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5^ NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1181

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards

A High-Speed

Data Acquisition System

for Fluid Mechanics

Measurements
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational

institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government

agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Absolute Physical Quantities- — Radiation Research — Chemical Physics —

Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science

THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities;

provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes

engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices;

and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering- — Manufacturing

Engineering — Building Technology — Fire Research — Chemical Engineering^

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and

economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government.

The Institute consists of the following centers:

Programming Science and Technology — Computer Systems Engineering.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gailhersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303.
QF STANDARDS UBRAEY A High-Speed Data Acquisition System ^^^

for Fluid Mechanics Measurements qc

\ oo

L P. Purtell 1^*^^

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

o.

Q

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued November 1983
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 1181

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 1181, 31 pages (Nov. 1983)

CODEN: NBTNAE

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1983

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402

Price

(Add 25 percent for other than U.S. mailing)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Introduction 2

II. General Description of System 4

A. Performance Requirements 4

B. Selected System 5

III. A/D Subsystem 8

IV. Minicomputer System H

V. Velocity and Temperature Measurement Subsystems 13

A. Velocity Instrumentation 13

B. Temperature Instrumentation 17

VI. System Operation and Performance 19

A. Velocity Calibration ig

B. Temperature Calibration 19

C. Data Acquisition 21

VII. Further Applications 25

VIII. References 26

m

A HIGH-SPEED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR FLUID

MECHANICS MEASUREMENTS

L. P. Purtell

Chemical Process Metrology Division

Center for Chemical Engineering

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Abstract

The requirements, characteristics, and performance of a minicomputerbased data acquisition and analysis system suitable for research in fluid

mechanics processes are presented. The particularly stringent requirements

imposed by unsteady and turbulent flows are discussed including estimates

of the required data acquisition rates and durations.

Key words: data acquisition; fluid mechanics; hot-wire anemometry;

measurement; minicomputers; turbulence.
I. Introduction

Transient and unsteady phenomena in fluid mechanics have long been

recognized as important to a wide range of fluid flow processes ranging

from atmospheric flow, where the time scale may be hours or longer, to

1 2 shock and detonation waves measured in microseconds. ' Turbulent flow,

inherently unsteady, is involved in a large fraction of these flow processes

and has been the subject of much investigation and analysis, though in

3 important ways it remains essentially unconquered.

The first approach to turbulent flow that met with some success

involved forming long-time averages of pertinent fluctuating quantities,

4 i.e., Reynolds averaging. Indeed, important descriptive measures of

turbulence have resulted from this approach. The necessary measurements

required appropriate averaging techniques, and the time-dependence of

the flow was eliminated, with an attendant loss of detailed structural

information. Likewise, spectral descriptions of turbulence required

averages, but here the averages were in phase space. These approaches

were based on the viewpoint that turbulent flows were inherently

stochastic in nature. However, resulting theoretical and experimental

5 difficulties have led to a re-examination of this view. A number of

experiments, most involving some form of visualization, have led to

the new viewpoint that spacial and short-time temporal correlations

("ordered motion") are of great importance to understanding and predicting

turbulent flow phenomena. Ignoring ordered motions in mixing and reacting

flows has been found to result in errors as large as 100% in prediction

of concentration values. Two important consequences for experimentalists

are that the time dependence can no longer be ignored, and that spacially

resolved measurements d.re required.
To measure the properties of these ordered motions requires a twostage operation: detection and then acquisition. This operation is

generally referred to as "conditional sampling," i.e., sampling the

data stream only when certain conditions have been met. An example is

Q

the widely used VITA technique (Variable Interval Time Averaging)

wherein the data is sampled whenever the variance of a selected signal

within a time window exceeds some factor times the long-time variance

of the signal. Such an occurrence is called an "event." The sampled

space-time signals may then be averaged over a number of events to

determine average properties. Other types of conditional sampling have

been employed from the \/ery simple (sampling when a time derivative

9, , exceeds a particular level ) to the complex (pattern recognition

techniques and matched filter applications ). Such techniques may

be applied not only to velocity signals but also to temperature, composition (concentration), and any other property which can be measured

with the necessary space and time resolution.

The computer had been employed successfully even for the timeaveraged measurements required by the earlier approaches to turbulent

flow, especially for the more complicated correlations and statistical

12 variables. However, now their use has become almost mandatory to

perform the highly complex functions of educing the ordered motions

from time varying measurements of many simultaneous signals. In some

instances the signals are recorded in real time, then digitized and

analyzed later on a main frame computer. However, the increasing

sophistication of minicomputers has led to widespread on-site collection

and analysis of data.

