NBS

A 11 ID 4 2 3 0 7 b

PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 79-1706

CSA Weatherization Demonstration

Project Plan

Richard Crenshaw

Roy Clark

Robert Chapman

Richard Grot

McClure Godette

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

March 1979

Sponsored by

''ommunity Services Administration

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ashington, D.C. 20506

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79-1706

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NBSIR 79-1706

CSA WEATHERIZATION DEMONSTRATION

PROJECT PLAN

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Richard Crenshaw

Roy Clark

Robert Chapman

Richard Grot

McClure Godette

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

March 1979

Sponsored by

Community Services Administration

1 200 1 9th Street, NW

Washington, D.C. 20506

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1 DEMONSTRATION DESIGN 3 SELECTION OF DEMONSTRATION SITES 5 ACQUISITION OF DESCRIPTIVE DATA ON DEMONSTRATION HOMES 5 IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND MECHANICAL OPTIONS 8

CALCULATION OF HEATING BALANCE POINT OF EACH HOUSE 9

SELECTION OF DEMONSTRATION HOMES 10

INSTALLATION OF UTILITY METERS AND THERMOMETERS 11

SELECTION OF MECHANICAL OPTIONS 12

SELECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS 16

INSTALLATION OF WEATHERIZATION OPTIONS 25

MONITORING COSTS OF OPTIONS DURING INSTALLATION ... 25

COLLECTION OF UTILITY DATA 32

COLLECTION OF BUILDING DIMENSIONS 33

RECORDING OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS ... 33

TESTING OF BUILDING ENVELOPE 34

RE-TESTING OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM 36

ANALYZING COLLECTED DATA 37

DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS 48

APPENDIX A Installation of Utility Meters and Thermometers. ... 41

APPENDIX 8 Instructions for Testing Mechanical Systems 42

APPENDIX C Calculations for Mechanical Options 5 4

APPENDIX D First Cost Pricing Assumptions .' 60

APPENDIX E Calculations for Architectural Options 64

APPENDIX F Building Measurements for Thermal Analysis 69

REFERENCES 7 2

iii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

PAGE

Figure 1 - Selected Sites for Demonstration 2 Figure 2 - Proposed Sites for Demonstration 6 Figure 3 - Sample Balance Point Graph 10

Figure 4 - Mechanical Options Selection Worksheet 14

Figure 5 - Optimal Level of Investment 17

Figure 6 - Life-Cycle Costs of Architectural Options Work Sheets. . 21

Figure 7 - Required Cost Data 27

Figure 8 - Dwelling Unit Cost Data Form 28

Figure 9 - Indirect Labor Costs Data Form 30

Table 1 - Estimates of the Frequency of Replacement of Several

Mechanical Options to Achieve a 20-Year Physical Life. . 13

Table 2 - Factors to Be Considered in Evaluating and Predicting

the Life of Building Materials 19

Table 3 - Estimates of the Frequency of Replacement of Several

Architectural Options to Achieve a 20-Year Physical

Life . 20

Table 4 - Real Rates of Fuel Price Escalation Used in Economic

Analyses 24
CONVERSION TO SI UNITS

In view of the present accepted practice in this technological area,

U.S. customary units have been used throughout this report. It should

be noted that the United States is a signatory to the General Conference

on Weights and Measures which gave official status to the International

Systems of Units (SI) —the modern metric system—in 1960.

Readers interested in making use of the coherent SI units will find

conversion factors in ASTM E380-76r

, "Standard for Metric Practice,"

and ANSI/ASTM E621-78, "Standard Practice for the Use of Metric (SI)

Units in Building Design and Construction," available from the American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA

19103.

Conversion factors for units used in this paper are listed below. The

use of an asterisk (*) behind a unit denotes an exact conversion.

Length

1 in 25.4 millimeters (mm)*

1 ft = 0.3048 meter (m)*

Area

1 ft 2 = 0.0929 square meter (m 2

)

Volume

1 ft 2 = 0.0283 cubic meter (m 2

) 1 gal = 3.785 liters (L)

Energy

1 Btu (Int. Table) = 1.055 kilojoules (kJ)

1 therm (100,000 Btu) = 105.5 megajoules (MJ)

Energy Flow Rates

1 Btu/ (f

t

2 ‘hr * °F) = 5.678 watts per square meter kelvin

(W/m2 *K)--U-value

1 Btu/(ft 2 *yr) = 27.63 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m 2

) 1 Btu/(ft‘yr) = 783 watts per meter (W/m)

Energy Flow Resistance

1 °F*h*ft 2 /Btu = 0.176 square meter kelvin per watt (m 2, K/W)

R-va lue

Volume Rate of Flow

1 ft 2 /h = 0.0079 liter per second (L/s)

Temperature Interval

1°F = 0.556 degree Celsius ( °C) or kelvin (K)

v
Equivalent Temperature Value

° F = 0.556°C + 32

Accumulated

1 TD

Temperature Deficiency—Degree Day

(at [base temp.] °F) = 0.556 DD (at

temp.] °C)

[equivalent base

%
ABSTRACT

This report comprises the plan of a research and demonstration effort

to determine the fraction of energy that may be saved by installing

weatherization retrofits in poor peoples’ homes throughout the

United States. Two broad groups of weatherization retrofits are considered for application in each dwelling: 1) "architectural,"

those affecting the building shell; and 2) "mechanical,” those

affecting space heating and service hot water systems. The optimum

combination of weatherization options is defined as that set of

retrofits which maximizes net savings (the difference between savings

in fuel usage and the cost of the retrofits) over 20 years for a particular house and climatic environment. The retrofits will be

selected through present-value benefit/cost analysis. The savings

will be established through analysis of utility billings and fuel

delivery records before and after weatherization. The report presents

the background of the demonstration, the research tasks associated

with the demonstration, a description of the diagnostic tests to be

used, the rationale for economic decisions, the tests for evaluating

mechanical systems, and the calculation methods used in selecting

architectural options.

Key words: Community Services Administration; heating balance

point analysis; low-income residences; marginal cost/

benefit analysis in weatherization; optimum weatherization

retrofit combinations; thermal analysis of residences

vii

1. INTRODUCTION

The Community Services Administration (CSA), in order to better evaluate

how it might best help low-income families cope with the high and

increasing costs of energy, wants to know the maximum dollars that

can be saved through weatherization of the homes occupied by the poor

in all parts of the United States. Information about optimal weatherization of such homes and the energy-saving results will allow CSA to:

1) more effectively distribute Federal funds across the country,

2) avoid the extra expenses incurred by going back to houses for additional weatherization, 3) predict the savings in fuel and money that can be achieved by the weatherization program, and 4) consider initiating a loan program as a source of additional money for weatherization. Because wide variation has been observed between calculated and

field measured data on possible energy savings, CSA is conducting a national demonstration and research project to determine energy savings

through cost effective weatherization of low-income homes. This demonstration, addresses three areas of residential energy use: 1 - the

building space heating load; 2 - the operation of the building space

heating system; and 3 - the operation of the service hot water system.

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has designed the experimental

plan and will provide technical support to this demonstration. This

support will include selecting demonstration sites, individual homes

and weatherization options; planning and supervising the collection of

various kinds of data from the demonstration homes before and after

weatherization; and analyzing the data and evaluating the homes in

relation to that data. Utility bills and meter readings for the individual homes will be the basic measure used to evaluate energy savings.

Although the project will provide CSA with the best data available

on energy savings through applying energy conservation to existing

buildings, its main contribution may be the methods it presents for

monitoring and evaluating weatherized houses. With these methods CSA

and other agencies could develop the capability to improve the data

collected by this project and evaluate new energy conserving techniques

as they are proposed.

In FY 78, CSA/NBS field tested this experimental plan in one of the

16 (see Figure 1) site cities — Portland, Maine. In FY79, CSA/NBS

intend to evaluate the cost effectiveness of weatherization in Portland

and, using the experience gained in Portland, to weatherize homes and

evaluate the cost effectiveness of weatherization in the other fifteen

cities

.

Two questions will be answered by this demonstration. First, what is

the typical energy consumption, in Btu's per square foot, of unweatherized and optimally weatherized homes in various climates? Second,

what are the savings, expressed as a percent, that can be expected

from optimally weatherizing low-income homes? The answer to the first

question will be very useful in estimating the minimum energy use achievable in a given type of dwelling in a given climate zone using a cost

effective package of architecture and mechanical options. The answer
SELECTED

SITES

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DEMONSTRATION

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to the second will be useful for understanding the range of expected

savings that can be achieved by installing a cost effective package

of architectural and mechanical options, independent of behavioral and

other variables.

Energy consumption after weatherization will be measured by reading

fuel meters. Energy consumption for two years before weatherization

will be obtained from existing utility records. By comparing energy

consumption records before and after weatherization, as well as across houses, reliable estimates of the change in energy consumption as a result of weatherization will be obtained. Variation across houses in

the same climate will be initially explained through differences in

floor area, balance point, orientation, and occupant activities. If

these factors are unable to explain variations in energy consumption,

more detailed studies on infiltration, amount of glass area, temperature

distribution, heating system operations, and conductive heat losses

will be conducted.

2. DEMONSTRATION DESIGN

The NBS/CSA demonstration will install "optimum" weatherization in sev- eral houses in each climate zone and measure the energy consumption

of those houses before and after weatherization. The selection of

sites, houses, and weatherization options, and the analysis data will

be done by NBS. The installation of the options and the collection

of data will be done by local community action agencies.

The houses to be employed for the demonstration will be selected from

houses proposed by local community action agencies (CAA). The houses

proposed are to meet a broad set of criteria. (The criteria are listed on pp. 5 and 7.) In order to select the set of demonstration houses,

NBS will evaluate the characteristics of each house and the accuracy

of the submitted fuel data. The fuel use records will be analyzed

by plotting fuel consumption against degree days and finding the bestfit regression line by letting the heating balance point parameter

"float." (The balance point analysis is discussed on pp. 9-10.)

Once the houses have been selected by NBS, the local community action

agencies will be sent a list of the demonstration houses and instructed

to find a local heating contractor to install meters and thermometers

and to perform mechanical tests on the heating and hot water systems.

After installation of the instruments, reading of fuel meters and

thermometers will start as soon as possible.

When the results of this testing have been received at NBS, architectural and mechanical options will be selected. (The options being

considered in the demonstration are listed on pp. 8 and 9.) The

architectural options will be selected on a house-by-house basis,

depending on the type of fuel used for heating the house and the annual

degree days (computed on a base of 65°F) for that climate.

3
Optimization of weatherization will be achieved through the use of

marginal analysis, which examines the incremental savings and costs

of each level of implementation of an option in order to determine

the level that will result in the greatest net savings (savings minus

cost). The length of the study period over which the marginal analysis

will be conducted is 20 years. In order to insure that a weatherization

investment will not place undue financial burdens on the homeowner,

a payback constraint is imposed. Eleven years was selected for the

payback period, since CSA hopes to institute a loan program and this

time period is consistent with the term of usual renovation loans.

It is important to point out that the 11-year payback constraint is

applied only to the aggregate level of weatherization for each option,

not to each increment of that option. In this sense the payback con- straint can be thought of as being directly analogous to a physical

barrier. (For example, R19 might be the theoretical optimal level

of wall insulation over 20 years, but if only Rl 1 will pay for itself

in 11 years, only Rl 1 would be installed.)

The mechanical options will also be selected on a house-by-house basis.

Based on an evaluation of the mechanical systems tests, a list of options

will be made for each house, with the options ranked on the basis of generally accepted savings associated with each option. Using this list, a combination of options will be selected which will raise the seasonal

efficiency of the heating system from the measured value to 65 percent

for oil, 70 percent for gas, and 100 percent for electricity. The selection of mechanical options differs from the selection of the architectural

options in that each mechanical option constitutes an increment. Thus

each mechanical option is assessed incrementally, using a 20-year life

cycle. The whole set of options for the mechanical system of a house is

then tested against the 11-year payback constraint.

Once the options have been selected by b^ NBS, they will be installed by

the local CAA, using contracted and CETA labor. It will be the local

CAA's responsibility, with guidance from CSA/NBS, to make sure that

the options are installed using appropriate materials and methods of

installation. Local CAA's will also be responsible for inspecting each

house to identify and remedy any fire or health hazards, or potential

code violations, before any options are installed.

Cost data will be collected by local CAA's while the options are being

installed. (This phase of the demonstration is discussed on pp. 27-34.)

Various other types of data on the building and its occupants will also

be collected by local CAA's (these are described on pp. 34 to 36.)

When all of the data have been received, NBS will calculate the savings

achieved in the demonstration, and make recommendations for further

* The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act provides Federal funding

to support various types of public-service jobs (for formerly unemployed

workers). Labor underwritten with these funds carries out much of the

weatherization work organized by CAAs.

4
testing if required to explain variations in the results. When such

tests have been performed and data collected from them, the preliminary findings of the demonstration will be re-evaluated, and recommendations made to CSA for optimizing weather ization throughout the continental United States.

3. SELECTION OF DEMONSTRATION STIES

The sites for the demonstration were selected by NBS based on climate.

This is considered the major variable in residence energy consumption,

so it was removed as a variable from the demonstration by proposing

demonstrations in a variety of climates. The climates selected represent all of the important inhabited climates of the United States.

They were selected on the basis of the climatic parameters which are important to building energy consumption, including temperature, humidity, sunlight and wind. A map which divides the country into 11 zones

of 1000 heating degree day widths was used as a base map. Subdivisions

within the degree day zones were then made, based on classification systems which consider other climatic variables (Ref 4). The availability

of climate data was also a consideration. From this study, the cities

shown in Figure 2 (p. 6) were proposed to Regional CSA offices as sites

for the demonstration.

Some of these cities were not able to meet program requirements of the

demonstration, such as being able to install the options in a short

period of time. As a result, the 16 Cities in Figure 1 (p. 2) were finally selected.

4. ACQUISITION OF DESCRIPTIVE DATA ON DEMONSTRATION HOMES

A local CAA in each of the 16 cities selected as a site was requested

to submit to NBS data on 27 to 50 homes which met the following criteria

and from which demonstration homes could be selected by NBS:

1. All homes should be simple rectangular or square homes. Twothirds of them could have unheated porches or spaces attached to them.

