A11104 0 2 2 4 b PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 79-1700

Fire Performance Guidelines for

Shipboard Interior Finish

B. T. Lee and W. J. Parker

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

June 1979

Final Report

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Naval Ship Engineering Center

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Department of the Navy

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NBSIR 79-1700

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B. T. Lee and W. J. Parker

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

June 1979

Final Report

Prepared for: Naval Ship Engineering Center

Naval Sea Systems Command

Department of the Navy

Washington, DC 20362

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES iv

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION . . . 1

2. CURRENT PRACTICES 1

3 . BACKGROUND 2 3.1 Review of Navy Shipboard Fire Risk Criteria (Phase I) . . . . 2 3.2 Development of Fire Tests (Phase II) 2 3.3 Development of Improved Fire Risk Criteria (Phase III) ... 3 3.3.1 Flame Spread 3 3.3.2 Time to Ignition 5 3.3.3 Rate of Heat Release 5 3.3.4 Potential Heat 6 3.3.5 Smoke Production 7

4. RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES 7

5 . ACKNOWLEDGMENT 8

6. REFERENCES 8 APPENDIX A. LABORATORY FIRE TESTS 10

A- 1 ASTM E 8 4 10

A- 2 ASTM E 162 10

A-3 Fed. Std. 501, Method 6411 11

A- 4 Potential Heat Test 11

A- 5 Smoke Density Chamber 11

A- 6 Ease-of-Ignition Test 12

A- 7 Heat Release Rate Calorimeter 12

A- 8 Flooring Radiant Panel 12

iii
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Phase I fire test requirements 13

Table 2. Compartment fire tests 14

Table 3. Summary of ignition and flame spread test results on some interior finish materials 15

Table 4. Heat release rates of some interior finish materials 17

Table 5. Potential heat and smoke data from compartment fire tests ... 18

Table 6. Selection criteria for interior finish materials in Navy

berthing compartments based on laboratory test methods .... 19

IV
FIRE PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES

FOR SHIPBOARD INTERIOR FINISH

B. T. Lee and W. J. Parker

Abstract

The present Navy fire performance requirements given

in Military Standard 1623B (SHIPS) for shipboard interior

finish provide a means for selecting fire safe materials.

However, a recent evaluation of the Navy fire safety requirements along with an experimental berthing compartment fire

study have suggested more rational design rules. New

guidelines are recommended to update this standard with

improved fire risk criteria.

Key words: Compartment fires; fire tests; flame spread;

heat release rate; ignition; interior finish; passive

fire protection; potential heat; smoke.

1.

INTRODUCTION

An important element of ship design is the judicious choice of materials

for the ship's interior finish and furnishings to minimize the spread of fire

and smoke. Some interior finish materials may contribute significantly to fire

development by the rapid spread of flames, by the generation of heat and smoke,

and by serving as a fire propagation link between furnishing items within the

compartment as well as between adjoining occupancies. On the other hand, there

are finish materials which do not readily contribute to room fire growth and

act instead as barriers to help confine the spread of the fire. Selection of

such fire safe materials relies on guidelines which are based on laboratory

fire test evaluation of materials.

The present Navy fire performance requirements given in MIL STD 1623B [1]1

for shipboard interior finish provide some degree of practical fire safety in

Naval ship design. However, a review of the Navy fire safety requirements and

recent research with compartment fires [2,3] along with the development of a flammability test for deck coverings [4,5] have suggested possible revisions

to these criteria for choosing fire safe materials. This report, written at

the request of the sponsor, summarizes the development of proposed new criteria

and includes additional information from a recent study of shipboard fire

buildup [ 6 ]

.

2.

CURRENT PRACTICES

Fire performance requirements, presently used by the Navy for interior

finish materials, are stated in MIL STD 1623B [1]. This standard considers

the following three methods for evaluating the potential fire hazards of

materials

:

1. ASTM E 84 (tunnel test)

2. ASTM E 162 (radiant panel)

3. FED STD 501, Method 6411

These three methods are discussed briefly in the appendices A1 , A2 and

A3. For bulkhead and overhead sheathing, a maximum flame spread limit of 25

"''Numbers in brackets refer to the literature references listed at the end of

this paper.

1
by the E 84 test [7] and some limit, depending on the material, on the smoke

developed by the same test are the only requirements for acceptance. In the

special category of overhead acrylic light diffusing panels a maximum flame

spread of 250 and a maximum smoke rating of 450 by the E 84 tunnel test are required. For deck coverings other than carpeting. Method 6411 of the Federal

Test Method Standard No. 501 is the specified fire test. Surface char length

and combustion time, measured with this method, are used to evaluate materials.

Different sets of test criteria are given depending on the material being evaluated. For carpeting, a rating of 25 or less by the ASTM E 162 test [8] is

specified for acceptance. However, there is no test requirement for the carpet

to be bonded on a steel substrate as is found in practice.

3 . BACKGROUND

A broad shipboard fire research program was initiated by the Navy in 1969

to help fulfill the need for (1) an improved interpretation and application of

present test methods and/or (2) better laboratory test methods which could

provide a meaningful correlation with the observed fire buildup in compartment

fire tests. The project was structured in three phases. During the first

phase a review was made of the existing specifications for shipboard construction materials and the test methods used to determine fire performance.

