4 Emissions Estimates


## Daily and monthly emissions were calculated using the equations below. Seasonal and annual emissions were calculated by summing the appropriate months (see Section 1.4 ).

V x T x E x (T/2000 lbs) - daily em issions V x T x D x E x (T/2000 lbs) - monthly emissions

where V = ADVMT T = monthly VMT adjustment factor (see Table 3-3 )

D = num ber of days in month, and E = emission factor in lb/VMT, calculated as described in Section 3.4.3
References

43 

### Email from Walt Olsen, County Road Administration Board to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. Spreadsheet of County road ADVMT and mileage by surface type. Jan. 16,

2004.

44 

### Email from Jim Miernyk, Financial Planning & Ec onomic Analysis, Washington State Department of Transportation, to Sally Otterson, Washington State De partment of Ecology. Spreadsheet of city road mileage by surface type. Dec. 12, 2003.

45 

### Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto rs, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources . AP42. Section 13.2.2 (12/03).

46 

### Memorandum from Alison K. Pollack to John Kowalczyk and Mike Boyer. Subject: Unpaved road dust with updated silt loading factors. May 21, 2002.

47 

### Memorandum from Cuong Tran and Alison Pollack to John Kowalczyk and Mike Boyer. Subject: Unpaved road dust emission factors. April 9, 2002.

48 

### Procedures Document for National Emissions Inventory, Criteria Air Pollutants 1985-1999 . United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park NC 27711. EPA-454/R-01-006. March 2001.

## 3.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources, Excluding Ships, Locomotives and Aircraft

The Nonroad Mobile category includes em issions estimates from gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fueled equipment. In the EPA draft NONROAD2002a model, 49 

## equipment types are compiled into 12 categories:

Recreational Logging Construction Airport Service Industrial Underground Mining

Lawn and Garden Oil Field Agricultural Railway Maintenance

Commercial Marine Recreation

3.5.1 Activity Level


## NONROAD20022a inputs are aggregated regional c ounty parameters. County assignments were made based on population, traffic and meteorological data. Regional parameters were assigned to individual county’s modeling runs. The exception to NONROAD2002a modeling activity parameters is in the Nonroad Marine Recreation activity. The model by default generates activity profiles for Recreational Marine equipment based on surface area of water in a county. This method over estimates recreational boat usage in certain counties due to the large areas of open water that are counted into a county’s jurisdiction. Because of this over estimation, Ecology’s NEI2002 emission inventory of Marine Recreation has opted for the use of a new allocation file which specifies the use of Washington Department of Licensing 2002 Washington Boat Registration data per county (see table below). 50



## Table 3-23: County Boat Registrations, 2002

County Registrations County Registrations

Adams 662 Lewis 2,973

Asotin 824 Lincoln 1,143

Benton 8,031 Mason 4,966

Chelan 4,405 Okanogan 1,716

Clallam 4,839 Pacific 1,415

Clark 13,854 Pend Oreille 936

Columbia 248 Pierce 28,916

Cowlitz 5,530 San Juan 2,935 Douglas 1,954 Skagit 8,975 Ferry 359 Skamania 459

Franklin 2,093 Snohomish 28,134

Garfield 150 Spokane 15,075

Grant 4,294 Stevens 2,987 Grays Harbor 3,879 Thurston 10,202

Island 5,659 Wahkiakum 482

Jefferson 2,914 Walla Walla 1,879 King 60,725 Whatcom 8,677 Kitsap 12,457 Whitman 1,042

Kittitas 1,375 Yakima 6,911

Klickitat 720 State Total 264,795



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 37

### 3.5.2 Spatial Allocation



## The NONROAD2002a model emissions estimates are reported by county for inventory year 2002. As described above, the recreational marine spatial allocation was changed from county water surface area to county 2002 boat registrations.

3.5.3 Temporal Allocation


## Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature values were averaged seasonally for each aggregated county title. Monthly average temperatures were used to calculate seasonal average temperatures for each county group. Seasonal temperature averages were applied to each county run. The seasons are: winter (December, January, February), spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July, August), fall (September, October, November).

3.5.4 Emission Rates


## The draft EPA Nonroad Model calculates emissions utilizing base year 1998 emissions estimates and growth factors dependent upon state and regional specifications. Refer to Table 3-24 and Table

3-25 for modeling input parameters.

A description of the fuel param eter specifications for all counties’ Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) and Spokane County’s oxygen content may be found in Section 3.2 . The diesel sulfur content value of

0.34% from the Western Regional Air Partnership's (WRAP) 1996 datum was used for all diesel equipment. 51 

## The same value was used by EPA in a draft regulatory impact analysis for nonroad

diesel. 52 

## Gasoline sulfur content was obtained from the MOBILE6.2 output files (Section 3.2 ). It is calculated within MOBILE6.2 based on the low sulfur fuel phase-in schedule. The

NONROAD2002a m odel default sulfur content value of 0.003% for CNG/LPG fueled equipment is used. Spokane County’s winter oxygen content is set at 3.5%.

Monthly RVP values were averaged for each season and applied to each county and season in the modeling runs.

Temperature input parameters for each county were based on long-term temperature data from the meteorological sites shown in Table 3-5 . County assignments were the same as shown in Table 3-4

. Seasonal averages for average m onthly temperature, and minimum/maximum temperatures were applied to each aggregated county.

Table 3-24: Fuel Sulfur Percent

Fuel Sulfur %

Gasoline 0.0279

Diesel 0.34

LPG/CNG 0.003



## Table 3-25: NONROAD2002a Temperature, RVP , and Oxygenated Fuel Parameters

Aggregated County Title: SEATAC Counties (10) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Clallam Winter 36. 1 46.5 41.4 13.8

Island Spring 42.0 57.9 50.0 10.9

Jefferson Summer 54.3 73.4 63.9 8.5 Kitsap Fall 45.9 59.8 52.9 10.3



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 38San Juan Skagit

Whatcom

Counties Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP King Winter 36. 1 46.5 41.4 13.8

Pierce Spring 42.0 57.9 50.0 8.9

Snohomish Summer 54.3 73.4 63.9 8.0

Fall 45.9 59.8 52.9 10.0

Aggregated County Title: Olympia Counties (4) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Cowlitz Winter 32.1 46 39.1 13.8

Lewis Spring 36.9 59.3 48.2 10.8

Skamania Summer 48.4 74.8 61.6 8.5

Thurston Fall 39. 5 60.5 50.0 10.3

Aggregated County Title: Portland Counties (1) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Clark Winter 34. 9 47.3 41.1 13.8 Spring 42.3 61.2 51.8 10.8

Summer 55.4 78.1 66.8 7.8

Fall 45.5 63.7 54.6 9.8



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 39Aggregated County Title: Yakima Counties (5) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Adams Winter 23. 4 40.5 32.0 13.8 Douglas Spring 36.2 63.3 49.8 10.8

Grant Summer 54.5 84.1 63.8 8.5

Lincoln Fall 36.3 63.2 49.7 10.3

Yakima

Aggregated County Title: Pendleton Counties (3) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Benton Winter 28. 9 42.4 35.7 13.8

Franklin Spring 40.2 61.8 51.0 10.8

WallaWalla Summer 56.2 84.5 70.4 8.5

Fall 41.7 62.9 52.3 10.3

Aggregated County Title: Quillayute Counties (2) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP Grays Harbor Winter 34.3 47.1 40.7 13.8

Mason Spring 38.1 55.4 46.8 10.8

Summer 48.5 67.2 57.9 8.5

Fall 41.6 59.1 50.4 10.3

Aggregated County Title: Astoria Counties (2) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Pacific Winter 36.6 49.0 42.8 13.8

Wahkiakum Spring 41.1 56.4 48.8 10.8

Summer 51.5 66.8 59.2 8.5

Fall 44.3 60.8 52.6 10.3

Aggregated County Title: Spokane Counties (8) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Chelan Winter 22. 8 35.9 29.4 13.8 Ferry Spring 35.4 56.8 46.2 10.8

Kittitas Summer 52.6 80.1 66.4 8.5

Klickitat Fall 36.9 57.3 47.1 10.3 Okanogan

Pend Oreille Spokane Winter Spokane only %O2 3.5

Stevens

Aggregated County Title: Lewiston Counties (4) Season min max Daily Avg Temp RVP

Asotin Winter 29.3 42.1 35.7 13.8

Columbia Spring 40.3 61.7 51.0 10.8

Garfield Summer 57.3 85.7 71.6 8.5

Whitman Fall 42. 2 62.8 52.6 10.3



## Ammonia and toxics were calculated using the preliminary 2002 NEI NMIM emission rates and

ratios described in Section 3.2.3.12 . Toxics modeled were:

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 40

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 41 

## Table 3-26: Toxics Estimated for NONROAD Model Sources

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H eptachlorodibenzofur an Acenaphthene Fluorene
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H eptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Acenaphthylene Formaldehyde 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Hept achlorodibenzofuran Acetaldehyde Hexane
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlor odibenzofuran Acrolein Indeno(1,2,3, c,d)pyrene
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexach lorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Anthracene Manganese
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlo rodibenzofuran Benz(a )anthracene Naphthalene
1,2,3,6,7,8- Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Benzene Nickel
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlor odibenzofuran Benzo(a)pyr ene Octachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlo rodibenzo-p-Dioxin Benzo(b)fluorant hene Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlor odibenzofuran Benzo(g, h,i)perylene Phenanthrene
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlor odibenzo-p-Dioxin Benzo( k)fluoranthene Propionaldehyde
1,3-Butadiene Chromium (Cr3+) Pyrene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Ch romium (Cr6+) Styrene
2,3,4,6,7,8- Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chrysene Toluene
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachl orodibenzofuran Dibenzo( a,h)anthracene Xylene
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenz ofuran Ethyl Benzene
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenz o-p-Dioxin Fluoranthene



### 3.5.5 Emissions Estimates


## Seasonal period total emissions were generated with NONROAD2002a. Emissions in tpy and tpsd

were calculated as shown below:

tpy = winter tps + spring tps + summer tps + fall tps tpsd = tps / (91.25 days/season)
References

49 

### User’s Guide for the EPA Nonroad Emissions Model Draft NONROAD 2002 . United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. EPA420-P-02-013. December 2002.

50 

### Vessel Registration Count by Moorage County and Length . Washington State Department of Licensing. March 2002 (month of peak registrations).

51 

### Draft 2003 Report from Environ on mobile source em issions inventories developed for the Western Regional Air Partnership. Onroad di esel fuel sulfur levels by county.

52 

### Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines . US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA420-R-03-008. April 2003.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 42 

## 3.6 Ships

Two separate annual em issions inventories were used to estimates emissions from ships: one for emissions occurring on the Columbia and Snake River systems, and one for Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca and other coastal waterways.

Columbia and Snake Rivers A special project was undertaken through the Northwest Regional Technical Center (NWRTC) Demonstration Project to conduct an emi ssions inventory for ships (Corbett, 2001). 53 

## The main focus of the inventory was on ocean-going and harbor vessels traveling on the Columbia, Snake and Willamette Rivers. Emissions of NOx, SOx and PM were estimated for 1999 based on a bottom-up fuel consumption approach. PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## were estimated using a particle size distribution. 54


## Upper and lower bounds were established for the estimates. The estimates were provided by river segment consistent with segments reported in the US Army Corps of Engineers Waterborne Commerce publication. It was assumed that emissions in 2002 would be similar to those in 1999.

Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca and Coastal Waterways For the Sound, Strait, and coastal waterways, the 2000 Washington State inventory prepared for the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) by Levelton Engineering, Ltd. was used. 55 

## The inventory included emissions from ocean-going vessels, harbor vessels, ferry boats and fishing boats. It was assumed that emissions in 2002 would be similar to those in 2000. Similar to ships on the river systems, PM emissions estimates were estimated using a particle size distribution. 54



### 3.6.1 Activity Level and Emission Rates


## Activity level and emission rates are described in the source inventory documentation. The Corbett report addressed PM, NOx and SO 2 

## emissions. The Levelton report addressed PM, NOx, SO 2 

## , CO,

VOC and NH 3 

## emissions

3.6.2 Temporal and Spatial Allocation


## Emissions from ships were assumed to be uniform year-round. The Corbett data was spatially resolved by several river links. The Levelton data was available by 1-km grid. Both were assigned to counties using simple GIS methods. For this inventory, all emissions from ships on the Columbia River were assigned to Washington. This will undoubtedly lead to double-counting with Oregon. Where the rivers passed between two Washington counties, one-half of the emissions were assigned to each county.

3.6.3 Emissions Estimates


## Emissions in tons per year were taken directly from the source data. Seasonal emissions were

calculated: tps = (tpy) / (4 seasons) tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr)
References

53 

### Corbett, James J. Commercial Marine Vessel Inventory Review and Preparation for the Northwest U.S

. 16 Townsend Road; Newark, Delaware 19711. May 22, 2001.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 43 54 

### PM Size Fractions from the California Emi ssion Inventory Development and Reporting System (CEIDARS) . California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM profile #119: PM10 = 0.96, PM2.5 = 0.937). March 24, 1999.

55 

### R.G. Quan, R.G., Trask, T.C., Cheng, K.C. Marine Ve ssel Air Emissions In B.C. and Washington State Outside the GVRD and FVRD for the Year 2000. Prepared for: Policy and Planning Department, Greater Vancouver Regional District, 4330 Kingsway, Burnaby, B.C., V5H 4G8 and Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 224 West Esplanade, 4th Floor, North Vancouver, B.C., V7M 3H7. Prepared by: Levelton Engineering Ltd., 150 – 12791 Clarke Place, Richmond, B.C., V6V 2H9. July 16, 2002 File: 401-0989.

## 3.7 Locomotives

Locom otive emissions were calculated for Class 1 railroads based on EPA guidance. 56 

## Class 2 and

3 railroad locomotive emissions were not inventor ied. A special AIRQUEST (formerly Northwest Regional Technical Center) project conducted by th e Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) found that emissions from Class 2 and 3 railroad locomotives were a small percentage of

total locomotive emissions. 57, 58



### 3.7.1 Activity Level


## Activity level is measured in gallons of diesel consumed by locomotives. The majority of the activity takes place on Class 1 railroads. Three Cla ss 1 railroads operate in Washington: Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), Union Pacific (UP), a nd Amtrak. All three provided fuel consumption

for 2002. 59, 60, 61



## Amtrak fuel consumption was only available by r oute. In the prior effort by ODEQ referenced above, Amtrak route fuel consumption was disa ggregated by county for Amtrak's three major routes: Starlight, Cascades, and Empire Builder . To estimate 2002 county fuel consumption by Amtrak, county ratios were calculated for each major route using the ODEQ data. The county ratios were multiplied by the 2002 route fuel consumption to estimate county fuel consumption. Amtrak also provided fuel consumption for two minor routes: the Sounder and Alki. The Sounder operates 3 trains per day between Seattle and Everett, and 3 per day between Seattle and Tacoma. Activity was distributed evenly to the route counties: 25% to Snohomish, 25% to Pierce, 50% to King. The Alki trains are vacation trains and were evenly allocated to all counties with track due to lack of readily available specific information.