The Chemical Process Metrology Division of NBS has assembled and

developed such a minicomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system
suitable for research in a wide variety of fluid mechanics processes. The

salient features of this system, including the initial subsystems for

velocity and temperature measurement, are described herein, and the performance of the system, as applicable to fluid mechanics measurements, is

summarized.

II. General Description of System

A. Performance Requirements

Turbulent fluid flows beyond all but the earliest stages of their

development consist of an extremely broad range of scales of motion.

Though the large scale ordered motions are of great importance in

contemporary research, the smaller scales cannot be ignored since they are

essential to the processes of mixing and diffusion of mass, momentum,

energy, and chemical species. A data acquisition system must therefore

be capable of resolving all these scales to have broad applicability

to the measurement of a wide range of physical processes.

For an estimate of data acquisition requirements for typical large

scale motions, the co-flowing circular jet apparatus presently located

13

in the Low Velocity Airflow Facility may be considered. The large

scale motions in the jet at a freestream speed of 3.0 m/s for a 50 mm

diameter jet have a time scale on the order of 16 ms. If some sampled

property varies by 10%, a 95% confidence interval of 1% requires approximately 300 samples, implying a data acquisition duration of around five

seconds.

To determine the smallest scales of interest, Kolmogorov's microscales

may be estimated for the jet. The Kolmogorov time scale, t, is given by

1/2

T = (v/e) where v is the kinematic viscosity and e is the energy
4 dissipation rate per unit mass. An inviscid estimate for e assumes that

the rate at which large-scale motions supply energy to the smaller scales

is proportional to u/£ where u is the characteristic turbulence velocity

3

and I is the integral or outer scale of the turbulence. Thus z - \x /i

3 1/2 and T ~ (v£/u ) '

. Taking u to be 1% of the jet speed (a typical value)

-5 2

I to be 50 mm, and v to be 1.5 x 10 m /s leads to t ~ 0.15 ms and

1/t = 6.7 kHz. This estimate of the smallest scales may thus be used to

set an upper limit on the analog-to-digital conversion rate. It should

be noted, though, that the Kolmogorov microscales are much smaller than

other definable microscales, such as the Taylor microscale, and may

frequently be smaller than necessary for a particular investigation. It

serves here simply as a conservative estimate of the small scales.

The increasing sophistication and speed of available minicomputer

systems led to a decision early in the system design stage to incorporate

all of the functions necessary to both acquire and process the desired

fluid mechanics data. Data acquisition systems smaller, slower, and

having less general capability than full minicomputer systems were

available, but it became apparent that only the minicomputer systems had

both the speed and storage capacity required.

The maximum A/D conversion rate available on a subsystem meeting

the requirements of our system was found to be 250,000/second. From

the above analysis it was also estimated that a frequency response of

7 kHz per channel would be adequate. Using the Nyquist criterion that

the digitizing rate should be at least twice the highest frequency

contained in the signal, sixteen channels of data could be accommodated

by the subsystem. The available digital resolution of such a subsystem

was 12 bits. Such a resolution was judged satisfactory provided the

input signal was reasonably matched to the full scale range of the

A/D converter.
For purposes of calibration it was necessary to have a D.C. coupled

system including provision for biasing the D.C. level at some point in

order to improve the dynamic resolution. Since all of the initial signals

of interest would be biased 0.5 to 1.5 volts D.C, a requirement to handle

this range was imposed on the system.

By far the most stringent requirement for the system was that it should

acquire the data continuously without any data losses for at least 5 seconds

at the highest rate (nominally 250 kHz). Direct memory access (DMA) techniques

are widely used on mini- and micro-computer based systems allowing even

substantially higher data rates, but the continuous storage requirement

could readily be met only by minicomputer systems using high speed disc

storage. This, together with the desirability of performing the detailed,

sophisticated data analysis on the same system that acquired the data

led to the choice of at least a minicomputer-sized system.

The data analysis functions required that the system have extensive

capabilities for higher language programming and sufficient support utilities.

Computational speed when manipulating large arrays of data was also desirable

considering the required data reduction operations. Since a fairly

substantial investment was thus envisioned, future expandability and

system support by the supplier became added requirements.

