NBSIR 79-1790

A Comparison of American and

European Ultrasonic Testing

Standards

Sam Golan

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

L

June 1 979

Issued August 1 979

-QO—

100

. U56

70-1790

Prepared for: National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

«&

r NBSIR 79-1790 aci

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A COMPARISON OF AMERICAN AND

EUROPEAN ULTRASONIC TESTING

STANDARDS

Sam Golan

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

June 1979

Issued August 1979

Prepared for: National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Acting Director

A Comparison of American and European Ultrasonic

Testing Standards

by

S. Golan*

ABSTRACT

In this report twenty-seven general ultrasonic testing standards

from eleven countries and international organizations are reviewed and

evaluated. Also, thirty-seven ultrasonic testing standards for specific

products, from five countries, are examined in order to evaluate their

utilization of the general ultrasonic testing standards, i.e., the

extent to which the procedures outlined In the general standards are

applied by the product standards. Finally, the "universal" concept of

ultrasonic testing standards versus the "specific", product-oriented

concept is discussed.

* Permanent address, Israel Institute of Metals, Israel. This report

was prepared while the author was on a temporary assignment to the

NBS Office of Nondestructive Evaluation.

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 5

2. Synopsis and Evaluation of General Ultrasonic

Testing Standards 9

3. Utilization of General Standards in Product

Standards 60

4. Discussion 67

5. References 72

4
1. INTRODUCTION

Standards are used to assure uniform and reproducible measurements

and to achieve acceptable levels of quality of products. Measurement

techniques which are capable of expressing the required quality in

quantitative terms with reasonable precision and accuracy can help to

ascertain the true quality of a product. Unfortunately, NDE techniques

generally, and the ultrasonic technique particularly, are quite limited

in their ability to express quality in quantitative terms because our

knowledge of the interaction between the ultrasonic field and the tested

medium and of the relation between measured quality (changes in the

energy field) and required quality (integrity) is limited to idealized,

simplified models. These models usually do not adequately simulate real

situations, which are far more complex. Consequently, ultrasonic test

methods provide basically qualitative information. Ultrasonic testing

standards, based on empirical methods and practical considerations such

as cost, production and safety requirements, state of the art of instrumentation technology and personnel qualification, attempt to reach a

certain degree of quantification and comparability, without which the

use of the ultrasonic technique as a quality inspection tool would not

be possible.

The need for standardization was apparent in the early stages of

use of the ultrasonic technique. This led to local and national initiatives, the results of which were an output of various specifications

5
and standards. Various reference blocks with flat-bottom hole, sidedrilled hole, notch, groove, slit, ball and bottom reflectors for the

calibration of ultrasonic testing systems and for flaw characterization

have been specified by different standards in different countries. The

diversity does not necessarily reflect differences in product quality,

but is rather a result of different approaches taken by different

initiators.

Although lists of ultrasonic standards have been published [1-3]

this is believed to be the first attempt to synopsize and evaluate the

most important national and international ultrasonic testing standards.

In most countries a central standards institution is responsible

for the preparation and promulgation of national standards; for example,

consider the British Standards Institute in the United Kingdom, Association Francaise de Normalization in France, Deutscher Normenausschuss in

West Germany, etc. In the United States, however, many organizations

prepare and promulgate standards. In a list of nondestructive testing

standards and specifications prepared by the American Society for

Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) technical council [3], more than ten U.S.

organizations that promulgate nondestructive testing standards are

listed. U.S. standards considered in this review are primarily American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards which have gained

general recognition in the United States and are well known in other

countries.

6
Ultrasonic testing standards can be divided into two main groups;

standards for general application and standards for the testing of

specific products. This review is primarily concerned with the general

standards, but standards which apply to a wide group of products characterized by their technology of production (welding, forging, casting,

etc.) are also included.

The general standards address three main subject areas:

1. Evaluation and characterization of ultrasonic testing

systems and system components.

2. Description of testing methods and testing procedures.

3. Reference blocks.

Usually a standard deals with more than one subject area. For

instance, British Standard BS 4331 describes both the evaluation of

systems and reference blocks. ASTM Standard E-164 is a recommended

practice for the testing of welds and includes a description of

reference blocks.

The standards are evaluated and discussed according to the

following criteria:

7
1. Whether the standard is simple to use.

2. The extent to which the standard is referenced in product

standards.

3. The amount and the quality of information that the standard

provides.

8
2. SYNOPSIS AND EVALUATION OF GENERAL ULTRASONIC TESTING STANDRDS

A list of organizations, the

is given in Table 1. The general

are listed in Table 2.

standards of which are reviewed here,

ultrasonic testing standards themselves

Table 1. Standards Organizations

Country

Standards

Designation Organization

Austral ia AS Standards Association of Australia

Austria ON Osterreichi sches Normungsi nsti tut

France NF Association Francais de Normalization

(AFNOR)

International IIW International Institute of Welding

International ISO International Organization for

Standardization

Netherlands NEN Nederl ands Normal i sat i c- Inst i tunt

Sweden SIS Sveriges Standardizezingskommission

United Kingdom BS British Standards Institution

United States ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical

Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and

Materials

AWS American Welding Society

Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics

GOST Gosudarstviennye Komitet Standartov

Sovieta Ministrov SSSR (USSR State

Committee for Standards)