Major route Activity Calculation

F Amtrak02-C 

## = (F ODEQ-C 

## / F ODEQ-R 

## ) x F Amtrak02-R 

## where F Amtrak02-C 

## = Amtrak 2002 county fuel consumption

F Amtrak02-R 

## = Amtrak 2002 route fuel consumption

F ODEQ-C 

## = ODEQ project county fuel consumption

F ODEQ-R 

## = ODEQ project route fuel consumption

Table 3-27: Locomotive Fuel Consumption in Gallons

County Line Haul Yard Passenger County Line Haul Yard Passenger

Adams 5,511,189 0 37,289 Lewis 1,366,682 164,988 36,785

Asotin 0 0 0 Lincoln 3,566,626 0 105,745

Benton 5,396,003 0 34,106 Mason 0 0 343

Chelan 2,058,398 164,988 96,263 Okanogan 0 0 343

Clallam 0 0 0 Pacific 0 0 0

Clark 2,763,233 659,913 40,568 Pend Oreille 0 0 343

Columbia 5,293 0 343 Pierce 2,178,179 490,972 123,880

Cowlitz 2,042,389 164,988 49,514 San Juan 0 0 0 Douglas 467,503 494,925 0 Skagit 777,377 0 8,500 Ferry 34,591 0 343 Skamania 3,234,988 0 22,930

Franklin 3,569,462 742,427 27,393 Snohomish 3,145,512 494,925 164,411

Garfield 0 0 0 Spokane 5,886,729 494,925 243,966



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 44Grant 1,875,748 0 65,974 Stevens 523,356 0 343 Grays Harbor 0 0 343 Thurston 1,185,435 0 35,944

Island 0 0 0 Wahkiakum 0 0 0

Jefferson 0 0 0 Walla Walla 1,888,558 0 343 King 4,218,824 852,426 281,956 Whatcom 840,142 164,988 13,951 Kitsap 0 0 343 Whitman 189,574 0 343

Kittitas 473,934 0 17,131 Yakima 484,410 0 343

Klickitat 7,237,314 0 52,315 State Total 60,921,448 4,890, 464 1,462,397



### 3.7.2 Temporal and Spatial Adjustments


## Most of the activity information was obtained by county; therefore, no spatial adjustments were necessary. Where activity was not available by county, track mileage and trip information was used to assign activity to counties.

Locomotives were assumed to operate uniformly year-round per EPA guidance. 62



### 3.7.3 Emission Rates



## Emission rates of PM 10 

## , NOx, VOC and CO for the 2002 locomotive fleet were extracted from EPA's regulatory support document developed during the 1997 locomotive emissions standards rulemaking. EPA posted emission factor information by year and locomotive type (line-haul, switch, passenger) for 1999 through 2040. 63 

## The SO2 emission rates were taken from earlier EPA guidance. 62 

## The PM 2.5 

## emission rates were assumed to be 92% of the PM 10 

## per EPA correspondence with ODEQ. 58 , 64 

## Air toxic emission factors were taken from the 1999 NEI

documentation. 65



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 45

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 46 

## Table 3-28: Locomotive Emission Factors in grams per gallon fuel

Pollutant Code Line-haul Passenger Switch Yard

carbon monoxide CO 2.66E+01 2.66E+01 3.81E+01 nitrogen oxides NOX 2.39E+02 2.65E+02 3.56E+02 primary pm10 PM10-PRI 6.65E+00 6.65E+00 9.15E+00 primary pm2.5 PM25-PRI 6.12E+00 6.12E+00 8.42E+00

sulfur dioxide SO2 1.63E+01 1.63E+01 1.63E+01 volatile organic compounds VOC 9.97E+00 9.97E+00 2.10E+01

1,3-butadiene 106990 3.25E-02 3.25E-02 3.25E-02 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 540841 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 2.23E-02 acenaphthene 83329 2.04E-04 2.04E-04 2.04E-04 acenaphthylene 208968 2.84E-03 2.84E-03 2.84E-03 acetaldehyde 75070 1.88E-01 1.88E-01 1.88E-01

acrolein 107028 3.12E-02 3.12E-02 3.12E-02

anthracene 120127 6.71E-04 6.71E-04 6.71E-04

arsenic 7440382 2.38E-06 2.38E-06 2.38E-06 benz[a]anthracene 56553 1.06E-04 1.06E-04 1.06E-04

benzene 71432 2.59E-02 2.59E-02 2.59E-02 benzo[a]pyrene 50328 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 benzo[b]fluoranthene 205992 4.26E-05 4.26E-05 4.26E-05 benzo[g,h,i,]perylene 191242 2.06E-05 2.06E-05 2.06E-05 benzo[k]fluoranthene 207089 3.46E-05 3.46E-05 3.46E-05 beryllium 7440417 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 1.91E-04

cadmium 7440439 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 1.91E-04

chromium 7440473 4.15E-05 4.15E-05 4.15E-05 chrysene 218019 7.92E-05 7.92E-05 7.92E-05 dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 53703 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 ethyl benzene 100414 1.99E-02 1.99E-02 1.99E-02

fluoranthene 206440 4.96E-04 4.96E-04 4.96E-04

fluorine 86737 9.36E-04 9.36E-04 9.36E-04 formaldehyde 50000 4.33E-01 4.33E-01 4.33E-01

hexane 110543 5.48E-02 5.48E-02 5.48E-02 indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 193395 1.80E-05 1.80E-05 1.80E-05

lead 7439921 5.90E-04 5.90E-04 5.90E-04

manganese 7439965 1.36E-05 1.36E-05 1.36E-05

mercury 7439976 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 1.91E-04 naphthalene 91203 1.71E-02 1.71E-02 1.71E-02

nickel 7440020 4.36E-05 4.36E-05 4.36E-05 phenanthrene 85018 3.77E-03 3.77E-03 3.77E-03 propionaldehyde 123386 6.08E-02 6.08E-02 6.08E-02

pyrene 129000 7.01E-04 7.01E-04 7.01E-04
styrene 100425 2.09E-02 2.09E-02 2.09E-02

toluene 108883 3.19E-02 3.19E-02 3.19E-02 xylenes (mixture of o, m, and p isomers) 1330207 4.78E-02 4.78E-02 4.78E-02



### 3.7.4 Emissions Estimates



## Emissions were calculated: tpy = (gallons fuel) x (pollutant rate in g/gal) x (lbs/454 g) x (T/2000 lbs) tps = (tpy) / (4 seasons) tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr)
References

56 

### Procedures for Emission Inventory Pre paration, Vol. IV: Mobile Sources . EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised),

Section 6.0. 1992.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 47 57 

### Regional Technical Center Demonstration Project: Summary Report . Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Washington Department of Ecology, US EPA Region 10, Washington State Univers ity, University of Washington. January 11, 2002 (draft).

58 

### Oregon 1996 Railroad Emissions Inventory Project, Emission Estimate Methodology Documentation

. Oregon Department of Envir onmental Quality. August 2001.

59 

### Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. 2002 Estimation of Locomotive Emissions . Transmitted by email from Lyle Staley, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad to Sally Otterson, Washington Department of Ecology. March 3, 2004.

60 

### SEA Fuel Total 20032.xls . Transmitted by email from Michael Henderson, Amtrack to Sally Otterson, Washington Department of Ecology. April 23, 2004.

61 

### Union Pacific Railroad Company 2002 Fuel Consumption by County (Line Haul) and Yard Jobs in Washington . Transmitted by email from Jon Germer, Union Pacific Railroad to Sally Otterson, Washington Department of Ecology. May 10, 2004.

62 

### Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone

. Volume II, table 6-11. EPA-454/R-92-026, March 1992.

63 

### Spreadsheet titled locorsd.wk3 . Part of regulatory support documenta tion for the final emissions standards for locomotives, Federal Register April 16, 1998.

64 

### Electronic correspondence between Rich Wilcox, US Environmental Protection Agency and Christopher Swab, Oregon Department of Envir onmental Quality. Feb. 15, 2001.

65 

### Documentation for Aircraft, Commercial Marine V essel, Locomotive, and Other Nonroad Components of the National Emissions Inventory. Volume I – Methodology . Prepared for: Emission Factor and Inventory Group (D205-01), Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Di vision, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Prepared by: Eastern Research Group, Inc., 1600 Perimeter Park Drive, Morrisville, NC 27560.

## 3.8 Prescribed Burning

Prescribed burning includes logging debris burns and forest health burns. Prescribed burning is done by the Departm ent of Natural Resources (DNR), U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and private industry. DNR permits and tracks all burns, except those done by the BIA. Using models developed by the USFS, DNR estimates the tons burned and resulting air emissions.

3.8.1 Activity Level and Emission Rates


## DNR enters information on each permitted burn in the USFS models. Some of the information required includes: location, date, ownership, elevati on, moisture, species, duff depth, tons of material and/or acres, burn type (broadcast, pile, underburn, etc.). The models calculate fuel consumption and emissions for each burn. The emission factors used in the model were developed for the Pacific Northwest by the USFS.

DNR provided the entire 2002 burn permit database, which was queried for activity level (in tons burned) and emissions by county and season. 66 

## The database included PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## , VOC, and CO

emissions estimates. CO and VOC were not calcu lated for some USFS burns. The missing emissions were estimated using the ratios of CO and VOC to PM 10 

## for burns having complete emissions information. For all burns with complete information, the CO/ PM 10 

## and VOC/ PM 10 

## ratios were 8.25 and 0.5663, respectively.

Air toxics emission factors were taken from the 1999 NEI documentation for prescribed fires and multiplied by the tons burned to estimate air toxics emissions. 67 

## Toxics emission factors are shown in the table below. The criteria pollutant emission fact ors shown in the table represent statewide average emissions rates and are not representative of an individual burn.

Table 3-29: Prescribed Burning, Tons Burned 2002

County Tons County Tons

Adams 90 Lewis 18,949

Asotin 592 Lincoln 209

Benton 0 Mason 3,111

Chelan 4,065 Okanogan 11,400

Clallam 17,598 Pacific 15,364

Clark 4,407 Pend Oreille 34,394

Columbia 676 Pierce 10,443

Cowlitz 5,963 San Juan 146 Douglas 0 Skagit 8,612 Ferry 2,739 Skamania 2,282

Franklin 50 Snohomish 8,895

Garfield 85 Spokane 18,008

Grant 0 Stevens 22,182 Grays Harbor 32,998 Thurston 4,835

Island 90 Wahkiakum 2,635

Jefferson 3,096 Walla Walla 220 King 338 Whatcom 6,293 Kitsap 700 Whitman 0

Kittitas 14,017 Yakima 6,140

Klickitat 31,542 State Total 293,164



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 48

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 49 

## Table 3-30: Prescribed Burning Emission Rates

Pollutant Name Code lb/Ton Pollutant Name Code lb/Ton

carbon monoxide CO 2.07E+02 benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089 2.60E-03 primary pm10 PM10 2.51E+01 benzofluoranthenes 56832736 5.14E-03 primary pm2.5 PM25 2.32E+01 carbonyl sulfide 463581 5.34E-04 volatile organic compounds VOC 1.42E+01 chrysene 218019 6.20E-03

fluoranthene 206440 6.73E-03
1,3-butadiene 106990 4.05E-01 formaldehyde 50000 2.58E+00
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ 600 1.47E-09 i ndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyr ene 193395 3.41E-03 acetaldehyde 75070 4.08E-01 meth yl chloride 74873 1.28E-01

acrolein 107028 4.24E-01 me thylanthracene 26914181 8.23E-03

anthracene 120127 5.00E-03 meth ylbenzopyrenes 247 2.96E-03 benz(a)anthracene 56553 6.20E-03 methylchrysene 248 7.90E-03

benzene 71432 1.13E+00 n- hexane 110543 1.64E-02 benzo(a)fluoranthene 203338 2.60E-03 o,m,p-xy lene 1330207 2.42E-01 benzo(a)pyrene 50328 1.48E- 03 perylene 198550 8.56E-04 benzo(c)phenanthrene 195197 3.90E- 03 phenanthrene 85018 5.00E-03 benzo(e)pyrene 192972 2.66E- 03 pyrene 129000 9.29E-03 benzo(ghi)perylene 191242 5.08E -03 toluene 108883 5.68E-01



### 3.8.2 Temporal Adjustments


## Because the date of each burn was included in the database, monthly emissions were calculated by summing the emissions for all burns occurring in each individual month.

3.8.3 Spatial Adjustments


## No spatial adjustments were necessary. All burns were identified both by county, and sectiontownship-range.

3.8.4 Emissions Estimates



## As stated in section 3.8.1 , emissions were calculated for each burn by date. Seasonal emissions were calculated by sum ming all the burns occurring in the given season. Average daily emissions were not calculated for this source since day to day variability can be very large.
References

66 

### Dept. of Natural Resources burn permit database.

67 

### Documentation for the 1999 Base Year Nonpoint Area Source National Emissions Inventory for
Hazardous Air Pollutants . Prepared for: Emission Factor and Inventory Group (D205-01); Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Prepared by: Eastern Research Group, Inc.; 1600 Perimeter Park Drive; Morrisville, North Carolina 27560. September 30, 2002.

## 3.9 Agricultural Burning

Agricultural burning in W ashington is defined as "the burning of vegetative debris from an agricultural operation necessary for disease or pest control, necessary for crop propagation and/or crop rotation, or where identified as a best management practice by the agricultural burning practices and research task force established in RCW [Revised Code of Washington] 70.94.650 or other authoritative source on agricultural practices. " 68 

## All agricultural burning in Washington requires a permit. 68



## It is noted here that in Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Okanogan Counties some orchards are removed but not replanted and thus do not qualify for agricultural burning permits. The types of burning and emissions generated are the same as those permitted as agricultural and thus are included in the agricultural burning category. This may be revisited in future inventories.

3.9.1 Activity Level


## The activity level for agricultural burning is the amount of residue burned (consumed). The general equation for determining the amount of residue burned is:

tons burned = acres burned x fuel loading x fuel consumption factor

The sources of each parameter are described below.

Acres Burned

Department of Ecology Central and Eastern Regional Offices (CRO, ERO) A permitting database was developed for Washington that tracks permits by location and date, and includes other information such as crop type, acreage and loading. 69 

## The permitting database contained detailed records for burns beginning in July 2002. To estimate the amount of activity occurring during January through June 2002, two diffe rent approaches were taken. For Ecology's Eastern Regional Office, annual acreage was provided by crop type. 70 

## The permit database records for July-December 2002 were subtracted from the annual totals to estimate spring burning activity. This method was employed for Adams, Asotin, Colu mbia, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, Walla Walla and Whitman Counties. For Ecology's Central Regional Office, permits tracked in the database issued from January 2003 – June 2003 were used as an estimate for the same period in 2002. These counties were: Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Okanogan.

Local Air Authority Permits The permit database did not contain informati on for western Washington counties, or Benton, Spokane and Yakima Counties in eastern Washington. There is very little agricultural burning in western Washington and Spokane Counties. Records for Benton, Skagit, Whatcom and Yakima

Counties were obtained from the local air authorities. 71, 72, 73 

## Permits for 2003 were used as substitutes for 2002 activity in Benton, Skagit and Whatcom Counties. Permits for 2000 were used as a substitute for 2002 activity in Yakima County.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 50

## Fuel Loading

The perm itting database included a loading factor for each burn. The overall average loading factor for cereal grain stubble burns was 4 tons/acre. This was in comparable to the average found in the special study performed by Air Sciences Incorporated. 74 

## The Air Sciences study was a field study funded by Ecology, the Washington Association of Wheat Growers, and the US EPA-Region 10 to measure emissions and develop emission rates for wheat stubble field burning. The factor was somewhat higher than AP42's wheat field loading factor of 3.2 tons/acre (adjusted for fuel consumption). The value of 4 tons/acre wa s used for ERO burns during Jan-Jun of 2002.