2. The homes should comprise an even distribution of:

a) Building Types: one-story detached, two-story detached,

and two or three-story attached.

b) Construction Types: wood, 8" masonry or adobe, and masonry

veneer.

c) Heating Systems: central hot water, central hot air and

space heaters.

5
PROPOSED

SITES

FOR

DEMONSTRATION

6

AIA

CLIMATIC

SUMMARY

AVAILABLE.
3. The homes should represent a variety of periods in history.

At least two should have been built before World War I, two between

World War 1 and World War II and two after World War II.

4. All homes should be in reasonable condition, i.e., roof waterproof, doors in place, mechanical systems in working condition, etc.

5. All homes should have an accurate way of measuring fuel con- sumption on a weekly basis.

6. All homes should not have had any major changes made to the

shell or mechanical system since April 1975.

7. All homes should have had the same occupant since April 1975.

8. The homes should include a variety of occupants and household

characteristics that are typical of the locale, including variations

in size of family, age of occupants, ethnic origin of household members,

etc

.

Sample buildings of any types not covered by the specific criteria were also requested. The following information was requested for each house:

1. A complete and accurately prepared Building Weatherization Plan

(CSA Form No. 116 RQ 305).

2. Certification that the household is program eligible.

3. Photographs of all sides of the building.

4. Utility bills (water, gas, oil, electricity, wood, etc.) since

April 1975 and authorization to obtain access to future records of

energy consumption.

5. Authorization from occupants to make extensive measurements and

administer questionnaires.

6. The location of the house shown on a typical gas station road

map

.

7. A summary on one sheet of how the houses met the various

requirements of the demonstration.

The local CAA's at the demonstration sites were also asked to submit

fuel bills typical of their area, and to assure NBS and CSA that they

could install the weatherization options within six weeks after they were given the go-ahead.

7
5.

IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND MECHANICAL OPTIONS

Based on experience in Chicago with Multi-family Weather ization (Ref. 2)

and a search of the literature for viable weatherization options for

low-income housing, the following options were chosen by NBS and approved

by CSA for consideration in the demonstration.

5.1 ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS

5.1.1 Infiltration

1. Replace broken glass

2. Reset glazing in windows

3. Replace threshold

4. Seal structural cracks

5. Weatherstrip windows

6. Caulk windows

7. Weatherstrip doors

8. Caulk doors

9. Weatherstrip attic hatch

Windows

10. Install storm windows

11. Install insulating drapes (R = 1.14)

12. Install insulating shutters (R = 7.8)

13. Install low emissivity films

14. Install triple glazing

Doors

15. Install storm door

16. Install second wood door (R = 2.18)

17. Replace exterior door with insulating door (R = 6)

Insulation

18. Install attic insulation (R = 11, 19, 30, 38)

19. Install wall insulation (R = 11+ vapor barrier where

possible)

20. Install first floor insulation (R = 19, 30)

21. Install carpet on floor

22. Install basement wall insulation (R = 7)

23. Install perimeter slab insulation

5.2 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS OPTIONS

5.2.1

Furnace

1. Install flue or vent damper

2. Install flue or vent restrictor

8
3. Install electronic ignition

4. Install two-stage gas valve

5. Derate furnace - reduce orifice or nozzle size and install

diverter

6. Replace burner

7. Replace furnace (change distribution system when required)

5.2.2 Distribution & Control System

8. Insulate ducts and pipes

9. Install reflectors behind radiators

10. Install night setback thermostat

11. Relocate thermostat

5.2.3 Hot Water Heater

12. Insulate water heater

13. Replace water heater

14. Reduce temperature setting on water heater

15. Install flow restrictor on shower

16. Install timer on electric water heaters

6. CALCULATION OF HEATING BALANCE POINT OF EACH HOUSE

The heating balance point (average outside temperature in °F at which

heating system comes on to maintain the interior thermostat setting)

and the K-factor (rate at which the house consumes energy in Btu/degree

day) will be determined by NBS for each house in the demonstration,

before and after weatherization, by applying standard correlation

and regression techniques to fuel consumption and weather data. Given

this data, the set of measures of fuel consumption can be plotted

against local degree days for the respective time periods. Different

balance points result in different degree day totals for any periods

having days with temperatures below the balance point. By finding the

balance point that produces the best "fit” of a straight line to a fuel use temperature data plot, we have a very good measure of space heating

fuel consumption for a house. (Ref. 3.) We can also most accurately

calculate the expected fuel consumption of the house for other time

periods, from the temperature data for such time periods, provided the

other variables associated with energy consumption, such as construction and thermostat setting, remain constant. Base temperatures from

45°F to 85°F will be evaluated in this project, to determine which gives

the best fit. Figure 3 (p. 10) is a sample computer printout of a balance point calculation. In this figure, T

Q is the balance point of

the house, B, is the slope or K-factor of the best fit line (least

squares line), and B

Q is the base load per degree day or that portion

of the fuel consumption which can not be attributed to weather variations (including, in the sample case, the heating of service hot water

through a "tankless coil" in the furnace).

9
Sample Balance Point Graph

FIGURE 3

By making these same balance point calculations before and after optimum

weather ization, and normalizing these results for differences in degree

days between the two sets of data, NBS will be able to calculate the

energy savings achieved through optimum weatherization.

7. SELECTION OF DEMONSTRATION HOMES

From the list of homes proposed by the local CAA's, NBS will select

the demonstration sample houses. Houses for the demonstration will be

selected, first of all, on the accuracy of their submitted fuel data;

secondly, on their representation of a broad range of the variables

which affect energy consumption; and thirdly, on having been occupied

by the same family since April, 1975. The accuracy of the fuel data

will be examined using the regression ("best fit") calculations previously described. The broad range of variables, other than climate,

which affect energy consumption have been identified as: building size,

construction type, building type, building shape, building age, percent

of wall area in glass, orientation, and occupant behavior.

10
Some of these variables are expected to vary naturally across a sample

of 27 to 50 homes at each site, other variables will be restricted,

while still other variables will require an effort to insure that a natural range of variation for low-income housing is included in the

sample. Orientation, size, glass area, and occupant behavior are variables which are expected to show sufficient natural variation. Building

shape is a variable which will be limited to simple rectangular buildings with unheated porches or appendages. The distribution of building

types, construction types, age and heating system types are variables

which will have to be controlled. In order to control this distribution, local CSA groups will be asked for a sample of five houses of each

building-type construction-type combination, two houses of each age category, and an even distribution of heating systems that are typical of

each site. The building types requested will be one-story detached,

two-story detached, and two and three-story attached. The construction

types requested will be frame, masonry or adobe, and brick veneer. The

age categories requested will be pre-World War I, World War I to World

War II and postWorld War II. The heating systems sampled will be forced

air, gravity air, space heaters, hot water and steam.

8. INSTALLATION OF UTILITY METERS AND THERMOMETERS

Meters, thermometers and other measuring devices will have to be

installed in the demonstration homes by CSA according to NBS specifications. These will be installed as early as possible, so that detailed

data both before and after weatherization can be collected.

The type of meters installed will depend on the type of fuel used for

space heating and domestic hot water in each house. All furnaces or space heaters will have a run time meter and a cycle counter installed,

in order to determine the total amount of time the furnace or space

heater is operating and the number of times it cycles on and off. On

gas and electric furnaces or space heaters, an appropriate utility meter

will be installed in order to read the total amount of energy consumed

for space heating. In houses with propane or bottled gas, a gas meter

will be installed between the gas tank and the furnace.

It should be noted that for bottled gas and oil, the data on the past

two years usage will be limited to measurements made by delivery truck

meters when the storage tanks were filled completely, while measurements

of natural gas and electricity consumption will be available from monthly

or bimonthly readings of the utility meters. Data of both types should

continue to be available during the demonstration.

In order to get accurate information on indoor temperatures and humidity,

additional measurements will be made. Dry bulb thermometers should be

installed near the center of the house on each floor including the basement. A sling psychrometer (wet and dry bulb thermometers) will be used

11
by the local CSA coordinator to determine the humidity in the house when

making weekly site visits.

In order to assess the effectiveness of the weatherization options

related to reducing the energy required for water heating, a gas or electric meter will be installed on the water heater and a water meter

will be installed on the cold water supply to the heater. Requirements

for the installation of these meters are listed in Appendix A.

9. SELECTION OF MECHANICAL OPTIONS

The types of mechanical options which are being considered by NBS for

installation in each weatherized house can be classified as those that

affect a) the control system, b) the efficiency of the furnace, c) the

efficiency of the heat distribution system and d) the efficiency of the

domestic hot water service. The mechanical options intrinsically differ

from the architectural options. First, the cost of installing the option

is usually load independent, while the savings produced are dependent on

the dwelling heating load or the hot water consumption. Secondly, the

amount of savings that can be obtained from most mechanical options

depends on the existing condition of the mechanical system. Therefore,

it is not possible for NBS to predict the savings that would result from

installing various mechanical options unless the present efficiency of

the heating system is known.

9.1 MECHANICAL OPTIONS

Before mechanical options are selected, the heating system in each house

is tested and cleaned (as described in Appendix B). At this time the

furnace is tuned, the distribution system balanced, non-functioning

traps, flow valves and air valves replaced, and a barometric damper is

installed as required. The mechanical options listed on pages 8,9 are beyond this basic service, and will be selectively implemented where

economically justified, contingent also on their being in compliance

with state and/or local codes or a code variance, as determined by

local CAA's.

In order to simplify the selection process, the architectural options

and the mechanical options have been separated. This is acceptable as long as optimum weatherization is defined as that combination of

architectural and mechanical options which results in the greatest net

dollar savings over the life cycle (i.e., which produces a marginal

benefit/marginal cost ratio equal to one). The two types of options

can initially be dealt with separately, by assuming a conservative

overall mechanical efficiency of 65% for oil, 70% for gas, 100% for

electricity in doing the calculations to select architectural options,

and assuming a 50% reduction in building load when selecting the

mechanical options. However, in the analysis for final option

selection, actual estimates of equipment efficiency and heating load

will be used.

12
Figure 4 presents a worksheet used for displaying the costs and savings

associated with various options. The method of calculating the percentage of savings associated with each option is presented in Appendix C.

Some of the mechanical options may not have a 20-year physical life. In

order to make the present costs of all the options compatible with an assumption of a 20-year life, the first costs of the options must be

adjusted to reflect the present value of costs of any replacements

needed within a 20-year period according to the values listed in Table

1. Options not listed in Table 1 are not expected to require replacement

before the 21st year. The replacement assumptions listed in Table 1 will be included in the present cost estimates, using a 6% real discount

rate. A zero real price increase in the cost of the mechanical options

will be assumed.

Based on the equations in Appendix C and the data on replacement frequencies in Table 1, savings and costs associated with each mechanical

option are calculated. The approach used in selecting the mechanical

options requires that each option be able to pay for itself in 20 years

(recall that the mechanical options are treated as increments) and the

complete set of mechanical options pay for itself in 1 1 years.

13
MECHANICAL OPTION SELECTION WORKSHEET

COST/SAVINGS

FIGURE 4

14
TABLE 1

ESTIMATES OF THE FREQUENCY OF REPLACEMENT OF SEVERAL

MECHANICAL OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE A 20-YEAR PHYSICAL LIFE

Options Not Having 20-Year Life Replacement Estimate

Flue or Vent Damper Replace Full Cost with Furnace

Flue or Vent Restrictor Replace with Furance

Electronic Ignition Replace with Furnace

Two Stage Gas Valve Replace at End of 15th Year

Gas Furnace Replace at End of 15th Year

Oil Furnace Replace at End of 10th Year

Electric Warm Air Furance Replace at End of 15th Year

Water Heater Replace at End of 10th Year

Water Heater Timer Replace with Heater

Water Heater Insulation Replace with Heater

Shower Flow Restrictor Replace at End of 10th Year

Burner Replace with Furnace

9 .2 SELECTION OF HEATING SYSTEM-RELATED OPTIONS

In order to decide what heating system options are to be installed in a given house, the tests will be performed and the efficiency of the exist

ing system will be determined. A local heating contractor will have to

be approved by NBS and hired to perform the tests. Each option that can

be added to the existing system is then assigned a percentage efficiency

improvement value (EIV) based on the efficiency of the existing system.

The efficiency improvement value is multiplied by the present load of

the building reduced by 50% to allow for architectural retrofit, and the

energy savings determined. These are in turn multiplied by the (present

value) fuel cost over 11 years and compared to the cost of the option.

15
The resulting list of possible options for each house will be ranked by

efficiency improvement values, with the largest EIV first. Working down

from the top of the list, options will be selected until the reduced

load on which successive options are calculated is no longer large

enough to support the cost of that option over 20 years.

t h Thus the savings, S. accrued by applying the j mechanical option

are calculated by tne relation:

Sj - Nj-Fj.,

where

and

F

i = Vi - s

i = (1 - V F i-1

Fq " -5F

( 1 )

where F is the annual fuel cost for the space heating from preweatherization fuel brills and N^ is the percentage of savings

attributed to the j numbered option.

Equations and assumptions to be used for calculating the N^s are shown

in Appendix C

.

9 . 3 SELECTION OF WATER HEATER-RELATED MECHANICAL OPTIONS

The water heater is the second largest energy user in a typical residence without air conditioning. In some dwellings in which electricity

is used for water heating, the amount of money annually spent to heat

water may actually exceed the annual expenditure for space heating.

The types of water heaters considered in the demonstration are individually-fueled gas, electric, or oil, storage-type water heaters, and

water heaters integral with a gas or oil furnace, either of the tankless

coil type or with a small storage tank (aquaboosters) . See Appendix B for a description of the tests to be carried out on existing water

heaters. Methodologies for selecting water heater options are presented

in Appendix C.

10. SELECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS

Since a major objective of the demonstration program is to demonstrate

maximum energy savings per dollar spent, NBS will select architectural

options by weighing future energy savings against costs, using a lifecycle benefit/cost analysis approach. This approach permits the identification of not only those weatherization options which are cost

effective, but also that level of weatherization which is optimal (i.e.