Phase II of the program concentrated on fire test development. Phase III,

focusing on the compartment fire studies and on an analytical treatment of

compartment fire growth, was performed to aid in the interpretation and application of both the laboratory fire test methods recommended under phase I and

the tests developed under phase II of the program.

3.1 Review of Navy Shipboard Fire Risk Criteria (Phase I)

A survey was made of the existing Navy specifications on construction

materials and on the laboratory test methods used to evaluate the fire behavior

of these materials [2]. The review indicated that a wide variety of tests were being used in conjunction with differing criteria to evaluate materials designated for identical usage. The same study recommended the employment of three

standardized tests for surface flammability, fuel contribution and smoke generation in lieu of the existing Navy tests. Specifically, these tests were the

ASTM E 162 radiant panel [8]

,

the potential heat test [9]

,

and the smoke density chamber [10]. All of these tests had been developed previously at the

National Bureau of Standards and are briefly discussed in appendices A2 , A4 and

A5. It was also indicated at that time that the ignitability and the rate of

heat release were important in determining the potential fire hazards of

materials and that tests for these properties would be developed during

phase II.

As part of the review, the deficiencies of method 6411, presently still

recognized as an acceptable test under MIL STD 1623B, were also discussed. The

review found that the Navy did not adopt a consistent set of test requirements,

using method 6411, for different materials and that the terminology used did

not allow for comparison. Furthermore, measurements with the method do not

indicate the relative rates of flame spread among materials, nor do they show

what levels of external heat flux are required for flame spread along deck

coverings

.

As interim criteria for ruling out materials having significant fire risk

potential, it was recommended in the phase I report [2] that the guidelines in

table 1 be used.

3.2 Development of Fire Tests (Phase II)

Following the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) survey, discussed in the

preceding section, an ease-of-ignition test, which measures the exposure time

required for sustained ignition by flame contact, and a heat release rate

2
calorimeter were developed and tested on a variety of materials [11,12] under

phase II of the program. At about the same time a flooring radiant panel test

[4] was also developed at NBS for measuring the critical radiant flux for flame

spread on horizontally-mounted floor covering systems. These three test methods

are briefly discussed in appendices A6 , A7 and A8

.

3.3 Development of Improved Fire Risk Criteria (Phase III)

Full size and quarter-scale compartment fires in conjunction with an approximate analytical treatment on room fire buildup were performed under

phase III of the program to obtain an improved understanding of the relationship between the laboratory fire test assessment and the observed behavior of

materials in actual fires [3]. In this compartment fire study, the overhead

and bulkhead linings and the deck coverings were selected by the sponsor from

several candidate materials for shipboard application. A description of these

materials along with the compartment fire test arrangements are given in

table 2. The tested variations in the interior finish included two overhead

materials, three bulkhead sheathings and four deck coverings. The overhead

and bulkhead materials had a fairly narrow range of flame spread and smoke

generation potential. The deck coverings had a greater range but they usually

did not become involved in the fire until flashover conditions were imminent.

Flashover is defined here as the compartment condition where the thermal radiation level becomes high enough to spontaneously ignite light combustible materials, such as newspaper, in the lower half of the compartment. Consequently,

the relationships between the laboratory fire test performance of these materials and their behavior in the actual compartment fires were difficult to

establish. Nevertheless, there was sufficient information obtained upon which

to provide a basis for improving the present rules for fire safe material

usage

.

Some results from the full size compartment fire tests are also summarized

in table 2. The degree of the fire buildup in each test arrangement is indicated by the maximum interior and doorway air temperatures achieved during the

fire. A summary of the results from the laboratory fire tests of the interior

finish materials, used in those compartment fires, is given in tables 3, 4 and

5. Included in tables 3 and 4 are data from some follow-up laboratory tests

of the compartment linings [6]

.

Use of some substitute materials was resorted

to in the latter tests as much of the interior finish used in the compartment

fire study was no longer manufactured. These substitute materials were judged

to be similar to the original materials except for the differences in color,

surface texture or backing construction. However, the test data in the table

demonstrated that "similar" materials can have significantly different fire

performance

.

The fire study did not demonstrate any justification for relaxing the

requirements on flame spread, potential heat, and smoke density from those

recommended earlier in phase I of the project. Furthermore, the lining materials, used in these compartment fire tests, met the phase I requirements and

did not provide a large increase in the fire hazard beyond that provided by

the bedding itself. Therefore, it was felt that any new criteria presented

should not rule out the use of these materials which have been successfully

employed in the full-scale compartment tests. Nevertheless, in order to avoid

serious fire problems which might arise when materials with quite different

characteristics are considered in the future, additional requirements on ignitability and heat release rate should be included.