For Benton, Skagit and Whatcom Counties, loading factors for each crop type were estimated from the Ecology burn permit database for similar crops in other counties. The Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority provided loading factors for orchard tear-outs. 73 

## These loading factors were used for orchard tear-outs in Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Okanogan Counties as well. Orchard pruning loading factors in Yakima were estimated using AP42. 75



## Fuel Consumption Factors

For cereal grains, the fuel consumption factors developed by Air Sciences Incorporated were used. 74


## The consumption factor was 0.59 in the spring and 0.60 in the fall. For all other crop types, the consumption factor was assumed to by 1.00 due to lack of any specific information. This will tend to

overestimate emissions.

Summary tables showing acreage, pre-burn fuel loading, and tons burned (consumed) are shown

below.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 51

## Table 3-31: Agricultural Acres Burned

County cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) grassland, pasture,
and CRP* hay orchard

tear-out other

Adams 1,590 3,090 21 245

Asotin 40

Benton 716 27 29 292 113

Chelan 100 13

Columbia 38,658 1,803 481 Douglas 406 117 1

Franklin 3,505 2,126 69 367 268

Garfield 5,269 410 192

Grant 4,054 112 223 882 767

Kittitas 48 48 35

Klickitat 0

Lincoln 1,509 140 30 0 243 Okanogan 448 Skagit 704

Walla Walla 32,253 4,982 3,872 654

Whatcom 3

Whitman 33,155 2,300 15 1,808

Yakima 2,622 780

State Total 121,115 14,990 4,286 4,900 6,343 * Conservation Reserve Program conversion



## Table 3-32: Tons of Agricultur al Residue (pre-Burn Loading)

County cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) grassland, pasture,
and CRP* hay orchard

tear-out other

Adams 6,508 8,709 578 1,824

Asotin 60

Benton 2,864 121 15 5,986 56

Chelan 2,828 7

Columbia 153,457 4,995 860 Douglas 739 2,223 1

Franklin 17,964 5,461 41 10,027 174

Garfield 21,046 1,156 288

Grant 13,211 316 365 24,179 561

Kittitas 24 949 129

Klickitat 0

Lincoln 5,159 371 44 0 615 Okanogan 12,531 Skagit 352

Walla Walla 134,899 14,265 5,725 1,495

Whatcom 56

Whitman 135,014 9,630 22 4,277

Yakima 78,672 1,795

State Total 490,860 45,022 6,236 138,029 12,493 * Conservation Reserve Program conversion



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 52

## Table 3-33: Tons of Agricultural Residue Burned

County cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) grassland, pasture,
and CRP* hay orchard

tear-out other

Adams 3,843 8,709 578 1,742

Asotin 35

Benton 1,718 121 15 5,986 56

Chelan 2,828 4

Columbia 90,962 4,995 769 Douglas 436 2,223 1

Franklin 10,711 5,461 41 10,027 149

Garfield 12,419 1,156 170

Grant 7,849 316 365 24,179 492

Kittitas 24 949 128

Klickitat 0

Lincoln 3,056 371 44 0 363 Okanogan 12,531 Skagit 352

Walla Walla 80,096 14,265 5,725 1,076

Whatcom 56

Whitman 80,393 9,630 22 2,537

Yakima 78,672 1,795

State Total 291,484 45,022 6,236 138,029 9,670 * Conservation Reserve Program conversion



### 3.9.2 Emission Rates


## Emission rates were taken from EPA's AP42 and the Air Sciences Incorporated report. 74

, 75



## For all AP42 factors, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## were estimated from total particulate using profiles from the

Air Resources Board in California. 76 

## Profiles used were #430 field crops: PM 10 

## = 0.9835, PM 2.5 

## = 0.9379, #440 weeds: PM 10 

## = 0.9835, PM 2.5 

## = 0.9379, and #450 orchard prunings: PM 10 

## = 0.9814,

PM 2.5 

## = 0.9252. The Air Sciences emission rates included PM 10 

## and PM 2.5



## .

The Air Sciences report estimated methane, but not VOC. The AP24 ratio of non-methane hydrocarbons to methane (approximately 3.33) was used to estimate non-methane emission rates from the Air Sciences reported methane rates.

Toxics emission rates were not estimated due to l ack of data. The Air Sciences study tested four samples for benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluroanthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and idenol(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and idenol(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were detected in two of the tests, while the others were not detected in any of the samples. The factors are not used in this report.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 53

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 54 

## Table 3-34: Emission Rates in Pounds Per Ton Residue Burned

Crop Description Season PM PM 10 PM 2.5 VOC CO Reference cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) fall 12 12.3 9.8 12 117 Air Sciences & AP42

cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley) spring 6.8 6.8 5.3 5.3 67 Air Sciences & AP42

asparagus all 40 39.3 37.5 66 150 AP-42 asparagus & CARB profile #430

beans all 43 42.3 40.3 36 186 AP-42 beans headfire & CARB profile #430 grassland, pasture, and CRP* all 16 15.7 15.0 15 101 AP-42 grasses & CARB profile #430

corn all 14 13.8 13.1 12 108 AP-42 corn & CARB profile #430

other all 21 20.7 19.7 18 117 AP-42 unspec. field crop & CARB profile #430 hay – alfalfa all 45 44.3 42.2 28 106 AP-42 alfalfa headfire & CARB profile #430 hay – other all 32 31.5 30.0 17 139 AP-42 hay headfire & CARB profile #430

orchards all 4 3.9 3.7 3 42 AP-42 apple & CARB profile #450

weed control all 15 14.8 14.1 9 85 AP-42 unspec. weeds & CARB profile #440 * Conservation Reserve Program conversion



### 3.9.3 Spatial and Temporal Adjustments


## All burn data was available by county, so spatial adjustments were not necessary. For burns tracked in the burn permit database, no temporal adjustments were necessary since burns are tracked by county and date. For burns not tracked in the database other information was utilized to make temporal allocations. ERO burns prior to July 2002 were allocated to April. Benton Clean Air Authority staff provided temporal in formation for burning in Benton County. 77 

## In Yakima County,permits were available by month for Jan-Feb, and Oct-Dec, with a 7-month total available for MarSep. The Yakima Mar-Sep burning was allocated to season based on the temporal profile of orchard burning in other counties developed from the Ecology burn permit database.

3.9.4 Emissions Estimates


## Emissions estimates were calculated with the equations below. Average daily emissions were not calculated for this source since day to day variability can be very large.

tpy = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) tps = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) where the tons burned is the amount burned in the given season
References

68 

### Chapter 173-430 Washington Administrative Code. Nov. 9, 1977, revised May 26, 1998.

69 

### Washington State Department of Ecology burn permit database. Records for July 2002 – June 2003. Data selected on March 12, 2004.

70 

### Email from Karen Wood, Washington State Department of Ecology – Eastern Regional Office to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology – Headquarters. Annual acreage for 2002 by crop type in spreadsheet 2002AcresTotals4Sallty.xls. May 10, 2004.

71 

### NW Air Pollution Control Authority Spring and Fall 2003 Burn Permits . Information from Northwest Air Pollution Authority as compiled by Washington State Department of Ecology – Eastern Regional Office.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 55 72 

### Facsimile from Kary Peterson, Washington State De partment of Ecology to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. Benton County cr op and acreage permitted for 2003. March 15, 2004.

73 

### Calculation of Orchard Burning Emissions , and C. Y. 2000 Ag Burn Information for PM10 Maint. Plan

Emiss. Inven . Worksheets in spreadsheet ag_burn_data29Jan03-2.xls. Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority. Feb. 2003.

74 

### Final Report: Cereal-Grain Residue Open-Field Burning Emissions Study . Table 3.2. Prepared For and Funded By: Washington Department Of Ecology; Washington Association Of Wheat Growers; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10. Prep ared By: Air Sciences Inc., 421 Sw 6Th Avenue, Portland, Or 97204; 1301 Washington Avenue, Golden, Co 80401. Project No. 152-02. July 2003.

75 

### Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto rs, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources . AP42, Fifth Edition. January 1995. Table 2.5-5 ( 10/92 reformatted 1/95). Headfire burning.

76 

### PM Size Fractions from the California Emi ssion Inventory Development and Reporting System (CEIDARS) . California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM profile #430: PM10 = 0.9835, PM2.5 = 0.9379, PM profile #440: PM10 = 0.9835, PM2.5 = 0.9379, PM profile #450: PM10 = 0.9814, PM2.5 = 0.9252). March 24, 1999.

77 

### Personal conversation with Rob Rodger, Benton Clean Air Authority. March 17, 2004.

## 3.10 Residential Yard Waste Burning

Residential yard waste burning is outdoor burning of vegetative m aterial.

3.10.1 Activity Level and Spatial Allocation


## The measure of activity for residential yard waste burning is the amount of material burned. In 2001, Washington State University under contract to the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality conducted a telephone survey of wood heating and outdoor burning habits in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. 78 

## The survey included questions to estimate the fraction of households that burned yard waste and the number of legal size piles (4') burned per household per year. In Washington, the survey defined four geographic groups in Washingt on: 1) incorporated cities, 2) unincorporated western WA, 3) unincorporated eastern WA with forest lands, and 4) unincorporated eastern WA without forest lands. Each county's incorporated areas were assigned to the first group. Unincorporated areas were assigned to one of the last three groups. An estimate of the number of households in each county may be found in Table 2-1

.

County unincorporated area assignm ents were: western WA: Clallam, Clark, Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Thurston, Wahkiakum, Whatcom eastern WA w/forest: Chelan, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Kittitas, Klickitat, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, Walla Walla, Yakima eastern WA w/o forest. Adams, Asotin, Bent on, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, Whitman

The fractions of households burning yard waste, and the number of piles burned are shown in the table

below.

Table 3-35: Amount of Yard Waste Burning

Area Fraction Burning Piles per Year Incorporated 0.077 2.56

Eastern WA w/forest 0.184 3.64

Eastern WA w/o forest 0.210 2.84

Western WA 0.265 3.37



## It was estimated that the weight of a legal size pile was approximately 125 lbs. 79 

## The tons of material burned was estimated using the following equation:

HH x (fraction burning waste) x (piles/ HH) x (lbs burned/pile) x (T/2000 lbs), where HH = the number of households ( Table 2-1 )

3.10.2 Emission Rates


## Emission rates for unspecified forest burning we re taken from EPA's AP42 and are shown in Table

3-34 below. 80 

## Emission rates are given in pounds of pollutant per ton of material burned.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 56

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 57 

## PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## were estimated from total particulate using size fraction information from the Air

Resources Board in California. 81 

## The fractions were 0.9825 and 0.9316, respectively.

Table 3-36: Emission Rates in Pounds per Ton Material Burned

Pollutant Code lb/T Pollutant Code lb/T primary pm10 PM10-PRI 17 cumene 98828 1.33E-02 primary pm2.5 PM25-PRI 16 dibenzofuran 132649 6.75E-03

carbon monoxide CO 140 ethylbenzene 100414 4.80E-02 volatile organic compounds VOC 19 methly ethyl ketone 78933 6.70E-02 phenol 108952 1.15E-01
styrene 100425 1.02E-01



### 3.10.3 Temporal Allocation


## The survey included questions about seasonal burning habits. The fractions of activity occurring in

each season are shown in Table 3-37 below.

Table 3-37: Seasonal Activity Fracti ons, Residential Yard Waste Burning

Area Fall Winter Spring Summer Incorporated 0. 25 0.25 0.21 0.29

Eastern WA w/forest 0.23 0.31 0.17 0.29

Eastern WA w/o fore st 0.23 0.30 0.19 0.28

Western WA 0. 21 0.28 0.22 0.29



### 3.10.4 Emissions Estimates


## Emissions estimates were calculated with the equations below.

tpy = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) tps = (tpy) x (seasonal fraction) tpsd = tps x (season/91.25 days)
References

78 

### John Tarni, principal investigator. Thom Allen, study director. Wood Burning Stove Survey for Idaho, Oregon and Washington State . Social and Economic Sciences Research Center. Washington State University. Prepared for Gary Reinbold, Idaho Depa rtment of Environmental Quality. Data Report and database of survey responses. August 2001.

79 

### Ecology area source inventory, 1989.

80 

### Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto rs, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources . AP42, Fifth Edition. January 1995. Table 2.5-5 (10/92 reformatted 1/95). Unspecified forest residue.

81 

### PM Size Fractions from the California Emi ssion Inventory Development and Reporting System (CEIDARS) . California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM profile #461: PM10 = 0.9825, PM2.5 = 0.9316). March 24, 1999.

## 3.11 Residential Trash Burning

Residential trash burning is outdoor burning of household waste.

3.11.1 Activity Level and Spatial Allocation


## The measure of activity for residential trash burning is the amount of material burned. The Washington State University telephone survey of wood heating and outdoor burning habits in Idaho, Oregon and Washington described in section 3.10 above included questions to estimate the fraction of households that burned trash. The geographic subgroups, county assignm ents, and number of households in each subgroup were the same as in section 3.10 . The fractions of households burning

trash are shown in the table below.

Table 3-38: Fraction of Households Burning Trash

Area Fraction Burning Incorporated 0.050

Eastern WA w/forest 0.122

Eastern WA w/o forest 0.114

Western WA 0.199



## The amount of trash burned per household was taken from an Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) recommendation. The EIIP reported that the amount of trash actually burned was approximately 50% of the combustible trash produced. 82 

## This was the amount used in this inventory and was 5.4 lbs per household per day.

The tons of material burned were estimated using the following equation:

HH x (fraction burning trash) x (5.4 lbs/HH-day) x (365 days) x (T/2000 lbs), where HH = the number of households ( Table 2-1 )

3.11.2 Emission Rates


## Criteria pollutant emission rates for trash burning from the EIIP and toxic emission rates from the

1999 NEI are shown in Table 3-34 below. 82

, 67 

## Emission rates are given in pounds of pollutant per ton of material actually burned.

Table 3-39: Emission Rates in Pounds per Ton Material Actually Burned

Pollutant Code lb/T Pollutant Code lb/T

primary pm10 PM10-

PRI 3.80E+01 fluoranthene 206440 8.14E-03

primary pm2.5 PM25-

PRI 3.48E+01 fluorene 86737 7.31E-03

sulfur dioxide SO2 6.25E- 01 hexachlorobenzene 118741 4.40E-05
nitrogen oxides NOX 3.75E+00 hydrochloric acid 7647010 5.68E-01

carbon monoxide CO 5.31E+01 hydrogen cyanide 74908 9.36E-01
volatile organic compounds VOC 8. 56E+00 indeno(123cd)pyrene 193395 3.75E-03
napthalene 91203 3.51E-02
acenaphthylene 208968 2.26E-02 octachlo rodibenzo-p-dioxin 3268879 7.60E-05
acenapthene 83329 1.54E-03 pentachlorobenzene 87865 1.06E-04



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 58

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 59 anthracene 120127 3.66E-03 phenanthrene 85018 1.46E-02

benzene 71432 2.48E+00 phenol 108952 2.80E-01 benzo(a)anthracene 56553 4.48E-03 polyc hlorinated biphenyls 1336363 5.72E-03 benzo(a)pyrene 50328 4.24E-03 pyrene 129000 9.66E-03 benzo(b)fluoranthene 205992 5.26E-03 styrene 100425 1.48E+00 benzo(ghi)perylene 191242 3.95E-03 total heptachlorodibenzofuran 38998753 3.60E-06 benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089 2.05E-03 total hexachlorodibenzofuran 55684941 1.60E-06

chlorobenzenes 108907 8.48E-04 total pentachlorodibenzofuran 30402154 2.50E-06
chrysene 218019 5.07E-03 total tetrachlorodibenzofuran 30402143 4.50E-06 dibenzo(ah)anthracene 53703 6.46E-04 trichlorobenzenes 120821 2.20E-04

dichlorobenzenes 106467 3.20E-04



### 3.11.3 Temporal Allocation


## Trash burning is considered uniform year-round

3.11.4 Emissions Estimates


## Emissions estimates were calculated with the equations below.

tpy = (tons burned) x (pollutant lbs/T) x (T/2000 lbs) tps = (tpy) / 4 tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr)
References

82 

### Emission Inventory Improvement Program: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air

Emissions. Volume III, Chapter 16 Open Burning. Revised Final. Tables 16.4-1 and 16.5-2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January 2001.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 60 

## 3.12 Dry Cleaning

Perchloroethylene em issions from dry cleaning were calculated for this inventory.