West Germany DIN Deutscher Normenausschuss

9
Table 2. General Ultrasonic Testing Standards

Country Standard Number Year Page

Austral ia AS 2083 1977 11

Austria 0N0RM DIN 54120 1973 11

ONORM DIN 54122 1973 14

France NF A04331 1969 11

International ISO R2400 1976 11

IIW V-461 1974 11

IIW 450 1974 14

Netherlands NEN 2510 1973 11 NEN 2511 1972 11

Sweden SIS 114240 1974 11 SIS 114241 1974 14

U. Kingdom BS 4331/Part 1 1968 17

BS 4331 /Part 3 1974 11,14,18

BS 2704 1966 11,24

BS 3923/Part 1-3 1968,72 30

BS DD28 1973 34

U.S.A. ANSI/ASTM E-114

ANSI/ASME SE-114

1975 36

ASTM E-214

ASME SE-214

1974 37

ANSI/ASTM A-388

ANSI/ASME SA-388

1978 38

ANSI/ASTM E-317 1968 39

ANSI/ASTM E-587 1976 46

ANSI/ASTM E-127 1975 41

ASTM E-428 1975 47

ANSI/ASTM E-164 1974 00 U.S.S.R. GOST 14782 1976 54

W. Germany DIN 54120 1973 11 DIN 54122 1973 14

10
2.1 1 1 W Calibration Block 1 and Its Use for

Adjustment and Control of Ultrasonic Testing Systems

Block 1 (Fig. 1) has been adopted in numerous standards, most of

which are listed below.

W. Germany DIN 54120 (1973)

Austria DIN 54120 (1973)

U. Kingdom BS 2704* (1966)

France NF A04331 (1964)

Netherlands NEN 2510 (1973)

Austral ia AS 2085 (1977)

Sweden SIS 114240 (1974)

U.S.A. ASTM E-164 (1974)

International ISO 2400 (1972)

International IIW V-461 (1971)

2.1.1 Synopsis

The standards describe a calibration block and its use for system

adjustment to test carbon and low alloy steel using normal and anglebeam contact techniques.

* In BS 2704 IIW Block 1 is referred to as A. 2.

11
The following operations may be performed using the block and its

modifications:

1. Check of time base linearity.

2. Setting of range and zero point.

3. Determination of exit point of central beam of transducer.

4. Determination of angle of refraction.

5. Setting of working sensitivity.

6. Estimation of resolution.

2.1.2 Evaluation

The design of Block 1 permits the tester to perform the most common

system adjustments. If additional parameters, such as beam profile and

dead zone, are required, complementary blocks are necessary (see pages

18-23). Practical considerations are that the block has a rather complicated design and is somewhat heavy to handle, especially when

slippery from couplant oil. IIW Block 2 (see pages 14-16) has been

designed to overcome this deficiency. Block 1 is the most popular block

in Europe, it is used by the welding industry in the U.S., and it is

recognized by the international organizations, ISO and IIW. Its main

advantages are that many important parameters which determine the

quality of a test can be monitored with this single block and that it is

applicable to both normal and angle-beam techniques.

12
35

Unless otherwise indicated, all dimensions correct to 01 mm

Figure 1. I I W Block 1 (BS A2 Block) and its

modifications. (Illustrations from BS 2709)

13
2.2 IIW Calibration Block 2 and Its Use for the

Adjustment and Control of Ultrasonic Systems

Block 2 was adopted for use in the following standards:

W. Germany

Austria

Netherlands

Sweden

International

U. Kingdom

DIN 54122 (1973)

DIN 54122 (1973)

NEN 2411 (1972)

SIS 114241 (1974)

IIW 450 (1974)

BS 4331/3 (1974)

2.2.1 Synopsis

The standards describe a calibration block (Fig. 2) and its use for

system adjustment to test carbon and low alloy steel by normal and

angle-beam contact techniques. The following operations may be performed using this block:

1. Check of time base linearity.

2. Setting of range and zero point.

3. Determination of exit point of central beam of transducer.

4. Determination of angle of refraction.

5. Setting of working sensitivity.

14
2.2.2 Evaluation

1 1 W Block 2 is suitable for the most common types of system

. * adjustment. The most important parameters of a system which determine

the quality of a test can be monitored with this single block. It is

applicable to both normal and angle-beam techniques.

It does not offer as much in scope as Block 1, but it has the

advantage of being much smaller and lighter (0.2 kg compared to 4.5 kg

for Block 1). Because it is easy to handle, it is very practical to use

in field tests. Thus, the test setup can be frequently checked and any

necessary resetting accomplished.

15
4

5

t

75

16
2.3 Methods for Assessing the Performance of Ultrasonic Flaw

Detection Equipment, Part 1 - Overall Performance,

BS 4331 (19681

2.3.1 Synopsis

This standard provides a method for evaluating the most basic

performance requirements of ultrasonic testing systems. Using IIW

Block 1, the following system characteristics are determined:

1. Linearity of time base.

2. Linearity of amplification.

3. Resolution.

4. Maximum penetrating power.

2.3.2 Evaluation

The standard provides a simple method for evaluating four basic

performance characteristics. This, together with BS 4331 Part 2 for

electrical performance, is apparently the only standard in Europe for

evaluating an ultrasonic testing system independently of specific test

conditions. It is, however, limited in the sense that only the results

from similar types of apparatus using similar transducers and identical

coupling conditions can be compared.

17
2.4 Methods for Assessing Performance Characteristics of

Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Equipment,

Part 3 - Guidance On The In-Service Monitoring of

Probes (excluding immersion probes), BS 4331 (1974)

2.4.1 Synopsis

This standard comprehensively covers the characteristics of normal

and angle-beam contact transducers. Methods and blocks for evaluating

the following parameters are specified:

1. Point of exit of central beam.

2. Beam angle.

3. Beam profile.

4. Dominant frequency.

5. Pulse length.

6. Dead zone.

7. Length of near field.

8. Signal-to-noise ratio.

9. Overall system gain (periodic check of stability).

10. Beam alignment.

18
11 . Depth resolution.

12. Angular resolution.

Some of these parameters are determined with the conventional European

blocks, IIW Block 1 (Fig. 1) or IIW Block 2 (Fig. 2). Other parameters

are determined with specially designed blocks, some of which are shown

in Figures 3-5.

2.4.2 Evaluation

BS 4331 Part 3 is the most comprehensive standard for evaluating

the characteristics of contact transducers in in-service conditions. It

covers many parameters of the transducer which most strongly affect the

quality of flaw detection. The evaluations of beam profile, beam alignment, depth resolution, angular resolution and near field, which are

often overlooked in other standards, are specified here.