3.3.1 Flame Spread

No reason was found to alter the flame spread requirement of equal to or less than 25 on the E 162 test for the overhead and bulkhead materials. The

measurement, however, must be made on the material in the same thickness and

backed in the same manner as when installed. The effect of backing materials

can significantly affect the specimens' behavior on the fire test. Flame

3
spread in a room is, however, only partially represented by the E 162 test

where the flames travel downward along the specimen surface. As mentioned in

another study of fire buildup in shipboard spaces [6]

,

upward fire spread in

the direction of air flow is also extremely important. Both modes of fire

spread occur in compartment fires. In the initial stages of a fire, the flame

spread along the interior finish is upwards from the ignition flame. The ultimate height of this flame zone, or if the flame zone exceeds the height of the

overhead, its extension across the overhead, depends on some of the same factors as the flame travel distance along the E 84 tunnel [13] which is also in

the direction of the air flow. The extent of this flame spread in the tunnel

may, in some cases, be correlated with the rate of heat generation of the burning material [13]. Since measurement of the heat release rate is needed to

fully describe the potential contribution of the material to any compartment

fire, the E 84 flame spread classification for the material may then be unnecessary. Downward flame propagation as well as lateral flame travel across the

bulkhead and overhead, away from this initial flame zone, may be evaluated

with the E 162 test. Thus an adequate control of a material's flammability

requires some limit on the rate of heat release and an upper limit of 25 on

the E 162 test.

Although the same flame spread requirement may be given for the deck

coverings, a more suitable acceptance criterion would be based on the ability

of the material to sustain flame propagation under the thermal radiation levels

anticipated on the deck surface. The flooring radiant panel test [5] measures

this critical radiant flux for horizontal flame spread along the surface of a material. The E 162 test may also be used to measure critical flux values,

but such measurements are made under different conditions. The data shown in

table 3 for the wool carpet indicate that considerable differences can some- times occur between the critical flux measured with the E 162 test and that

obtained with the flooring radiant panel. This latter test is much more appropriate than the ASTM E 84 and ASTM E 162 methods for measuring the flammability

properties of deck coverings.

The irradiance on the deck is a strong function of the air temperatures

developed in the compartment. For closed bunks, i.e., units having partitions

along three sides, in addition to normal ventilation conditions and no privacy

curtains, the compartment air temperatures shown on table 2 did not reach

400° C. Even for bunks having opened sides or unusual air flow conditions in

the space, an incipient fire would probably have difficulty in developing to

the extent where compartment air temperatures would exceed 400° C for the more

typical bedding arrangements. Bedding used in the berthing compartment fire

tests [3] was in considerable disorder with crumpled-up bed sheets placed on

the bedding to simulate clothing. This was done to assure a repeatable and

sustained fire in the bunks and, at the same time, to represent a probable

worst condition that could occur. The same study demonstrated that carefully

made-up bedding and even bedding in considerable disarray, but without the

crumpled-up sheets, led to only a low level fire environment with compartment

air temperatures under 250 ° C. Only with the introduction of crumpled-up

sheets, together with the bedding in considerable disorder, was rapid fire

involvement possible. Thus it was felt that for berthing compartment fires

under presently typical shipboard conditions, air temperatures would not exceed

400° C. Even at a temperature as high as 450° C the irradiance on the deck

would only be about 5 kW/m2 (0.44 Btu/s/ft 2 ). Thus, deck coverings having a critical flux equal to or higher than this value would not be expected to

contribute significantly to the buildup stage of the fire.

While flame spread criteria were adequate in choosing the safe materials

used in the compartment fire tests, our analysis of room fire studies conducted

at Underwriters Laboratories [14] found little correlation between the flame

spread ratings for the interior finish and the degree of fire buildup in the

enclosed space. Their test compartment was lined with plastic board materials.

A burning 9kg (20 pound) wood crib, positioned in one corner, served as the

ignition source. These tests demonstrated that fires with some plastic interior finish having a 25 or lower rating on either or both of the E 84 and E 162

4
tests still led to flashover of the compartment. In any case flame spread

ratings alone are not capable of ruling out all potentially hazardous lining

materials. Therefore, it is suggested that any lining material to be used

must also satisfy certain heat release and ignitability requirements.

3.3.2 Time to Ignition

Some low density foam materials which had low flame Spread ratings, but

performed poorly in room fires [14], also experienced self-sustained surface

flaming at flame exposures of less than 60 seconds in the ease-of-ignition

test. A recent study [15] indicated that materials which contributed significant fuel to the flame in the ease-of-ignition test at flame exposure times

of less than 60 seconds could also contribute to an early compartment flashover. All of the overhead and bulkhead finish materials used for the compartment fires, shown in table 2, required flame exposure times greater than

60 seconds for self-sustained surface flaming and for measurable fuel contribution in the ease-of-ignition test and performed well in the compartment

fires. Results for some shipboard lining materials [3,6] are included in

table 3. In order to eliminate those low thermal inertia materials which

ignite quickly and contribute significantly to the fire, it is suggested that

flame exposure greater than 60 seconds for self-sustained flaming and for the

onset of fuel contribution be set as the criterion for the ease-of-ignition.