3.12.1 Activity Level


## The activity level measure for dry cleaning is population. County population for 2002 is shown in

Table 2-1

.

3.12.2 Temporal Allocation


## Dry cleaning emissions were assumed to occur uniformly throughout the year, Monday through Saturday. 62



### 3.12.3 Spatial Allocation


## The calculation methods consisted of multiplying a per capita emission rate by population. Population was available by county, so emissions could be assigned to each county.

3.12.4 Emission Rates


## In 1999, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality conducted an inventory of perchloroethylene emission from individual dry cleaners. 83, 84 

## Emissions were totaled for the state and divided by the 1999 Oregon population to develop a per capita emission factor as shown below.

(179254 lbs/yr)/(3,300,800 persons) = 0.0543 lbs/person-yr

3.12.5 Emissions Estimates


## Annual and seasonal emissions were calculated for each county according to the equations below. Seasonal daily emissions were calculated assuming 6 days per week operation (313 days/year):

tpy = (2002 WA county population) x (0.0543 lbs/person-yr) x (T/2000 lbs) tps = tpy / 4 tpsd = tpy / (313 days/yr)
References

83 

### Email from Jeffery Stocum, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. Transmitting spreadsheet Airpact Dry Cleaners.xls . February 4, 2003.

84 

### Email from Jeffery Stocum, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to Sally Otterson, Washington State Department of Ecology. Or egon 1999 population. March 17, 2003.

## 3.13 Architectural Surface Coating

Architectural surface coating (SIC 17) includes interi or and exterior application of thin layers of coatings (paint, paint prim er, varnish, lacquer) to architectural surfaces. This area source category also includes the thinners and solvents used for preparation and clean-up, and specialized coatings for construction such as concrete form release compounds. All are sources of VOC and HAP

emissions.

A variety of coating products are used on architect ural structures. The majority is applied to structures by homeowners and painting/surface coa ting contractors that are scattered throughout a geographic area. Exterior coating application may be limited to time periods of favorable climatic conditions due to their nature of drying/curing in th e ambient air. Interior coating application is not directly limited by climatic conditions. VOC and HAP emissions estimates and their distribution consider whether the coating is water- or solvent-based, or if it is an exterior or interior coating

type.

3.13.1 Activity Level


## US Census Bureau Current Industrial Reports (CIR) for Paint and Allied Products: 2002 (MA325F(02)-1, July 2003), US Census Bureau, Annual Estimates of the US Population (December 2003), and Washington OFM population data (2002) (see Table 2-1 ) are used to

determ ine the total gallons of architectural coating products used. 85, 86



## The CIR report provides national quantities of products shipped, in thousands of gallons.

National Current Industrial Reports 2002: Paint and Allied Products and 2002 National Census Bureau population estimation data are used to calculate Per Capita Coating usage factors for interior water- and solvent-based coatings, and exterior water- and solvent-based coatings. The usage factors are multiplied by county level population data to determine coating usage in gallons per

county.

Table 3-40: Architectural Coating per Capita Usage Rates

Coating type SCC Usage Factor (gal/person)

Interior water 2401003000 1.41

Interior solvent 2401002000 0.20

Exterior water 2401003000 0.63

Exterior solvent 2401002000 0.25



## County level coating usage values are summed for total architectural coating use.

Table 3-41: County Coating Use in gallons

County Interior Exterior County Interior Exterior

Adams 26,726 14,608 Lewis 113,022 61,776

Asotin 33,327 18,216 Lincoln 16,422 8,976

Benton 237,636 129,888 Mason 80,178 43,824

Chelan 108,836 59,488 Okanogan 64,078 35,024

Clallam 104,489 57,112 Pacific 33,810 18,480



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 61Clark 585,074 319,792 Pend Oreille 18,998 10,384

Columbia 6,601 3,608 Pierce 1,167,250 638,000

Cowlitz 151,984 83,072 San Juan 23,506 12,848 Douglas 53,291 29,128 Skagit 169,211 92,488 Ferry 11,753 6,424 Skamania 15,939 8,712

Franklin 82,593 45,144 Snohomish 1,011,080 552,640

Garfield 3,864 2,112 Spokane 685,216 374,528

Grant 123,004 67,232 Stevens 65,044 35,552 Grays Harbor 110,124 60,192 Thurston 341,803 186,824

Island 117,691 64,328 Wahkiakum 6,118 3,344

Jefferson 42,826 23,408 Walla Walla 89,194 48,752 King 2,856,623 1,561,384 Whatcom 277,242 151,536 Kitsap 377,867 206,536 Whitman 65,366 35,728

Kittitas 56,028 30,624 Yakima 362,250 198,000

Klickitat 31,073 16,984 State Total 9,727,137 5,316,696 Total all Coatings 15,043,833



## 2002 CIR data is used to calculate percentages of exterior and interior coating of the total architectural coating shipped. Architectural lacquers and ‘coatings, n.s.k’ are included in the interior coating total. Exterior and interior coating use are 35% and 65% respectively of total architectural coating used.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 62

## Table 3-42: Exterior and Interior Architectural Coating Shipped, US 2002*

Product Description Quantity (1000 gal) % Total Volume Per Coating Type Exterior Solvent-type 70967 Exterior Water-type 182423

Total Exterior 253390 35 Interior solvent-type 48947 Interior water-type 407104 Architectural lacquers 5808 Architectural coatings, n.s.k. 1981

Total Interior 463840 65 Architectural coatings (all types coatings) 717230 *Excerpt from Table 2: Quant ity and Value of Shipments of Paint and Allied Products: 2002 & 2001



## Both sets of population data provide surrogate activity values for calculating county-level VOC and

HAP emissions.

Table 3-43: US Census Bureau, Annual Estimate of US Population**

Geographic Area July 1, 2002 Population

United States 287,973,924 ** Excerpted from National Data Table, Annual Estimates of the Population fo r the United States and States, and for

Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2003



### 3.13.2 Spatial Allocation


## Activity and emissions are calculated for each county. Washington county level population data distributes activity to the county level.

3.13.3 Temporal Allocation


## Exterior architectural surface coating use is influenced by seasonal climate changes. Temperatures less than 50°F are not suitable for painting and limit activity. Exterior coating use is also limited by precipitation. Architectural coating type and climate data are both considered in the temporal allocation of architectural coating emissions.

The trend in 30-year averaged climatic meteorological data, for both eastern and western Washington, demonstrates that temperatures and pr ecipitation favorable to exterior architectural coating use in Washington occur between April and September. Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) temperature and precipitation data meas ured at WRCC meteorological monitoring sites show the average annual maximum temperature for the months of April to September are at or greater than 50°F, and precipitation is less than 3 inches. 87 

## Sites chosen as representative of eastern, western, northern and southern Washington are Wenatchee (459074), Spokane (457938), Seattle Tacoma WSCMO AP (457473) ‘SeaTac’, Port Angeles (456624), and Vancouver 4 NNE (458773) respectively. Based on these meteorological data 100% of exterior architectural coating usage is allocated between April and September 2002.

Interior coating use is not dependent on precipitation and temperature. Interior coatings aredistributed based on total gallons used and distributed as monthly usage as determined by coatingtype usage. Interior architectural coating distri bution is calculated by dividing the total gallons of

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 63

## interior water- and solvent-based architectural coating used in 2002 by twelve (m onths), and multiplying the monthly value by the number of months in each season.

Table 3-44: Architectural Coating Tempor al Allocation Using Meteorological Data

Gallons Jan-March April-Sept Oct-Dec Total Architectural coating used in WA 15,043,833

Exterior 5,316,696 5,316,696 Exterior gallons per month April-Sept 886,116

Interior 9,727,137 2,431,784 4,863, 570 2,431,784 Interior gallons per month 810,595
2,431,784 10,180,266 2,431,784 % Architectural Coating Percent Use 16 68 16



## The months corresponding to meteorological data are based on a calendar year. The calendar year usage pattern is adjusted to correlate to emission inventory months for the purposes of seasonal emissions distribution. December 2002 data is substituted for December of 2001 for purposes of seasonal adjustment. The temporal allocation of architectural coating emissions is in the table

below.

Table 3-45: Architectural Coating Seasonal Allocation

Season Exterior Usage %Exterior Interior Usage %Interior Total Usage Total
%/Season Winter (Dec-Feb) 0 0 2,431,784 25 2,431,784 16 Spring (Mar-May) 1,772,232 33 2,431,784 25 4,204,016 28 Summer (June-Aug) 2,658, 348 50 2,431,784 25 5,090,132 34 Fall (Sept-Nov) 886,116 17 2,431,784 25 3,317,900 22 Total 2002 Coating Usage 5,316, 696 9,727,136 15,043,832



## Exterior coating seasonal usage contribution to the temporal profile is adjusted to zero for winter months, divided by six to determine monthly use, and is distributed according to the emission seasons. Interior coating is divided by 12 and distributed throughout the year. The percent

contributions are listed in the table above.

3.13.4 Emission Rates


## Each county level usage value is multiplied by Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP), Table 5-2, VOC emission factors. 88 

## Architectural coating VOC emission factors are reduced by 20% to reflect the 1998 federal rule, 40CFR Part 59 the National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Architectural Coatings, Final Rule. 89 

## County level VOC emissions are calculated in pounds per year for each county.

Table 3-46: Architectural Coating VOC Emission Factors in lb/gal

Coating Type lb/gal Adjusted lb/gal (lb/gal – lb/gal*(1-20/100) Water-type 0.74 0.592 Solvent-type 3.87 3.096



## EIIP HAP emission factors (Tables 5-3 and 5-4) are weight fractions that are multiplied by a mass value of VOC to determine the mass of individual HAPs in the architectural coating VOC

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 64

## composition. HAP emission factors are multiplied by estimated county VOC emissions from waterbased and solvent-based architectural coatings. HAPS are estimated in pounds per year-county for each coating type VOC species profile.

Table 3-47: Architectural Coating HAP Emission Factors

EIIP Table 5-3 EIIP Table 5-4 VOC Species Profile for WATER-based architectural surface coating (CARB, 1991) VOC Species Profile for Solvent-Based Architectural Surface Coating (CARB, 1991) Species Weight Fraction Species Weight Fraction

Benzene 0.0030 Acetone 0.0320 n-Butyl alcohol 0.2000 n-Butyl acetate 0.0250 2-(2-Butoxyehtoxy)-ethanol 0.0070 n-Butyl alcohol 0.0160 2-Butyltetrahydrofur an 0.0010 Cyclohexane 0.2070

1-Chlorobutane 0.0220 Dim ethyl formamide 0.0050 3-(Chloromethyl_-heptane 0.0060 2-ethoxyethyl acetate 0.0130

n-Decane 0.0020 Ethyl alcohol 0.0060 Dibutyl ether 0.0020 Ethylbenzene 0.0430 Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) 0.0550 Ethylene glycol 0.0060 Ethyl Chloride 0.0060 n-Hexane 0.2070 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 0.0100 Isobutyl acetate 0.0150 1-Ethoxy-2-propanol 0.0140 Isobutyl alcohol 0.0060 Ethylene Glycol 0.0050 Isobutyl isobutyrate 0.0610 1-Heptanol 0.0070 Isom ers of xylene 0.0260 Hexylene glycol 0.0140 Isopropyl alcohol 0.1640 Isoamyl isobutyrate 0.0030 Methyl alcohol 0.0390 Methyl chloride 0.0050 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.0560 Methyl isobutyrate 0.0010 Me thyl Isobutyl ketone 0.0060 Propylchyclohexanone 0.0100 Meth yl n-butyl ketone 0.0070 Substituted C7 ester (C12) 0.2690 Propylene glycol 0.0080 Substituted C9 ester (C12) 0.2850 Toluene 0.0520

n-Undecane 0.0010

Undecane isomers 0.0100



## County VOC/HAP emissions are multiplied by the adjusted temporal profile. Emissions are distributed by pounds of VOC/HAP per county and season for interior and exterior water- and solvent-based coating use. Annual interior coa ting county VOC and HAP emissions are divided by 365 days per year for daily seasonal emissions estimates. Annual exterior coating county VOC and HAP emissions are divided by 183 days (exterior painting season April-Sept.) to determine daily

seasonal emissions.

3.13.5 Emissions Estimates


## Architectural surface coating emissions are calcula ted using the following equations. This series describes the process and calculations used to generate architectural coating usage and emission factors, and VOC and HAP emissions estimates. Equations 1, 2a, 2b, 4 and 5 below are applied to data for each coating type:

Exterior water-based

Exterior solvent-based

Interior water-based

Interior solvent-based

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 65

## 1) Architectural Coating Usage Factors

2002 Total of each coating shipped (gallons)/2002 U.S. Population Estim ates = Per Capita Coating usage factor (gallons/person)-coating type

_____________________________________________________________________________

2) Architectural Coating Use (gallons) per County and State

Equation 2a. Per Capita Usage factor (gal/person) X 2002 WA Population per County = County Coating Use (gallons)

Equation 2b. County Coating Use (gallons) Exterior water-based + County Coating Use (gallons) Exterior solvent-based + County Coating Use (gallons) Interior water-based + County Coating Use (gallons) Interior solvent-based + = Total gallons architectural coating used in 2002 for WA State

_____________________________________________________________________________

3) 20% Reduction of EIIP Architectural surface coating VOC Emission Factors

EIIP VOC Emission Factor for water- and solv ent-based coating (lb VOC/gallon coating) X [1-(20/100)]

= 80% VOC Emission Factor

_____________________________________________________________________________

4) County VOC Emissions fr om Architectural Coating

Adjusted VOC Emission Factor (lb VOC/gallon coating)

X County Use – coating type (gallons) = Pounds VOC per county and coating type

_____________________________________________________________________________

5) County HAP Emissions from Architectural Coatings

VOC Emissions (pounds)/County – Per Coating type

X VOC Species Profile for Water-or Solvent-based Coating = Individual Pollutant Species Emissions/County-Coating type (pounds)

_____________________________________________________________________________

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 66

## 6) Seasonal County VOC Emission s from Architectural Coatings

Equation 6a. Exterior water-based coating County VOC Emissions

+ Exterior solvent-based coating County VOC Emissions = Total Exterior coating County VOC Emissions (pounds)

Equation 6b. Total Exterior Coating County VOC Emissions (pounds)

X Exterior Coating Temporal Profile (winter 0%, spring 33%, summer 50%, fall 17%) = Seasonal County VOC Emissions from Exterior Coating Activity

Equation 6c. Total Exterior Coating County VOC Emissions ÷ 183 (# of days April-Sept) = Exterior coating average daily seasonal VOC emissions

Equation 6d. Interior water-based coating County VOC Emissions

+ Interior solvent-based coating County VOC Emissions = Total Interior coating County VOC Emissions (pounds)

Equation 6e. Total Interior Coating County VOC Emissions (pounds)

X Interior Coating Temporal Profile (winter-fall 25%) = Seasonal County VOC Emissions from Interior Coating Activity

Equation 6f. Total Interior Coating County VOC Emissions ÷ 365 days/year = Interior coating average daily seasonal VOC emissions

_____________________________________________________________________________

7) Seasonal HAP Emissions from Architectural Coating

Equation 7a. Exterior water-based coating County HAP Emissions

+ Exterior solvent-based coating County HAP Emissions = Total Exterior coating County HAP Emissions (pounds)

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 67

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 68 

## References Equation 7b. Total Exterior Coating County HAP Emissions (pounds)

X Exterior Coating Temporal Profile (winter 0%, spring 33%, summer 50%, fall 17%) = Seasonal County HAP Emissions from Exterior Coating Activity

Equation 7c. Total Exterior Coating County HAP Emissions ÷ 183 (# of days April-Sept) = Exterior coating average daily seasonal HAP emissions

Equation 7d. Interior water-based coating County HAP Emissions

+ Interior solvent-based coating County HAP Emissions = Total Interior coating County HAP Emissions (pounds)

Equation 7e. Total Interior Coating County HAP Emissions (pounds)

X Interior Coating Temporal Profile (winter-fall 25%) = Seasonal County HAP Emissions from Interior Coating Activity

Equation 7f. Total Interior Coating County HAP Emissions ÷ 365 days/year = Interior coating average daily seasonal HAP emissions

85 

### Table NST-EST2003-01 - Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2003. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. December 18,

2003.