Unlike Parts 1 and 2 of this standard, which describe a general

evaluation method for the overall performance and the electrical performance of equipment, this part is intended to standardize checking

procedures which should be performed under conditions simulating the

specific work to be performed. It is not a general characterization of

the transducer itself, but a characterization of its performance under

real and specific conditions.

19
The presentation of the standard is very clear and accurate and

includes many drawings to illustrate the text,

cedures are simple and can easily be performed

service conditions.

The evaluation proby the tester under in20
w

profile. (Illustration from BS 4331 Part 3)

21
(a)

Resolution holes spaced as shown —

in view (c) below

(Dimensions in millimeters)

Figure 4. Monitoring of beam profile of angle-beam transducers:

(a) block, (b) beam profile. (Illustrations from BS 4331 Part 3)

22
Dimensions in millimeters.

Figure 5. Block used to check depth resolution, dead zone dominant frequency and pulse length. (Illustration from

BS 4331 Part 3)

23
2.5 Specification for Calibration Blocks and Recommendations

for Their Use in Ultrasonic Flaw Detection, BS 2074 (1966)

2.5.1 Synopsis

This standard contains specifications for the design and application of different ultrasonic calibration blocks. These blocks are

used to test carbon and low alloy steel with normal and angle-beam

contact transducers. The various blocks enable adjustment and

evaluation of the following parameters:

1. time base linearity

2. range and zero point

3. working sensitivity

4. beam characteristic

5. dead zone

6. resolution

Block BS A1 (Fig. 6) is used to set the sensitivity and to

characterize the beam of an angle-beam transducer. Block BS A2 is

identical to 1 1 W Block 1, which was described on pages 11-13 (Fig. 1).

Block BS A3, known as the Sulzer Block (Fig. 7) has the same application

as Block A2.

24
2 in

Tolerance on length and width ± 0-05 in (1-25 mm)

Tolerance on thickness ± 0-005 in (0-125 mm)

Figure 6. B.S Block A1 (Illustration from B.S 2704)

25
360

T~

15

85

i

l

i ~T

30

1

Unless otherwise indicated ail dimensions correct to 0-1 nun

Figure 7. B.S Block A3 (Illustration from B.S 2704)

26
The standard is extended by several appendices which contain the

following information.

App. A Determination of angle and index of angle beam transducers,

and the time base linearity for the contact angle beam

technique.

App. B Description of transducer radiation pattern.

App. C Definition and method of monitoring of the effective

beam form.

App. D Description of two types of flat-bottom hole reference

blocks; one each for use with compressional and shear

waves (see Figs. 8 and 9).

2.5.2 Evaluation

This standard together with BS 4331, previously described, are the

basic ultrasonic testing standards in the U.K. It contains a detailed

description of reference blocks A1 , A2 (IIW Block 1) and A3 (Figs. 1, 6

and 7) and their applications. The presentation is very clear and the

text contains many explanatory drawings.

27
jc * nominal surface to target distance.

Rat bottomed hole diameter »%4 in, V44 in or in

Open end of hole

sealed by plugging

Material: hexagonal aluminium alloy

bar to B.S. L65 *

Figure 8. Aluminum flat-bottom hole reference

block. (Illustration from BS 2704)

Figure 9. Reference block for use with shear

waves. (Illustration from BS 2704)

28
This standard, BS 4331 Part 3 and ASTM E-127 are apparently the

only existing standards which contain information on ultrasonic transducer beam characterization. This is also the only standard which

describes flat-bottom hole wedge- type reference blocks for use with

shear waves. It seems, however, that the A.l block and the wedge-type

blocks have not gained wide recognition. The characteristics monitored

with the block can be determined with the more universal IIW Block 1.

Instead of using a series of wedge blocks with different angles, hole

diameters and hole depth for shear-beam characterization, it is more

convenient to use the block shown in Figure 4.

29
2.6 Methods for Ultrasonic Examinations of Welds, BS 3923

Part 1 . Manual Examination of Fusion Welded Butt Joints in

Ferritic Steels (1968);

Part 2 . Automatic Examination of Fusion Welded Butt Joints in

Ferritic Steels (1972);

Part 3 . Manual Examination of Nozzle Welds (1973).

2.6.1 Synopsis

The three parts of this standard provide methods for examining butt

welds in ferritic steels. The performance characteristics of the

ultrasonic system and the transducer specified in the standard are

calibrated and evaluated according to BS 2704 (see pages 24-29) and

according to procedures described in BS 4331, Part 3 (see pages

18-23). The scans are specified so as to insure examination of the

complete volume of the weld for both longitudinal and transverse!

defects. Guidance on transducer selection is given, and procedures are

suggested for determining the location and for estimating the size and

nature of flaws. The contact method is applied for manual examination

(Parts 1 and 3) and the gap or immersion method for automatic

examination (Part 3).

30
Parts 2 and 3 also contain a detailed description of procedures for

achieving a given sensitivity, for measuring attenuation coefficients

and for evaluation of flaw size using D6S (Distance-Gain-Sensitivity)

diagrams for normal and angle-beam transducers (see Figs. 10,11).

2.6.2 Evaluation

This is a very practical and detailed description of methods by

which a complete ultrasonic examination of butt welds can be performed.

The procedures are clearly and simply set forth. In addition, this is

one of the few standards which describe the use of the DGS diagrams for

flaw sizing. However, the accuracy, with which the flaws can be characterized is largely dependent on the performance characteristics of the

system, the characteristics of the particular weld, and the skill and

experience of the tester. Consequently, the level of quantification is

quite limited.

31
-

Amplification

(dB)

Sack

Figure 10. Typical D.G.S. diagram for normal

(Illustration from BS 3923 part 2)

probes.