3.3.3 Rate of Heat Release

The growth of a fire in a compartment having combustible interior finish

and adequate ventilation can be described in the following sequence of events:

ignition, spread of flame across the bulkheads and overhead, and rise of the

compartment temperature. The rate at which a fire develops depends on the

balance between the rate of heat released from the burning materials and the

rate of heat dissipated through the confining boundaries of the space and by

venting of the hot gases. The compartment fire experiments indicated that the

temperature of the hot air layer below the ceiling is a suitable quantitative

measure of the level of fire buildup in a space. When this temperature exceeds

700° C there is sufficient thermal radiation from the hot air layer and the

heated upper surface to cause flashover, i.e., ignition of all combustible

materials in the compartment. In general the rate of heat production needed

to attain such temperatures is dependent on the size of the enclosed space,

the degree and distribution of the ventilation, the location of heat sources,

and the thermal properties of the interior finish. It was found in the Navy

compartment fire study that a heat generation rate of roughly 72 kW/m 2 (6.3 Btu/s/ft 2

) of deck area resulted in a temperature of 700° C in the

compartment test room.

In order to effectively utilize this critical rate of heat generation for

establishing heat release criteria for compartment linings, an estimate must

first be made of the potential thermal contribution from the furnishings. Then

the balance of the energy production needed to attain the critical air temperature in the compartment may be used to establish the limits for the rate of

heat generation from the interior finish.

The rate of heat generation from furnishings depends on their distribution

and degree of fire involvement. In the berthing compartment fire study [3]

the fire load was representative of the present shipboard occupancy of three

to four persons for each 9 m

2 (100 ft 2

) of berthing area [6]. In the study

only vertical fire propagation between individual berths was investigated as fire spread between adjacent furnishing items is difficult until flashover is

imminent or has occurred [16].

A summary of these compartment fires [3] is given in table 2. The results

indicate that fires in the bedding alone sometimes exceeded the rate of heat

production required for flashover in the compartment fire tests. No regulation

on interior finish materials would have prevented the occurrence of flashover

5
in these cases. The results in table 2 show that open bunks and curtains in

front of closed bunks added considerably to the fire intensity. Fires in

closed bunks, under normal ventilation conditions and without the privacy curtains, could still contribute 45% of the critical rate of heat release required

for flashover, but this would allow some leeway for additional interior finish

and other contents. For these safer berthing units the criteria for the heat

release rate of the lining materials could be based on the concept of keeping

their total heat production rate below 40 kW/m 2 (3.5 Btu/s/ft 2

) of the deck

area. This would be sufficient to prevent flashover of the compartment in

most cases. The carpet did not contribute any heat until full involvement

occurred in the compartment fire tests. Likewise, little fire involvement of

the bulkhead surface was observed in these fires until flashover conditions

were approached. While flame spread across the ceiling is relatively easy, even for low flame spread materials, downward and lateral flame propagation

are not likely to occur for these materials until high thermal radiation

levels are achieved in the compartment. Hence, if the flame spread criteria

for the interior finish is satisfied, then the area of potential involvement

could be considered to be mainly the overhead. The latter must then be

restricted to a heat release rate of less than 40 kW/m 2 (3.5 Btu/s/ft 2

) to

avoid flashover of the space. The overhead materials used in the Navy berthing

compartment fires would pass this criteria.

An additional margin of safety may be achieved by requiring the bulkhead

lining materials to have heat release rates <_ 60 kW/irr (5.3 Btu/s/ft 2 ). This

additional requirement would permit the use of bulkhead lining materials which

performed satisfactorily in the compartment fire tests while ruling out

materials having high heat release rates.

The data in table 4 show the heat release rates for some shipboard

interior finish exposed to the irradiance levels of 20, 40 and 60 kW/m 2

. The

data indicate that the rate of heat generation of a material, e.g., item 8 on table 4, can be a strong function of the radiant exposure. In the preceding

paragraphs, the recommended limits on the heat release rate from materials

are based on the highest one minute average rate of heat release per unit surface area as measured in the heat release rate calorimeter [12] under an irradiance level of 60 kW/m 2 (5.3 Btu/s/ft 2 ).

As the combustible fire load in berthing areas exceeds those in other

living and recreational areas on board ship [6] , the above fire safe criteria

generated for the berthing spaces could be applied conservatively to other

shipboard areas such as the wardrooms, lounges and mess halls.

3.3.4 Potential Heat

In addition to the necessity for limiting the rate of heat production and

thus the intensity of the fire, there is also a need for restricting the duration of the fire. The latter requirement is intended to limit the effect of

the fire on the structural integrity of the compartment components as well as to reduce the probability of fire penetration into adjoining occupancies. An

approximate but commonly used relation between fire severity and fire load [17]

shows that for every 12 kg/m 2 (2-1/2 lb/ft 2

) increase in fire load, the fire

severity, in terms of ASTM E 119 type of fire exposure, increases by 1/4 hour.

This increase in fire load represents about 240 MJ/m 2 (21,000 Btu/ft 2

) of deck

area. A recent shipboard survey of the potential heat load in living and rec- reational quarters [6] showed that the typical contents in berthing spaces

would lead to about 15 minutes of fire exposure, with the bedding and locker

materials accounting for 11 minutes of this time. For wardrooms and lounge areas the potential fire exposure would be about 7 minutes. The compartment

fire tests have indicated such exposures will melt the 0.25 cm (0.10 in) thick

aluminum bunk partitions. There is further experimental evidence [18] that

exposure times as short as 6 minutes could also be detrimental to 0.64 cm

(1/4 in) thick aluminum plates. However, it is recognized that realistic limits must be set to allow for some choice of furnishings and interior finish

6
aboard ship. For this reason it is suggested that a practical limit of 11

(1000), 34 (3000) and 56 MJ/m 2 (5000 Btu/ft 2

) be set for the overhead, bulkhead

and deck coverings, respectively. More stringent requirements would probably

add little to practical fire safety as the role of potential heat of materials

in a fire depends on other parameters such as the distribution as well as the

ignitability , flame spread, and rate of heat release characteristics of the

materials. For a 3.0 x 3.0 m (10 x 10 ft) space having a 2.1 m (7 ft) overhead

height, the compartment interior finish could then contribute another 10 minutes of fire severity. These limits would also allow the use of the materials

which performed satisfactorily in the compartment fire tests. These materials

are shown in table 5, along with their potential heat values.