86 

### Current Industrial Reports, Paint and Allied Products: 2002, MA325F(02)-1 . U.S. Census Bureau, Economic and Statistics Administrations. July 2003.

87 

### Period of Record Monthly Climate Summaries ( 01/04/1931 to 06/30/2003). Wenatchee, Spokane, SeattleTacoma, Port Angeles and Vancouver Monitoring Sites. Western Regional Climate Center, 30-year Climate Data, http://www.atmos.washington.edu/data/Washington State Climate Information). Reports

downloaded March 15 th 

### , 2004.

88 

### Emission Inventory Improvement Program: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air

Emissions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 1996. Volume III, Chapter 3. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

89 

### 63FR48819. National Volatile organic Compound Emi ssion Standards for Consumer Products. Final Rule. September 11, 1998.

## 3.14 Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use

Consum er and commercial solvents source category includes VOC-emitting products used in the home, businesses and institutions. The solvent containing product category types are personal care products, household products, automotive aftermarket products, adhesives and sealants, pesticides, coatings and other miscellaneous VOC-containi ng products. The VOC emissions estimates from these products are based on use. Residual emissions into wastewater systems and landfills are not included in VOC or Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) emissions estimates. The Product Categories have been assigned an area source, Source Classification Code (SCC) based on the current list available from EPA (April 2002).

Table 3-48: Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use Categories

SCC Code SCC Description

2460100000 Personal Care Products

2460200000 Household Products

2460600000 Adhesives and Sealants

2460400000 Automotive Aftermarket Products

2460800000 FIFRA-Regulated Products

2460500000 Coatings and Related Products

2460900000 Miscellaneous Products



### 3.14.1 Activity Level


## The volume of VOC-emitting solvent products used in 2002 is the basis for VOC emissions. Product use is estimated using population data. Wa shington State Office of Financial Management (OFM) 2002 population data is on a county level (see Table 2-1 ).

3.14.2 Spatial Allocation


## Annual VOC emissions estimates are reported as total county emissions in units of tons per year for each county.

3.14.3 Temporal Allocation


## FIFRA-Regulated Pesticide Product application is seasonally adjusted, and other product categories are not adjusted. Washington Department of Revenue Gross Business Income (GBI) reports for SIC 526, Nursery and Garden Supplies show an increase of 16% between April and June compared to the winter months January to March. 90 

## Based on increases in sales and income the assumption is that more FIFRA-Regulated Pesticide Products are applied during this time. From June to December application can be assumed equal for each of these months with only a 4% increase compared to the winter season (Jan-March). Emissions from FIFRA-Regulated Products are temporally distributed based on the surrogate GBI economic profile.

Table 3-49: Gross Business Income for SIC 526

2002 Quarterly Percent of Sales for SIC526, Nursery & Garden Supplies

Quarter Months $ Sales/Quarter %Sales

1 Jan-March 78,075,871 19

2 April-June 144,998,278 35



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 693 July-Sept 94,004,197 23

4 Oct-Dec 97,151,465 23

Total Sales 2002 414,229,811



### 3.14.4 Emission Rates


## VOC emissions from commercial and consumer solvent usage are estimated using the Emissions Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) Alternative Method 2 in Volume III: Chapter 5. 91 

## Estimates are calculated with per capita emission factors EIIP Table 5.4-1 and county population data. Personal Care, Household, Automotive Aftermarket and Adhesive and Sealant Product category emission factors are reduced twenty percent to demonstrate the 63CFR48819, National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Cons umer Products, Final Rule, September 11, 1998. 92



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 70

## Table 3-50: Per Capita Consumer & Co mmercial Solvent VOC Emission Factors

SCC Code Product category Per Capita

Emission Factor (lb VOC/person) %Reduction
due to VOC

Rule Adjusted

EF

2460100000 Personal Care Products 2.32 20% 1.86

2460200000 Household Products 0.79 20% 0.63

2460400000 Automotive Aftermarket Products 1.36 20% 1.09

2460600000 Adhesives and Seal ants 0.57 20% 0.46

2460800000 FIFRA-Regulated Pr oducts 1.78 0% 1.78

2460500000 Coatings and Related Products 0.95 0% 0.95

2460900000 Miscellaneous Products 0.07 0% 0.07



## HAP emissions are calculated using per capita HAP emission factors from EIIP, Ch. 5, Table 5.4-2 and population data. HAP emission factors. Personal Care, Household, Automotive Aftermarket and Adhesive and Sealant Product categories are reduced by various percentages (see Table below) to reflect the HAP percent reductions attributed to the Federal VOC emission reduction rule.

Table 3-51: HAP Emission Factor Reductions

Product Category Emission Factor % Reduction
due to VOC Rule

Adhesives & Sealants 8.30%

Automotive Aftermarket Products 8.97%

Household Products 10.94%

Personal Care Products 12.11%



## Table 3-52: HAP Emission Factors

Pollutant Adhesives
& Sealants Automotive

Aftermarket

Products Coatings

& Related

Products FIFRA Regulated

Products Household

Products Misc. (Not covered) Personal
Care

Products 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1. 96E-01 6.95E-02 7.69E -03 5.99E-02 2.54E- 02 2.46E-04 6.55E-04
1,2-Dichloroethane 3.13E-08 4.06E-06 1,3-Dichloropropene 1.60E-01
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 3.52E-02 4.27E-02
1,4-Dioxane 1.00E-05 2-Nitropropane 1.94E-06

Acetamide 1.21E-07 Acetophenone 8.53E-06 Acrylic acid 3.61E-09

Benzene 4.30E-06

Carbon tetrachloride 4.10E-10

Chlorobenzene 1.51E-05 7.16E-02

Chloroform 3.28E-05 9.55E-04

Dibenzofurans 7.40E-06 Dimethyl formamide 2.10E-07 2.53E -08 7.43E-06 2.38E-05 Ethyl benzene 1.25E-05 6.84E-05 6.86E-04 1. 30E-03 2.28E-06 Ethylene oxide 1.51E-02 Formaldehyde 2.30E-05 8.55E -04 3.81E-04 6.00E-06 Gylcol ethers 1.17E-04 2. 45E-02 2.24E-03 5.65E-03 4. 73E-03 2.42E-04 1.34E-05

Hexane 7.18E-02 3.21E-03 2.39E-03 1.86E-03 Hydrochloric acid 1.56E-06 Hydrogen fluoride 1.28E-05 7.79E-08



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 71

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 72 Pollutant Adhesives
& Sealants Automotive

Aftermarket

Products Coatings

& Related

Products FIFRA Regulated

Products Household

Products Misc. (Not covered) Personal
Care

Products Isophorone 9.47E-04

Methanol 6.25E-04 6.02E- 01 1.60E-02 9.48E-04 5.93E -04 1.84E-02 4.98E-07 Methyl bromide 2.22E-01 Methyl ethyl ketone 3.59E- 02 2.77E-03 7.94E-03 2.01E-05 4.00E-04 1.01E-05 1.54E-05 Methyl isobutyl ketone 1.14E-03 7.95E -04 5.26E-03 9.01E -05 9.62E-05 Methyl tert-butyl ether 2.15E-05 Methylene chloride 8.05E-03 4.40E-03 1. 97E-02 6.81E-04 2. 13E-03 2.38E-05 Naphthalene 9.81E-05 2.06E-06 5. 75E-06 4.60E-02 4.92E-07 Perchloroethylene 6.19E- 04 2.14E-02 1.48E-04 1.92E -04 2.64E-03 7.53E-04

Toluene 7.73E-02 2.27E-02 3.16E- 01 5.18E-04 2. 46E-06 3.00E-03 Trichloroethylene 3. 56E-05 2.43E-04 1.37E -04 3.87E-05 Triethylamine 5.26E-04 3.13E-04 Vinyl acetate 4.53E-08 Xylenes 8.95E-03 1. 09E-02 4.05E-02 1.37E- 01 2.92E-03 4.31E-04



### 3.14.5 Emissions Estimates


## Emissions calculations for VOCs use population data and the per capita VOC emission factors (EF). VOC estimates are calculated using the following equation:

Population x (Per Capita EF x (1-(20/100))* x T/2000 lbs = Emissions (T VOC/year)

*Emission Factor percent reductions apply to only certain Product Categories

HAP emissions are estimated using population data and pollutant specific per capita HAP emission factors. The equation used for HAP emissions is:

Population x (Per Capita HAP EF x (1-(20/100))* x T/2000 lbs = Emissions (T HAP/year)

*Emission Factor percent reductions apply to only certain Product Categories

Seasonal emissions for all categories except FIRFA products were calculated as follows:

tps = tpy / (4 seasons/yr) tpsd = tpy / (356 days/yr)

Seasonal emissions for FIRFA products were calculated using the seasonal percentages in Table

3-49 as follows:

tps = tpy x (% sales/100) tpsd = tps / (91.25 days/season)
References

90 

### On-line Quarterly Business Review, Table 1: Gross Business Income State-wide by SIC, Quarters 1-4

. Washington State Department of Revenue. July 2003 http://dor.wa.gov/docs/reports/2002/qbr102/qbrq102.asp.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 73 91 

### Emission Inventory Improvement Program: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air

Emissions. Volume III, Chapter 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 1996. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

92 

### 63FR48819. National Volatile organic Compound Em ission Standards for Consumer Products. Final Rule. September 11, 1998.

## 3.15 Residential Wood Combustion

Residential wood com bustion consists of home heating and recreational use of woodstoves, fireplaces, fireplace inserts and central furnaces.

3.15.1 Activity Level


## The measure of activity for residential wood combustion is the amount of wood burned. The Washington State University telephone survey of wood heating and outdoor burning habits in Idaho, Oregon and Washington described in section 3.10 included questions to estimate the number of households using each type of device (Central Furnace, Certified (Phase I, Phase II) and Non-certified

Inserts and W oodstoves, and Fireplaces); how much wood was burned per device; and seasonal, daily and hourly usage rates. The geographic subgroups, county assignments, and number of households in each subgroup were the same as in section 3.10 . The fractions of households using wood burning

devices are shown in the table below.

T able 3-53: Wood Burning Device Usage

Device Type Incorporated E WA w/forest E WA w/o forest W WA

Central Furnace 0.013 0.012 0.000 0.000 Fireplaces 0. 381 0.161 0.185 0.150

Non-certified Insert 0.039 0.048 0.033 0.058 Certified Insert, Phas e I 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 Certified Insert, Phas e II 0.067 0.039 0.021 0.043

Non-certified Pellet st ove 0.017 0.042 0.036 0.043 Certified Pellet stove, 1988 stds 0.004 0.000 0.008 0.006

Non-certified Woodsto ve 0.039 0.073 0.045 0.126 Certified Woodstove, P hase I 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.006 Certified Woodstove, P hase II 0.032 0.036 0.020 0.058 Total Equipment 0.591 0.436 0.347 0.497



## The WSU survey gathered information on pellets, presto logs and cords of wood burned. A cord

contains 128 ft 3 

## (4’ x 4’ x 8’). The solid volume may range from 60-100 ft 3 

## . An average solid volume

of 85 ft 3 

## was used in this inventory. 93, 94 

## The weight of a cord of wood varies with moisture content and species type. It was assumed that moisture content was 20% (legal moisture limit). 95 

## Species type was defined using several sources. In a 1985 survey done by Market Trends, Inc., 96 

## species burned were identified for western and eastern Washington. The survey was used to identify species for western Washington, but Ecology, Department of Natural Resources (DNR), and US Forest Service (USFS) staff all agreed that the species allocations for eastern Washington had changed somewhat, so their recommendations were used. 97 

## Average weight of a cord of wood in eastern Washington was 2788 lbs and 2607 lbs in western Washington.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 74

## T able 3-54: Wood Species Weight 93 

## and Percent Use by Area

Species lb/cord % use WWA % use EWA

Alder 2,540 56

Cedar 2,060 4

Cottonwood 2,160 4 Douglas Fir 2,970 16.5 25

Hemlock 2,700 16.5

Larch 3,330 25 Lodgepole Pine 2,610 25

Madrona 4,320 1

Oak 3,680 1

Ponderosa Pine 2,240 25



## The WSU survey provided information on the number of cords burned per device. Pellets used were given in number of 40 lb bags used, and presto logs as number of logs burned. A presto log manufacturer in Spokane estimated the weight of a log as 8 lbs. The total number of tons burned by device type are shown in Table 3-55

.

