NBSIR 73-127

Evaluation of Lead Paint Hazard

Elimination Methods

Part II

Milestone Report (7b)

David Waksman, Leopold F. Skoda, Elizabeth J. Clark, McClure Godettee

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20410

March 1973

Interim Report

Prepared for Office of Research and Technology

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

NBSIR 73-127

EVALUATION OF LEAD PAINT HAZARD

ELIMINATION METHODS

PART H

M ilestone Report (7b)

David Waksman, Leopold F. Skoda, Elizabeth J. Clark, McClure Godette

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

March 1973

Interim Report

Prepared for Office of Research and Technology

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COWIIVIERCE. Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts. Director

Abstract

Four major classifications of procedures that should be considered

when selecting a method for the elimination of the leaded paint hazard

are analyzed in this report. They are: surface repair methods, surface

finish methods, cover up methods with unfinished membrane materials, and

cover up methods with pre-finished rigid materials. The attributes

associated with each type of method were considered and analyzed in terms

of inaccessibility of the leaded paint and implementation considerations.

Recommendations are made for the in-use performance properties of surfaces.

i
Contents

Page

Abstract 1

1. Introduction 1

2. Description of the Indexing System for Hazard Elimination

Matrices 9

3. Analysis of Surface Repair Methods - Matrix II 9

3.1. Definitions 9

3.2. Hazard Inaccessibility 10

3.3. Special Preconditions Patch - (Walls, Ceilings) .... 10

3.4. Installation Health and Safety 14

3.5. Ancillary Work 15

3.6. Waste Disposal 16

3.7. Community Involvement 17

3.8. User Involvement 18

3.9. Degree of Finish 18

4. Analysis of Cover Up-Unf Inlshed Membrane Material - Matrix III 18

4.1. Definitions 18

4.2. Hazard Inaccessibility 19

4.3. Special Preconditions 21

4.4. Installation Health and Safety 23

4.5. Ancillary Work 25

4.6. Waste Disposal 28

4.7. Community Involvement 29

4.8. User Involvement 29

4.9. Degree of Finish 29

5. Analysis of Cover Up - Pre-finished Rigid Materials - Matrix V 30

5.1. Definitions 30

5.2. Hazard Inaccessibility 31

5.3. Special Preconditions 33

5.4. Installation Health and Safety 36

5.5. Ancillary Work 37

5.6. Waste Disposal 37

5.7. Community Involvement 38

5.8. User Involvement 38

5.9. Degree of Finish 38

5.10. Time, Implementation Attributes , Total Cost 38

5.11. In-Use Performance: Occupant Health and Safety .... 39

5.12. In-Use Performance: Durability and Stability 44

5.13. In-Use Performance: Acceptability 54

ii
Contents (cont.)

Page

6. Analysis of Surface Finish Methods - Matrix VI 60

6.1. Definition 60

6.2. Hazard Inaccessibility 61

6.3. Special Preconditions 63

6.4. Installation Health and Safety 66

6.5. Ancillary Work 66

6.6. Waste Disposal 66

6.7. Community Involvement 67

6.8. User Involvement 67

6.9. Degree of Finish 67

6.10. Time, Implementation Attributes, and Total Cost .... 68

6.11. In-Use Performance: Occupant Health and Safety, Durability and Stability, Acceptability 68

7. References 69

iii
List of Tables

Page

1. Flame Spread Rating Limitations of Interior Finishes ...... 40

2. Evaluation of Adhesion with Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion ... 45

3. Classification of Sound Insulating Properties of Partitions

According to their Average Transmission Loss 58

iv
List of Figures

Page

I Decision Model - Part 1 ..... 3

II Decision Model - Part 2 4

III Matrix II: Surface Repair Methods 5

IV Matrix III: Cover Up - Unfinished Membrane Material .... 6

V Matrix V: Cover Up - Pre-Finished Rigid Materials 7

VI Matrix VI: Surface Finish Methods 8

V

Evaluation of Lead Paint Hazard Elimination Methods - Part II

1. Introduction

This report is a continuation of NBS Report 10652, "Evaluation of

Lead Paint Removal and Detoxification Methods, Milestone Report (7a)."

Many factors should be considered in the selection of lead paint

hazard elimination methods. In general, each dwelling unit should be

treated as a separate entity due to the variations in architectural configuration, the structural condition of the unit and the location of the

hazard. Certain hazard elimination techniques are not readily applicable

if a building has reached a certain stage of deterioratior^ i.e. if there

is poor plaster integrity, or if the leaded material has been used to coat

a complex surface, i.e. if complex carvings or radiators coated with

leaded paint are present.

The attributes that can be directly associated with potential

hazard elimination methods are considered in this report. In addition

to the primary attribute of hazard inaccessibility, which is required of

every solution, there are secondary properties that can be related

either to work involved in implementation of the process, or to characteristics that reflect the in-use performance of the residence after it

has been treated.

The following properties were considered in evaluating hazard

elimination methods:

a. - Hazard Inaccessibility

b. Supportive Attributes

i. Special Preconditions

ii. Installation Health and Safety

1
iii. Ancillary Work

iv. Waste Disposal

c . Involvement

i. Community

ii. User

d. Degree of Finish, and

. e. In-Use Performance

,i. Occupant Health and Safety

ii. Durability and Stability

iii. User Acceptability

Although not all of the properties listed above are usually covered

by local codes, they should still be considered in the selection of

hazard elimination methods. Where properties are covered by local codes,

these code requirements should be complied with.

The paths that can be followed in eliminating the leaded paint

hazard are outlined in Figures I and II, Decision Model - Part 1 and 2 ,

respectively.

The factors that should be considered when following the procedures

outlined in Matrices I and IV, Removal Methods and Cover Up-Unfinished

Rigid Material, respectively were discussed in Report #10652.

Detailed analyses are made in this report of those factors implicitly

involved when the procedures shown in Figure III, Matrix II - Surface

Repair Methods , Figure IV, Matrix III - Cover Up-Unfinished Membrane

Material , Figure V, Matrix V - Cover Up Pre-flnished Rigid Material , and/

or Figure VI, Matrix VI - Surface Finish Methods , are used.

Each of the above matrices serves as an index for these detailed

analyses.

2
HAZARD ELIMINATION DECISION MODEL - PART 1

CONDITION 1 LOOSE MATERIAL CONTAINING LEAD

DEFINITIONS: MATERIAL-PAINT, PAINTED PLASTER/SEALANTS

LOOSE- o. MATERIAL LYING ON FLOOR

b. BLISTERING/PEELING

c. PAINT READILY REMOVED W/MASKING TAPE

d. PLASTER READILY REMOVED

e. SEALANT READILY REMOVED

REMOVE

COVER UP

IMMEDIATE HAZARD

REQUIREMENT:

ELIMINATE LEAD POISONING

HAZARD

CONDITION 2

TIGHT MATERIAL MAY BE LOOSENED

BY CHILDREN

BY MEANS OF:

a. CHEWING MATERIAL OF CHEWABIE

CONFIGURATION AND WITHIN REACH

OF CHILD

b. IMPACT OF WALLS AND WOODWORK

WITHIN CHILD'S REACH c SCRATCHING WALLS AND WOODWORK

WITHIN CHILD'S REACH

IMMEDIATE-POTENTIAL HAZARD

REMOVE

COVER UP

TREAT WITH PAINT

ADDITIVE (i.e. TASTE INHIBITOR OR EMETIC)

CONDITION 3

TIGHT MATERIAL MAY BE LOOSENED

BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

BY MEANS OF:

a. EXTERIOR WATER LEAKS

b. INTERIOR WATER LEAKS

c. MOISTURE/CONDENSATION

d. OTHER

POTENTIAL HAZARD

REMOVE

COVER UP

REPAIR CAUSE OF

DETERIORATION

CONDITION 4

TIGHT MATERIAL APPARENTLY

INACCESSIBLE OVER TIME

UNLIKELY HAZARD

Figure I

REMOVE

COVER UP

NO ACTION

REQUIRED

3
HAZARD ELIMINATION DECISION MODEL PART 2

1 REMOVAL

METHODS

NO

SURFACE

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II SURFACE

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2. Jescriptlon of the Indexing System for Hazard Elimination Matrices

The Indexing system can be used to locate detailed analyses of the

factors that should be considered when evaluating a hazard elimination

procedure. Each hazard elimination matrix is treated as a separate

chapter.

The matrices are numbered with Roman Numerals from I thru VI. Going

down the left column of a matrix each major category is assigned a capitol

letter, with sub-classifications indicated by small letters. The place a

method is being applied, e.g., walls, is designated by the numerals 1

thru 4.

For example, with index number III.A.l, the III represents the

matrix for Cover Up-Unfinished Membrane Materials, A indicates fabric,

and the numeral 1 stands for walls.

3 . Analysis of Surface Repair Methods - Matrix II

(See figure III)

3.1. Definitions

A. Patch - Repairs made to walls or ceilings which contain voids or

deteriorated areas less than 16 Inches in diameter and comprise less than

20% of the total affected area. Sufficient backing material (wood, metal

or plaster lath) must be present to allow direct application of patching .

material. Also may include minor work on woodwork, etc.

B. Major Repair - Repairs made to walls or ceilings

1) which contain voids or deteriorated areas greater than 16

Inches In diameter;

2) where the backing material (wood, metal, plaster lath) has

been destroyed and must be replaced prior to application of

patching plaster;

9
3) where patch areas comprise more than 20% of the total

affected area;

4) when the combination of patch areas and other areas in need

of repair total less than 50% of the component area.

Also may include repair of woodwork, etc.

C. Replace - When more than 50% of a surface (i.e., single walls or

ceilings) is in need of major repair, replacement may be more desirable

than repair.

3.2. Hazard Inaccessibility

Patch, Major Repair, Replace Plaster (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: II. (A,B,C.x) . (1,2,3 ,4)

Surface repair procedures help to control the hazard accessibility

by reducing possible further deterioration of surfaces coated with leaded

paint, e.g., walls and ceilings. If repair or replacement is of less

than 100% of the total area, then the hazard is still present. Access to

the remaining leaded paint can be gained by chewing tight paint on chewable surfaces, loosening of tight paint by the reach of an active child,

or loosening of tight paint by natural causes, e.g., moisture. No matter

how tight the bond may seem between substrate and leaded paint, the

potentially dangerous material is still present. Patching or repairing

deteriorated surfaces merely helps to reduce hazard accessibility in the

area treated. Only complete removal of all leaded material guarantees

total elimination of the hazard

3.3. Special Preconditions

Patch - (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: II.A(1,2)

Prior to initiation of any patch procedures, the extent of deteriorated

areas and voids must be determined. All loose material must be removed to

10
a poii-nt where remaining material is adequately bonded to the backing

system.