3.3.5 Smoke Production

Criteria for limiting the generation of smoke in the compartment are difficult to establish. The burning of a relatively small quantity of certain

materials could produce sufficient smoke to completely obscure visibility in

the compartment, in critical spaces such as passageways, and in neighboring

spaces. While the settings of visibility limits would be logical in terms of ease of egress and more effective fire fighting capabilities, they are difficult to set because they depend on the ventilation conditions and details of

the structure beyond the compartment of fire origin. In spite of this there

is still a need to limit the total smoke generation by materials. Due to the

aforementioned difficulties, the compartment fire study was unable to improve

the phase I criteria shown in table 1 for smoke control and no revision of

these guidelines is recommended. As improved materials having lower smoke

outputs become available, it may be advisable to consider tightening the

requirements for all materials used in the berthing areas. However, more

stringent limits on smoke generation should be used with caution so as not to

eliminate some otherwise good materials. This is because the smoke generation

potential of materials also depends on the ignitability, flame spread, and heat

release properties of the materials. A material which has a low maximum specific optical density, Dm , as measured with the smoke density chamber [10] , but

spreads fire readily over its surface could produce more total smoke in a fire

situation than another material having a high Dm value along with a low flame

spread potential.

It is suggested that the smoke control requirements for interior finish

remain as follows:

Location

Maximum Specific Optical Density, Dm

for Flaming and Non-flaming Exposures

Overhead < 150

Bulkheads < 150

Deck < 450

Table 5 shows that the interior finish materials which performed satisfactorily

in the other laboratory fire tests also have maximum specific optical density

values within these prescribed limits.

4 . RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES

A critical review of the Navy fire performance requirements for interior

finish [2] focused on the need for a minimal number of test methods for

measuring the ignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, potential heat,

and the smoke generation properties of those materials. Laboratory fire tests

were also recommended at that time for evaluation of these fire properties.

Subsequent compartment fire tests [3] have helped establish state-of-the-art

acceptance criteria for fire safe selection of materials aboard ship based on

7
these laboratory tests. Observations and analysis of these compartment fire

tests have resulted in an improved interpretation of fire test ratings. As a result, more rational criteria for fire risk material usage have been formulated for interior finish in Navy shipboard quarters. These design rules have

been presented previously [3] and are summarized in table 6.

5 . ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was sponsored by the Naval Sea Systems Command, Department of

the Navy, under the direction of Mr. C. Bogner, Technical Agent for the

Engineering Materials and Services Office of the Naval Ship Engineering Center.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Fire Performance Requirements and Approved Specifications for Interior

Finish Materials and Furnishings (Naval Shipboard Use) , Military

Standard 1623B (SHIPS) (Nov. 14, 1975).

[2] Benjamin, I. and Gross, D. , Naval shipboard fire risk criteria, final

report phase I--Evaluation of fire test requirements, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), NBSIR 10159 (Jan. 26, 1970).

[3] Lee, B. T. and Parker, W. J., Naval shipboard fire risk criteria - Berthing compartment fire study and fire performance guidelines, Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 76-1052, Final Report (Sept. 1976).

[4] Hartzell, L. G. , Development of a radiant panel test for flooring

materials, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 74-495 (May 1974).

[5] Federal Test Method Standard No. 372, Test for Critical Radiant Flux of

Carpet Flooring Systems (Flooring Radiant Panel Test) (Aug. 1977)

.

[6] Lee, B. T. and Parker, W. J., Fire buildup in shipboard compartments - Characterization of some vulnerable spaces and the status of prediction

analysis, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 79-1714 (May 1979).

[7] Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building

Materials, ASTM E 84.

[8] Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, ASTM E 162.

[9] Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, NFPA

No. 259 (1976)

.

[10] Standard Test Method for Smoke Generated by Solid Materials, NFPA

No. 258 (1976)

.

[11] Parker, W. J., The development of a test for ease of ignition by flame

impingement, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 10495 (Feb. 11, 1972).

[12] Parker, W. J. and Long, M. E., Development of a Heat Release Rate

Calorimeter at NBS , ASTM Special Technical Publication 502 (June 1972).

[13] Parker, W. J., An investigation of the fire environment in the ASTM E 84

tunnel test, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 945 (Aug. 1977).

[14] Castino, G. T., et al. , Flammability Studies of Cellular Plastics and

Other Building Materials Used for Interior Finish, Underwriters

Laboratories Inc. (1975)

.

8
[15] Lawson, J. R. and Parker, W. J., Development of an ease of ignition test

using flame impingement, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR, to be published.