,

will give the greatest return in saved fuel costs for the dollars spent

on weatherizing) . The basic approach is simple and straightforward.

Where various levels of an option are feasible (e.g., insulation), we intend to maximize the net savings over a 20-year life cycle, associated

with that type of architectural option. (Net savings is equal to total

16
savings minus total costs.) The principle is illustrated, for various

levels of insulation, in Figure 5.

In the figure, the total cost curve, TC, rises steadily as more units

of heat-flow resistance are installed. It can be seen that the first

resistance units are the most expensive, due to high start-up costs

(set up, labor, equipment, etc.). The total savings curve, TS, first

rises quickly and then levels off. This is due to the fact that heat

flows are inversely related to the number of units of resistance. Both curves are based on an assumed life cycle, over which both savings

and costs are calculated (a 20-year life cycle is being used in the

demonstration program analysis). Notice that the two curves intersect

at levels and R

2 of resistance.

OPTIMAL LEVEL OF INVESTMENT

FIGURE 5

At all levels of resistance less than R^ the total cost of the option

exceeds its life-cycle energy savings. Similarly, at all levels of

resistance above R« total cost exceeds life-cycle energy savings.

Therefore, the number of units of resistance to be installed will have

to be between R-^ and R

2 if it is to pay for itself over the life cycle.

Clearly the number of years it will take for the option to pay for

itself will depend on how many resistance units between Rj and R

2 are installed. Generally speaking, the first units above R^ will pay for

themselves fastest. Although there are many levels of investment which

pay for themselves, there is only one optimum. The optimum is the point

at which net savings are maximized, R

t

. Graphically, it is the point

where the slope of the total savings curve is equal to the slope of the

total cost curve. (By differentiating both the total cost and the total

savings functions, the mathematical requirement for maximizing net sav- ings is obtained — that is, marginal cost equals marginal savings.)

In order to determine the optimal level of investment in an architectural option, the following information is needed:

17
1 . The life-cycle cost of the architectural option

2. Average annual energy savings from the architectural option

3. Current fuel costs

4. The present value factor for future energy savings over the

life cycle.

10.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST OF ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS

10.1.1 First Costs

Attached to this section are the life-cycle cost work sheet (Figure 6),

and the assumptions for a life cycle of 20 years. The first cost

pricing assumptions for selecting the optimum combinations of weatherization options are in Appendix D. The data for first cost will be

collected from a variety of sources, including local CAA's, Building

Weatherization Data Sheets (CSA Form 481), construction suppliers'

catalogues, department store catalogues and the 1977 Means Building

Construction Cost Data guide. The cost data will be broken down into

a component for labor and a component for materials.

Two sets of cost estimates will be developed. The first will be based on the assumption that the weatherization options are installed by the

local Community Action group. The second set will assume that the

weatherization options are installed by a commercial building contractor.

The cost of "preparing" an unusual condition prior to installing a weatherization option is not considered in selecting optimum combinations

of weatherization options for the demonstration.

This cost will be included in an analysis of the cost data generated by

actual demonstration weatherization.

10.1.2 Assumptions For A Life-Cycle of 20 Years

Some of the architectural options are not expected to have a 20-year

physical life. In order to make the present costs of all the options

compatible with the assumption of a 20-year life, the first costs of

the options must be adjusted to reflect the present value of costs of

any replacements needed within a 20-year period. In order to make estimates of the likely needs for replacement of options, the expected life

of the various options has been evaluated, using the factors listed in

Table 2. A materials technologist has reviewed published literature,

surveyed other authorities in the field and referenced existing standards

to develop the frequency of replacement estimates listed in Table 3.

Those options not listed in Table 3 are not expected to require any

replacement before the 21st year. The replacement assumptions listed

in Table 3 will be included in the present cost estimates, using a 6%

real discount rate. A zero real price increase in the cost of the

18
TABLE 2

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN EVALUATING AND PREDICTING

THE LIFE OF BUILDING MATERIALS

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

:

Moisture

High temperature

Low temperature

Cycling conditions

Pollution

Mold

Occupant Exposure

Solar radiation

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:

Hardness

Strength

Flexibility

Permeability

Acidity

Alkalinity

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

Resist ultraviolet radiation

Insulate

Resist impact

Open, close

Resist abrasion

Resist corrosive environments

Expand - contract

19
architectural options will be assumed. Option costs, with necessary

replacements factored in, will be summarized on the form shown as Figure 6.

TABLE 3

ESTIMATES OF THE FREQUENCY OF REPLACEMENT OF SEVERAL

ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE A 20 YEAR PHYSICAL LIFE

OPTIONS NOT HAVING

20 YEAR PHYSICAL LIFE

REPLACEMENT ESTIMATE

Replace broken glass Replace 2.5% of glass area at end of 10th

year.

Reset glazing Replace 10% of glazing at end of 10th year.

Low emissivity film Replace 100% of film at years 9 and 18.

Weatherstrip windows Replace 25% of weatherstripping at end of

10th year.

Caulk windows Replace 25% of caulking at end of years 8

and 16 .

Insulating drapes Replace 100% of drapes at end of year 10.

Storm door Replace 25% of door cost at end of year 10.

Weatherstrip doors Replace 25% of weatherstripping at end of

years 5, 10, and 15.

Caulk doors Replace 50% of the caulking at the end of

the 10th year.

Replace threshold Replace 100% of the threshold at the end of

the 10th year.

Attic insulation Replace 25% of blown-in insulation at end of

15th year.

Weatherstrip attic hatch Replace 100% at end of 15th year.

Carpet floor Replace 100% at end of years 7 and 1A

20
FIGURE 6

LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS WORKSHEET

(ASSUMES A 6% REAL DISCOUNT RATE)

11 YEAR 20 YEAR

ARCHITECTURAL INSTALLED CONTRACTOR INSTALLED CONTRACTOR

BY CAA INSTALLED BY CAA INSTALLED

Replace Broken Glass in Window

Reset Glazing In Window

Install New Threshold

Seal Up Structural Cracks Masonry

Seal Up Structural Cracks Wood or Asbestos

Seal Up Structural Cracks Veneer Weatherstrip Window

Caulk Window

Weatherstrip Exterior Door Caulk Exterior Door Weatherstrip Attic Hatch

Install Standard Storm Window

Install Plastic Storm Window

Install Insulating Drape

Install Insulating Shutter

Install Low Emissivity Films

Install Standard Triple Glazing

Install Plastic Triple Glazing

Install Storm Door Install 2nd Wood Door Replace Exterior Door W/Insulating Door Install - Attic Insulation (R * 19)

Install - Attic Insulation (R 30)

Install - Attic Insulation (R 38)

Install Wall Insulation Masonry Wall —

Interior (R 11)

Install Wall Insulation Masonry Wall —

Exterior (R » 11)

Install Wall Insulation Wood Frame (R - 11)

Install Wall Insulation Veneer Wall (R 11)

Install - Floor Insulation (R * 19)

Install - Floor Insulation (R 30)

Carpet Floor

Install Basement Wall Insulation

Install Perimeter Slab Insulation

21
10.2

ANNUAL ENERGY SAVINGS OF ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS

Several methods may be used to calculate the reduction in energy use (actually, the decrease in building thermal load) that can be achieved

with the various weather ization options. Of these, three have been considered: use of the BLAST computer program (Ref. 4), the NBSLD computer

program (Ref. 5), or the standard ASHRAE degree-day calculations

(Ref. 6). From these, ASHRAE degree-day calculations have been selected

as a means of calculating savings associated with individual architectural options, and the BLAST computer program has been selected to calculate savings associated with combinations of options. However, a number

of problems have been encountered with BLAST which still need to be

resolved before BLAST can be used satisfactorily for the demonstration.

Types of problems that must be resolved are: 1) "bugs" in the program

that is, the program does not perform as its original programmer

intended; 2) selection of proper input data—for example, how thick

should the earth be between basement floor and a fixed ground temperature; 3) inadequacies in the program—for example, no building energy

analysis program properly handles managed drapes. Nevertheless, no other

valid way of calculating the effect of combinations of options is known,

and BLAST is the best choice from existing programs. If the program

is not running properly when required by this project, architectural

options will be selected on the basis of their ASHRAE calculations and

the effects of combinations of options will have to be evaluated in the

demonstration. See Appendix E for the ASHRAE calculations which may be

used to estimate energy savings.

10.3 FUEL COST

In order to convert energy savings expressed in Btus to dollars, information on the cost of fuel per BTU is required. Since fuel prices vary

both with time and as a function of the region of the country, reliable

up-to-date fuel cost estimates are necessary. This task will be accom- plished in two stages. In the first stage, data from the latest available fuel bills as received for the demonstration houses will be

compiled. These data will be compiled by site, and averaged (for each

fuel type) over the sample of dwelling units submitted by the local CSA

groups. It should be noted that these fuel records are likely to come from several local fuel companies, so that they should be representative

of the prices charged within the demonstration region. In the second

stage, the local CAAs and the fuel companies will be contacted to check

these figures and determine whether more up-to-date prices are needed.

10.4 PRESENT VALUE FACTOR

The present value factor for future energy savings is a means by which

cost savings which occur in the future can be brought back to the present

(or "recovered") so that they can be compared to the present cost of an option. The present value factor includes the real rate of fuel price

escalation, the real discount rate, and the length of the life cycle

under study. The combination of these three inputs yields the present

22
value fa< tor, PVF. The present value factor may be expressed by the

following formula:

1 + P PVF = D - P

if D / P

= L if D = P

where P = the real rate of fuel price escalation

D = the real discount rate

L = the length of the life cycle in years.

( 2 )

(3)

Note that, if D is greater than P then D-P is greater than zero and

((1+P)/1+D)) is less than 1, thus both parts of equation 2 are positive

which implies that their product is positive. If D is less than P, then

D-P is less than zero and ((1+P)/1+D)) is greater than 1, thus both parts

of the formula are negative which again implies that their product is

positive. If D is equal to P, L'Hopital's rule (Ref. 7) must be used to

show that the present value factor is equal to L. Thus, in all three

cases, the present value factor is positive.

10.4.1 Real Fuel Price Escalation

An important ingredient in the present value factor is an estimate for

the long term rate of fuel price escalation. Past experience has shown

that estimates of the long term (20-25 year) rate of fuel price escalation are extremely variable. Ranges of real rates between 0 (constant

energy costs) and 12% (more than tripling every ten years) have been used

in recent economic studies. Although ranges might be useful to see how

sensitive a weatherization option is to rising fuel prices, they do not

enable us to reliably make tradeoffs. In order to do this, a specific

estimate within the range is needed. Several Federal agencies which own and operate buildings are required to perform economic analyses of potential energy conserving options which are available to them prior to

construction or renovation. The Department of Defense is one Federal

agency which has made public the forecasts it uses for long term real

rates of fuel price escalation. These rates are summarized in Table 4

(Ref. 8).

10.4.2 Real Discount Rate

Future savings, like future costs, must be discounted. Discounting is

accomplished by means of the real discount rate. A discount rate is that

rate of interest which reflects the time value of money. (The time value

of money is the difference between the value of a dollar today and its

value at some future time if invested at a stated interest rate.) That

is to say, a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in ten years, apart

from inflation. The discount rate may be used to bring any future costs

and savings back to the present so that all options can be compared on an equivalent basis. A real rate is a value expressed in constant terms

23
TABLE 4

REAL RATES OF FUEL PRICE ESCALATION

USED IN ECONOMIC ANALYSES

FUEL RATE

Oil 8%

Coal 5%

Natural Gas 8%

LPG 8%

Electricity

New England 7%

Pacific 7%

All Others 6%

(e.g., "constant dollars" have been used in order to remove from the cal

culation the reduction in purchasing power due to inflation). Therefore

a real discount rate may be thought of as that rate which treats future

costs and savings in terms of constant dollars (1977 dollars will be

assumed in the analysis of option savings). Since low-income families

tend to be borrowers, the rate chosen to reflect their time value of

money should be tied to lending rates. Furthermore, since lending rates

for home improvements tend to be somewhat lower than those for other

goods and services, these rates are the most appropriate for use as a reference point. The anticipated long term (20-25 year) rate of inflation (6%) is then subtracted from this interest rate (12%) to get the

real discount rate (6%).

10.4.3 Length of Life Cycle

The cost of an option over the life cycle is equal to the first cost

(i.e., the installation cost) plus any future costs resulting from

maintenance, repair or replacement, discounted to a present value.

Using a 20-year life and a 6% real discount rate, the life-cycle cost

of an option, C, may be expressed mathematically as

20

C = C

Q + z (C

t /(1.06) t

) (4)

t=l

24
whe e C

Q

= Lne installation cost, and

C

t = the costs for maintenance, repair, or replacement occurring

in year t (C

t may be equal to zero).

Combining the information on life-cycle cost with life-cycle savings

provides us with a means of comparing alternative weatherization

options. If the option, such as caulking or weatherstripping windows,

produces greater life-cycle savings than costs, then it is economically

viable (i.e., it pays for itself). For programmatic purposes it has

been decided that the life-cycle to be examined will be a 20-year

period. Estimates of the needed replacement of some options over

a 20-year period have been listed in Table 3.

11. INSTALLATION OF WEATHERIZATION OPTIONS

Once the architectural and mechanical options have been selected by

NBS, they will be telephoned to the local CAA coordinator responsible

for working with NBS. The coordinator will prepare, from the list

of options a CSA Summary of Work Program and Budget Sheet and a CSA

Program Account Budget Sheet. These sheets will list the cost of each

option on each house and the total cost for weatherizing each house

separately. After these sheets have been prepared, they will be checked

with NBS by telephone, and then sent to NBS and CSA in Washington for

approval and signature. Once the coordinator receives approval of the

options, he will have to work with local contractors or CSA work crews

to get the options installed and the required cost data collected.

Although NBS will provide guidelines on the selection and installation

of the materials to be used in various weatherization options, and the

potential hazards in the work, it will be the responsibility of the

local CAA coordinator to see that the options are properly installed

and that they meet local codes. In order to accomplish this it is

suggested that the local coordinator have 26 each house inspected for

potential code problems and hazards before any work is done.