Supportive attributes for walls and ceilings require that the basic

structural components such as studs and ceiling joists be sound and

capable of performing their intended function. The decision concerning

the ability of structural components to perform their original function

must be based on the sound engineering judgment of a building inspector

or a representative from the municipal building department.

Patching procedures may require the application of more than one

material. If deterioration or voids extend to the backing system (wood,

metal or plaster lath) , then a base "scratch" coat of plaster must be

applied first, followed by a "white" coat of finish material. If the

base coat is adequate, then only a finish coat of plaster or spackling

compound need be applied to complete the patch. The smallest areas to be

patched would be small nail holes or cracks that cannot be covered by the

decorative coating to be used on the walls or ceiling.

Patch - (Woodwork)

Intercepts: II. A.

Patching procedures for woodwork involve filling small nail holes

and cracks with a material such as plastic wood or other similar products.

They also include restoring loose components by nailing and/or gluing.

The woodwork involved, which may include windows, doors and

associated trim, base boards, kitchen cabinetry and balustrades, must be

firmly attached to the structural components of the dwelling.

Major Repair - (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: II. B. (1,2)

11
Before major repairs can be initiated on walls or ceilings, the

studs and ceiling joists must be determined to be structurally sound and

capable of supporting the application of both the new backing material

and the plaster patching system. Where voids exist, the addition of new

lath may be required to support the patching plaster. The plaster

adjacent to the void must be removed to expose at least two studs or

ceiling joists capable of supporting the new lath. The patching procedure

to be used after the application of new backing material is described in

Special Preconditions Patch - (Walls, Ceilings) , Intercepts: II. A. (1,2)

above.

The definition of a major repair stipulates that the combination of

patch areas and other repair areas must not total more than 50% of the

component area being considered. This percentage is an estimate, and

the final decision regarding the process to be used should be based on a

cost analysis of both major repair and complete replacement procedures.

Major Repair - (Woodwork)

Intercept: II. B.

Major repairs to woodwork include the replacement of components

of items such as window or door units. Examples would be replacement of

a window sill, one side of a kitchen cabinet, or a balustrade spindle.

Preconditions necessitating replacement would be that the existing component be cracked, split or deteriorated to a point where it can no longer

perform its intended function. If a component is simply loose and can be

repaired with the use of mechanical fasteners, it would not be considered

as a major repair. The item being repaired must have sufficient integrity

to permit the performance of its intended use when a component part is

replaced.

12
Replace Plaster - (Walls, Ceilings )

Intercept: II.C.x.(l,2)

When walls and ceilings cannot be economically repaired by patching

or major repair procedures, it is usually necessary to replace the entire

wall or ceiling system. This procedure would require removal of all

plaster and lath down to the basic structural members, i.e., studs or

ceiling joists. Wood, metal or plaster lath is used to provide a mechanical bond between the plaster layer and the structural system. Removal

of window and door trim, base boards, chair rails or wainscoting is also

necessary as these items are always applied to the walls on top of the

plaster and lath.

After removal of the plaster and lath, a judgment must be made as to

the adequacy of the structural components to support the new lath and

plaster system. If the components are adequate, then a new lath and

plaster system can be applied. If the structural components are partially

or totally inadequate, they must be replaced or supplemented to whatever

extent is necessary to provide an adequate structural base for application of new lath and plaster.

In some cases, based on expert judgment, it may be possible to apply

metal lath on top of the existing lath system, but the general rule would

be to completely remove all lath. In certain isolated cases it may also

be possible to apply new metal lath directly to existing walls or ceilings

without removal of the plaster. However, this method would increase the

wall thickness and thereby reduce the amount of floor area in rooms which

may already violate code regulations dealing with the spatial requirements

for dwelling units.

13
Replace Plaster - (Woodwork)

Intercepts: II.C.x.3

When a wall is replaced because of voids or deterioration, the woodwork must be removed. The possibility of re-using woodwork taken from

walls in this condition is rather remote. It is usually necessary to

replace the window and door trim, base boards, etc. The replacement of

doors, door jambs, windows, window sills or any woodwork would be predicated on the ability of these components to perfotm their original

function. This judgment would have to be made by an engineer or a

municipal building inspector.

The need for replacement of kitchen cabinetry or kitchen and bathroom fixtures would also be determined by experienced personnel who could

evaluate the worth of the components in question.

3.4. Installation Health and Safety

Patch, Major Repair - (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: II. (A, B) . (1,2)

The precautions to be taken during performance of plaster patching

techniques are minimal. Care must be taken to avoid contact of wet

materials with electrical outlets and switch boxes. When the patch is

in the vicinity of a box or outlet, these electrical services should be

rendered inoperative during patching procedures by disengaging the fuse

of the circuit involved. In addition to following the above procedure,

masking tape or some other covering material should be used to prevent

the entry of wet material into the electrical services. Occupants should

not be allowed in the immediate vicinity of any of the work being done.

14
Normal safety precautions from falling or flaking plaster in deteriorated areas should be observed, i.e., the use of hard hats, safety glasses

and safety shoes.

Patch, Major Repair - (Woodwork)

Intercepts: II.(A,B).3

When portions of woodwork are in need of patching or major repair,

care must be taken to avoid driving nails through electrical wiring, gas

lines and water pipes that may have been located behind the original

woodwork.

Replace Plaster - (Walls, Ceiling, Woodwork)

Intercepts: II. C.x. (1,2,3)

When plaster replacement within a dwelling unit is necessary, all of

the precautions mentioned in Installation Health and Safety, II. (A, B).

(1,2,3), are applicable. The additional use of respirators by workmen

removing the old plaster is advisable. If renovation of the entire

dwelling unit is to be performed, the occupants should be relocated for

the time necessary to complete the work.

Precautions must be taken during application of lath material to

prevent damage to the wiring and plumbing by driven nails or threaded

fasteners. The hazard potential during renovation is greatest when .

replacement procedures are used for surface repair.

3.5. Ancillary Work

Patch, Major Repair - (Walls, Ceiling, Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: II. (A, B) . (1,2,3,4)

There should be no ancillary work needed in patch or major repair

procedures as far as electrical or heating systems are concerned. When

15
wall or ceiling areas are removed because they have been damaged as a

result of leakage, repairs to water lines or drain lines may be necessary.

Deterioration of the inner surfaces of external walls may be caused

by water leakage through roofs or walls. When a situation of this kind

exists it is usually considered a violation of housing regulations and

appropriate repair procedures should be used. If any kind of leakage is

suspected, judgment by a housing department inspector is needed to determine the action that must be taken to alleviate the problem.

Replace Plaster - (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: II.C.x. (1,2,3 ,4)

When replacement procedures are initiated, all services in the

dwelling unit may require modification. Electric boxes and fixtures may

have to be moved to compensate for any change in wall or ceiling thickness. When kitchen and bathroom walls are to be replaced, plumbing work

may be required. The extent of plumbing and electrical work will depend

on each individual case. The amount of work to be done cannot be readily

estimated without seeing the specific job. When replacement of walls is

necessary, it may be in the best of interests of the occupants and owner

to replace the existing plumbing and electric wiring while it is convenient to do so.

3.6. Waste Disposal

All Intercepts

a. Hazardous

The leaded material generated in the removal process is quite

hazardous. Care should be exercised to collect and package the

leaded material to render it inaccessible and it should be disposed

16
of in a manner that would keep It inaccessible.

Hazardous waste should not be disposed of in a manner which

could put it into the air, e.g, burning without provision for

collection of the leaded ash and elimination of toxic gases. In

addition, hazardous waste should not be disposed of such that leaded

materials will be permitted to leach into water systems.

Removal and disposal should be in accordance with appropriate

local ordinances, or by recognized safe procedures if local ordinances do not exist,

b. Non-hazardous

Non-hazardous waste should be removed with the same care and

expediency as hazardous waste. Waste material can provide breeding

grounds for vermin and thus present a health hazard. In addition,

people, especially children, can injure themselves by coming into

physical contact with the waste material.

Immediate removal and disposal should be in accordance with

appropriate local ordinances.

3.7. Community Involvement

All Intercepts

Utilization of hazard elimination procedures that permit community

involvement is very desirable. In addition to potential cost savings

that can be realized through "self-help" labor, valuable skills can be

gained by members of the community.

It should be feasible to train community members to assist in

patching repair methods. However, the more extensive the repair work required to complete the job, the lower the potential for immediate com17
munity involvement due to the necessity for increased training. With

major repairs and replacement methods, community workers would need

comprehensive training under experienced personnel.

3.8. User Involvement

All Intercepts

In most cases, occupants would not have to be relocated during

patching procedures. However, major repair and replacement methods

generate dust and other potential hazards, therefore, relocation of the

occupants would be necessary during implementation of these techniques.

3.9. Degree of Finish

All Intercepts

In general, surface repair methods are not intended to provide a

final finish. The surfaces are unattractive, easily dirtied, difficult

to clean and maintain, and susceptible to attack by moisture. Coating

with a suitable surface finish (see Matrix VI, Surface Finish Methods for

suitable surface treatments) is desirable.

4. Analysis of Cover Up-Unfinished Membrane Material - Matrix III

(See figure IV)

4.1. Definitions

A. Kabr ic - Heavy duty fabrics, such as canvas or glass cloth which

may be attached by means of suitable adhesives. These fabrics can be

obtained either unfinished, or coated with a decorative finish.

B. Plaster - A paste-type material composed of gypsum that hardens

on drying and can be used for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions.

Plaster can be applied in three ways: 1.) to lath directly attached to

existing walls; 2.) to lath after existing plaster has been removed;

18
3.) as a veneer coating over existing wall surfaces without the use of

lath. (The first two application procedures are discussed in this section;

additional information on these methods is given in the discussion of

Matrix II - Surface Repair Methods. The use of veneer plaster as a finish

coat for dry wall installations is treated in the analysis of Matrix VI -

Surface Finish Methods.)

C. Cementitious Material - A slurry of portland cement plus additives,

that may be applied as a veneer coating by brush or trowel. This slurry

may be reinforced with fibrous material to improve its physical properties

such as tensile strength, impact resistance, etc.

D. Other - Any material applied in paste or film form, reinforced

or nonreinf orced , that does not contain gypsum or portland cement as a

base. Materials of this kind include the many plastic materials that

can be applied by spray, brush, roller or trowel.

4.2. Hazard Inaccessibility

Fabric, Cementitious Material, Other - (Walls and Ceilings)

Intercepts: III. (A,C,D) . (1 ,2)

Fabrics and other flexible membrane-type materials are almost always

laminated to walls and ceilings with adhesives. These materials should

be applied over tight paint only after loose paint and plaster have been

removed and large holes patched.