T able 3-55: Tons Burned per Wood Burning Device

Incorporated Unincorporated Device Type E WA W WA E WA w/forest E WA w/o forest W WA

Central Furnaces 1. 4 1.3 *10.5 0.0 0.0 Fireplaces 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.9

Inserts 2.6 2.5 2.7 1.7 4.4

Pellet stoves 4.3 4.1 2.5 3.6 2.0

Woodstoves 3.5 3.3 4.1 2.2 4.2
* actual survey value; already removed outliers



### 3.15.2 Emission Rates


## Criteria and toxic pollutant emission factors in pounds of pollutant per ton of wood burned were taken

from AP42. 98 

## Certified stoves and inserts were assumed to be 50% catalytic and 50% non-catalytic.

Estimates of PM 2.5 

## were made using information from AP42 and the California Air Resources Board.

99, 100



## Table 3-56: Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors in Pounds per Ton Burned

Equipment Type TSP PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NOx VOC CO

Central Furnace 32.2 30. 6 30.6 0.4 2.8 53 230.8 Fireplaces 38.4 34.6 29.2 0.4 2.6 *229 252.6

Non-certified Insert 32. 2 30.6 30.6 0. 4 2.8 53 230.8 Certified Insert, Phase I 20.8 19.8 19.8 0. 4 2 13.5 122.6 Certified Insert, Phase II 16.2 15.4 15.4 0. 4 2 13.5 123.9

Non-certified Pellet stove 9. 4 8.8 8.8 0.4 13.8 13.5 52.2 Certified Pellet stove, 1988 stds 4.5 4.2 4.2 0. 4 13.8 13.5 39.4

Non-certified Woodstove 32. 2 30.6 30.6 0. 4 2.8 53 230.8 Certified Woodstove, Phase I 20.8 19.8 19.8 0. 4 2 13.5 122.6 Certified Woodstove, Phase II 16.2 15.4 15.4 0. 4 2 13.5 123.9 

## * verified by EPA

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 75

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 76 

## Table 3-57: Toxics Emission Factors in Pounds per Tons Burned

Pollutant Code Uncertified Cert ified Pollutant Code Uncertiffie
d Certified

Fireplaces Woostoves/Inserts/Furnaces
polycyclic organic matter 246 1.60E-03 1.60E -03 benzo[b]fluoranthene 205992 6.00E-03 4.00E-03 benzo[e]py rene 192972 1.20E-02 3.00E-03

Pellet Stoves benzo[g,h,i,]pery lene 191242 4.00E-03 1.10E-02
benzo[b]fluoranthene 205992 2.60E-05 2.60E-05 benzo[k]fluoranthene 207089 2.00E-03 1.50E-03
chrysene 218019 7.52E-05 7.52E -05 biphenyl 92524 2.20E-02

fluoranthene 206440 5.48E-05 5.48E-05 c admium 7440439 2.20E-05 3.30E-05
phenanthrene 85018 3.32E-05 3.32E-05 c hromium 7440473 1.00E-06 1.00E-06

pyrene 129000 4.84E-05 4.84E-05 c hrysene 218019 1.20E-02 1.00E-02
dibenzo[a,h] anthracene 53703 3.00E-03

Woostoves/Inserts/Furnaces fluoranthene 206440 2.00E-02 1.00E-02 12-methylbenz(a)anthracene 2422799 2.00E-03 fluorine 86737 2.40E-02 1.40E-02
1-methylphenanthrene 832699 3.00E-02 indeno[ 1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 193395 1.20E-02
3-methylcholanthrene 56495 3.00E -03 manganese 7439965 1.70E-04 1.80E-04 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 57976 4.00E-03 me thyl ethyl ketone 78933 2.90E-01 6.20E-02 9-methylbenz(a)anthracene 779022 4.00E-03 naphthalene 91203 2.88E-01 1.65E-01
acenaphthene 83329 1.00E-02 8.00E-03 nickel 7440020 1.40E-05 1.11E-05
acenaphthylene 208968 2.12E-01 5.00E -02 o-xylene 95476 2.02E-01 1.86E-01

anthracene 120127 1.40E-02 8.50E -03 perylene 198550 2.00E-03
benz[a]anthracene 56553 2.00E-02 1. 35E-02 phenanthrene 85018 7.80E-02 8.30E-02

benzene 71432 1.94E+00 1.46E+00 phenol 108952 1.00E-03 benzo(g,h,i)fluoranthene 541 1.70E -02 pyrene 129000 2.40E-02 9.00E-03 benzo[a]pyrene 50328 4.00E -03 5.00E-03 toluene 108883 7.30E-01 5.20E-01



### 3.15.3 Spatial and Temporal Allocation


## Spatial allocation was not necessary since households were available by county. The survey included questions about seasonal burning habits. The fractions of activity occurring in each season

are shown in Table 3-58 below.

Table 3-58: Seasonal Activity Fractions, Residential Wood Combustion

Area Winter Spring Summer Fall Incorporated 0. 44 0.20 0.03 0.34

Eastern WA w/forest 0.40 0.26 0.03 0.30

Eastern WA w/o fore st 0.49 0.19 0.02 0.30

Western WA 0. 39 0.25 0.07 0.29



### 3.15.4 Emissions Estimates


## Annual and seasonal emissions for each wood burning device were calculated according to the following equations: tpy = (HH) x (usage fraction) x (tons burned/device-yr) x (pllt lbs /T) x (T/2000 lbs) tps = (tpy) x (seasonal fraction) x (season/days) tpsd = (tps) / (91 days/season) where HH = households, pllt = pollutant, days = number of days in the given season

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 77 93 

### Hansen, Hugh J., Extension Agricultural Engineer. Fuelwood Facts . Oregon State University. Nov. 1977. p 5.

94 

### Hartman, David A.; Atkinson, William A.; Bryant, Ben S.; Woodfin, Richard O. Conversion Factors for the Pacific Northwest Forest Industry . Institute of Forest Resources, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. 1976. p. 16.

95 

### Chapter 173-433 Washington Administrative Code.

96 

### Wood Smoke Pollution Survey , Washington Department of Ecology, Summary Report, January 1985. Prepared by Market Trends, Inc. 14711 NE 29th Place Suite 101, Bellevue, Washington 98007.

97 

### Personal conversations with Fred Greef – Washingt on State Department of Ecology, Linda Schultz – US Forest Service Spokane Office, Washington State De partment of Natural Resources wood permit office.

98 

### Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto rs, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources . AP42, Fifth Edition. January 1995. Sections 1.9 and 1.10 (10/96).

99 

### Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto rs, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources . AP42, Fifth Edition. January 1995. Table 1.9-1, Table 1.10-1, page 1.10-2, and Sec tions 1.9 and 1.10 (10/96).

100 

### PM Size Fractions from File PMC . California Air Resources Board, size fractions (PM Fireplace profile #138: PM10 = 0.90, PM2.5 = 0.7597). 1992.

## 3.16 Agricultural Tilling Operations

Agricultural dust em issions are generated when the soil surface is disturbed by tilling.

3.16.1 Activity Level


## Acres planted are the measure of activity for tilling. The Washington Agricultural Statistics Service published information on acres planted and/or harvested in 2002 for various crop types. 101 

## For those crop types where acres planted were not available, acres harvested were substituted as the measure of activity. For some crop types within a county, the acreage is considered confidential information and is not available except as a composite "other counties" total. In most cases, the acreages in this category were not large, and these values were not included in the inventory.

An adjustment was made to the alfalfa acreage. Al falfa is typically grown as a perennial crop and is replanted every 3-4 years (seed) or every 7 years (forage). 102 

## To account for this, alfalfa acreage was multilplied by 0.25.

Table 3-59: Tilling Acreage

County Spring Cereal

Grains Winter Cereal

Grains Corn Hay - Alfalfa Hay - Other Other

Adams 52,300 263,000 13, 600 7,750 6,000 41,220

Asotin 17,000 19,600 0 0 0 0

Benton 35,600 83,000 15, 000 3,750 7,000 38,500

Chelan 0 0 0 375 1,000 0

Clark 2,200 0 500 250 20,000 1,360

Columbia 45,000 65,500 0 500 1,500 0

Cowlitz 0 0 1,300 0 0 1,160 Douglas 36,300 148,400 0 500 3,500 0 Ferry 0 0 0 1,750 4,500 0

Franklin 13,000 64,500 41,400 18,975 5,000 62,840

Garfield 54,000 59,500 0 0 0 2,500

Grant 46,200 135,000 93, 000 30,850 14,000 87,300 Grays Harbor 0 0 2,000 0 0 170

Island 0 0 600 1,000 5,000 0 King 0 0 500 0 0 0

Kittitas 1,500 0 3,500 2,250 43,500 500

Klickitat 32,200 21, 500 0 7,625 7,500 1,900

Lewis 900 0 2,800 250 16,600 640

Lincoln 207,000 278,100 0 4,000 9,500 4,500 Okanogan 7,000 7,300 600 5,250 12,500 0

Pend Oreille 0 0 0 1,125 11,000 0

Pierce 0 0 0 0 0 200 Skagit 0 0 7,200 0 0 15,700

Snohomish 0 0 5,500 0 0 1,290 Spokane 88,600 86,400 0 10,000 19,500 19,000

Stevens 11,000 4, 300 0 9,625 10,000 0

Thurston 0 0 0 0 0 120

Walla Walla 51,000 183, 500 7,200 5,850 3,500 21,500

Whatcom 0 0 16,000 0 0 10,100

Whitman 269,600 353,900 0 1,875 11,500 7,400

Yakima 11,300 18,700 58,900 8,750 8,500 28,700

State Total 981,700 1,792, 200 269,600 122,300 221,100 346,600



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 78

### 3.16.2 Spatial Adjustments


## No spatial adjustments were necessary as the acreage was available by county.

3.16.3 Emission Rates, Temporal Adjustments and Emissions Estimates


## EPA has provided an equation for calculating emissions from tilling operations in the NET

documentation. 25 

## The equation is essentially the same as in earlier guidance 103 

## except that a particle size multiplier for PM 2.5 

## , and silt content for major soil types were provided. Default numbers of both conventional practice and conservation practice tillings per acre for several crop types were also given. The equation is:

E = (c)(k)(s 0.6 

## )(p)(a)

where E = PM emissions in pounds c = constant 4.8 lbs/acre-pass k = particle size multiplier (TSP = 1, PM 10 

## = 0.21, PM25 = 0.042) s = silt content of surface soil (% mass of particles smaller than 75 um in diameter) p = number of tillings (passes) per year (or season) a = number of acres planted

The Conservation Technology Information Center (CTI C) provided information (for year 2000) on the number of acres tilled using conventional practice and conservational practices for each county for fall seeded grains, spring seeded grains and corn. This information was used to develop the percentage of acres tilled using each method for each county. Statewide, the percentage of conservation tilling was 37% for spring seeded grains, 26% for fall seeded grains, and 25% for corn. 104



## Agricultural soils in Okanogan, Chelan, and Island counties were classified as sandy loams. Agricultural soils in the remaining counties were classified as silt-loams. 105, 106 

## The NET guidance gave sandy loams a default silt content (s) of 33%, and silt-loams a default of 52%.

The number of tilling passes (p) by crop type and tilling practice was available in the NET guidance. Local knowledge was substituted for winter and spring seeded cereal grains, alfalfa and corn. 102 

## Local knowledge was also used to determine the seasonality of these crops. 102 

## Tilling for all other crops was assumed to occur in the spring. 107



## Table 3-60: Number of Tilling Passes and Seasonal Distribution

Tilling Passes Seasonal Distribution (percent) Crop Conventional Conservation Spring Summer Fall Winter Alfalfa, hay, grasses 7 7 72 0 14 14 Spring cereal grains 6 1 0 0 17 83

Corn 3 2 34 0 33 33 Winter cereal grains 7 3 43 0 29 14

Other 3 3 100 0 0 0



## Annual emissions were estimated using the annual number of passes and acreage for conventional and conservation tilling. Season emissions were estimated by applying the seasonal percentages in the

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 79

## table above. Seasonal daily em issions were estimated by dividing the seasonal emissions by 91.25 days/season.

3.17 Livestock and Poultry Waste

Am monia emissions from livestock and poultry wastes were estimated. Two methods were considered: 1) use of the draft EPA emissions estimates prepared for the NEI and distributed for review (draft), 108 

## and 2) use of the methodology and emission factors from a study done for the Northwest AIRQUEST (formerly Northwest Regi onal Technical Center) Demonstration Project. 109


## Emission factors in both methods appeared to be fairly comparable for most livestock types. The EPA emission factors showed more spatial variation based on assumed county manure management techniques. It was thought that the EPA livestock county population allocations could be improved using additional county-level information not utilized in the EPA report. The AIRQUEST method is not considered to produce a significantly more accurate inventory than the EPA inventory, but it was chosen for the state 2002 inventory because it had been developed for use in local inventories, and it could be more easily integrated with county livestock populations.

Improvements to livestock inventories are expected in the near future, though not in time for the 2002 NEI. Ecology is currently funding a project to develop a dairy ammonia emissions model, but it will not be complete until after the NEI due dates. Lake Michigan Air Directors' Consortium (LADCO) is funding development of a comprehensive livestock ammonia emissions model that can be used throughout the nation. The LADCO model is scheduled for completion in mid-2005.

3.17.1 Activity Level


## Cattle (non-milking), Swine and Sheep The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) publishes information on number of head of several livestock animals by county. 110, 111 

## County statistics for 2002 were available for cattle, hogs/pigs, and sheep/lambs. For a few counties, the number of animals was considered confidential. In these cases, the county totals were displayed in an "Other Counties" total. Values from the 1997 Census of Agriculture were available for the counties that did not display data. The 2002 "other counties" total was allocated to the counties with missing data using the 1997 data as follows:

C 2002 

## = T M2002 

## x C 1997 

## /T M1997



## where C 2002 

## = emissions for the given county in 2002

T M2002 

## = total animal count for the missing counties

C 1997 

## = animal count for the given county in 1997

T M1997 

## = total 1997 animal count in the missing counties

Dairy milking cow totals from the Department of Ecology were subtracted from the total cattle counts and treated separately (see below).

Chicken Layers Chicken layer counts were only available at the state level for 2002. The 1997 Census of Agriculture had layer counts by county for several different layer classes. The 1997 data was used to develop county fractions. For some counties, data was considered confidential and no estimate could be made. The confidential data represented approximately 8% of the total layer counts. The county fractions were multiplied by the 2002 state total layer count to estimate 2002 county layers.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 80

## Chicken Broilers and Horses/Ponies Neither chicken broiler nor horse/pony counts were available for 2002. The 1997 Census of Agriculture county horse/pony counts were used for the 2002 inventory. For chicken broilers, the 1997 Census of Agriculture broiler counts were used for m ost of the counties. Several counties' data was not displayed as it was considered confidential. For three of these counties, 1997 data was available from Washington State Department of Agriculture (Skagit, Thurston and Yakima). 112 

## The WA data represented total broilers produced in a year, rather than the average number on farms at any given time. Broilers are only kept an average of eight weeks. 113 

## Prior to adding the three counties' data, the counts were multiplied by 8/52, assuming uniform distribution throughout the year.

Dairy Milking Cows Dairy waste was issues were regulated by the Department of Ecology until mid 2003 when the duty was transferred to the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Records from 2002 inspections and registrations were used to determine activity. 114 

## The precise spatial allocation will be helpful in other analyses. The total number of cows was about 15% lower than that reported by the Washington Department of Agriculture; however, one reason for the seeming underestimation may be due to a finer classification of cows (milking, dry, heifers, calves) in the Ecology data. Only the milking cows were selected for classification as dairy cows in the inventory because the ammonia emission factors for dairy cattle apply only to lactating cows. The other cows (dry, heifers, calves) are assumed to be counted in the USDA figures described above.

Table 3-61: Livestock and Poultry Populations, 2002 Estimates

County Milk Cows Other Cows Swine Sheep Goats Layers Broilers Horses

Adams 4,011 29,989 700 1,590 0 635 nd 608

Asotin 0 8,000 0 0 0 241 0 360

Benton 1,467 11,533 0 1,871 0 756 388 1,870

Chelan 0 1,500 500 0 0 275 102 1,483

Clallam 700 3,300 100 700 227 777 314 561

Clark 3,105 11,895 400 900 0 2,128 671,015 2,129

Columbia 0 9,845 300 737 0 600 nd 200

Cowlitz 615 3,385 100 0 0 721 530,973 501 Douglas 0 11,000 200 0 0 247 0 570 Ferry 0 10,000 0 0 0 554 270 1,237

Franklin 8,786 49,214 2,000 900 0 nd 23 783

Garfield 0 9,500 130 0 0 40 nd 228

Grant 13,184 151,816 4, 100 2,800 99 nd 515 2,227 Grays Harbor 4,123 4,877 599 0 0 797 94 1,495

Island 1,037 3,463 0 0 0 445 73 487

Jefferson 559 2,441 0 0 0 377 nd 236 King 11,304 7,196 1,875 0 387 3,712 1,360 4,376 Kitsap 0 1,500 0 0 0 1,448 27 1,010

Kittitas 160 33,840 200 3,000 0 481 66 2,478

Klickitat 540 23,460 910 3,800 0 813 52 997

Lewis 7,777 21,723 700 1, 000 0 310,632 1,781,785 1,946

Lincoln 99 28,901 500 1,200 0 524 177 853

Mason 0 1,500 100 0 0 517 nd 384 Okanogan 0 48,500 200 2,800 134 1,124 400 4,595

Pacific 1,547 5,453 0 0 0 115 8 245

Pend Oreille 0 5,000 0 246 0 437 45 571

Pierce 3,671 11,329 0 1, 100 270 1,352,943 422,194 2,914



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 81

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 82 County Milk Cows Other Cows Swine Sheep Goats Layers Broilers Horses

San Juan 1 2,999 100 2,700 18 1,404 89 235 Skagit 14,313 16,187 300 551 0 614,551 553,846 1,041

Skamania 0 500 0 0 0 98 0 103

Snohomish 13,673 16,827 1,101 1,300 474 1,039, 318 300,850 3,801 Spokane 1,542 19,958 800 2,100 207 nd 561 3,897

Stevens 1,376 32,124 1, 200 1,600 232 1,581 675 2,494

Thurston 5,753 19,747 600 2, 100 111 2,368,338 692,308 1,927

Wahkiakum 338 3,162 0 0 0 118 nd 83

Walla Walla 0 77,155 200 1,200 192 dn 109 938

Whatcom 52,284 46,716 689 400 0 nd 385,360 1,547

Whitman 207 21,293 7, 400 3,200 0 573 296 846

Yakima 58,692 152,308 600 14,100 0 242,580 307,692 6,512

State Total 210,864 919,136 26,604 51,895 2,351 5,949,900 5, 651,667 58,768 

## nd: no county data; therefore, no estimate made

3.17.2 Temporal Adjustments


## No information was available to make monthly adjustments, so emissions were considered uniform throughout the year.

3.17.3 Spatial Adjustments


## Most of the information was available by county. In some cases, the data for a specific county was not reported since it was considered confidential. No estimates could be made in these cases.