B. Selected System

A complete, integrated system meeting all of the rather specialized

requirements outlined in section II. A was not available; thus, subsystems

were specified consisting of the A/D converter, the minicomputer, the

anti-aliasing electronic filters, and the fluid mechanics instrumentation.

The final system integration was then performed in-house (Figure 1).
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The system thus consists of an A/D converter subsystem including sixteen

channels of simultaneous sample-and-hold, a minicomputer system with high-

-throughput capability, a programmable electronic filter subsystem with

sixteen channels, a hot-wire anemometer subsystem, and a resistance-wire

temperature subsystem built in-house. The entire integrated system has

been successfully tested at a throughput rate of 250,000 samples per second,

the maximum rate attainable by the A/D converter.

III. A/D Subsystem

The analog to digital converter is a modular system with capacity for

multiple channels of simultaneous sample-and-hold and D/A converters as well

as analog multiplexors. It has a highly flexible interfacing capability which

allows operation by available I/O cards with a minimum of modification. The

resulting configuration, including modifications and I/O cards, is shown in

Figure 2. Cycle time for the A/D subsystem, the time between receipt of a

convert command and issuance of a conversion-completed strobe, is four microseconds. This is the factor limiting the speed of the system to 250,000

samples per second. However, the computer throughput-to-disc is specified

at only 280,000 words per second, so the subsystems are actually \/ery wellmatched.

The A/D subsystem may be operated in either a random address or a sequential

conversion mode. In the latter mode the analog multiplexor selects channels

sequentially until either a specified (by switch) "last channel" or the

physical last channel in the system is converted and resets to the first

channel. In this mode all the channels are sampled and latched simultaneously

until the reset to the first channel. This function is controlled by circuitry

external to the A/D converter and required jumper modifications as specified

by the manufacturer.

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The strobe pulse activating the A/D is externally selected from either a

pulse generator or the interface card. In the sequential mode of operation

it is important that the delay between initiation of holding by the simultaneous sample-and-hold modules and conversion of the signal be kept small

to avoid errors due to sample-and-hold "droop" (leakage). Thus, especially

at low conversion rates, a burst of rapid (e.g., 250,000 per second) strobes

is desirable to convert all of the channels quickly. For this reason a

pulse generator with countable burst capability is employed in the sequential

mode of operation. The random address mode of operation may employ either

the external strobe or the computer-supplied strobe, though the rate of the

latter is not easily adjusted.

The sample-and-hold control logic ("SSH Control" in Fig. 2) was

required because of the difference in operation between the sequential and

random address modes. In sequential operation the signals are sampled and

held at the first channel and not resampled until all the channels have been

converted. Thus it is conveniently controlled by the Frame Sync line which

is true only when the first channel is addressed. In random address mode,

sampling is required before each addressed channel; thus a data line from

the computer is utilized for control. In both cases the operation is

synchronized by the strobe pulses.

The general purpose TTL interface card for the computer is used for

controlling the function of the A/D subsystem, by using the output registers,

and for reading small amounts (up to 32 K words) of data. This card and,

indeed, the entire subsystem I/O, uses ground-true TTL logic. Jumpers are

set on the card to produce a level change on the output strobe line which is

reset when a flag strobe is received. The output data are always present on

the data lines. The input data consist of the twelve actual data bits plus

the Frame Sync indicator to detect possible errors in transmission sequencing.

10
For high speed large sample data acquisition special DMA operations

must be employed. This requires the use of a modified disc interface

board available from the computer manufacturer. It contains a FIFO

(first-in-first-out) memory to provide buffering required by head-movement

latencies in the disc write operations. The interface is rather simple:

the data lines, including the Frame Sync, and a strobe line are all that

are required. The strobe pulse, however, must be properly shaped for

satisfactory operation of the board. In particular the pulse duration

must be close to 500 nsec. Thus a TTL monostable multivibrator ("one-shot")

is inserted between the A/D converter (which supplies a 1 ysec pulse) and the

interface board.

In order to prevent contamination of low frequency signals by

frequencies higher than one-half the digitizing rate ("aliasing"), the

incoming analog signals are filtered by sharp cutoff (80 db per octave)

IEEE-488 bus programmable filters. Each of the sixteen channels has an

adjustable D.C. input offset matched to the signal levels. Gain, in

addition to cut-off frequency, is programmable independently for each

channel

IV. Minicomputer System

The minicomputer system selected to satisfy both the data acquisition

requirements and that data reduction and analysis requirements outlined

earlier includes 1.5 Mbytes of memory, a floating-point processor, a 50

Mbyte disc, a nine-track tape drive, a console, a printer, and a plotter

(see Fig. 3). Three features in particular are of importance to the data

acquisition and analysis functions of interest. First, the required highthroughput hardware and software are developed and proven for the application,

requiring only integration into the overall system. In particular, a pair

of system drivers are used without any modification to handle the data

11
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input and the disc writing. Second, the system can handle (both in hardware

and in software) large arrays of data. This greatly reduces the time required

for data analysis since large amounts of data are collected by the system.