Cementitious material will similarly be applied over tight paint

after loose paint and plaster have been removed. Surface preparation to

provide good adhesion is essential; bonding agents may be used.

The above cover-up procedures would not be recommended for use in areas

within reach of a child since it would be relatively easy for the child

to gain access to the hazardous material by tearing or impacting the surface.

19
In areas above the normal reach of children, the above cover-up

methods would be more satisfactory, although there is still a possibility

of delamination due to natural causes, e.g., moisture. When the above

covering materials are adhered to a paint substrate, delamination of the

paint from the walls and ceilings may result in subsequent failure of

the covering material.

Plaster - (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts; III. B. (1,2)

When plaster is applied on lath, as discussed in the Special

Preconditions, Intercepts III. B. (1,2) there would be little potential

for recurrence of the leaded paint hazard.

If plaster is used as a veneer over tight paint, the comments

written above for cementitious material are applicable. In general, the

bond of plaster to paint will not be adequate unless further surface

preparation is undertaken.

Fabric - (Woodwork)

Intercept: III. A.

Fabric cover up of woodwork may be possible in very limited cases,

and only as a temporary measure. In areas within reach of a child,

where it would be relatively easy to remove the fabric from the woodwork,

this type of application is not desirable.

Plaster, Cementitious Material - (Woodwork)

Intercepts: III.(B,C).3

Cover up of woodwork with plaster or cementitious material is

possible but not practical. Items that could be covered would be installations such as wainscoting, balustrades or wooden stairwells, subject

20
to the special supportive preconditions given below. The degree of hazard

inaccessibility is dependent on the abuse that the material is subjected

to after application. The resistance of these materials to impact forces

is rather low and, therefore, they are not considered to be adequate for

permanent hazard elimination.

4.3. Special Preconditions

Fabric - (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork)

Intercepts: II. A. (1,2,3)

The application of fabric-type material requires that all loose

material be removed, all imperfections be patched or repaired, and that

an adequate bond be realized between the substrate and the fabric.

Imperfections in the substrate surface must be held to a minimum since

fabric-type materials will "telegraph" the surface condition. Any holes

greater than 1/16 in. diameter must be patched. High gloss surfaces must

be roughened in order to produce a surface that will bond the fabric

to the substrate. The surface roughening can be accomplished by manual

sanding or by the use of a liquid surface treatment.

Moisture resistant adhesives should be used in areas subjected to

moisture

Plaster - (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: III. B. (1,2)

The use of plaster systems as a cover up method for walls and ceilings

would require the application of wood, expanded metal, or plaster board

lath to the walls or ceiling. The function of the lath is to provide a

mechanical bond between the plaster and the structural system.

It may be necessary to replace the entire wall or ceiling lath system

if it is not sound. This procedure would require removal of all plaster

21
and lath down to the basic structural members, i.e., studs or ceiling

joists. Removal of window and door trim, base boards, and/or wainscoting would also be required since these items are generally applied

to the walls on top of the plaster and lath.

Exploratory removal or plaster and lath should be made to determine

the ability of the structural members to support the new lath and

plaster system. If the structural components are adequate, then a new

lath and plaster system can be applied. If the structural components

are partially or totally inadequate, they must be replaced or repaired

to supply adequate structural support prior to application of the new

lath and plaster system.

In some cases, it may be possible to apply metal lath on top of the

existing lath system, but the general rule would be to completely remove

all existing lath. In certain isolated cases it may also be possible to

apply new metal lath directly to existing walls or ceilings without

removal of the plaster, however this method would increase the wall thickness and thereby further reduce the amount of floor area in rooms which may

already be too small by currently accepted standards.

Plaster - (Woodwork)

Intercept: III.B.3

The cover up of woodwork by plaster would require the application

of a bonding medium to the woodwork prior to plastering. This bonding

medium may be either expanded metal lath, plaster lath or a bonding agent.

Cementitious Material - (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork)

Intercept: III .C . (1, 2 ,3)

, Supportive preconditions for the application of cementitious materials

to walls, ceilings and woodwork require that the surfaces be free of

22
loose or high gloss material; in addition, woodwork must be firmly

attached to structural components. When suitable bonding agents are

used, adequate adhesion to the substrate can be obtained.

Other - (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: III. D. (1,2,3,4)

The application of other unfinished membrane materials would require

basically the same supportive preconditions as for fabrics or cementitious

materials. However, the degree to which the existing systems must be

patched may not be as extensive as for fabric, depending on the texture

of these materials. The substrate surface must be free of loose material,

large voids and/or glossy surfaces so that a satisfactory bond can be

realized

4.4. Installation Health and Safety

Fabric - (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: III. A. (1,2,3,4)

No particular problem exists when installation of fabic material

is used as the hazard elimination method. The adhesives used for this

application are generally of the harmless wheat paste variety. When other

adhesives, having dangerous solvents that are flammable and/or toxic are

used, suitable precautions should be taken.

Hazards may be introduced in the preparation of substrates prior to

the application of fabrics. Leaded dust may be produced by sanding and

hazardous fumes may be generated when liquid type surface conditioners are

used to eliminate gloss. In either case, adequate ventilation is necessary

and workers should use respirators and goggles. When liquid surface

conditioners and/or adhesives containing volatile organic chemicals are

23
used, ca-e should be exercised. With extensive use, potentially dangerous

concentrations of fumes that are toxic and/or explosive may build up.

Municipal codes may limit or forbid their use for this reason.

Plaster, Cementitious Material (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork, Other )

Intercepts: III. (B,C) . (1,2,3,4)

The precautions to be taken during application of plaster or

cementitious materials are minimal. Care must be taken to avoid contact

of wet materials with electrical outlets and switch boxes. These electrical services should be rendered inoperative during the procedures by

disengaging the fuse of the circuit involved. In addition to this

procedure, masking tape or some other covering material should be used to

prevent the entry of wet material into electrical services. When attaching

lath with nails to supportive members, care should be exercised to avoid

damaging electrical wiring and plumbing. Occupants should not be allowed

in the immediate vicinity during completion of any of these procedures.

The .normal safety precautions from falling or flaking plaster in

deteriorated areas should be observed, i.e, the use of hard hats, safety

glasses, and safety shoes.

Other (Walls, Ceilings, Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: III. D. (1,2,3,4)

Specific instructions for other materials cannot be determined until

those materials are designated. The normal precautions taken when preparing leaded surfaces are mandatory. Special precautions that may be

required for a specific product should be outlined by the manufacturer . If

the manufacturer does not specify particular hazards then an analysis of

the system components will probably reveal any necessary precautions

which should be observed.

24
4.5. Ancillary Work

All Intercepts

Ancillary work connected with cover-up methods may involve electrical,

plumbing and heat distribution systems. The distribution systems should

be performing their intended function satisfactorily at the time that

hazard elimination techniques are initiated. If they are not, then a

possible code violation exists that should be rectified. Such violations

should be recognized as separate problems, not part of the hazard elimination program. However, if it is possible, correction of these code

violations should be carried out in conjunction with hazard elimination

since it will usually be easier and more economical.

The basic problems encountered depend on what material is used. The

relocation of electrical, plumbing and heating fixtures is dependent on

the total added thickness to the walls and ceilings, which is a function

of the hazard elimination technique.

Electrical

Local codes will outline acceptable procedures for resetting outlets,

switches and distribution boxes. When within-the-wall wiring is used,

then the outlet boxes may be extended with appropriate adapters, or deep

boxes may have to be used. Both of these adaptations are dependent on

the amount of available wire within the existing outlet boxes. If there

is a sufficient amount of wire available, the problems are minimal. If

there is an insufficient length of wire available, then junction boxes

must be used to extend new wire to the relocated outlets and switches.

Then a surface mounted electrical distribution system is present then the

entire system may have to be removed and reattached to the new wall

sur faces.

25
Plumbing

Plumbing problems will occur primarily in bathrooms and kitchens.

If at all possible, a hazard elimination method that does not require

relocating plumbing fixtures should be used. Sinks, bathtubs and water

closets are generally attached to existing walls. In many cases, fixture

movement problems can be eliminated by either framing around the fixtures

or using thin covering materials that can be cut to fit around the fixtures.

If it is necessary to move a sink, then the plumbing work simply requires

the use of longer lengths of pipes to the supply and waste drain lines.

Water closet relocations are much more difficult, in that the main drain

connection establishes the location of the unit. Any relocation would

necessarily require moving the waste drain line, which would necessitate

tearing up the bathroom floor. The possibility of replacing the existing

water closet with one of different design that could utilize the existing

waste drain may be the economical solution to the problem. Wall areas

around bathtubs can be covered without relocation of fixtures if the

covering system is no greater than 1/2 inch thick. Shower fixtures and

in-wall valves and faucets can be extended with adapter fittings up to

1/2 inch in most cases.

The problem of deteriorated plumbing systems is ever present and

when old systems are disturbed, failures can be expected, thereby resulting in costly repairs.

Heating Systems

The three types of heating systems that may be encountered are fuel

burning space heaters, central distribution type heating systems, and

electrical units.

26
The fuel burning space heaters would Include coal stoves, oil stoves,

and gas stoves. The oil and gas stoves could either be convection heaters

or fan driven units, and be free standing, suspended, or built-in wall

units. Of the fuel burning systems, only the suspended heaters and builtin wall units must be dealt with when cover-up methods are used. Suspended

heater systems may have to be removed during installation of cover up

systems but no alterations would be necessary, except possibly to the

suspension hangers. Built-in heater units would have to be moved or the

trim, reset to conform to the established plane of the new wall covering

system. Relocation would require adequate framing to structurally support

the new location, as well as extension of the piping and exhaust systems.

Central distribution systems can use hot water, steam, or forced

hot air. The heat distribution outlets for the hot water and steam will

consist of either free standing radiators or baseboard type radiators.

The forced hot air systems will use either wall mounted registers or floor

mounted registers. In the case of hot water or steam radiators, the relocation can be accomplished with a minimum amount of plumbing; this would

consist of lengthening the pipe lines or using offset adapter couplings.

In the case of baseboard systems, it may be necessary to relocate the

units to conform to the thickness of the added material. This would require additional lengths of pipe and consideration should be given to

structural support and attachment. Forced hot air systems would only

require short metal extensions to existing duct work to conform to the

new wall system.

Electrical heating systems can use either free standing or wall

mounted units. The free standing units do not require any relocation

27
considerations, but the wall mounted heaters would have to be relocated

and properly supported structurally to conform to the new wall system.

Extension of electrical connections may be required which would conform

to extension procedures described under electrical ancillary work.

When working with, or around any fuel dependent heating or electrical heating devices, extreme care should be exercised in order to

prevent a fire hazard, i.e., noncombustible materials should be used.