32

Amplification

(dB)
0 10 20 SO 100 200 SOO 1000 2000 5000 7000

Flaw distance along surface from front edge of probe (mm)

Figure 11. Typical

8 mm x 9 mm crystal

D.G.S. diagram for angle probe of 4 MHz,

size. (Illustration from BS 3923 part 2)

33

~

Amplification

(dB)
2.7 Method for Ultrasonic Inpsection of Turbine and

Compressor Discs Using the (DGS) Diagram, DD28 (1973T

2.7.1 Synopsis

DD28, a Draft for Development, Is not yet a recognized standard.

It was reviewed in this study as an example of an advanced, quantitative

technique of the pulse-echo immersion method. With this technique the

size of the flaw is determined by applying the DGS diagram (Figs. 10,

11). Parameters such as attenuation, beam characteristic, near field,

dominant frequency, and effective transducer diameter, which can usually

be neglected when applying the conventional pulse-echo flaw-detection

technique, must be determined with great precision. A detailed procedure to determine these parameters and to calibrate the system is

outlined. The system consists of an instrument, transducer, immersion

tank, manipulator and reference blocks.

2.7.2 Evaluation

DD28 for testing compressor and turbine discs in the aero-engine

industry is an example of how an advanced, quantitative, pulse-echo

technique is used. The procedures outlined are suitable for inspection

of other products as well. The use of this technique requires more

elaborate testing facilities and more experienced and knowledgeable

34
operators than less quantitative techniques. A preliminary knowledge of

the nature and orientation of the flaws is desirable in order to reduce

the amount of work and obtain reliable results.

The added complexity of this method might be justified for

inspection of parts where a high degree of safety is required or a high

economic leverage is apparent.

35
2.8 Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Testing By The

Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal

Waves Induced by Direct Contact, ~ A$TM E-l 14/ASME SE-114 (1975)

2.8.1 Synopsis

This standard consists of a general and brief explanation of the

contact normal -beam, pulse-echo technique. It gives very general

recommendations for surface preparation, choice of frequency and speed

and method of scanning.

2.8.2 Evaluation

This recommended practice is a general and short description of

factors that have to be considered in preparing to conduct an ultrasonic

test. Usually product standards contain a more detailed description of

the various parameters and do not refer to this standard.

36
2.9 Recommended Practice for Immersed Testing by the

Reflection Method Usinq Pulsed Lonqitudinal Waves,

ASTM E-214/ASME SE-214 (1974)

2.9.1 Synopsis

This standard describes, in general terms, the factors that should

be considered in the preparation of an ultrasonic immersion test.

Recommendations are given for frequency selection, surface preparation,

scanning technique, reference blocks, sensitivity level and system

1 inearity.

2.9.2 Evaluation

Although this recommended practice is more specific than ASTM

E-114, it is still a very general description. The product standards

contain more detailed and specific procedures and, thus, rarely refer to

this recommended practice.

37
2.10 Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Testing

and Inspection of Heavy Forqinqs,

ASTM A-288/ASME SA-388 (1978)

2.10.1 Synopsis

This recommended practice is an inspection procedure for heavy

steel forgings using normal and angle-beam contact techniques. It

describes the transducer, couplant, surface preparation and scanning

conditions. The linearity of the system is verified in

accordance with ASTM E-317.

To establish the sensitivity level, a bottom echo is used for the

normal-beam technique and an echo reflected from a notch for the anglebeam technique. Reference blocks should have acoustical properties

identical with those of the tested material. Guidance for the recording

of data and for reporting are given. Also, general criteria to establish quality levels are described.

2.10.2 Evaluation

This standard is a very practical and detailed procedure for the

inspection of forged products. The guidance given in this standard can

serve to establish ultrasonic inspection specifications for a very wide

range of forged steel products. The standard is presented and formulated in a very clear and simple way.

38
2.11 Standard Recommended Practice for Evaluating Performance

Characteristics of Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Testinq Systems,

ASTM E-317 (1968)

2.11.1 Synopsis

This recommended practice is a detailed description of a

procedure for checking the characteristics of an ultrasonic testing

system in order to evaluate its performance. The system includes the

instrument, connecting cable, transducer, couplant, tank and manipulator

and reference blocks.

The characteristics are established from indications obtained from

ASTM aluminum reference blocks (see ASTM E-127) and some complementary

blocks without holes.

The following parameters are determined:

1. Vertical limit and vertical linearity.

2. Sensitivity.

3. Signal-to-noise ratio.

4. Entry resolution (dead zone) and back surface resolution.

5. Horizontal limit and horizontal linearity.

6. Penetration.

39
2.11.2 Evaluation

ASTM E-317 provides a simple and clearly defined method to

determine some important performance characteristics by which the

capability of an ultrasonic system can be evaluated.

This standard and the BS 4331, Part 1 (see page 17), are apparently

the only standards that characterize ultrasonic systems independently of

the in-use conditions. This is a distinct asset as independent characterization makes it possible to compare performance characteristics of

different ultrasonic systems. Although for a more detailed examination

of the units of an ultrasonic system, such as the transmitter, the sweep

generator, the amplifier, etc., special electronic testing facilities

are required, for most practical uses such a thorough testing is not

necessary. Most nondestructive testing laboratories also do not have

the equipment nor the knowledge to carry out electronic measurements.

The simple and practical method outlined in this standard enables one to

check many system characteristics which determine the quality of a test

without the use of additional electronic equipment.

40
2.12 Standard Recommended Practice for Fabricating

and Checking of Aluminum Reference Blocks,

ASNT/ASTM E-127 (1975)

2.12.1 Synopsis

This is a recommended practice for fabricating and checking aluminum flat-bottom hole reference blocks (Figure 12) which are used to

establish performance characteristics of ultrasonic flaw detection

systems and to standardize and control the adjustment of systems for the

inspection of aluminum products. They also are used to establish

accept-reject criteria for many wrought aluminum products. Procedures

for inspection of the material quality, fabrication of blocks and

evaluation of their physical and ultrasonic characteristics are

described.