3.17.4 Emission Rates



## As stated above, the emission factors recommended in the Northwest AIRQUEST study were used to estimate ammonia emissions. The factors are shown below. The factors for sheep were also used for

goats.

Table 3-62: Livestock Emission Factors

Livestock kg NH 3 /head-yr

Milk Cows 24.6

Other Cows 12.3 Hogs/Pigs 6.39 Sheep/Lambs 1.34

Goats 1.34

Horses/Ponies 8

Chickens-Broilers 0.28 Chickens-Layers 0.37



### 3.17.5 Emissions Estimates


## Annual county emissions estimates were calculated by multiplying the emission rates by the number of head for each animal type. Seasonal county emissions estimates were calculated by assuming uniform operation throughout the year.

tpy = (#head) x (kg NH 3 

## /head-yr) x (1.1023 x 10 -3 

## T/kg) tps = tpy / 4 tpsd = tpy / (365 days/yr)

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 83 101 

### 2003 Washington Annual Bulletin. Washington Agricu ltural Statistics Service; Olympia, Washington 98507. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service.

102 

### Personal conversation with Jon J ones, Department of Ecology Eastern Regional Office. Oct. 29, 2002.

103 

### Control of Open Fugitive Dust Sources . US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/3-88-008. September 1988. Section 7.1.1.

104 

### National Crop Residue Management Survey - Conservation Tillage Data . Conservation Technology Information Center. Year 2000 data as obtained through Internet at http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/CTIC/CRM.html.

105 

### Washington State University Soil Maps as constr ucted from information from the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available at http://remotesens.css.wsu.edu/washingtonsoil/.

106 

### Washington State Land Use/Land Cover – Level 1 (lulc_l1) GIS file. Derived from US Geological Survey GIRAS files.

107 

### Washington Agricultural Statistics, 1993-1994 . Washington Agricultural Statistics Service. “Usual planting and Harvesting Dates, Washington.” Page 12.

108 

### National Emission Inventory—Ammonia Emissions fro m Animal Husbandry Operations. Environmental Protection Agency draft report and data tables. January 30, 2004.

109 

### Recommended Ammonia Emission Factors and Spatial and Temporal Allocation for the Pacific Northwest Regional Technical Center Project . Washington State Dept. of Ecology. August 2001.

110 

### Washington Agricultural Statistics 2003. 2003 Washington Annual Bulletin . Compiled by Washington Agricultural Statistics Service. National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Livestock data for 2002.

111 

### 1997 Census of Agriculture (AC97-A-47), Washington, State and County Data, Volume 1, Geographic Area Series, Part 47. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. March 1999.

112 

### Washington Agriculture Statistics Service. Washi ngton State Department of Agriculture. Broilers Ranking. August 21, 1998.

113 

### Personal conversation with Fra nk Hamill, Washington State Department of Agriculture. October 1998.

114 

### Description from metadata for Ecology 2002 Dairy GIS file, dairy02 . Washington State Department of Ecology. Data collected from registrations and inspections.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 84 

## 3.18 Soil Ammonia Emissions

Am monia emissions occur naturally from soil due to the bacterial processes of nitrogen fixation and

ammonification. Me thodology and emission factors from a study done for the AIRQUEST (formerly Northwest Regional Technical Center) Demonstration Project were used to estimate emissions. 109


## Ammonia emissions from soil were estimated based on land use/cover type.

3.18.1 Activity Level and Emission Rates


## Emission rates were developed for several land cover classes in the Multi-resolution Land Characteristics, National Land Cover Data (MRLC). The MRLC is land cover data resolved to 30

meters over the USA. 115 

## The MRLC data was intersected with county boundaries to develop total county area of each land cover type. Table 3-63 below shows emission rates for land cover classes

where em ission rates were available. County land cover is shown in Table 2-3 . The emission rates for agricultural lands are presented for periods without active fertilizer application. During fertilization, em ission rate can be much higher; 109 

## however, the emission rates for fertilization were not used in this inventory. Resources did not allo w obtaining local fertilizer application practices or schedules. Instead, fertilizer emissions are inventoried separately (see section 3.19 ).

Table 3-63: Ammonia Emission Rates

Land Cover lb- NH 3 /km 2 -day

Water 0

Urban 0

Barren 0

Transitional 0.187

Forest* 0

Shrubland 0.187

Grassland 0.364

Urban Grasses 0.364 Agriculture, ex. Orchards 0.364

Other 0 * may act as an ammonia sink



### 3.18.2 Temporal Adjustments and Spatial Adjustments


## Emissions were assumed uniform all year. GIS methods were used to assign land cover and land use types to each county.

3.18.3 Emissions Estimates


## Emissions were estimated by multiplying county land cover area by the ammonia emission rates:

tpy = A x E x 365 days tps = tpy / 4 tpsd = A x E

where A is the land area in square kilometers from Table 2-3 , and

E is the em ission rate from Table 3-63 for each county and land cover type.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 85 115 

### Multi-resolution Land Characteristics, National La nd Cover Data. United States Geologic Survey. 1992 data, 30 m resolution.

## 3.19 Fertilizer Application

Nitrogen fertilizers are widely used in W ashington. Most of the nitrogen fertilizers can decompose to release ammonia after they are applied to croplands. Ammonia emissions from fertilizer application were estimated using methodology and emission factors from a study done for the

EPA. 116



### 3.19.1 Activity Level


## The amount of fertilizer purchased in Washington wa s available from the Dept. of Agriculture for individual fertilizer types. 117, 118 

## Amounts are shown in Table 3-65

.

3.19.2 Temporal Adjustments


## Fertilizer use takes place primarily in the spring (March-April) and fall (September-October). 109 

## Onehalf of the annual emissions were assumed to be emitted in the spring and the other half in the fall.

3.19.3 Spatial Adjustments


## Because the information was only available at the stat e level, the emissions calculated were distributedto all agricultural land in the state equally. Agricultural land cover data was available in the Multiresolution Land Characteristics, National Land Cover Data (MRLC) described above. 115


## Agricultural land use types used for the spatial allocation were: 61-orchards/vineyards/other, 81- pasture/hay, 82-row crops, 83-small grains, and 84-fallow.

Table 3-64: County Agricultural Land Area and Percentage of State Total

County km 2 Percent County km 2 Percent

Adams 2,714 8.72 Lewis 413 1.33

Asotin 325 1.04 Lincoln 3,155 10.13

Benton 1,732 5.56 Mason 21 0.07

Chelan 151 0.48 Okanogan 454 1.46

Clallam 110 0.35 Pacific 46 0.15

Clark 269 0.87 Pend Oreille 113 0.36

Columbia 842 2.70 Pierce 170 0.55

Cowlitz 77 0.25 San Juan 61 0.20 Douglas 1,671 5.37 Skagit 344 1.11 Ferry 99 0.32 Skamania 10 0.03

Franklin 1,752 5.63 Snohomish 232 0.75

Garfield 680 2.18 Spokane 1,754 5.63

Grant 3,116 10.01 Stevens 545 1.75 Grays Harbor 120 0.39 Thurston 238 0.77

Island 85 0.27 Wahkiakum 54 0.17

Jefferson 20 0.06 Walla Walla 2,049 6.58 King 166 0.53 Whatcom 419 1.35 Kitsap 12 0.04 Whitman 4,352 13.98

Kittitas 387 1.24 Yakima 1,718 5.52

Klickitat 656 2.11 State Total 31,135 100



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 86

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 87 3.19.4 Emission Rates


## Emission rates are shown in the table below. Chemical composition (and therefore the nitrogen content) of the fertilizers was obtained from chemical references. 119, 120 

## The “other” category emissions were calculated by assuming the average emission rate per ton of fertilizer for all the nitrogen fertilizer types.

Table 3-65: Fertilizer Applied and Ammonia Released

Fertilizer Name Tons Fertilizer Formula Tons N %N kg NH 3 / 1000 kg N Tons NH 3
ammonia, anhydrous 63,592 NH3 52,370 82 12 628 ammonia, aqua 179,941 NH40H 71,976 40 12 864

ammonium nitrate 33, 987 NH4NO3 11,896 35 25 297 ammonium polysulfide 2,827 (20% N) 565 20 48 27

ammonium sulfate 43,406 (NH4)2SO4 9,207 21 97 893

ammonium thiosulfate 42, 202 (NH4)2S2O3 7,984 19 30 240

calcium nitrate 10,778 Ca(NO3)2 1,840 17 48 88 nitrogen solution < 28% N 6,796 (28% N) 1,903 28 30 57 nitrogen solution < 32% N 147,061 (32% N) 47,060 32 30 1,412

urea 85,701 CO(NH2)2 39,994 47 182 7,279

ammonia nit-sulfate 1 1,531

ammonium nitrate 612 NH4NO3 214 35 25 5

ammonium sulfate 918 (NH4)2SO4 195 21 97 19

calcium ammonium nitrate 2 3,080

ammonium nitrate 1,848 NH4NO3 647 35 25 16 ammonium metaphosphate 0 0 0 diammonium phosphate 3,047 (NH4)2HPO4 646 21 48 31 ammonium polyphosphate 0 0 0 monoammonium phosphate 49, 116 NH4H2PO4 5,979 12 48 287 liquid amm polyphosphate 43,464 (NH4)3P2O7 8,006 18 48 384 ammonium phos sulfate 3 20,391

ammonium nitrat e 4,078 NH4NO3 1,427 35 25 36 monoammonium phosphate 16,313 NH4H2PO4 1,986 12 48 95

Total 263,896 12,659

1 ammonium nitrate (40%), ammonium sulfate (60%)

2 ammonium nitrate (60%), limestone/dolomite (40%)

3 ammonium nitrate (20%), monoammonium phosphate (80%)



### 3.19.5 Emissions Estimates


## Annual county emissions estimates were calculated by multiplying the annual statewide NH 3 

## emissions by the fraction of statewide agricultural lands in the given county. Seasonal countyemissions estimates were calculated by assuming one-half the emissions occurred in spring and onehalf in the fall.

tpy = (12,659 T NH 3 

## ) x (county fraction of agricultural lands) tps = tpy / 2 (spring and fall) tpsd = tpy / (122 days of fertilizer use/yr)

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 88 116 

### Battye R., Battye W., Overcash C., Fudge, S. Development and Selection of Ammonia Emissions

Factors . Final report prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC by Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0034, Work Assignment 0-3, August, 1994.

117 

### 2001-2002 Annual Tonnage Report, Commercial Fertilizers Including Liming Materials . Washington State Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division.

118 

### 2002-2003 Annual Tonnage Report, Commercial Fertilizers Including Liming Materials . Washington State Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division.

119 

### Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary . Eleventh Edition, revised by N. Irving Sax and Richard J. Lewis, Sr. 1987, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

120 

### Farm Chemicals Handbook ’95 , Vol. 81. 37733 Euclid Avenue, Willoughby, OH 44094. Section B: Fertilizer Dictionary.

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 89 

## 3.20 Notable Sources Not Inventoried

W ildfires and Biogenic Emissions were not inventoried. EPA will inventory biogenic emissions for the NEI using BEIS3 – BELD3. Ecology could offer very little refinement to this inventory, and believes acceptance of the EPA is warranted. Wildfires will be inventoried by date and location by the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP). The WRAP appears to be doing a very thorough analysis that could not be improved upon by Ecology. While the WRAP inventory will not be complete by the June 1, 2004 deadline, the plan is to include it at a later date.

4 National Inventory Format (NIF) General Information

Em issions inventory information was formatted fo r submission to the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) in the National Inventory Format (NIF). Where applicable, activity levels were supplied as annual totals and as seasonal totals (PE record). Criteria pollutant emissions estimates were supplied as annual totals and as seasonal daily emissions (EM record). The daily emissions represented average day (not average weekday) and were coded as emission type "29." There were two exceptions to this: seasonal daily emissions estimates were not prepared for prescribed burning or agricultural burning since there are no "typical" daily emissions. For these two sources, total season emissions were supplied and coded as emission type "30." Air toxic activity levels and emissions estimates were submitted as annual totals only (PE and EM records) per EPA guidance.