' A. 6. Waste Disposal

All Intercepts

Hazardous

The leaded material generated in the removal process is quite

hazardous. Care should be exercised to collect and package the leaded

material to render it inaccessible and it should be disposed of in a

manner that would keep it inaccessible.

The hazardous waste should not be disposed of in a manner which

could put it into the air, e.g., burning without provision for collection

of the leaded ash and elimination of toxic gases. In addition, the

hazardous waste should not be disposed of in a way that will permit leaded

materials to leach into water systems.

Removal and disposal should be in accordance with local ordinances

or by recognized safe procedures if local ordinances do not exist.

Non-hazardous

Non-hazardous waste should be removed with the same care and expediency as hazardous waste. Waste material can provide breeding grounds

for vermin. In addition, people, especially children, can injure themselves by coming into physical contact with the waste material.

^ 28
Immediate removal and disposal should be in accordance with local

ordinances

4.7. Community Involvement

All Intercepts

A minimum amount of training is needed for the application of fabrics

or cementitious material. Thus, these methods would be compatible with

involvement by community members. Since plaster application techniques

require more extensive training there is a lower potential for community

involvement. With other more innovative membrane materials the application procedures would most likely be more complex and require quite

highly trained personnel.

4.8. User Involvement

All Intercepts

With the application of fabric or cementitious material, relocation

of the dwelling occupants depends on the amount of surface preparation

necessary. In most cases, keeping the residents out of the immediate

work area would be sufficient. Since plaster removal methods may generate

dust and other potential hazards, the relocation of occupants would

probably be necessary during the implementation phase.

4.9. Degree of Finish

All Intercepts

Some fabric materials may have a surface which could be considered

finished and requiring no coating material. Other fabrics as well as

the surfaces provided by plaster, cementitious materials, and other

membranes are unattractive, easily dirtied, difficult to clean and maintain, and susceptible to attack by moisture. Coating with a suitable

29
surface finish is desirable (see Matrix VI, Surface Finish Methods for

suitable surface treatments)

5. Analysis of Cover Up - Pre-finished Rigid Materials - Matrix V*

(See figure V)

5.1. Definitions

A. Gypsum Board - Gypsum sheet supplied with a factory applied decorative

paper or plastic membrane on one surface. Painting normally required

for unfinished dry wall is not needed.

B. Plywood Board - Factory supplied wood laminates with a decorative

surface of paint, plastic film, paper, or a finished wood veneer.

When properly installed, no further surface treatment is required.

C. Hardboard - Factory supplied wood particle composition board with

a decorative surface of paint, plastic film or paper. When properly

installed, no further surface treatment is required.

D. Metal - Factory predecorated panels of aluminum or steel finished

with either paint or a plastic film. Many installations of this

material are done on a custom fabrication basis.

E. Reinforced Plastic - Plastic resin panels reinforced with glass

fibers usually supplied with a decorative gel-coat finish. The

panels may be finished with paint or a plastic film, if desired.

F. Ceiling Board and Tile - These products may be produced from

vegetable fibers, mineral wool, glass fibers, metal, plastic,

hardboard or similar materials. Porous non-bridging paints and

plastic films are generally used as surface finishes. Tile can be

*Recoramended installation procedures, developed by the manufacturers of

the various products discussed in this section, should be used.

30
directly attached to the ceiling. Panels are usually used in combination with proprietary ceiling panel suspension systems.

G. Other - This category includes any of the composite materials that

are on the market, e.g., foam core materials sandwiched between

plastic films, or similar paper honey-comb core materials.

5.2. Hazard Inaccessibility

Gypsum Board, Plywood, Hardboard, Metal Reinforced Plastic, Other (Walls)

Intercepts: V. (A,B,C ,D ,E,G)

Under normal usage conditions, pre-finished rigid materials are

satisfactory for eliminating the hazard in areas that are covered with

them

When toys, tools, furniture, or other mechanical means are used to

destroy the covering material, access can be gained to the leaded paint.

Impact resistance, which is a measure of the resistance of a material to

puncture, is a function of the thickness and hardness or density of a

material. Thus for a particular type of material, a 1/4 inch thick

product is more susceptible to damage than one which is 3/8 inch or 1/2

inch thick. Very little information is available about the forces that

can be generated by children in the age group under consideration, although

this is an important factor. This does not imply that only children will

destroy the covering material; it can also be destroyed by others.

Gypsum Board, Plywood Hardboard, Metal, Reinforced Plastic ,

Ceiling Board and Tile, Other (Ceilings)

Intercepts: V. (A,B,C,D,E,F,G)

Under normal usage conditons, cover-up methods for ceilings, with

prefinished rigid materials, would provide the maximum possible inac31
cessibi-^ity of hazardous materials. Since the leaded material Is still

present, however, there Is still a very slight potential for recurrence

of the problem.

Boards or tiles may be attached directly to the ceiling or ceiling

panel suspension systems may be used. The panels in ceiling suspension

systems may be removable and consequently the hazard is more potentially

accessible than in those systems where rigid materials are fastened

directly to the ceiling.

Ceiling cover-up by other than prefinished rigid materials is

covered by Matrix III, Cover Up-Unfinished Membrane Material, e.g., plaster

and cementitious material, and by Matrix VI, Surface Finish Methods, e.g.,

paint, wallpaper, and fabric.

Gypsum Board, Pl3rwood, Hardboard, Metal, Reinforced Plastic (Woodwork)

Intercepts: V. (A,B,C,D,E)

When it is possible to use the existing wood trim for attachment

purposes, cover-up methods of woodwork using plywood, hardboard, and

gypsum board can be applied to window and door trim, baseboards, wainscoting, and in limited cases, stairway balustrades. In most cases

windowsills and window sashes cannot be covered by any of these materials.

Although plywood and hardboard can be used to cover doors and cabinetry

(excluding leading edges), gypsum board is not applicable for these purposes.

Metal is not a very suitable covering material for woodwork and is

only practical for use on doors.

Reinforced plastics are not very applicable for covering up woodwork

other than doors since it is difficult to attach plastic panels to nonplanar surfaces.

32
llaximum hazard inaccessibility would be provided by metal, plastic,

hardboard, gypsum board, and plyvTOod where they can be used; assuming

normal usage by the occupants rather than malicious destruction that

would allow the hazard to become accessible.

Cover-up of woodwork including windowsills and sashes could be

accomplished by using other materials that are applied in the liquid or

plastic state and become rigid after curing. These possibilities are

described in Matrix III, Cover Up-Unfinished Membrane Materials, e.g.,

plaster, cementitious material, and other non toxic materials.

5.3. Special Preconditions

Gypsum Board, Plywood, Hardboard, Metal, Reinforced Plastic, Other (Walls)

Intercepts: V. (A.B.C .D.E.G)

a. Gypsum board, plywood and hardboard.

Support requirements for the application of rigid materials are

governed by local code requirements or the engineering judgment of

the municipal building department officials. Three application

methods can be used; direct attachment, attachment to furring, and

re-framing attachments. In all three cases the materials to be

attached are either mechanically fastened or applied with a combination

of adhesives and mechanical fasteners.

For the direct attachment method the existing walls should not

be buckled, bulged, or contain large voids. If this condition is

met mechanical fastening can be used with no further preparation

required. When a combination of adhesives and mechanical fasteners

is to be used, the walls must, in addition, be free of dirt, loose

plaster and/or loose paint and be adequately prepared for the use of

adhesives.

33
When the above conditions are not met but the structural components are sound, furring can be used to support the surfacing

material. It would be advisable to use furring strips in combination

with sound and adequately attached baseboards and window and door trim

to support the wall covering. Furring strips should be selected so

that they provide a surface in the same plane as the existing trim.

When the existing trim is not sound and adequately attached, it must

be removed and the entire wall surface furred. The surfacing material

can then be applied to the furring by the two techniques described

above.

When the existing structural components (wall or ceiling assembly)

are not sound enough to permit the use of furring, then re-framing is

necessary. This method provides a structural framework for the attachment of finish materials. Existing exterior walls, and floor and

ceiling joists must be sound enough to permit the attachment of the

new structural framework. The surfacing material can then be attached

to the reframed walls by either of the two prescribed methods.

Metal, Reinforced Plastic and Other

Support requirements for the application of these rigid materials

are governed by local code requirements or the engineering judgment

of the municipal building department officials. Recommended support

systems applicable to the type of panel selected should be installed.

In general, since support systems will be fastened to floor and

ceiling joists, these joists must have sufficient structural integrity to permit attachment of the support framework.

34
When exterior walls, are judged to be Inadequate, the structure

must be condemned. Inadequate floor or ceiling joists can be repaired or replaced, if this is economically feasible.

Gypsum Board Plywood, Hardboard, Metal, Reinforced Plastic,

Ceiling Board and Tile, Other (Ceilings)

Intercepts: V. (A,B,C,D,E,F,G)

Support requirements for ceiling installations are similar to the

conditions described for wall installations. The three techniques used

are: direct attachment, furred attachment, and the use of suspended

ceiling systems.

For direct attachment of gypsum board, pl3n^ood, hardboard, or ceiling

tile, the existing ceiling surface should not be buckled, bulged or contain large voids when mechanical fastening is to be used. When a combination of adhesives and mechanical fasteners is to be used, the ceiling

surface must be free of dirt, loose plaster and/or paint and should be

adequate for the use of adhesives.

When engineering judgment concludes that the surface is unsuitable

for direct attachment, i.e. the surface is not planar, then a furring

system or a suspended system should be used. Ceiling conditions must be

structurally adequate for attachment of the system when furred or suspended

ceiling panels are used.

Gypsum Board, Plywood, Hardboard, Metal, Reinforced Plastic, (Woodwork)

Intercepts: V. (A,B,C,D,E)

a. Gypsum board, plywood, and hardboard

The use of rigid materials to cover woodwork is not feasible in

many cases when the woodwork is not planar. Before implementation it

35
must be determined that the elements to be covered will be capable of

performing their original function after covering. In addition, the

woodwork should be firmly attached to the substrate prior to covering.

In the case of gypsum board, window and door trim, baseboards,

wainscoting and balustrades would be covered as outlined in Special

Preconditions for Walls, Intercepts V. (A,B,D,C,E,G) . Plywood and

hardboard can be used to cover woodwork and also could be used to

cover doors and cabinetry,

b. Metal and Reinforced Plastic

Cover ing-up of woodwork with metal would be a custom installation

for each situation encountered. One practical use of metal would be

for covering up of doors. If metal is used, then the requirements

would be the same as for the gypsum, pljrwood, and hardboard, i.e.,

those elements to be covered must be capable of performing their

original function after covering. Reinforced plastic may be used, but

is not recommended unless special attachment procedures or techniques

are developed.