The acoustic properties of the material are checked against a steel

ball reference reflector. The characteristic of the transducer for

checking the blocks is derived from echoes from a steel ball reflector.

The linearity of the system for checking the material and calibrating

the block is determined in accordance with ASTM E-317 (see pages 39-40).

The blocks are characterized by their distance-amplitude and areaamplitude responses (Figures 13 and 14). Ultrasonic differences between

the blocks and the inspected material should be considered when standardizing systems for inspection of aluminum products. There are three

41
standard sets: the basic set which consists of blocks with several hole

sizes and metal distances; the area-amplitude set with blocks of different hole sizes and equal metal distances; and the distance-amplitude

set which contains blocks with equal hole sizes and different metal

distances.

2.12.2 Evaluation

This standard is a very detailed description for fabricating and

checking aluminum reference blocks. These blocks are mainly used in the

United States as a primary reference source for evaluating the performance characteristics of ultrasonic systems (see ASTM E-317, pages 38

and 39) and for the inspection of aluminum products.

The blocks used in Europe (i.e., I1W Blocks 1 and 2, pages 11-16)

and in the welding industry in the United States (see ASTM E-164, pages

48-53) are suitable for use with normal and angle-beam techniques, while

the ASTM flat bottom hole blocks are limited to the normal -beam technique only. The flat-bottom hole reflector has a linear area-amplitude

response (see Figure 14). This is an advantage when checking vertical

linearity of the system. An additional advantage is that the distanceamplitude set provides a direct method for determining the DGS diagram

and the dead zone.

42
u

X

2j' t . 020” DIA^

2 5^5

n

1

1

hi

tit J±L

HOLE A, BOTTOM MUST BE

FLAT WITHIN .001 IN. PER

.125 IN. DIA. AND FINISHED SIZE

MUST BE THE REQUIRED

DIA. ± . 0005 IN.

THIS NUMBER INDICATES HOLE

DIA. IN 1/64 THS, AND METAL,

DISTANCE IN .01 IN. (SEE

TABLES 1, 2 AND 3)

HOLE MUST BE STRAIGHT

AND PERPENDICULAR TO

ENTRY SURFACE WITHIN

0° -30 ' AND LOCATED

WITHIN .010 IN. OF

LONGITUDINAL AXIS

FLAT COUNTER BORE

.250 DIA. X .064 IN. DEEP

BACK

SURFACE

Figure 12. ASTM flat bottom hole reference

block. (Illustration from ASTM E-127)

43
Figure

13.

Distance-Amplitude

Response

Curves

(A

and B)

Showing

the

Interrelationship

between

Ultrasonic

Standard

Reference

Blocks

of

Various

Lengths

and

Containing

FlatBottom

Holes.

(Illustration

from

ASTM

E-127).

Amplitude - 7« Upper Linearity Limit

Ni

o o

-p' o

CTv 00

o o

-0050

-0100

-0175

-0200

too

S' -0300

(HI 0

z

1

h -0400

-0500

-0600

44
Amplitude

- %

Upper

Linearity

Limit

Relative Area Units

Figure 14. Area-amplitude response

curve. (Illustration from ASTM E-127)

45
2.13 Standard Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic

Anql e-Beam Examination by the Contact Method,

ASTM E-587 (1976)

2.13.1 Synopsis

This recommended practice gives a very general description of a

broad spectrum of contact angle-beam techniques. It contains a brief

description of compressional , shear, surface wave and lamb wave modes

and how the different modes are generated in the material.

General instructions for distance and amplitude calibration and a

short guide for angle-beam examination techniques using single and dual

element transducers are given.

2.13.2 Evaluation

This standard is very general and is really more of a brief explanation and description of contact angle beam techniques rather than a

procedure which can be directly applied to test or calibrate ultrasonic

flaw-detection systems. The angle beam method is described in greater

detail in ASTM E-164 (see pages 48-53).

46
2.14 Standard Recommended Practice of Steel Reference

Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Inspection,

ASTM E-428 (1975)

2.14.1 Synopsis

ASTM E-428 is a recommended practice for fabricating and checking

flat-bottom hole blocks to be used for the testing of steel or other

metal products.

The procedures for fabricating and checking the blocks are similar

to those for aluminum blocks (see ASTM E-127 pages 41-45) with one

principal difference. The acoustic properties of the aluminum blocks

are checked against a steel ball reflector which serves as master

reference, while the properties of the other blocks are checked against

the properties of the inspected material. Blocks are usually fabricated

from the same materials as those which are to be tested.

2.14.2 Evaluation

(See evaluation of flat-bottom aluminum blocks ASTM E-127 page 42).

47
2.15 Standard Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic

Contact Examination of Welds,

ASTM E-164 (1974)

2.15.1 Synopsis

This standard contains a very extensive description of calibration

procedures and reference blocks for testing welds using the contact,

normal and angle-beam pulse-echo techniques.

The standard describes a series of reference blocks most commonly

used in the United States and Europe, and it provides a variety of

techniques for the most conrnon types of system adjustment and standardization for weld inspection.

The following system parameters can be calibrated and checked with

the different blocks:

1. Horizontal linearity.

2. Range and transmission point (zero point).

3. Working sensitivity.

4. Transducer central beam exit point.

5. Angle of refraction.

48
6. Back-surface resolution.

7. Beam profile.

8. Distance-amplitude response.

The various blocks described in this standard are listed below:

1. IIW Block 1. A description of this block is given on p. 11.

2. AWS Distance Calibration (DC) Block: AWS Sensitivity

Calibration (SC) Block: AWS Distance-sensitivity Calibration

(DSC) Block (see Figure 15).

3. Angle-beam calibration blocks (see Figure 16).

4. ASME-type basic calibration block (see Figure 17)

J

All tests and calibrations are performed with an ultrasonic system

evaluated according to ASTM E-317.