12. MONITORING COSTS OF OPTIONS DURING INSTALLATION

The collection of cost information is of crucial importance in the

weatherization demonstration program. A good set of detailed cost

information is needed for verifying the weatherization options selection

process and to provide a sound basis for future weatherization planning

and budgeting. Selection of an "optimum" weatherization package weighs

expected energy savings against the estimated cost of the option. However, the "optimum" weatherization packages actually being installed

are based, of necessity, on forecasts which have been simplified. Similarly, the expected energy savings figures are based on calculations

which include additional simplifying assumptions. Consequently, the

information collected in the field by CSA and analyzed by NBS on both

actual cost and actual energy savings may show that greater cost effectiveness could be achieved if a different combination of weatherization

options were installed. In order to improve the chance of identifying

the most costef f ective combination of weatherization options for future

programs, it is necessary to develop a cost estimation procedure which

25
permits "real world" considerations to enter into the cost calculations.

Such considerations include the size of the dwelling unit, the condition

of the different building elements, and the wage rates paid to workers

doing the weather ization job. The use of this procedure should permit

the ultimate achievement of more weatherization per dollar spent. This

should permit field offices to operate with greater flexibility in the

future budgeting and forecasting of program costs, so that more houses

can have the most cost-effective combinations of weatherization options

installed

12.1 Types of Cost Data to be Collected: Cost Definitions

Before the cost data collection forms are explained, it is useful to

identify the types of cost information the project will collect.

The cost of installing a weatherization option includes payments to

labor, payments for materials, equipment rentals, and any overhead

costs that should in principle be assigned to that task. The difference

between the bid price, i.e., the contract amount for which the contractor

agreed to do the work, and the total labor, materials, equipment and

overhead costs represent the contractor's pretax profits. Those costs

that the contractor incurs if he undertakes a specific job (i.e., labor

costs, including fringe benefits, social security, workmen's compensation, and unemployment insurance, and the cost to the contractor for

materials and equipment purchase/rental) are called direct costs. Note

that the direct cost for installing a weatherization option is by definition equal to the sum of the labor costs, material cost, and any special

equipment costs. Direct costs include preparation cost, installation

cost, and other miscellaneous costs. Labor costs, however, may be

divided into two parts: 1) direct labor costs which can be associated

with one particular weatherization option (such as caulking around windows) and 2) indirect labor charges that cannot be associated with any

particular weatherization options, but can be associated with a particular contract. Examples of indirect labor costs are travel time and time

spent picking up building materials at the warehouse or lumber yard.

Those costs that the contractor incurs regardless of whether he undertakes a specific job or not, (e.g., rental payments, debt service payments, payments for equipment, payments for clerical and secretarial

staff, and payments for management) are called overhead costs. Also of

interest is the size of the contractor's markup. The bid price divided

by the sum of the direct costs in the contract yields the percentage

markup. Markup, therefore, includes both overhead costs and pretax profits. Figure 7 summarizes the cost data required. Previous experience

indicates that better quality cost information can be collected if one member of the project is assigned as coordinator, and meets with contractors on a regular basis. This facilitates control of the operation and

helps in determining the appropriate action to be taken if any cost

information is found to be lacking. It is not desirable to wait until

the contract has been completed to request the cost data, since the

26
reliability of the data will then depend more on the contractor's memory

than on documented figures.

FIGURE 7

REQUIRED COST DATA

TYPE OF COST REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Bid Price Each Contractor*

Direct Costs**

Labor

Direct Labor Each Option, Each Dwelling Unit

Indirect Labor Each Contract

Materials Each Option, Each Dwelling Unit

Equipment Each Option, Each Dwelling Unit

* Contracts should be numbered, for example from 1 to N, so That all direct costs associated with that contractor can

be traced back to the parent contract.

** Direct costs include preparation costs, installation costs

and other miscellaneous costs.

12.2 FORMS FOR COST DATA COLLECTION

Two basic cost data collection forms will be used. The first form is

concerned with direct labor, material, and equipment charges (Figure 8).

This form will be filled out for each weatherization option and for each

dwelling unit. The second form is concerned with indirect labor charges

(Figure 9). This form will be completed for each contract.

First consider the form for recording the direct costs for labor, materials, and special equipment. On this form there is a space for the

address of the dwelling unit (a contract ID number should also be

entered), when the work was started and when it was finished, the building element to which the option was applied, and the name of the option.

Beneath this information are listed three types of work which can be

performed: 1) preparation, 2) installation, and 3) other. Associated

with each of these types of work are direct labor charges, materials

used, and/or equipment rented. Direct labor charges are identified by

skill type, for example, carpenter, painter, laborer. The number of

hours expended on a task for each type of skill is entered on the same

line, for example eight hours for the carpenter, three hours for the

painter, ten hours for the laborer. Hourly wage rates are entered in

the third column, for each type of skill. (It is not intended that any

individual be identified; our focus is on determining the role that labor

inputs play in causing costs to vary, and not on the wage or productivity

27
of any individual.) Also associated with each of the three types of work

are material and special equipment usage. This information will make it

possible to identify the material and equipment needs associated with

the installation of the various weatherization options. In the first

FIGURE 8

DWELLING UNIT COST

DATA FORM

1 C r I 2 Jjj

X =

c —

U- — Cw

c

41 -S

I

!

1

!

!

I

! i

i

!

I I

28
FIGURE 8 (CONT.

)

VTPE OF WORK OEFIS'iTICVS

PREPARATION

Those Casks which must be dune prior Co Che accual Installation of Che

veatherlzadon option. This category Includes Casks such as job set up

and any necessary repairs or replacement of building elements. Preparation

should noc Include indirect labor costs.

INSTALLATION

Those Casks that are Involved In Che normal Installation process for the

paticular veatherlzadon option. This includes such activities as finish

painting and clean up.

OTHER

Those Casks which are noc normally involved in the installation of the

particular weatherlzation option. This category Is different from 'preparation* in chat it includes such casks as equipment repairs and work

stoppage.

29
FIGURE 9

INDIRECT LABOR COSTS DATA FORM

CONTRACT NUMBER

in::sect cost item labor type 1 LABOR TYPE 2 LABOR Type 3 r

» o DESCRIPTION

| ID ' WAGE HOURS WAGE HOURS WAGE HjJPS COS 7 f A*'”' *,*

1

1

I

1

V— - i .

30
FIGURE 9 (CONT.)

INDIRECT LABOR COSTS DATA FORM

Indirect labor costs are those costs vhich cannot be linked to a specific

weatherization option. Below Is a list (not exhaustive) of the kinds of

indirect labor costs that may be associated with the installation of the

weatherization options.

CONTRACT SPECIFIC INDIRECT COSTS

1. Travel Time

2. Down time

3. Clean-nip time (if not attributable to a specific weatherization

option)

4. Equipment costs (if not attributable to a specific weacherizacio

option)

31
column, the type of material or equipment is identified, for example,

caulking compound. In the second column the unit size is recorded, for

example, 20 oz . tube. In the third column the time in use (for special

equipment, such as blowers or heaters) or the quantity used is entered,

for example, seven tubes. In the final column the unit cost, or rental

rate, for the material or equipment is entered, for example, $2.00 per

tube. Additional information about filling out the form is given on the

back of the form (see Figure 8 Cont.).

Figure 9 displays the data collection form for recording "indirect labor

costs." This form will not have to be separately completed for each

option and each dwelling unit. It will only be necessary to fill in one indirect labor cost form for each contract. However, since indirect

labor costs will occur irregularly (for example, down-time because the

dwelling unit occupants may not be at home), these costs should be

recorded on the form when they happen, in order to avoid reporting errors

due to faulty recall. The first column of the indirect labor cost data

form asks for a brief description of the indirect cost time. Also, if

possible, a dwelling unit ID number should be reported along with the

brief description, for example, travel time between dwelling units 34 and

35. The following three columns labeled "labor" with sub-headings for

wage rates and hours enable differing labor rates to be associated with

the described time. If more than three categories of labor are involved

the next line can be used. A fourth column headed by "other" is included

in order to capture related costs other than labor. For example, traveltime between dwelling units 34 and 35, may involve the cost of operating

a vehicle used in that period. On the back side of this form (see Figure

9 Cont.), a brief definition of indirect labor cost is given. Also on

the back are a few examples of indirect labor costs that are likely to

arise

13. COLLECTION OF UTILITY DATA

Energy usage, water usage, furnace run times and cycles, and interior

temperatures and humidity will be recorded and submitted to NBS on a weekly basis by CSA on forms supplied by NBS, starting as soon as the

sample homes are selected and necessary meters are installed as described

earlier. These readings will be reported to NBS on a weekly basis until

sufficient data has been collected to evaluate the effect of weatherization on energy consumption. Data on amount of gas or oil delivered and

electricity used and the reading dates (similar to data reported for the

houses before weatherizat ion) will also be collected from utility and

fuel companies on a monthly basis and reported to NBS. These two types

of data, those collected by the CSA coordinator and those collected by

the utility company, will provide a double check on energy consumed. In cases where significant temperature changes occur because of change in

thermostat setting or nighttime setback, as determined by interior temperature readings, a method for normalizing the data for this temperature change will be used. One possible normalization method is to raise or lower the base temperature at which the balance point calculations are done to correspond to the change in interior temperature.

32
14. COLLECTION OF BUILDING DIMENSIONS

In order to compare the savings in one house to those in another,

several normalizing factors have to be used to allow for differences

between these houses. One of these factors is the design load for

each of the houses. This factor takes into account the square footage,

the volume of the house and the type of construction of the house. The

design load for each house will be calculated using standard ASHRAE

type calculatons. In order to perform these calculations, the data

described in Appendix F will be collected by CSA on each house at each

site, and the U values of building components will be modified where

appropriate based on the thermographs made of the building.

15. RECORDING OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS

Other studies have shown that similar homes can vary widely in energy

consumption, apparently as a consequence of the activities of the res- pective occupants and the different ways that they operate the energyusing systems (e.g., space heating, appliances, lights) in a building.

The Twin Rivers Program on Energy Conservation in Housing, being con- ducted by researchers at Princeton University, has documented a range

of two to one between high and low space heating fuel usage for virtually identical middle-income townhouses (Ref. 9).

This being so, it can be assumed that the activities of low-income

residents can have significant influence on the energy consumption of

their homes — perhaps even effects large enough to partially "mask"

the effects brought about by weatherization.

In evaluating, for individual dwellings, the reduction in energy con- sumption brought about by weatherization, the effects of occupant

activities on the comparisons will be minimized if the same household

is occupying each building during the monitoring period before and after

weatherization. This situation would lend support to the assumption

that the same individuals were residing in the house during both mea- surement periods, and that they were using the energy-affecting systems

in substantially the same ways. There could still be differences that

could significantly affect energy consumption, even within the same household: A parent/grandparent could join — or leave — the household.

A household member could be employed at one time — leaving no one at

home during the daytime — and unemployed, at another time — and at home

daytimes. In making the preto post-weatherization comparisons, we will

take note whether the same household occupies the building during the

entire measurement period in order to avoid "confounding" the weatherization results with differences caused by occupant activities.

To help in evaluating possible occupant effects on energy consumption,

additional information about dwelling occupants and their activities is

required. More detailed information about household members: ages, and

living patterns (e.g., employed daytimes, in school, preschool,

housewife/mother), day and night thermostat settings, use of appliances,

33
and use of hot water will be needed. In order to collect this information a questionnaire will be developed by NBS. The questionnaire will

probably be administered in face-to-face interviews by local CSA personnel rather than by having the occupant complete the form on their own.

16. TESTING OF BUILDING ENVELOPE

Building envelope tests will be conducted, by CAA personnel under direction of NBS, on each sample dwelling after weatherization in order to

determine the effectiveness of the architectural weatherization options.

These tests will be conducted before as well after weatherization on at

least five dwellings in each city and will include thermography, infiltration measurements, and fan pressurization tests. Temperature stratification in living spaces will be measured during the heating season. Where necessary, a special test for the existence of heat by-pass mechanisms will be carried out. (Previous studies have found that, in some dwellings, hidden paths permit heated air to escape from living spaces

into the attic.)

The following test procedures have been developed:

16.1 THERMOGRAPHIC SURVEY TO LOCATE HEAT LOSSES FROM THE DWELLING

(Ref. 10)

In order to locate the heat losses from the exterior building walls and

roofs, an exterior thermographic survey is to be performed. This survey

should be done in the evening (two hours after sunset on a sunny day) or on a cloudy day and with a temperature difference of at least 15°F

between the interior of the dwelling and the outside. The heating system should be operating during the time the survey is performed to assist

in localizing possible mechanical system losses. (This can be accomplished by raising the thermostat 10°F so that the furnace operates con- tinuously.) Photographs of thermograms covering approximately 15' x 15'

areas should be taken such that a complete thermal image of the walls

and roofs can be constructed.

The location of each thermogram should be noted on a corresponding normal

photograph of the dwelling section and the day, time, interior temperature, and exterior temperature, wind speed and wind direction (from

Weather Service records) should be recorded. A data form will be supplied by NBS for each dwelling.

16.2 DETERMINATION OF ACTUAL AIR LEAKAGE RATES (Ref. 11)

The actual air leakage rates existing in the sample homes will be determined using a sample bag-tracer gas technique developed by NBS. This

technique consists of introducing a small amount of a harmless tracer

gas (sulfur hexaf louride, SF^) into a dwelling, and then determining the

rate of decay of the tracer gas by analyzing sample bags filled at intervals of an hour. This test will be performed in five dwellings in each

34
city before weather izat Lon and in all dwellings after weather ' zat ion.

Since the rate of air leakage is weather dependent, this test will be

done under several weather conditions (hopefully at

two week intervals throughout the heating season).

NBS will provide specifications for the purchase of sample bags and

SF^ tracer gas bottles. The conditions under which the test is to be

performed will depend on the type of heating system in the building:

1. Forced warm air

The furnace fan should be turned on and the tracer gas bottle opened

in front of the return air register. Wait approximately 20 minutes for

the gas to distribute uniformly into all parts of the building (to a level of approximately 30 parts per billion). Then fill a sample bag

labeled "initial reading, dwelling number , time to the minute

. ” After the sample bag is filled, turn the furnace fan to

its normal position. Approximately two hours later return to the building, turn the furnace fan on for ten minutes and then fill a sample bag

labeled "final reading, dwelling number , day , time to the

minute ." Be sure to use the same watch for both readings.