5.4. Installation Health and Safety

All Intercepts .

.

Cutting sheet materials to size in closed, unventilated areas

presents a health hazard to both workers and occupants when fine dust

is generated in the process. When it is possible, products should be

scored and snapped to avoid the dust that arises in the sawing process.

Work should either be done outside the dwelling unit, or the occupants

should be removed from the work area. Adequate air flow should be maintained in the cutting area to remove dust. Ideally, dust bags should

36
be used with power tools. Whenever possible, respirators and safety

glasses should be worn. Collection and disposal of dust should be

required since this dust may be hazardous.

5.5. Ancillary Work

All Intercepts

Ancillary work connected with cover-up methods using pre-finished

rigid -materials will involve electrical, plumbing and heat distribution

systems. The distribution systems should be performing their intended

function satisfactorily when hazard elimination techniques are initiated.

If they are not, a code violation exists that should be rectified. Such

violations should be recognized as separate problems, not to be treated

as part of the hazard elimination program.

The basic problems encountered depend on the material chosen and

the method or attachment. When direct attachment or furred attachment

procedures are used, relocation of electrical, plumbing and heating

fixtures is dependent on the total added thickness to the walls and

ceilings. When reframing techniques are used, complete renovation of the

distribution systems may be necessary.

(Electrical)

See page 25.

(Plumbing)

See page 26.

(Heating)

See pages 26-28

5.6. Waste Disposal

All Intercepts

See pages 28-29.

37
5.7. Community Involvement

All Intercepts

It would be very desirable to utilize "self-help" labor for the

installation of rigid board products. With proper supervision, a

minimal amount of training would be required, and considerable cost

savings could be realized. In addition, the skills attained in such

a program could provide the basis for better job opportunities for the

workers involved.

5.8. User Involvement

All Intercepts

Occupants should be removed from the room in which cover-up work

is done to avoid exposing them to potential hazards.

When cutting products to size generates a considerable amount of

dust, the cutting operation should be located at a place which does

not expose the occupants to dust. V

5.9. Degree of Finish

All Intercepts >

If properly finished, these materials should be satisfactory for

normal usage conditions in housing. They should have adequate appearance,

be easy to clean, be resistant to moisture, etc.

For specific recommendations of desirable in-use properties, see

sections 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13.

5.10. Time, Implementation Attributes, Total Cost

All Intercepts

These factors will be treated in a separate economic analysis

report.

38
5.11. In Use Performance: Occupant Health and Safety*

All Intercepts

a. Fire Resistance

Building materials used in a dwelling should be capable of

containing a fire for a sufficient period of time to permit evacuation of occupants and to allow fire fighters to bring the fire under

control.

Materials that have high surface flame spread values, and that

produce excessive amounts of smoke or toxic gases on burning should

not be used in construction or rehabilitation of housing.

The requirements set by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

for building material flame spread ratings [1]** should be used as a

means for establishing flammability of covering materials. FHA requirements for interior finishes in various locations of a building

are summarized in Table 1, Flame Spread Rating Limitations of Interior

Finishes .

b. Toxicity

Materials used in hazard elimination should be chosen with a

concern for the health and safety of the dwelling occupant.

Care should be exercised to avoid the introduction of toxic

substances in the course of eliminating the leaded paint hazard.

*These performance recommendations are intended for use as guidelines

when applicable local code requirements are not available.

**Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of

the paper

39
Table 1

Flame Spread Rating Limitations of Interior Finishes

Location Within Building

(1) (2)

Surface Flame

Spread RatingMaximum Range (3)

Flame Spread

Classification (A)

Enclosed Stairways and Other

Vertical Openings 0-25 Class A

Corridors or Hallways and

Other Exists (5)

0-75 Class A or B

Within Living Unit except

for Kitchen Space (6)

0-200 Class A, B or C

Kitchen Space Within Living

Unit (7)

0-75 Class A or B

Public Rooms and Entrance

C? T~\ o d 0-75 Class A or B

Service Rooms, enclosing

Heat Producing or Other

Mechanical Equipment, and 0-25 Class A

all other fire hazardous

areas

Notes

(1) Windows, doors not greater than 25 sq. ft. area, and trim around

openings may be excluded in the calculation of flame spread limitations for rooms or other spaces. In no case shall the flame spread

of doors exceed the acceptable limits for the room where it is used.

(2) Finished floors and floor coverings are not included in flame spread

requirements, however where either a floor or floor covering proposed

is considered to be a fire hazard by the FHA, it may be required to

meet the rating given in this table for the location in which it is

used.

(3) Any finish material shown by test to have a life hazard greater than

that indicated by the flame spread classification due to the amount

or character of smoke or toxic gases generated, shall be included in

the grouping appropriate to the actual hazard as determined by FHA.

40
Table 1 Notes (Continued)

Groupings of Flame Spread Ratings

Flame Spread ratings may be grouped into Interior Finish Classes,

in accordance with NFPA Standard No. 101, "Life Safety Code", as follows:

a. Class A Interior Finish = Flame Spread, 0-25.

b. Class B Interior Finish = Flame Spread, 25-75.

c. Class C Interior Finish = Flame Spread, 75-200.

Some conditions require materials having flame spread ratings of not

greater than 25.

Where required, exit stairways are so located that passage through an interior space such as a lobby, corridor, or other similar space

is necessary to reach the exterior, the interior space shall be

equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system, unless the

construction of the space (floor, walls, ceiling) is 2-hr. non- combustible with Class A interior finish in Types 1, 2 and 3a; and

1-hr. rating with Class A interior finish in Types 3b and 4 construction.

For twenty-five (25) percent of the combined wall area of any single room within a living unit, except kitchen space, the finish material

may have a flame spread rating up to 225.

The flame spread rating of kitchen cabinets and counter tops shall

not exceed Class C or 200. (The recommendations for cabinet location

given in the FHA Minimum Property Standards, p. 83, should be

followed when cabinets are installed near ranges, cooking units,

or other sources of heat.)

41
Finishes which contain toxic compounds as pigments or additives,

should be banned if the quantities exceed those permitted in American

Standard Association Specifications Z66. 1-1964, "To Minimize Hazards

to Children from Residual Surface Coating Materials" [ 2]

Anthropometric Fit

All living spaces should contribute to the safety and well being

of the occupant.

Ceiling heights, room sizes, lighting, ventilation and the projection of columns, ducts, plumbing and similar items should meet the

recommendations made in the FHA Minimum Property Standards [3]

Vermin Resistance

Surface elements in a dwelling unit should not be conductive to

the harboring or feeding or vermin.

Cracks or holes in, or between, surfaces such as walls, ceilings,

woodwork, etc. should be sealed to provide a barrier to the passage

of vermin. . ..

In addition, the materials should not be capable of providing

sustenance to vermin.

Two tests that can be used to evaluate the vermin resistance of

paints, adhesives, etc., are:

1. Standard Method of Test for Susceptibility of Dry

Adhesive Films to Attack by Roaches (ASTM Designation

D 1382-64) [4] , and

2. Standard Method of Test for Susceptibility of Dry

Adhesive Films to Attck by Laboratory Rats. (ASTM

Designation D 1383-64) [5].

42
When adhesives, paints, or similar liquid materials are tested,

the percent destruction of the uncoated blank should be the same as

that for the coated material.

Mold Growth Resistance

Mildew is a dark fungus growth that thrives on paint films, wood

and other organic substrates in the presence of humid conditions.

This growth is difficult to remove and is usually characterized by

black spores resembling fly specs or long string-like fibers.

The growth of mold on interior walls and ceilings is usually

enhanced by periodic or persistently damp in-door conditions. It can

be reduced by providing adequate cross-flow ventilation.

As a health precaution, the finish of interior wall and ceiling

surfaces should be resistant to the growth of fungi (mildew) indigenous

to the particular geographic region. When materials are tested in

accordance with the Federal Test Method for Mildew Resistance [6]

there should be no evidence of mold growth.

Dirt Collection Resistance

The resistance of a coating to the collection or adherance of

dirt is a desirable property to be considered in the selection of

finishes. The finish on walls, ceilings, and other surfaces should

be resistant to the adherence of dirt.

The primary factors affecting the adhesion of dirt are: 1.) film

density, 2.) the chemical nature of components, and 3.) the texture of

finish.

43
5.12. In Use Performance; Durability and Stability*

All Intercepts

a. Structural Integrity

The structural components to be evaluated include foundation

walls, floor joists, wall studs, ceiling joists and roof rafters.

The primary judgments concern the integrity of the total structure

and whether the components meet the FHA minimum property requirements

as to size, spacing and spans [3]

If the dwelling unit does not conform to the FHA Standards then

a decision must be made to either make the needed structural repairs

or to condemn the dwelling.

When the dwelling unit conforms to the FHA Standards then the

interior wall and surfacing materials must be evaluated to determine

which available materials or systems would satisfactorily eliminate

the hazard, and to identify the optimum solution.

b. Scrape Adhesion

Scrape Adhesion is a measure of the bond between coatings and

substrates. It is difficult to precisely define the adhesion of a

surface covering material since this property is dependent upon many

factors. In addition to being a function of the particular type of

covering, the adhesion is also dependent on the degree of penetration

into the substrate, the method of application, the type of substrate

preparation, subsequent curing of the coated surface, and similar

considerations.

*These performance recommendations are intended for use as guidelines

when applicable local code requirements are not available.

44
The scrape adhesion of coatings may be evaluated using the

Federal Test Method for Adhesion of Coatings with Scrape Adhesion

Apparatus [8] (ASTM D-2197 Standard Methods of Test for Adhesion of

Organic Coatings [9] is equivalent).

The values found in Table 2, Evaluation of Adhesion with

Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion Tester can be used to rate the adhesion

properties of materials.

Table 2*

Evaluation of Adhesion with Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion Tester

Load Applied (Kg) Rating

0.5-1 Poor

1.5-2.5 Fair

3.0-4.0 Good

4.5-5.0 Very Good

Above 5 .

Excellent

*Gardner Laboratory, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, Bulletin No. SG-1605,

Rev. 10/64.

This method covers the determination of the adhesion of coatings

of paint, varnish, lacquer, and related products when applied to flat

panel surfaces. It is not applicable for the measurement of the adhesion of sheet materials to a substrate,

c . Impact Resistance

In addition to structural functions, walls and ceilings divide

a dwelling unit into habitable spaces. Normal usage of habitable

spaces does not subject walls and ceilings to severe impact forces.

However, accidental impact and abuse of surfaces do occur and the

material used on a wall or ceiling must afford some degree of impact

resistance.