Fabrication and use of ASME-type basic calibration block is described

in great detail in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: Section V.

Article 5; Section III, Appendix XVI; and Section XI, Appendix I.

49
r*

Distance Calibration

(DC Block) Sensitivity Calibration

(SC Block)

*=ra

Distance and Sensitivity Calibration

(DSC Block)

Figure 15. AWS Calibration blocks.

(Illustration from ASTM E-164)

50
Figure 16. Angle-beam calibration block.

51
3T MIN.

/"

t

/’

! 4

" MlM

i *

.OZ T

^ Hole

Figure 17. Basic ASME calibration block and

some of its uses. (Illustration from ASTM

E-169)

52
2.15.2 Evaluation

This standard* designed originally for the examination of welds,

can actually be used for the examination of a variety of metal products.

It is a very extensive and detailed description of the most common

testing and calibration techniques used in the welding industry in the

United States and Europe.

The standard is very product oriented. The calibrations and checks

are performed with blocks made of the same material as the material to

be tested. This standard provides excellent guidance for establishing

specifications for weldments and other metal products. The presentation

is very detailed and contains many explanatory drawings.

53
2.16 Nondestructive Testinq, Welded Joints

Ultrasonic Method, GOST 14782-76 (1976)

2.16.1 Synopsis

In this standard, requirements for inspection of welds with the

contact, normal and angle-beam echo-amplitude techniques are given.

Methods for monitoring the following parameters are described:

1. Frequency.

2. Conditional sensitivity (defined below).

3. Ultimate sensitivity (defined below).

4. Angle of refraction.

5. Depth calibration.

6. Wedge angle.

7. Dead zone.

8. Resolution (the equivalent of time base calibration).

9. Point of exit of central beam (index).

10. Effective size of transducer.

11 . Pulse length.

The standard consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the

evaluation of general system parameters not related to a particular

test. Chapter 2 deals primarily with procedures for adjusting the

sensitivity of the system for a particular test and the remaining four

chapters deal with scanning methods for different configurations of

welds, interpretation and documentation of results and safety requirements.

54
The reference blocks are divided into two groups: "standard

blocks" (Figs. 18, 19 and 20) used to evaluate system parameters and

"test blocks" (Figure 21) for adjusting and checking the sensitivity of

the system for a particular test.

The system parameters evaluated in Chapter 1 are: depth (time

base) calibration, frequency, wedge angle, angle of refraction, resolution, dead zone and conditional sensitivity. "Conditional sensitivity"

is expressed in millimeters of depth of the farthest detectable sidedrilled hole in the standard plastic block number 1 (Figure 18).

Conditional sensitivity is also expressed in decibels using the sidedrilled hole of the standard steel block number 2 (Figure 19) if the

instrument is equipped with an attenuator. This parameter characterizes

the threshold of detectability of the system. Other system parameters

determined with block number 1 are resolution, depth calibration and

wedge angle. Block number 2 is used to monitor angle of refraction,

dead zone and also to provide a depth calibration. Blocks similar to

the number 2 block, but made of materials other than steel, are marked

2A. Additional standard blocks, number 3, 4 and 4a made of mild steel

(Figure 20), are used to monitor the point of exit of the central beam

and the frequency.

The procedure for adjusting the sensitivity of the system for

a particular test, "threshold sensitivity" , is outlined in Chapter 2.

"Threshold sensitivity" is defined as the area in square millimeters

55
of the smallest detectable flat bottom hole located at a specified

depth, for a certain adjustment of the instrument. Blocks with flat

bottom and side-drilled holes and notches (Figure 21) are used to set

the "threshold sensitivity". Formulas to calculate the equivalent flat

bottom hole sensitivity if measurements are made with notch or sidedrilled hole reflectors are given.

2.16.2 Evaluation

Chapter 1 deals with rather basic parameters on which accuracy,

sensitivity, reliability and comparabil ity, namely the quality of a

pulse-echo technique test depend. It may be applied to other metal

products as well as to welds. In the Soviet Union this part of the

standard is apparently accepted as general guidance for checking and

calibrating ultrasonic test systems. Three of the ultrasonic product

standards reference the procedures outlined here. (See utilization

study, pages 60-61).

A failing of the standard is that it often requires determination

of parameters without describing the procedures. For instance, procedures for the calibration of depth and for the monitoring of frequency

and pulse length are not specified. Some of the blocks contain reflectors, the use of which is not given. Highly qualified personnel might

be needed to transfer the general requirements of the standards into

working procedures.

56
Hi 20

Vto

Figure 18. GOST standard block 1.

(Illustration from GOST 14782-76)

Figure 19. GOST standard block 2.

(Illustration from GOST 14782-76)

57
Figure 20. GOST standard blocks 3, 4 and 4a.

(Illustrations from GOST 14782-76)

58
Figure 21. GOST test blocks for checking ultimate sensitivity, with

(a) Side hole reflector (b) Segment reflector (c) Flat bottom hole

(d) Notch reflector.

59
3. UTILIZATION OF GENERAL STANDARDS IN PRODUCT STANDARDS

One of the criteria by which general standards may be judged is

their utility, i.e., the extent to which they are referenced in product

standards. It was found in this phase of the study that not many

product standards exist. In most cases the ultrasonic inspection of

products is based on manufacturers' and buyers' specifications. For

instance the West German Standards Institution (Deutscher Normenausschuss

DNA), does not promulgate ultrasonic product standards. In France, only

three national ultrasonic product standards exist:

NF A04305 - inspection of steel plates;

NF A49200 - inspection of tubes;

NF A49870 - inspection of tubes.

However, none of these refer to the general standard for the IIW 1

Block, NF A04311

.

In the Soviet Union a similar situation exists. The Soviet

standards organization (USSR State Committee for Standards), which

promulgates a vast number of GOST standards, has very few ultrasonic

product standards.