2. Other types of Heating Systems (no furnace fan)

A bottle of tracer gas should be opened on each floor of the dwelling,

being certain that all interior doors are open (a door from the interior

to an enclosed porch should be left in its normal position for heating

the building). Small portable fans should be placed in the doorways

between rooms and turned on for approximately 1/2 hour in order to distribute the tracer gas as well as possible. A sample bag should then be

filled for each floor and labeled "initial reading, dwelling number

, floor number , day , and time to the minute ." The fans should then be turned off. In approximately two hours return

to the dwelling, turn on the fans for ten minutes and then fill a sample

bag labeled "final reading, dwelling number , floor , day , and time . "

During these tests it is important that exterior doors or windows be

left closed, except for normal entering and leaving of the building.

16.3 DETERMINATION OF THE TIGHTNESS OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE BY

PRESSURIZATION (Refs. 12, 13, 14)

A second method for assessing the tightness of the building envelope is

the fan pressurization test. A large fan and a pressure gauge will be

required for performing this test. Each site will have to construct an assembly to fit in a door according to NBS specifications. The tightness of the building will be determined in this test by measuring the

pressure drop across the building for various flow rates of the fan.

This test will be done in each home once before and once after weatherization during the milder seasons of the year when little or no heating

is required.

35
16.4

DETERMINATION OF INTERIOR TEMPERATURE STRATIFICATION

The temperature in each room should be measured 6" above the floor (Tp),

3 ft. above the floor ( ) and 6" below the ceiling (Tp) during the heating season. This data should be reported on a floor plan of the dwelling,

for example:

Front

Door

Living Room Dining Room Bedroom Bedroom

T

c

= 72 T

C

= T

c

= 80

TM

’ 70 tm

= tm

- 75

T

f

= 63 t

f = T

F - 70

Recreation

Room

Kitchen T

c

= 80

1st Floor Plan 2nd Floor Plan

16.5 PRESSURIZATION - INFRARED TEST PROCEDURE FOR LOCATING AIR LEAKAGE

PATHS (Ref. 14)

While the previously described test procedures determine the amount of

air leakage the house is experiencing, they do not identify the specific

locations of leakage paths. This will be accomplished by depressurizing

the building using a blower fan, and using an inside infrared inspection

procedure to find air leaks. This test can serve as a means for determining the effectiveness of the caulking and weatherstripping in sealing

air leakage paths. The test will be done in houses which, after weatherization, still exhibit high air leakage rates according to the results

of tests described under Determination of Actual Air Leakage Rates and

Determination of Tightness of the Building Envelope by Pressurization.

16.6 TEST TO DETERMINE THE EXISTENCE OF HEAT BY-PASS MECHANISM INTO

THE ATTIC (Ref. 15)

Previous studies, such as those done at Twin Rivers, New Jersey, have

shown that there exist many paths by which heat can escape from a dwelling and, in effect, by-pass insulation. A substantial portion of

this heat usually flows into the attic, and this source of heat loss can be detected by making night-time air temperature measurements in the

attic, outdoors, and at the ceiling adjacent to the attic. By comparing

these temperature data with temperatures predicted by standard heat load

calculations for the level of insulation in the attic, the presence of

such paths can be detected.

17. RE-TESTING OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM

Tests will be performed on the heating system in each dwelling in order

to determine the seasonal efficiency of the system after weatherization.

36
This test basically consists of the standard steady-state efficiency test

described in Appendix B, plus the additional measurement of the stack

temperature at specific times in the heating and cool down cycle of the

heating system. This data will be used in computer programs developed

by NBS to determine the seasonal operating efficiency of the system.

18. ANALYZING COLLECTED DATA

The design of this demonstration lends itself to analysis of collected

data which can lead to an understanding of the major parameters which

affect energy savings and the cost of weatherization options. The parameters affecting energy savings which will be examined are: infiltration, conductive heat loss, radiant (solar) heat gain, mechanical

efficiency, internal loads, interior temperature and interior humidity.

The parameters affecting cost which will be examined are: preparation

cost, material and labor cost associated with the installation of

weatherization options, and frequency of replacement.

Measurement of these variables will be used to explain variations in

savings and costs between houses and sites.

Information on the pre- and post-retrofit condition of demonstration

homes will be used to assess differences in savings and costs (especially preparation costs) between demonstration sites as well as between

houses in the same site.

The data on costs will be collected using the forms in Figures 8 and 9

(pages 30-33). A preliminary analysis will involve comparison of estimated cost and actual cost. The installation of each option will also be

carefully examined and the frequency of replacement values contained in

Table 3 reevaluated. Formulas based on regression analysis will then be

derived from the collected data. These formulas will permit costs to

be accurately predicted based on a small number of key factors. The

cost estimation procedure will be designed so that it is flexible enough

to deal explicitly with labor, material and preparation costs for each

option at each site.

The primary measures of the savings of each dwelling will be the Kfactor, which is the energy consumption per degree day, and the balance

point, which is, roughly, the average outside temperature below which

the heating system turns on. These two parameters for the pre- and

post-weatherization fuel usage of each dwelling allow an accurate

assessment of the savings accrued for each dwelling. They do not in

themselves, however, explain the reason for the savings. Building

envelope tests and mechanical systems tests will provide additional

data for understanding dwelling performance (see pages 36 to 39).

Statistical regression and correlation analysis of the data gathered

from these tests will be undertaken to obtain the functional relationships, f and g, between the independent and dependent variables as follows

37
( 5 ) B

1 = f(H

c‘

H

a

’ EFF > S g> E)

T

0 = g(H

c

, H

a

, EFF, S g

, E) (6)

B

2 = K-factor or slope of best fit line (least squares fit) from

balance point calculations. Its dimensions are Btu consumption per degree day, using the balance point of the house in

question as the base temperature for calculating degree days.

T

q = Balance point, the outside temperature (in °F) below which

the heating system comes on.

H

c = Conductive heat loss factor, the sum of the areas of various

types of construction times their respective U-values.

H

a = Infiltration heat loss factor (per hour, per °F)

(=C

p x V x AI)

C

p = The specific heat of air (0.018 Btu/ft^* 0 F)

V = Volume of the house in cubic feet

AI = Air infiltration rate in cubic feet per hour, derived from

tracer gas test or fan pressurization test.

EFF = the efficiency of the heating system

S g = solar heat gain of the house, derived from calculations using the best available solar data for each site.

E = energy usage for non-space heating purposes.

This type of analysis will be performed on both the pre- and postweatherization data from the houses, to aid in assessing the differences

in B i and T

Q resulting from weatherization. From this analysis of the

data, average percentage savings and energy consumption before and after

weatherization will be derived for each fuel type at each site.

19. DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

A quarterly report with an executive summary will be delivered to CSA on the progress of the project. Six NBSIR reports, with executive summaries,

as listed and described below will be delivered in draft form at various

points during the project and in final report form with an executive

summary at the end of the project. These reports will also be provided

to the Community Action agencies for use by such agencies.

19.1 REPORTS

1. Weatherization Retrofit Options - This report will provide a complete list of weatherization retrofit options along with

38
a discussion of the estimated costs, maintenance pr -blems,

durability problems and safety problems associated with each.

2 . Predicted Optimum Combination of Weatherization Retrofit

Options Throughout the U.S. - This report will describe

optimum packages of retrofit options for each of the climate areas identified in Figure 2. The selection of options for

these packages will be based on estimated costs, professional

judgment, computer modeling, and the best state-of-the-art

knowledge.

3 . Cost of Materials, Labor, and Job Preparation for Installing

Weatherization Retrofit Options Throughtout the U.S. - This

report will provide CSA with a method of estimating, in the

field, the cost of various retrofit options. It will also

report on installation problems and costs for various

weatherization retrofit options based on field observation

in the 16 climate areas identified in Figure 2.

4. Technique for Field Evaluation of Energy Conservation - This

is a plan for research that will take place in FY 79. This

report will describe and discuss various techniques, such as fan pressurization tests and thermography, which can be used

in the field for identifying the magnitude of energy consumption due to infiltration, transmission, mechanical system

inefficiencies, and poor energy conservation management of

houses. Past experience with these techniques will be reported

along with recommendations on how they should be used for this

project next year.

5. A Study of Mechanical Options for Weatherization - This report

will address all aspects of weatherizing mechanical systems in

single-family housing. Based on the field measurements collected during the project by CSA contractors and NBS, it will

discuss durability, maintenance, and cost. It will estimate

and provide field measurements of costs and energy savings

associated with a broad range of retrofit options.

6. Optimum Weatherization Throughout the U.S. - This is a major

report resulting from one year of intensive research. It will

provide a list of optimum combinations of weatherization

options for each climate area identified in Figure 2. The

list will be based on field measurements representing the best

data available on savings, costs, and durability of various

weatherization options. A methodology will be described in

part of the report for implementing this data into a possible

loan program.

39
I 9. 2 WORK. HOPS

1. Workshop to Kick-off Demonstration - As soon as CSA has made

the money available to the demonstration sites, NBS will conduct a workshop to explain the demonstration. The workshop

will present this project plan and discuss problems experienced

in Portland, Maine.

2 . Workshop to Exchange Experience Between Demonstration Sites - Once all the sites have partially completed installing the

options, a workshop will be held to exchange information on installation, levels of weather ization, cost, etc.

3. Conduct Regional Conferences on Energy Conservation - Once

the demonstration is complete, a series of conferences will

be conducted in the various regions to disseminate the information collected by CSA/NBS and the local agencies which were part of the demonstration. These conferences will present

energy conservation findings of the demonstration and other

available research and will explain how local groups can conduct their own research in order to evaluate the efforts of

their weather ization.

19.3 BRIEFING

NBS will sponsor jointly with CSA a briefing on the findings of

this research and demonstration project for the Department of

Energy, the Department of HUD, Farmers Home Administration, and

other agencies involved in energy conservation in residences.

40
APPENDIX A

INSTALLATION OF UTILITY METERS AND THERMOMETERS

In view of the lack of accurate measuring devices in some homes

selected for the demonstration, meters, thermometers and other measuring devices have to be installed. The following instruments should be

installed

.

FURNACES AND SPACE HEATERS

1. a gas meter in the gas supply piping to a furnace or heater.

2. a kilowatt-hour meter in the branch circuit of an electric furnace

or individual electric space heaters. (Meter constant should not

be larger than 3.6 watt-hours.)

3. a furnace run time meter with a one minute resolution in the hot air

fan circuitry or hot water circulatory pump circuitry. In gravity

circulating systems or steam systems, the running time meter will

be installed in the branch circuit to the furnace.

4. a cycle counter in the gas valve circuitry of gas furnaces (coordinate installation with the local gas company representative).

5. for oil-fired furnaces, a cycle counter and a run time meter with a one minute resolution in the oil pump circuitry.

WATER HEATERS

1. a gas meter in the gas supply piping to a gas fired water heater.

2. a kilowatt-hour meter in the branch circuit of an electric hot water

heater (meter constant should not be larger than 3.6 watt-hours).

3. water meter on the cold water supply to each hot water heater.

(Meter shall have 0.1 gallon resolution).

ROOM TEMPERATURES

A thermometer having at least a 1°F resolution shall be installed on an interior wall at center of house to read temperature within:

basement

first floor

second floor

third floor

HUMIDITY

A sling psychrometer should be used by each local agency to determine first floor wet-bulb and dry-^ulb readings.
APPENDIX B

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The following tests are to be performed on the heating and hot water

systems by a local heating contractor or CAA as approved by NBS.

FURNACE

1. Measure steady-state efficiency of the furnace by normal CO

2 and

flue gas temperature measurements both before and after cleaning and

adjusting the furnace. Record the flue gas temperature, CO

2 percentage, the Bacharach smoke number, and the draft above the fire (if

possible) and at the flue sample hole on the data sheet "A" provided.

2. Determine before cleaning and adjusting of the furnace the temperature in the plenum at which the fan turns on and off (air system).

Record the temperature on the appropriate data sheet (B,C, D, or E).

3. Cleaning and adjusting should consist of:

a) Clean the heat exchanger.

b) Replace any defective nozzle or inoperable burner.

c) Adjust the fan controls such that the temperature in the plenum

is 110°F when the fan turns on, and 80°F when it turns off

(forced warm air system).

d) Change air filter (warm air).

e) Check for air leaks in the furnace.

4. Record input and output ratings of the furnace, the rated capacity

of the blower or circulating pump and the nozzle size (oil in gal/

hr) on data sheet "A".

5. Supply a picture of the furnace, if possible, and attach to data

sheet "A"

6. Report the condition of the fire box on data sheet "A" and repair

if necessary.

7. Report the condition of the heat exchangers on data sheet "A".

8. Make any professional comments and recommendations on data sheet "A"

that you feel will lead to better performance of the heating system.

42
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Determine steady-state air flows and temperatures in plenum and at

each register as used by the occupants. Allow system to operate

continuously for at least 10 minutes before measuring (air system).

Techniques : At a rectangular plenum, the temperature and air velocity should be measured by probing the supply duct at

nine points forming a grid as shown in the following

figure. The flow rate, in cubic feet per minute, is

determined by multiplying the average velocity by the cross sectional area of the plenum, A X B, in square

f eet

.

Record the data on Data Sheet "B”.

At a circular plenum the temperature and air flow should be determined

by probing at seven points along the plenum diameter as shown in the

following figure and Table 1 (Ref. 16). The air flow rate is determined

by multiplying the average air velocity by the cross section (area of

the duct, 0.785D , where D is the plenum diameter in feet.