Third, the system has microcoded array-handling routines which increase the

speed of such operations by an order of magnitude. Again, this is important

because of the large arrays of data to be manipulated.

Flexibility and expandability of the system is met both in hardware

(for instance in a reasonable number of I/O slots) and in the operating

system (which has the capability for handling a number of users functions

simultaneously). Fortran is the primary system language permitting use

of the wide variety of scientific programs available. For example, a

version of the NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) graphics

package has been installed on the system.

V. Velocity and Temperature Measurement Subsystems

A. Velocity Instrumentation

Since the first research project to be undertaken using the data aquisition system involved a flow well -suited to hot-wire anemometry, mixing in a

co-flowing jet configuration, this technique of velocity measurement was

selected for forming the multi-channel velocity subsystem. Each of the

several techniques available for velocity measurement are more or less

well -suited to a particular flow environment, and among the requirements

14 for a straightforward application of hot-wire anemometry are : flow in

predominantly one direction; negligible temperature changes (unless

compensation is used); and a single-phase medium (gas) to prevent wire

breakage. Among the major advantages of hot-wire anemometry for use

15

in appropriate flows are : high frequency response; good spatial

resolution; no need for particles as in laser velocimetry; simplicity

of construction and operation; and low cost. The latter is especially

13
important when an array of sensors is required.

Of the two major types of hot-wire anemometry, constant-temperature and

constant-current, the former has gained predominance because of its simplicity.

The development of small, rugged, and relatively inexpensive commercial units

such as those used in this facility has made practical the multi-probe

approach to velocity measurement necessary for contemporary research. The

constant-temperature anemometer is essentially a servo-loop using a high-gain

amplifier to supply a current through the probe's wire for maintaining a

nominally constant temperature (resistance) (Figure 4). Careful selection

of components is required, however, to assure low noise, stability,

sensitivity to velocity, insensitivity to temperature, and over-current

protection of the hot-wire.

The specific units employed in this facility were mounted in boxes

with probe and output connectors, power switches, and battery terminals (for

low-noise power). In addition, external connectors were incorporated for the

control resistor, since its selection determines many of the above mentioned

performance characteristics. The control resistor is typically adjusted to

provide a resistance of the hot-wire between 1.5 and 2.0 times that of the

wire with negligible current flowing.

The specific anemometers used here were specified to operate with a Pt

wire 2.5 ym in diameter and 1.0 mm in length. They are presently used

successfully with wires down to 0.5 mm in length. For the purpose of forming

various arrays of these probes as required by particular measurements, a

new type of probe was designed to provide this desired flexibility. The

probe (Figure 5) consists of a central stem of 1/32 inch (0.794 mm) drill

rod and two No. 80 jewelers broach tips approximately 0.33 mm tapering to

0.076 mm at the tip. Paper is used as insulation, and the parts are cemented

with cyanoacrylate ester ("super") glue. Number 30 wire-wrapping wire is

14
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then soldered on the broach bases for electrical leads. The stems then

permit mounting in a variety of arrangements. No commercially available

probes were satisfactory for the desired measurements.

B. Temperature Instrumentation

The flow from the co-flowing jet apparatus may be heated from zero to

twenty degrees Celsius above ambient for purposes of "marking" the jet fluid,

Temperature or temperature-and-velocity combined may then be measured as

required. This modest range of temperature together with the same requirements as for the velocity measurements in terms of spatial resolution,

frequency response, and sensitivity suggest the use of resistance wire

("cold-wire") temperature measurements. This method uses a constant

current source to measure the resistance (temperature sensitive) of a

fine wire. The current is kept very low to minimize heating of the wire

so that the wire signal is insensitive to velocity fluctuations. No

commercial sources of such instruments are known (meeting the stated

requirements), but the circuits are easily constructed.

The particular resistance-wire instruments used in this system are

shown schematically in Figure 6. A current of nominally 0.1 ma is supplied

to a Pt wire 1.25 ym by 0.5 mm. The voltage across the wire is then DCamplified and sent to the anti-aliasing filters.