60
GOST 14782 - for welds;

GOST 18576 - for railway rails;

GOST 21120 - for bars and billets; and,

GOST 12503 - for steel products;

GOST 22727-77 - for steel plates;

GOST 21397-75 - for aluminum products

(flat-bottom hole calibration blocks)

GOST 14782 is also considered to be a general standard. Three of the

product standards reference procedures that are described in GOST 14782.

The United Kingdom and the United States have more ultrasonic

product standards. In this study nineteen ASTM, ASME and AWS

standards as well as nine BS standards were investigated. (See Table 3.)

The utility of the BS general standards is presented in Table 4. As can

be seen, six of the nine British product standards refer to the two

existing general standards. Table 5 shows that of the nineteen U.S.

product standards, thirteen refer or base their procedures on various

general standards.

61
Table 3

List of Product Standards Used

In Utilization Study

Country Standard Year Type of Product

U.S. ANSI/ASTM A-388

ASME SA-388

1978 Steel forgings

ANSI/ASTM A-435

ASME SA-435

1975 Steel plates

ANSI/ASTM A-503 1975 Crankshaft

ANSI/ASTM A-577

ASME SA-577

1977 Steel plates

ANSI/ASTM A-578

ASME SA-578

1977 Steel plates

ANSI/ASTM A-609

ASME SA-609

1978 Steel casting

ANSI/ASTM B-548

ASME SB-548

1976 Aluminum plates

ANSI/ASTM B-594 1974 Aluminum wrought

products

ANSI/ASTM E-164 1974 Welds

ANSI/ASTM E-213 1977 Pipes & tubes

ANSI/ASTM E-273 1974 Pipes & tubes

ANSI/ASTM E-588 1976 Bearing quality steel

ANSI/ASTM A-418 1977 Turbine generator

steel retaining rings

ANSI/ASTM A745 1977 Austenitic steel

forgings

62
r

Table 3

(continued)

List of Product Standards Used

In Utilization Study

Country Standard Year Type of Product

U.S. ASME Sec. V

Article 5 T525

1977 Bolts & studs

ASME Sec. V

Article 5 T530

1977 Welds

ASME Sec. XI

Appendix I 1977 Welds

ASME Sec. Ill

Appendix XVI

1977 Welds

AWS Structural

welding code

1974 Welds

U.K. BS 3059 1968 Pipes & tubes

BS 3602 1962 Pipes & tubes

BS 3889 1965 Pipes & tubes

BS 3915 1965 Nuclear reactor steel

BS 3923

(parts 1 ,2,3)

1968,72,72 Welds

BS 4080 1966 Steel castings

BS 4124 1967 Steel forgings

BS DD28 1973 Turbine discs

BS 4336 1968 Plates

63
Table 3

(continued)

List of Product Standards Used

In Utilization Study

Country Standard Year Type of Product

France NF A04305 1975 Steel plates

NF A49200 1972 Tubes

NF A49870 1972 Tubes

U.S.S.R. GOST 14782 1976 Welds

GOST 18576 1973 Railway rails

GOST 21120 1975 Bars & billets

GOST 12503 1967 Steel products

GOST 22727 1977 Steel plates

GOST 21397 1975 Aluminum products

64
Table 4

Utilization of Procedures Outlined In BS General Standards

Product

Standard

Product General

BS 2704

Standards

BS 4331

BS 3054 Pipes & tubes

BS 3602 Pipes & tubes

BS 3889 Pipes & tubes

BS 3915 Nuclear reactor

steel

+ +

BS 3923 Welds + +

BS 4080 Steel castings +

BS 4124 Steel forgings + +

BS DD28 Turbine discs +

BS 4336 Plates +

Procedure outlined in the general ultrasonic standard is

applied in the product standard.

65
Table 5

Utilization of Procedures Outlined In ASTM General Standards

Product

Standard

Product General Standard

ASNT/ ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM/

ANSI E-114 E-214 ANSI E-428 ASME ASME E-317

E-127 SE-114 SE-214 E-587

ASTM A- 388 ASME SA-388Steel forging

+ +

ASTM A-435

ASME SA-435

Steel plates

ASTM A- 503 Crankshaft +. +

ASTM A- 577 ASME SA-577

Steel plates

+

ASTM A- 578

A.SME SA-578

Steel plates

+

ASTM A- 609 ASME SA-609

Steel casting

ASTM B-548 ASME SB- 548 Aluminum

plates + + + +

ASTM B-594 Aluminum

wrought

products + + + + •

ASTM E-164 Welds + + +

ANSI/ASTM

E-213

Pipes & tubes

ASTM E-273 Pipes & tubes

ANSI/ASTM

E-588 Bearing

quality

steel + +

ASTM A- 745 Austenitic

steel forging

ASTM A-418 Turbine

generator steel + + retaining rings

ASME Sec. V Article 5 T525

Bolts & studs

ASME Sec. V Article 5 T530Welds +

ASME Sec. XI Appendix I Welds +

ASME Sec. Ill Appendix XVI Welds +

AWS Structural

Welding Code Welds +

* Procedure outlined In the general ultrasonic standard Is applied In the product

standard. 66
4. DISCUSSION

There are two different approaches which can be taken in the

philosophy of formulating general ultrasonic testing standards. One is

to establish "universal" measurement standards, against which all calibrations will be based. The other is to establish special reference

standards for each specific case. The formulation of most general

ultrasonic testing standards is usually a compromise between these

approaches. In the United States the tendency is more toward the

"universal" approach, while the European general standards are usually

more "specific" and product oriented.* For instance, European standards

usually do not require a general evaluation of the ultrasonic system as

outlined in ASTM E-317. Usually, only a calibration and adjustment for

the particular work in hand, as outlined in DIN 54120 and similiar

standards, are required.