Record data on Data Sheet "C".
TABLE 1

LOCATION OF PITOT TUBE TIP ON

PLENUM DIAMETER

(REF. 16)

.LOCATION NUMBER & DISTANCE ON DIAMETER - INCHES DIAMETER

OF PLENUM

INCHES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6 1/4 1 1 3/4 3 4 1/4 5 5 3/4

7 1/4 1 2 3 1/2 5 6 6 3/4

8 1/4 1 1/4 2 1/4 4 5 1/2 6 3/4 7 3/4

9 1/4 1 1/4 2 3/4 4 1/2 6 1/4 7 3/4 8 1/2

10 1/4 1 1/2 3 5 7 8 1/2 9 1/2

11 1/2 1 1/2 3 1/4 5 1/2 7 3/4 9 1/4 10 1/2

12 1/2 1 3/4 3 1/2 6 8 1/4 10 1/4 11 1/2

13 1/2 2 3 3/4 6 1/2 9 1/4 11 12 1/4

14 1/2 2 4 7 10 12 13 1/4

13 3/4 2 1/4 4 1/4 7 1/2 10 1/2 12 3/4 14 1/4

16 3/4 2 1/4 4 3/4 8 11 1/4 12 3/4 . 15 1/4

17 3/4 2 1/2 5 8 1/2 12 14 1/2 16 1/4

18 3/4 2 1/2 5 1/4 9 12 3/4 15 1/4 17 1/4

19 3/4 2 3/4 5 1/4 9 1/2 13 1/4 16 1/4 17 1/4

20 1 3 6 10 14 17 19

21 1 3 6 1/4 10 1/2 14 3/4 18 20

22 1 3 1/4 6 1/2 11 15 1/2 18 3/4 21

23 1 3 1/4 6 3/4 11 1/2 16 1/4 19 1/2 22

24 1 3 1/2 8 12 17 20 1/2 23

25 1 3 3/4 8 12 1/2 17 1/2 21 1/4 24

26 1 3 3/4 7 3/4 13 18 1/4 22 1/4 25

27 1 1/4 4 8 13 1/2 19 23 25 3/4

28 1 1/4 4 8 1/4 14 19 3/4 24 26 3/4

29 1 1/4 4 1/4 8 1/2 14 1/2 20 1/4 24 3/4 27 3/4

30 1 1/4 4 1/4 9 15 21 25 1/2 28 3/4

44
Temperature and air flow should be probed in the centers of individual

supply ducts near the furnace hot air discharge section for distribution

systems not using a plenum. Record data on Data Sheet "D" for circular

ducts; on Data Sheet "E" for rectangular ducts.

A cardboard box sufficient to cover a 16" x 16" register should be con- structed with a 6" or 5" section of duct (seal all holes and cracks in

the box such that there are no leaks) and the flow and temperature measured at the duct section (+) (see diagram following).

Record data on appropriate data sheet "B", "C", "D" , or "E" depending

on the type of hot air distribution system design.

2. For the water systems, measure the return and outlet water temperature when the boiler has been operating for at least 10 minutes by

measuring the surface temperature of the metal pipe along an insulated portion of the supply pipe (if the pipe is uninsulated, wrap

the pipe with insulation before making the measurement). The temperature measurement should be made through a small hole in the insulation using a heat sink compound on the tip of the thermometer.

(Dow Chemical heat sink compound 340). Record data on Data

Sheet "F".

3. Inspect each radiator and make note of the percentage of inoperable

cells (water or steam system). Record data on either Data sheet "F"

(water systems) or Data Sheet "G” (steam systems).

4. On steam systems, check for inoperable steam traps or air vents on

single pipe systems. Report inoperable traps or vents on Data Sheet

"G" comments.

5. Supply a photograph of any covered or blocked (by furniture, curtains

etc.) register, radiator or baseboard heater.

45
WATER HEATER

1. Perform CO- , flue gas temperature, and Bacharach smoke number mea- surements for oil and gas water heaters, at steady-state conditions.

2. Measure the temperature of the exterior jacket (using heat sink compound) on the hot water heater, temperature in the space containing

the hot water heater, and temperature of the cold water and the hot

water at the nearest faucets.

3. With both hot and cold shower valves fully opened, measure the time

it takes to fill a five gallon bucket (in seconds) using both hot

and cold water together. (Do this measurement three times, recording

results separately).

4. Measure heater recovery time:

a) Draw hot water until water heater begins to heat.

b) Wait until the heating stops and shut off heater.

c) Immediately withdraw 20 gallons (four 5-gallon bucketf ulls )

d) Turn on heater and record the length of time (minutes and

seconds) needed to regain shutoff temperature (heater "on" to

heater "off”).

e) Record the wattage rating on electric heater, the burn rate on

gas or oil heaters.

f) Make general comments on overall condition of water heater and

supply a picture of it, if possible.

Record water heater data on Data Sheet "H"

46
BUILDING HEATING SYSTEM DATA DATA SHEET "A"

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATA:

TYPE OF HEATING SYSTEM (CHECK)

Circulated Water, Gravity Water, Steam, Forced Air, Gravity Air

Venter Space or Room Heater, Hot Water Heater Integral with Furnace,

Unvented Space or Room Heater.

TYPE OF FUEL (CHECK)

Natural Gas, Bottled Gas, Oil, Kerosene , Coal, ^Electricity

COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY OF THE FURNACE

BEFORE CLEANING FURNACE

2

*F

AFTER CLEANING FURNACE

X

_in. H

20

X C0

2 in flue gas

°F Flue gas temperature

X Combustion efficiency

_in. H

2 0 Draft above fire

Bacharach smoke nunber

RECORD FROM FURNACE NAME PLATE

FURNACE MANUFACTURER'S NAME

INPUT RATING BTU/HR OUTPUT RATING BTU/HR BLOWER RATING CFM

Rated Capacity of Circulating Pump gpm

Nozzle Size (oil) gph

TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE FURNACE (Attach 1 photo & negative to the back of this sheet)

CONDITION OF FIRE BOX (CHECK)

_Excellent, Good, Poor, Was Repaired.

CONDITION OF HEAT EXCHANGER (CHECK)

Excellent, Good, Poor.

ANY COMMENTS /RECOMMENDATIONS

Contractors Name, Address, and Telephone Number.

47
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (PLENUM WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION)

DATA SHEET "B"

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATE:

1 . STEADY STATE AIR FLOW AND TEMPERATURES IN PLENUM AT NINE POSITIONS ACROSS PLENUM

(see instructions)

(1) f t/min # F (2) f t/min °F

(3) f t/min « F (A) f t/ain °F

(5) ft/ min “F (6) f t/min *F

(7) f t/min ®F (8) f t/min °F

(9) f t/min °F

STEADY STATE AIR FLOWS AND TEMPERATURES AT EACH REGISTER USED BY OCCUPANTS. DETERMINE BY USING CARDBOARD AIRFLOW SECTION (see instructions)

AIR TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY

LOCATION °F FT/MIN

(1) Kitchen

(2) Living Room

(3)

(A)

(5)

( 6 )

(7)

ATTACH ONE PHOTOGRAPH AND NEGATIVE TO THE BACK OF THIS SHEET OF ANY COVERED OR BLOCKED

(BY FURNITURE, CURTAINS, ETC.) REGISTERS. ALSO ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET MAKE ANY COMMENTS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

DETERMINE BEFORE CLEANING AND ADJUSTING OF THE FURNACE THE TEMPERATURE IN THE PLENUM

AT WHICH FAN TURNS ON B F» AND OFF 8 F.

CONTRACTORS'S NAME, ADDRESS AND TELEPHONE NUMBER

48
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (PLENUM WITH CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION) DATA SHEET "C”

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: - DATE:

STEADY STATE AIR FLOWS AND TEMPERATURE IN PLENUM CROSS SECTION AT TEN POSITIONS

ALONG A DIAMETER (see instructions)

DIAMETER OF PLENUM inches

(1) f t/min °F (2) ft/min *F

(3) ft/min °F (A) ft/min ° F

(5) f t/min °F (6) ft/min °F

(7) ft/min B F

2. STEADY STATE AIR FLOWS AND TEMPERATURE AT EACH REGISTER USED BY OCCUPANTS. DETERMINE BY USING CARDBOARD AIR FLOW SECTION (see instructions).

AIR TEMPERATURE

LOCATION "F AIR VELOCITY

FT/MIN

(1) Kitchen

(2) Living Room

(3)

( 4 )

(5)

( 6 )

(7)

ATTACH ONE PHOTOGRAPH AND NEGATIVE TO THE BACK OF THIS SHEET OR ANY COVERED OR BLOCKED (BY FURNITURE OR CURTAINS. ETC.) REGISTERS. ALSO ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET MAKE ANY COMMENTS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

DETERMINE BEFORE CLEANING AND ADJUSTING OF THE FURNACE THE TEMPERATURE IN THE PLENUM AT WHICH THE FAN TURNS ON °F, AND OFF °F.

CONTRACTOR'S NAME, ADDRESS, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (NO PLENUM AND EACH DUCT OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION ATTACHED TO FURNACE AIR DISCHARGE SECTION)

DATA SHEET "D"

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATE:

1. RECORD INDIVIDUAL DUCT SIZE, STEADY STATE AIRFLOWS, AND TEMPERATURES IN THE CENTER OF EACH DUCT OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION (see Instructions).

(1) f t/min °F dia. in.* (2) f t/min *F dia. in

(3) ft/min *F dia. in. (4) ft/min “F dia. in

(5) f t/min °F dia. in. (6) f t/min °F dia. in

(7) ft/min °F dia. in. (8) ft/min ®F dia. in

(9) f t/min °F dia. in.

‘Diameter of Duct in inches.

2. STEADY STATE AIRFLOWS AND TEMPERATURES AT EACH REGISTER USED BY OCCUPANTS. DETERMINE

BY USING CARDBOARD AIRFLOW SECTION (see instructions).

AIR TEMPERATURE LOCATION °F AIR VELOCITY

FT /MIN

(1) Kitchen

(2) Living Room

(3)

(«)

(5)

(6)

(7)

ATTACH ONE PHOTOGRAPH AND NEGATIVE TO THE BACK OF THIS SHEET OF ANY COVERED OR BLOCKED

(BY FURNITURE, CURTAINS, ETC.) REGISTERS. ALSO ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET MAKE ANY COMMENTS OR RECOMMENDATIONS

DETERMINE BEFORE CLEANING AND ADJUSTING OF THE FURNACE THE TEMPERATURES IN 1 DUCT ATTACKED TO FURNACE AIR DISCHARGE SECTION AT WHICH FAN TURNS ON °F AND OF °F.

CONTRACTOR’S NAME, ADDRESS, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER.

50
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (NO PLENUM AND EACH DUCT OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION ATTACHED

TO FURNACE AIR DISCHARGE SECTION) DATA SHEET ”E"

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATE:

RECORD INDIVIDUAL DUCT SIZE,, STEADY STATE AIRFLOWS

,

AND TEMPERATURES IN THE CENTER

OF EACH DUCT OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION (see instructions).

(1) f t/min *F H* W* (2) f t/min °F H W

(3) ft/ min °F H W (4) f t/min °F H U

(5) f t/min °F H W (6) f t/min °F H W

(7) f t/min *F H W (8) f t/min °F H U

(9) f t/min ®F H W (10) f t/min °F H w

*H ** Duct Height, W Duct Width

2. STEADY STATE AIRFLOWS AND TEMPERATURES AT EACH REGISTER USED BY OCCUPANTS. DETERMINE

BY USING CARDBOARD AIR SECTION (see instructions).

AIR TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY

LOCATION °F FT /MIN

(1) Kitchen

(2) Living Room

(3)

(4)

(5)

( 6 )

(7)

ATTACH ONE PHOTOGRAPH AND NEGATIVE TO THE BACK OF THIS SHEET OF ANY COVERED OR BLOCKED

(BY FURNITURE, CURTAINS, ETC.) REGISTERS. ALSO ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET MAKE .ANY COMMENTS OR RECOMMENDATIONS

.

DETERMINE BEFORE CLEANING AND ADJUSTING OF THE FURNACE THE TEMPERATURE IN 1 DUCT ATTACHED TO FURNACE AIR DISCHARGE SECTION AT WHICH FAN TURNS ON °F AND OFF °F.

CONTRACTOR'S NAME, ADDRESS, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER

51
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DATA SHEET "F"

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATE:

1.

STEADY STATE OUTLET WATER TEMPERATURE TO BOILER

®F

2.

STEADY STATE RETURN WATER TEMPERATURE FROM BOILER

°F

3.

INOPERABLE RADIATOR CELLS

LOCATION NO. OPERABLE CELLS NO. INOPERABLE CELLS

(1) Kitchen

(2) Living Room

(3)

(4)

(5)

( 6 )

(7)

ATTACH ONE PHOTOGRAPH AND NEGATIVE TO THE BACK OF THIS SHEET OF ANY COVERED OR BLOCKED

(BY FURNITURE, CURTAINS, ETC.) RADIATORS. ALSO ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET MAKE ANY COMMENTS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

CONTRACTOR'S NAME, ADDRESS, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER
STEAM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DATA SHEET "G”

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATE:

1.

STEADY STATE OUTLET STEAM TEMPERATURE FROM BOILER

*F

2.

STEADY STATE CONDENSATE RETURN TEMPERATURES

°F

3.

INOPERABLE RADIATOR CELLS

LOCATION NO. OPERABLE CELLS NO. INOPERABLE CELLS

(1) Kitchen

(2) Living Room

(3)

(4)

(3)

( 6 )

(7)

ATTACH ONE PHOTOGRAPH AND NEGATIVE TO THE BACK OF THIS SHEET OF ANY COVERED OR BLOCKED

(BY FURNITURE, CURTAINS, ETC.) RADIATORS. ALSO ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET MAKE ANY COMMENTS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

CONTRACTOR’S NAME, ADDRESS, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER.

53
HOT WATER HEATER

DATA SHEET "H"

HOUSE REFERENCE NO: DATE:

TYPE OF WATER HEATER FUEL (CHECK)

Natural Gas, Bottled gas, _

Oil , Kerosene, Coal, Electricity

Heater is integral with Furnace.

COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY

Z CO

2 Backarach Smoke Number

®F Flue gas temperature

Z Combustion efficiency

TEMPERATURE ON EXTERIOR JACKET OF HEATER “F

AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE IN HEATER ROOM °F

TEMPERATURE OF HOT WATER AT NEAREST FAUCET °F

TEMPERATURE OF COLD WATER SUPPLY °F

TLME TO DRAW FIVE GALLONS OF SHOWER WATER (HOT & COLD FULL OPEN)

sec. _sec. sec.