The probes used for the temperature measurements are the same as those

used for velocity measurement except for the use of smaller diameter wire

for improving frequency response. If velocity and temperature were to be

measured simultaneously, both wires would need to be present either in an

x-pattern or parallel.

17
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VI. System Operation and Performance

A. Velocity Calibration

Since the Low Velocity Airflow Facility is a low- velocity calibration

facility as well as a research facility, a calibration system for the velocity

probes is in place. For very low velocities (below about 1 m/sec) a laser

velocimeter system may be used. For higher velocities a Pitot-tube system

is more easily utilized. In either case the velocity probes are placed in

the freestream and the velocity varied while measuring the anemometer

voltages. The data acquisition system is used to measure an average voltage

from the anemometers, thus calibrating the entire system including filters

and A/D converter.

The Pitot-tube system, including the Pitot-tube, a pressure transducer,

and an IEEE-488 Bus digital voltmeter (as well as a slope gauge for calibration

of the pressure transducer, as needed), is also connected to the computer

system by the IEEE-488 bus. Thus the anemometer calibration may be performed

programmatically with assistance of the operator for setting air velocity and

pressure transducer range.

The data acquired by the computer is fit by a least squares routine to the

. ^. 18 function

U=(A+BE+CE2+D E3)2

where U is the velocity and E the voltage. A typical calibration is shown in

Figure 7. The calibration data is stored in a disc file for use in data

reduction and for future reference.

B. Temperature Calibration

To "mark" the air emitted by the jet in the wind tunnel the air is heated

slightly by a resistance heater mounted just upstream of the flow conditioning

devices near the exit of the jet. This heater is also used to calibrate the

19
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resistance-wire thermometers by varying the temperature of the air from the

jet and measuring the voltage from the thermometers when placed in the heated

stream. The temperature of the stream is monitored by a thermistor mounted

in the flow conditioning section of the jet. Since the range of temperature

is small (about 20°C), a linear least squares curve is fit to the data:

a = A' + B'-E

where a is the temperature and E the voltage measured as for the velocity

calibrations. A typical calibration is shown in Figure 8. This calibration

data is also stored in a disc file for later use.

C. Data Acquisition

Data may be acquired by the computer system in several ways depending

on the function to be performed. Small amounts of data (typically less than

several thousand) may be transferred via DMA to a data array in a normally

addressed region (not requiring extended addressing). The previously mentioned

calibration routines operate in this manner since data is acquired from only

one probe at a time and at a fairly slow rate (typically 1000 per second).

Other applications requiring only one or a few probes and a small amount

of data, but more than the several thousand as before, such as for frequency

spectra on one probe, may use DMA to an extended data array (limited to about

26000 data). An example of such a data acquisition is shown in Figure 9, a

velocity spectrum in the linear growth region of the shear layer. The spectrum

19

is computed as an overlapping average of segments of data 1024 in length

for a total of 16384 data.

A second example of using the DMA to an extended data array is shown in

Figure 10, a sample of data from an array of temperature probes placed in the

early region of the jet flow (but downstream of the linear growth region).

21
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Here, vortices have developed wrapping up and entraining the outer, cooler

air and forming temperature fronts on the leading edges of the vortices. In

addition to "marking" the vortices, these fronts also serve to demonstrate

the good response of the resistance-wire probes to a temperature change.

In the figure the response rises to 63% of the change in temperature in

approximately 0.4 ms from which a response of at least 2.5 KHz may be

estimated.

The above data acquisition methods require only access to a DMA channel

for operation. Two such channels are in the system and only one is normally

in use (by the disc) unless the magnetic tape transport is in operation.

Thus data acquisition depends almost solely on program run priority. The

high speed throughput method, however, needs sole access to the disc, thus

requiring that the multi-user capability of the system be suspended during

its operation. This difficulty makes the use of the high-throughput method a

last choice. It is, however, absolutely necessary for most data acquisition

from an array of probes for any normal duration of run, especially if the

internal structure of the large scale motions or vortices is desired.

VII. Further Applications

Application of this system is of course not limited to the measurements

of velocity and temperature discussed above. The system is flexible enough

in terms of input signal requirements to process one or multiple signals

from measurements of concentration, shear stress, light extinction, light

scattering, etc., provided the data rates can be handled. Even some of

the software developed for the velocity and temperature measurements may

be applicable to these other types of signals, as for instance in multiphase flow where agglomerations of one phase may be examined like the

large-scale motions in the preceding discussions.