* In Europe an attempt also has been made by IIW and by ISO to prepare

standards of a "universal" nature for the evaluation of systems and

components. Some of the working documents include IIW VC-236-72/DE, ISO

135/2/WG 1 on Characterization of Equipment - West Germany; ISO-1973

Proposal on Characterization of Systems and ISO TC-310-75 on Search-unit

Characterization - The Netherlands.

67
The potential advantage of general procedures and the characterization

of ultrasonic systems is that it leads to universal comparability

standards for systems and products. By determining an absolute system

response characteristic, the only remaining unknown variable will be the

actual ultrasonic response of the tested product. On the other hand,

the "specific" general standards are limited to specific conditions.

Unfortunately, most of the parameters are influenced by the properties

of the tested material, the system component characteristics (apparatus

and transducer) and the working conditions. These influences usually

cannot be analyzed independently. Therefore, when testing hardware

items, special and detailed specifications have to be used.

Since an absolute response characteristic is not yet attainable,

European standards usually depend on the characteristics of systems

which were established under conditions simulating the conditions of the

work at hand (the "specific" approach). The following citations from

European standards will illustrate the philosophy of the European

standards community as it applies to ultrasonic testing:

(1) BS 4331 Pt. 3 1974 . -- "Where probes or instruction on

procedures are issued from a central source, it should be

remembered that characteristics of equipment on site may

sometimes differ significantly from those of the master test...

68
"Since the properties here referred to as probe

characteristics are in fact influenced by the acoustical

and electronic characteristics of the system as a whole

(and including certain characteristics of the work piece),

it is essential that all checks are carried out with the

testers own flaw detector and under conditions as nearly

as possible identical with those involved in the particular

work in hand. .

.

DIN 54120 - 1973 - "Since it is essential to take account

of the specific properties of the equipment and the test

conditions, it is not possible, without further information,

to state an absolute index of indication sensitivity which

is universally true."

It seems that differences in the definitions of some terms and the

use of different reference reflectors stem from this difference between

the American and the European philosophies of standardization.

The different concepts can be illustrated by comparing the definitions of the term sensitivity in the U.S. standard ASTM E-317

("universal" concept) and in the West German standard DIN 51220 and the

British standard BS 2704 ("specific" concept). Although the meaning of

sensitivity is the same in all three standards and it is always related

to the smallest detectible reflector, its definition and formulation is

69
different. In ASTM E-317, ultrasonic sensitivity is a parameter of the

system itself, independent of the specific work to be performed. It is

calculated from the ratio of the maximum height of the echo-amplitude

obtained from ASTM block 1-0300 and the upper linearity limit. In the

European standards independent system sensitivity is not determined.

Only equipment sensitivity and sensitivity of indication related to

specific work are determined. The sensitivity of indication is explored

on the test piece itself and then standardized against a standard

reflector in order to check and readjust the system. This same concept

is used in American product standards (e.g., ASTM E-273 for spiral

welded pipes, A-388 for steel forgings, etc.). When comparing standards

from different sources, differences in definition, formulation and

terminology should be considered.

Apparently, the use of different reference reflectors in the

general standards in the United States and in Europe is also connected

with the different concepts of standardization. In the United States,

primarily flat-bottom holes are used as reference reflectors (see

ASTM E-127, E- 31 7 and E-428). These have a linear area-amplitude relationship which makes the general evaluation of systems simpler and

permits direct determination of D6S diagrams. In Europe, however,

where the system is usually calibrated in conjunction with specific

work, the most commonly used reference reflectors are side-drilled

70
holes. These are simpler to fabricate and in some cases, especially in

welds and castings, they more frequently resemble real flaws of spherical

and cylindrical shapes. When testing hardware items, especially welds,

the side-drilled hole is the commonly used reference reflector in the

United States (ASME basic calibration blocks) as well as in Europe.

- ! . . i'

4.1 Summary of Discussion

In the U.S. the "general" approach and the flat-bottom hole

standard reflector is used more often, while in Europe the "specific"

approach and the side-drilled hole reflector is preferred. This

division, however, is not very distinct. Many European standards such

as GOST 14782-76, 12503-67 and 21397-75, BS 2704 and D.D28 have used

flat-bottom hole reflectors. In the U.S. the side-drilled hole has been

utilized in ASTM E-164 and E-587, in ASME specifications for the examination of welds and plates, and in the AWS welding code. The "general"

approach utilized in the evaluation of ultrasonic testing systems in

the U.S. (see ASTM E-317) can also be found in BS 4331 part 1. Other

standards for the general evaluation of systems are in preparation by

ISO and IIW (see footnote p. 66). It seems that due to the flow of

information, and the international standardization activities of ISO and

IIW, the differences are tending to become less distinct.

71
References

1. R. S. Sharpe, M. A. Cole and W. C. Hesetwood, Quality Technology

Handbook - pp. 306-334 (JPC Science and Technology Press Ltd. 1975).

2. J. Krautkramer and H. Krautkramer, Ultrasonic Testing of Materials , 2nd Edition pp. 600-604 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg,

New York, 1977).

3. Commonly Used Specifications and Standards for Nondestructive

Testing, Materials Evaluation , Vol . 29, No. 5, p. 17A (May 1971).

72
NBS-114A (REV. 8-78)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 79-1790

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A Comparison of American and European Ultrasonic

Testing Standards

7. AUTHOR(S)

Sam Golan

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

10. f^Jed/Tasfc/Worfc tfnit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP) 13. Type of Report & Period Covered

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or teas factual summary of moat significant information , If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here,) In this work twenty-seven general ultrasonic standards from eleven countries

and international organizations were reviewed. Thirty-seven ultrasonic product

standards from five countries were studied to evaluate the utilization of the

general ultrasonic standards, i.e., to what extent the procedures outlined in the

general standards are applied by the product standards.

17. KEY WORDS (a ix to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Evaluation; international; standard recommended practice; standardization;

synopsis; ultrasonic standards; ultrasonic testing.

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