HEATER RECOVERY AFTER WITHDRAWING 20 GALLONS OF HOT WATER

minutes and seconds.

RECORD FROM HEATER NAME PLATE

Manufacturer's Name

Model Number

Size of Storage Tank

Rating of Heater b tu/hr or watts gph

TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE HOT WATER HEATER (Attach 1 photo & negative to the back

of this sheet)

COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING HOT WATER HEATER.

CONTRACTOR'S NAME, ADDRESS, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER.

54
APPENDIX C

CALCULATIONS FOR MECHANICAL OPTIONS

VENT OR FLUE DAMPERS & RESTRICTORS

The savings for a flue damper or restrictor can vary from system to

system; however a relatively conservative estimate can be obtained by

using equation (l)(page 20) with N = 0.07.

ELECTRONIC IGNITION (Ref. 17)

The savings for an electronic ignition are estimated by equation

(1 ) with N = 0.07.

TWO STAGE GAS VALVES

DERATE FURNACE (Ref. 18)

Field studies have shown that nozzle and orifice reduction, where

possible, can lead to a savings of approximately 4.6%, though this will

vary greatly from system to system. If it is possible to reduce excess

air at the same time as reducing nozzle size, an average savings

of 8% would be possible according to field studies. At present,

a 4.6% savings will be assumed. (N = .046)

REPLACEMENT OF BURNER AND/OR FURNACE

The replacement of burners and furnaces may be necessary in many

situations where 1) the steady state efficiency of the system is below

65%, 2) the smoke number is above 2, 3) the heat exchanger or fire box

is in bad condition and 4) the unit is very old and requires large

maintenance costs. The savings from replacing the burner or furnace

can be obtained from the equation

Savings = 0.5 x Fuel x (-

where fuel is anual fuel consumption, e^ is the annual efficiency before

replacement and e

fl is the annual efficiency after replacement. The mec- hanical testing of the furnace gives the steady state efficiency e of

the system and the balance point calculation allows determination of the

oversizing factor by the equation

a = B/[K.-2. ] - 1

55
where T' o

i the balance point of the dwelling, K is the K-fai tor (fuel

per degree day, see page 9), T

d is the local design temperature and

B is the burner nozzle or orifice rate in the same units as K (thus K

. o d is hourly heating fuel needed at design load).

24 The seasonal efficiency of the furnace can be

approximated by

e

g = 0.8 x e gg

- 4 x a

where e ggis the steady state efficiency of the furnace. By performing the above calculations before and after replacement, an estimate

of the savings can be made.

INSULATE DUCTS & PIPES

All hot water and steam pipes will be insulated in unheated

spaces. Ducts will be insulated where there is more than a 20°F drop

between the plenum and the register as determined in the preliminary

test. Thickness of insulation will be determined a case-by-case

basis

RADIATOR REFLECTORS

These will be installed on all exterior wall radiators of

dwellings at sites where the number of degree days is greater than

4,000.

NIGHT SETBACK THERMOSTAT

The potential saving for a night setback thermostat can be

obtained from the equation

S^g = 0.5 x Fuel x q/100

where is given in Table C-l for each demonstration site for both

5°F and 10°F setback temperatures.

56
TABLE C-l

PERCENT SAVINGS FOR

NIGHT SETBACK OF THERMOSTAT

(Ref. 19)

Setback

5 F Setback

10 F Albuquerque 8 12

Atlanta 11 15

Charleston 11 16

Chicago 7 11

Colorado Springs 7 11

Easton 8 12

Fargo 5 8

Miami 11 16

Minneapolis 5 9

New Orleans 11 16

Oakland 10 14

Portland 6 9

St. Louis 8 12

Tacoma 8 12

Washington 9 13

RELOCATE THERMOSTAT

Savings for relocated thermostats will be estimated based on anticipated savings from reduced temperatures in overheated spaces.

INSULATE WATER HEATER (R = 7) (Ref. 20)

Electric Water Heater

Gas Water Heater

Oil Water Heater

57

365 kWh/yr

36.5 therms/yr

25.5 gal/ yr
INSTALLATION OF AQUABOOSTER ON TANKLESS COIL FURNACE-WATER HEATER SYSTEMS

In most tankless coil systems the only manner in which a nozzle

can be reduced is by installing a hot water storage tank (aquabooster )

The expected savings from this option is 12.4%. (N = 0.124)

REPLACE WATER HEATER

Replacement of the water heater will result in estimated savings of

13.78 x 10 6

/ (—— ~ _JL_) Btu/yr

e aR eNR

with

eNR 1.0 electric water heater

.7 gas or oil water heater

where e gR is the measured recovery efficiency from the mechanical system

test data and eNR

is the recovery efficiency of a new water heater.

REDUCE WATER HEATER THERMOSTAT SETTING (150-130°F)

Electric Water Heater 365 kWh/yr

Gas Water Heater 36.5 therm/yr

Oil Water Heater 25.5 gal/yr

(NBS Measurements) (Ref. 20)

SHOWER FLOW RESISTORS

Assuming 10 showers of 5 minutes each per week and an equal mixing

of hot and cold water, a flow resistor would lead to a savings of 1300

gal of hot water per year for each 1 gal/min reduction in flow rate of

the shower head. Therefore, the hot water savings would be

1300 (F-2.5) gallons of hot water per year

where F is the measured flow rate of the existing shower head. This

would lead to an energy savings of

7.55 (F-2.5) x 10 5 /e n Btu per year

Where e n

i s the recovery efficiency of the water heater. Using a recovery efficiency of 1.0 for electric water heaters and 0.7 for gas

and oil water heaters one would predict an energy savings of

58
221 (F-2.5) kWh per year for electric water heaters

10.8 (F-2.5) therms per year for gas heaters and

7.70 (F-2.5) gallons of oil per year for oil water heaters.

TIMERS ON ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS

It has been shown that timers on electric water heaters can lead to

a savings of approximately 5 kWh per day. Therefore the annual savings

would be 1875 kWh per year for a typical household.

59
APPENDIX D

FIRST COST PRICING ASSUMPTIONS

Since the construction specifications for providing the weatherization options are not part of this appendix, assumptions used in making

cost estimates for all options are stated as follows.

All cost estimates for the weatherization options are primarily

collected from the local community action groups or local contractors

recommended by the community action group and supplemented by construction suppliers catalogues, department store catalogues and the 1977

Means Building Construction Cost Data guide. Each local community

action group will identify whether the weatherization options will be

carried out by the labor forces in the local community itself or furnished and installed by a local building contractor. In general it

is assumed that infiltration options are installed by local community

action groups and that all other options are installed by a local

building contractor.

1. All estimates shown are "in-place" prices which include labor,

material and overhead, and profit (where contracted out).

2. Each estimate shown is the unit price for one option only.

There will be some price reduction of the estimate for a large

quantity purchase.

3. Estimates are used for selecting energy conservation options only.

The estimates are only of the order of magnitude. Actual installation prices will have to be collected and tabulated during the

demonstration phase of the weatherization project.

4. Estimates are shown in dollar per square foot or linear foot for

each item. These unit prices can be easily compared to the

benefit side of energy conservation since the reductions of energy

use are also expressed in the same units.

The assumptions for estimating each weatherization option are listed as follows, since technical specifications for each of the

weatherization options are not yet available.

o 1. Replace broken glass in windows : $/ft

Remove broken glass and old glazing, cut new plate glass to fit

existing opening and install glass. It is assumed that 24" x 24"

size of glass would be the most common stock size from which the

replacement pane is to be cut.

60
2 . Reset glazing in windows : $ / f t Apply glazing compound on outside and inside of existing window

panes to make them weatherproof. A window size of 3 ft. by 5 ft.

is assumed.

O 3. Install storm windows : $/ft

Furnish and install a triple track storm window of up to 15 square

feet in size. Screen is included. No special preparation on existing surfaces to receive the storm window is required.

4. Provide triple glazing for windows : $/ft

Install a new storm window 3 ft. by 5 ft. size inside the existing

window and storm window.

o 5. Install low emissivity films : $/ft

"Lockspraygold " or equivalent: apply to the entire glass area

of the window.

6. Weatherstrip windows : $/ft

Use any weatherstripping material which is available in local

hardware and specialty stores.

7. Caulk windows : $/ft

Use suitable sealant or caulking compound for exterior weatherproof caulking.

8. Install insulating lining over existing window drapes : $/ft

Use "Roclon" insulated drapery lining ($1.80 per yard of 48"

width)

.

O 9. Install insulating shutters over windows : $/ft

Install on the interior side of the window to reduce heat losses.

Composed of 1-1/2" thick insulation sandwiched between 1/4" thick

plywood, with R value = 7. Price includes hinges, trim, and

finish painting.

10. Install storm door : $/ft^

Furnish and install a storm door of approximately 3* x 7’ in size.

O 11. Install 2nd wood door : $/ft

Install a standard grade exterior wood door. Installation will

be either on the inside or outside of the existing door depending

on the direction of swing of the existing door.

2 12. Replace exterior door with insulating door : $/ft

Furnish and install a commercially available insulating door.

It shall have a minimum of rating of R6.

61
13. Weatherstrip exterior door : $/ft

Use any door weatherstripping material which is available in local

hardware and specialty stores.

14. Caulk exterior door : $/ft

Use suitable sealant or exterior weatherproof caulking.

15. Install new threshold : $/ft

Furnish and install a new threshold that is compatible with the

exterior door.

O 16A. Install insulation below grade of a first floor slab : $/ft

Excavate, attach 2" styrofoam with adhesive to the edge of slab

and footing. Make the exposed surface fireproof. Backfill to

existing grade. 18" to 20" deep insulation is estimated.

2 16B. Install interior wall insulation for basement walls : $/ft

Fur out from basement wall. Install 2" styrofoam. Install 3/8"

thick drywall. Taping and painting are not included.

2 17A. Install interior wall insulation over solid masonry wall : $/ft

Provide furring, install 2" thick styrofoam or 3-1/2" fiberglass

insulation. Install dry wall. Provide wood base. Tape and paint

walls with damp-proof paint.

2 17B. Install exterior wall insulation over solid masonry wall : $/ft

Install "Drive-it" over exterior wall.

2 17C. Provide insulation (R-ll) in existing wood framed walls : $/ft

Fill frame walls with loose fill or other insulation by inserting an applicator through the interior side of the wall. Plug and

paint with two coats of vapor barrier paint.

2 17D. Provide insulation (R-ll) in existing veneer wall : $/ft

Similar to assumption for 17C.

o 18. Insulate attic : $/ft

Furnish and install loose fill or blanket insulation to satisfy

Rll, R30, R38 values. Install attic vents where needed.

2 19. Provide floor insulation : $/ft

Provide blanket insulation to satisfy R19 and R30 values.

20. Weatherstrip attic hatch : $/ft

Furnish and install locally available weatherstripping to make

the attic hatch weather-tight.

2 21A. Seal up structural cracks on masonry walls : $/ft

Provide "tuck-pointing" for a square foot area.

62
2 21B. Seal up structural cracks on wood siding walls ; $/ft

Replace with similar siding and paint to match for a square

foot area.

2 21C. Seal up structural cracks on veneer wall : $/ft

Provide "tuck-pointing" for a square foot area.

22. Carpet floor: $/ft^

Provide floor carpet.

23 . Close-off unused portion of house : Seal and tape existing interior doors.

24 . Provide wind barrier around crawl space or basement wall : Design specifically for an individual situation.

63
APPENDIX E

ASHRAE TYPE CALCULATIONS FOR ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS (REF. 6)

(See Notes, below, for meanings of symbols used.)

INFILTRATION

Replace Broken Glass

Btu/ft 2 *yr = [0.018 x BO

a x 24 hrs] x [30 ft3 /hr + (22 ft 3 /hr x DD

a /Htg. Days)]

Reset Glazing

Btu/ffyr = [0.018 x DB x 24 hrs] x [.1 AC x 12000 ft 3 /344 (lin)

_ a.

Replace Threshold

Btu/ft *yr = [0.018 x BB

a x 24 hrs] x [300 ft 3 /hr + (22 ft 3 /hr x DD

a /Htg. Bays)]

Seal Structural Crack

Btu/ft *yr = [0.018 00

a x 24 hrs] x [300 ft3 /hr + (22 ft3 /hr x BD

a /Htg. Bays)]

Weatherstrip Windows

Btu/ft*yr = [0.018 x BB x 24 hrs] x [0.1 AC x 12000 ft3 /344 If]

Caulk Windows

Btu/ffyr = [0.018 x BD x 24 hrs] x [0.1 AC x 12000 ft 3 /344 If]

<£L Weatherstrip Doors

Btu/ffyr = [0.018 x DD x 24 hrs] x [0.1 AC x 12000 f

t

3 /344 If]

ca Caulk Door

Btu/ffyr = [0.018 x BB x 24 hrs] x [0.1 AC x 12000 ft3 /344 If]

Weatherstrip Attic Hatch

Btu/ffyr = [0.018 x BB

a x 24 hrs] x [0.1 AC x 12000 ft3 /344 If]

*NQTES (including assumptions):

DD

a = degree days at balance point of house

.018 = .24 Btu (specific heat) x .075 Ibs/ft (density)

30 ft 3 /hr = infiltration due to pressure difference with rag in

opening

(22 ft 3 /hr x DB

a /htg. days) = infiltration due to temperature

difference

300 ft = infiltration due to pressure difference without blocking

opening

12000 ft 3 = volume of building

344 (lin) ft = perimeter of doors and window sashes

AC = number of airchanges per hour

64
WINDOWS

Stage 1

Window Uninsulated (R = .88, U = 1.13)

Btu/ft 2 ’yr = 1.13 x DD x 24 hrs 3. Storm Window (R = 1.79, U = .56)

Btu/ft 2 *yr = .56 x DD„ x 24 hrs

a Managed Insulating Drape (R = 1.25 U = .80)

Btu/ft„*yr Night = .80 x DD * x 24 hrs

1.13 x DD,-*

' 2 .; Btu/ft^*yr Day - a Btu/ft *yr Total = Day + Night

x 24 hrs

Managed Shutter (R = 7.8 including glass, U = .13)

Btu/ft *yr = .13 x DD

c x 24 hrs

Btu/ft 2 *yr Day = 1.13 x DD^ x 24 hrs

Btu/ft *yr Total = Day + Night

Low Emmissivity Film (R = 1.33, U = .75 including glass)

Btu/ft *yr = .74 x DD, x 24

SL Stage 2

Storm Window and Drape (R = 2.07, U = .48)

Btu/ft 'yr Night = .48 x DD

c x 24

Btu/ft 2 *yr Day = .56 x DD^ x 24

Btu/ft 2 *yr Total = Day + Night

Storm Window and Shutters (R = 8.62, U = .12)

Btu/ft2 *yr Night = .12 x DD

c x 24

Btu/ft *yr Day = .56 x DD^ x 24

Btu/ft2 *yr Total = Day + Night

Storm Window and Film (R = 2.63, U = .38)

Btu/ft 2 ’yr = .38 x DD

a x 24

Triple Glazing (R = 2.78, U = .36)

Btu/ft 2 'yr = .36 x DD

a x 24

Stage 3

Triple Glazing and Drapes (R = 3.15, U = .32)

Btu/ft 2 *yr Night = .32 x DD

c x 24

Btu/ft 2 *yr Day = .36 x DDj x 24

Btu/ft 2 *yr Total = Day + Night

*N0TES

DD = Degree Days during night at balance point of house

DD^ = Degree Days during day at balance point of house.