5 Emissions Summaries

Several em issions summaries are presented in this section. Sources are summarized into several categories as shown below:

County Summaries

Abbrev. Description Point point sources ORMg onroad mobile gasoline

ORMd onroad mobile diesel PAV paved road dust UNPV unpaved road dust NRMg nonroad mobile gasoline

NRMd nonroad mobile diesel

NRMo nonroad mobile LPG/CNG

RR railroad locomotives

SHIP commercial marine DRYC dry cleaning SURFa architectural surface coating

CONS commercial/consumer solvent use WSFP woodstoves/fireplaces DNR prescribed burning AGBRN agricultural burning RESB residential outdoor burning TILL agricultural tilling

LIVE livestock wastes FERT fertilizer application

SOIL soils 

## State Summaries Major Category Sub-categories Agricultural Tilling TILL, Agricutural Ammonia FERT. LIVE Area Source Solvents CONS, DRYC, SURFa, SURFi Fires AGBRN, DNR,

RESB

Natural Sources SOIL Nonroad Mobile Sources NRMd, NRMg, NRMo, SHIP,

RR Onroad Mobile Sources ORMd, ORMg

Point Sources Point Road Dust PAV, UNPV Woodstoves and Fireplaces WSFP

## 5.1 Annual Emissions

Table 5-1: Annual Emissions in Tons

Category PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NOx VOC CO NH 3 Agricultural Tilling 94,863 18,990 0 0 0 0 0

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 27,431 0 0 Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,659

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,137

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,082

Nonroad Mobile Sources 7,250 6,762 17,745 105, 264 59,281 535,677 282

Onroad Mobile Sources 4,593 3,448 5,775 200,531 150,432 1,881,616 5,158 Outdoor Burning 10,798 9,792 73 439 5,531 59,603 0

Point Sources 7,659 4,369 44,124 41, 809 12,170 41,575 563

Road Dust 78,243 10,922 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstoves and Fireplaces 39,989 37,264 606 5, 006 149,061 298,366 0

Total 243,394 91,547 68,323 353,050 403,907 2,816,837 45,881



## 5.2 Seasonal Source Percent Contributions

Table 5-2: Source Percent Contributions, Spring

Category PM 10 % PM 2.5 % SO 2 % NOx% VOC% CO% NH 3 % Agricultural Tilling 53 32 0 0 0 0 0

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 43

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 40

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
Nonroad Mobile Sources 2 6 26 29 13 16 0

Onroad Mobile Sources 2 3 9 58 41 71 9 Outdoor Burning 4 11 0 0 2 2 0

Point Sources 2 4 65 12 3 1 1

Road Dust 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstoves and Fireplaces 12 33 1 1 33 9 0



## Table 5-3: Source Percent Contributions, Summer

Category PM 10 % PM 2.5 % SO 2 % NOx% VOC% CO% NH 3 % Agricultural Tilling 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 69

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 12

Nonroad Mobile Sources 8 23 30 35 30 35 1

Onroad Mobile Sources 4 8 8 54 48 61 17 Outdoor Burning 5 13 0 0 1 1 0

Point Sources 6 10 61 11 4 2 2

Road Dust 72 30 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstoves and Fireplaces 6 16 0 0 8 2 0



### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 90

## Table 5-4: Source Percent Contributions, Fall

Category PM 10 % PM 2.5 % SO 2 % NOx% VOC% CO% NH 3 % Agricultural Tilling 36 18 0 0 0 0 0

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 43

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 40

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
Nonroad Mobile Sources 3 6 25 29 11 16 0

Onroad Mobile Sources 2 3 9 57 34 65 9 Outdoor Burning 7 15 0 0 2 4 0

Point Sources 3 4 65 12 3 1 1

Road Dust 31 11 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstoves and Fireplaces 19 44 1 2 44 13 0



## Table 5-5: Source Percent Contributions, Winter

Category PM 10 % PM 2.5 % SO 2 % NOx% VOC% CO% NH 3 % Agricultural Tilling 44 21 0 0 0 0 0

Area Source Solvents 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Fertilizer Application 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Livestock Wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 71

Natural Sources 0 0 0 0 0 0 12

Nonroad Mobile Sources 2 4 23 26 10 11 1

Onroad Mobile Sources 2 3 8 59 30 70 14 Outdoor Burning 3 6 0 0 1 1 0

Point Sources 3 4 68 13 3 1 2

Road Dust 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstoves and Fireplaces 24 55 2 3 53 17 0



## 5.3 County Summary Tables

Annual em issions summary tables are shown on the following pages for each inventoried pollutant by individual source category.

Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

### Page 91Table 5-6: County PM10Emissions EstimatesCountyPointORMgORMdPAVUNPVNRMgNRMdNRMoRRSHIPWSFPDNRAGBRNRESBTILLTotalAdams19263112,43939304169187910,15013,247Asotin4576460415000104330164011,118Benton1964866501576471060409804024755,0897,582Chelan22303513412437017040953644401,375Clallam1141622221282543002225151838001,468Clark3029613272830679144127382,437463448635,544Columbia34826862724001275942333,0524,391Cowlitz7404359292414167117696486286402,205Douglas414193117,12595608019106245,70513,471Ferry4616298218110004512572361,597Franklin23323051,71998403432251121225,1807,756Garfield23619351300021415222,0993,203Grant32456114,677201500140339096449,46515,494Grays Harbor39924333233113567002848134362352,142Island34141924230242200705511911801,278Jefferson26711151912821750063231323801,154King2535757913,5402,576443865124233011,9641,214822,615Kitsap385576506109634700621,700728102,944Kittitas354825331611270402251493241,8412,935Klickitat1559122051,264930053151213280161,7263,942Lewis2,22237503091962550012507197797084,393Lincoln12162703,1305109027055218711,20114,852Mason14715202251972012000387327001,124Okanogan16224302,28482500024241525308704,367Pacific1988111362236100040175160290995Pend Oreille571571,3241590074321104582,381Pierce3122142951,625348164229222144,85110966738,854San Juan1242205125001061372250535Skagit8574259425131404506180708903953713,053Skamania357355141102487624140306Snohomish411862561,5281041592223291374,221935941107,683Spokane2381171611,0389,026911932502,6821873005,98820,074Stevens8914203383,1611838040241230341,1535,341Thurston0731016022745767091,5565023423,026Wahkiakum2226104220060322760263Walla Walla1911621244956119601433182607306,1208,628Whatcom68747655494084976181521,1936501634223,886Whitman3115203117,722520001423204821918,40627,448Yakima14461848214,768391281401,2032421581252,94210,721State7,6591,9312,66218,4259,821,6503,451275061,61639,983,6742,1105,01394,863243,393Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 92Table 5-7: County PM2.5Emissions EstimatesCountyPointORMgORMdPAVUNPNRMgNRMdNRMoRRSHIPWSFPDNRAGBRNRESBTILLTotalAdams1122473643850376318082,0322,754Asotin241069313000943101480322Benton1872858558643970378728021691,0192,437Chelan1327405123340160380505418688Clallam1019192242340002174871697401,164Clark30256115754673133125372,289423161733,683Columbia23131022522001255534026111,202Cowlitz1292551346386111668606577981,179Douglas4817461,06485208017905221,1422,555Ferry3527147171000043119647424Franklin13283725787803132040106201,0371,821Garfield139140128002121421420661Grant193986698191380130306085411,8953,339Grays Harbor56214293346336200274493175771,636Island248172852220006952318436836Jefferson2397142142165006222030350689King171334691301385408796123832211,0131,115215,59Kitsap2832664416584300611,615725802,229Kittitas204239471125030209137222369926Klickitat4951028189827049151143030153461,157Lewis1,137214436292346011480182721422,224Lincoln71442467410002505021462,2422,975Mason1369182529181100037030640710Okanogan9196134172300022838423281741,297Pacific17491533690039166147260473Pend Oreille362419814800712981092722Pierce16212525814452151210220134,54710061316,398San Juan11731114001031311230313Skagit2502551482037420517666383387741,563Skamania24108131002287322120185Snohomish40108223149161462043271333,96285545225,665Spokane13568141991,348841782462,4991732761,1996,246Stevens67817464721735040229212322311,368Thurston0438860415262081,4674621502,083Wahkiakum12316220058302550144Walla Walla17391928143108801332932520271,2252,553Whatcom307275761614570171481,118600150852,197Whitman16918431,15351840142100394183,6855,737Yakima134367496712361181301,1162191491145893,395State4,3691,1222,3261,9908,9321,5183,175274661,57837,263,3951,7914,60518,9991,54Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 93Table 5-8: County SO2Emissions EstimatesCountyPointORMgORMdNRMNRMNRMRRSHIPWSFRESTotalAdams41151115010010272Asotin830220062041Benton92107385152098139121644Chelan584917363042061239Clallam7583512308001,356812,208Clark502137292520624283751,129Columbia6233000140055Cowlitz2,573953241380417341013,628Douglas03111172017030135Ferry1032210101037Franklin511811120784430307Garfield5204000310078Grant73263197035051339Grays Harbor231531831420014271598Island131112540039081471Jefferson5452592110037041974King1,1991,278434611,5053961,983179186,755Kitsap1234277800299264579Kittitas782824009030161Klickitat72197141013124420517Lewis19,0482283980288119,28Lincoln2691132066010235Mason033112210006174Okanogan36131340004089Pacific221761170040430470Pend Oreille124215001034Pierce540476162184070506874101,805San Juan311410049020512Skagit9,10595325170141,09211110,40Skamania8322005912910221Snohomish382413140183941688206492,309Spokane5126092122980119414877Stevens15321126409040138Thurston0164566121022243396Wahkiakum41040063200641Walla Walla2,7183512112603450502,982Whatcom6,2921053677120189671827,529Whitman37633121250035030729Yakima5136485194090182418State44,124,3001,4744715,17561,21110,886067368,32Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 94Table 5-9: County NOx Emissions EstimatesCountyPointORMgORMdNRMNRMdNRMRRSHIPWSFRESTotalAdams1,25879215738191,4611014,293Asotin23613981335015161554Benton5043,1201,944115928761,42938210778,611Chelan161,480895583654763405343,551Clallam3261,008648445443606,6666479,344Clark9685,8103,9502061,4423129979173023014,934Columbia18011013191313530537Cowlitz4,2932,8341,813767521446161,48080812,095Douglas291055922456531702522,299Ferry290166911749061601Franklin1,47893629700481,2381123024,573Garfield154954251107720584Grant12,1731,320621,2376451305045,424Grays Harbor7751,543973617697801,6216055,886Island31886563432561302,9096884,779Jefferson55071645926591402,3412934,198King4,91634,76823,601,4408,5892,5761,5266,7781,47810785,782Kitsap3,5042,2421365493802,451211259,156Kittitas2,4521,532252421013002924,422Klickitat12858435112253191,9196691613,953Lewis15,632,4181,550525406543563720,762Lincoln7854811985649690813,123Mason799606023711928084861,889Okanogan1,0796312521217003231,999Pacific40050232018991509632222,340Pend Oreille357208118950101681Pierce1,26013,0178,6674062,3153838015376015928,046San Juan74442052504,1351724,349Skagit4,0442,7481,77078515822073,84688813,387Skamania22114191144858356911,713Snohomish84811,3877,6494062,2397261,0692,9285235227,828Spokane7247,5164,6833031,7633451,8143462617,520Stevens512965578283713013803232,658Thurston44,8103,04613768466322193209,282Wahkiakum10871323301,274411,487Walla Walla1,2231,00362928793414971294034,386Whatcom4,1093,0231,9181268561562903,2501481413,890Whitman305975600291,60213501263023,732Yakima1604,0552,4611151,1611581280154118,400State41,80121,38779,144,25432,975,66218,3644,005,006439353,050Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 95Table 5-10: County VOC Emissions EstimatesCountyPointORMgORMdNRMgNRMNRMRRSHISURFCONSWSFPDNRAGBRNRESTotalAdams1,5113810289461225432018032,283Asotin31291191510276748319051,058Benton934,1021121,33611018601924783,6880212410,234Chelan21,80849926411127882191,547304154,768Clallam411,265367825490154852101,696104264,461Clark3456,8702222,40916576464731,1778,5292611220,450Columbia22661,22123105131103336812,008Cowlitz1,9653,375891,1136936271233062,34735289,512Douglas21,1713123955117431076600482,338Ferry36310739111010241367121,368Franklin1,94753304841157671661,032011173,839Garfield192526300038631421371Grant2,715718081481521992471,564077155,781Grays Harbor861,896521,0936719040892211,762194205,541Island381,11432609293069952371,7311303,987Jefferson648942554773055358673018122,477King8440,7461,34313,871,004621691532,3115,74548,7552389115,098Kitsap1084,5131301,7246490613067605,35549113,123Kittitas2,7206765128254511386084284,585Klickitat10371020375305802562409186052,010Lewis4402,89176916521619912271,674112266,540Lincoln96625212104040133325611521,668Mason911,1893366514700651611,13418233,401Okanogan1,3103540126405212984723519103,068Pacific26616173621240527685589091,793Pend Oreille43712618910153824218241,558Pierce27015,5685154,5642639237129442,34817,2386221642,129San Juan9533796101011947396181,056Skagit2,1573,324911,26456209861373402,5485123110,116Skamania26976281313613322241341,241Snohomish30813,4184274,62425417948668182,03314,8085219237,228Spokane8768,5682822,90121282795541,3789,98710610125,125Stevens2731,17032629397653131772130123,252Thurston3785,9911651,7027615132766875,244287614,653Wahkiakum13244031051291162305Walla Walla2,2101,31936343951021721791,2861512106,093Whatcom1,0183,7971091,702973713732245584,2593705311,977Whitman451,2333421519322531311,059044363,417Yakima1,1475,2471431,3011353852937294,6601371214213,997State12,17145,9904,44252,463,7801,3647988767,86819,56149,0612,0811,8211,628403,906Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 96Table 5-11: County CO Emissions EstimatesCountyPointORMgORMdNRMgNRMdNRMoRRSHIPWSFPDNRAGBRNRESBTotalAdams21,6301671,5494247616351286242025,174Asotin3,97142881742107712731356,068Benton10351,58851713,5385133011595,972023616373,090Chelan1425,1992206,613191182703,036441609936,125Clallam91816,4321624,71425914304743,8541,51017328,638Clark63285,6881,02623,8947641,22911018,224378742132,686Columbia3,045273,4291101302044873,972611,294Cowlitz3,21747,6264058,559321570684,84351218566,306Douglas115,3581412,29926021341,4150615519,646Ferry4,866472,182541813351,030168,549Franklin24,3402422,9533971891371,67041,0264731,004Garfield2,6162336014340101748333,742Grant36,9783206,718703252572,50709099848,543Grays Harbor1,02625,6822357,39531830801293,5912,83113441,650Island3014,3991444,3331364902314,123819723,651Jefferson1,68111,7081133,116305401831,7312668218,964King2,540497,2306,215170,4934,55810,1116845589,180292,583783,563Kitsap57,13459815,214288147021612,7316060886,996Kittitas42,9232963,40813240141,6701,227255349,789Klickitat2,1699,918881,755142752148952,70603617,998Lewis2,43940,4073416,377243256483,7971,62617055,704Lincoln13,3731121,95449416108411181541516,655Mason40115,9261513,55162111012,90026715123,520Okanogan18,3061582,9281206801,8003,4202636927,132Pacific7218,418732,11254610141,3121,3186214,145Pend Oreille6,044531,958452105532,6452411,343Pierce1,399189,9882,39846,5691,2071,500884436,2588961,436281,783San Juan1,181132,029281903641,02713554,727Skagit1,76245,3244118,103261324232565,2917391720562,717Skamania3,647321,982611796569196296,630Snohomish879168,4931,97345,5161,1602,86711820231,5547631,278254,803Spokane316102,1871,30731,5699691,34820019,9181,545675160,033Stevens1,87916,4021423,147183119151,7921,8957925,652Thurston180,01775515,9223472583611,638415504109,894Wahkiakum1,8211531212120236226132,648Walla Walla98816,5021633,079450161552,364194,5356628,380Whatcom17,2749,50449914,640445612322168,918540135093,031Whitman21016,5421513,1149205061,72004,3894127,143Yakima97668,76765712,844632618148,9401,9981,69027897,415State41,571,861,18420,43491,10417,5122,242,0342,786298,36630,3118,44610,832,816,831Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 97Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004)Page 98Table 5-12: County NH3Emissions EstimatesCountyPoinORMgORMdNRMNRMSHIPLIVEFERTSOILTotalAdams481015281,1042571,939Asotin900011213272325Benton4741254112167042101,735Chelan572003761118276Clallam4110139714519217Clark24871247611023868Columbia700013934290579Cowlitz21113012323222403Douglas361011566802361,109Ferry110001474071270Franklin592019287121671,869Garfield600013227685500Grant852022,4691,2673524,177Grays Harbor6220141964925339Island0361001380357172Jefferson291001250818118King21,490447124845868422,170Kitsap014341193053195Kittitas91300491158143886Klickitat23100354267136781Lewis953011,206168501,523Lincoln301014081,2833022,025Mason3810002591286Okanogan421007041842981,230Pacific201000118198166Pend Oreille14000734623156Pierce05551623296369341,645San Juan3000164825597Skagit8110301281,041140481,379Skamania9000842849Snohomish74821423211,16094401,823Spokane153039123567131641,564Stevens33710050722179849Thurston1916111,62897211,944Wahkiakum40005322584Walla Walla401011,0588331742,108Whatcom52123411242,189171582,622Whitman381023591,7703382,508Yakima1595123,9336992975,094State5635,012146234421523,1312,654,08245,88

### Washington State Base Year 2002 County Inventories (July 15, 2004) 

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