[16] Fang, J. B. , Measurements of the behavior of incidental fires in a compartment, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 75-679 (Mar. 1975).

[17] Building Materials and Structures, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Report

BMS92 (Oct. 7, 1942).

[18] Lee, B. T. , Fire performance testing of bulkhead insulation systems for

high strength to weight ship structures, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

NBSIR 76-1012, Final Report (Aug. 1976).

9
APPENDIX A. LABORATORY FIRE TESTS

A-l. ASTM E 84

The ASTM E 84 tunnel test [7] measures the flame spread performance of

the specimen material relative to that of asbestos-cement board and red oak

flooring under similar test conditions for a duration of 10 minutes. A

50.8 cm (20 in) wide and 7.3 m (24 ft) long specimen is horizontally-mounted

in an overhead orientation in a 7.6 m (25 ft) long test chamber. The fire

end of the tunnel is provided with two gas burners delivering flames upward

against the surface of the test sample. An air intake port 7.6 cm (3 in) high

measured from the floor level of the test chamber is provided at the fire end.

The vent end is fitted to a 40.6 cm (16 in) diameter flue pipe. Changes in

smoke density in the flue pipe are monitored photometrically. A thermocouple

is also mounted 2.5 cm (1 in) from the sample surface, 30.5 cm (1 ft) from the

vent end.

Results are given for flame spread, fuel contributed and smoke developed.

These values, obtained from burning the test material, represent a comparison

with those of asbestos-cement board expressed as zero and red oak flooring

expressed as 100. Flame spread classification*; FSC, is determined as follows

(1) For materials on which flame spreads 5.9 m (19-1/2 ft) in a time, t, of 5-1/2 min or less, FSC = 550/t.

(2) If the flame front spreads 5.9 m (19-1/2 ft) in more than

5-1/2 min, then FSC = 50 + 275/t.

(3) For materials on which the flame spreads less than 5.9 m

(19-1/2 ft) but more than 4.1 m (13-1/2 ft), FSC = 50 + 4.6 d

where d is in meters, and FSC = 50 + 1.4 d where d is in feet.

(4) When the extreme flame spread distance is 4.1 m (13-1/2 ft) or less, the classification is FSC = 16.8 d for d in meters

and 5.1 d for d in feet.

The value for fuel contribution is derived by calculating the net area under the time-temperature curve from the thermocouple near the vent end for

the test material and comparing this area with the net area under the curve

for untreated red oak flooring.

The smoke developed during the test is determined from the time dependent

increase in obscuration of a light source due to the smoke in the vent pipe.

The smoke rating is derived by calculating the net area under the timeobscuration curve for the test material and comparing this area with the net area under the curve for untreated red oak flooring.

A-2 . ASTM E 162

The ASTM E 162 radiant panel test [8] requires a 15 x 46 cm (6 x 18 in)

specimen, facing and inclined 30 degrees to a vertically-mounted, gas-fired

radiant panel. The energy output of the panel is controlled to be the same

as that from a blackbody of the same dimensions operating at a temperature of

670° C (1238° F) . Ignition is caused by a pilot flame just above the upper

edge of the test specimen and observations are made of the progress of the

flame front down the specimen surface, as well as the temperature rise of the

thermocouples in a stack supported above the test specimen. The test is

terminated when the flame reaches the end of the specimen or in 15 minutes.

A new calculational method for the flame spread classification was adopted

in 1976 in which the FSC is proportional to the area under the flame distance

versus time curve.

10
whichever time is less. The flame-spread index, I s , is computed as the product

of the flame-spread factor, F s , and the heat evolution, Q s , or I s = F S Q S , where

F

s

1 +

t 3 t 6 -t : t 9 -t 6 t l 2 ~t

9

t 1 5 “t l 2 and Q 0. 1AT/3

The symbols ts to t 15 correspond to times in minutes from specimen exposure

until arrival of the flame front at a position 7.6 to 38 cm (3 to 15 in),

respectively, along the length of the specimen. The value of 0.1 in the relation for the heat evolution is a constant arbitrarily chosen to yield a flamespread index of approximately 100 for red oak. The quantity AT is the observed

maximum stack thermocouple temperature rise over that observed with an asbestos-cement board specimen, and 8 is the maximum stack thermocouple

temperature rise for unit heat input rate to the calibration burner.

A-3 . Fed. Std . 501, Method 6411

This apparatus was developed at the Naval Applied Science Laboratory

(NASL) , Brooklyn, approximately 25 years ago. The apparatus consists of a communicating horizontal and vertical flue constructed of 1.6 mm (1/16 in)

steel sheeting lined with 3.2 mm (1/8 in) asbestos cement board with the

exception of the horizontal bottom plate which is all steel. The deck covering

to be tested is applied to a specimen holder made of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) mild

steel plate 80.0 cm (31-1/2 in) long by 17.8 cm (7 in) wide. The holder is

mounted in the horizontal flue so that hot gases can pass beneath the holder

and be vented through the vertical flue. Flames and hot gases can also travel

above the holder and are vented through the vertical flue. Exposure is by

means of four open blast burners mounted side by side at one end of the

horizontal flue, and the flames impinge both at the lower (steel) and upper

(specimen) edges of the holder. The total rate of heat supply by the burners

is approximately 7.0 kW (400 Btu/min) providing a moderately severe exposure.