45
A laboratory method suitable for evaluating coated surfaces

is described in ASTM D 2794, "Resistance of Organic Coatings to the

Effects of Rapid Deformation" [10] . This test procedure which uses

test panels, can be modified to include factory finished coating

systems on any substrate. When tested in accordance with ASTM D 2794,

the impact force resisted by painted gypsum wallboard without complete

penetration of the wallboard is 20 inch lbs. This value represents

the minimum force that might be reasonably resisted by any finished

wall system. The material tested to arrive at this figure was 3/8 in.

thick standard wallboard. When materials are tested that demonstrate

brittle fracture (cracking beyond the immediate test area) , damage

must not occur beyond an area bounded by a circle with a radius of 3

inches from the point of impact.

This criteria is a minimum that should be required for wall

surfacing materials to be used up to a height of 56 inches which is

the nominal height that can be reached by a six year old boy standing

on the floor. Since ceiling surfaces would not be subjected to the

same abuse as lower wall surfaces the impact criteria for ceilings

need not be as severe,

d . Abrasion Resistance

An important property of any finish for a wall covering material

is its ability to withstand abrasive forces. Abrasion resistance is

a function of surface hardness, coating thickness and cohesion of the

coating material. Results of abrasion tests therefore can be interpreted as a measure of the durability of a ceating as well as its

ability to resist direct abrasive forces. Surface coatings are rarely

46
subjected to abrasive forces under normal usage conditions but are

frequently subjected to abrasion when cleaning procedures are used to

remove accumulated dirt.

A practical test method for evaluating the resistance of interior

coating materials to abrasion is outlined in the Federal Test Method

for Scrub Resistance [11]. An acceptable coating of good durability

should be capable of withstanding 1000 cycles of scrubbing,

e. Moisture Resistance

Areas, such as laundry rooms, bathrooms, and kitchens require a

high resistance to moisture. Special provisions should be taken to

provide wall and ceiling surfaces that are resistant to the frequent

exposure to water and condensation and also to the migration of water

vapor

Surface finished should provide the functional attribute of

moisture resistance. Where optimum moisture resistance is considered

necessary, the finish to be applied to the wall or ceiling should have

a maximum moisture vapor transmission of 1.2 perms* at 75°F when tested

as outlined in ASTM Designation E 96, Water Vapor Transmission of

Materials in Sheet Form [12] . The combination of the specified

coating and recommended primer should have a moisture vapor transmission

value of less than 1.0 perm.

Typically formulated paints considered appropriate for such a

specialized function include:

*A perm is defined as the water vapor transmission rate of one grain of

water vapor per square foot per hour per inch of mercury difference in

vapor pressure. (A grain is defined as 0.0648 grams.)

47
1. Rubber-base paints

2. Epoxy paints

3. Urethanes

4. Glaze coatings

5. Alkyd enamels

f . Vibration Resistance

When external sources of vibration are present near a dwelling

unit, consideration should be given to the type of material that is

' to be used for covering walls and ceilings. When this situation

exists, engineering judgment must be relied upon to determine the

installation techniques and the materials to be used. Since building

vibration problems have not been fully investigated by the engineering

profession, design criteria for rehabilitation of dwellings subject

to continuous or intermittent vibration have not yet been established.

g. Colorfastness •:•

Paints and other surface finish materials used to protect and

decorate wall and/or ceiling surfaces should retain their color for

their intended lifetime (a minimum of 3 years in the case of paints

and 20 years in the case of more permanent finishes such as those

provided on factory finished products such as wood paneling, vinyl

covered wallboard and similar products)

After accelerated weathering [13] for 200 hours, the color

difference [14] for opaque finishes should not be greater than three

units.

For white paint the yellowness index difference [15] after 200

hours of accelerated weathering [13] shall not exceed 1.5 units.

48
h. Aging Resistance

Field applied cpatlng-type surface finishing materials, such

as paint, should have an expected serviceability life of three to

five years depending on the usage conditions to which they are subjected. More permanent surface finishing materials, such as factory

finished wood paneling or plastic coated panels, should be capable of

performing their intended function for fifteen to twenty years without

requiring major repair.

Surfaces that are capable of meeting the recommendations for

In-Use Performance outlined in this report should give satisfactory

service.

Commonly used substrates that may require a final finish include plaster, gypsum board, plywood, hardboard and similar materials.

These types of substrates should perform satisfactorily for a minimum

of 20 years when subjected to normal usage. Repair procedures should

be limited to minor replacement of areas that have been subjected to

unusual abuse by occupants or areas that may have been subjected to

excessive moisture exposure due to mechanical failure of water supplies

or waste removal systems. This aging resistance criteria is based

on the supposition that installation procedures as recommended by the

manufacturer of a particular material have been followed.

Prefinished wall systems of proven durability, and innovative

systems should be subjected to the performance test procedures referred to in this report. Innovative systems should also be subjected

to other test procedures that demonstrate their flexural, tensile and

structural impact strengths. These properties should compare favorably

49
wich test results of conventional substrates that are known to

perforin satisfactorily.

Adhesion of Leaded Paint

If the leaded paint is tightly adhered to the surface to which

it was applied and there is little likelihood of its becoming a

hazard in the future, its removal is not imperative. This could be

the case if, in addition to being tightly adhered, it is outside of

the reach of children, and in a location where deterioration due to

water leaks, moisture, and similar causes is not likely, e.g., bedrooms vis-a-vis kitchens and bathrooms.

When covering materials are to be applied with adhesives directly

over lead paint, the paint must be tightly adhered and remain tightly

adhered, or the facing will subsequently delaminate.

Paint adhesion can be evaluated by using the cross-cut test

method. Two sets of 11 parallel lines, 1/16 inch apart, are cut to

intersect at right angles, thus forming a grid of 100 squares, each

approximately 1/16 inch by 1/16 inch. Adhesion is measured by determining the sample surface area that is removed when a piece of masking

tape is adhered to the test grid and then pulled off the painted

surface. The cuts are made just deep enough to go through the paint

coating but not into the substrate surface to which it is applied.

A razor knife can be used to cut the test grid with the aid of a template. In general, fragments of the coating along the scribe marks

and/or where they intersect will be removed rather than discrete

squares.

Paint is tightly adhered and does not require removal or covering

up if less than 10% of the grid surface is removed in a random dis50
tribution over the entire grid and if less than 5% of the total grid

surface area is removed from any single 5 square by 5 square area,

j . Adhesive Durability and Stability*

The adhesives used to laminate covering materials to walls and

other surfaces should be chosen carefully to ensure the long term

durability and stability of the system.

Durability factors that should be considered include: compatibility with the materials that the adhesive is in contact with, bond

strength, deterioration due to aging, and attack by moisture. Certification that an adhesive product meets the following requirements

should be required before permitting its use:

1. The compatibility of adhesives, coatings and sealers with

materials they come in contact with can be evaluated by

following the procedures outlined in ASTM Designation C 590

[16] . There should be no sign of substrate deterioration

(corrosion, blistering, cracking, etc.) when tested as

specified.

t 2. Bond strength can be evaluated by means of a static load

test similar to that described in section 6.1.3 of ASTM

Designation D 1779 [17]. Surfaces that will actually be in

contact with the adhesive should be duplicated for this test

*Adhesive test requirements are discussed in detail in this section

since comprehensive specification dealing with the requirements for wall

covering adhesives could not be found in the literature. Test requirements given for adhesive performance are tentative, and thus subject to

to change.

51
if possible. If both the wall covering material and the

substrate to which it is adhered are rigid board type

materials, samples of the configuration described in the

above method can be used. When the wall covering material

is flexible, or semirigid, it should be firmly attached to a

rigid substrate with epoxy cement or mechanical fasteners

and thus made rigid before testing. If adhesion is to a

painted substrate, painted gypsum board would be used for one

of the test discs. Adhesive coverage rates should be the

same as those which would be used in actual Installations.

After preparation and before testing, the test samples

should be preconditioned for 7 days at 50+2 percent relative

humidity and 23°+2°C (73°+4°F) , with no load attached.

Following the preconditioning phase, the test specimens

should be suspended with weights added to the lower hood to

bring the total load to 0.25* pound per square inch (psi)

(including the weight of the lower disk and hook) . The

, adhesive layer is noted within 28 days.

3. Deterioration due to aging can be determined by using the

tensile shear test procedure given in Commercial Standard

168-50 [18] , which is similar to the one outlined in Federal

Test Method Standard No. 175, Method 1033. 1-T []9] (also

ASTM Designation D 1002 [20]). Specimens shall be prepared

*Note: With a contact area of 25% of the total surface area, an adhesive

having a bond strength of 0.25 psi is recommended for use with a load not to exceed 2 1/4 pounds per square foot. Heavier material

can be supported by increasing the contact area of the adhesive

used and/or by raising the bond strength of the adhesives used in

proportion to the gain in weight.

52
by bonding, with the adhesive, 2 strips of 1 in. wide by 4 in.

long, 3/4 in., 5-ply exterior grade plywood. The two plywood

strips shall overlap for an area of 2±0.1 square inches.

After preconditioning for 21 days at 23°±2°C (73°±4°F)

and 50±2 percent relative humidity, the samples shall be

aged in a circulating-air oven at 65°±2°C (149°±4°F) and a

relative humidity of less than 10 percent for 7 days. The

specimens shall be conditioned to temperature equilibrium

by allowing them to stand at 23°±2°C for 1 hour, and then

tested immediately.

The specimens shall be broken in a suitable tensile

testing machine at a rate of jaw separation of 2 in. per

minute. The specimens shall be held in the grips so that the

outer 1.5 in. of each end are in contact with the jaws and

so that the long axis of the test specimen shall coincide

with the direction of applied force through the center line

of the grip assembly. Separate blocks, the thickness of

the adherents shall be used in the grips to insure that the

adhesive bond is subjected to tensile-shear.

The average tensile-shear value for 10 samples shall

be not less than 10 psi.

Moisture resistance should be considered if an adhesive is

to be used in wet areas. Test specimens should be prepared

and preconditioned as described in the aging test. Following

preconditioning, the specimens should be immersed in water at

53
23°±2°C for 24 hours, then conditioned for 48 hours or more

at 23*'±2°C and 50±2 percent relative humidity. The specimens

then should be tested following the procedures outlined in

the aging test.

The average tensile-shear value for 10 samples shall

not be less than 10 psi.

5.13. In-Use Performance: Acceptability

All Intercepts

a. Washability

The washability of surface finishes reflects the ease of removal

of dirt without its original properties being affected. Coatings

should be resistant to the retention of soil and the effects of soil

removal techniques.

Testing should be performed, as outlined in the Federal Test

Method for Washability of Paints [7], with the following modifications:

Semigloss and Gloss - Determine the washability characteristics

of the paint in accordance with the washability test and evaluate

by comparing with the values given below.