65
Triple Glazing and Shutters (R = 9.7, U = .10)

Btu/ f

t

2 *yr Night = .10 x DD x 24

Btu/ft^*yr Day = .36 x DD^ x 24

Btu/ft^'yr Total = Day + Night

Triple Glazing and Film (R = 3.58, U = .28)

Btu/ft *yr = .28 x DD x 24

a DOORS

Existing 1-3/4" Solid Door (R = 2.18, U = .457)

Btu/ft^*yr = .457 x DD

a x 24

Storm Door (R = 3.23, U = .31)

Btu/ft *yr = .31 x DD

g x 24

Existing Door + Wood Door (R = 5.04, U = .20)

Btu/ft *yr = .20 x DD

a x 24

Insulating Door (R = 6, U = .17)

BTU/ftyr = .17 X DD

a x 24

ATTIC INSULATION

Component R-Value

Outside surface 0.17

Asphalt shingles 0.44

3/4" wood 0.94

2x8 (rafters) at 16" o.c. 0.93

Air space 0.98

2x8 (joists) at 16" o.c. 0.93

1/2" plaster 0.32

Inside surface 0.61

Attic Uninsulated (R = 5.3, U = 0.19)

Btu/ft *yr = 0.19 x DD

a x 24

Attic with Rll insulation (R = 15.3, U = .065)

Btu/ft^*yr = .065 x DD

fl x 24

Attic with R19 insulation (R = 22.59, U = .044)

Btu/ft^*yr = .044 x DD

a x 24

Attic with R30 insulation (R = 32.6, U = .031)

Btu/ft *yr = .031 x DD x 24

a Attic R38 insulation (R = 40, U = .025)

Btu/ft *yr = .025 x DD

a x 24

66
WALL INSULATION

Masonry Wall Uninsulated (R = 2.56, U = .39)

Btu/ft *yr = .39 x DD x 24

Masonry Wall with Rll Insulation (R = 12.6, U = .080)

Btu/ft *yr = .080 x DD x 24

a Frame Wall Uninsulated (R = 4.55, U = .22)

Btu/ f t

2 * yr = .22 x DD

a x 24

Frame Wall Rll (R = 14.6, U = .069)

BTU/ f

t

2 *yr = .069 x DD

a x 24

MASONRY VENEER WALL

Component R-Value

Outside surface 0.17

4" brick 0.80

Air space 0.97

1/2" plaster 0.32

Inside surface 0.68

Veneer Wall Uninsulated (R = 3.03, U = 0.33)

Btu/ft 2 *yr = 0.33 x DD

2 x 24

Veneer Wall Rll (R = 13, U = .077)

BTU/ f t

2 *yr = .077 x DD x 24

a BASEMENT WALLS

These values have been developed based on the analysis and formula

prescribed in Reference 21.

Basement Wall Insulated

Location

Above grade

Btu/ft ‘yr =

2 feet

Btu/ft2 below*yr =

*N0TES

DD^ = Degree

(See table.)

4 feet below

Btu/ft *yr =

R-Value

R=1 .28 , U=0 .78

0.78 x DDb

* x 24

grade

0.20 x DD

b x 24

R=4 .99 , U=0 .20

Days based on average temperature of basement,

grade

0.14 x DD

b x 24

R=6 .98 , U=0.14

67
6 fee' below grade k= 8.7 7 , U-ij.ll

Btu/ft *yr = 0.11 x DDb x 24

Basement Wall Uninsulated

R7 above grade

Btu/ f t

2 *yr = 0.121 x DD

b

R7 , 2 feet below grade

Btu/f t

2 *yr = 0.083 x DD

b

R7 , 4 feet below grade

Btu/ft 2 *yr = 0.071 x DDb

R7 , 6 feet below grade

Btu/ft 2 *yr = 0.63 x DDb

R== 8. 28, U=0

121

X 24

R== 11 .98, u=o .083

X 24

R== 13 .98, u=o .071

X 24

R== 15 .77, to no .063 x 24

ASSUMED AVERAGE BASEMENT TEMPERATURE

DURING THE HEATING SEASON

Albuquerque, N.M. 57

Atlanta, Ga. 62

Charleston, S.C. 65

Chicago, 111. 50

Colorado Springs, Colo. 49

Easton, Pa. 51

Fargo, N.D. 41

Los Angeles, Calif. 61

Miami, Fla. 76*

Minneapolis, Minn. 46

New Orleans, La. 69*

Oakland Calif. 56

Portland, Ma. 44

St. Louis, Mo. 56

Tacoma, Wash. 57

Washington, D.C. 56

* Where average basement temperature is over 65°F, DDb is

calculated using a base temperature of 65°F.

68
APPENDIX F

BUILDING MEASUREMENTS FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS

HOUSE NUMBER

DATE

Draw a plan on a separate sheet of paper

for each floor, basement, and attic

with dimensions on the outside of walls

and height from floor to celling In the

center of each plan. Give compass

orientation of house and convert

all inches to feet.

SINGLE GLAZED WINDOWS

1 . Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

2. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

3. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

4. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

5. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

6. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

7. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

8. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

9. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

10. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

11. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

12. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

13. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

14. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

15. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

16. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

17. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

18. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

19. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

20. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

69
STORM WINDOWS

1 . Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

2. Height ft.

,

Width ft., Area sq . ft. Orientation

3. Height ft. , Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

4. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq . ft. Orientation

5. He ight ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

6. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

7. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

8. Height ft.

,

Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

9. Height ft. , Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

10. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

11. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

12. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

13. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

14. Height ft.

,

Width ft., Area sq . ft. Orientation

15. Height ft. , Width ft. , Area sq. ft. Orientation

16. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

17. Height ft.. Width ft.

,

Area sq. ft. Orientation

18. Height ft.

,

Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

19. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

20. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

WOOD DOORS

1. Height ft. , Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

2. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq . ft. Orientation

3. Height ft. , Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

4. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq . ft. Orientation

5. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

GLASS DOORS

1 . Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

2. Height ft. , Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

3. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

4. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

5. Height ft.. Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

STORM DOORS + WOOD DOOR

1. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

2. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

3. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

4. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

5. Height ft., Width ft., Area sq. ft. Orientation

STORM DOOR + GLASS DOOR

1. Height ft.. Width ft.

,

Area sq. ft. Orientation

2. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq . ft. Orientation

3. Height ft., Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

4. Height ft.. Width ft.. Area sq. ft. Orientation

5. Height ft. , Width ft.

,

Area sq. ft. Orientation

70
BROKEN GLASS & STRUCTURAL CRACKS

Area of broken glass and large holes in exterior walls or roof

sq. ft.

ATTIC VENT

Area of attic vent

aq. ft.

WEATHERSTRIPPING

Number of weathers tripped doors

Number of unweatherstripped doors

Number of weatherstripped windows

Number of unweatherstripped windows

U- VALUE

Type on a separate page a list of materials and their thickness,

layer by layer from inside to outside for the following:

* Basement walls below grade

* Basement walls above grade

* Basement floor

* Each exterior building walls

* First floor

* Attic floor

* Roof

APPLIANCES

Number of refrigerators

Number of clothes washers

Number of clothes dryers

Number of dishwashers

Number of freezers

Number of television sets

Number of window air conditioners

Number of stoves

Number of ovens

71
Ri ERENCES

1. Siple, Paul A., et al. Regional C limate Analyses and Design Data/

the House Beautiful Climate Control Project . Bulletin of the

American Institute of Architects, Sep 1949-Jan 1952.

2. The Energy Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago Circle.

Final Report: Selection and Assessemt Methodology of Weatherization

Retrofit Options for Single Family and Multi-Family Buildings, July

1978.

3. Mayer, L. S., and Benjamini, Y. Modelling Residential Demand for

Natural Gas as a Function of the Coldness of the Month . "Energy

and Buildings," VI, No. 3, April 1978, Elsevier Sequoia S. A.,

Lausanne, Switzerland.

4. Hittle, D. C. The Building Loads Analysis and System Thermodynamics

(BLAST) Program, Volume 1: User's Manual . Technical Report E-119,

Sep 1977, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

(CERL), Champaign, Illinois.

5. Kusuda, Tamami. NBSLD, the Computer Prgram for Heating and Cooling

Loads in Buildings . "NBS Building Science Series 69," National

Bureau of Standards, Jul 1976.

6. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals , 1972. American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York, N.Y.

7. Thomas, G. D. , Jr. Calculus and Analytic Geometry , 4th ed., 1968.

Addison - Wesley Publishing, Reading, Massachusetts.

8. Assistant Secretary of Defense (Installations and Logistics)

Memorandum. Energy Conservation Investment Program Guidance . 24

Mar 1977.

9. Socolow, R. H., and Sonderegger, R. C. The Twin Rivers Program

on Energy Conservation in Housing: Four-Year Summary Report . Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton University, Princeton,

N . J . , Aug 1976.

10 Grot, R. A., Harrje, D. J., and Johnston, L. C., Application of

Thermography for Evaluating Effectiveness of Retrofit Measures . "Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Infrared Information Exchange,"

1976, AGA Corp. Secaucus, N.J.

11. Grot, R. A., A Method for Collecting Air Infiltration Rates in a Large Sample of Dwellngs . "Proceedings of ASTM Conference on Air

Infiltration, March 1978," American Society for Testing and

Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

72
12 . Tamara, G. T. Measurement of Air Leakage Characteristics of House

Enclosures . "ASHRAE Transactions" V81 , Part 1, 1975. American

Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers,

New York, N. Y.

13. Strieker, S., Measurements of Air-tightness of Houses . "ASHRAE

Transactions," V81, PI, 1975.

14. Kronvall, J., Testing of Houses for Air Leakage Using a Pressure

Method. "ASHRAE Transactions," V84 , PI, 1978.

15. Beyea, J., Dutt, G., and Woteki, A., Critical Significance of

Attics and Basements in the Energy Balance of Twin Rivers

Townhouses . "Energy and Buildings," op. cit.

16. ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters. Fluid Meters, Their

Theory and Application . 1959, American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, New York, N.Y.

17. Chi, Joseph. DEPAF - A Computer Model for Design and Performance

Analysis of Furnaces . "Proceedings of the AICHE-ASME Heat Transfer

Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, 15-17 Aug 1977. American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, New York, N.Y.

18. Katzman, L., and D'Agostino, R. A Study to Evaluate the Effect of

Performing Various Energy Saving Procedures on Residential Oil

Burner Installations in the New England Area and to Gather

Information on the Steady-state and Dynamic Performance of

These Installations . Walden Research Division of Abcor, Inc.,

Cambridge, Massachusetts.

19. Nelson, L. W. Reducing Fuel Consumption with Night Setback . "ASHRAE Journal," Aug 1973, American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York, N. Y.

20. Grot, R. A., Field Performance of Gas and Electric Water Heaters . "Proceedings, Purdue Conference on Energy Efficiency of Major Household Aappliances, " Feb 1978, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

21. Linden, F., Conductive Losses from Basements . "Twin Rivers Project

Note No. 4," Feb 1976, Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton

University, Princeton, New Jersey.

73
N B S-l 1 4 A ,F,!.V, 9-7H

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 79-17062.Gov’L Accession No. 3. Reciptent's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

CSA WEATHERIZATION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PLAN

5. Publication Date March 1979

C. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

R. Crenshaw, R. Clark, R. Chapman, R. Grot, and M. Godette

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

10, Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Community Services Administration

1200 19th Street, NW

Washington, D.C. 20506

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

|

, Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leas factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This report comprises the plan of a research and demonstration effort

to determine the fraction of energy that may be saved by installing

weatherization retrofits in poor peoples' homes throughout the

United States. Two broad groups of weatherization retrofits are considered for application in each dwelling: 1) "architectural,”

those affecting the building shell; and 2) "mechanical," those

affecting space heating and service hot water systems. The optimum

combination of weatherization options is defined as that set of

retrofits which maximizes net savings (the difference between savings

in fuel usage and the cost of the retrofits) over 20 years for a particular house and climatic environment. The retrofits will be

selected through present-value benefit/cost analysis. The savings

will be established through analysis of utility billings and fuel

delivery records before and after weatherization. The report presents

the background of the demonstration, the research tasks associated

with the demonstration, a description of the diagnostic tests to be

used, the rationale for economic decisions, the tests for evaluating

mechanical systems, and the calculation methods used in selecting

architectural options.

17. KEY WORDS ('six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons) Community Services Administration; heating balance point

analysis; low-income residences; marginal cost/benefit analysis in weatherization;

optimum weatherization retrofit combinations; thermal analysis of residences.

18. AVAILABILITY LX> Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

| 1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS UNCLASSIFIED

|

: Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC ""

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003-

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22. Price

[X Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 UNCLASSIFIED USCOMM-DC

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