A-4 . Potential Heat Test

The potential heat test [9] provides a quantitative measure of the total

heat release under typical fire exposure conditions without regard to the rate

at which the heat is released.

The heat of combustion Qr of a sample of the material, measured by an oxygen bomb calorimeter, after it has been exposed to a "standardized fire"

(2 hours in a muffle furnace at 750° C (1382° F) , is compared with the heat

of combustion Qm of an unexposed sample. The potential heat Qt is given by

Q. = Qm -

t m

R Q.

where R is the fractional weight remaining after the exposure.

Determinations may be made on simple materials, or on composite assemblies

of materials from which a representative sample can be taken and pulverized

into a homogeneous mixture.

A-5. Smoke Density Chamber

The smoke density chamber [10] is a 0.51 m

3 (18 ft 3

) closed cabinet in

which a specimen 58.1 cm 2 (three inches square) is supported vertically in a holder and is exposed to an irradiance of 25 kw/m 2 (2.2 Btu/s/ft 2

) under one

of two exposure conditions, designated as "flaming" or "non-flaming"

(smoldering) . For each specimen, the combustion generated smoke accumulates

within the chamber and the reduction of light transmission during the test is

reported in terms of the optical density of the smoke.

11
The method assumes the applicability of Bouger's law to the attenuation

of light by smoke, and the quantity of smoke is therefore reported in terms

of optical density rather than light absorption. Optical density is the single

measurement most characteristic of a "quantity of smoke" with regard to visual

obscuration. To take into account the optical path length, L, the volume of

the chamber, V, and the specimen surface area producing smoke. A, a specific

optical density is defined as D s = (V/LA) log 10 (100/T) , where T is the percent

light transmittance and the logarithmic term is the optical density.

A-6. Ease-of-lgnition Test

The ease of ignition test [15] measures the exposure times required to

produce flame attachment and fuel contribution of building materials in contact

with flame. Two specimens 14.0 cm (5-1/2 in) wide and 15.2 cm (6 in) high

face each other 50 mm (2 in) apart. Natural gas is introduced into the gap

and is ignited with a spark. The exposing flame passes between the specimen

surfaces and extends about 25.4 cm (10 in) above them. The incident heat flux

on the specimen surface averages 32 kW/m 2 (2.8 Btu/s/ft 2 ).

The time of flame attachment is observed visually. The time of fuel

contribution is indicated by a phototube which samples the radiation from the

flame.

A-7. Heat Release Rate Calorimeter

The heat release rate calorimeter [12] measures the rate of heat

generation for materials exposed to radiant fluxes up to 100 kW/m 2 (8.8 Btu/s/ft 2

) with a response time of a few seconds. A 11.4 by 15 cm (4-1/2

x 6 in) specimen, up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in thickness, is oriented vertically

in front of gas-fired radiant panels lining three sides of a combustion

chamber. The radiation comes from the surface of these panels whose temperatures may be varied between 627 and 1027° C (1160 and 1880° F) to produce the

desired irradiance level on the sample. The edges of the specimen are shielded

by an insulated holder. Air for combustion of the sample passes up through

the porous floor of the chamber.

The fast time response of the calorimeter to the heat leaving the front

surface of the specimen is achieved by maintaining the instrument at a con- stant temperature, thus overcoming the thermal inertia associated with the

heating and cooling of the calorimeter walls. The constant temperature operation is accomplished with an auxiliary burner whose fuel supply is regulated

by an automatic temperature controller. An increase in heat due to the

burning of the specimen is then compensated by a decrease in the fuel flow

rate to the burner. The measured decrease in the rate of flow of the fuel is

then recorded as the rate of heat release of the specimen.

A-8. Flooring Radiant Panel

The flooring radiant panel test [5] measures the critical radiant flux

for flame spread of horizontally-mounted floor covering systems. The critical

radiant flux is the level of incident radiant flux on the specimen surface at

the maximum flame spread distance. The specimen can be mounted over underlayment, bonded to a simulated structural floor or otherwise installed in a typical and representative way.

The radiant energy source is a premixed air-gas fueled panel inclined at

30 degrees to and directed at a horizontally-mounted 22 cm (8.7 in) by 104 cm

(41 in) specimen. The radiant panel generates an energy flux distribution

ranging from a maximum of 10 kW/m 2 (0.88 Btu/s/ft 2

) to a minimum of 1 kW/m 2 (0.09 Btu/s/ft 2

) under the low panel temperature setting of between 490 to

510° C (914 to 950° F) and from 24 to 2 kW/m 2 (2.1 to 0.18 Btu/s/ft 2

) in the

high panel temperature range of 660 to 680° C (1220 to 1256° F) . Test results

are reported as the critical radiant flux, W/cm 2

, for failure of the flame to

further propagate.

12
Table 1. Phase I fire test requirements

ASTM E 162 Smoke Density Chamber

Type Material Flame Spread Potential Heat Maximum Specific

Index Optical Density

Bulkhead and <25 <2.2 x 10

5 kJ/m3 <150

Overhead

Insulation (500 Btu/f

t

2 /in)

General <25 <7.0 x 10 3 J/g <450

Deck

Coverings (3000 Btu/lb)

13
Table

2.