Flats - Determine washability in accordance with the washability

test except:

(a) Measure 85° specular gloss according to a gloss test [21]

(b) Recharge the sponge after every 25 cycles until a total

of 100 cycles has been run.

When tested as specified above, the soil shall be substantially

removed without any exposure of the undercoat. The reflectance of

the cleaned area shall not be less than 95 percent of the value

54
measured on the unsoiled area before test. The 85° gloss shall be not

greater than 15 units (flats), the 60° gloss shall not Increase more

than 125 percent or 2 units, whichever is greater.

Usually, the higher the sheen, the greater the washability

and durability. However, this does not mean that flats are not

washable. When properly formulated, low gloss high density coatings

can be very washable. Coatings that display excellent washability

properties permit ease of removal of stains and normal dirt accumulations; changes in appearance are minimized and durability of the

film is maintained,

b. Maintainability of the Surface

Surface maintainability is a factor that must be considered when

wall and ceiling material selections are made. Ease of repair should

be of primary concern in applications where the probability of damage

is high. When the frequency of repair is low, more latitude can be

used in the selection of surface finish materials. Damage, e.g.,

localized indentations, that may result from either intentional or

accidental abuse should be considered under maintainability. Major

damage which would affect the structural integrity of the wall-ceiling

system used, would not be considered under surface maintainability.

Materials can be grouped into the following three maintainability

classes

Class I - field painted substrates such as gypsum board, two

coat plaster, veneer plaster, plywood and hardboard.

Class II - factory finished gypsum board, pljA^^ood, hardboard

and fiberglass panels.

55
Class III - plain and reinforced cementitious coverings, resin

base sheet material, spray applied fiberglass reinforced plastics and

"other" innovative systems.

Smooth installations of Class I materials would be the easiest

and least expensive to repair. Powdered and pre-mixed spackling compounds are readily available and "putty knife" applications of these

materials to repair indentations, deep scratches and gouges are easily

performed by semi-skilled labor. The repair areas can then be recoated with paint to complete the repair procedure. When textured

surfaces of these materials are damaged, the repair procedures are complicated by the desirability to reproduce the surface texture, and may require the services of skilled labor experienced in this kind of repair.

The repair of Class II materials is further complicated (when

compared to textured Class I surfaces) by the need to reproduce color

and patterns as well as texture on the damaged areas. Filler material

must either be premixed to match the existing surface or tinted after

filling. The filler material would necessarily vary in composition

to be compatible with the surface being repaired. The repair of wood

or simulated wood grain or patterned finishes that may be reproduced

on sheet overlays would require skilled labor to reproduce.

Class III materials offer essentially the same problems inherent

in Class II materials concerning adhesion, color matching and texture.

An added disadvantage may be that repair procedures may either require

the services of the material manufacturer's representative, or in the

case of innovative systems adequate repair procedures may not have been

fully developed.

56
c. Aroustlc Properties

Consideration should be given to the acoustic properties of the

walls and ceilings of a rehabilitated dwelling unit. The sound

transmission class should be at least as high as what it was before

rehabilitation. Table 3 , Classification of Sound Insulating Properties

of Partitions According to Their Average Transmission Loss, can be

used as a guide in establishing the transmission loss that should be

specified. Sound transmission classes of construction materials can

generally be determined by referring to material manufacturers'

specifications or industry standards.

The minimum sound transmission class acceptable for intradwelling space dividers is 33 db.

d. Color and Reflectance

Color plays an important role in the modern educational, recreational, and residential environment. It contributes to better

vision, increased output, morale, safety, and moods of the inhabitants

while protecting and decorating the surface.

Although the selection of color is a matter of personal preference,

there are certain guidelines that should be followed. Better vision

is promoted by selecting colors within the following reflectance

range for the designated areas.

Recommended Reflectance Values [22]

Ceiling 65% to 85%

Walls 35% to 65%

Floors 10% to 20%

57
Table 3

Classification of Sound Insulating Properties of Partitions According to

Their Average Transmission Loss.

Transmission

Loss of Wall Hearing Conditions Rating

Normal speech can be under30 db. or less stood quite easily and distinctly through the wall.

Loud speech can be underPoor

30 to 35 db.

stood fairly well. Normal

speech can be heard but not

easily understood.

Loud speech can be heard,

but is not easily intelliFair

35 to 40 db. gible. Normal speech can

be heard only faintly, if

at all.

Good

Loud speech can be faintly Very good - rec40 to 45 db. • heard but not understood. ommended for dividing

Normal speech is inaudible. walls between apartments .

Very loud sounds, such as Excellent - recomloud singing, brass musical mended for band rooms,

45 db. or greater instruments, or a radio at music practice rooms,

full volume can be heard only radio and sound studios.

faintly or not at all.

Diehl, J. R. , Manual of Lathing and Plastering , p. 252, Gypsum

Association Edition, Noble, New York (1965).

58
There are many colors that produce particular effects and proper

use necessitates consideration of area, natural or artificial light,

climate, and intended use. Primary factors in the ^election of color

should be attractiveness, preference and functional advantages [23]

Attachment Capability

Walls and other large vertical surfaces should permit the installation of cabinets, shelves, lighting fixtures, pictures, etc.,

without requiring costly modifications.

Appearance

Appearance of the final finish reflects the expertise of the

craftsman as well as the quality of the applied finish.

When paints are used, each coat should be applied at proper

consistency and brushed evenly, free of brush marks, sags and runs.

The paint should be applied so that overlapping on glass or hardware

should be avoided.

The applied organic coating should provide a film sufficiently

thick to afford:

1. Functionality

2. Decoration

3. Protection

The film should be uniform in color and gloss.

The above qualities should also be required of other surface

finish methods.

59
6. Analysis of Surface Finish Methods - Matrix VI

(See figure VI)

6.1. Definitions

A. Paint - A liquid mixture of pigments and a vehicle, either organic or aqueous, that dries to form a cohesive and adherent coating when

applied to a surface as a thin film. Generally applied by means of a

brush, roller or spray gun.

B. Masonry Conditioner - A liquid paint type primer-sealer coating

that penetrates into masonry, and affords good resistance to the alkalis

present in masonry. Frequently formulated with tung oil or acrylic based

vehicles . ,

C. Liquid Covering - Any of the plastic based liquid paint type

coatings available on the market, e.g., epoxy, polyurethane, vinyl. These

coverings may be mixtures of more than one component, and are generally

more durable than common paint formulations. Special application equipment may be required; manufacturer's recommendations should be followed.

D. Vinyl Sheet - Flexible vinyl material, available in either

sheets or rolls, that is usually laminated to walls with adhesives. It

can' be used to provide both a protective and a decorative finish.

E. Wal Ipaper - Paper based coverings that can be used as a decorative and protective finish. It is usually applied with water soluble

adhesives and is not recommended for use where exposure to moisture is

likely.

F. Fabric - Heavy duty woven materials, such as canvas that may be

prefinished with a decorative and protective coating, usually plastic

based. Fabrics are generally applied with adhesives.

60
G. Plaster and Cementitious Material - Paste type materials, based

on either gypsum or portland cement, that can be applied wet as a veneer

to provide a hard surface finish on drying. These materials may be pigmented if desired. They are not recommended for use where exposure to

moisture is likely unless an additional protective finish is provided.

H. Other - Any other finish material, applied in paste or film form,

reinforced or non-reinforced, that does not contain gypsum or portland

cement as a base. Materials of this kind include the many reinforced

industrial facings that may be applied with adhesives.

6.2. Hazard Inaccessibility

General

Surface finish methods can serve two purposes in the hazard

elimination process:

a. As protective and decorative coatings to prevent the deterioration of unfinished covering materials used to prevent access to

leaded paints. This additional finish coating is necessary to

prevent attack by environmental conditions which would give rise

to the degradation of the barrier material and possible recurrence

of the hazard.

b. As protective coatings applied directly over tight leaded paint

to protect it from future loosening as a result of exposure to

moisture, aging, or other causes of degradation.

Paint, Masonry Conditioner, Liquid Covering, Vinyl Sheet, Wallpaper , Fabric, Plaster and Cementitious Material, Other (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: VI. (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) . (1,2)

Surface finishes do not serve as the primary barrier against access

to leaded paint when they are used in combination with unfinished covering

materials. Hazard inaccessibility for these cases is discussed in con61
junction with Matrices III and IV which deal with unfinished membrane

and unfinished rigid materials, respectively.

Paint, masonry conditioners, or other liquid coverings can be

used to retard the loosening of tightly adhered paint in dry areas beyond

the reach of children. Since these protective coatings have limited

resistance to the damage caused by children, they are only appropriate

for use on ceilings and wall areas beyond a child's reach.

Plaster and cementitious-type materials may be applied as a veneer

over a substrate to which paint is tightly adhered. In general, however,

since these materials require a porous substrate for good adhesion,

their suitability for use over a painted surface is questionable but may

be enhanced by the use of surface roughening agents prior to application

over such painted surfaces. These veneers do not, in any case, provide a

very effective barrier in areas that can be reached by children because

they can be easily chipped and damaged.

Other materials that may be used include the various resin bonded

' fiber composite materials that are currently available, using asbestos or

similar fibers as reinforcement. Application methods similar to those for

fabrics would probably be used.

Subsequent loosening of the tight leaded paint, to which all of the

above coverings would be bonded, could cause the recurrence of exposure

to the hazardous materials.

Paint, Masonry Conditioner, Liquid Covering, Vinyl Sheet , Wallpaper, Fabric, Plaster and

Cementitious Material, Other - (Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: VI. (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) . (3,4)

62
The effectiveness of surface finish techniques to provide a barrier

to leaded paint on woodwork has not been deinonstrated . It is generally

more practical to remove the leaded paint from the woodwork or other surfames (such as exposed pipes) or totally replace those items.

If surface finish methods are to be used as a barrier, materials such

as fabric, vinyl sheet, wallpaper and some "other" products should be

chosen, rather than paint-like coatings. When subjected to chewing,

impact, or other child related activities those materials are more likely

to maintain their integrity than paint or masonry conditioners. However,

once the protective film is ruptured, removal of the material by a child

and subsequent reexposure to the hazard can result.

6.3. Special Preconditions

Paint, Masonry Conditioner, Liquid Covering - (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: VI. (A,B,C) . (1 ,2)

The use of paint, masonry conditioner, or other liquid coverings for

finishing surfaces requires that:

a. The substrate should be solid and rigid, with plaster firmly

attached to the lath. All weak areas should be removed and

replastered (see figure III, Matrix II, Surface Repair Methods).

b. Any old paint which is not firmly attached to the substrate

should be removed

The satisfactory adhesion of paint, masonry conditioner, and other

liquid coverings requires a certain degree of penetration into the

existing substrate. Areas that are coated with a high gloss paint,

i.e. J enamel, should either be primed or roughened so that an adequate

bond will result. Surface roughening of high gloss areas can be accom63
plished by hand sanding or by the use of surface conditioners that

achieve the same result. In addition, all surfaces should be free of

dust, dirt and grease. Areas that have been patched with plaster or

spackling compounds should be primed and sealed. If these procedures

are not followed, the adhesion of the new paint will be reduced.