25
Another area of application for which this minicomputer system and

its real-time structure is well-suited is that of active control. The

natural step beyond data acquisition of large-scale motions, for example,

is the alteration of their properties by manipulating some flow parameter

in an attempt to optimize a desired feature, such as mixedness. Such

control requires the high speed data acquisition and real-time capabilities that this system provides.

VIII. References

1. Richards, B. E., Introduction to Measurement of Unsteady Flows, in

Measurement of Unsteady Fluid Dynamic Phenomena , Hemisphere Publ .

,

Washington, 1977, p. 5.

2. Tennekes, H., The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Phys. Today, Jan. 1974.

3. Liepmann, H. W., The Rise and Fall of Ideas in Turbulence, American

Scientist, vol. 67, March 1979.

4. Tennekes, H., and Lumley, J., A First Course in Turbulence , The MIT

Press, Cambridge, MA, 1972, p. 28.

5. Laufer, J., New Trends in Experimental Turbulence Research, Annual

Review of Fluid Mechanics , vol. 7, 1975, p. 307.

6. Cantwell, B. J., Organized Motion in Turbulent Flow, Annual Review

of Fluid Mechanics , vol. 13, 1981, p. 457.

7. Broadwell, J. E. , and Breidenthal, R. E., A Simple Model of Mixing and

Chemical Reaction in a Turbulent Shear Layer, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 125,

1982, p. 397.

8. Blackwelder, R. F. , and Kaplan, R. E., On the Wall Structure of the

Turbulent Boundary Layer, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 76, 1976, p. 89.

9. Subramanian, C. S. , et al.. Comparison of Conditional Sampling and

Averaging Techniques in a Turbulent Boundary Layer, J. Fluid Mech.

vol. 123, 1982, p. 335.

26
10. Wallace, J. M., Brodkey, R. S., and Eckelmann, H., Pattern-recognized

Structures in Bounded Turbulent Shear Flows, J. Fluid Mech. vol. 83,

1977, p. 673.

11. Corke, T. , and Nagib, H. , Discrimination of Coherent Features in

Regular and Manipulated Turbulent Boundary Layers, Drag Reduction

Symposium, 1982.

12.. Frenkiel, F. N., and Klebanoff, P. S., Statistical Properties of

Velocity Derivatives in a Turbulent Field, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 48,

1971, p. 183.

13. Purtell, L. P., and Klebanoff, P. S., A Low Velocity Airflow

Calibration and Research Facility, NBS Tech. Note No. 989, 1979.

14. Hinze, J. 0., Turbulence , 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, NY, 1975, pp. 83-134.

15. Comte-Bellot, G. , Hot-wire and Hot-film Anemometers, in Measurement

of Unsteady Fluid Dynamics Phenomena , B. E. Richards, ed., McGrawHill, NY, 1977, pp. 123-162.

16. Blackwelder, R. F., Hot-wire and Hot-film Anemometers, in Methods

of Experimental Physics , V.18, Part A, R. J. Emrich, ed. , Academic

Press, NY, 1981, pp. 259-315.

17. Hinze, J. 0., op. cit., pp. 135-139.

18. Drubka, R. E. , and Wlezien, R. W. , Efficient Velocity Calibration and

Yaw-Relation Truncation Errors in Hot-wire Measurements of Turbulence,

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, vol. 24, no. 8, October 1979,

19. Programs for Digital Signal Processing , W. R. Crone, ed., IEEE Press,

NY, 1979.

27
NBS-n4A (REV. 2-8CI U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBS IN 1181

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

November 1983

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A High-Speed Data Acquisition System for Fluid Mechanics Measurements

5. AUTHOR(S)

L. P. Purtell

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other thon NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State. ZIP)

Same as in item 6 above.

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

[ I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached. H. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summory of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

The requirements, characteristics, and performance of a minicomputer-based data

acquisition and analysis system suitable for research in fluid mechanics processes

are presented. The particularly stringent requirements imposed by unsteady and

turbulent flows are discussed including estimates of the required data

acquisition rates and durations.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

data acquisition; fluid mechanics; hot-wire anemometry; measurement; minicomputers;

turbulence.

13. AVAILABILITY

[23 Unlimited

I I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[~^ Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

\2Z\ Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

31

15. Price

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80

O U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1983—421-997/5230

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