Compartment

fire

tests f3]

>t a,

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the

Navy

compartment

fires

[3]

are

denoted

by

No.

1,

while

the

No. 2

materials

are
Table

3.

Summary

of

ignition

and

flame

spread

test

results

on

some

interior

finish

materials

(cont'd)

AJc

tO QJ •H -C T3 H AJ

<0 r~t <S fM in

(& 0)

O AJ

X E CD oo fM Q) c H « 3 O • | • U

O' <Q A) « H \ H o CM

O <Q e a* H X (ia U 5 in u u rH 0 <Q o •H H U

tn 0) AJ H 3

to CM E O Ai X E O' <7* <N in

•u

H fl 3 0 fM

(0 AJ 01H \ H <N <N fM o

0)

H I bi 5 v • u u 0 a u 2

05

OJ 0) T3 -C a 0) d X rn O in r*- AJ

<S E QJ QJw • • H <0 U »0 M GO o O' in

QJ Cu ^ a c CM O' rH r~\ rH

Im WH fM •H

fM

VOH 2

'O

u 1 0) to o O' <7\ r*

aJ E 0) ^ in • • • • 'O (QUO lu CM fM CO PO vo QJ h an rH U

In O) (la QJ A 1 E3C

rH *0

G

QJ 0) O' 3

OJ c c

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CO (Q e w CM CM 1 fM roU o AJ A> «Q O <TJ •H W ^ H

AJ QJ 3 fc.

A

u

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O'H «.

M—1

U-4

C 0 0 o O H 2

QJ AJ AJ

0) rH 3 O o GO >i 10 oj <y -Q W CM 1 *y fM rH J3 M E 3 H H

TJ

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0) <N 'O « AJ

to <A4 O' in 00O r- QJ

U 0) \ m *7 o\

U

Q)

u

A <0 a< H o o o © o

AJ QJ

m

x o CM

O' «Q E O' fM ro

m

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0)

u \ • 0) 3 3 O' O O O o © u

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a, • qj fM <N AJ

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01 QJ ~ «E« to E < ^ O E QJ AJ 6-» A» * u o • U O VO •H O O' in aj

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16
Table 4.

Heat

release

rates

of

some

interior

rd HM

0) 3

rd&3

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•H3

CN

go\S

01 id Pb

01O&Xw3 cn c g

(d o

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CN

ai * 3 g b b G 6 h

•H S3 X

rd 01 . secOO * 3 g b b c £ -h H S X

rd <D SCCo

01 * -P g b b G 6 • h

•H S X

rd 01 S G

C

O

CN

gO\s p

0) -p

rd s o

CN

COi—I

<NO

O

i?

CNO

LC1 o

rH •H

rH pH 01 0)

01 01 c G G G rd rd

rd rd CP 3

O, Or i—1

rH i—1 i—1

rd rd

rd rd

OO

O o •H •H

*H •H -P 3

-P -P 01 01 01 01 b b b b 0 0 0 0 o o o o c c C c

>1 >1 >1 -p -p

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01 01

G c G -x G 0) 01

0) * 0)

Q

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Q rHQ cn i—1

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JG 3

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CN ro

rr

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mm

r-~

LD

in

in

cn

g

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g § • • g * g 01 rd 3 1—1 i—I g g 3 0, rd ID rd g g • • c G ID ID g 0 1—1 i—1 0 0 • • *H o 01 iH i—1 X 3 G c 1—1

CN 0 >1

b o 0 G c p > 3 • • O 0 a rd H

rH CN o 0 Cl 2 3 2 2 i—1

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rdb fd 3 gb

g 01 3 01

p P 3 G i—1 C i—1

rd iH rd •—i

rd 1—1

rd i—1 b 3

•H

C •H c 3 c 3 c i—1 c i—l c 01 0) 01

g

gO

U rd 01 P

rd rd 0) 01 ^-s , s - s 0)

b rd

i-i

r PI = Gr

G = 01 = 01 = g

ro ro •H ro -H ro

b ro

b ro 01 01 i—i

<sO rH vx>

g <X>

g <X>

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NBS-’l 14A (REV. 8-78)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 79-1700

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

FIRE PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES FOR SHIPBOARD

INTERIOR FINISH

5. Publication Date June 1979

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. Performing Organ. Report No.

B. T. Lee and W. J. Parker

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OP STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234 _ 11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, stete. zip)

Naval Ship Engineering Center

Naval Sea Systems Command

Department of the Navy

Washington. D.C. 20362

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leaa factual summary of moat aighificant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.) The present Navy fire performance requirements given

in Military Standard 1623B (SHIPS) for shipboard interior

finish provide a means for selecting fire safe materials.

However, a recent evaluation of the Navy fire safety requirements along with an experimental berthing compartment fire

study have suggested more rational design rules. New

guidelines are recommended to update this standard with

improved fire risk criteria.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries ; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Compartment fires; fire tests; flame spread; heat release rate;

ignition; interior finish; passive fire protection; potential heat; smoke.

18. AVAILABILITY [x] Unlimited

I | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

~~1 Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003- H Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

21

22. Price

$ 3.00

USCOMM-DC

1I