Some of the aforementioned coatings are apt to contain strong

solvents which may cause softening and/or lifting of the old paint.

Preliminary test applications should be made to establish whether the old

and new coatings are compatible.

In areas where moisture is frequently present, (bathrooms and kitchens)

low permeability coatings should be used. Solvent-thinned alkyd enamels,

or 2-component enamels, such as the epoxy or polyester types, are advisable. Since flat latex paint films are generally more permeable to

moisture vapor than solvent-thinned paint films, alkyd-base primersealers are comm.only used

Vinyl Sheet, Wallpaper, Fabric, Other (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: VI. (D,E,F,H,) . (1, 2)

. All of the Special Preconditions stated for Intercepts VI . (A,B,C) . (1, 2)

are pertinent to the application of vinyl sheet, fabric, and wall paper

except that costly paint-type primers are not necessary for use on new

plaster, although they may be used. New plaster surfaces can be less

expensively primed or "sized" with a dilute adhesive coat that is allowed

to dry. A manufactured sizing material may also be applied prior to

application of sheet material.

Low permeability, water resistant coverings and moisture resistant

laminating adhesives should be used in areas where exposure to moisture

is likely to occur. 64
Plaster and Cementltlous Material (Walls, Ceilings)

Intercepts: VI. G. (1,2)

The Special Preconditions stated for Intercepts VI. (A,B,C) . (1,2) are

applicable for these materials.

Veneer plaster and other cementitious coatings are not generally

used as surface finishes in high moisture areas unless protective

moisture-resistant coatings are applied.

A porous, absorbent substrate is necessary in order to obtain good

adhesion of these materials . Veneer coatings can be used as finish coats

on dry wall thus considerably reducing the need for other finish work.

With suitable priming, cement-type materials may be applied over

tight paint with some degree of success.

When these materials are intended for use as a final surface finish

care must be taken to evenly disperse coloring pigments.

Paint, Masonry Conditioner, Liquid Covering, Vinyl Sheet , Wallpaper, Fabric, Plaster and

Cementitious Material, Other - (Woodwork, Other)

Intercepts: VI. (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) . (3,4)

The surface preparation requirements previously mentioned for walls

and ceilings are also applicable to woodwork and other surfaces.

In general, it will be more desirable to either replace woodwork

or remove the paint by various methods.

Liquid or cement-type surface covering techniques can be used on

almost any surface configuration. Vinyl sheet, wallpaper, and fabric

would be most applicable where smooth surface configurations are present,

e.g., untextured wainscoting, smooth stairwells, etc.

65
6.4. Installation Health and Safety

All Intercepts

Volatile organic solvents may be present in paint type liquid covering materials, liquid surface rougheners, or the adhesives used to apply

membrane materials. Since most of these solvents are toxic and/or flammable, adequate ventilation should be provided ot prevent the build up of

hazardous solvent fume levels in work areas. Adequate fire protection is

essential when these solvents are used.

If sanding is used to roughen surfaces, adequate protection against

the fine dust created should be provided.

Respirators may be necessary to protect against dust and/or fumes.

Electrical outlets should be covered to protect them from dust,

paints, and adhesives. Since solvents can attack the insulation on

electrical wiring, care should be exercised to avoid such damage.

6.5. Ancillary Work

All Intercepts

Any necessary ancillary work should have been performed during

implementation of work described by figure III, Matrix II, Surface

Repair Methods. . -

,

6.6. Waste Disposal

All Intercepts

It is not expected that any hazardous waste would be generated with

these methods. Non-hazardous waste should be removed immediately from

those areas accessible to people. Waste material can provide breeding

grounds for vermin which present a health hazard. In addition people,

especially children, can injure themselves by coming into physical contact

with the waste material.

66
Immediate removal and disposal should be carried out in accordance

with local ordinances.

6.7 . Community Involvement

All Intercepts

Paint, masonry conditioners, and liquid coverings used as finish

methods are the easiest to implement in terms of community involvement.

Very little instruction is needed and the safety problems are minimal.

The application of vinyl sheet, wallpaper, and fabric would require a

greater degree of training and more supervision than painting. However,

these methods would also be compatible with participation by the community.

The application of plaster or cementitious material as a veneer requires

greater skill and experience. Training and supervision for the community

members would be necessary but these are skills which could be carried

over to the job market.

6.8. User Involvement

All Intercepts

With all of these methods, it would be advisable to keep the

occupants away from the immediate work area. If fumes or dust are

generated, the occupants should be removed, and adequate ventilation

provided .

6.9 Degree of Finish

All Intercepts

All of the methods discussed in this section provide a final finish

on the surface which has been treated. The texture of the finished surface will depend upon the material used.

67
For satisfactory in-use performance, the materials should comply

with the recommendations referred to in section 6.11. In-Use-Performance.

6.10. Time, Implementation Attributes, and Total Cost

All Intercepts

To be considered in a separate cost analysis report.

6.11. In-Use Performance; Occupant Health and Safety ,

Durability and Stability, Acceptability

All Intercepts

The comments for the In-Use Performance of surface finishes (Matrix

VI) are the same as those given for pref inished rigid materials (Matrix V)

See the analyses given in sections 5.11, 5.12, 5.13.

68
7 . REFERENCES

[1] Fire Protection, Chapter V, Minimum Property Standards for Multifamily Housing, FHA No. 2600, U. S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, pp. 123-155, Washington, D.C. February 1971.

[2] To Minimize Hazards to Children from Residual Surface Coating

Materials, Z66. 1-1964, American National Standards Association,

New York, New York, 1964.

[3] Building Planning, Chapter IV, Minimum Property Standards For

Multifamily Housing, FHA No. 2600, U. S. Department of Housing

and Urban Development, pp. 69-122, Washington, D.C, February 1971.

[4] Susceptibility of Dry Adhesive Films to Attack by Roaches, D 1382,

ASTM Book of Standards, pt. 16, 1971.

[5] Susceptibility of Dry Adhesive Films to Attack by Laboratory Rats,

D 1383, ASTM Book of Standards, pt. 16, 1971.

[6] Mildew Resistance, Method 6271.1, Federal Test Method Standard

141a, "Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials; Methods of

Inspection, Sampling, and Testing", (General Services Administration,

Washington, D.C. 20405, September 1965).

[7] Washability of Paints, Method 6141, Federal Test Method Standard

141a, "Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials; Methods of

Inspection, Sampling, and Testing", (General Services Administration,

Washington, D.C. 20405, September 1965).

[8] Adhesion of Coatings with Scrape Adhesion Apparatus, Method 6303.1,

Federal Test Method Standard 141a, "Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and

Related Materials; Methods of Inspection, Sampling, and Testing",

(General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 20405, September

1965)

[9] Adhesion of Coatings of Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products, D 2197, ASTM Book of Standards, pt. 21, 1971.

[10] Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation,

D 2794, ASTM Book of Standards, pt. 21, 1971.

[11] Scrub Resistance, Method 6142, Federal Test Method Standard 141a,

"Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials; Methods of Inspection, Sampling, and Testing" (General Services Administration,

Washington, D.C. 20405, September 1965).

69
[12] Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in Sheet Form, E96, ASTM

Book of Standards, pt. 14, 1970.

[13] Accelerated Weathering (Enclosed Arc Apparatus), Method 6153,

Federal Test Method Standard 141a, "Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and

Related Materials; Methods of Inspection, Sampling, and Testing",

(General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 20405,

September 1965)

[14] Color Difference of Opaque Materials Instrumental Measurement,

Method 6123, Federal Test Method Standard 141a, "Paint, Varnish,

Lacquer, and Related Materials; Methods of Inspection, Sampling,

and Testing", (General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.

20405, September 1965).

[15] Yellowness Index, Method 6131, Federal Test Method Standard 141a,

"Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials; Methods of

Inspection, Sampling, and Testing", (General Services Administration,

Washington, D.C. 20405, September 1965).

[16] Action on Substrates by Coatings, Adhesives, and Joint Sealers

Used on or With Thermal Insulations, C590, ASTM Book of Standards,

pt. 14, 1970.

[17] Adhesive For Acoustical Materials, D 1779, ASTM Book of Standards,

pt. 16, 1971.

[18] Polystyrene Plastic Wall Tiles and Adhesives for Their Application,

Commerical Standard 168-50, (Office of Industry and Commerce,

U. S. Department of Commerce 1958).

[19] Shear Strength Properties of Adhesives Determined with Single-Lap

Construction by Tension Loading, Method 1033, Federal Test Method

' Standard 175, "Adhesives: Methods of Testing", (General Services

Administration, Washington, D.C. 20405, November 1956).

[20] Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading (Metal

to Metal), D 1002, ASTM Book of Standards, pt. 16, 1971.

[21] 85-Degree Specular Gloss (Sheen), Method 6103, Federal Test Method

141a, "Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials; Methods

of Inspection, Sampling, and Testing", (General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 20405, September 1965).

[22] Color Selection, Section H, Architectural Specifications and

Product Descriptions, M. A. Bruder and Sons.

[23] Color for Buildings, Department of the Army Technical Manual

TM-5-807-7, Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.

June, 1968.

70
FORM noa-i i'»M U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov t Accession

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA j^ggj^ 73.327

3* Recipient s Accession No*

|

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Evaluation of Lead Paint Hazard Elimination Methods

Part II, Milestone Report (7b)

5, Publication Date

A IJ^rforminp Or &a n 1 7 a.t i On Code

7. AUTHOR(s) David Waksman, Leopold F. Skoda, Elizabeth J. Clark,

McClure Godette

8. Performing Organization

NBSIR 73-3 27

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/ Work Unit No. 4608400

11. Contract/Grant No.

IAA-H-34-71

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

Office of Research and Technology

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

Interim

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Four major classifications of procedures that should be considered when

selecting a method for the elimination of the lead paint hazard are analyzed

in this report. They are: surface repair methods, surface finish methods,

cover up methods with unfinished membrane materials, and cover up methods with

pre-finished rigid materials. The attributes associated with each type of

method were considered and analyzed in terms of inaccessibility of the leaded

paint and implementation considerations. Recommendations are made for the in- use performance properties of surfaces.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Deleading methods; lead paint poisoning; performance; properties.

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

(xH UNLIMITED.

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TO NTIS.

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

20. SECURITY CLASS

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UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 66244. P71